Moral psychology - Knowledge

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a value beforehand and then acting on it. There are some people that are more likely to act on their personal values: those low in self-monitoring and high in self-consciousness, due to the fact that they are more aware of themselves and less aware of how others may perceive them. Self-consciousness here means being literally more conscious of yourself, not fearing judgement or feeling anxiety from others. Social situations and the different categories of norms can be telling of when people may act in accordance with their values, but this still is not concrete either. People will typically act in accordance with social, contextual and personal norms, and there is a likelihood that these norms can also follow one's moral values. Though there are certain assumptions and situations that would suggest a major value-attitude-behavior relation, there is not enough research to confirm this phenomenon.

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self into one that will be accepted by others; and executive function. They stated, "he self can free its actions from being determined by particular influences, especially those of which it is aware". The three prevalent theories of willpower describe it as a limited supply of energy, as a cognitive process, and as a skill that is developed over time. Research has largely supported that willpower works like a "moral muscle" with a limited supply of strength that may be depleted (a process referred to as Ego depletion), conserved, or replenished, and that a single act requiring much self-control can significantly deplete the "supply" of willpower. While exertion reduces the ability to engage in further acts of willpower in the short term, such exertions actually improve a person's ability to exert willpower for extended periods in the long run. Additional research has been conducted that may

239:: care/harm, fairness/cheating, loyalty/betrayal, authority/subversion, and sanctity/degradation. The questions ask respondents to rate various considerations in terms of how relevant they are to the respondent's moral judgments. The purpose of the questionnaire is to measure the degree to which people rely upon each of the five moral intuitions (which may coexist). The new and improved version of this instrument (i.e., Moral Foundations Questionnaire-2; MFQ-2) was developed in 2023. In this version, Fairness was split to Equality and Proportionality. Hence, the MFQ-2 measures Care, Equality, Proportionality, Loyalty, Authority, and Purity. In addition to survey instruments measuring endorsement of moral foundations, a number of other contemporary survey measures exist relating to other broad taxonomies of moral values, as well as more specific moral beliefs, or concerns. 512:). He proposed six stages and three levels of development (claiming that "anyone who interviewed children about dilemmas and who followed them longitudinally in time would come to our six stages and no others). At the Preconventional level, the first two stages included the punishment-and-obedience orientation and the instrumental-relativist orientation. The next level, the conventional level, included the interpersonal concordance or "good boy – nice girl" orientation, along with the "law and order" orientation. Lastly, the final Postconventional level consisted of the social-contract, legalistic orientation and the universal-ethical-principle orientation. According to Kohlberg, an individual is considered more cognitively mature depending on their stage of moral reasoning, which grows as they advance in education and world experience. 456:), environmental influences on neurobiology, and the role of culture. TET proposes three basic mindsets that shape ethical behavior: self-protectionism (a variety of types), engagement, and imagination (a variety of types that are fueled by protectionism or engagement). A mindset influences perception, affordances, and rhetorical preferences. Actions taken within a mindset become an ethic when they trump other values. Engagement and communal imagination represent optimal human functioning that are shaped by the evolved developmental niche (evolved nest) that supports optimal psychosocial neurobiological development. Based on worldwide anthropological research (e.g., Hewlett and Lamb's Hunter-Gatherer Childhoods), Narvaez uses small-band hunter-gatherers as a baseline for the evolved nest and its effects. 826:

from strong but non-moral attitudes in a number of important ways. Namely, moral mandates derive their motivational force from their perceived universality, perceived objectivity, and strong ties to emotion. Perceived universality refers to the notion that individuals experience moral mandates as transcending persons and cultures; additionally, they are regarded as matters of fact. Regarding association with emotion, ITMC is consistent with Jonathan Haidt's social intuitionist model in stating that moral judgments are accompanied by discrete moral emotions (i.e., disgust, shame, guilt). Importantly, Skitka maintains that moral mandates are not the same thing as moral values. Whether an issue will be associated with moral conviction varies across persons.

527:. The justice perspective draws attention to inequality and oppression, while striving for reciprocal rights and equal respect for all. The care perspective draws attention to the ideas of detachment and abandonment, while striving for attention and response to people who need it. Care Orientation is relationally based. It has a more situational focus that is dependent on the needs of others as opposed to Justice Orientation's objectivity. However, reviews by others have found that Gilligan's theory was not supported by empirical studies since orientations are individual dependent. In fact, in neo-Kohlbergian studies with the Defining Issues Test, females tend to get slightly higher scores than males. 384:

foundations of political liberals and political conservatives. Haidt and Joseph expanded on previous research done by Shweder and his three ethics theory. Shweder's theory consisted of three moral ethics: the ethics of community, autonomy, and divinity. Haidt and Graham took this theory and extended it to discuss the five psychological systems that more specifically make up the three moral ethics theory. These Five Foundations of Morality and their importance vary throughout each culture and construct virtues based on their emphasized foundation. The five psychological foundations are:

954:(LLMs), especially ChatGPT, tend to echo moral values endorsed by Westerners, as their training datasets originate predominantly from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. This study points out that compared to the global average, people from WEIRD societies are more inclined toward individualism and impersonal prosocial behaviors while showing less traditionalism and group loyalty. The authors further highlighted that societies less aligned with these WEIRD moral values tend to experience greater misalignment with the moral values and outputs of 733:, claims that people behave like "intuitive lawyers", searching primarily for evidence that will serve motives for social relatedness and attitudinal coherence. Thirdly, Haidt found that people have post hoc reasoning when faced with a moral situation, this a posteriori (after the fact) explanation gives the illusion of objective moral judgement but in reality is subjective to one's gut feeling. Lastly, research has shown that moral emotion has a stronger link to moral action than moral reasoning, citing Damasio's research on the 114:, coinciding with the development of psychology as a discipline separate from philosophy. Since at least 1894, philosophers and psychologists attempted to empirically evaluate the morality of an individual, especially attempting to distinguish adults from children in terms of their judgment. Unfortunately, these efforts failed because they "attempted to quantify how much morality an individual had—a notably contentious idea—rather than understand the individual's psychological representation of morality". 9763: 248: 7804: 164: 4395: 582:. Yet other studies focusing on social preferences examine various kinds of resource allocation decisions, or use incentivized behavioral experiments to investigate the way people weighted their own interests against other people's when deciding whether to harm others, for example, by examine how willing people are to administer electric shocks to themselves vs. others in exchange for money. 357:, they conclude that value-attitude-behavior depends on the individual and their moral reasoning. Another issue that Kristiansen and Hotte discovered through their research was that individuals tended to "create" values to justify their reactions to certain situations, which they called the "value justification hypothesis". Their theory is comparable to Jonathan Haidt's 838:. Those in attitudinally heterogeneous groups demonstrated the least amount of goodwill towards other group members, the least amount of cooperation, and the most tension/defensiveness. Furthermore, individuals discussing a morally mandated issue were less likely to reach a consensus compared to those discussing non-moral issues. 413:

while justice-related concerns make up only one fifth of the moral world for conservatives". Liberals value harm/care and fairness/reciprocity significantly more than the other moralities, while conservatives value all five equally. Ownership has also been argued to be a strong candidate to be a moral foundation.

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In looking at the relations between moral values, attitudes, and behaviors, previous research asserts that there is less correspondence between these three aspects than one might assume. In fact, it seems to be more common for people to label their behaviors with a justifying value rather than having

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More recent attempts to develop an integrated model of moral motivation have identified at least six different levels of moral functioning, each of which has been shown to predict some type of moral or pro-social behavior: moral intuitions, moral emotions, moral virtues/vices (behavioral capacities),

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Moral identity refers to the importance of morality to a person's identity, typically construed as either a trait-like individual difference, or set of chronically accessible schemas. Moral identity is theorized to be one of the key motivational forces connecting moral reasoning to moral behavior, as

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and colleagues have introduced the concept of moral conviction, which refers to a "strong and absolute belief that something is right or wrong, moral or immoral." According to Skitka's integrated theory of moral conviction (ITMC), attitudes held with moral conviction, known as moral mandates, differ

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on delayed gratification, Baumeister, Miller, and Delaney explored the notion of willpower by first defining the self as being made up of three parts: reflexive consciousness, or the person's awareness of their environment and of himself as an individual; interpersonal being, which seeks to mold the

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Between 1910 and 1930, in the United States and Europe, several morality tests were developed to classify subjects as either fit or unfit to make moral judgments. Test-takers would classify or rank standardized lists of personality traits, hypothetical actions, or pictures of hypothetical scenes. As

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One of the main lines of IMTC research addresses the behavioral implications of moral mandates. Individuals prefer greater social and physical distance from attitudinally dissimilar others when moral conviction was high. This effect of moral conviction could not be explained by traditional measures

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Moral development and reasoning are two overlapping topics of study in moral psychology that have historically received a great amount of attention, even preceding the influential work of Piaget and Kohlberg. Moral reasoning refers specifically to the study of how people think about right and wrong

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and cultural-psychological theory. Modern moral psychology concedes that "morality is about protecting individuals" and focuses primarily on issues of justice (harm/care and fairness/reciprocity). Their research found that "justice and related virtues...make up half of the moral world for liberals,

