2090:
1427:
1866:
1289:
2209:
2038:
2246:
1624:
2116:
1387:
1559:
17:
2002:
911:
2227:
1947:
1032:, writing in 1988, noted that juntas in Latin America tended to be smaller than juntas elsewhere; the median junta had 11 members, while Latin American juntas typically had three or four. "Corporate" military coups have been distinguished from "factional" military coups. The former are carried out by the armed forces as an institution, led by senior commanders at the top of the military hierarchy, while the latter are carried out by a segment of the armed forces and are often led by mid-ranking officers.
1929:
1271:
2323:
1493:
1213:
1068:
1725:
814:
1891:
1307:
1790:
1980:
1755:
1584:
2168:
2265:
2134:
2060:
1830:
1668:
1703:
1606:
1475:
1369:
1183:
1848:
1511:
2301:
1351:
1104:
1772:
1529:
1158:
1086:
1650:
1457:
1325:
1253:
1140:
2348:
1686:
1808:
1405:
1231:
1122:
2187:
2283:
2020:
1041:
journal found that military regimes behaved differently from both civilian dictatorships and autocratic military strongmen. Military regime is ruled by a group of high ranking officers, whereas military strongman is ruled by a single dictator. The study found that (1) "strongmen and military regimes
1046:
and become embroiled in civil wars than are civilian dictatorships"; (2) "military strongmen start more international wars than either military regimes or civilian dictators, perhaps because they have more reason to fear postouster exile, prison, or assassination" and (3) military regimes and
912:
1095:
1484:
1615:
1956:
1821:
1542:
1113:
985:. Civilianization occurs when a junta publicly ends its obviously military features, but continues its dominance. For example, the junta may terminate the
969:, or may wield power by exercising binding (but informal) control over a nominally civilian government. These two forms of junta rule are sometimes called
997:. Indirect rule by the military can include either broad control over the government or control over a narrower set of policy areas, such as military or
842:
2574:
1418:
1149:
1414:
1466:
1077:
2666:
2125:
1538:
21:
2434:
Lai, Brian; Slater, Dan (2006). "Institutions of the
Offensive: Domestic Sources of Dispute Initiation in Authoritarian Regimes, 1950-1992".
1746:
1280:
1008:, typically in the form of an "institutionalized, highly corporate/professional junta" headed by the commanding officers of the different
2103:
2634:
1444:
1360:
2697:
1440:
59:
2314:
1436:
273:
1520:
1316:
835:
2256:
1857:
2722:
1618:(1861, 1879β1880, 1899, 1920β1921, 1930β1931, 1936β1938, 1943β1944, 1946β1947, 1951β1952, 1964β1966, 1970β1971 and 1980β1982)
993:
or mass organizations. "Indirect rule" involves the junta's exertion of concealed, behind-the-scenes control over a civilian
958:(autocratic military dictatorships); machine (oligarchic party dictatorships); and bossism (autocratic party dictatorships).
989:, forgo military uniforms in favor of civilian attire, "colonize" government with former military officers, and make use of
2151:
1839:
1550:
1546:
1396:
1342:
1244:
1240:
2173:
2051:
1262:
1916:
1875:
1448:
1037:
828:
1738:
1712:
1051:, in contrast to the rule of military strongmen, which more often ends by insurgency, popular uprising, or invasion.
