1227:
1258:
1214:
1275:
930:
1188:
1201:
886:
1293:
1122:
1109:
1170:
1152:
582:
624:
1240:
908:
864:
1311:
951:
1135:
1006:
for four years, and is composed of seven members, among whom one is president and one is vice-president on a rotating basis, although these positions are symbolic in normal circumstances. The link between the Swiss managerial system and the presidential system is even more evident for the cantonal
991:
might appear to be a typical parliamentary government; technically, however, it is not a meeting of ministers, but a college of heads of state. The current
President of the Confederation is in fact only a
998:(first among equals) with representative functions in particular for diplomacy with other States, without any power either of direction or of coordination of the activity of colleagues. The
667:
1161:
707:
1072:(first among equals). Variants of this form of government, based on the French model, were also established in the European regions conquered by France during the
825:
700:: Executive president is independent of the legislature; head of government is appointed by the president and is accountable to the legislature
610:
1324:
1027:, is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. Early directorial systems were the
895:
818:
1540:
1320:
1080:
value compared to presidential systems due to lower concentration of political power in the hands of one individual.
1063:
1048:
478:
84:
1280:
1218:
1003:
811:
603:
473:
251:
99:
1550:
1066:, which prominently featured a collegial 12-member Supreme Executive Council with the President in fact only
939:
488:
1143:
1040:
237:
69:
40:
1555:
710:: Head of government (president or directory) is elected by the legislature, but is not accountable to it
541:
697:
74:
45:
1516:
1476:
1347:
1113:
1073:
1036:
1028:
596:
201:
1352:
316:
206:
1337:
1126:
1077:
736:
647:
246:
1007:
governments, where currently all directors are all individually directly elected by the voters.
769:: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
1545:
1357:
1342:
1302:
1284:
1231:
984:
943:
891:
776:
726:
657:
483:
425:
371:
1425:"Fiscal performance and the re-election of finance ministers–evidence from the Swiss cantons"
1262:
1175:
999:
988:
873:
841:
303:
136:
1491:"Neopatrimonialism and Democracy: An Empirical Investigation of Africa's Political Regimes"
636:
413:
284:
274:
259:
186:
104:
8:
964:
673:
525:
435:
289:
191:
141:
79:
1454:
1367:
1205:
1192:
1068:
994:
849:
678:
Head of government (president) is popularly elected and independent of the legislature
563:
1535:
1458:
1446:
746:
558:
232:
94:
89:
50:
23:
1511:
1471:
1494:
1436:
1179:
1052:
960:
722:
508:
264:
118:
1249:
1100:
1032:
917:
756:
641:
Head of government is elected or nominated by and accountable to the legislature
586:
568:
393:
378:
1441:
1387:
1139:
1081:
1044:
956:
766:
464:
383:
337:
279:
1529:
1450:
1424:
1405:
845:
687:
388:
366:
341:
171:
1490:
1362:
1157:
151:
1498:
1388:"Switzerland | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Population, & Facts"
1266:
976:
935:
899:
455:
420:
323:
311:
176:
581:
1245:
980:
913:
629:
545:
535:
530:
269:
131:
623:
1085:
718:
430:
328:
211:
166:
146:
1084:
differ from the directorial system by not being elected. Utilizing
802:
553:
513:
196:
181:
161:
30:
1316:
983:), where directories rule all levels of administration, federal,
921:
877:
869:
794:
468:
126:
1088:
to select multiple executives can lead to a directorial system.
1298:
1056:
518:
460:
358:
759:: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party
1162:
Supreme
Executive Council of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
785: Dependent territories and places without governments
739:: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power
1489:
Sigman, Rachel; Lindberg, Staffan I. (November 1, 2017).
1096:
In the past, countries with elected directories include:
970:
840:
is a country ruled by a college of several people who
779:: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
1250:The Town's Legates Junta and High Government Junta
668:Parliamentary republic with an executive president
16:Socio-political system with shared executive power
975:One country now using this form of government is
729:holds significant executive and legislative power
1527:
1488:
855:
1404:
1091:
819:
604:
1501:– via Social Science Research Network.
