5530:
of
Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects.... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.
3511:
2463:.) Thus, by a shrewd timing of elections, in a parliamentary system, a party can extend its rule for longer than is feasible in a presidential system. This problem can be alleviated somewhat by setting fixed dates for parliamentary elections, as is the case in several of Australia's state parliaments. In other systems, such as the Dutch and the Belgian, the ruling party or coalition has some flexibility in determining the election date. Conversely, flexibility in the timing of parliamentary elections can avoid periods of legislative gridlock that can occur in a fixed period presidential system. In any case, voters ultimately have the power to choose whether to vote for the ruling party or someone else.
5050:
4147:
3396:
3500:
5040:
5073:
1544:
3532:
1323:
3661:
3332:
3214:
1557:
3063:
4233:
3454:
3086:
4304:
3490:
5137:
4999:
1622:
4738:
4711:
3522:
3023:
5105:
3364:
3118:
1609:
797:
22:
8867:
8351:
8340:
4689:
3595:
4864:
4623:
4139:
4040:
3053:
2975:
1475:
3546:
3150:
4923:
4255:
3922:
3639:
3246:
2931:
2905:
1596:
4901:
4832:
4072:
4018:
3428:
1870:
1648:
2661:
2589:
2482:
4403:
4667:
4527:
4499:
4477:
4277:
4194:
3954:
3569:
3300:
3268:
1844:
1583:
5191:
4371:
4339:
4209:
4172:
4104:
3898:
3700:
2997:
2953:
1763:
1635:
2294:
1414:
1224:
4879:
4601:
3846:
3788:
3182:
1948:
4761:
4579:
4455:
3617:
1720:
5169:
4645:
3992:
4425:
1776:
2792:
3872:
3766:
4971:
1917:
4792:
4553:
1673:
4945:
3820:
3732:
1857:
1789:
1570:
8879:
2734:
2360:
1522:
prime minister and other ministers to be a member of the legislature, in other countries like Canada and the United
Kingdom this only exists as a convention, some other countries including Norway, Sweden and the Benelux countries require a sitting member of the legislature to resign such positions upon being appointed to the executive.
2720:, he writes that an advantage of presidential systems is their ability to allow and accommodate more diverse viewpoints. He states that because "legislators are not compelled to vote against their constituents on matters of local concern, parties can serve as organizational and roll-call cuing vehicles without forcing out dissidents."
2645:
does have its drawbacks. For instance, the flip-flopping of legislation back and forth as the majority in parliament changed between the
Conservatives and Labour over the period 1940–1980, contesting over the nationalisation and privatisation of the British Steel Industry resulted in major instability for the British steel sector.
5286:
6577:
powers are especially relevant if an extraordinary majority is required to override a veto, as in
Mongolia, Poland, and Senegal. In these cases, while the government is fully accountable to parliament, it cannot legislate without taking the potentially different policy preferences of the president into account.
2245:
Parliamentary systems like that found in the United
Kingdom are widely considered to be more flexible, allowing a rapid change in legislation and policy as long as there is a stable majority or coalition in parliament, allowing the government to have 'few legal limits on what it can do' When combined
2085:
which operates under a stricter separation of powers, whereby the executive does not form part of—nor is appointed by—the parliamentary or legislative body. In such a system, parliaments or congresses do not select or dismiss heads of government, and governments cannot request an early dissolution as
2644:
The ability for strong parliamentary governments to push legislation through with the ease of fused power systems such as in the United
Kingdom, whilst positive in allowing rapid adaptation when necessary e.g. the nationalisation of services during the world wars, in the opinion of some commentators
5529:
The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in
England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th, and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House
2430:
to be unnatural, as it can potentially allow a president who has disappointed the public with a dismal performance in the second year of his term to continue on until the end of his four-year term. Under a parliamentary system, a prime minister that has lost support in the middle of his term can be
1521:
Implementations of the parliamentary system can also differ as to how the prime minister and government are appointed and whether the government needs the explicit approval of the parliament, rather than just the absence of its disapproval. While most parliamentary systems such as India require the
2562:
large enough to amend the
Hungarian constitution, there was no institution that was able to balance the concentration of power. In a presidential system it would require at least two separate elections to create the same effect; the presidential election, and the legislative election, and that the
2267:
saying "the president blames
Congress, the Congress blames the president, and the public remains confused and disgusted with government in Washington". Furthermore, ministers of the U.K. cabinet are subject to weekly Question Periods in which their actions/policies are scrutinised; no such regular
6576:
Even if the president has no discretion in the forming of cabinets or the right to dissolve parliament, his or her constitutional authority can be regarded as 'quite considerable' in
Duverger's sense if cabinet legislation approved in parliament can be blocked by the people's elected agent. Such
2454:
Although Bagehot praised parliamentary governments for allowing an election to take place at any time, the lack of a definite election calendar can be abused. Under some systems, such as the British, a ruling party can schedule elections when it believes that it is likely to retain power, and so
5282:
2563:
president's party has the legislative supermajority required for constitutional amendments. Safeguards against this situation implementable in both systems include the establishment of an upper house or a requirement for external ratification of constitutional amendments such as a
2262:
The United Kingdom's fused power system is often noted to be advantageous with regard to accountability. The centralised government allows for more transparency as to where decisions originate from, this contrasts with the American system with Treasury Secretary
2553:
in Hungary has been claimed to show how parliamentary systems can be subverted. The situation in Hungary was according to Fontaine allowed by the deficient separation of powers that characterises parliamentary and semi-presidential systems. Once
1990:
In Israel, parliament may vote to dissolve itself in order to call an election, or the prime minister may call a snap election with presidential consent if his government is deadlocked. A non-passage of the budget automatically calls a snap
2152:, Pakistan and Bangladesh have enacted laws that prohibit floor crossing or switching parties after the election. Under these laws, elected representatives will lose their seat in the parliament if they go against their party in votes.
1533:
are the leaders of the largest party in parliament, technically the appointment of the prime minister is a prerogative exercised by the head of state (be it the monarch, the governor-general, or the president). This system is used
1048:. The gradual democratisation of parliament with the broadening of the voting franchise increased parliament's role in controlling government, and in deciding whom the king could ask to form a government. By the 19th century, the
2848:
All current parliamentary democracies see the indirect election or appointment of their head of government. As a result, the electorate has limited power to remove or install the person or party wielding the most power. Although
4394:
is later appointed by the President of the Republic under proposal of the approved Prime Minister candidate. The Riigikogu may remove the Prime Minister and any other member of the government through a motion of no confidence.
1399:) allow outsiders to be appointed to the Ministry through an appointed Upper House, although a majority of Ministers (which, by necessity, includes the Prime Minister) must come from within (the lower house of) Parliament.
1063:
of government, with an executive answerable to the lower house of a bicameral parliament, and exercising, in the name of the head of state, powers nominally vested in the head of state – hence the use of phrases such as
966:
The first written record of a parliament, in particular in the sense of an assembly separate from the population called in presence of a King was 1188 Alfonso IX, King of Leon (Spain) convened the three states in the
975:
were the first parliament of Europe that officially obtained the power to pass legislation, apart from the custom. An early example of parliamentary government developed in today's Netherlands and Belgium during the
890:, where a mostly ceremonial president is the head of state while the head of government is from the legislature. In a few countries, the head of government is also head of state but is elected by the legislature. In
1895:, the power to appoint someone to form a government has been moved from the monarch to the Speaker of Parliament and the parliament itself. The speaker nominates a candidate, who is then elected to prime minister (
2250:, this system produces the classic "Westminster model" with the twin virtues of strong but responsive party government. This electoral system providing a strong majority in the House of Commons, paired with the
1491:
The Western European parliamentary model (e.g., Spain, Germany) tends to have a more consensual debating system and usually has semi-circular debating chambers. Consensus systems have more of a tendency to use
1104:
have severed institutional ties to Great Britain by becoming republics with their own ceremonial Presidents, but retain the Westminster system of government. The idea of parliamentary accountability and
1504:. Most Western European countries do not employ strict monism, and allow extra-parliamentary ministers as a matter of course. The Netherlands, Slovakia and Sweden outright implement the principle of
2181:
have weak or non-existent checks on the legislative power of their Parliaments, where any newly approved Act shall take precedence over all prior Acts. All laws are equally unentrenched, wherein
1998:
against the government, a supermajority vote in favour of an early election or a prolonged deadlock in parliament. These requirements can still be circumvented. For example, in Germany in 2005,
1076:). Such a system became particularly prevalent in older British dominions, many of which had their constitutions enacted by the British parliament; such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada, the
7808:
5825:
1202:. The experiences of the war in the occupied nations where the legitimate democratic governments were allowed to return strengthened the public commitment to parliamentary principles; in
1753:
votes on a candidate nominated by the federal president. In these cases, parliament can choose another candidate who then would be appointed by the head of state. This system is used in:
2541:, parliamentary systems in Europe have yielded very powerful heads of government which is rather what is often criticized about presidential systems. Fontaine compares United Kingdom's
2232:
Parliamentarism metrics allow a quantitative comparison of the strength of parliamentary systems for individual countries. One parliamentarism metric is the Parliamentary Powers Index.
65:
4217:
In theory, chancellor and ministers are appointed by the President. As a practical matter, they are unable to govern without the support (or at least toleration) of a majority in the
5418:
2422:
praised parliamentary governments for producing serious debates, for allowing for a change in power without an election, and for allowing elections at any time. Bagehot considered
8240:
1934:
Example: Israel, 1996–2001, where the prime minister was elected in a general election, with no regard to political affiliation, and whose procedure can also be described as of a
1899:) by the parliament if an absolute majority of the members of parliament does not vote against the candidate (i.e. they can be elected even if more members of parliament vote
871:. This is in contrast to a presidential system, which features a president who is not fully accountable to the legislature, and cannot be replaced by a simple majority vote.
2155:
In the UK parliament, a member is free to cross over to a different party. In Canada and Australia, there are no restraints on legislators switching sides. In New Zealand,
4852:
listens to the parties in the Assembly of the Republic and invites someone to form a government, usually the leader of the biggest party. Then the president swears in the
2853:
may enable the party of the prime minister to be removed or empowered, this can be at the expense of voters first preferences in the many parliamentary systems utilising
6203:
4328:
4316:
7801:
105:
6119:
6097:
2744:
2370:
2094:
that draws on both presidential systems and parliamentary systems by combining a powerful president with an executive responsible to parliament: for example, the
4816:
semi-presidential – the President of Poland has the power to veto legislation passed by parliament and can dissolve the parliament under certain conditions. The
5959:
7727:
6473:
7794:
6443:
3405:
6177:
3413:
2881:
5551:
3409:
1391:. Most Westminster systems employ strict monism, where Ministers must be members of Parliament simultaneously; while some Westminster systems, such as
6662:
5799:
2159:
provides that MPs who switch parties or are expelled from their party may be expelled from Parliament at the request of their former party's leader.
1123:, partially imposed by the democratic victors, the United States, Great Britain and France, on the defeated countries and their successors, notably
1694:
to receive the confidence of the parliament within three days. If said leader fails to obtain the confidence of parliament, then the leader of the
6064:
1355:
and countries which were influenced by the British political tradition. These parliaments tend to have a more adversarial style of debate and the
3463:
3095:
223:
6590:
5821:
5606:
2755:
2381:
7974:
4613:
3417:
2460:
98:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
6233:
8245:
8235:
5512:
2217:
1195:
5410:
1206:, a new constitution was written in 1953, while a long and acrimonious debate in Norway resulted in no changes being made to that country's
1746:
6256:
2431:
easily replaced by his own peers with a more popular alternative, as the Conservative Party in the UK did with successive prime ministers
5363:
2865:
951:
date back to Europe in the Middle Ages. The earliest example of a parliament is disputed, especially depending how the term is defined.