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Henrich, Joseph; Boyd, Robert; Bowles, Samuel; Camerer, Colin; Fehr, Ernst; Gintis, Herbert; McElreath, Richard; Alvard, Michael; Barr, Abigail; Ensminger, Jean; Henrich, Natalie Smith; Hill, Kim; Gil-White, Francisco; Gurven, Michael; Marlowe, Frank W.; Patton, John Q.; Tracer, David (22 December

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Aner Govrin's attachment approach to moral judgment proposes that, through early interactions with the caregiver, the child acquires an internal representation of a system of rules that determine how right/wrong judgments are to be construed, used, and understood. By breaking moral situations down

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But researchers using the Kohlberg model found a gap between what people said was most moral and actions they took. In response, Augusto Blasi proposed his self-model that links ideas of moral judgment and action through moral commitment. Those with moral goals central to the self-concept are more

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Today, moral psychology is a thriving area of research spanning many disciplines, with major bodies of research on the biological, cognitive/computational and cultural basis of moral judgment and behavior, and a growing body of research on moral judgment in the context of artificial intelligence.

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Moral emotions are a variety of social emotion that are involved in forming and communicating moral judgments and decisions, and in motivating behavioral responses to one's own and others' moral behavior. While moral reasoning has been the focus of most study of morality dating back to Plato and

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Moral foundations theory, first proposed in 2004 by Jonathan Haidt and Craig Joseph, attempts to explain the origins of and variation in human moral reasoning on the basis of innate, modular foundations. Notably, moral foundations theory has been used to describe the difference between the moral

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defines individual values as "conceptions of the desirable that guide the way social actors (e.g.organisational leaders, policymakers, individual persons) select actions, evaluate people an events, and explain their actions and evaluations." Cultural values form the basis for social norms, laws,

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Stages 1 and 2 are combined into a single stage labeled "pre-conventional", and stages 5 and 6 are combined into a single stage labeled "post-conventional" for the same reason; psychologists can consistently categorize subjects into the resulting four stages using the "Moral Judgement Interview"

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Following the independent publication of a pair of landmark papers in 2001 (respectively led by Jonathan Haidt and Joshua Greene), there was a surge in interest in moral psychology across a broad range of subfields of psychology, with interest shifting away from developmental processes towards a

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selves have actions, behaviors and self-concepts that were based on the thoughts and feelings of others. Westerners have two dimensions of emotions, activation and pleasantness. The Japanese have one more, the range of their interdependent relationships. Markus and Kitayama found that these two

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instruction programs found that such programs have only "a minimal impact on increasing outcomes related to ethical perceptions, behavior, or awareness." A 2005 meta analysis suggested that positive affect can at least momentarily increase prosocial behavior (with subsequent meta analyses also

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explains aspects of moral functioning. Their social cognitive approach to personality has six critical resources of moral personality: cognition, self-processes, affective elements of personality, changing social context, lawful situational variability, and the integration of other literature.

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Reynolds and Ceranic researched the effects of social consensus on one's moral behavior. Depending on the level of social consensus (high vs. low), moral behaviors will require greater or lesser degrees of moral identity to motivate an individual to make a choice and endorse a behavior. Also,

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sought to expand Piaget's work. His cognitive developmental theory of moral reasoning dominated the field for decades. He focused on moral development as one's progression in the capacity to reason about justice. Kohlberg's interview method included hypothetical moral dilemmas or conflicts of

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broken into three categories of moral reasoning that he believed to be universal to all people in all cultures. The increasing sophistication of justice-based reasoning was taken as a sign of development. Moral cognitive development, in turn, was assumed to be a necessary (but not sufficient)

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model of moral motivation suggests that moral behaviors are typically the product of multiple levels of moral functioning, and are usually energized by the "hotter" levels of intuition, emotion, and behavioral virtue/vice. The "cooler" levels of values, reasoning, and willpower, while still

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Aristotle, the emotive side of morality was historically looked upon with disdain in early moral psychology research. However, in the last 30–40 years, there has been a rise in a new front of research: moral emotions as the basis for moral behavior. This development began with a focus on

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According to Haidt, the belief that morality is not innate was one of the few theoretical commitments uniting many of the prominent psychologists studying morality in the twentieth century (with some exceptions). A substantial amount of research in recent decades has focused on the

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Lind, Georg (1978). "Wie misst man moralisches Urteil? Probleme und alternative Möglichkeiten der Messung eines komplexen Konstrukts" [How do you measure moral judgment? Problems and alternative ways of measuring a complex construct]. In Portele, G. (ed.).

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into their defining features, the attachment model of moral judgment outlines a framework for a universal moral faculty based on a universal, innate, deep structure that appears uniformly in the structure of almost all moral judgments regardless of their content.