1021:
1423:Buchs, Aurélia; Soguel, Nils (2022-04-01).
1422:
800:
792:
826:
812:
611:
597:
1440:
1062:The French Directory was inspired by the
1398:
622:
1528:
987:and municipal. On the face of it, the
628:World's states coloured by systems of
1410:Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners
1482:
896:Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina
1076:. Directorial systems have a lower
971:Directorial republic in Switzerland
13:
1321:National Council of Administration
942:and equivalent executives of each
14:
1567:
1512:Directory (Ukrainian ruling body)
1064:Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
1049:Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776
479:Biology and political orientation
1309:
1291:
1273:
1256:
1238:
1225:
1212:
1199:
1186:
1168:
1150:
1133:
1120:
1107:
949:
928:
906:
884:
862:
580:
1015:In political history, the term
799:systems of government, not the
1505:
1465:
1416:
1380:
1325:National Council of Government
474:Theories of political behavior
100:Political history of the world
1:
1373:
749:: Monarch has unlimited power
708:Assembly-independent republic
489:Critique of political economy
1144:First Stadtholderless Period
1041:First Stadtholderless Period
737:Semi-constitutional monarchy
70:Outline of political science
7:
1331:
1281:Ukrainian People's Republic
856:Current directorial systems
683: Presidential republic
660:with a ceremonial president
10:
1572:
1472:Directory (French history)
1442:10.1007/s11127-021-00949-z
1219:Roman Republic (1798–1799)
1092:Former directorial systems
1039:(1643–1686), partially in
1010:
698:Semi-presidential republic
75:Index of politics articles
1541:Collective heads of state
1348:Government of Switzerland
1114:New England Confederation
1074:French Revolutionary Wars
1037:New England Confederation
979:(and to a lesser extent,
650:with a ceremonial monarch
1353:Government of San Marino
1517:Encyclopædia Britannica
1477:Encyclopædia Britannica
1392:Encyclopedia Britannica
1338:Politics of Switzerland
1127:Commonwealth of England
648:Constitutional monarchy
484:Political organisations
247:International relations
85:Politics by subdivision
1358:Executive (government)
1343:Politics of San Marino
1303:Nationalist Government
1285:Directorate of Ukraine
1232:Parthenopaean Republic
1078:presidentialism metric
1053:Directory of 1795–1799
1022:
892:Bosnia and Herzegovina
833:
801:
793:
791:this chart represents
777:Provisional government
658:Parliamentary republic
1263:Roman Republic (1849)
1176:First French Republic
1000:Swiss Federal Council
989:Swiss Federal Council
807:degree of democracy.
637:Parliamentary systems
626:
564:Political campaigning
304:Public administration
137:Collective leadership
1551:Separation of powers
1499:10.2139/ssrn.3066654
1412:. Ginevra: Slatkine.
838:directorial republic
414:Separation of powers
285:Political psychology
260:Comparative politics
238:political scientists
225:Academic disciplines
105:Political philosophy
1305:- from 1928 to 1947
1265:from 1849 to 1850 (
965:European Commission
674:Presidential system
587:Politics portal
436:Election commission
407:Government branches
290:Political sociology
142:Confessional system
80:Politics by country
1556:Types of democracy
1368:Athenian democracy
1206:Cispadane Republic
1193:Cisalpine Republic
1069:primus inter pares
1029:Ambrosian Republic
1002:is elected by the
995:primus inter pares
850:head of government
834:
270:Political analysis
202:Semi-parliamentary
1327:from 1952 to 1967
1299:Republic of China
1287:from 1918 to 1920
1252:from 1821 to 1823
1221:from 1798 to 1799
1208:from 1796 to 1797
1195:from 1795 to 1799
1182:from 1795 to 1799
1164:from 1777 to 1790
1146:from 1650 to 1672
1129:from 1649 to 1653
1116:from 1643 to 1686
1103:from 1618 to 1620
1031:(1447-1450), the
747:Absolute monarchy
621:
620:
569:Political parties
509:Electoral systems
233:Political science
207:Semi-presidential
119:Political systems
95:Political history
