6508:
5454:
5412:
6433:
6030:
5106:
5074:
7439:
nationals exercises the political power, the
Legislative Yuan is the highest legislative institution of the nation and the Control Yuan is the highest monitoring institution of the nation. All of them are composed of representatives or members that are directly or indirectly elected by the people. Their functions and powers are similar to those important powers exercised by the parliaments of democratic nations. Although some of their approaches to the exercise of power, such as a regular annual assembly, quorum and resolution by the majority are not the same as those of parliaments of democratic nations, the National Assembly, the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan, from the perspective of the nature of their statuses and functions in the Constitution, should be considered as equivalent to the parliaments of democratic nations.
6105:
4586:
4514:
6650:
5691:
5174:
4407:
6690:
5243:
6366:
6322:
7117:
5945:
4624:
4554:
5138:
1869:
continent permanently. Some attempts were made to strengthen the executive branch of government to prevent the unstable situation that had existed before the war, but the instability remained and the Fourth
Republic saw frequent changes in government – there were 20 governments in ten years. Additionally, the government proved unable to make effective decisions regarding decolonization. As a result, the Fourth Republic collapsed and Charles de Gaulle was given power to rule by decree, subsequently legitimized by approval of a new constitution in a referendum on 28 September 1958 that led to the establishment of the
5380:
7497:
situation where a popularly elected fixed-term president exists alongside a prime minister and cabinet who are responsible to parliament (Elgie 2004: 317)". According to the
Finnish Constitution, the president has no possibility to rule the government without the ministerial approval, and does not have the power to dissolve the parliament under his or her own desire. Finland is actually represented by its prime minister, and not by its president, in the Council of the Heads of State and Government of the European Union. The 2012 constitutional amendments reduced the powers of the president even further.
5609:
7149:
3952:
5646:
6214:
5990:
6066:
6581:
5863:
4694:
4980:
6774:
6178:
7246:
7195:
6962:
6732:
4146:
4333:
4787:
2153:
2240:
4948:
4906:
4876:
4844:
3799:
3608:
2344:
4255:
4370:
6140:
4482:
3261:
4295:
6401:
3883:
1370:
1459:
5494:
3185:
2076:
6880:
4033:
2207:
5895:
6287:
5276:
3466:
3111:
2309:
2114:
6812:
5013:
4452:
3718:
3540:
2456:
2382:
7073:
6258:
5782:
4082:
3756:
3502:
3299:
2524:
5738:
5551:
3149:
2832:
2715:
2677:
2039:
3646:
3574:
3033:
2560:
2419:
2003:
1682:
6473:
5309:
5214:
3999:
3424:
2996:
2880:
6550:
2955:
2640:
7035:
4735:
3387:
6922:
5340:
3837:
3227:
3073:
2596:
2490:
2798:
4661:
3333:
2920:
2757:
8212:
powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in
Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
8118:
power that results from the dominant institutional practice, the latter is the totality of the rules for the dominant institutional practice of the power. In this way, France appears as 'presidentialist system' endowed with a 'semi-presidential regime' (1983: 587). By this standard he recognizes
Duverger's
7600:
took place on 3 October 1990, when the five re-established states of the German
Democratic Republic (East Germany) joined the Federal Republic of Germany, and Berlin was united into a single city-state. Therefore, this date applies to today's Federal Republic of Germany as a whole, although the area
7496:
as follows: "There are hardly any grounds for the epithet 'semi-presidential'." Arter's own conclusions are only slightly more nuanced: "The adoption of a new constitution on 1 March 2000 meant that
Finland was no longer a case of semi-presidential government other than in the minimalist sense of a
1868:
was constituted along similar lines in 1946. The Fourth
Republic saw an era of great economic growth in France and the rebuilding of the nation's social institutions and industry after the war, and played an important part in the development of the process of European integration, which changed the
8117:
Duhamel has developed the approach further: He stresses that the French construction does not correspond to either parliamentary or the presidential form of government, and then develops the distinction of 'système politique' and 'régime constitutionnel'. While the former comprises the exercise of
8211:
Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in
Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such
7438:
issued on May 3, 1957: The
Constitution was enacted according to the exhortation of Dr. Sun Yat-Sen. In addition to the National Assembly, five Yuans have been established, the concept of which is not really analogous to the separation of powers system. The National Assembly representing all the
1832:
In some cases, the president can legally have executive powers granted to them to undertake the day-to-day running of government (as in Iceland) but by convention they either do not use these powers or they use them only to give effect to the advice of the parliament or head of government. Some
7689:
The Federal Convention is made up of all the members of the Bundestag. The other half is distributed to the 16 Länder, that then each elect Members to elect the President of Germany. Often German celebrities are chosen by the state
3787:, members select from their midst "not less than 3 nor more than 4 candidates" for the presidency. No other person may stand as candidate. The citizens of Kiribati then elect the president from among the proposed candidates with
7465:
Formerly a semi-presidential republic, it is now a parliamentary republic according to David Arter, First Chair of Politics at Aberdeen University. In his "Scandinavian Politics Today" (Manchester University Press, revised 2008
6753:
8064:
2935:
Parliament and region delegates, by two-thirds majority; by absolute majority, starting from the fourth ballot, if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first three ballots
6840:
3685:
1502:
7214:
7405:
7392:
4833:
4813:
2290:
4739:
1876:
8349:
4323:
4285:
1860:– in 1870. The President of the Third Republic had significantly less executive powers than those of the previous two republics had. The Third Republic lasted until the
1964:
1809:
However, in a parliamentary republic with a head of state whose tenure is dependent on parliament, the head of government and head of state can form one office (as in
6997:
3919:
1542:
8423:
Every list of candidates for Parliament must also have a candidate for President, and the having the most votes automatically has its candidate elected President
5770:
2979:
1447:
to use at their discretion as a non-partisan "referee" of the political process. Some have combined the roles of head of state and head of government, much like
7448:
Estonia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1918 and 1934 when the system was changed to a presidential system which was thereafter overthrown by a
8090:
5851:
5656:
2970:
Parliament, by two-thirds majority; by a simple majority, at the third ballot, if no candidate achieves the aforementioned majority in the first two ballots
7107:
7092:
4807:
3984:
8018:
7456:. Became a parliamentary republic again in 1990 with the implementation of an interim period to restore full independence, which was achieved by 1991.
6952:. Presidential elections were made fully direct in 1969, including after a vacancy, but their schedule remained linked to the parliamentary elections.
7435:
Shall the National Assembly, the Legislative Yuan and the Control Yuan be considered en masse as equivalent to the parliaments of democratic nations?
7380:
1660:
1398:
8225:
7476:
Nousiainen, Jaakko (June 2001). "From semi-presidentialism to parliamentary government: political and constitutional developments in Finland".
3988:
1909:
declared itself a republic, and excluded itself from the Commonwealth) republics have been admitted as members of the Commonwealth of Nations.
1535:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
7793:
7739:
1924:(which ceased to be a member of the Commonwealth immediately upon becoming a republic, and later switched to having an executive presidency),
7768:
7714:
7548:
and Bundesrat as two separate legislative institutions. It describes the Bundesrat as the constitutional organ which is representing the 16
7236:
4113:
6110:
5444:
4300:
4274:
7218:
6115:
4812:
The provisions establishing a parliamentary republic remain in the Constitution which is generally in effect, but are suspended by the
1833:
parliamentary republics could therefore be seen as following the semi-presidential system but operating under a parliamentary system.
7288:
6680:
5661:
5204:
4442:
1746:
8138:
5064:
8434:
7251:
7200:
6967:
6948:, with vacancies filled by Parliament; a motion of no confidence automatically entailed either the resignation of the president or
6737:
6076:
5519:
4682:
3397:
1913:
1718:
7644:
Latvia was previously a parliamentary republic between 1921 and 1934 when the then prime minister Kārlis Ulmanis took power in a
7338:
6742:
6521:
4698:
4634:
1699:
955:
8338:
6034:
6496:
4591:
4574:
4343:
3977:
3824:
3021:
2444:
99:
1725:
7993:
7831:
7620:
7507:
7413:
7360:
5680:
5509:
5504:
5361:
5162:
4639:
4259:
2868:
2259:
1884:
1431:(the parliament). There are a number of variations of parliamentary republics. Most have a clear differentiation between the
1106:
1046:
8286:
6663:
6128:
4952:
4519:
4502:
4348:
1179:
7391:
from 7 December. The provisions establishing a parliamentary republic remain in the Constitution but are suspended by the
1096:
6655:
6621:
6168:
5696:
5599:
5247:
5187:
4420:
1653:
1391:
1249:
875:
566:
4894:
1732:
7274:
7227:
6990:
6187:
6120:
5297:
5179:
5158:
5017:
4412:
4395:
1266:
1076:
536:
7662:
7471:
7136:
6513:
5459:
5425:
4938:
4791:
4544:
1765:
1356:
821:
606:
5629:
5613:
8463:
7552:
of Germany. Hence, the federal legislature of Germany consists of two unicameral legislative institutions, not one
6703:
6029:
5417:
4755:
2858:
1714:
1224:
895:
7661:
Under a transitional government between 2006 and 2015; this Transitional Government was responsible to an elected
6602:
5833:
5818:
5803:
1136:
8101:
6981:
6695:
6540:
6438:
6297:
5904:
5525:
5264:
4910:
4185:
3671:
5555:
5036:
8473:
8060:
8015:
7478:
6586:
5143:
4614:
4559:
4487:
3957:
2702:
2163:
1703:
1646:
1439:, with the head of government holding real power and the head of state being a ceremonial position, similar to
1384:
230:
5574:
4723:
1151:
6901:
6764:
6722:
6486:
6463:
521:
6389:
5933:
1131:
7624:
7560:
6223:
5883:
5484:
5365:
4775:
3784:
2611:
1346:
1309:
1229:
1189:
1091:
1086:
8178:
1944:. In many of these examples, the last Governor-General became the first president. Such was the case with
1829:. This usually means that they are the leader of the largest party or coalition of parties in parliament.
8483:
8371:
7628:
7178:
7172:
7061:
5728:
4880:
4848:
3358:
2847:
1545:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
1081:
7871:
7452:. In 1938, Estonia finally adopted a presidential system and in June 1940 was illegally occupied by the
7154:
6307:
6005:
5994:
5669:
5532:
5121:
4828:
4467:
4428:
4353:
3788:
1532:
1184:
885:
556:
8311:
8261:
8236:
8035:
7318:
6789:
6302:
5949:
5899:
5674:
5325:
4375:
3743:
3060:
2907:
2772:
1194:
1161:
1061:
1056:
726:
343:
8174:
8134:
4014:
Semi-direct election, by first-past-the-post vote (vacancies are filled by Parliament, by majority)
1739:
7953:
7313:
7055:
6945:
6914:. Presidential elections were made fully direct and separate from parliamentary elections in 1982.