430:(cognitive structures that organize related concepts and integrate past events). They claim that schemas are "fundamental to our very ability to notice dilemmas as we appraise the moral landscape" and that over time, people develop greater "moral expertise". 171:

Philosophers, psychologists and researchers from other fields have created various methods for studying topics in moral psychology, with empirical studies dating back to at least the 1890s. The methods used in these studies include moral dilemmas such as the

809:. While different moral transgressions have been linked to different emotional reactions, bodily reactions to such transgressions are not too different and can be characterized by some felt activations in the gut area as well as the head area. 119:

f you said that you studied moral psychology in the 1980s, then you probably studied the development of moral reasoning. You didn't need to agree with Kohlberg on any particular claim, but you lived and worked on land that Kohlberg had cleared.

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Some research shows that people tend to self-segregate based on moral and political views, exaggerate the magnitude of moral disagreements across political divides, and avoid exposure to the opinions of those with opposing political views.

228:(dubbed "Neo-Kohlbergian" by its constituents) scores relative preference for post-conventional justifications, and the Moral Judgment Test scores consistency of one's preferred justifications. Both treat evaluative ability as similar to 3923:

Shweder, Richard; Much, Nancy; Mahapatra, Manamohan; Park, Lawrence (1997). "The "big three" of morality (autonomy, community, divinity) and the "big three" explanations of suffering.". In Brandt, Allan; Rozin, Paul (eds.).

725:, with reasoning largely serving to generate post-hoc rationalizations to justify one's instinctual reactions. He provides four arguments to doubt causal importance of reason. Firstly, Haidt argues that since there is a 830:

of attitude strength, extremity, or centrality. Skitka, Bauman, and Sargis placed participants in either attitudinally heterogeneous or homogenous groups to discuss procedures regarding two morally mandated issues,

950:. These authors asked in their title, "which humans?" — rhetorically pointing out that people should not ask how "human-like" machine morality is, but to which humans it resembles. These authors discovered that 352:

Kristiansen and Hotte reviewed many research articles regarding people's values and attitudes and whether they guide behavior. With the research they reviewed and their own extension of Ajzen and Fishbein's

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customs and practices. While individual values vary case by case (a result of unique life experience), the average of these values point to widely held cultural beliefs (a result of shared cultural values).

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early as 1926, catalogs of personality tests included sections specifically for morality tests, though critics persuasively argued that they merely measured intelligence or awareness of social expectations.

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Hui, Bryant P. H.; Ng, Jacky C. K.; Berzaghi, Erica; Cunningham-Amos, Lauren A.; Kogan, Aleksandr (3 September 2020). "Rewards of kindness? A meta-analysis of the link between prosociality and well-being".

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Bastian, Brock; Bain, Paul; Buhrmester, Michael D.; Gómez, Ángel; Vázquez, Alexandra; Knight, Clinton G.; Swann, William B. (August 2015). "Moral Vitalism: Seeing Good and Evil as Real, Agentic Forces".

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Duckitt, John; Bizumic, Boris (December 2013). "Multidimensionality of Right-Wing Authoritarian Attitudes: Authoritarianism-Conservatism-Traditionalism: Authoritarianism-Conservatism-Traditionalism".

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to try and estimate the actual prevalence of various kinds of moral behavior in everyday life. Research has also focused on variation in moral behavior over time, through studies of phenomena such as

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Harm/care, which starts with the sensitivity to signs of suffering in offspring and develops into a general dislike of seeing suffering in others and the potential to feel compassion in response.

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Purzycki, Benjamin Grant; Apicella, Coren; Atkinson, Quentin D.; Cohen, Emma; McNamara, Rita Anne; Willard, Aiyana K.; Xygalatas, Dimitris; Norenzayan, Ara; Henrich, Joseph (10 February 2016).

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Rhee, Joshua J.; Schein, Chelsea; Bastian, Brock (25 November 2019). "The what, how, and why of moralization: A review of current definitions, methods, and evidence in moralization research".

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In 1963, Lawrence Kohlberg presented an approach to studying differences in moral judgment by modeling evaluative diversity as reflecting a series of developmental stages (à la Jean Piaget).

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At the intersection of moral psychology and machine ethics, researchers have begun to study people's views regarding the potentially ethically significant decisions that will be made by

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different types of values had different motives. Westerners, in their explanations, show self-bettering biases. Easterners, on the other hand, tend to focus on "other-oriented" biases.

7243: 176:, structured interviews and surveys as a means to study moral psychology and its development, as well as the use of economic games, neuroimaging, and studies of natural language use. 1707:

Awad, Edmond; Dsouza, Sohan; Kim, Richard; Schulz, Jonathan; Henrich, Joseph; Shariff, Azim; Bonnefon, Jean-François; Rahwan, Iyad (24 October 2018). "The Moral Machine experiment".

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and how they acquire and apply moral rules. Moral development refers more broadly to age-related changes in thoughts and emotions that guide moral beliefs, judgments and behaviors.