1764:
2370:
1799:
1659:
1637:
1633:
1338:
1167:
2178:
2751:
1641:
1597:
713:
1817:
2143:
2007:
1378:
1222:
520:
475:
1781:
2147:
1716:
346:
2611:
2375:
1964:
1502:
1192:
1131:
2251:
2047:
2011:
1334:
540:
55:
2218:
361:
2746:
2310:
2274:
1904:
1742:
1677:
111:
1972:
1912:
769:
336:
1900:
933:
928:
784:
351:
1993:
965:. The junta may either formally take power as the nation's governing body, with the power to
951:
779:
642:
239:
1593:
955:
919:
2558:
2541:
8:
2077:
2069:
703:
612:
569:
356:
121:
2606:
2451:
1043:
944:
341:
126:
101:
16:
2447:
2357:
2214:
1695:
1276:
998:
994:
990:
774:
495:
326:
278:
106:
39:
962:
2639:
2579:
2553:
2443:
2332:
2081:
1920:
1568:
862:
607:
530:
500:
374:
116:
96:
25:
2292:
1734:
1048:
1009:
818:
791:
647:
637:
434:
331:
2328:
2099:
1968:
1938:
966:
937:
796:
727:
632:
465:
379:
2740:
2723:"Fiji holds historic election after years of military rule - DW - 17.09.2014"
2107:
1005:
954:, as distinguished from other categories of authoritarian rule, specifically
941:
683:
578:
480:
470:
311:
2676:
2644:
2200:
1908:
1498:
1218:
1073:
1029:
732:
659:
653:
627:
622:
598:
588:
525:
414:
234:
158:
2417:
2380:
2236:
2196:
2095:
1730:
986:
737:
722:
664:
535:
399:
198:
193:
173:
163:
153:
2527:(eds. Giuseppe Caforio & Marina Nuciari: Springer, 2nd ed.), p. 164.
813:
2455:
2073:
1960:
1896:
1432:
1312:
948:
742:
698:
693:
688:
674:
515:
306:
188:
183:
47:
2667:"Junta set to stay in power after Chad delays elections by two years"
1985:
1871:
1795:
1760:
1589:
1021:
1004:
Throughout the 20th century, military juntas were frequently seen in
545:
439:
429:
424:
409:
404:
394:
268:
229:
218:
213:
203:
168:
136:
80:
75:
2501:(ed. Daniele Caramani: Oxford University Press, 2014), pp. 101-102.
2270:
2139:
2065:
1934:
1835:
1673:
1294:
923:
617:
178:
148:
91:
2671:
2043:
1989:
1853:
1708:
1611:
1516:
1480:
1374:
1188:
419:
256:
246:
2698:"Mali: President Bah N'Daw decrees the dissolution of the CNSP"
2584:
2306:
2232:
2192:
2029:
1952:
1629:
1356:
1109:
1025:
583:
2288:
2121:
2025:
1777:
1655:
1564:
1534:
1462:
1392:
1330:
1258:
1163:
1145:
1091:
2635:"Analysis: Year post-coup, cracks in Sudan's military junta"
1096:
Committee for the
Transition and Restoration of Institutions
934:
national and local junta organized by the
Spanish resistance
2353:
1813:
1691:
1410:
1298:
1236:
1127:
1017:
1013:
901:
880:
2540:
Geddes, Barbara; Frantz, Erica; Wright, Joseph G. (2014).
889:
871:
2575:"Mali junta defies mediators with 5-year transition plan"
1903:(1975), military interim government led by Chief Justice
892:
2239:, officially the "Revolutionary Committee" (1967β1974)
2523:
David Kuehn, "Democratic
Control of the Military" in
932:
means "meeting" or "committee" and originated in the
895:
874:
1957:
Temporary
Provisions against the Communist Rebellion
1822:
Revolutionary
Government of the Armed Forces of Peru
1543:
Revolutionary
Command Council for National Salvation
1114:
National
Committee of Reconciliation and Development
1024:), and sometimes joined by the head of the national
898:
877:
886:
868:
865:
2539:
1419:National Committee for the Salvation of the People
1150:National Council for the Safeguard of the Homeland
32:Government led by a committee of military leaders
1047:civilian dictatorships are more likely to end in
2738:
1467:Supreme Council for the Restoration of Democracy
1078:Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration
2479:(Palgrave Macmillan: 2d ed. 2009), pp. 148-150.