5487:
1967:
Furthermore, there are variations as to what conditions exist (if any) for the government to have the right to dissolve the parliament:
8344:
8255:
5864:
3712:
is nominated by a political party that has secured the best results in the parliamentary election. The nominee must be approved by the
3341:
2567:. Fontaine also notes as a warning example of the flaws of parliamentary systems that if the United States had a parliamentary system,
1151:
increasingly impossible to ignore; these forces came to dominate many states that transitioned to parliamentarism, particularly in the
825:
2671:
2599:
2495:
to this section by making broad generalisations based solely on one citation, and looking solely at one country's parliamentary system
2492:
8387:
8310:
6775:
3349:
2029:
6503:
2220:– bypassing the 2/3rd supermajority required for an early dissolution under the FTPA -, which enabled the early dissolution for the
7871:
7672:
4437:
2216:(FTPA), these can be bypassed through the enactment of another that amends or ignores these supermajorities away, such as with the
1000:
8604:
5146:
4909:
3345:
3103:
2549:
noting the former head of government was much more powerful despite governing under a parliamentary system. The rise to power of
2130:
2126:
2037:
8250:
8191:
7861:
5013:
1084:. Some of these parliaments were reformed from, or were initially developed as distinct from their original British model: the
6199:
6655:
6274:
5749:
5722:
5500:
Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries
5357:
5009:
4391:
3467:
3099:
2555:
2315:
1435:
1387:. Regardless of which system is used, the voting systems tend to allow the voter to vote for a named candidate rather than a
1241:
930:
6031:
5584:
2857:, or having no effect in dislodging those parties who consistently form part of a coalition government, as with the current
8285:
8270:
5445:
5154:
5114:
5017:
4957:
2221:
4751:
1038:'s inability to speak English led to the responsibility for chairing cabinet to go to the leading minister, literally the
8265:
8201:
5389:
5227:
5082:
4845:
4085:
3353:
3309:
3277:
2684:
2612:
2505:
1688:
The head of state appoints the leader of the political party holding a plurality of seats in parliament as prime minister
1372:
996:, and later in Europe and elsewhere in the 19th and 20th centuries, with the expansion of like institutions, and beyond
216:
7003:
6130:
6089:
5989:
8320:
7969:
5793:
5695:
5668:
5481:
5150:
4221:. The cabinet is politically answerable to the National Council and can be dismissed by the National Council through a
3774:
3581:
3525:
3191:
962:
first gathered around the year 930 (it conducted its business orally, with no written record allowing an exact date).
8300:
8295:
8275:
8100:
6444:"Arturo Fontaine: "Si se estableciera el semipresidencialismo, a poco andar el pueblo sentiría que ha sido engañado""
6025:
5975:
5858:
5639:
5578:
5330:
5262:
4719:
4653:
4631:
3056:
2858:
2835:
2773:
2703:
2631:
2524:
2399:
2341:
1461:
1263:
1008:
981:
693:
2817:
2323:
1690:. For example, in Greece, if no party has a majority, the leader of the party with a plurality of seats is given an
1443:
8911:
8883:
8354:
8290:
7822:
7259:
6648:
5455:
4267:
3471:
3373:
3127:
2186:
2118:
2114:
1339:
299:
1512:, where Members of Parliament have to resign their place in Parliament upon being appointed (or elected) minister.
8325:
6169:
5222:
5122:
4312:
3721:
3713:
3651:
3381:
3135:
2943:
2456:
2213:
2194:
2086:
may be the case for parliaments (although the parliament may still be able to dissolve itself, as in the case of
1892:
6155:
1500:
than the Westminster Model legislatures. The committees of these Parliaments tend to be more important than the
8921:
8260:
8017:
7705:
7508:
5021:
4812:
from the largest party or coalition as the head of government. However, the Polish system is often regarded as
3966:
3475:
3107:
2983:
2939:
2802:
2427:
2319:
2190:
1439:
1245:
926:
818:
688:
466:
314:
209:
3982:
3690:
in which the premier is appointed by the president. The Legislative Yuan may vote for motion of no confidence.
2455:
avoid elections at times of unpopularity. (From 2011, election timing in the UK was partially fixed under the
8664:
8518:
8380:
8171:
7639:
5177:
5118:
5090:
5025:
4320:
4263:
3377:
3254:
3159:
3131:
3005:
2066:
2010:
703:
5543:
3510:
8280:
7836:
7761:
7694:
7513:
7239:
5242:
5012:(MP) and of the political party which commands or is likely to command the confidence of a majority of the
4953:
4931:
4485:
3978:
3910:. He appoints the Prime Minister (a Sunni Muslim) and the cabinet. The Parliament thereafter approves the
3679:
in which the premier is nominated and appointed by the president, with the consent of the Legislative Yuan.
3436:
452:
284:
255:
6543:
8926:
8747:
8305:
8186:
8067:
7947:
7766:
7661:
6770:
6058:"The Anti-Defection Law – Intent and Impact Background Note for the Conference on Effective Legislatures"
5283:"The Decreta of León of 1188 – The oldest documentary manifestation of the European parliamentary system"
5158:
5086:
4747:
4112:
4053:
3577:
3493:
3317:
3285:
2961:
2869:
2062:
1493:
1368:
756:
108:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
5912:
2047:
In Italy the government has no power to call a snap election. A snap election can only be called by the
8219:
8181:
8012:
7771:
7650:
4853:
4723:
4241:
4218:
4089:
3935:
3854:
3756:
3231:
3223:
3199:
3163:
3031:
2854:
2247:
2149:
2142:
1975:, such as the United Kingdom, Denmark, Malaysia, Australia and New Zealand, the prime minister has the
942:
289:
260:
95:
7786:
8772:
8724:
8314:
7738:
6930:
6719:
6601:
5444:
4383:
4289:
4120:
3709:
3385:
3313:
3281:
3035:
3013:
2965:
2168:
2122:
1935:
1294:, with just one parliamentary chamber. A bicameral parliament usually consists of a directly elected
1035:
811:
416:
6539:
6499:
5049:
2002:
deliberately allowed his government to lose a confidence motion, in order to call an early election.
1359:
of parliament is more important than committees. Some parliaments in this model are elected using a
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8576:
8523:
8373:
8166:
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7149:
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4697:
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3858:
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3227:
3195:
2538:
2414:
2304:
2091:
2009:
is only elected to fill out the previous Riksdag's term. The last time this option was used was in
1739:
a candidate for prime minister who is then submitted to parliament for approval before appointment.
1424:
1384:
1031:
1004:
989:
531:
421:
5516:
2748:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
2374:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
8468:
8057:
7997:
7922:
7214:
6739:
5043:
4727:
4222:
4049:
4004:
3832:
3752:
3039:
2813:
2649:
2308:
1815:
1661:
The head of state appoints a prime minister who must gain a vote of confidence within a set time.
1428:
1360:
1352:
1277:
1234:
1128:
985:
875:
461:
134:
45:
6409:
5714:
Settler Self-Government, 1840–1900: The Development of Representative and Responsible Government
2185:
may not outright annul nor amend them, as frequently occurs in other parliamentary systems like
167:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
8503:
7008:
6945:
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6597:
5257:
5252:
5126:
4935:
4913:
4817:
4057:
4026:
3888:
3647:
3549:
3444:
3139:
2913:
2572:
2201:
to any bill passed by their Parliament, this check has not been exercised in Britain since the
2041:
1527:
The head of state appoints a prime minister who will likely have majority support in parliament
1287:
1207:
1175:
1156:
1106:
1073:
959:
887:
698:
640:
586:
174:
124:
55:
5685:
5515:. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from
5347:
2809:
2751:
2679:
2607:
2500:
2377:
1159:
and its centre-left allies dominated the government for several decades. However, the rise of
958:
consisting of prominent individuals among the free landowners of the various districts of the
8616:
8559:
8453:
8438:
8062:
8022:
7886:
7851:
7818:
7621:
7119:
6855:
5781:
5712:
5656:
5471:
5199:
5053:
4849:
4841:
4675:
4635:
4411:
4180:
4146:
4124:
3962:
3939:
3907:
3607:
3585:
3503:
3440:
3289:
3167:
2917:
2202:
2095:
1995:
1984:
1979:
power to call an election, at will. In Spain, the prime minister is the only person with the
1376:
1327:
1199:
1191:
1152:
1136:
1096:; whereas since 1950 there is no upper house in New Zealand. Many of these countries such as
1081:
1016:
1012:
891:
518:
351:
5848:
5629:
1808:
a candidate whom the head of state is constitutionally obliged to appoint as prime minister.
8599:
8117:
8052:
7962:
7952:
7254:
5237:
5094:
4988:
4891:
4887:
4591:
4543:
4508:
4441:
4387:
4151:
4116:
4081:
4061:
3970:
3717:
3625:
3066:
3009:
2987:
1823:
1742:
1509:
1314:
distinguish two types of parliamentary democracies: the Westminster and Consensus systems.
1144:
1089:
883:
628:
499:
489:
474:
319:
5039:
2212:
or additional legislative procedures for certain legislation, such as previously with the
8:
8916:
8852:
8621:
8609:
8566:
8176:
8134:
8088:
8002:
7942:
7683:
7299:
7124:
6998:
6935:
6920:
6514:
4801:
4463:
4348:
4293:
4285:
4093:
4030:
4000:
3943:
3801:
3258:
3171:
2921:
2423:
2102:
2082:
2025:
2021:
1849:
1367:), such as the United Kingdom, Canada, India and Malaysia, while others use some form of
1364:
1097:
1024:
1020:
1003:
is remembered as one of the figures relevant later for convening two famous parliaments.
859:
legitimacy from their ability to command the support ("confidence") of a majority of the
740:
650:
504:
406:
356:
294:
71:
5473:
Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order
1999:
8817:
8156:
8144:
8139:
8095:
8045:
7902:
7881:
7876:
7410:
7229:
7154:
6925:
6714:
6704:
6373:
6365:
6322:
5203:
4770:
4679:
4587:
4569:
4561:
4512:
4489:
4445:
4415:
4390:(normally this candidate is the leader of the parliamentary coalition of parties). The
4356:
4324:
4245:
4184:
3974:
3911:
3740:
3629:
3499:
3321:
2156:
2070:
2048:
1972:
1530:
1505:
1479:
1348:
1335:
1163:
in the 1930s put an end to parliamentary democracy in Italy and Germany, among others.
902:
864:
852:
778:
371:
76:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
6392:
2208:
Whilst both the UK and New Zealand have some Acts or parliamentary rules establishing
1302:
which may be appointed or elected through a different mechanism from the lower house.
1007:, in 1258, stripped the king of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included
8719:
8699:
8644:
8196:
8151:
8127:
8110:
8007:
7992:
7957:
7907:
7575:
7538:
7469:
7420:
7294:
7023:
6734:
6377:
6357:
6314:
6270:
6021:
5981:
5971:
5854:
5789:
5745:
5718:
5691:
5664:
5635:
5574:
5477:
5353:
5326:
4782:
4535:
4467:
3884:
3862:
3809:
3235:
3203:
2542:
2264:
2254:
results in a particularly powerful government able to provide change and 'innovate'.