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Rozin, Paul; Markwith, Maureen; Stoess, Caryn (6 May 2016). "Moralization and Becoming a Vegetarian: The Transformation of Preferences Into Values and the Recruitment of Disgust".

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Greene, J. D.; Sommerville, R Brian; Nystrom, Leigh E; Darley, John M.; Cohen, Jonathan D (14 September 2001). "An fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment".

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Fairness/reciprocity, which is developed when someone observes or engages in reciprocal interactions. This foundation is concerned with virtues related to fairness and justice.

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will favor a homogeneous population in which all creatures care only about their own personal welfare and/or behave only in ways which advance their own personal reproduction.

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Purity/sanctity, which stems from the emotion of disgust that guards the body by responding to elicitors that are biologically or culturally linked to disease transmission.

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Waples, Ethan P.; Antes, Alison L.; Murphy, Stephen T.; Connelly, Shane; Mumford, Michael D. (June 2009). "A Meta-Analytic Investigation of Business Ethics Instruction".

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in the brain when making automatic evaluations or assessments, this same process must be applicable to moral judgement as well. The second argument, based on research on

9556: 3706: 752:, according to which intuitive/emotional and deliberative processes respectively give rise to characteristically deontological and consequentialist moral judgments. A " 632: 2266:

Kohlberg, Lawrence (1971-01-31), "1. Stages of moral development as a basis for moral education", in Beck, Clive M; Crittenden, Brian S; Sullivan, Edmund (eds.),

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Moll, Jorge; de Oliveira-Souza, Ricardo; Eslinger, Paul J.; Bramati, Ivanei E.; Mourão-Miranda, Janaı́na; Andreiuolo, Pedro Angelo; Pessoa, Luiz (1 April 2002).

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which claimed that with few exceptions, moral judgments are made based upon socially derived intuitions. Moral intuitions happen immediately, automatically, and

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Among the more recently developed survey measures, the Moral Foundations Questionnaire is a widely used survey measure of the five moral intuitions proposed by

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Brandt, Allan M. (2004). "Difference and diffusion: Cross-cultural perspectives on the rise of anti-tobacco policies". In Feldman, Eric; Bayer, Ronald (eds.).

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Ho, Arnold K.; Sidanius, Jim; Kteily, Nour; Sheehy-Skeffington, Jennifer; Pratto, Felicia; Henkel, Kristin E.; Foels, Rob; Stewart, Andrew L. (December 2015).

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Govrin, A. (2014) "From Ethics of Care to Psychology of Care: Reconnecting Ethics of Care to Contemporary Moral Psychology", Frontiers in Psychology pp. 1-10

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Goodman, Charles, "Ethics in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2021 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <

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Lewis, Paul (June 2012). "In defence of Aristotle on character: toward a synthesis of recent psychology, neuroscience and the thought of Michael Polanyi".

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Jean Piaget, in watching children play games, noted how their rationales for cooperation changed with experience and maturation. He identified two stages,

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Teper, R.; Inzlicht, M.; Page-Gould, E. (2011). "Are we more moral than we think?: Exploring the role of affect in moral behavior and moral forecasting".

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argument" suggesting that the normative force of our moral intuitions is undermined by their being the "biological residue of our evolutionary history."

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Ingroup/loyalty, which constitutes recognizing, trusting, and cooperating with members of one's ingroup as well as being wary of members of other groups.

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Haidt, Jonathan; Graham, Jesse (23 May 2007). "When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions that Liberals may not Recognize".

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Moll, Jorge; Zahn, Roland; de Oliveira-Souza, Ricardo; Krueger, Frank; Grafman, Jordan (October 2005). "The neural basis of human moral cognition".

7244:"The CAD triad hypothesis: A mapping between three moral emotions (contempt, anger, disgust) and three moral codes (community, autonomy, divinity)" 7157: 3762: 1832:

Carr, David (26 August 2014). "Metaphysics and methods in moral enquiry and education: Some old philosophical wine for new theoretical bottles".

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Lind, Georg (2008). "The meaning and measurement of moral judgment competence: A dual-aspect model". In Fasko, Daniel Jr; Willis, Wayne (eds.).

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Kristiansen and Hotte also found that independent selves had actions and behaviors that are influenced by their own thoughts and feelings, but

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James Rest reviewed the literature on moral functioning and identified at least four components necessary for a moral behavior to take place:

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Petrinovich, Lewis; O'Neill, Patricia; Jorgensen, Matthew (1993). "An empirical study of moral intuitions: Toward an evolutionary ethics".

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Greene, Joshua (October 2003). "From neural 'is' to moral 'ought': what are the moral implications of neuroscientific moral psychology?".

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Story, Giles W.; Vlaev, Ivo; Metcalfe, Robert D.; Crockett, Molly J.; Kurth-Nelson, Zeb; Darzi, Ara; Dolan, Raymond J. (30 October 2015).