2126:National Council for the Revolutionary Command
961:A junta often comes to power as a result of a
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2465:
977:. Disguised rule may take the form of either
940:in 1808. The term is now used to refer to an
836:
2504:
2219:Military Council of the Republic of Georgia
2104:Supreme Council for National Reconstruction
2482:
2462:
2199:rule in France (1799β1815), Government of
2164:
1445:Military Council for Justice and Democracy
1415:Military Committee for National Liberation
1361:Military Committee of National Restoration
843:
829:
2557:
2525:Handbook of the Sociology of the Military
2433:
1441:Military Committee for National Salvation
1028:or other key bodies. Political scientist
60:List of countries by system of government
2664:
2535:
2533:
2427:
2399:Turkey is a part of both Europe and Asia
2242:
1437:Military Committee for National Recovery
15:
2632:
1317:Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council
2739:
2257:Military Council of National Salvation
1539:National Revolutionary Command Council
2604:
2572:
2559:10.1146/annurev-polisci-032211-213418
2530:
2436:American Journal of Political Science
2665:Ramadane, Mahamat (2 October 2022).
2413:
2411:
2152:National Council for Peace and Order
1911:(1976β1978), military government of
1343:Provisional National Defence Council
2607:"Junta and Public at Odds in Sudan"
2052:State Peace and Development Council
1263:Supreme Council of the Armed Forces
1054:
13:
2546:Annual Review of Political Science
1199:
1038:Annual Review of Political Science
14:
2763:
2633:Jeffrey, Jack (23 October 2022).
2408:
2605:Gavin, Michelle (8 April 2022).
2448:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2006.00173.x
2371:Civilian control of the military
2346:
2321:
2299:
2281:
2263:
2244:
2225:
2207:
2185:
2166:
2132:
2114:
2088:
2058:
2036:
2018:
2000:
1978:
1945:
1927:
1915:(1982β1986) and military-backed
1889:
1864:
1846:
1828:
1806:
1800:Junta of National Reconstruction
1788:
1770:
1753:
1723:
1701:
1684:
1666:
1648:
1622:
1604:
1582:
1557:
1527:
1509:
1491:
1473:
1455:
1425:
1403:
1385:
1367:
1349:
1323:
1305:
1287:
1269:
1251:
1229:
1211:
1181:
1168:Transitional Sovereignty Council
1156:
1138:
1120:
1102:
1084:
1066:
861:
812:
2715:
2690:
2658:
2626:
2393:
1642:1964β1985 military dictatorship
1632:β Brazilian military juntas of
1598:National Reorganization Process
2598:
2573:Ahmed, Baba (2 January 2022).
2566:
2517:
2144:National Peace Keeping Council
1747:Revolutionary Government Junta
1223:National Council for Democracy
1035:A 2014 study published in the
521:Intergovernmental organisation
476:Separation of church and state
1:
2386:
2315:Council for National Security
2148:Council for National Security
2102:(1962β1979, initially as the
1717:Supreme Council of Government
1551:Transitional Military Council
1547:Transitional Military Council
1521:Supreme Revolutionary Council
1397:Revolutionary Command Council
1241:Transitional Military Council
2612:Council on Foreign Relations
1899:β Military-backed regime of
1503:National Reformation Council
1193:State Administration Council
938:Napoleon's invasion of Spain
318:(socio-political ideologies)
7:
2364:
2048:Union Revolutionary Council
1765:1954 Guatemalan coup d'Γ©tat
1575:
1379:People's Redemption Council
1335:National Liberation Council
1245:Transitional Administration
1204:
1132:Transitional Administration
386:(socio-economic ideologies)
56:List of forms of government
10:
2768:
2339:
2179:1934 Bulgarian coup d'Γ©tat
2098:β Military governments of
2068:β Military governments of
1042:are more likely to commit
2356:β Military government of
2158:
1988:β Military government of
1882:
1840:National Military Council
1487:(1966β1979 and 1983β1999)
1059:
507:(geo-cultural ideologies)
2376:Civilβmilitary relations
2311:National Unity Committee
2275:National Salvation Junta
1959:(1948β1991) used by the
1905:Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem
1782:1991 Haitian coup d'Γ©tat
1743:Civic-Military Directory
1616:Bolivian military juntas
1339:Supreme Military Council
1281:Supreme Military Council
2422:Encyclopædia Britannica
1913:Hussain Muhammad Ershad
1174:
770:Administrative division
714:International relations
2752:Military dictatorships
2512:Non-Democratic Regimes
2477:Non-Democratic Regimes
2237:Regime of the Colonels
1907:(1975β1976) and later
1901:Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad
922:led by a committee of
29:
22:Chilean military junta
2702:The Africa Report.com
1449:High Council of State
952:military dictatorship
780:Democratic transition
643:Self-governing colony
240:Military dictatorship
19:
2499:Comparative Politics
2424:(last updated 1998).