2074:
1831:
1380:
1085:
1060:
1034:, the monarch, in theory, chaired the cabinet and chose ministers. In practice, King
894:
parliaments, the head of government is generally, though not always, a member of the
773:
447:
309:
304:
265:
238:
144:
5935:"The Assembleia da República as a body that exercises sovereign power / Folketinget"
980:(1581), when the sovereign, legislative and executive powers were taken over by the
968:
8779:
8626:
8594:
8571:
8407:
8161:
8122:
8083:
7585:
7440:
7129:
7109:
7043:
7013:
6988:
6950:
6729:
6558:
6415:
6349:
6306:
6262:
5955:
5886:
5181:
4961:
4657:
4565:
4008:
3836:
3800:
that has the best chance of forming a coalition is given a mandate to do so by the
3683:
3672:
2850:
2251:
2106:
1811:
1322:
1167:
1148:
1077:
1049:
723:
479:
333:
120:
5741:
Westminster Legacies: Democracy and Responsible Government in Asia and the Pacific
2113:
which has an executive council (Byråd) as a part of the parliamentary system. The
2005:
In Sweden, the government may call a snap election at will, but the newly elected
8842:
8832:
8789:
8739:
8689:
8684:
8679:
8549:
8544:
8488:
8478:
8417:
8412:
8105:
8040:
7912:
7425:
7179:
7159:
7114:
6900:
6015:
5739:
5566:
3778:
3062:
2182:
1501:
1497:
1356:
1116:
801:
783:
608:
593:
154:
39:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
6563:
3531:
2550:
8827:
8796:
8784:
8752:
8694:
8659:
8654:
8586:
8448:
8443:
8396:
7917:
7856:
7846:
7841:
7595:
7590:
7474:
7244:
7169:
7073:
7038:
6689:
6353:
5385:
3687:
3676:
3603:
3489:
2419:
2174:
1627:
1395:, permit the appointment of extra-parliamentary Ministers, and others (such as
1311:
1183:
1124:
1093:
1045:
1040:
993:
972:
914:
906:
679:
598:
552:
494:
164:
5349:
The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War
8905:
8837:
8762:
8714:
8539:
8498:
8493:
8473:
8463:
7616:
7224:
7083:
6875:
6805:
6709:
6361:
6318:
6266:
5985:
3828:
3514:
2559:
2546:
2440:
2432:
2209:
1885:
A public officeholder (other than the head of state or their representative)
1819:
1291:
1179:
868:
603:
581:
556:
386:
85:
3521:
2280:
study found that parliamentary systems are associated with less corruption.
2051:, following a consultation with the presidents of both houses of parliament.
1889:
a candidate, who, if approved by parliament, is appointed as prime minister.
8822:
8757:
8709:
8704:
8636:
8513:
8508:
7626:
7435:
7340:
7204:
7033:
7018:
6744:
6474:"'Teflon' Mark Rutte set for fourth Dutch term after record-breaking talks"
6419:
6043:
5440:
3931:
2568:
2198:
1486:, Germany. The Consensus system is used in most Western European countries.
1283:
1132:
977:
366:
6640:
8674:
8649:
8483:
8433:
7600:
7533:
7350:
7269:
7053:
7028:
6978:
6890:
6850:
6845:
6825:
6820:
6810:
6795:
6790:
6448:
6156:"[Columns] Anti-Defection Laws in India: Its flaws and its falls"
5386:"Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked"
5247:
4360:
4352:
2448:
2436:
2178:
2077:, is dissolved – in effect electing all of the Parliament simultaneously.
1614:
1388:
1299:
1295:
1171:
1120:
895:
860:
670:
635:
538:
526:
391:
6544:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive And Mixed Authority Patterns"
6504:"Semi-Presidential Systems: Dual Executive and Mixed Authority Patterns"
6326:
5822:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
5782:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
5657:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945–2000"
5607:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World"
5145:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
5113:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
5081:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
4048:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3930:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3462:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3404:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3372:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3340:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3308:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3276:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3222:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3190:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3158:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3126:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
3094:
Leader of the political party that has the support of a majority in the
2121:, may hold early elections – this has only occurred with regards to the
796:
8847:
8729:
8669:
8458:
7816:
7355:
7284:
7174:
7093:
7078:
7058:
6870:
6840:
6830:
6800:
6675:
6369:
5450:
5217:
4774:
4138:
2861:
2564:
2277:
1994:
Other countries only permit an election to be called in the event of a
1392:
1248: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
948:
848:
760:
750:
745:
484:
346:
27:
5970:(in French). No. 78. Paris: Éditions du Seuil. pp. 107–120.
4351:
appoints, based on recommendations from the leaders of the parties in
3545:
3052:
2882:
List of countries by system of government § Parliamentary systems
1474:
1056:
deciding who was prime minister and the complexion of the government.
21:
7559:
7479:
7398:
7373:
7335:
7264:
7139:
7048:
6983:
6908:
6895:
6880:
6865:
6835:
6815:
6340:
Norris, Pippa (1995). "The Politics of Electoral Reform in Britain".
6310:
5934:
4539:
4433:
4379:
4315:
appoints usually the leader of the largest party or coalition in the
3748:
3539:
2444:
1827:
1750:
1549:
1140:
1112:
992:, in particular in the period 1707 to 1800 and its contemporary, the
882:
is the head of state while the head of government is almost always a
843:
645:
543:
426:
381:
361:
116:
5470:
Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014).
2820:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
2293:
1413:
1223:
7523:
7279:
7134:
7068:
6993:
6960:
6860:
6749:
6671:
5968:
Pouvoirs, revue française d'études constitutionnelles et politiques
4355:, the cabinet leader who is most likely to successfully assemble a
3744:
2055:
1875:
1653:
1601:
1101:
1088:, for instance, has since its inception more closely reflected the
856:
768:
728:
411:
396:
376:
245:
200:
8365:
5476:(4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 37–9.
2806:. Nothing in the citation supports the statements in this section.
8812:
7866:
7565:
7330:
7289:
7234:
7209:
7063:
6885:
6785:
4980:
3797:
3535:
2006:
1781:
1768:
1640:
1588:
1396:
1203:
1190:) parliamentary constitutions were implemented, resulting in the
1160:
955:
910:
879:
683:
341:
192:
6014:
Frosini, Justin Orlando (2008). Ferrari, Giuseppe Franco (ed.).
2674:
to by making broad generalisations but citing only one authority
2602:
to by making broad generalisations but citing only one authority
7570:
7405:
7360:
6699:
6694:
4609:
4516:
3580:
appoints and (no sooner than one year) can dismiss through the
2868:'s 4 terms in office, despite their peak support reaching only
2141:"Anti-defection law" redirects here. For the law in India, see
2087:
2033:
2017:
1953:
1922:
1725:
1562:
1483:
1331:
1187:
918:
733:
675:
573:
6511:
Graduate School of International Relations and Pacific Studies
6120:"ANTI-DEFECTION LAW: A DEATH KNELL FOR PARLIAMENTARY DISSENT?"
157:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
6627:
6297:
Weaver, R. Kent (1985). "Are Parliamentary Systems Better?".
5717:(1. publ. ed.). New York: Greenwood Press. p. xxi.
1962:
1862:
1794:
1678:
1575:
1298:
with the power to determine the executive government, and an
1178:. In those countries occupied by the Allied democracies (the
1059:
Other countries gradually adopted what came to be called the
6411:
Accountability and Corruption: Political Institutions Matter
6397:. Internet Archive. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
5567:"The Historical Development of the Office of Prime Minister"
4515:. Ministers can not even resign without being discharged by
8554:
4805:
2745:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2371:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
2110:
1119:
became increasingly prevalent in Europe in the years after
922:
6414:. Policy Research Working Papers. World Bank. p. 27.
5738:
Patapan, Haig; Wanna, John; Weller, Patrick Moray (2005).
4773:
appoints the MP leading the largest party or coalition in
4088:(usually the leader of the largest party or coalition) as
183: Dependent territories and places without governments
137:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
7366:
5887:"The Constitution of the People's Republic of Bangladesh"
2054:
Norway is unique among parliamentary systems in that the
1983:
power to call an election, granted by Article 115 of the
4808:
are elected by popular vote. The President appoints the
1529:. While in the majority of cases prime ministers in the
1516:
1052:
of 1832 led to parliamentary dominance, with its choice
1741:
Example: Spain, where the King sends a proposal to the
867:
is usually, but not always, distinct from a ceremonial
6258:
The Handbook of National Legislatures: A Global Survey
5469:
5325:. Barcelona: Institut d'Estudis Catalans. p. 92.
4142:
The administrative building of the Albanian Parliament
3977:. However, Myanmar is currently under the rule of the
1971:
In some countries, especially those operating under a
5065:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
4164:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
3561:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
3406:
House of Assembly of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3078:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
2897:
Connection between the legislature and the executive
1383:
is elected using proportional representation through
177:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
6591:"Semi-Presidentialism and Democratisation in Poland"
5690:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 571.
5028:
on the nomination and advice of the Prime Minister.
3414:
Governor-General of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2061:
In Australia, under certain, unique conditions, the
1143:
had already made the parliamentarist demands of the
994:
Parliamentary System in Sweden between 1721 and 1772
6441:
5411:"The January Parliament and how it defined Britain"
4848:or the resignation of the previous government, the
2558:of the seats in Parliament in a single election, a
2268:check on the government exists in the U.S. system.
6472:
5737:
5684:Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008).
4084:appoints the MP or individual nominated by in the
3914:through a vote of confidence (a simple majority).
3410:Prime Minister of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2571:, as head of government, could have dissolved the
2081:The parliamentary system can be contrasted with a
66:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
7877:Cabinet department / Office of the prime minister
5323:La Diputació del General de Catalunya (1413-1479)
2471:
127:holds significant executive and legislative power
8903:
5710:
4987:, who in turn appoints the other members of the
6442:Valenzuela Manguini, Álvaro (5 November 2021).
6437:
6435:
6433:
6431:
6429:
5683:
5542:Blick, Andrew; Jones, George (1 January 2012).
4359:which will not be disapproved by a majority in
3906:Maronite Christian president is elected by the
3464:House of Representatives of Trinidad and Tobago
3096:House of Representatives of Antigua and Barbuda
2148:A few parliamentary democratic nations such as
6394:Constitutional reform and effective government
5853:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
5847:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003).
5846:
5786:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
5661:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction
5634:. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 3.
5628:Seidle, F. Leslie; Docherty, David C. (2003).
5627:
5459:. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
4614:Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Latvia
3743:appoints the leader of the political party or
2723:
2461:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022
2257:
2117:are also parliamentary and which, as with the
2058:always serves the whole of its four-year term.
8381:
7802:
7728:Autonomous types of first-tier administration
6656:
5711:Fieldhouse, David; Madden, Frederick (1990).
2688:that contextualizes different points of view.
2616:that contextualizes different points of view.
2509:that contextualizes different points of view.
2218:Early Parliamentary General Election Act 2019
2189:. Whilst the head of state for both nations (
819:
217:
6426:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6286:
5824:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013.
2578:
2173:A few parliamentary democracies such as the
2162:
2028:when his or her term ends. In January 2015,
1745:for approval. Also, Germany where under the
874:Countries with parliamentary systems may be
6670:
6532:
6254:
6202:. New Zealand Parliament. 20 January 2016.
3857:approves the Crown Prince who appoints the
3418:Cabinet of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
2322:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
2073:, whereby all rather than only half of the
2030:this constitutional provision was exploited
1442:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1208:strongly entrenched democratic constitution
1015:pioneered some of the ideas and systems of
863:, to which they are held accountable. This
198:
190:
8388:
8374:
7923:Assistant minister/Parliamentary secretary
7809:
7795:
6663:
6649:
6255:Fish, M. Steven; Kroenig, Matthew (2009).