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Baumeister, Roy F.; Juola Exline, Julie (December 1999). "Virtue, Personality, and Social Relations: Self-Control as the Moral Muscle".

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Lapsley and Narvaez suggest that moral values and actions stem from more than our virtues and are controlled by a set of self-created

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likely to take moral action, as they feel a greater obligation to do so. Those who are motivated will attain a unique moral identity.

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Skitka, Linda J.; Hanson, Brittany E.; Scott Morgan, G.; Wisneski, Daniel C. (4 January 2021). "The Psychology of Moral Conviction".

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suggested by a 2016 meta-analysis reporting that moral identity is positively (albeit only modestly) associated with moral behavior.

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Leffel, G. M. (2008). "Who cares? Generativity and the moral emotions, part 2: A "social intuitionist model" of moral motivation".

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Researchers have begun to debate the implications (if any) moral psychology research has for other subfields of ethics such as

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Rest, James; Narvaez, Darcia; Bebeau, Muriel; Thoma, Stephen (1999). "A Neo-Kohlbergian Approach: The DIT and Schema Theory".

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Haidt, Jonathan; Rosenberg, Evan; Hom, Holly (2003). "Differentiating Diversities: Moral Diversity Is Not Like Other Kinds".

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Curry, Oliver Scott; Rowland, Lee A.; Van Lissa, Caspar J.; Zlotowitz, Sally; McAlaney, John; Whitehouse, Harvey (May 2018).

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Krebs, Dennis L.; Denton, Kathy; Wark, Gillian (June 1997). "The Forms and Functions of Real-life Moral Decision-making".

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Fengyan *, Wang (December 2004). "Confucian thinking in traditional moral education: key ideas and fundamental features".

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Levy, Neil; Douglas, Thomas; Kahane, Guy; Terbeck, Sylvia; Cowen, Philip J.; Hewstone, Miles; Savulescu, Julian (2014).

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Hardy, Sam A.; Carlo, Gustavo (2011). "Moral Identity". In Schwartz, Seth J.; Luyckx, Koen; Vignoles, Vivian L. (eds.).

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Murray, Judson B. (December 2012). "Educating human nature: 'nature' and 'nurture' in early Confucian moral education".

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Blanken, Irene; van de Ven, Niels; Zeelenberg, Marcel (25 February 2015). "A Meta-Analytic Review of Moral Licensing".

4184: 4085: 1085: 619:. Topics within personality psychology include the traits or individual differences underlying moral behavior, such as 335: 7294:"Moralization and becoming a vegetarian: The transformation of preferences into values and the recruitment of disgust" 5913:"Do the means always justify the ends or do the ends sometimes justify the means? A value protection model of justice" 4961:"The effects of moral judgment and moral identity on moral behavior: An empirical examination of the moral individual" 8680: 5648: 4464: 4167: 4126: 3783: 3522: 3349: 2839: 2283: 930: 2927:

Atari, Mohammad; Haidt, Jonathan; Graham, Jesse; Koleva, Sena; Stevens, Sean T.; Dehghani, Morteza (November 2023).

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Cohen Priva, Uriel; Austerweil, Joseph L. (February 2015). "Analyzing the history of Cognition using Topic Models".

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because each moral approach is vulnerable to a different set of situations which threatened our ancestors (see also

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Jones, A.; Fitness, J. (2008). "Moral hypervigilance: The influence of disgust sensitivity in the moral domain".

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Verplaetse, Jan (2008). "Measuring the moral sense: morality tests in continental Europe between 1910 and 1930".

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Kleiman-Weiner, Max; Saxe, Rebecca; Tenenbaum, Joshua B. (October 2017). "Learning a commonsense moral theory".

142:'s observation that children develop intuitions about justice that they can later articulate. Kohlberg proposed 9548: 8476: 7927: 7207: 94:

psychology can be traced back to early philosophical works, largely concerned with moral education, such as by

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Crockett, Molly J.; Kurth-Nelson, Zeb; Siegel, Jenifer Z.; Dayan, Peter; Dolan, Raymond J. (2 December 2014).

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Hofmann, Wilhelm; Brandt, Mark J.; Wisneski, Daniel C.; Rockenbach, Bettina; Skitka, Linda J. (30 May 2018).

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Hofmann, W.; Wisneski, D. C.; Brandt, M. J.; Skitka, L. J. (11 September 2014). "Morality in everyday life".