1992:, also known as the
1917:caretaker government
1594:Argentine Revolution
920:system of government
2078:Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq
2012:Sovereignty Council
1953:China (Republic of)
1739:Junta of Government
1640:(part of the wider
1044:human rights abuses
819:Politics portal
704:Supranational union
613:Dependent territory
526:National government
1694:β Dictatorship of
1567:β Dictatorship of
945:form of government
926:leaders. The term
30:
2729:. Deutsche Welle.
2514:(2d ed.), p. 153.
2358:Frank Bainimarama
1696:Fulgencio Batista
1277:Equatorial Guinea
1010:military branches
999:national security
991:political parties
947:characterized by
853:
852:
804:
803:
775:Democracy indices
750:
749:
553:
552:
362:Semi-presidential
287:
286:
2759:
2747:Authoritarianism
2731:
2730:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2710:
2709:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2640:Associated Press
2630:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2602:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2591:
2580:Associated Press
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2537:
2528:
2521:
2515:
2508:
2502:
2495:
2480:
2473:
2460:
2459:
2431:
2425:
2415:
2400:
2397:
2352:
2350:
2349:
2333:The Protectorate
2327:
2325:
2324:
2305:
2303:
2302:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2269:
2267:
2266:
2254:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2231:
2229:
2228:
2213:
2211:
2210:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2120:
2118:
2117:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2082:Pervez Musharraf
2080:(1977β1988) and
2064:
2062:
2061:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2030:Shogunate period
2024:
2022:
2021:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1951:
1949:
1948:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1921:Fakhruddin Ahmed
1895:
1893:
1892:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1834:
1832:
1831:
1812:
1810:
1809:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1759:
1757:
1756:
1729:
1727:
1726:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1690:
1688:
1687:
1672:
1670:
1669:
1660:Government Junta
1654:
1652:
1651:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1588:
1586:
1585:
1569:Mobutu Sese Seko
1563:
1561:
1560:
1533:
1531:
1530:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1497:
1495:
1494:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1461:
1459:
1458:
1431:
1429:
1428:
1409:
1407:
1406:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1355:
1353:
1352:
1329:
1327:
1326:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1235:
1233:
1232:
1217:
1215:
1214:
1187:
1185:
1184:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1144:
1142:
1141:
1126:
1124:
1123:
1108:
1106:
1105:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1055:Current examples
917:
916:
915:
914:
907:
904:
903:
900:
897:
894:
891:
888:
883:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
845:
838:
831:
817:
816:
764:
763:
608:Associated state
566:
565:
541:Internationalism
531:World government
508:
387:
319:
300:
299:
274:Free association
261:
222:
141:
84:
72:
71:
35:
34:
26:Augusto Pinochet
2767:
2766:
2762:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2757:
2756:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2734:
2721:
2720:
2716:
2707:
2705:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2663:
2659:
2649:
2647:
2631:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2603:
2599:
2589:
2587:
2571:
2567:
2542:"Military Rule"
2538:
2531:
2522:
2518:
2509:
2505:
2496:
2483:
2474:
2463:
2432:
2428:
2416:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2394:
2389:
2367:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2322:
2320:
2300:
2298:
2293:Francoist Spain
2282:
2280:
2264:
2262:
2245:
2243:
2226:
2224:
2208:
2206:
2186:
2184:
2177:β Junta of the
2167:
2165:
2161:
2133:
2131:
2115:
2113:
2089:
2087:
2059:
2057:
2037:
2035:
2019:
2017:
2001:
1999:
1979:
1977:
1946:
1944:
1928:
1926:
1890:
1888:
1885:
1865:
1863:
1847:
1845:
1829:
1827:
1807:
1805:
1789:
1787:
1780:β Junta of the
1771:
1769:
1763:β Junta of the
1754:
1752:
1735:Civic Directory
1724:
1722:
1702:
1700:
1685:
1683:
1667:
1665:
1649:
1647:
1623:
1621:
1605:
1603:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1558:
1556:
1528:
1526:
1510:
1508:
1492:
1490:
1485:Military juntas
1474:
1472:
1456:
1454:
1426:
1424:
1404:
1402:
1386:
1384:
1368:
1366:
1350:
1348:
1324:
1322:
1306:
1304:
1288:
1286:
1270:
1268:
1252:
1250:
1230:
1228:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1200:Former examples
1182:
1180:
1177:
1157:
1155:
1139:
1137:
1121:
1119:
1103:
1101:
1085:
1083:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1057:
1049:democratization
979:civilianization
910:
909:
885:
864:
860:
849:
811:
806:
805:
792:Democratisation
785:Autocratization
761:
753:
752:
751:
708:
669:
648:Tributary state
638:Satellite state
593:
563:
562:Power structure
555:
554:
506:
505:
487:
458:
444:
435:Totalitarianism
385:
384:
366:
317:
316:
297:
289:
288:
283:
259:
251:
216:
208:
139:
131:
78:
69:
68:Source of power
46:Basic forms of
40:Politics series
33:
12:
11:
5:
2765:
2755:
2754:
2749:
2733:
2732:
2714:
2689:
2657:
2625:
2597:
2565:
2529:
2516:
2503:
2497:Paul Brooker,
2481:
2475:Paul Brooker,
2461:
2442:(1): 113β126.
2426:
2406:
2405:
2402:
2401:
2391:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2384:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2341:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2329:United Kingdom
2318:
2296:
2278:
2260:
2240:
2222:
2204:
2182:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2129:
2111:
2100:Park Chung Hee
2085:
2055:
2033:
2015:
1997:
1975:
1969:mainland China
1942:
1939:Khmer Republic
1924:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1879:
1876:Military junta
1861:
1858:Military junta
1843:
1825:
1818:Military junta
1803:
1785:
1767:
1750:
1720:
1713:Military Junta
1698:
1681:
1678:Military Junta
1663:
1645:
1619:
1601:
1577:
1574:
1573:
1572:
1554:
1524:
1506:
1488:
1470:
1452:
1422:
1400:
1382:
1364:
1346:
1320:
1302:
1284:
1266:
1248:
1226:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1153:
1135:
1117:
1099:
1081:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
975:disguised rule
967:rule by decree
857:military junta
851:
850:
848:
847:
840:
833:
825:
822:
821:
808:
807:
802:
801:
800:
799:
797:Hybrid regimes
794:
789:
788:
787:
777:
772:
762:
759:
758:
755:
754:
748:
747:
746:
745:
740:
735:
730:
728:Regional power
725:
717:
716:
710:
709:
707:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
678:
677:
671:
670:
668:
667:
662:
657:
650:
645:
640:
635:
633:Puppet monarch
630:
625:
620:
615:
610:
602:
601:
595:
594:
592:
591:
586:
581:
573:
572:
564:
561:
560:
557:
556:
551:
550:
549:
548:
543:
538:
533:
528:
523:
518:
510:
509:
504:
503:
498:
492:
489:
488:
486:
485:
484:
483:
478:
468:
466:State religion
460:
459:
457:
456:
453:
449:
446:
445:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
389:
388:
383:
382:
377:
371:
368:
367:
365:
364:
359:
354:
349:
344:
339:
337:Constitutional
334:
329:
321:
320:
315:
314:
309:
303:
298:
296:Power ideology
295:
294:
291:
290:
285:
284:
282:
281:
276:
271:
263:
262:
260:(rule by none)
253:
252:
250:
249:
244:
243:
242:
232:
224:
223:
210:
209:
207:
206:
201:
196:
191:
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
161:
156:
151:
143:
142:
133:
132:
130:
129:
124:
119:
114:
112:Representative
109:
104:
99:
94:
86:
85:
70:
67:
66:
63:
62:
51:
50:
43:
42:
31:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2764:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2728:
2724:
2718:
2703:
2699:
2693:
2678:
2674:
2673:
2668:
2661:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2629:
2614:
2613:
2608:
2601:
2586:
2582:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2560:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2536:
2534:
2526:
2520:
2513:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2472:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2412:
2407:
2396:
2392:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2344:
2343:
2334:
2330:
2319:
2316:
2313:(1960β1961),
2312:
2308:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2261:
2258:
2253:
2241:
2238:
2234:
2223:
2220:
2216:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2183:
2180:
2175:
2163:
2162:
2153:
2150:(2006β2008),
2149:
2146:(1991β1992),
2145:
2141:
2130:
2127:
2123:
2112:
2109:
2108:Chun Doo-hwan
2105:
2101:
2097:
2086:
2083:
2079:
2076:(1969β1971),
2075:
2072:(1958β1969),