6907:
5763:
5384:
4358:
3376:
3368:
2650:
2584:
2548:
2332:
2294:
2063:
1783:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1111:
686:
89:
4820:
that will terminate them in the event of a hypothetical resumption of ROC rule in Mainland China.
2301:
that will terminate them in the event of a hypothetical resumption of ROC rule in Mainland China.
2297:
with direct presidential elections and a unicameral legislature. These additional articles have a
2171:
466:
7823:
7434:
7384:
7293:
7039:
6239:
6218:
6213:
6197:
5536:
4984:
4649:
4456:
3914:
Was a full parliamentary republic from 1961–1984; adopted an executive presidency in 1984.
2665:
2606:
1896:
1842:
1692:
1571:
1482:
1452:
1440:
1244:
1234:
1199:
915:
561:
152:
64:
5372:
The switch to a fully presidential system was legislated in 2010, but only took effect in 2013.
1604:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
8376:
8232:
7764:
7710:
6400:
6182:
5867:
5126:
5110:
3476:
3379:
as the head of government. The decision is then subject to a parliamentary vote of confidence.
2725:
2158:
1883:
following a civil war in 1891. However, following a coup in 1925 this system was replaced by a
1865:
1611:
1561:
1424:
1254:
1239:
771:
706:
255:
182:
368:
8399:
8097:
7979:
7896:
7425:
7265:
7122:
7050:
6326:
6045:
6010:
5965:
5912:
5798:
5754:
5543:
as the head of government. The decision was subjected to a parliamentary vote of confidence.
5078:
5001:
4718:
3584:
3490:
3453:
3434:
3214:
3121:
3006:
1870:
1857:
1825:), but the president is still selected in much the same way as the prime minister is in most
1299:
1121:
935:
816:
428:
408:
318:
162:
44:
8122:
as semi-presidential regimes, as well as Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Lithuania (1993: 87).
2175:
7597:
7533:
7298:
6370:
6349:
6343:
6086:
5569:
5031:
4924:
4389:
3512:
2570:
1471:
1420:
1284:
1026:
965:
328:
250:
157:
124:
3550:
1798:
or a bit more influence beyond that), because many of those powers have been granted to a
8:
8468:
8149:
7541:
7424:
chamber. Functions of the National Assembly were transferred to the Legislative Yuan and
7231:
The change to a directorial system was legislated in 1973, but only took effect in 1980.
7185:
6896:
6828:
6794:
6784:
6708:
6526:
6491:
6449:
6384:
6356:
6202:
6192:
6081:
5926:
5878:
5759:
5514:
5470:
5430:
5356:
5292:
5059:
4802:
4770:
4677:
4644:
4530:
4176:
4168:
3656:
3613:
3372:
2837:
2181:
2101:
2049:
1929:
1906:
1853:
1791:
1779:
1508:
1448:
1259:
1204:
1126:
1036:
925:
438:
220:
210:
205:
94:
6910:, with vacancies filled by Parliament; a motion of no confidence automatically entailed
7985:
7928:
6405:
5666:
4921:
4425:
4205:
3908:
3633:
3618:
3237:
3136:
3098:
2842:
2808:
2500:
2140:
2087:
1902:
1826:
1799:
1513:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
1432:
1340:
1314:
1156:
1146:
1116:
1071:
1016:
1002:
865:
806:
581:
496:
215:
3195:
2359:
Direct election, by two-round system (since 2013; previously parliament, by majority)
2318:
8478:
7989:
7827:
7549:
7467:
7364:
6800:
6779:
6246:
6228:
6092:
4929:
4189:
4047:
4043:
3728:
3271:
2930:
2785:
2565:
1581:
1351:
1324:
1101:
1041:
1021:
905:
676:
586:
338:
235:
23:
7847:
621:
79:
8193:
7487:
7417:
6416:
5977:
5953:
4864:
3804:
3309:
2947:
Prime Minister is dependent on the confidence of both of the houses of Parliament.
2466:
2406:
1917:
1861:
1814:
1557:
1334:
1294:
1011:
845:
751:
651:
636:
546:
476:
383:
378:
353:
260:
240:
225:
84:
1965:
List of countries by system of government § Parliamentary and related systems
666:
576:
8344:
8290:
8022:
7388:
7270:
7223:
7182:
6986:
6760:
6718:
6676:
6566:
6536:
6459:
6421:
6381:
6353:
6233:
6164:
6050:
5923:
5724:
5624:
5566:
5480:
5440:
5258:
5200:
5056:
5028:
4934:
4859:
4610:
4540:
4438:
4386:
4319:
4281:
4072:
3893:
3266:
2534:
2392:
2027:
1591:
1476:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
1374:
1066:
1051:
691:
571:
531:
506:
486:
433:
418:
270:
265:
134:
129:
119:
74:
49:
8198:
2687:
471:
298:
8086:
7632:
7610:
Officially bicameral, upper house never entered into functions, to present day.
7372:
6949:
6911:
6638:
5540:
5395:
4979:
4968:
4947:
4905:
4875:
4843:
4750:
4160:
3870:
3527:
2767:
2740:
2369:
2349:
1803:
1795:
1601:
1444:
1304:
1031:
997:
796:
786:
741:
701:
696:
641:
631:
626:
611:
541:
526:
511:
501:
413:
313:
303:
293:
7563:
itself referred to the Bundesrat in the English translation of this decision.
596:
8457:
7601:
of former East Germany was no part of that parliamentary republic until 1990.
7537:
7429:
7421:
7308:
4817:
4213:
4092:
3962:
3766:
2298:
2265:
2167:
1958:
1880:
1787:
1522:
1436:
1141:
975:
945:
855:
761:
756:
731:
711:
551:
423:
398:
373:
358:
348:
333:
288:
54:
30:
7769:"Australian politics explainer: Gough Whitlam's dismissal as prime minister"
7715:"Australian politics explainer: Gough Whitlam's dismissal as prime minister"
7585:
7491:
6944:
Originally, the president was elected semi-directly by a constituency-based
3517:
Direct election, by two-round system (since 1999; previously by parliament)
7649:
7593:
7581:
7573:
7453:
7409:
6597:
6145:
5635:
5580:
5094:
5089:
5042:
4180:
4172:
4156:
4065:
3888:
3675:
3343:
3083:
3043:
2965:
2890:
2626:
2250:
2125:
2013:
1921:
1849:
1822:
811:
791:
776:
736:
721:
681:
616:
601:
491:
393:
59:
7589:
7577:
6014:
5989:
5944:
5400:
5379:
4164:
4151:
3866:
3809:
3783:
Following a general election, by which citizens elect the members of the
3412:
2216:
1428:
1289:
826:
766:
716:
661:
456:
388:
114:
109:
8179:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
8139:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
8096:(in English and Chinese). Department of Education, School of Education,
8091:"Semi-Presidentialism-Duverger's Concept — A New Political System Model"
1920:, to be replaced by a non-executive head of state. This was the case in
1369:
7556:
7368:
6885:
5499:
4038:
4009:
3449:
3286:
3210:
3190:
3159:
2429:
2354:
2194:
2081:
1955:
Other states became parliamentary republics upon gaining independence.
1706: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1464:
1427:(the government) derives its legitimacy from and is accountable to the
1329:
1319:
781:
746:
671:
656:
591:
516:
461:
363:
308:
187:
172:
1458:
7553:
7545:
6292:
5651:
5608:
5281:
4061:
3862:
3471:
3116:
1945:
1553:
801:
481:
177:
69:
7540:
of the German legislature. This is technically incorrect, since the
1681:
7303:
7078:
6817:
6263:
6071:
5894:
5787:
5528:
introduced a parliamentary system to the country while remaining a
4338:
4254:
4087:
3847:
3761:
3723:
3545:
3507:
3304:
2862:
2461:
2387:
2281:
2211:
2206:
2130:
Parliament, by two-thirds majority if there is no joint nomination
2119:
1949:
1941:
1841:
Typically, parliamentary republics are states that were previously
1810:
1637:
1416:
646:
403:
167:
104:
6674:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman until 1990
6162:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman until 1989
5198:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman until 1990
4436:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman until 1990
4317:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman until 1990
5743:
5702:
5242:
5012:
4704:
4693:
4629:
4451:
3651:
3579:
3166:(since 2016; previously by parliament, by three-fifths majority)
3154:
3038:
2895:
2744:
2720:
2682:
2601:
2529:
2424:
2313:
2308:
2044:
2008:
1937:
1629:
7350:
Was, previously, a parliamentary republic between 1972 and 1975.
6906:
The president was elected semi-directly by a constituency-based
2286:
Constitutional monarchy (Taiwan as part of the Japanese Empire)
6555:
6478:
5970:
5862:
5550:
5314:
5219:
5105:
5073:
4786:
4666:
4004:
3429:
3338:
3001:
2983:
2960:
2885:
2645:
2245:
323:
8146:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
5539:
retaining many forms of executive powers such as appointing a
3991:
from among the at-large members to serve for four-year terms.
1594:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
8036:"Pakistan lawmakers approve weakening of presidential powers"
7395:, which established direct presidential elections since 1996.
7376:
7034:
6927:
6365:
6321:
6177:
5345:
4734:
3842:
3392:
3232:
3078:
2925:
2762:
2289:
Nominally; the Constitution has been partially superseded by
1933:
1925:
1916:, it was common for the Sovereign, formerly represented by a
1818:
3704:
Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency adopted
4071:
Two collective heads of state and heads of government, the
2803:
2495:
4214:
List of former parliamentary republics and related systems
1959:
List of modern parliamentary republics and related systems
1620: Dependent territories and places without governments
1574:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
6954:
A separate Prime Minister existed between 2008 and 2013.