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Elements of Moral Cognition: Rawls' Linguistic Analogy and the Cognitive Science of Moral and Legal Judgment

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In most introductory psychology courses, students learn about moral psychology by studying the psychologist

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The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous

4960: 896:: the idea that individuals have a single, environment-independent moral character. As a further example, 9797: 9792: 9244: 8544: 5952: 5714: 3463: 3416: 3068:"The Community, Autonomy, and Divinity Scale (CADS): A New Tool for the Cross-Cultural Study of Morality" 1216:"The Psychology of Morality: A Review and Analysis of Empirical Studies Published From 1940 Through 2017" 8539: 2077:

Pittel, Stephen M.; Mendelsohn, Gerald A. (1966). "Measurement of moral values: A review and critique".

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Graham, Jesse; Nosek, Brian A.; Haidt, Jonathan; Iyer, Ravi; Koleva, Spassena; Ditto, Peter H. (2011).

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traditions. Empirical studies of moral judgment go back at least as far as the 1890s with the work of

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Hare, Brian (3 January 2017). "Survival of the Friendliest: Evolved via Selection for Prosociality".

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depending on social consensus, particular behaviors may require different levels of moral reasoning.

439: 354: 7376: 7123: 5144:"Hiding in plain view: An historical perspective on the study of morality in personality psychology" 4561: 4045: 3827: 2424: 907:

Additionally, research in moral psychology is being used to inform debates in applied ethics around

9747: 9234: 8891: 8647: 7713: 7681: 7617: 7585: 378: 361:, where individuals justify their intuitive emotions and actions through post-hoc moral reasoning. 236: 5401:"Phronesis and the Knowledge-Action Gap in Moral Psychology and Moral Education: A New Synthesis?" 4498: 3414:

Tomasello, Michael; Vaish, Amrisha (3 January 2013). "Origins of Human Cooperation and Morality".

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greater emphasis on social, cognitive, affective and neural processes involved in moral judgment.

34:. Moral psychology eventually came to refer more broadly to various topics at the intersection of 30:. Historically, the term "moral psychology" was used relatively narrowly to refer to the study of 8496: 8103: 8025: 7783: 7748: 7733: 7728: 7718: 7667: 1003: 303: 6196:"Liberals and conservatives are similarly motivated to avoid exposure to one another's opinions" 5678: 5672: 5191:

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Mohammad Atari and his colleagues recently examined the moral psychology of the famous chatbot,

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Kohlberg, Lawrence (1973). "The Claim to Moral Adequacy of a Highest Stage of Moral Judgment".

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Martin, Jack (2016). "Ernest Becker and Stanley Milgram: Twentieth-century students of evil".

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which asks subjects why they endorse the answers they do to a standard set of moral dilemmas.

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Greene, Joshua (2008). "The secret joke of Kant's Soul". In Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter (ed.).

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Barnett, Mark A. (2007). "Moral Development". In Baumeister, Roy F; Vohs, Kathleen D (eds.).

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Govrin, A. (2019). Ethics and attachment - How we make moral judgments. London: Routledge

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Govrin, A. (2019). Ethics and attachment - How we make moral judgments. London: Routledge

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3476: 3429: 3169: 3024: 2928: 2571: 2473: 1794: 1720: 1666: 1362: 821:, refers to the process through which preferences are converted into values. Relatedly, 9686: 9681: 9516: 9455: 9325: 8913: 8820: 8805: 8757: 8705: 8409: 8289: 8123: 8070: 7982: 7977: 7912: 7852: 7812: 7738: 7469: 7316: 7312: 7230: 7180: 7144: 6985: 6891: 6866: 6681: 6652:

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showing that prosocial behavior reciprocally increases positive affect in the actor).

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and an under-emphasis on an additional perspective to moral reasoning, known as the

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Regarding interventions aimed at shaping moral behavior, a 2009 meta analysis of

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important, are proposed to be secondary to the more affect-intensive processes.

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The development of modes of moral thinking and choice in the years 10 to 16

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Implementation - having the skills and perseverance to carry out the action

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Moral psychology is the study of morality in its psychological dimensions

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Motivation (in the moment but also habitually, such as moral identity)

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Reasoning and making a judgment regarding the best (most moral) option

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that highlights the relative contributions to moral development of

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Meanwhile, Kohlberg inspired a new series of morality tests. The

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Cooperative behavior has been observed in many nonhuman animals.