2071:
2067:
2056:
2053:
2050:(1962β1974),
2049:
2045:
2034:
2031:
2027:
2016:
2013:
2009:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1943:
1940:
1936:
1925:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1887:
1886:
1877:
1873:
1862:
1859:
1855:
1844:
1841:
1837:
1826:
1823:
1820:(1962β1963),
1819:
1815:
1804:
1801:
1797:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1751:
1748:
1745:(1961β1962),
1744:
1741:(1960β1961),
1740:
1736:
1732:
1721:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1682:
1679:
1675:
1664:
1661:
1657:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1602:
1599:
1596:(1966β1973),
1595:
1591:
1580:
1579:
1570:
1566:
1555:
1552:
1549:(1985β1986),
1548:
1545:(1989β1993),
1544:
1541:(1969β1971),
1540:
1536:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1507:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1486:
1482:
1471:
1468:
1464:
1453:
1450:
1447:(2005β2007),
1446:
1443:(1979β1992),
1442:
1439:(1978β1979),
1438:
1434:
1423:
1420:
1417:(1968β1979),
1416:
1412:
1401:
1398:
1394:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1365:
1362:
1358:
1347:
1344:
1341:(1975β1979),
1340:
1337:(1966β1969),
1336:
1332:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1303:
1300:
1296:
1285:
1282:
1278:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1249:
1246:
1243:(2021β2022),
1242:
1238:
1227:
1224:
1220:
1209:
1208:
1194:
1190:
1179:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1154:
1151:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1064:
1063:
1052:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1006:Latin America
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
983:indirect rule
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
959:
957:
953:
950:
946:
943:
942:authoritarian
939:
935:
931:
930:
925:
921:
913:
906:
858:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
827:
826:
824:
823:
820:
815:
810:
809:
798:
795:
793:
790:
786:
783:
782:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
767:
766:
765:
757:
756:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
719:
718:
715:
712:
711:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
684:Confederation
682:
681:
680:
679:
676:
673:
672:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
655:
651:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
624:
621:
619:
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
604:
603:
600:
597:
596:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
579:Unitary state
577:
576:
575:
574:
571:
568:
567:
559:
558:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
522:
519:
517:
514:
513:
512:
511:
502:
499:
497:
494:
493:
491:
490:
482:
481:State atheism
479:
477:
474:
473:
472:
471:Secular state
469:
467:
464:
463:
462:
461:
454:
451:
450:
448:
447:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
392:
391:
390:
381:
378:
376:
375:Authoritarian
373:
372:
370:
369:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
352:Parliamentary
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
324:
323:
322:
313:
310:
308:
305:
304:
302:
301:
293:
292:
280:
277:
275:
272:
270:
267:
266:
265:
264:
258:
255:
254:
248:
245:
241:
238:
237:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
226:
225:
220:
215:
212:
211:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
146:
145:
144:
140:(rule by few)
138:
135:
134:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
93:
90:
89:
88:
87:
82:
77:
74:
73:
65:
64:
61:
58:
57:
53:
52:
49:
45:
44:
41:
37:
36:
28:in March 1986
27:
23:
18:
2726:
2717:
2706:. Retrieved
2704:. 2021-01-28
2701:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2670:
2660:
2648:. Retrieved
2645:Cairo, Egypt
2638:
2628:
2616:. Retrieved
2610:
2600:
2588:. Retrieved
2578:
2568:
2549:
2545:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2476:
2439:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2395:
2201:Vichy France
1909:Ziaur Rahman
1499:Sierra Leone
1219:Burkina Faso
1074:Burkina Faso
1036:
1034:
1030:Samuel Finer
1003:
982:
978:
974:
970:
960:
927:
856:
854:
733:Middle power
660:Vassal state
654:Buffer state
652:
628:Puppet state
623:Protectorate
599:Client state
589:Principality
415:Distributism
357:Presidential
235:Dictatorship
159:Gerontocracy
81:rule by many
54:
38:Part of the
2552:: 147β162.