3314:
Parliament and state legislators, by instant-runoff vote
5634:
In June 1940, Lithuania was occupied and annexed by the
3661:
Parliament and regional council presidents, by majority
2575:
Parliament and regional delegates, by absolute majority
6758:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
6716:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
6534:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
6457:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
6097:
Political rights were restricted to the white minority
5722:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
5478:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
5438:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
5370:
A separate Prime Minister existed between 2008 and 2013
4608:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
4538:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
4279:
Had a collective head of state with a distinct chairman
3375:
does exercise some form of governance and appoints the
7648:. In June 1940 Latvia was occupied and annexed by the
7508:"Salome Zurabishvili Wins Georgia Presidential Runoff"
5041:
In June 1940, Estonia was occupied and annexed by the
2614:(Bundestag and state delegates), by absolute majority
1003:
7412:
ceased to be a parliamentary chamber in 1993 and the
5579:
In June 1940, Latvia was occupied and annexed by the
1614:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
8226:"Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland"
7674:
Had a transitional government between 1991 and 2012.
6841:
Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency
6750:
Parliamentary republic with an executive presidency
3686:
Parliamentary republics with an executive presidency
1778:
In contrast to republics operating under either the
8337:
2277:Only nominally a parliamentary republic since 1996
1503:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
7665:, which resolved to establish a republic in 2008.
1564:holds significant executive and legislative power
8455:
8262:"Trinidad and Tobago: Heads of State: 1962-1976"
4825:1991 (de jure; nominally remains parliamentary)
2180:Direct election of collective head of state, by
8364:
8339:"South Africa returns to the Commonwealth fold"
7817:
7387:. The ROC government was then confined to the
7371:-led Republic of China (ROC) was succeeded in
8435:"Kyrgyzstan's 2016 Constitutional Referendum"
3771:Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote
2730:Direct election, by first-past-the-post vote
1790:usually does not have executive powers as an
1654:
1392:
8033:
7820:Parliamentary versus presidential government
7363:went into effect on 25 December 1947 as the
7145:
1856:, France once again became a republic – the
8372:"Secession Talked by Some Anti-Republicans"
8167:
7971:
4275:Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
1879:became the first parliamentary republic in
1864:in 1940. Following the end of the war, the
1635:
1627:
8061:"'18th Amendment to restore Constitution'"
7475:
1890:
1661:
1647:
1443:. In some countries the head of state has
1399:
1385:
8312:"South Africa: Heads of State: 1910-1961"
8217:
8197:
8079:
7923:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7289:List of countries by system of government
1836:
1766:Learn how and when to remove this message
8329:
7514:. The Associated Press. 29 November 2018
1914:republics in the Commonwealth of Nations
1457:
8432:
8304:
8287:"Parliament of Kiribati - Constitution"
8254:
8173:
8133:
7946:
7889:
6668:Multi-party semi-presidential republic
6156:Multi-party semi-presidential republic
6125:Multi-party semi-presidential republic
5716:Multi-party semi-presidential republic
5192:Multi-party semi-presidential republic
4834:Additional articles of the Constitution
2848:Direct election, by instant-runoff vote
2255:Direct election, by first-past-the-post
956:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
8456:
8335:
7977:
7954:"Mauritius: Heads of State: 1968-1992"
7914:
7629:A minority of Irish republicans assert
7054:(Which led to the fully parliamentary
5758:(which led in 1979 to the democratic,
5679:In February 1993, Lithuania holds its
4575:Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic
3978:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
3938:Assembly-independent republic adopted
3825:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
1463:World's states coloured by systems of
8223:
8127:
8085:
7929:"British Monarch's Titles: 1867-2018"
7367:was underway. On 1 October 1949, the
7361:Constitution of the Republic of China
5163:Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia
3564:One-party state (part of Yugoslavia)
3555:Direct election, by two-round system
3439:Direct election, by two-round system
3398:Tuimalealiifano Va'aletoa Sualauvi II
3364:Poland has also been identified as a
3276:Direct election, by two-round system
3200:Direct election, by two-round system
2539:Direct election, by two-round system
2323:Direct election, by two-round system
2221:Direct election, by two-round system
2018:Parliament, by three-fifths majority
1107:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1047:Spanish American wars of independence
7811:
5298:Presidential constitution reinstated
4503:Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic
3164:Direct election, by two-round system
1704:adding citations to reliable sources
1675:
7635:proclaimed in 1919 is still extant.
6622:Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic
6169:Communist Party of the Soviet Union
3088:Parliament, by two-thirds majority
2861:: Constitutional monarchy (British
2813:Parliament, by two-thirds majority
2471:Parliament, by two-thirds majority
2434:Parliament, by two-thirds majority
1905:of 29 April 1949 (just weeks after
876:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
13:
8067:from the original on 14 April 2010
7897:"Malta: Heads of State: 1964-1974"
7763:
7732:
7709:
7703:
7627:came into force on 18 April 1949.
7580:, the previous one-party state is
7416:was dissolved in 2005 leaving the
7275:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
7228:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
6991:League of Communists of Yugoslavia
5159:Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic
4396:Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic
4192:at a joint sitting of both houses
3987:, both of whom are elected by the
3020:Presidential republic, thereafter
2443:Presidential republic, thereafter
1862:invasion of France by Nazi Germany
14:
8495:
7981:The Statesman's Year-Book 1984-85
7872:"Zusammensetzung des Bundesrates"
7786:
7757:
7668:
7655:
7638:
7566:
7500:
7459:
7442:
6617:One-party parliamentary republic
5154:One-party parliamentary republic
4939:Communist Party of Czechoslovakia
4891:One-party parliamentary republic
4570:One-party parliamentary republic
4498:One-party parliamentary republic
4270:One-party parliamentary republic
3983:The president is assisted by the
3242:Parliament and state legislators
2784:Constitutional monarchy (British
2054:Parliament, by absolute majority
8231:. School of Law and Government,
8100:. pp. 39–60. Archived from
8063:. Nation.com.pk. 11 April 2010.
7344:
7331:
7244:
7193:
7147:
7115:
7071:
7033:
6960:
6920:
6878:
6810:
6772:
6730:
6688:
6648:
6579:
6548:
6506:
6471:
6431:
6399:
6364:
6320:
6285:
6256:
6212:
6176:
6138:
6103:
6064:
6028:
5988:
5943:
5893:
5861:
5780:
5736:
5689:
5683:since the state re-established.
5644:
5607:
5549:
5492:
5452:
5410:
5378:
5338:
5307:
5274:
5241:
5212:
5172:
5136:
5104:
5072:
5011:
4978:
4946:
4904:
4874:
4842:
4785:
4733:
4692:
4659:
4622:
4584:
4552:
4512:
4480:
4450:
4405:
4368:
4331:
4293:
4253:
4144:
4080:
4031:
3997:
3950:
3881:
3835:
3797:
3754:
3716:
3644:
3606:
3572:
3538:
3526:Parliamentary Republic (part of
3500:
3464:
3422:
3385:
3331:
3297:
3259:
3225:
3183:
3147:
3109:
3071:
3031:
2994:
2953:
2918:
2878:
2830:
2796:
2773:Parliament and state legislature
2755:
2713:
2675:
2638:
2594:
2558:
2522:
2488:
2454:
2417:
2380:
2368:Parliamentary republic (part of
2342:
2307:
2238:
2205:
2151:
2112:
2074:
2037:
2001:
1680:
1368:
896:Discourses Concerning Government
8426:
8417:
8392:
8352:from the original on 2022-05-25
8279:
8053:
8027:
8009:
7864:
7840:
7683:
7613:
7604:
7536:is sometimes referred to as an
7526:
6571:Suspension of the constitution
6541:Communist Party of Turkmenistan
5526:2010 Constitution of Kyrgyzstan
4132:Parliamentary republic adopted
2282:One-party military dictatorship
1989:Parliamentary republic adopted
1691:needs additional citations for
1634:systems of government, not the
1162:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
7479:Scandinavian Political Studies
7398:
7353:
6978:Assembly-independent republic
6274:Assembly-independent republic
5600:World War II Soviet occupation
5230:Assembly-independent republic
5144:Democratic Republic of Georgia
5095:World War II German occupation
4615:Communist Party of Byelorussia
4560:Belarusian Democratic Republic
4488:Azerbaijan Democratic Republic
3958:Federated States of Micronesia
3323:Assembly-independent republic
2739:Constitutional monarchy (in a
1097:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt
1077:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1:
8034:Kiran Khalid (9 April 2010).
7697:
6765:Communist Party of Yugoslavia
6723:Communist Party of Uzbekistan
6464:Communist Party of Tajikistan
5848:Assembly-independent republic
5445:Communist Party of Kazakhstan
4545:Communist Party of Azerbaijan
4247:Full parliamentary republics
4206:citizen-initiated referendums
3481:Direct election (since 1993)
3348:Direct election, by majority
3022:occupied by a one-party state
2445:occupied by a one-party state
1972:Full parliamentary republics
1845:with a parliamentary system.
1584:: Monarch has unlimited power
1543:Assembly-independent republic
1451:, but with a dependency upon
8336:Carlin, John (31 May 1994).
8289:. 2009-04-16. Archived from
7818:Arend Lijphart, ed. (1992).