5609:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013
5541:
3747:that has the support of a majority in the
3342:National Assembly of Saint Kitts and Nevis
2648:
1963:Power of dissolution and call for election
826:
812:
224:
210:
6582:
6562:
6390:
6283:
6261:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5779:
5687:The Historical Foundations of World Order
5654:
5513:"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"
4564:grants and revokes its confidence in the
4154:, the lower chamber of Spanish Parliament
3350:Governor-General of Saint Kitts and Nevis
2836:Learn how and when to remove this message
2774:Learn how and when to remove this message
2704:Learn how and when to remove this message
2632:Learn how and when to remove this message
2525:Learn how and when to remove this message
2400:Learn how and when to remove this message
2342:Learn how and when to remove this message
1462:Learn how and when to remove this message
1264:Learn how and when to remove this message
6407:
5954:
5948:
5913:"Sådan dannes en regering / Folketinget"
5764:
5048:
5038:
4145:
4137:
3804:. On success, they are appointed as the
3544:
3530:
3520:
3509:
3498:
3488:
3061:
3051:
2426:such as the four-year election rule for
2271:
1702:. If that fails, then the leader of the
1473:
1321:
917:, with other users scattered throughout
901:Parliamentary democracy is the dominant
20:
6538:
6498:
6013:
5446:"Montfort, Simon of (1208?-1265)"
5439:
5320:
3808:. The Prime Minister then appoints the
3720:. The Prime Minister then appoints the
3346:Prime Minister of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3104:Governor-General of Antigua and Barbuda
2283:
1371:, such as Ireland and New Zealand. The
8904:
6470:
6342:International Political Science Review
6339:
6296:
6180:from the original on 28 September 2022
6017:Forms of State and Forms of Government
5564:
5345:
2115:devolved nations of the United Kingdom
2020:, a general election is called if the
1706:-largest political party is given the
931:local governments in the United States
26:World's states coloured by systems of
8369:
7790:
6644:
6631:
6588:
6492:
6007:
5828:from the original on 16 December 2013
5505:
4392:Government of the Republic of Estonia
4317:Chamber of Deputies of the Parliament
4064:on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3946:on the advice of the Prime Minister.
3468:Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago
3100:Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda
2136:
2101:Parliamentarianism may also apply to
1517:Appointment of the head of government
1317:
1282:A parliamentary system may be either
8878:
6236:from the original on 21 October 2022
6206:from the original on 17 October 2022
6100:from the original on 2 December 2019
5550:. Government of the United Kingdom.
5421:from the original on 23 January 2015
5392:from the original on 19 January 2015
5285:. UNESCO Memory of the World. 2013.
5161:on the advice of the Prime Minister
5155:Governor-General of Papua New Guinea
5129:on the advice of the Prime Minister
5115:New Zealand House of Representatives
5097:on the advice of the Prime Minister
4720:Second Chamber of the States-General
3478:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3420:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3388:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3356:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3324:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3292:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3238:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3206:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3174:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3142:on the advice of the Prime Minister
3110:on the advice of the Prime Minister
2785:
2727:
2654:
2582:
2475:
2353:
2320:adding citations to reliable sources
2287:
2197:) has the de jure power to withhold
1710:, and so on. This system is used in:
1440:adding citations to reliable sources
1407:
1246:adding citations to reliable sources
1217:
1192:parliamentary constitutions of Italy
8395:
7882:Speaker / President of the assembly
6090:"Anti-defection law the challenges"
6070:from the original on 19 August 2019
6034:from the original on 19 August 2020
6020:. Giuffrè Editore. pp. 54–55.
5867:from the original on 19 August 2020
5769:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
5587:from the original on 19 August 2020
5554:from the original on 10 March 2016.
5544:"The Institution of Prime Minister"
5228:List of political systems in France
5083:Australian House of Representatives
5024:, who then appoints members of the
3716:and then formally appointed by the
3506:, parliament building of Bangladesh
3310:House of Representatives of Jamaica
3278:House of Representatives of Grenada
1403:
1373:Australian House of Representatives
13:
7970:International development minister
6408:Lederman, Daniel (November 2001).
5802:from the original on 1 August 2020
5731:
5433:
5366:from the original on 1 August 2020
5151:Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea
3582:constructive vote of no confidence
3526:Council of Representatives of Iraq
3192:House of Representatives of Belize
3057:House of Representatives of Belize
1213:
1198:(now all of Germany) and the 1947
1068:(in constitutional monarchies) or
1011:. Later, in the 17th century, the
14:
8938:
8345:Government ministers by portfolio
8101:Ministry of Education and Culture
6623:
5850:Reforming parliamentary democracy
5631:Reforming parliamentary democracy
5490:from the original on 30 June 2020
5289:from the original on 24 June 2016
5263:Strengthened parliamentary system
4323:. The Prime Minister must gain a
4319:as Prime Minister, who forms the
2718:Are Parliamentary Systems Better?
982:States General of the Netherlands
694:Biology and political orientation
8877:
8866:
8865:
8350:
8349:
8339:
8338:
6596:. School of Law and Government,
6471:Henley, Jon (14 December 2021).
6226:"Fixed-term Parliament Act 2011"
5962:[The crowned republics]
5784:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
5659:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.).
5456:Dictionary of National Biography
5189:
5167:
5135:
5103:
5071:
5008:The Leader, almost invariably a
4997:
4969:
4943:
4921:
4899:
4877:
4862:
4830:
4820:defines the country's system as
4790:
4759:
4736:
4709:
4687:
4665:
4643:
4621:
4599:
4577:
4551:
4525:
4497:
4475:
4453:
4423:
4401:
4369:
4337:
4302:
4275:
4268:Council of Ministers of Bulgaria
4253:
4231:
4207:
4192:
4170:
4102:
4070:
4038:
4016:
3990:
3952:
3920:
3896:
3870:
3844:
3818:
3786:
3764:
3730:
3698:
3659:
3637:
3615:
3593:
3567:
3472:President of Trinidad and Tobago
3452:
3426:
3401:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3394:
3374:House of Assembly of Saint Lucia
3362:
3354:Cabinet of Saint Kitts and Nevis
3330:
3298:
3266:
3244:
3212:
3180:
3148:
3128:House of Assembly of the Bahamas
3116:
3084:
3021:
2995:
2973:
2951:
2929:
2903:
2790:
2732:
2659:
2587:
2480:
2466:
2358:
2292:
1946:
1932:Direct election by popular vote.
1915:
1868:
1855:
1842:
1787:
1774:
1761:
1718:
1671:
1646:
1633:
1620:
1607:
1594:
1581:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1412:
1222:
1174:were occupied by the victorious
1009:ordinary citizens from the towns
855:(chief executive) derives their
795:
7673:Social and political philosophy
6464:
6401:
6384:
6333:
6248:
6218:
6192:
6162:
6148:
6112:
6082:
6050:
5927:
5905:
5879:
5840:
5814:
5773:
5758:
5704:
5677:
5648:
5621:
5599:
5558:
5535:
5309:The Life and Death of Democracy
5223:List of legislatures by country
5123:Governor-General of New Zealand
4804:and the governing party in the
4542:, who is then appointed by the
4313:President of the Czech Republic
3382:Governor-General of Saint Lucia
3136:Governor-General of the Bahamas
2457:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2428:presidents of the United States
2240:
2214:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011
2038:trigger a snap election, win it
1893:Instrument of Government (1974)
1233:needs additional citations for
197:systems of government, not the
8018:Ministry of trade and industry
7509:Political history of the world
6632:
5960:"Les monarchies républicaines"
5573:. Princeton University Press.
5463:
5403:
5378:
5352:. Bloomsbury. pp. 173–4.
5339:
5314:
5301:
5275:
3517:, parliament building of India
3476:Cabinet of Trinidad and Tobago
3108:Cabinet of Antigua and Barbuda
2940:Federal Parliamentary Assembly
2472:Incomplete separation of power
1310:Scholars of democracy such as
689:Theories of political behavior
315:Political history of the world
1:
8665:Needle and syringe programmes
8519:Universal access to education
8172:Ministry of religious affairs
5268:
5119:Prime Minister of New Zealand
5091:Governor-General of Australia
4752:Government of North Macedonia
3378:Prime Minister of Saint Lucia
3160:House of Assembly of Barbados
3132:Prime Minister of the Bahamas
3006:Federal Parliament of Somalia
2235:
1147:and the emerging movement of
925:. A similar system, called a
704:Critique of political economy
147:: Monarch has unlimited power
106:Assembly-independent republic
7514:History of political thought
6391:Sundquist, James L. (1992).
6129:. March 2012. Archived from
5571:Office of the Prime Minister
5243:Rule according to higher law
4511:appoints and discharges the
3979:State Administration Council
3494:National Assembly of Armenia
2962:National Assembly of Lesotho
2875:
2556:Orbán's party got two-thirds
2459:, which was repealed by the
1698:-largest party is given the
1340:British Houses of Parliament
913:, and throughout the former
285:Outline of political science
135:Semi-constitutional monarchy
7:
8748:Publicly funded health care
8187:Ministry of social security
8068:Ministry of water resources
7948:Ministry of foreign affairs
7817:Common types of government
6564:10.1057/palgrave.fp.8200087
5211:
5159:Cabinet of Papua New Guinea
5087:Prime Minister of Australia
4958:President of the Government
4440:(after nomination from the
4386:candidate nominated by the
4054:Prime Minister of Singapore
4007:who, by turn, appoints the
3557:
3318:Governor-General of Jamaica
3286:Governor-General of Grenada
3074:
3047:
2816:the claims made and adding
2724:Democratic unaccountability
2258:Scrutiny and accountability
1891:Example: Under the Swedish
1494:proportional representation
1369:proportional representation
1109:spread with these systems.
1070:His Excellency's government
988:. Significant developments
954:For example, the Icelandic
81: Presidential republic
58:with a ceremonial president
10:
8943:
8220:Minister without portfolio
8182:Ministry of social affairs
8013:Ministry of infrastructure
6354:10.1177/019251219501600105
6200:"Our system of government"
5565:Carter, Byrum E. (2015) .
5548:History of Government Blog
5034:
4724:Cabinet of the Netherlands
3936:Prime Minister of Malaysia
3775:Council of Representatives
3757:Union Council of Ministers
3666:Republic of China (Taiwan)
3232:Governor General of Canada
3224:House of Commons of Canada
3200:Governor-General of Belize
3164:Prime Minister of Barbados
3032:Parliament of South Africa
2879:
2248:first-past-the-post voting
2227:
2203:1708 Scottish Militia Bill
2166:
2143:Anti-defection law (India)
2140:
1938:. This system was used in:
1822:. Also Ireland, where the
1810:Example: Japan, where the
1275:
943:History of parliamentarism
940:
936:
927:council–manager government
290:Index of politics articles
96:Semi-presidential republic
8861:
8805:
8773:National health insurance
8738:
8725:Supervised injection site
8635:
8585:
8532:
8426:
8403:
8334:
8271:Communications ministries
8228:
8212:
8076:
8031:
7983:
7931:
7895:
7829:
7757:
7750:
7609:
7551:
7499:
7492:
7460:
7453:
7393:
7386:
7321:
7312:
7195:
7188:
7102:
6971:
6758:
6720:National unity government
6682:
6638:
5788:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
5663:. Brill. pp. 92–94.
4388:President of the Republic
4133:
3981:, which assumed power by
3314:Prime Minister of Jamaica
3282:Prime Minister of Grenada
2966:Prime Minister of Lesotho
2886:
2716:In R. Kent Weaver's book
2579:Legislative flip-flopping
2169:Parliamentary sovereignty
2163:Parliamentary sovereignty
2123:Northern Ireland Assembly
2090:). There also exists the
1936:semi-parliamentary system
1834:. This system is used in:
1818:on the nomination of the
1125:Germany's Weimar Republic
876:constitutional monarchies
48:with a ceremonial monarch
8768:Single-payer health care
8577:Universal basic services
8524:Universal basic services
8266:Climate change ministers
8167:Ministry of home affairs
7150:Environmental regulation
6956:Representative democracy
6267:10.1017/cbo9780511575655
6170:"UK Parliament glossary"
5765:Lijphart, Arend (1999).