2381:Stratocracy
2360:(2006β2014)
2335:(1653β1660)
2317:(1980β1983)
2295:(1939β1975)
2277:(1974β1975)
2259:(1981β1983)
2203:(1940β1945)
2197:Bonapartist
2181:(1934β1935)
2154:(2014β2019)
2128:(1963β1966)
2110:(1980β1988)
2096:South Korea
2084:(1999β2008)
2054:(1988β2011)
2032:(1185β1868)
2014:(1958β1963)
1996:(1966β1998)
1941:(1970β1975)
1923:(2007β2009)
1878:(1948β1958)
1860:(1973β1985)
1842:(1980β1987)
1824:(1968β1980)
1802:(1979β1985)
1784:(1991β1994)
1749:(1979β1982)
1731:El Salvador
1719:(1976β1979)
1680:(1957β1958)
1662:(1973β1990)
1600:(1976β1983)
1571:(1965β1997)
1523:(1969β1976)
1505:(1967β1968)
1469:(2010β2011)
1451:(2008β2009)
1421:(2020β2021)
1399:(1969β1977)
1381:(1980β1984)
1363:(1984β1991)
1345:(1981β1993)
1319:(1994β1996)
1301:(1974β1987)
1283:(1979β1982)
1265:(2011β2012)
1247:(2022β2024)
987:martial law
963:coup d'Γ©tat
738:Great power
723:Small power
665:Viceroyalty
536:Nationalism
400:Colonialism
380:Libertarian
342:Directorial
219:rule by one
199:Technocracy
194:Stratocracy
174:Meritocracy
164:Kleptocracy
154:Aristocracy
2741:Categories
2708:2021-02-02
2682:20 October
2387:References
2074:Yahya Khan
1973:Communists
1963:after the
1961:Kuomintang
1897:Bangladesh
1433:Mauritania
1313:The Gambia
949:oligarchic
743:Superpower
699:Superstate
694:Federation
689:Devolution
675:Federalism
516:City-state
189:Plutocracy
184:Particracy
48:government
2677:N'Djamena
2510:Brooker,
2070:Ayub Khan
1994:New Order
1986:Indonesia
1872:Venezuela
1796:Nicaragua
1761:Guatemala
1590:Argentina
1022:air force
1001:matters.