90:Political economy
1563:
1520:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1486:
1480:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1444:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1297:
1295:
1294:
1279:
1277:
1276:
1261:
1260:
1259:
1244:
1242:
1241:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1217:
1216:
1215:
1204:
1203:
1202:
1191:
1190:
1189:
1180:French Directory
1174:
1172:
1171:
1156:
1154:
1153:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1112:
1111:
1110:
1025:
1004:Federal Assembly
961:European Council
955:
953:
952:
934:
932:
931:
912:
910:
909:
890:
888:
887:
868:
866:
865:
844:the powers of a
842:jointly exercise
828:
821:
814:
806:
798:
784:
774:
764:
754:
744:
734:
716:
705:
695:
682:
665:
655:
645:
613:
606:
599:
585:
584:
375:
320:
275:Political theory
265:Election science
255:
241:
19:
18:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1526:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1510:
1506:
1487:
1483:
1470:
1466:
1421:
1417:
1403:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1334:
1310:
1308:
1292:
1290:
1274:
1272:
1257:
1255:
1239:
1237:
1226:
1224:
1213:
1211:
1200:
1198:
1187:
1185:
1169:
1167:
1151:
1149:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1119:
1108:
1106:
1101:Bohemian Revolt
1094:
1082:Military juntas
1033:Bohemian Revolt
1013:
973:
950:
948:
940:Federal Council
929:
927:
918:Captains Regent
907:
905:
885:
883:
863:
861:
858:
832:
787:
786:
782:
780:
772:
770:
762:
760:
757:One-party state
752:
750:
742:
740:
732:
730:
714:
712:
711:
703:
701:
693:
685:
684:
680:
671:
670:
663:
661:
653:
651:
643:
634:
617:
579:
574:
573:
504:
503:
494:
493:
451:
450:
441:
440:
409:
408:
399:
398:
394:Public interest
379:Domestic policy
369:
362:
361:
350:
349:
314:
307:
306:
295:
294:
256:
249:
242:
235:
227:
226:
217:
216:
122:
121:
110:
109:
65:
64:
55:
24:Politics series
17:
12:
11:
5:
1569:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1543:
1538:
1522:
1521:
1504:
1481:
1464:
1415:
1397:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1371:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1333:
1330:
1329:
1328:
1306:
1288:
1270:
1253:
1235:
1222:
1209:
1196:
1183:
1165:
1147:
1140:Dutch Republic
1130:
1117:
1104:
1093:
1090:
1045:Dutch Republic
1012:
1009:
972:
969:
968:
967:
957:European Union
946:
925:
903:
881:
857:
854:
831:
830:
823:
816:
808:
781:
771:
767:Military junta
761:
751:
741:
731:
727:Supreme Leader
713:
702:
692:
688:Hybrid systems
679:
662:
652:
642:
619:
618:
616:
615:
608:
601:
593:
590:
589:
576:
575:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
550:
549:
533:
528:
523:
522:
521:
511:
505:
501:
500:
499:
496:
495:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
471:
458:
452:
449:Related topics
448:
447:
446:
443:
442:
439:
438:
433:
428:
423:
417:
416:
410:
406:
405:
404:
401:
400:
397:
396:
391:
386:
384:Foreign policy
381:
376:
363:
357:
356:
355:
352:
351:
348:
347:
346:
345:
331:
326:
321:
308:
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
293:
292:
287:
282:
280:Policy studies
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
245:
243:
231:
228:
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
215:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
129:
123:
117:
116:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
66:
63:Primary topics
62:
61:
60:
57:
56:
54:
53:
48:
43:
37:
34:
33:
27:
26:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1568:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1546:Power sharing
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1533:
1531:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1479:
1478:
1473:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Public Choice
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1406:Pierre Cormon
1401:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1271:
1268:
1264:
1254:
1251:
1247:
1236:
1233:
1223:
1220:
1210:
1207:
1197:
1194:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1148:
1145:
1142:partially in
1141:
1131:
1128:
1118:
1115:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1047:(1650–1672),
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:(1618–1620),
1034:
1030:
1026:
1024:
1018:
1008:
1005:
1001:
997:
996:
990:
986:
982:
978:
966:
962:
958:
947:
945:
941:
937:
926:
923:
919:
915:
904:
901:
897:
893:
882:
879:
875:
871:
860:
859:
853:
851:
847:
846:head of state
843:
839:
829:
824:
822:
817:
815:
810:
809:
805:
804:
797:
796:
790:
778:
768:
758:
748:
738:
728:
724:
720:
709:
699:
691:
689:
677:
675:
669:
659:
649:
640:
638:
632:
631:
625:
614:
609:
607:
602:
600:
595:
594:
592:
591:
588:
583:
578:
577:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
547:
543:
539:
538:
537:
534:
532:
529:
527:
524:
520:
517:
516:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:
498:
497:
490:
487:
485:
482:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
466:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
445:
444:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
418:
415:
412:
411:
403:
402:
395:
392:
390:
389:Civil society
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
373:
368:
367:Public policy
365:
364:
360:
354:
353:
343:
339:
335:
334:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
318:
313:
310:
309:
305:
299:
298:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
258:
253:
248:
244:
239:
234:
230:
229:
221:
220:
213:
210:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
190:
188:
187:Parliamentary
185:
183:
180:
178:
175:
173:
172:Hybrid regime
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
158:
155:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
124:
120:
114:
113:
106:
103:
101:
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
71:
68:
67:
59:
58:
52:
49:
47:
44:
42:
39:
38:
36:
35:
32:
29:
28:
25:
21:
20:
1515:
1507:
1484:
1475:
1467:
1435:(1): 31–49.
1432:
1428:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1363:Collegiality
1158:Pennsylvania
1095:
1067:
1061:
1020:
1019:, in French
1016:
1014:
993:
974:
933:
837:
835:
788:
686:
672:
635:
627:
317:street-level
192:Presidential
156:
152:Dictatorship
22:Part of the
1267:Triumvirate
977:Switzerland
936:Switzerland
900:Triumvirate
456:Sovereignty
421:Legislature
324:Technocracy
312:Bureaucracy
177:Meritocracy
157:Directorial
1530:Categories
1374:References
1246:Costa Rica
1023:directoire
981:San Marino
914:San Marino
874:Co-princes
721:republic (
719:Theocratic
630:government
546:Governance
536:Government
531:Federalism
132:City-state
1459:246371550
1451:1573-7101
1086:sortition
1017:directory
848:and/or a
526:Unitarism
514:Elections
502:Subseries
431:Judiciary
426:Executive
329:Adhocracy
212:Theocracy
167:Feudalism
147:Democracy
1536:Republic
1408:(2014).
1332:See also
1051:and the
985:cantonal
803:de facto
554:Ideology
372:doctrine
333:Service
197:Republic
182:Monarchy
162:Federacy
51:Category
31:Politics
1514:at the
1474:at the
1317:Uruguay
1234:in 1799
1011:History
922:Diarchy
878:diarchy
870:Andorra
795:de jure
559:Culture
469:Country
127:Anarchy
41:Outline
1457:
1449:
1314:
1296:
1278:
1243:
1173:
1155:
1057:France
954:
944:canton
911:
889:
867:
783:
775:
773:
765:
763:
755:
753:
745:
743:
735:
733:
717:
715:
706:
704:
696:
694:
681:
666:
664:
656:
654:
646:
644:
519:voting
461:Polity
359:Policy
338:Public
252:theory
1455:S2CID
789:Note:
542:forms
465:State
342:Civil
46:Index
1447:ISSN
1323:and
963:and
723:Iran
1495:doi
1437:doi
1433:191
1059:.
1055:in
1043:of
725:):
1532::
1493:.
1453:.
1445:.
1431:.
1427:.
1390:.
1319:-
1301:-
1283:-
1248:-
1178:-
1160:-
959::
938::
916::
894::
872::
852:.
836:A
633::
544:/
467:/
463:/
340:/
1497::
1461:.
1439::
1394:.
1269:)
924:)
920:(
902:)
898:(
880:)
876:(
827:e
820:t
813:v
690::
676::
639::
612:e
605:t
598:v
548:)
540:(
374:)
370:(
344:)
336:(
319:)
315:(
254:)
250:(
240:)
236:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.