7561:Federal Constitutional Court
7089:Full parliamentary republic
6998:Assembly-independent systems
6950:snap parliamentary elections
6941:Coalition and power-sharing
6912:snap parliamentary elections
6417:Colony of the British Empire
5485:Communist Party of Kirghizia
5265:People's Republic of Hungary
4911:Fourth Czechoslovak Republic
4602:Full parliamentary republic
4311:Full parliamentary republic
4106:Full parliamentary republic
4023:Full parliamentary republic
3976:UN Trust Territory (Part of
3920:Assembly-independent systems
3823:UN Trust Territory (part of
2617:Two unicameral institutions
1940:and since 30 November 2021,
1572:Semi-constitutional monarchy
1347:Republic without republicans
1092:11 September 1922 Revolution
1087:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
8199:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
7621:head of state was ambiguous
7282:
7179:United Republic of Tanzania
7173:United Republic of Tanzania
7133:Semi-presidential republic
7020:
6865:
6587:Ukrainian People's Republic
6203:Restoration of the monarchy
6056:1965 Congolese coup d'état
5729:Communist Party of Moldavia
5681:first presidential election
5630:1926 Lithuanian coup d'état
5614:First Republic of Lithuania
4953:Fifth Czechoslovak Republic
4881:Third Czechoslovak Republic
4849:First Czechoslovak Republic
4324:Communist Party of Abkhazia
4286:Communist Party of Abkhazia
4235:
3175:Semi-presidential republic
2703:Hungarian People's Republic
1518: Presidential republic
1495:with a ceremonial president
1082:Turkish War of Independence
1004:
10:
8500:
8021:December 23, 2015, at the
7852:www.gesetze-im-internet.de
7572:In the case of the former
7377:People's Republic of China
6938:Full parliamentary system
6681:Communist Party of Ukraine
6603:1918 Ukrainian coup d'état
5995:Fourth Philippine Republic
5834:1999 Pakistani coup d'état
5819:1977 Pakistani coup d'état
5804:1958 Pakistani coup d'état
5670:semi-presidential republic
5533:semi-presidential republic
5205:Communist Party of Georgia
4443:Communist Party of Armenia
4429:semi-presidential republic
4354:Semi-presidential republic
3789:first-past-the-post voting
3369:semi-presidential republic
2585:Semi-presidential republic
2549:Semi-presidential republic
2333:Semi-presidential republic
2295:semi-presidential republic
2246:Republic of China (Taiwan)
2064:Semi-presidential republic
1962:
1894:
1533:Semi-presidential republic
1137:1970 Cambodian coup d'état
886:The Commonwealth of Oceana
7584:, but in the case of the
7576:states, including former
7319:Semi-parliamentary system
7235:
7096:
7088:
7069:
6996:
6839:
6833:Constitutional amendment
6713:Constitutional amendment
6671:Constitutional amendment
6610:
6577:
6531:Constitutional amendment
6454:Constitutional amendment
6312:New constitution adopted
6277:New constitution adopted
6238:(which declared itself a
6159:Constitutional amendment
6020:Constitutional amendment
5950:First Philippine Republic
5900:First Portuguese Republic
5797:
5778:
5719:Constitutional amendment
5578:
5547:
5475:Constitutional amendment
5435:Constitutional amendment
5330:Constitutional amendment
5326:Semi-parliamentary system
5233:New constitution adopted
5195:Constitutional amendment
5040:
5037:1934 Estonian coup d'état
5018:First Republic of Estonia
5009:
4811:
4795:
4783:
4731:
4605:Constitutional amendment
4535:Constitutional amendment
4472:Constitutional amendment
4433:Constitutional amendment
4376:First Republic of Armenia
4314:Constitutional amendment
4246:
4135:Previous government form
4126:Head of state elected by
4112:
3941:Previous government form
3932:Head of state elected by
3918:
3907:Constitutional monarchy (
3744:Bechuanaland Protectorate
3707:Previous government form
3698:Head of state elected by
3684:
3632:Constitutional monarchy (
3448:One-party state (part of
3285:One-party state (part of
3209:One-party state (Part of
3135:Constitutional monarchy (
3097:Constitutional monarchy (
3061:French mandate of Lebanon
2775:, by instant-runoff vote
2193:One-party state (part of
2139:Constitutional monarchy (
1992:Previous government form
1983:Head of state elected by
1971:
1843:constitutional monarchies
1671:
1485:with a ceremonial monarch
1441:constitutional monarchies
1310:The Emperor's New Clothes
1062:5 October 1910 revolution
1057:French Revolution of 1848
80:Liberty as non-domination
7848:"Art 54 GG - Einzelnorm"
7324:
7314:Semi-presidential system
7219:death of Josip Broz Tito
7137:Constitutional amendment
7108:Constitutional amendment
7093:Constitutional amendment
7056:Second Republic of Ghana
6946:double simultaneous vote
6908:double simultaneous vote
6902:Constitutional amendment
6754:Constitutional amendment
6308:Semi-presidential system
6017:between 1972 and 1986.)
6006:Semi-presidential system
5969:(De facto United States
5884:New constitution adopted
5852:Constitutional amendment
5764:Second Nigerian Republic
5675:New constitution adopted
5575:1934 Latvian coup d'état
5556:First Republic of Latvia
5385:Second Republic of Korea
5127:New constitution adopted
5122:Semi-presidential system
5065:New constitution adopted
4829:Semi-presidential system
4756:1924 Chilean coup d'état
4724:1962 Burmese coup d'état
4650:New constitution adopted
4468:Semi-presidential system
4359:New constitution adopted
4201:Confederation of states
3967:Parliament, by majority
3898:Parliament, by majority
3733:Parliament, by majority
3359:Polish People's Republic
3251:Constitutional monarchy
3126:Parliament, by majority
2944:Constitutional monarchy
2692:Parliament, by majority
2655:Parliament, by majority
2651:Katerina Sakellaropoulou
2505:Parliament, by majority
2397:Parliament, by majority
1848:Following the defeat of
1784:semi-presidential system
1715:"Parliamentary republic"
1453:parliamentary confidence
1423:of government where the
1152:1987 Fijian coups d'état
1112:1952 Egyptian revolution
90:Political representation
8464:Parliamentary procedure
8175:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
8135:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
7824:Oxford University Press
7625:Republic of Ireland Act
7492:10.1111/1467-9477.00048
7432:Interpretation no. 76,
7385:Chinese Communist Party
7294:Constitutional monarchy
7040:First Republic of Ghana
6390:1963 Syrian coup d'état
6240:constitutional monarchy
6219:Second Spanish Republic
6198:Constitutional monarchy
5980:to the American forces
4985:State of East Indonesia
4457:First Austrian Republic
3861:UN Trusteeship between
2666:constitutional monarchy
2664:Military dictatorship;
2607:Frank-Walter Steinmeier
1897:Commonwealth of Nations
1891:Commonwealth of Nations
1483:Constitutional monarchy
1132:1969 Libyan coup d'état
916:Discourse on Inequality
65:Consent of the governed
8377:Saskatoon Star-Phoenix
8233:Dublin City University
7794:"The President's Role"
7740:"The President's Role"
7426:nationwide referendums
7181:, which operated as a
6352:, which operated as a
6183:First Spanish Republic
5868:Second Polish Republic
5570:parliamentary republic
5111:French Fourth Republic
5032:parliamentary republic
4925:parliamentary republic
4808:Constitution suspended
4390:parliamentary republic
3742:British protectorate (
3477:Tharman Shanmugaratnam
2980:UN-administered Kosovo
2514:Military dictatorship
2409:of the United Kingdom
2159:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1866:French Fourth Republic
1837:Historical development
1668:
1636:
1628:
1626:this chart represents
1612:Provisional government
1493:Parliamentary republic
1419:that operates under a
1413:parliamentary republic
8474:Political terminology
8098:University of Cologne
8089:(23 September 1997).
8016:Constitution of Nepal
7978:Paxton, John (1984).
7266:Breakup of Yugoslavia
7211:Directorial republic
7123:Serbia and Montenegro
7051:Military dictatorship
6709:Presidential republic
6527:Presidential republic
6450:Presidential republic
6046:Military dictatorship
6035:Republic of the Congo
6011:Military dictatorship
5966:Military dictatorship
5927:presidential republic
5913:Military dictatorship
5799:Military dictatorship
5755:Military dictatorship
5515:Presidential republic
5471:Presidential republic
5431:Presidential republic
5079:French Third Republic
5060:presidential republic
5002:Republic of Indonesia
4719:Military dictatorship
4645:Presidential republic
4531:Presidential republic
3585:Hassan Sheikh Mohamud
3454:Serbia and Montenegro
3215:Serbia and Montenegro
3122:Prithvirajsing Roopun
2102:Presidential republic
1871:French Fifth Republic
1858:French Third Republic
1794:would (some may have
1642:degree of democracy.
1472:Parliamentary systems
1461:
1300:Criticism of monarchy
1122:North Yemen civil war
936:The Federalist Papers
231:Federal parliamentary
8433:Esengeldiev, Almaz.
7663:Constituent Assembly
7623:from 1936 until the
7598:German reunification
7299:Parliamentary system
6371:Syrian Arab Republic
6350:United Arab Republic
6344:United Arab Republic
6087:Parliamentary system
2571:Salome Zourabichvili
2270:Nominally Tricameral
2088:Mohammed Shahabuddin
1912:In the case of many
1700:improve this article
1449:presidential systems
1421:parliamentary system
1285:Classical radicalism
1027:Republic of Florence
966:Democracy in America
125:Separation of powers
100:Public participation
8242:on 12 February 2012
7542:German Constitution
7406:Additional Articles
7393:Additional Articles
7237:Directorial systems
7186:presidential system
6897:Presidential system
6829:Presidential system
6795:Dependent territory
6492:Presidential system
6385:presidential system
6357:presidential system
5879:Presidential system
5357:Presidential system
5293:Presidential system
4814:Additional Articles
4803:Presidential system
4771:Presidential system
4678:Presidential system
4177:Karin Keller-Sutter
4169:Simonetta Sommaruga
4114:Directorial systems
3657:Nikenike Vurobaravu
3614:Trinidad and Tobago
3411:Trust Territory of
2293:that provide for a
2291:additional articles
2182:first-past-the-post
2050:Vahagn Khachaturyan
1930:Trinidad and Tobago
1854:Franco-Prussian War
1827:Westminster systems
1792:executive president
1780:presidential system
1509:Presidential system
1375:Politics portal
1180:Antigua and Barbuda
1127:Zanzibar Revolution
1037:American Revolution
926:The Social Contract
95:Popular sovereignty
8484:Types of democracy
8137:(September 2005).
7986:Palgrave Macmillan
7798:The Times of India
7744:The Times of India
7512:The New York Times
7381:single-party state
7337:Changed after the
7024:Reason for change
6869:Reason for change
6406:Transvaal Republic
5916:(which led in 1933
4239:Reason for change
4129:Cameral structure
3935:Cameral structure
3909:Commonwealth realm
3701:Cameral structure
3634:Commonwealth realm
3619:Christine Kangaloo
3238:Ram Chandra Poudel
3230:
3137:Commonwealth realm
3099:Commonwealth realm
2982:(formally part of
2908:Semi-parliamentary
2843:Michael D. Higgins
2809:Abdul Latif Rashid
2612:Federal Convention
2501:Wiliame Katonivere
2141:Commonwealth realm
1986:Cameral structure
1977:Country/territory
1903:London Declaration
1802:(usually called a
1800:head of government
1669:
1433:head of government
1341:Primus inter pares
1157:Nepalese Civil War
1147:Iranian Revolution
1117:14 July Revolution
1072:Russian Revolution
1067:Chinese Revolution
1017:Republic of Venice
866:Discourses on Livy
16:Form of government
8380:. 11 October 1960
8224:McMenamin, Iain.
8177:(December 2005).