5388:. BBC. 19 January 2015.
5321:Sánchez, Isabel (2004).
5233:Parliament in the Making
5157:, who then appoints the
5125:, who then appoints the
5093:, who then appoints the
4954:The Congress of Deputies
4846:Assembly of the Republic
4824:parliamentary republic.
4702:Government of Montenegro
4698:Parliament of Montenegro
4654:House of Representatives
4086:House of Representatives
4060:, who then appoints the
3942:, who then appoints the
3806:Prime Minister of Israel
3474:, who then appoints the
3416:, who then appoints the
3384:, who then appoints the
3352:, who then appoints the
3320:, who then appoints the
3288:, who then appoints the
3234:, who then appoints the
3228:Prime Minister of Canada
3202:, who then appoints the
3196:Prime Minister of Belize
3170:, who then appoints the
3138:, who then appoints the
3106:, who then appoints the
2415:The English Constitution
2157:waka-jumping legislation
2092:semi-presidential system
1385:single transferable vote
1351:is usually found in the
1305:
1066:Her Majesty's government
1032:Kingdom of Great Britain
990:Kingdom of Great Britain
8912:Parliamentary procedure
8469:Public good (economics)
8355:Ministries by portfolio
8326:Public works ministries
8058:Ministry of electricity
7998:Ministry of the economy
7872:Office of the president
7215:Uncodified constitution
6740:Administrative division
6540:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
6500:Shugart, Matthew Søberg
5346:Jobson, Adrian (2012).
5311:, London 2009, 169–176.
5044:Parliament of Australia
4728:motion of no confidence
4290:President of Government
4223:motion of no confidence
4050:Parliament of Singapore
3753:Prime Minister of India
3671:1947 Constitution: The
3484:
2650:Political fragmentation
1907:This system is used in:
1663:This system is used in:
1361:plurality voting system
1353:Commonwealth of Nations
1278:Parliamentary procedure
1129:First Austrian Republic
1074:parliamentary republics
986:King Philip II of Spain
888:parliamentary republics
699:Political organisations
462:International relations
300:Politics by subdivision
46:Constitutional monarchy
8291:Environment ministries
8261:Agriculture ministries
8256:Presidents of assembly
8251:Deputy prime ministers
6598:Dublin City University
6420:10.1596/1813-9450-2708
6094:legalservicesindia.com
5258:Parliamentary republic
5253:Parliamentary monarchy
5127:Cabinet of New Zealand
5056:
5046:
4936:Government of Slovenia
4914:Government of Slovakia
4818:Constitution of Poland
4296:nominated by him/her.
4155:
4143:
4058:President of Singapore
4027:Parliament of Pakistan
3648:Parliament of Cambodia
3552:
3550:Parliament of Malaysia
3542:
3528:
3518:
3507:
3496:
3386:Cabinet of Saint Lucia
3140:Cabinet of the Bahamas
3069:
3059:
2914:Parliament of Botswana
2754:by rewriting it in an
2573:United States Congress
2545:to the United States'
2380:by rewriting it in an
1487:
1343:
1334:, United Kingdom. The
1288:chambers of parliament
1107:responsible government
960:Icelandic Commonwealth
231:
199:
191:
189:this chart represents
175:Provisional government
56:Parliamentary republic
8922:Political terminology
8617:Public infrastructure
8454:Public administration
8439:Free-culture movement
8286:Environment ministers
8192:Minister for Veterans
8063:Ministry of Petroleum
8023:Ministry of transport
7862:Deputy First Minister
7852:Deputy prime minister
7706:aspects of capitalism
7622:History of philosophy
7120:Unemployment benefits
6856:Military dictatorship
5767:Patterns of democracy
5200:Parliament of Vanuatu
5054:Parliament of Vanuatu
5052:
5042:
4676:Parliament of Moldova
4636:Cabinet of Luxembourg
4412:Parliament of Finland
4181:Parliament of Albania
4149:
4141:
3963:Assembly of the Union
3940:Yang di-Pertuan Agong
3908:Parliament of Lebanon
3755:, who then forms the
3682:2005 Amendments: The
3608:Cabinet of Bangladesh
3586:Government of Armenia
3548:
3534:
3524:
3513:
3504:Jatiya Sangsad Bhaban
3502:
3492:
3337:Saint Kitts and Nevis
3168:President of Barbados
3065:
3055:
2682:by rewriting it in a
2610:by rewriting it in a
2503:by rewriting it in a
2272:Distribution of power
2222:2019 general election
2167:Further information:
2096:French Fifth Republic
2024:fails to elect a new
1996:vote of no confidence
1830:on the nomination of
1477:
1377:instant-runoff voting
1328:Palace of Westminster
1325:
1276:Further information:
1200:Constitution of Japan
1153:French Third Republic
1137:Industrial Revolution
1131:. Nineteenth-century
1082:Union of South Africa
1013:Parliament of England
941:Further information:
779:Political campaigning
519:Public administration
352:Collective leadership
205:degree of democracy.
35:Parliamentary systems
24:
8281:Education ministries
8118:Information minister
8053:Environment minister
7963:Ministry of interior
7953:Immigration minister
7640:Political ideologies
6916:Parliamentary system
6299:The Brookings Review
6232:. 26 November 2021.
5891:bdlaws.minlaw.gov.bd
5238:Parliamentary leader
5178:Legislative Assembly
5095:Cabinet of Australia
5010:Member of Parliament
4892:Government of Serbia
4856:and the Government.
4592:Government of Kosovo
4544:President of Ireland
4509:President of Iceland
4442:President of Germany
4152:Congress of Deputies
4062:Cabinet of Singapore
3722:Cabinet of Ministers
3652:Council of Ministers
3626:Parliament of Bhutan
3067:Parliament of Canada
2988:Cabinet of Mauritius
2944:Council of Ministers
2859:Dutch prime minister
2424:fixed-term elections
2316:improve this section
2284:Calling of elections
1824:President of Ireland
1743:Congress of Deputies
1510:separation of powers
1436:improve this section
1338:originates from the
1242:improve this article
884:member of parliament
629:Separation of powers
500:Political psychology
475:Comparative politics
453:political scientists
440:Academic disciplines
320:Political philosophy
8853:Public viewing area
8622:Public water system
8610:Municipal broadband
8567:Public broadcasting
8177:Ministry of science
8135:Ministry of justice
8128:Ministry of housing
8089:Ministry of culture
8003:Ministry of finance
7943:Ministry of defence
7762:Forms of government
7695:Conservatism navbox
7300:Legislative council
7125:National healthcare
6999:Christian democracy
6921:Presidential system
6776:Countries by system
6607:on 12 February 2012
6176:. 27 October 2022.
5417:. 20 January 2015.
5147:National Parliament
4802:President of Poland
4632:Chamber of Deputies
4568:, appointed by the
4517:presidential decree
4464:Hellenic Parliament
4329:Chamber of Deputies
4286:Croatian Parliament
4094:Cabinet of Thailand
4031:Cabinet of Pakistan
4001:Parliament of Nepal
3944:Cabinet of Malaysia
3802:President of Israel
3459:Trinidad and Tobago
3445:Cabinet of Suriname
3443:, who appoints the
3259:Cabinet of Dominica
3172:Cabinet of Barbados
3091:Antigua and Barbuda
2855:first past the post
2083:presidential system
1749:(constitution) the
1708:exploratory mandate
1700:exploratory mandate
1692:exploratory mandate
1365:first past the post
1172:fascist Axis powers
1098:Trinidad and Tobago
1044:or first minister,
1025:Bill of Rights 1689
1023:and passage of the
1021:Glorious Revolution
1019:culminating in the
802:Politics portal
651:Election commission
622:Government branches
505:Political sociology
357:Confessional system
295:Politics by country
72:Presidential system
8927:Types of democracy
8818:Government auction
8504:Public procurement
8321:Interior ministers
8202:Minister for women
8157:Ministry of sports
8145:Ministry of labour
8140:Minister of labour
8111:Ministry of health
8096:Education minister
8046:Ministry of energy
7903:Secretary of state
7767:Types of democracy
7662:Political spectrum
7275:Legislative bodies
7230:Head of government
7155:Banking regulation
6715:Federal government
6705:Central government
6502:(September 2005).
5958:(September 1996).
5915:. 29 November 2016
5780:Julian Go (2007).
5655:Julian Go (2007).
5519:on 24 October 2014
5204:Cabinet of Vanuatu
5057:
5047:
4680:Cabinet of Moldova
4588:Assembly of Kosovo
4570:President of Italy
4562:Italian Parliament
4513:Cabinet of Iceland
4490:Cabinet of Hungary
4438:Federal Chancellor
4416:Cabinet of Finland
4325:vote of confidence
4246:Cabinet of Belgium
4242:Federal Parliament
4185:Cabinet of Albania
4156:
4144:
3995:
3975:Cabinet of Myanmar
3912:Cabinet of Lebanon
3887:who nominates the
3741:President of India
3630:Lhengye Zhungtshog
3553:
3543:
3529:
3519:
3508:
3497:
3322:Cabinet of Jamaica
3290:Cabinet of Grenada
3070:
3060:
2864:and his party the
2801:possibly contains
2756:encyclopedic style
2743:is written like a
2382:encyclopedic style
2369:is written like a
2252:fused power system
2137:Anti-defection law
2071:double dissolution
1973:Westminster system
1735:The head of state
1531:Westminster system
1488:
1480:Reichstag Building
1349:Westminster system
1344:
1336:Westminster system
1318:Westminster system
1117:parliamentarianism
1061:Westminster system
984:from the monarch,
973:Corts of Catalonia
929:, is used by many
903:form of government
865:head of government
853:head of government
485:Political analysis
417:Semi-parliamentary
232:
8899:
8898:
8893:
8892:
8720:Public university
8700:Public open space
8645:Drinking fountain
8605:Telecommunication
8363:
8362:
8311:Health ministries
8306:Forest ministries
8301:Foreign ministers
8296:Finance ministers
8276:Defence ministers
8197:Ministry of women
8152:Regional minister
8034:natural resources
8008:Industry minister
7993:Commerce minister
7958:Interior minister
7934:foreign affairs /
7908:Minister of state
7784:
7783:
7780:
7779:
7772:Political parties
7651:Political culture
7576:International law
7547:
7546:
7539:U.S. Constitution
7488:
7487:
7470:Political science
7449:
7448:
7421:Political parties
7382:
7381:
7308:
7307:
7024:Constitutionalism
6735:County government
6589:McMenamin, Iain.
6542:(December 2005).