971:open rule
956:strongman
570:Unitarism
546:Globalism
452:Religious
440:Tribalism
430:Socialism
425:Feudalism
410:Despotism
405:Communism
395:Anarchism
332:Communist
279:Stateless
269:Anarchism
230:Despotism
214:Autocracy
204:Theocracy
169:Kritarchy
137:Oligarchy
122:Socialist
76:Democracy
24:, led by
2650:20 March
2618:20 March
2590:20 March
2365:See also
2271:Portugal
2174:Bulgaria
2140:Thailand
2066:Pakistan
1935:Cambodia
1836:Suriname
1737:(1931),
1715:(1963),
1674:Colombia
1576:Americas
1295:Ethiopia
924:military
618:Dominion
347:Legalist
327:Absolute
312:Republic
307:Monarchy
179:Noocracy
149:Anocracy
102:Economic
92:Demarchy
2672:Reuters
2456:3694260
2340:Oceania
2215:Georgia
2044:Myanmar
1990:Suharto
1971:to the
1919:led by
1854:Uruguay
1709:Ecuador
1612:Bolivia
1517:Somalia
1481:Nigeria
1375:Liberia
1195:(2021β)
1189:Myanmar
1170:(2021β)
1152:(2023β)
1134:(2021β)
1116:(2021β)
1098:(2023β)
1080:(2022β)
918:) is a
760:Related
455:Secular
420:Fascism
257:Anarchy
247:Tyranny
107:Liberal
2727:DW.com
2585:Bamako
2454:
2351:
2326:
2307:Turkey
2304:
2286:
2268:
2252:Poland
2249:
2233:Greece
2230:
2221:(1992)
2212:
2193:France
2190:
2171:
2159:Europe
2137:
2119:
2106:) and
2093:
2063:
2041:
2023:
2005:
1983:
1950:
1932:
1894:
1869:
1851:
1833:
1811:
1793:
1775:
1758:
1728:
1706:
1689:
1671:
1653:
1630:Brazil
1627:
1609:
1587:
1562:
1553:(2019)
1532:
1514:
1496:
1478:
1460:
1430:
1408:
1390:
1372:
1357:Guinea
1354:
1328:
1310:
1292:
1274:
1256:
1234:
1225:(2015)
1216:
1205:Africa
1186:
1161:
1143:
1125:
1110:Guinea
1107:
1089:
1071:
1060:Africa
1026:police
1020:, and
995:puppet
584:Empire
496:Global
127:Others
117:Social
97:Direct
2452:JSTOR
2418:Junta
2289:Spain
2122:Syria
2026:Japan
1778:Haiti
1656:Chile
1565:Zaire
1535:Sudan
1463:Niger
1393:Libya
1331:Ghana
1259:Egypt
1164:Sudan
1146:Niger
1092:Gabon
929:junta
908:
501:Local
2684:2022
2652:2023
2620:2023
2592:2023
2354:Fiji
2008:Iraq
1965:fall
1883:Asia
1814:Peru
1692:Cuba
1638:1969
1636:and
1634:1930
1411:Mali
1299:Derg
1237:Chad
1175:Asia
1128:Mali
1018:navy
1014:army
973:and
20:The
2554:doi
2444:doi
1967:of
981:or
936:to
2743::
2725:.
2700:.
2675:.
2669:.
2643:.
2637:.
2609:.
2583:.
2577:.
2550:17
2548:.
2544:.
2532:^
2484:^
2464:^
2450:.
2440:50
2438:.
2420:,
2410:^
2331:β
2309:β
2291:β
2273:β
2255:β
2235:β
2217:β
2195:β
2142:β
2124:β
2046:β
2028:β
2010:β
1955:β
1937:β
1874:β
1856:β
1838:β
1816:β
1798:β
1733:β
1711:β
1676:β
1658:β
1614:β
1592:β
1537:β
1519:β
1501:β
1483:β
1465:β
1435:β
1413:β
1395:β
1377:β
1359:β
1333:β
1315:β
1297:β
1279:β
1261:β
1239:β
1221:β
1191:β
1166:β
1148:β
1130:β
1112:β
1094:β
1076:β
1016:,
890:dΚ
855:A
2711:.
2686:.
2654:.
2622:.
2594:.
2562:.
2556::
2458:.
2446::
1644:)
1012:(
905:/
902:Ι
899:t
896:n
893:Κ
887:Λ
884:,
881:Ι
878:t
875:n
872:Κ
869:h
866:Λ
863:/
859:(
844:e
837:t
830:v
221:)
217:(
83:)
79:(
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