8155:on 19 August 2008
7995:978-0-333-34731-7
7833:978-0-19-878044-1
7414:National Assembly
7365:Chinese Civil War
7280:
7279:
6856:with an executive
6801:Southern Rhodesia
6780:Zimbabwe Rhodesia
6243:
6093:Zimbabwe-Rhodesia
5707:
4930:Velvet Revolution
4792:Republic of China
4709:
4211:
4210:
4190:exhaustive ballot
4048:Giacomo Simoncini
4044:Francesco Mussoni
3785:House of Assembly
3729:Mokgweetsi Masisi
3551:Nataša Pirc Musar
3491:State of Malaysia
3357:One-party state (
3272:Stevo Pendarovski
2931:Sergio Mattarella
2726:Halla Tómasdóttir
2701:One-party state (
2260:National Assembly
2258:Nominally by the
2164:Christian Schmidt
1776:
1775:
1768:
1750:
1582:Absolute monarchy
1409:
1408:
1352:Republican empire
1325:List of republics
1174:National variants
1102:Spanish Civil War
1042:French Revolution
1022:Republic of Genoa
906:The Spirit of Law
839:Theoretical works
183:Neo-republicanism
8491:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8445:
8430:
8424:
8421:
8415:
8414:
8412:
8411:
8396:
8390:
8389:
8387:
8385:
8368:
8362:
8361:
8359:
8357:
8341:
8333:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8322:
8316:Archontology.org
8308:
8302:
8301:
8299:
8298:
8283:
8277:
8276:
8274:
8272:
8266:Archontology.org
8258:
8252:
8251:
8249:
8247:
8241:
8235:. Archived from
8230:
8221:
8215:
8214:
8208:
8206:
8201:
8183:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8154:
8148:. Archived from
8143:
8131:
8125:
8124:
8114:
8112:
8107:on 24 April 2021
8106:
8095:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8074:
8072:
8057:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8031:
8025:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8002:
7975:
7969:
7968:
7966:
7964:
7958:Archontology.org
7950:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7939:
7933:Archontology.org
7925:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7901:Archontology.org
7893:
7887:
7886:
7884:
7883:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7858:
7844:
7838:
7837:
7815:
7809:
7808:
7806:
7804:
7790:
7784:
7783:
7781:
7779:
7773:The Conversation
7761:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7750:
7736:
7730:
7729:
7727:
7725:
7719:The Conversation
7707:
7691:
7687:
7675:
7672:
7666:
7659:
7653:
7642:
7636:
7617:
7611:
7608:
7602:
7570:
7564:
7530:
7524:
7523:
7521:
7519:
7504:
7498:
7495:
7463:
7457:
7446:
7440:
7418:Legislative Yuan
7402:
7396:
7389:island of Taiwan
7383:governed by the
7357:
7351:
7348:
7342:
7335:
7271:One-party system
7250:
7248:
7247:
7224:One-party system
7215:New constitution
7199:
7197:
7196:
7177:Merged into the
7171:Creation of the
7157:
7153:
7151:
7150:
7121:
7119:
7118:
7077:
7075:
7074:
7038:
7037:
6987:One-party system
6982:New constitution
6966:
6964:
6963:
6926:
6924:
6923:
6884:
6882:
6881:
6816:
6814:
6813:
6778:
6776:
6775:
6761:One-party system
6736:
6734:
6733:
6719:One-party system
6694:
6692:
6691:
6677:One-party system
6654:
6652:
6651:
6620:Creation of the
6585:
6583:
6582:
6554:
6552:
6551:
6537:One-party system
6512:
6510:
6509:
6477:
6475:
6474:
6460:One-party system
6437:
6435:
6434:
6404:
6403:
6369:
6368:
6348:Merged into the
6342:Creation of the
6325:
6324:
6291:
6289:
6288:
6262:
6260:
6259:
6237:
6217:
6216:
6181:
6180:
6165:One-party system
6144:
6142:
6141:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6070:
6068:
6067:
6033:
6032:
5993:
5992:
5978:Emilio Aguinaldo
5954:Malolos Republic
5948:
5947:
5930:
5898:
5897:
5866:
5865:
5786:
5784:
5783:
5767:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5725:One-party system
5699:
5695:
5693:
5692:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5612:
5611:
5554:
5553:
5498:
5496:
5495:
5481:One-party system
5458:
5456:
5455:
5441:One-party system
5416:
5414:
5413:
5383:
5382:
5362:New constitution
5344:
5342:
5341:
5313:
5311:
5310:
5280:
5278:
5277:
5263:Creation of the
5246:
5245:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5201:One-party system
5178:
5176:
5175:
5157:Creation of the
5142:
5140:
5139:
5109:
5108:
5077:
5076:
5016:
5015:
4983:
4982:
4951:
4950:
4935:One-party system
4909:
4908:
4879:
4878:
4865:Munich agreement
4847:
4846:
4799:1972 (de facto)
4790:
4789:
4776:New constitution
4738:
4737:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4665:
4663:
4662:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4611:One-party system
4592:Byelorussian SSR
4590:
4588:
4587:
4573:Creation of the
4558:
4556:
4555:
4541:One-party system
4518:
4516:
4515:
4501:Creation of the
4486:
4484:
4483:
4455:
4454:
4439:One-party system
4411:
4409:
4408:
4394:Creation of the
4374:
4372:
4371:
4337:
4335:
4334:
4320:One-party system
4299:
4297:
4296:
4282:One-party system
4273:Creation of the
4258:
4257:
4218:
4217:
4150:
4148:
4147:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4037:
4035:
4034:
4003:
4001:
4000:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3841:
3839:
3838:
3805:Marshall Islands
3803:
3801:
3800:
3760:
3758:
3757:
3722:
3720:
3719:
3650:
3648:
3647:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3598:One-party state
3578:
3576:
3575:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3506:
3504:
3503:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3435:Aleksandar Vučić
3428:
3426:
3425:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3310:Asif Ali Zardari
3303:
3301:
3300:
3265:
3263:
3262:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3189:
3187:
3186:
3153:
3151:
3150:
3115:
3113:
3112:
3077:
3075:
3074:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3007:Edgars Rinkēvičs
3000:
2998:
2997:
2959:
2957:
2956:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2822:One-party state
2802:
2800:
2799:
2761:
2759:
2758:
2719:
2717:
2716:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2623:One-party state
2600:
2598:
2597:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2528:
2526:
2525:
2494:
2492:
2491:
2480:One-party state
2467:Sahle-Work Zewde
2460:
2458:
2457:
2423:
2421:
2420:
2407:Associated state
2386:
2384:
2383:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2312:
2311:
2284:(Mainland China)
2278:
2271:
2262:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2230:One-party state
2210:
2209:
2172:Šefik Džaferović
2157:
2155:
2154:
2122:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2084:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2007:
2005:
2004:
1969:
1968:
1918:Governor-General
1885:presidential one
1815:Marshall Islands
1771:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1751:
1749:
1708:
1684:
1676:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1641:
1633:
1619:
1609:
1599:
1589:
1579:
1569:
1551:
1540:
1530:
1517:
1500:
1490:
1480:
1425:executive branch
1401:
1394:
1387:
1373:
1372:
1357:Republican Party
1335:Peasant republic
1295:Communitarianism
1012:Classical Athens
1007:
981:
971:
961:
951:
941:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
881:
871:
861:
851:
85:Mixed government
19:
18:
8499:
8498:
8494:
8493:
8492:
8490:
8489:
8488:
8454:
8453:
8452:
8443:
8441:
8431:
8427:
8422:
8418:
8409:
8407:
8398:
8397:
8393:
8383:
8381:
8370:
8369:
8365:
8355:
8353:
8345:The Independent
8334:
8330:
8320:
8318:
8310:
8309:
8305:
8296:
8294:
8285:
8284:
8280:
8270:
8268:
8260:
8259:
8255:
8245:
8243:
8239:
8228:
8222:
8218:
8204:
8202:
8186:French Politics
8181:
8172:
8168:
8158:
8156:
8152:
8141:
8132:
8128:
8110:
8108:
8104:
8093:
8084:
8080:
8070:
8068:
8059:
8058:
8054:
8044:
8042:
8032:
8028:
8023:Wayback Machine
8014:
8010:
8000:
7998:
7996:
7976:
7972:
7962:
7960:
7952:
7951:
7947:
7937:
7935:
7927:
7926:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7895:
7894:
7890:
7881:
7879:
7870:
7869:
7865:
7856:
7854:
7846:
7845:
7841:
7834:
7816:
7812:
7802:
7800:
7792:
7791:
7787:
7777:
7775:
7762:
7758:
7748:
7746:
7738:
7737:
7733:
7723:
7721:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7695:
7694:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7678:
7673:
7669:
7660:
7656:
7643:
7639:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7605:
7571:
7567:
7550:Länder (States)
7531:
7527:
7517:
7515:
7506:
7505:
7501:
7464:
7460:
7447:
7443:
7428:. According to
7403:
7399:
7358:
7354:
7349:
7345:
7339:2015 referendum
7336:
7332:
7327:
7285:
7245:
7243:
7230:
7194:
7192:
7167:State dissolved
7148:
7146:
7116:
7114:
7072:
7070:
7053:
7032:
7017:
7012:
7010:
7008:
6961:
6959:
6953:
6921:
6919:
6879:
6877:
6862:
6857:
6855:
6853:
6851:
6811:
6809:
6773:
6771:
6759:
6731:
6729:
6717:
6689:
6687:
6675:
6649:
6647:
6634:State dissolved
6580:
6578:
6567:One-party state
6549:
6547:
6535:
6507:
6505:
6472:
6470:
6458:
6432:
6430:
6422:Second Boer War
6398:
6363:
6338:State dissolved
6327:Syrian Republic
6319:
6286:
6284:
6257:
6255:
6236:
6234:One-party state
6211:
6175:
6163:
6139:
6137:
6104:
6102:
6065:
6063:
6051:one-party state
6048:
6027:
6008:
5987:
5968:
5942:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5892:
5860:
5781:
5779:
5762:
5757:
5737:
5735:
5723:
5690:
5688:
5645:
5643:
5625:One-party state
5606:
5595:State dissolved
5548:
5493:
5491:
5479:
5453:
5451:
5439:
5411:
5409:
5377:
5371:
5339:
5337:
5308:
5306:
5275:
5273:
5259:One-party state
5240:
5213:
5211:
5199:
5173:
5171:
5137:
5135:
5103:
5071:
5010:
4996:State dissolved
4977:
4964:State dissolved
4945:
4903:
4873:
4860:One-party state
4841:
4816:, which have a
4784:
4732:
4691:
4660:
4658:
4623:
4621:
4609:
4585:
4583:
4553:
4551:
4539:
4513:
4511:
4481:
4479:
4449:
4437:
4406:
4404:
4369:
4367:
4332:
4330:
4318:
4294:
4292:
4280:
4252:
4232:
4227:
4225:
4216:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4145:
4143:
4081:
4079:
4073:Captains Regent
4046:
4032:
4030:
3998:
3996:
3951:
3949:
3894:Cyril Ramaphosa
3882:
3880:
3836:
3834:
3798:
3796:
3755:
3753:
3717:
3715:
3670:British–French
3645:
3643:
3607:
3605:
3573:
3571:
3539:
3537:
3513:Zuzana Čaputová
3501:
3499:
3465:
3463:
3423:
3421:
3386:
3384:
3332:
3330:
3298:
3296:
3267:North Macedonia
3260:
3258:
3226:
3224:
3196:Jakov Milatović
3184:
3182:
3165:
3148:
3146:
3110:
3108:
3072:
3070:
3046:
3032:
3030:
2995:
2993:
2954:
2952:
2919:
2917:
2879:
2877:
2866:
2831:
2829:
2797:
2795:
2756:
2754:
2714:
2712:
2676:
2674:
2639:
2637:
2595:
2593:
2559:
2557:
2535:Alexander Stubb
2523:
2521:
2489:
2487:
2455:
2453:
2418:
2416:
2393:Sylvanie Burton
2381:
2379:
2343:
2341:
2319:Zoran Milanović
2306:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2257:
2256:
2239:
2237:
2204:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2152:
2150:
2113:
2111:
2110:
2075:
2073:
2072:
2038:
2036:
2028:One-party state
2002:
2000:
1967:
1961:
1899:
1893:
1839:
1772:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1709:
1707:
1697:
1685:
1674:
1667:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1615:
1607:
1605:
1597:
1595:
1592:One-party state
1587:
1585:
1577:
1575:
1567:
1565:
1549:
1547:
1546:
1538:
1536:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1496:
1488:
1486:
1478:
1469:
1405:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1280:
1272:
1271:
1175:
1167:
1166:
1052:Trienio Liberal
993:
985:
984:
979:
969:
959:
949:
939:
929:
919:
909:
899:
889:
879:
869:
859:
849:
840:
832:
831:
567:Flynn (Stephen)
452:
444:
443:
284:
276:
275:
201:
193:
192:
148:
140:
139:
135:Social equality
130:Social contract
120:Self-governance
75:Democratization
50:Anti-corruption
45:Anti-monarchism
40:
24:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
8497:
8487:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8451:
8450:
8425:
8416:
8406:. 8 March 2021
8391:
8363:
8328:
8303:
8278:
8253:
8216:
8192:(3): 323–351.