6520:on 19 August 2008
6276:978-0-521-51466-8
5995:on 1 October 2018
5956:Duverger, Maurice
5751:978-0-86840-848-4
5724:978-0-313-27326-1
5359:978-1-84725-226-5
5209:
5208:
5032:
5031:
5022:British sovereign
4932:National Assembly
4888:National Assembly
4486:National Assembly
4468:Cabinet of Greece
4444:), who forms the
4264:National Assembly
4131:
4130:
4113:National Assembly
3967:electoral college
3881:National Assembly
3863:Cabinet of Kuwait
3861:who appoints the
3855:National Assembly
3835:who appoints the
3810:Cabinet of Israel
3578:National Assembly
3482:
3481:
3437:National Assembly
3236:Cabinet of Canada
3204:Cabinet of Belize
3045:
3044:
3038:who appoints the
3012:who appoints the
2984:National Assembly
2920:who appoints the
2846:
2845:
2838:
2803:original research
2784:
2783:
2776:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2668:This section may
2642:
2641:
2634:
2596:This section may
2543:Margaret Thatcher
2535:
2534:
2527:
2489:This section may
2412:In his 1867 book
2410:
2409:
2402:
2352:
2351:
2344:
2265:C. Douglas Dillon
2107:local governments
1472:
1471:
1464:
1375:is elected using
1274:
1273:
1266:
1092:than the British
1086:Australian Senate
1017:liberal democracy
1001:Simon de Montfort
836:
835:
784:Political parties
724:Electoral systems
448:Political science
422:Semi-presidential
334:Political systems
310:Political history
305:Political economy
145:Absolute monarchy
16:Government System
8934:
8881:
8880:
8869:
8868:
8780:Social insurance
8627:Waste management
8595:Electric utility
8572:Public transport
8489:Public ownership
8408:Municipalization
8390:
8383:
8376:
8367:
8366:
8353:
8352:
8342:
8341:
8162:Tourism minister
8123:Housing minister
8084:Culture minister
7811:
7804:
7797:
7788:
7787:
7755:
7754:
7743:
7739:World government
7737:
7732:
7726:
7721:
7715:
7710:
7704:
7699:
7693:
7688:
7682:
7677:
7671:
7666:
7660:
7655:
7649:
7644:
7638:
7586:World government
7497:
7496:
7458:
7457:
7441:Environmentalism
7391:
7390:
7319:
7318:
7193:
7192:
7130:Public education
7110:Social insurance
7044:Environmentalism
7014:Communitarianism
6989:Authoritarianism
6951:Direct Democracy
6730:Local government
6665:
6658:
6651:
6642:
6641:
6629:
6628:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6606:
6600:. Archived from
6595:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6573:
6571:
6566:
6548:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6527:
6525:
6519:
6513:. Archived from
6508:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6487:
6485:
6476:
6468:
6462:
6461:
6459:
6457:
6439:
6424:
6423:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6388:
6382:
6381:
6337:
6331:
6330:
6311:10.2307/20079894
6294:
6281:
6280:
6252:
6246:
6245:
6243:
6241:
6222:
6216:
6215:
6213:
6211:
6196:
6190:
6189:
6187:
6185:
6166:
6160:
6159:
6158:. 1 August 2019.
6152:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6135:
6124:
6116:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6105:
6086:
6080:
6079:
6077:
6075:
6069:
6062:
6054:
6048:
6047:
6041:
6039:
6011:
6005:
6004:
6002:
6000:
5994:
5988:. Archived from
5965:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5941:
5931:
5925:
5924:
5922:
5920:
5909:
5903:
5902:
5900:
5898:
5883:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5844:
5838:
5837:
5835:
5833:
5818:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5807:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5735:
5729:
5728:
5708:
5702:
5701:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5652:
5646:
5645:
5625:
5619:
5618:
5616:
5614:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5594:
5592:
5562:
5556:
5555:
5539:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5524:
5509:
5503:
5502:
5497:
5495:
5467:
5461:
5460:
5448:
5437:
5431:
5430:
5428:
5426:
5407:
5401:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5382:
5376:
5375:
5373:
5371:
5343:
5337:
5336:
5318:
5312:
5305:
5299:
5298:
5296:
5294:
5279:
5195:
5193:
5192:
5182:Cabinet of Samoa
5173:
5171:
5170:
5142:Papua New Guinea
5141:
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5109:
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5077:
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5074:
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5014:House of Commons
5005:
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5000:
4975:
4973:
4972:
4960:, who forms the
4949:
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4910:National Council
4905:
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4902:
4883:
4881:
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4796:
4794:
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4781:, who forms the
4765:
4763:
4762:
4744:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4722:can dismiss the
4715:
4713:
4712:
4693:
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4671:
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4658:Cabinet of Malta
4649:
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4627:
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4566:Cabinet of Italy
4557:
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4219:National Council
4213:
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4210:
4198:
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4195:
4176:
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4158:
4157:
4108:
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4105:
4092:, who forms the
4076:
4074:
4073:
4044:
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4022:
4020:
4019:
4009:Cabinet of Nepal
3996:
3994:
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3926:
3924:
3923:
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3899:
3876:
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3837:Cabinet of Japan
3824:
3822:
3821:
3796:A member of the
3792:
3790:
3789:
3770:
3768:
3767:
3736:
3734:
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3702:
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3684:Legislative Yuan
3673:Legislative Yuan
3665:
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2909:
2907:
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2891:
2890:
2851:strategic voting
2841:
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2821:
2818:inline citations
2794:
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2772:
2768:
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2709:
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2685:balanced fashion
2663:
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2630:
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2623:
2617:
2613:balanced fashion
2591:
2590:
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2510:
2506:balanced fashion
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2362:
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2340:
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2195:Governor General
2109:. An example is
2067:Governor General
2065:can request the
2040:and oust rivals
2000:Gerhard Schröder
1952:
1950:
1949:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1874:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1859:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1845:
1793:
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1747:German Basic Law
1724:
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1498:open party lists
1467:
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1416:
1408:
1404:Consensus system
1269:
1262:
1258:
1255:
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1226:
1218:
1168:Second World War
1149:social democrats
1078:Irish Free State
1050:Great Reform Act
828:
821:
814:
800:
799:
590:
535:
490:Political theory
480:Election science
470:
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8902:
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8895:
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8857:
8843:Public security
8833:Public offering
8801:
8790:Social security
8740:Social services
8734:
8690:Public hospital
8685:Public computer
8680:Public bookcase
8631:
8581:
8550:Law enforcement
8545:Fire department
8528:
8479:Public interest
8422:
8418:Progressive tax
8413:Nationalization
8399:
8397:Public services
8394:
8364:
8359:
8330:
8246:Prime ministers
8241:Vice presidents
8224:
8208:
8106:Health minister
8072:
8041:Energy minister
8033:
8027:
7985:
7979:
7935:
7933:
7927:
7913:Deputy minister
7891:
7825:
7815:
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7717:Western culture
7713:
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7484:
7465:Fields of study
7445:
7426:Advocacy groups
7378:
7314:
7304:
7184:
7180:Street cleaning
7160:Food inspection
7115:Law enforcement
7098:
6967:
6901:Totalitarianism
6754:
6678:
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6634:
6626:
6621:
6620:
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6608:
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6587:
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6551:French Politics
6546:
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6506:
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6127:NUJS Law Review
6122:
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5682:
5678:
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5649:
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5626:
5622:
5612:
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5605:
5604:
5600:
5590:
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5559:
5540:
5536:
5522:
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5511:
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5506:
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5484:
5468:
5464:
5438:
5434:
5424:
5422:
5409:
5408:
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5395:
5393:
5384:
5383:
5379:
5369:
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5360:
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5290:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5271:
5214:
5190:
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5168:
5166:
5136:
5134:
5104:
5102:
5072:
5070:
5037:
5016:, is appointed
4998:
4996:
4995:
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4920:
4900:
4898:
4878:
4876:
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4789:
4760:
4758:
4743:North Macedonia
4737:
4735:
4734:
4710:
4708:
4688:
4686:
4666:
4664:
4644:
4642:
4622:
4620:
4600:
4598:
4578:
4576:
4552:
4550:
4526:
4524:
4498:
4496:
4476:
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4454:
4452:
4424:
4422:
4402:
4400:
4370:
4368:
4338:
4336:
4303:
4301:
4276:
4274:
4254:
4252:
4232:
4230:
4208:
4206:
4193:
4191:
4171:
4169:
4136:
4103:
4101:
4071:
4069:
4039:
4037:
4017:
4015:
3991:
3989:
3953:
3951:
3921:
3919:
3897:
3895:
3871:
3869:
3845:
3843:
3819:
3817:
3787:
3785:
3779:Cabinet of Iraq
3765:
3763:
3731:
3729:
3699:
3697:
3660:
3658:
3638:
3636:
3616:
3614:
3594:
3592:
3568:
3566:
3487:
3453:
3451:
3427:
3425:
3395:
3393:
3363:
3361:
3331:
3329:
3299:
3297:
3267:
3265:
3245:
3243:
3213:
3211:
3181:
3179:
3149:
3147:
3117:
3115:
3085:
3083:
3050:
3022:
3020:
2996:
2994:
2974:
2972:
2964:determines the
2952:
2950:
2930:
2928:
2904:
2902:
2889:
2884:
2878:
2842:
2831:
2825:
2822:
2807:
2795:
2791:
2780:
2769:
2763:
2760:
2752:help improve it
2749:
2737:
2733:
2726:
2710:
2699:
2693:
2690:
2680:help improve it
2677:
2664:
2660:
2653:
2638:
2627:
2621:
2618:
2608:help improve it
2605:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2539:Arturo Fontaine
2531:
2520:
2514:
2511:
2501:help improve it
2498:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2469:
2406:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2378:help improve it
2375:
2363:
2359:
2348:
2337:
2331:
2328:
2313:
2297:
2286:
2274:
2260:
2243:
2238:
2230:
2210:supermajorities
2183:judicial review
2171:
2165:
2146:
2139:
1965:
1947:
1945:
1916:
1914:
1869:
1867:
1856:
1854:
1843:
1841:
1788:
1786:
1775:
1773:
1762:
1760:
1719:
1717:
1672:
1670:
1647:
1645:
1634:
1632:
1621:
1619:
1608:
1606:
1595:
1593:
1582:
1580:
1569:
1567:
1556:
1554:
1543:
1541:
1519:
1502:plenary chamber
1468:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1433:
1417:
1406:
1357:plenary session
1320:
1308:
1290:(or houses) or
1280:
1270:
1259:
1253:
1250:
1239:
1227:
1216:
1214:Characteristics
1170:, the defeated
965:
945:
939:
832:
794:
789:
788:
719:
718:
709:
708:
666:
665:
656:
655:
624:
623:
614:
613:
609:Public interest
594:Domestic policy
584:
577:
576:
565:
564:
529:
522:
521:
510:
509:
471:
464:
457:
450:
442:
441:
432:
431:
337:
336:
325:
324:
280:
279:
270:
239:Politics series
230:
185:
184:
180:
178:
170:
168:
160:
158:
155:One-party state
150:
148:
140:
138:
130:
128:
112:
110:
109:
101:
99:
91:
83:
82:
78:
69:
68:
61:
59:
51:
49:
41:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8940:
8930:
8929:
8924:
8919:
8914:
8897:
8896:
8891:
8890:
8888:
8887:
8875:
8862:
8859:
8858:
8856:
8855:
8850:
8845:
8840:
8835:
8830:
8828:Public holiday
8825:
8820:
8815:
8809:
8807:
8803:
8802:
8800:
8799:
8797:Youth services
8794:
8793:
8792:
8787:
8785:Social pension
8777:
8776:
8775:
8765:
8760:
8755:
8753:Public housing
8750:
8744:
8742:
8736:
8735:
8733:
8732:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8695:Public library
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8660:Infrastructure
8657:
8655:Free education
8652:
8647:
8641:
8639:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8629:
8624:
8619:
8614:
8613:
8612:
8602:
8597:
8591:
8589:
8587:Public utility
8583:
8582:
8580:
8579:
8574:
8569:
8564:
8563:
8562:
8560:Savings system
8555:Postal service
8552:
8547:
8542:
8536:
8534:
8533:Basic services
8530:
8529:
8527:
8526:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8506:
8501:
8496:
8491:
8486:
8481:
8476:
8471:
8466:
8461:
8456:
8451:
8449:Product sample
8446:
8444:Free newspaper
8441:
8436:
8430:
8428:
8424:
8423:
8421:
8420:
8415:
8410:
8404:
8401:
8400:
8393:
8392:
8385:
8378:
8370:
8361:
8360:
8358:
8357:
8347:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8318:
8308:
8303:
8298:
8293:
8288:
8283:
8278:
8273:
8268:
8263:
8258:
8253:
8248:
8243:
8238:
8232:
8230:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8222:
8216:
8214:
8210:
8209:
8207:
8206:
8205:
8204:
8194:
8189:
8184:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8137:
8132:
8131:
8130:
8120:
8115:
8114:
8113:
8103:
8098:
8093:
8092:
8091:
8080:
8078:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8065:
8060:
8055:
8050:
8049:
8048:
8037:
8035:
8032:Environment /
8029:
8028:
8026:
8025:
8020:
8015:
8010:
8005:
8000:
7995:
7989:
7987:
7986:infrastructure
7981:
7980:
7978:
7977:
7972:
7967:
7966:
7965:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7939:
7937:
7929:
7928:
7926:
7925:
7920:
7918:Undersecretary
7915:
7910:
7905:
7899:
7897:
7893:
7892:
7890:
7889:
7884:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7857:First minister
7854:
7849:
7847:Prime minister
7844:
7842:Vice president
7839:
7833:
7831:
7827:
7826:
7814:
7813:
7806:
7799:
7791:
7782:
7781:
7778:
7777:
7775:
7774:
7769:
7764:
7758:
7752:
7748:
7747:
7745:
7744:
7733:
7722:
7711:
7700:
7689:
7678:
7667:
7656:
7645:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7619:
7613:
7611:
7607:
7606:
7604:
7603:
7598:
7596:European Union
7593:
7591:United Nations
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7555:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7545:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7500:
7494:
7490:
7489:
7486:
7485:
7483:
7482:
7477:
7475:Urban planning
7472:
7467:
7461:
7455:
7451:
7450:
7447:
7446:
7444:
7443:
7438:
7433:
7428:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7408:
7403:
7394:
7388:
7384:
7383:
7380:
7379:
7377:
7376:
7371:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7322:
7316:
7310:
7309:
7306:
7305:
7303:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7245:Prime minister
7242:
7237:
7232:
7227:
7222:
7217:
7212:
7207:
7202:
7196:
7190:
7186:
7185:
7183:
7182:
7177:
7172:
7170:Traffic lights
7167:
7162:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7106:
7104:
7100:
7099:
7097:
7096:
7091:
7089:Theoreticians:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7074:Fundamentalism
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7039:Egalitarianism
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6975:
6973:
6969:
6968:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6948:
6943:
6938:
6933:
6928:
6918:
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6259:
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6230:UK Parliament
6227:
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6205:
6201:
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6179:
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6174:UK Parliament
6171:
6165:
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6151:
6132:
6128:
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6115:
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6023:
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5991:
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5977:2-02-030123-7
5973:
5969:
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5957:
5951:
5936:
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5908:
5892:
5888:
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5856:
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5641:9780773525085
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5580:9781400878260
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5441:Norgate, Kate
5436:
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5415:The Telegraph
5412:
5406:
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5165:
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5160:
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5149:is appointed
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5144:
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5128:
5124:
5120:
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5096:
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4495:
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4487:
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4414:appoints the
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4224:
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4083:
4079:
4068:
4067:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4052:is appointed
4051:
4047:
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4035:
4032:
4029:appoints the
4028:
4025:
4014:
4013:
4010:
4006:
4002:
3999:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3969:, elects the
3968:
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3949:
3945:
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3934:is appointed
3933:
3929:
3918:
3917:
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3893:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3879:
3868:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3853:
3842:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3829:National Diet
3827:
3816:
3815:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3784:
3783:
3780:
3777:approves the
3776:
3773:
3762:
3761:
3758:
3754:
3750:
3746:
3742:
3739:
3728:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3696:
3695:
3689:
3686:approves the
3685:
3681:
3678:
3675:approves the
3674:
3670:
3669:
3668:
3657:
3656:
3653:
3650:approves the
3649:
3646:
3635:
3634:
3631:
3628:approves the
3627:
3624:
3613:
3612:
3609:
3606:approves the
3605:
3602:
3591:
3590:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3565:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:of Israel in
3537:
3533:
3527:
3523:
3516:
3515:Sansad Bhavan
3512:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3466:is appointed
3465:
3461:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3442:
3438:
3435:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3408:is appointed
3407:
3403:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3376:is appointed
3375:
3371:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3347:
3344:is appointed
3343:
3339:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:is appointed
3311:
3307:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3287:
3283:
3280:is appointed
3279:
3275:
3264:
3263:
3260:
3257:approves the
3256:
3253:
3242:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3226:is appointed
3225:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3194:is appointed
3193:
3189:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3162:is appointed
3161:
3157:
3146:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3130:is appointed
3129:
3125:
3114:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3098:is appointed
3097:
3093:
3082:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3064:
3058:
3054:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3030:
3019:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3007:
3004:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2986:appoints the
2985:
2982:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2942:appoints the
2941:
2938:
2927:
2926:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2912:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2883:
2873:
2871:
2870:26.6% in 2012
2867:
2863:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2840:
2837:
2829:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2799:This section
2797:
2788:
2787:
2778:
2775:
2767:
2757:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2741:This section
2739:
2730:
2729:
2721:
2719:
2708:
2705:
2697:
2687:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2636:
2633:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2603:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2584:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2560:supermajority
2557:
2552:
2548:
2547:Ronald Reagan
2544:
2540:
2537:According to
2529:
2526:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2494:
2487:
2478:
2477:
2467:Disadvantages
2464:
2462:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2441:Boris Johnson
2438:
2434:
2433:David Cameron
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2416:
2404:
2401:
2393:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2367:This section
2365:
2356:
2355:
2346:
2343:
2335:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2311:
2310:
2306:
2301:This section
2299:
2295:
2290:
2289:
2281:
2279:
2269:
2266:
2255:
2253:
2249:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2153:
2151:
2144:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2119:UK Parliament
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2057:
2053:
2050:
2049:head of state
2046:
2043:
2042:New Democracy
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:head of state
2023:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1955:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1913:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1897:statsminister
1894:
1890:
1888:
1883:
1882:
1877:
1866:
1864:
1853:
1851:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1826:appoints the
1825:
1821:
1820:National Diet
1817:
1814:appoints the
1813:
1809:
1807:
1802:
1801:
1796:
1785:
1783:
1772:
1770:
1759:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1727:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1666:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1644:
1642:
1631:
1629:
1618:
1616:
1605:
1603:
1592:
1590:
1579:
1577:
1566:
1564:
1553:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1538:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1511:
1508:as a form of
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1476:
1466:
1463:
1455:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1421:This section
1419:
1415:
1410:
1409:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1268:
1265:
1257:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1236:
1231:This section
1229:
1225:
1220:
1219:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1180:United States
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1162:
1158:
1157:Radical Party
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1108:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1042:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
974:
970:
963:
961:
957:
952:
950:
944:
934:
932:
928:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
869:head of state
866:
862:
858:
854:
850:
847:is a form of
846:
845:
841:
840:parliamentary
829:
824:
822:
817:
815:
810:
809:
807:
806:
803:
798:
793:
792:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
762:
758:
754:
753:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
735:
732:
731:
730:
727:
725:
722:
721:
713:
712:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
681:
677:
674:
672:
669:
668:
660:
659:
652:
649:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
633:
630:
627:
626:
618:
617:
610:
607:
605:
604:Civil society
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
588:
583:
582:Public policy
580:
579:
575:
569:
568:
558:
554:
550:
549:
547:
545:
542:
540:
537:
533:
528:
525:
524:
520:
514:
513:
506:
503:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
476:
473:
468:
463:
459:
454:
449:
445:
444:
436:
435:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
402:Parliamentary
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
387:Hybrid regime
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
368:
365:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
339:
335:
329:
328:
321:
318:
316:
313:
311:
308:
306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
282:
274:
273:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
253:
251:
250:
247:
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
227:
222:
220:
215:
213:
208:
207:
203:
202:
195:
194:
188:
176:
166:
156:
146:
136:
126:
122:
118:
107:
97:
89:
87:
75:
73:
67:
57:
47:
38:
36:
30:
29:
23:
19:
8882:
8870:
8823:Public float
8758:Job creation
8710:Public space
8637:Public works
8514:Public value
8509:Public trust
7742:}}
7736:{{
7731:}}
7725:{{
7720:}}
7714:{{
7709:}}
7703:{{
7698:}}
7692:{{
7687:}}
7681:{{
7676:}}
7670:{{
7665:}}
7659:{{
7654:}}
7648:{{
7643:}}
7637:{{
7631:
7627:Civilization
7580:
7558:
7528:
7518:
7503:
7464:
7436:Civil rights
7430:
7415:
7397:
7365:
7345:
7341:Town meeting
7325:
7274:
7249:
7219:
7205:Constitution
7199:
7164:
7144:
7088:
7034:Distributism
7019:Conservatism
7004:Collectivism
6972:Philosophies
6946:Cosmopolitan
6941:Conservative
6915:
6907:
6780:
6771:Govt systems
6765:
6745:Municipality
6724:
6609:. Retrieved
6602:the original
6584:
6575:
6568:. Retrieved
6554:
6550:
6534:
6522:. Retrieved
6515:the original
6510:
6494:
6482:. Retrieved
6479:The Guardian
6478:
6466:
6454:. Retrieved
6452:(in Spanish)
6447:
6410:
6403:
6393:
6386:
6348:(1): 65–78.
6345:
6341:
6335:
6305:(4): 16–25.
6302:
6298:
6257:
6250:
6238:. Retrieved
6229:
6220:
6208:. Retrieved
6194:
6182:. Retrieved
6173:
6164:
6150:
6138:. Retrieved
6131:the original
6126:
6114:
6102:. Retrieved
6093:
6084:
6072:. Retrieved
6052:
6044:Google Books
6042:– via
6036:. Retrieved
6016:
6009:
5999:10 September
5997:. Retrieved
5990:the original
5967:
5950:
5940:16 September
5938:. Retrieved
5929:
5917:. Retrieved
5907:
5895:. Retrieved
5893:. Article 56
5890:
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5849:
5842:
5830:. Retrieved
5816:
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5785:
5775:
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5760:
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5601:
5589:. Retrieved
5570:
5560:
5547:
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5528:
5521:. Retrieved
5517:the original
5507:
5499:
5492:. Retrieved
5472:
5465:
5454:
5435:
5423:. Retrieved
5414:
5405:
5394:. Retrieved
5380:
5368:. Retrieved
5348:
5341:
5322:
5316:
5308:
5307:John Keane:
5303:
5291:. Retrieved
5277:
4821:
4813:
4536:Dáil Éireann
3932:Dewan Rakyat
3028:South Africa
2847:
2832:
2826:January 2024
2823:
2800:
2770:
2764:January 2024
2761:
2742:
2717:
2715:
2700:
2694:January 2024
2691:
2683:
2672:undue weight
2669:
2643:
2628:
2622:January 2024
2619:
2611:
2600:undue weight
2597:
2569:Donald Trump
2551:Viktor Orbán
2536:
2521:
2515:January 2024
2512:
2504:
2493:undue weight
2490:
2453:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2390:January 2024
2387:
2368:
2338:
2329:
2314:Please help
2302:
2275:
2261:
2244:
2241:Adaptability
2231:
2207:
2172:
2154:
2147:
2100:
2080:
1985:Constitution
1980:
1976:
1966:
1931:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1884:
1832:Dáil Éireann
1805:
1803:
1736:
1734:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1660:
1526:
1520:
1458:
1449:
1434:Please help
1422:
1379:, while the
1309:
1281:
1260:
1254:January 2016
1251:
1240:Please help
1235:verification
1232:
1196:West Germany
1165:
1133:urbanisation
1111:
1069:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1039:
1029:
999:In England,
998:
978:Dutch revolt
964:
953:
946:
900:
873:
842:
839:
837:
532:street-level
407:Presidential
401:
367:Dictatorship
237:Part of the
186:
84:
70:
34:
33:
25:
18:
8675:Public bank
8650:Free clinic
8484:Public land
8434:Common good
7984:Economics /
7601:World Court
7534:Magna Carta
7351:Legislation
7313:Governance
7270:Legislature
7145:Regulation:
7054:Familialism
7029:Corporatism
7009:Communalism
6979:Agrarianism
6891:Technocracy
6851:Meritocracy
6846:Kleptocracy
6826:Ergatocracy
6821:Electocracy
6811:Colonialism
6796:Bureaucracy
6791:Aristocracy
6611:11 December
6104:16 December
6074:16 December
6038:13 November
5832:16 December
5613:16 December
5451:Lee, Sidney
5248:Rule of law
5110:New Zealand
4983:elects the
4956:elects the
4716:Netherlands
4436:elects the
4382:elects the
4361:Folketinget
4353:Folketinget
4115:elects the
4003:elects the
3983:coup d'état
3883:elects the
3439:elects the
3369:Saint Lucia
3123:The Bahamas
3034:elects the
3008:elects the
2916:elects the
2449:Rishi Sunak
2437:Theresa May
2179:New Zealand
2044:from power.