8166:
8126:
8078:
8052:
8026:
8008:
7994:
7988:. p. 29.
7970:
7945:
7913:
7888:
7863:
7839:
7832:
7810:
7785:
7756:
7731:
7701:
7699:
7696:
7693:
7692:
7681:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7667:
7654:
7637:
7633:Irish Republic
7612:
7603:
7565:
7559:. However the
7525:
7499:
7458:
7441:
7397:
7373:Mainland China
7352:
7343:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7322:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7277:
7268:
7263:
7260:
7257:
7254:
7240:
7239:
7233:
7232:
7221:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7203:
7189:
7188:
7175:
7169:
7164:
7161:
7158:
7142:
7141:
7139:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7111:
7110:
7105:
7102:
7098:
7097:
7095:
7090:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7059:
7048:
7045:
7042:
7029:
7028:
7025:
7022:
7019:
7014:
7005:
7001:
7000:
6994:
6993:
6984:
6979:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6956:
6955:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6930:
6916:
6915:
6904:
6899:
6894:
6891:
6888:
6874:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6859:
6848:
6844:
6843:
6837:
6836:
6834:
6831:
6826:
6823:
6820:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6768:
6767:
6756:
6751:
6748:
6745:
6740:
6726:
6725:
6714:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6698:
6684:
6683:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6661:
6658:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:Treaty of Riga
6636:
6631:
6627:
6626:
6624:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6607:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6592:
6589:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6564:
6561:
6558:
6544:
6543:
6532:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6516:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6481:
6467:
6466:
6455:
6452:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6427:
6426:
6424:
6419:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6395:
6394:
6392:
6387:
6379:
6376:
6373:
6360:
6359:
6346:
6340:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6316:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6305:
6300:
6295:
6281:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6252:
6251:
6249:
6244:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6208:
6207:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6172:
6171:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6134:
6133:
6131:
6126:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5984:
5983:
5981:
5974:
5963:
5960:
5957:
5939:
5938:
5936:
5931:
5910:
5907:
5902:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5857:
5856:
5854:
5849:
5846:
5843:
5839:
5838:
5836:
5831:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5808:
5806:
5801:
5796:
5793:
5790:
5776:
5775:
5773:
5768:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5732:
5731:
5720:
5717:
5714:
5711:
5708:
5685:
5684:
5677:
5672:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5640:
5639:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5619:
5616:
5603:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5589:
5585:
5584:
5577:
5572:
5564:
5561:
5558:
5545:
5544:
5541:Prime Minister
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5488:
5487:
5476:
5473:
5468:
5465:
5462:
5448:
5447:
5436:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5420:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5396:Military junta
5393:
5390:
5387:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5359:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5323:
5320:
5317:
5303:
5302:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5287:
5284:
5270:
5269:
5267:
5261:
5256:
5253:
5250:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5208:
5207:
5196:
5193:
5190:
5185:
5182:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5146:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5116:
5113:
5100:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5068:
5067:
5062:
5054:
5051:
5047:
5046:
5039:
5034:
5026:
5023:
5020:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5000:Merged to the
4998:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:Velvet Divorce
4966:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4942:
4941:
4932:
4927:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4810:
4805:
4800:
4797:
4794:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4765:
4761:
4760:
4758:
4753:
4751:Military junta
4748:
4745:
4742:
4729:
4728:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4713:
4710:
4688:
4687:
4685:
4680:
4675:
4672:
4669:
4655:
4654:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4618:
4617:
4606:
4603:
4600:
4597:
4594:
4580:
4579:
4577:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4548:
4547:
4536:
4533:
4528:
4525:
4522:
4520:Azerbaijan SSR
4508:
4507:
4505:
4499:
4496:
4493:
4490:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4446:
4445:
4434:
4431:
4423:
4418:
4415:
4401:
4400:
4398:
4392:
4384:
4381:
4378:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4327:
4326:
4315:
4312:
4309:
4306:
4303:
4289:
4288:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4237:
4234:
4229:
4222:
4215:
4212:
4209:
4208:
4202:
4199:
4196:
4193:
4183:
4161:Ignazio Cassis
4154:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4133:
4130:
4127:
4124:
4123:Head of state
4121:
4117:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4090:
4076:
4075:
4069:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4041:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4015:
4012:
4007:
3993:
3992:
3985:vice-president
3981:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3960:
3946:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3929:Head of state
3927:
3923:
3922:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3905:
3902:
3899:
3896:
3891:
3877:
3876:
3874:
3871:United Kingdom
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3845:
3831:
3830:
3828:
3821:
3818:
3815:
3812:
3807:
3793:
3792:
3781:
3778:
3775:
3772:
3769:
3764:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3712:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3699:
3696:
3695:Head of state
3693:
3689:
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3621:
3616:
3602:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3582:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3548:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3528:Czechoslovakia
3524:
3521:
3518:
3515:
3510:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3488:
3485:
3482:
3479:
3474:
3460:
3459:
3457:
3446:
3443:
3440:
3437:
3432:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3403:
3400:
3395:
3381:
3380:
3377:Prime Minister
3362:
3355:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3341:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3293:
3292:
3290:
3283:
3280:
3277:
3274:
3269:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3246:
3243:
3240:
3235:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3207:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3193:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3133:
3130:
3127:
3124:
3119:
3105:
3104:
3102:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3059:Protectorate (
3057:
3054:
3051:
3048:
3041:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3012:
3009:
3004:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2963:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2914:
2913:
2911:
2905:
2902:
2899:
2898:, by majority
2893:
2888:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2856:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2826:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2806:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2770:
2768:Droupadi Murmu
2765:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2741:personal union
2737:
2734:
2731:
2728:
2723:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2699:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2685:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2648:
2634:
2633:
2631:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2609:
2604:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2568:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2532:
2518:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2498:
2484:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2469:
2464:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2427:
2413:
2412:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2390:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2370:Czechoslovakia
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2352:
2350:Czech Republic
2338:
2337:
2335:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2303:
2302:
2287:
2279:
2272:
2263:
2253:
2248:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2201:
2200:
2198:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2178:
2161:
2147:
2146:
2144:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2123:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2085:
2069:
2068:
2066:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2047:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2011:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1980:Head of state
1978:
1974:
1973:
1963:Main article:
1960:
1957:
1895:Main article:
1892:
1889:
1838:
1835:
1804:prime minister
1796:reserve powers
1774:
1773:
1688:
1686:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1616:
1606:
1602:Military junta
1596:
1586:
1576:
1566:
1562:Supreme Leader
1548:
1537:
1527:
1523:Hybrid systems
1514:
1497:
1487:
1477:
1445:reserve powers
1407:
1406:
1404:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1312:
1307:
1305:Egalitarianism
1302:
1297:
1292:
1287:
1281:
1279:Related topics
1278:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1257:
1250:United Kingdom
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1134:
1129:
1124:
1119:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1032:Dutch Republic
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1000:
998:Roman Republic
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
972:
962:
952:
942:
932:
922:
912:
902:
892:
882:
872:
862:
852:
841:
838:
837:
834:
833:
830:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
569:
564:
559:
554:
549:
544:
539:
534:
529:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
453:
450:
449:
446:
445:
442:
441:
439:Wollstonecraft
436:
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
296:
291:
285:
282:
281:
278:
277:
274:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
243:
238:
233:
228:
223:
218:
213:
208:
202:
199:
198:
195:
194:
191:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
149:
146:
145:
142:
141:
138:
137:
132:
127:
122:
117:
112:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
38:
37:
34:
33:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8496:
8485:
8482:
8480:
8477:
8475:
8472:
8470:
8467:
8465:
8462:
8461:
8459:
8440:
8439:Freedom House
8436:
8429:
8420:
8405:
8401:
8395:
8379:
8378:
8373:
8367:
8351:
8347:
8346:
8340:
8332:
8317:
8313:
8307:
8293:on 2009-04-16
8292:
8288:
8282:
8267:
8263:
8257:
8238:
8234:
8227:
8220:
8213:
8200:
8195:
8191:
8187:
8180:
8176:
8170:
8151:
8147:
8140:
8136:
8130:
8123:
8121:
8103:
8099:
8092:
8088:
8082:
8066:
8062:
8056:
8041:
8037:
8030:
8024:
8020:
8017:
8012:
7997:
7991:
7987:
7983:
7982:
7974:
7959:
7955:
7949:
7934:
7930:
7924:
7922:
7920:
7918:
7902:
7898:
7892:
7877:
7873:
7867:
7853:
7849:
7843:
7835:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7814:
7799:
7795:
7789:
7774:
7770:
7766:
7760:
7745:
7741:
7735:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7706:
7702:
7686:
7682:
7671:
7664:
7658:
7651:
7647:
7641:
7634:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7616:
7607:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7569:
7562:
7558:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7539:
7538:upper chamber
7535:
7529:
7513:
7509:
7503:
7493:
7489:
7486:(2): 95–109.
7485:
7481:
7480:
7474:), he quotes
7473:
7472:9780719078538
7469:
7462:
7455:
7451:
7445:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7430:Judicial Yuan
7427:
7423:
7419:
7415:
7411:
7407:
7401:
7394:
7390:
7386:
7382:
7378:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7356:
7347:
7340:
7334:
7330:
7320:
7317:
7315:
7312:
7310:
7309:Republicanism
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7286:
7276:
7272:
7269:
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7242:
7241:
7238:
7234:
7229:
7225:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7213:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7191:
7190:
7187:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7174:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7162:
7159:
7156:
7144:
7143:
7140:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7126:
7124:
7113:
7112:
7109:
7106:
7103:
7100:
7099:
7094:
7091:
7085:
7082:
7080:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7030:
7026:
7023:
7015:
7006:
7003:
7002:
6999:
6995:
6992:
6988:
6985:
6983:
6980:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6958:
6957:
6951:
6947:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6918:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6887:
6876:
6875:
6871:
6868:
6860:
6852:parliamentary
6849:
6846:
6845:
6842:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6808:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6799:Reversion to
6798:
6796:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6783:
6781:
6770:
6769:
6766:
6762:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6749:
6746:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6728:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6715:
6712:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6699:
6697:
6686:
6685:
6682:
6678:
6673:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6659:
6657:
6656:Ukrainian SSR
6646:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6616:
6613:
6609:
6606:
6604:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6590:
6588:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6546:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6533:
6530:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6517:
6515:
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5730:
5726:
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:(present-day
5698:
5697:Moldavian SSR
5687:
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5682:
5678:
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5668:
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4823:
4819:
4818:sunset clause
4815:
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4806:
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4801:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4772:
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4730:
4727:
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4714:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:(present-day
4700:
4695:
4690:
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4269:
4266:
4263:
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4256:
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4238:
4230:
4226:parliamentary
4223:
4220:
4219:
4207:
4203:
4200:
4197:
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4119:
4118:
4115:
4111:
4108:
4105:
4102:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4093:Chan Santokhi
4091:
4089:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4064:(part of the
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4029:
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4025:
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3995:
3994:
3990:
3986:
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3966:
3964:
3963:Wesley Simina
3961:
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3808:
3806:
3795:
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3786:
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3780:Protectorate
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3767:Taneti Maamau
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2305:
2304:
2300:
2299:sunset clause
2296:
2292:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2273:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
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2232:
2229:
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2223:
2220:
2218:
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2213:
2208:
2203:
2202:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2177:
2176:Željko Komšić
2173:
2169:
2168:Milorad Dodik
2165:
2162:
2160:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2135:
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2127:
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2100:
2097:
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2071:
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2035:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
1999:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1908:
1904:
1898:
1888:
1886:
1882:
1881:South America
1878:
1874:
1872:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1834:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1788:head of state
1785:
1781:
1770:
1767:
1759:
1756:February 2019
1748:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1727:
1724:
1720:
1717: –
1716:
1712:
1711:Find sources:
1705:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1689:This section
1687:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1664:
1659:
1657:
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1484:
1475:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1460:
1456:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:head of state
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1390:
1388:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1376:
1371:
1366:
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1318:
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1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1267:United States
1265:
1261:
1258:
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1248:
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1243:
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1238:
1236:
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1177:
1171:
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1145:
1143:
1142:Metapolitefsi
1140:
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1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
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1103:
1100:
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1080:
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1038:
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31:Republicanism
29:
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25:
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8442:. Retrieved
8438:
8428:
8419:
8408:. Retrieved
8403:
8394:
8382:. Retrieved
8375:
8366:
8354:. Retrieved
8343:
8331:
8319:. Retrieved
8315:
8306:
8295:. Retrieved
8291:the original
8281:
8269:. Retrieved
8265:
8256:
8244:. Retrieved
8237:the original
8219:
8210:
8203:. Retrieved
8189:
8185:
8169:
8157:. Retrieved
8150:the original
8145:
8129:
8119:
8116:
8109:. Retrieved
8102:the original
8087:Veser, Ernst
8081:
8069:. Retrieved
8055:
8043:. Retrieved
8039:
8029:
8011:
7999:. Retrieved
7980:
7973:
7961:. Retrieved
7957:
7948:
7936:. Retrieved
7932:
7904:. Retrieved
7900:
7891:
7880:. Retrieved
7875:
7866:
7855:. Retrieved
7851:
7842:
7819:
7813:
7801:. Retrieved
7797:
7788:
7776:. Retrieved
7772:
7765:Twomey, Anne
7759:
7747:. Retrieved
7743:
7734:
7722:. Retrieved
7718:
7711:Twomey, Anne
7705:
7690:parliaments.
7685:
7670:
7657:
7650:Soviet Union
7645:
7640:
7615:
7606:
7594:East Germany
7582:Nazi Germany
7568:
7544:defines the
7528:
7516:. Retrieved
7511:
7502:
7483:
7477:
7461:
7454:Soviet Union
7449:
7444:
7433:
7410:Control Yuan
7400:
7355:
7346:
7333:
7166:
6633:
6598:Client state
6337:
6146:Soviet Union
6111:Russian SFSR
6091:Creation of
5919:
5760:presidential
5700:
5636:Soviet Union
5594:
5581:Soviet Union
5529:
5180:Georgian SSR
5090:Puppet state
5043:Soviet Union
4995:
4963:
4702:
4413:Armenian SSR
4260:SSR Abkhazia
4181:Viola Amherd
4173:Alain Berset
4157:Guy Parmelin
4149:
4066:Papal States
3989:FSM Congress
3889:South Africa
3676:New Hebrides
3452:, and later
3365:
3344:Andrzej Duda
3213:, and after
3084:George Vella
3044:Najib Mikati
2966:Vjosa Osmani
2891:Isaac Herzog
2688:Tamás Sulyok
2627:Nazi Germany
2624:
2251:Lai Ching-te
2126:Sandra Mason
2014:Bajram Begaj
1954:
1922:South Africa
1911:
1900:
1875:
1850:Napoleon III
1847:
1840:
1831:
1823:South Africa
1808:
1777:
1762:
1753:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1710:
1698:Please help
1693:verification
1690:
1623:
1521:
1507:
1492:
1470:
1462:
1412:
1410:
1339:
974:
964:
954:
944:
934:
924:
914:
904:
894:
884:
874:
864:
854:
844:
657:Jones (Elin)
562:Flynn (Paul)
522:Clarke (Tom)
517:Clark (Katy)
462:Adams (John)
283:Philosophers
245:
60:Civic virtue
22:Part of the
8400:"Executive"
8384:18 February
8356:18 February
8321:18 February
8271:18 February
8246:11 December
8001:18 February
7963:18 February
7938:18 February
7906:18 February
7878:(in German)
7646:coup d'état
7590:East Berlin
7588:and former
7578:West Berlin
7574:West German
7450:coup d'état
7062:Coup d'état
7021:Changed to
7011:independent
6866:Changed to
6858:presidency
6514:Turkmen SSR
6247:Coup d'état
6015:Martial Law
5976:Capture of
5934:28 May coup
5920:Estado Novo
5771:Coup d'état
5667:Multi-party
5535:, with the
5460:Kirghiz SSR
5401:16 May coup
4922:Multi-party
4895:Coup d'état
4426:Multi-party
4301:Abkhaz ASSR
4236:Changed to
4165:Ueli Maurer
4152:Switzerland
4100:Unicameral
4097:Parliament
4055:Unicameral
4052:Parliament
4017:Unicameral
3970:Unicameral
3867:New Zealand
3855:Unicameral
3852:Parliament
3814:Parliament
3810:David Kabua
3774:Unicameral
3736:Unicameral
3672:condominium
3664:Unicameral
3623:Parliament
3589:Parliament
3520:Unicameral
3484:Unicameral
3442:Unicameral
3413:New Zealand
3405:Unicameral
3402:Parliament
3279:Unicameral
3203:Unicameral
3169:Unicameral
3129:Unicameral
3091:Unicameral
3053:Unicameral
3050:Parliament
3014:Unicameral
3011:Parliament
2973:Unicameral
2901:Unicameral
2867:1936–1949:
2816:Unicameral
2733:Unicameral
2695:Unicameral
2658:Unicameral
2578:Unicameral
2542:Unicameral
2508:Unicameral
2437:Unicameral
2400:Unicameral
2326:Unicameral
2224:Unicameral
2217:Rumen Radev
2095:Unicameral
2092:Parliament
2057:Unicameral
2021:Unicameral
1429:legislature
1290:Common good
1230:New Zealand
1225:Netherlands
970:(1835–1840)
940:(1787–1788)
850:(c. 375 BC)
772:Robespierre
547:Etherington
482:Benn (Tony)
451:Politicians
429:Tocqueville
389:Montesquieu
369:Machiavelli
115:Rule of law
110:Res publica
8469:Liberalism
8458:Categories
8444:2023-10-16
8410:2023-08-25
8404:www.gov.fm
8297:2023-08-25
7882:2023-09-20
7857:2023-09-20
7803:18 October
7778:18 October
7749:18 October
7724:18 October
7698:References
7586:New Länder
7557:parliament
7422:unicameral
7404:Under the
7369:Kuomintang
7273:under the
7252:Yugoslavia
7226:under the
7201:Yugoslavia
7155:Tanganyika
6989:under the
6968:Yugoslavia
6763:under the
6738:Yugoslavia
6721:under the
6679:under the
6539:under the
6497:Referendum
6462:under the
6167:under the
6129:Referendum
6049:(De facto
6009:(de facto
5727:under the
5520:Referendum
5500:Kyrgyzstan
5483:under the
5443:under the
5418:Kazakh SSR
5203:under the
4937:under the
4683:Referendum
4613:under the
4543:under the
4441:under the
4322:under the
4284:under the
4195:Bicameral
4186:Parliament
4039:San Marino
4010:Irfaan Ali
3901:Bicameral
3869:, and the
3817:Bicameral
3626:Bicameral
3592:Bicameral
3558:Bicameral
3450:Yugoslavia
3351:Bicameral
3317:Bicameral
3287:Yugoslavia
3245:Bicameral
3211:Yugoslavia
3191:Montenegro
3160:Maia Sandu
2938:Bicameral
2896:Parliament
2852:Bicameral
2778:Bicameral
2474:Bicameral
2430:Alar Karis
2362:Bicameral
2355:Petr Pavel
2266:Unicameral
2195:Yugoslavia
2187:Bicameral
2133:Bicameral
2082:Bangladesh
1901:Since the
1726:newspapers
1556:republic (
1554:Theocratic
1465:government
1330:Monarchism
1320:Liberalism
1315:Jacobinism
1005:Gaṇasaṅgha
860:(54–51 BC)
344:Harrington
221:Democratic
211:Capitalist
206:Autonomous
188:Venizelism
173:Khomeinism
8205:21 August
8159:21 August
8111:21 August
7876:Bundesrat
7631:that the
7554:bicameral
7546:Bundestag
7534:Bundesrat
7518:3 January
7183:One-party
7013:republic
7009:assembly-
7007:Became an
6696:Uzbek SSR
6439:Tajik SSR
6382:One-party
6354:One-party
6293:Sri Lanka
5924:one-party
5652:Lithuania
5567:One-party
5537:President
5366:elections
5282:Indonesia
5057:One-party
5029:One-party
4387:One-party
4228:republic
4204:Also has
4062:Theocracy
3863:Australia
3472:Singapore
3373:President
3117:Mauritius
3047:(Acting)
2910:republic
2869:ambiguous
1946:Sri Lanka
1873:in 1959.