1956:(1996–2001)
1804:Parliament
1615:New Zealand
1389:closed list
1300:upper house
1296:lower house
1286:, with two
1121:World War I
949:parliaments
896:lower house
861:legislature
671:Sovereignty
636:Legislature
539:Technocracy
527:Bureaucracy
392:Meritocracy
372:Directorial
8917:Liberalism
8906:Categories
8848:Public use
8730:Urban park
8670:Public art
8459:Public bad
8236:Presidents
7932:Defence /
7830:Leadership
7823:ministries
7751:Categories
7684:liberalism
7632:Templates:
7529:Documents:
7504:Overviews:
7356:Regulation
7285:Parliament
7189:Components
7175:Sanitation
7165:Municipal:
7094:John Locke
7079:Liberalism
7059:Fanaticism
6871:Plutocracy
6841:Geniocracy
6831:Federalism
6801:Capitalism
6676:government
6633:Government
6484:27 October
6456:7 November
6240:27 October
6210:27 October
6184:27 October
5897:8 February
5523:30 October
5425:28 January
5396:19 January
5269:References
5218:Law reform
4989:Government
4869:San Marino
4840:After the
4775:Stortinget
4726:through a
4694:Montenegro
4628:Luxembourg
3714:Parliament
3600:Bangladesh
3255:Parliament
2862:Mark Rutte
2810:improve it
2565:referendum
2332:April 2022
2278:World Bank
2236:Advantages
2022:Parliament
1452:April 2022
1393:Bangladesh
1292:unicameral
1166:After the
1155:where the
1054:invariably
947:The first
878:, where a
857:democratic
851:where the
849:government
761:Governance
751:Government
746:Federalism
347:City-state
119:republic (
117:Theocratic
28:government
7837:President
7819:ministers
7560:Diplomacy
7480:Sociology
7411:Campaigns
7399:Elections
7374:Precedent
7346:Outcomes:
7336:Committee
7315:processes
7265:Judiciary
7240:President
7200:Documents
7140:Espionage
7103:Functions
7049:Extremism
6984:Anarchism
6936:Consensus
6926:Cellular
6909:Democracy
6896:Theocracy
6881:Socialism
6866:Oligarchy
6836:Feudalism
6816:Communism
6683:Overviews
6570:21 August
6524:21 August
6378:144867316
6362:0192-5121
6319:0745-1253
5986:0152-0768
5078:Australia
4850:president
4842:elections
4540:Taoiseach
4434:Bundestag
4380:Riigikogu
4288:approves
4117:President
4045:Singapore
3971:President
3885:President
3749:Lok Sabha
3718:President
3540:Jerusalem
3441:President
3036:President
3010:President
2980:Mauritius
2918:President
2876:Countries
2814:verifying
2445:Liz Truss
2303:does not
2193:, and or
1991:election.
1887:nominates
1828:Taoiseach
1806:nominates
1751:Bundestag
1737:nominates
1550:Australia
1423:does not
1284:bicameral
1141:modernism
1113:Democracy
1090:US Senate
1005:The first
892:bicameral
844:democracy
741:Unitarism
729:Elections
717:Subseries
646:Judiciary
641:Executive
544:Adhocracy
427:Theocracy
382:Feudalism
362:Democracy
8872:Category
8806:See also
8427:Concepts
7887:Minister
7524:Suffrage
7454:Academic
7387:Politics
7326:Process:
7295:Assembly
7280:Congress
7260:Ministry
7135:Military
7069:Feminism
6994:Centrism
6961:Republic
6861:Monarchy
6781:Systems:
6750:Township
6672:Politics
6327:20079894
6234:Archived
6204:Archived
6178:Archived
6098:Archived
6065:Archived
6032:Archived
5865:Archived
5826:Archived
5800:Archived
5585:Archived
5552:Archived
5488:Archived
5443:(1894).
5419:Archived
5390:Archived
5364:Archived
5287:Archived
5212:See also
4928:Slovenia
4906:Slovakia
4844:for the
4837:Portugal
4814:de facto
4748:Assembly
4292:and the
4260:Bulgaria
4077:Thailand
4023:Pakistan
3965:, by an
3927:Malaysia
3745:alliance
3644:Cambodia
3574:Armenia
3433:Suriname
3251:Dominica
3155:Barbados
3048:Americas
2936:Ethiopia
2910:Botswana
2103:regional
2056:Storting
1977:de facto
1876:Thailand
1654:Portugal
1602:Malaysia
1145:Radicals
1127:and the
1102:Barbados
1080:and the
1036:George I
769:Ideology
587:doctrine
548:Service
412:Republic
397:Monarchy
377:Federacy
266:Category
246:Politics
201:de facto
8884:Commons
8813:Commons
7867:Premier
7610:Related
7566:Embassy
7519:Reforms
7493:History
7431:Issues:
7416:Groups:
7331:Hearing
7290:Council
7255:Cabinet
7250:Bodies:
7235:Monarch
7210:Charter
7064:Fascism
6886:Statism
6786:Anarchy
6759:Systems
6725:Levels:
6370:1601169
5919:31 July
5453:(ed.).
5196:Vanuatu
5153:by the
5121:by the
5089:by the
5062:Country
5035:Oceania
5026:Cabinet
5020:by the
4981:Riksdag
4962:Cabinet
4822:de jure
4783:Cabinet
4771:Monarch
4672:Moldova
4532:Ireland
4504:Iceland
4482:Hungary
4446:Cabinet
4430:Germany
4408:Finland
4376:Estonia
4357:Cabinet
4349:Monarch
4344:Denmark
4327:by the
4321:Cabinet
4294:Cabinet
4282:Croatia
4238:Belgium
4214:Austria
4199:Andorra
4177:Albania
4161:Country
4125:Cabinet
4109:Vietnam
4082:Monarch
4056:by the
3959:Myanmar
3938:by the
3903:Lebanon
3798:Knesset
3705:Georgia
3558:Country
3536:Knesset
3470:by the
3412:by the
3380:by the
3348:by the
3316:by the
3305:Jamaica
3284:by the
3273:Grenada
3230:by the
3198:by the
3166:by the
3134:by the
3102:by the
3075:Country
3040:Cabinet
3002:Somalia
2958:Lesotho
2922:Cabinet
2894:Country
2808:Please
2750:Please
2678:Please
2606:Please
2499:Please
2376:Please
2324:removed
2309:sources
2276:A 2001
2228:Metrics
2191:Monarch
2187:Germany
2007:Riksdag
1981:de jure
1850:Ireland
1812:Emperor
1782:Germany
1769:Estonia
1641:Denmark
1589:Jamaica
1506:dualism
1444:removed
1429:sources
1397:Jamaica
1204:Denmark
1161:Fascism
1030:In the
956:Althing
937:History
911:Oceania
905:in the
880:monarch
774:Culture
684:Country
342:Anarchy
256:Outline
193:de jure
8343:
8077:Social
7975:Europe
7896:Titles
7581:World:
7571:Treaty
7406:Voting
7361:Zoning
7220:Roles:
6766:Lists:
6700:Empire
6695:Nation
6376:
6368:
6360:
6325:
6317:
6273:
6140:15 May
6024:
5984:
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5370:6 June
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5293:21 May
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4884:Serbia
4882:
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4835:
4797:Poland
4795:
4766:Norway
4764:
4741:
4714:
4692:
4670:
4648:
4626:
4610:Saeima
4606:Latvia
4604:
4584:Kosovo
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4502:
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4460:Greece
4458:
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4175:
4134:Europe
4107:
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3851:Kuwait
3849:
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3793:Israel
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3735:
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3642:
3622:Bhutan
3620:
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3219:Canada
3217:
3187:Belize
3185:
3153:
3121:
3089:
3026:
3000:
2978:
2956:
2934:
2908:
2887:Africa
2447:, and
2199:assent
2088:Cyprus
2075:Senate
2034:Syriza
2018:Greece
1954:Israel
1951:
1923:Sweden
1920:
1873:
1860:
1847:
1792:
1779:
1766:
1726:Greece
1723:
1696:second
1676:
1651:
1638:
1625:
1612:
1599:
1586:
1573:
1563:Canada
1560:
1547:
1484:Berlin
1381:Senate
1332:London
1188:France
1186:, and
1176:Allies
1135:, the
971:. The
919:Africa
734:voting
676:Polity
574:Policy
553:Public
467:theory
181:
173:
171:
163:
161:
153:
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133:
131:
115:
113:
104:
102:
94:
92:
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64:
62:
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52:
44:
42:
8229:Lists
8213:Other
6690:State
6605:(PDF)
6594:(PDF)
6547:(PDF)
6518:(PDF)
6507:(PDF)
6374:S2CID
6366:JSTOR
6323:JSTOR
6134:(PDF)
6123:(PDF)
6068:(PDF)
6061:(PDF)
5993:(PDF)
5964:(PDF)
5449:. In
5174:Samoa
4950:Spain
4650:Malta
4558:Italy
3997:Nepal
3825:Japan
3737:India
2670:lend
2598:lend
2491:lend
2246:with
2150:India
1905:Yes).
1903:than
1863:Japan
1795:Spain
1704:third
1679:Italy
1576:India
1496:with
1306:Types
1041:prime
886:, or
757:forms
680:State
557:Civil
261:Index
187:Note:
7821:and
6674:and
6613:2017
6572:2017
6526:2017
6486:2022
6458:2021
6449:Emol
6358:ISSN
6315:ISSN
6271:ISBN
6242:2022
6212:2022
6186:2022
6142:2016
6106:2019
6076:2019
6040:2016
6022:ISBN
6001:2016
5982:ISSN
5972:ISBN
5942:2024
5921:2024
5899:2023
5873:2020
5855:ISBN
5834:2013
5808:2020
5790:ISBN
5746:ISBN
5719:ISBN
5692:ISBN
5665:ISBN
5636:ISBN
5615:2013
5593:2020
5575:ISBN
5525:2014
5496:2020
5478:ISBN
5427:2015
5398:2015
5372:2020
5354:ISBN
5327:ISBN
5295:2016
4979:The
4806:Sejm
4800:The
4769:The
4507:The
4347:The
4150:The
4119:and
4080:The
3877:Laos
3771:Iraq
3708:The
3584:the
3485:Asia
2307:any
2305:cite
2177:and
2131:2022
2129:and
2127:2017
2111:Oslo
2105:and
2011:1958
1478:The
1427:any
1425:cite
1347:The
1326:The
1194:and
1139:and
1115:and
1100:and
1072:(in
923:Asia
921:and
121:Iran
7367:Law
6559:doi
6416:doi
6350:doi
6307:doi
6263:doi
4777:as
3751:as
2866:VVD
2812:by
2318:by
2125:in
2036:to
2032:by
2016:In
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