1185:Australia
817:Venizelos
807:Spadolini
797:Slaughter
742:McDonnell
707:Mackenzie
652:Jefferson
607:Griffiths
587:de Gaulle
582:Garibaldi
542:Drakeford
434:Warburton
354:Jefferson
349:Honderich
329:Condorcet
216:Christian
178:Nasserism
153:Classical
70:Democracy
8479:Republic
8350:Archived
8071:14 April
8065:Archived
8045:14 April
8019:Archived
7304:Republic
7283:See also
7217:and the
7079:Pakistan
7018:changed
7004:Country
6863:changed
6854:republic
6850:Became a
6847:Country
6818:Zimbabwe
6264:Suriname
6242:in 1947)
6072:Rhodesia
5788:Pakistan
5530:de facto
5161:and the
4836:adopted
4339:Abkhazia
4233:changed
4224:Became a
4221:Country
4120:Country
4088:Suriname
3926:Country
3848:Russ Kun
3762:Kiribati
3724:Botswana
3692:Country
3546:Slovenia
3508:Slovakia
3366:de facto
3305:Pakistan
2863:Dominion
2786:Dominion
2462:Ethiopia
2388:Dominica
2212:Bulgaria
2120:Barbados
1950:Pakistan
1942:Barbados
1811:Botswana
1638:de facto
1435:and the
1417:republic
1255:Scotland
1195:Barbados
846:Republic
762:Prescott
732:Naysmith
722:McKechin
682:La Malfa
677:Khomeini
637:Iorwerth
602:Griffith
577:Gambetta
572:Galloway
557:Ferguson
537:Davidson
532:Cromwell
527:Connolly
507:Campbell
424:Sunstein
409:Rousseau
404:Polybius
339:Franklin
319:Chappell
314:Cattaneo
251:People's
236:Imperial
168:Kemalism
105:Republic
39:Concepts
8120:pléiade
7420:as the
7375:by the
5918:to the
5744:Nigeria
5703:Moldova
5248:Hungary
4705:Myanmar
4630:Belarus
3652:Vanuatu
3580:Somalia
3371:as the
3155:Moldova
3039:Lebanon
2859:To 1936
2838:Ireland
2745:Denmark
2721:Iceland
2683:Hungary
2602:Germany
2566:Georgia
2530:Finland
2425:Estonia
2314:Croatia
2045:Armenia
2009:Albania
1938:Vanuatu
1907:Ireland
1852:in the
1782:or the
1740:scholar
1630:de jure
1220:Morocco
1210:Jamaica
1205:Ireland
1190:Bahamas
992:History
812:Taverne
787:Skinner
767:Ritchie
712:Madison
692:Lincoln
642:Jackson
632:Huppert
627:Hopkins
552:Fabiani
512:Chapman
497:Bolívar
487:Bennett
477:Bartley
467:Atatürk
379:Mazzini
374:Madison
304:Bentham
294:Baggini
261:Secular
241:Islamic
226:Federal
163:Federal
147:Schools
7992:
7830:
7592:it is
7470:
7408:, the
7249:
7198:
7152:
7120:
7076:
7027:Notes
7016:Status
6965:
6925:
6886:Gambia
6883:
6872:Notes
6861:Status
6815:
6777:
6735:
6693:
6653:
6584:
6556:Uganda
6553:
6511:
6479:Turkey
6476:
6436:
6290:
6261:
6143:
6108:
6069:
6013:under
5971:Colony
5785:
5741:
5694:
5649:
5497:
5457:
5415:
5343:
5315:Israel
5312:
5279:
5220:Guyana
5217:
5177:
5141:
4667:Brazil
4664:
4627:
4589:
4557:
4517:
4485:
4410:
4373:
4336:
4298:
4242:Notes
4231:Status
4138:Notes
4085:
4036:
4005:Guyana
4002:
3955:
3944:Notes
3886:
3840:
3802:
3759:
3721:
3710:Notes
3649:
3611:
3577:
3543:
3505:
3469:
3430:Serbia
3427:
3390:
3339:Poland
3336:
3302:
3264:
3188:
3152:
3114:
3076:
3036:
3002:Latvia
2999:
2984:Serbia
2961:Kosovo
2958:
2923:
2886:Israel
2883:
2835:
2801:
2760:
2718:
2680:
2646:Greece
2643:
2599:
2563:
2527:
2493:
2459:
2422:
2385:
2347:
2243:
2156:
2117:
2079:
2042:
2006:
1995:Notes
1821:, and
1813:, the
1786:, the
1742:
1735:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1672:Powers
1618:
1610:
1608:
1600:
1598:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1578:
1570:
1568:
1552:
1550:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1529:
1516:
1501:
1499:
1491:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1245:Sweden
1235:Norway
1200:Canada
980:(1963)
960:(1794)
950:(1791)
930:(1762)
920:(1755)
910:(1748)
900:(1698)
890:(1656)
880:(1649)
870:(1531)
822:Wilson
792:Slater
782:Skates
737:Mannin
727:Mullin
702:Mackay
667:Juárez
622:Hébert
617:Hatton
612:Harvie
502:Burgon
419:Sidney
414:Sandel
399:Pettit
324:Cicero
289:Arendt
271:Soviet
266:Sister
158:Modern
8240:(PDF)
8229:(PDF)
8182:(PDF)
8153:(PDF)
8142:(PDF)
8105:(PDF)
8094:(PDF)
7325:Notes
7259:1992
7256:1980
7208:1980
7205:1963
7163:1964
7160:1962
7130:2000
7127:1992
7086:1997
7083:1985
7047:1966
7044:1960
6975:1963
6972:1953
6935:2008
6932:1964
6928:Kenya
6893:1982
6890:1970
6825:1987
6822:1980
6747:1953
6700:1924
6660:1919
6630:1921
6614:1919
6611:1918
6594:1918
6591:1917
6563:1966
6560:1963
6518:1925
6483:1923
6446:1990
6443:1929
6413:1902
6410:1852
6378:1963
6375:1961
6334:1958
6331:1930
6271:1987
6268:1975
6153:1990
6150:1922
6042:1965
6039:1960
6002:1981
5999:1973
5962:1901
5959:1899
5909:1926
5875:1935
5872:1919
5795:1958
5792:1956
5751:1966
5748:1963
5713:1990
5710:1940
5621:1926
5618:1920
5591:1940
5588:1934
5563:1934
5560:1922
5467:1990
5464:1936
5422:1936
5392:1961
5389:1960
5353:2013
5350:2008
5346:Kenya
5322:1996
5319:1948
5289:1959
5286:1945
5255:1949
5252:1946
5227:1980
5224:1970
5184:1921
5151:1921
5148:1918
5118:1958
5115:1946
5086:1940
5083:1870
5053:1938
5050:1934
5025:1934
5022:1920
4992:1950
4989:1946
4960:1992
4957:1989
4918:1989
4915:1948
4888:1948
4885:1945
4856:1939
4853:1920
4796:1947
4767:1925
4764:1925
4747:1924
4744:1891
4740:Chile
4715:1962
4712:1948
4699:Burma
4674:1963
4671:1961
4599:1990
4596:1920
4567:1920
4564:1918
4527:1990
4524:1920
4495:1920
4492:1918
4464:1929
4461:1920
4417:1920
4383:1920
4380:1918
4308:1991
4305:1931
4267:1931
4264:1921
4198:1848
4103:1987
4058:1291
4020:1980
3973:1986
3904:1961
3858:1968
3843:Nauru
3820:1979
3777:1979
3739:1966
3667:1980
3629:1976
3595:2012
3561:1991
3523:1993
3487:1965
3445:1991
3408:1960
3393:Samoa
3354:1989
3320:2010
3282:1991
3248:2008
3233:Nepal
3206:1992
3172:2001
3132:1992
3094:1974
3079:Malta
3056:1941
3017:1991
2976:2008
2941:1946
2926:Italy
2904:2001
2855:1949
2819:2005
2781:1950
2763:India
2743:with
2736:1944
2698:1990
2661:1975
2620:1949
2581:2018
2545:2000
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