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and Jane Attanucci) argue that there is an over-emphasis on

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moral values, moral reasoning, and moral willpower. This

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Moralization, a term introduced to moral psychology by

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Authority/respect, which is how someone navigates in a

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Moral behavior is also studied under the umbrella of

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Narvaez outlined how 16:Field of study in both philosophy and psychology 5700: 5698: 5440: 5142:McAdams, Dan P.; Mayukha, Ananya (2023-01-28). 5050:'s social intuitionist model of moral judgment. 4958: 4865:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3939:Atari, Mohammad; Haidt, Jonathan (2023-10-10). 3499: 3310: 3151: 2270:, University of Toronto Press, pp. 23–92, 1766: 1764: 1168:, Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University 495:Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development 291:. In particular, they dismantled the idea that 186:Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development 6368:"The Normative Insignificance of Neuroscience" 6020:Skitka, L. J.; Bauman, C.; Sargis, E. (2005). 5141: 5088: 4531:"Interpersonal Dynamics in a Simulated Prison" 4448: 4252: 4014: 3985: 3413: 3364: 3256: 2769:. 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New York: Cambridge University Press. 6566:Philosophy, Psychiatry, & Psychology 4230:"Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development" 4202: 3647: 3584:Handbook of identity theory and research 3539: 3454: 3367:"Evolution of responses to (un)fairness" 2856: 2818: 2694: 2265: 2240: 2216:Colby, Anne; Kohlberg, Lawrence (1987). 2189: 1697: 1542: 1502:Personality and Social Psychology Review 1397: 1220:Personality and Social Psychology Review 1162:"Moral Psychology: Empirical Approaches" 515:Critics of Kohlberg's approach (such as 272:origins of various aspects of morality. 246: 162: 9565:Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals 7428: 7400: 7155: 7101: 7078: 7042: 6996: 6736:. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. 6731: 6483: 5622: 4939:"The four components of acting morally" 4479: 4141: 4100: 4075: 4026: 3517:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. 3338:Sinnott-Armstrong, Walter, ed. 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Psychology Press. pp. 93–115. 3992:Moral Development, Self, and Identity 2402: 2211: 2209: 2154: 2014: 1866: 1179:Wallace, R. Jay (November 29, 2007). 750:dual process theory of moral judgment 304:Pragmatic ethics § Moral ecology 215: 6907: 6871:British Journal of Health Psychology 6079:Journal of Applied Social Psychology 5677:. Oxford University Press. pp. 4917: 3460: 3075:Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 2862: 2824: 2764: 1831: 915:Robotics and artificial intelligence 192:Obedience and punishment orientation 134:, who proposed a highly influential 74:, moral forecasting, moral emotion, 9581:Elements of the Philosophy of Right 7541:Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy 7502:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy 5966:10.1146/annurev-psych-063020-030612 5707:"Moral Emotions and Moral Behavior" 5631:. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 5473: 5434: 4663:"Moral Punishment in Everyday Life" 4150:. SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 4109:. 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Chicago. 1803:10.1126/science.aaf2654 1004:Experimental philosophy 489:Kohlberg's stage theory 8154:Psychology of religion 8094:Behavioral engineering 8031:Human subject research 7687:Cognitive neuroscience 7653:Affective neuroscience 7401:Thagard, Paul (2007). 6809:10.1006/obhd.1997.2690 6335:10.1098/rstb.2004.1546 5911:Skitka, Linda (2002). 5358:Psychological Bulletin 5281:Psychological Bulletin 5197:Journal of Personality 5148:Journal of Personality 5101:Psychological Bulletin 5062:Journal of Personality 4556:Cite journal requires 4316:Jaffee and Hyde (2001) 2331:Developing the Virtues 2079:Psychological Bulletin 1271:Doris & Stich 2008 1066:Psychology of genocide 888:involving the idea of 874:evolutionary debunking 856:Normative implications 617:personality psychology 560:bystander intervention 450:biological inheritance 252: 168: 122: 9605:The Methods of Ethics 8843:Divine command theory 8838:Ideal observer theory 8530:Wiktionary definition 8066:Self-report inventory 8061:Quantitative research 7332:. Oxford: Blackwell. 7301:Psychological Science 7215:Psychological Science 6713:10.31234/osf.io/5b26t 6578:10.1353/ppp.2014.0023 6426:The Journal of Ethics 5843:Psychological Science 5808:Psychological Science 5765:Psychological Science 4816:Nature Communications 4577:History of Psychology 4430:Staub, Ervin (2003). 4290:"Gender and Morality" 4183:Piaget, Jean (1948). 2732:Paedagogica Historica 2697:Journal of Philosophy 2241:Kohlberg, L. (1969). 2127:History of Psychology 1285:Psychological Science 1019:List of ethics topics 952:Large Language Models 682:Delayed gratification 257:Evolution of morality 250: 166: 117: 76:affective forecasting 46:, moral sensitivity, 9722:Political philosophy 8056:Qualitative research 8011:Behavior epigenetics 7532:Moral Responsibility 7024:"Moral psychology". 5666:"The Moral Emotions" 5447:Psychological Review 4330:. Psychology Press. 3259:Political Psychology 2412:Psychological Review 2300:Theory into Practice 1545:"Models of morality" 1061:Psychological egoism 994:Community psychology 882:social psychological 434:Triune ethics theory 243:Evolutionary origins 226:Defining Issues Test 180:Interview techniques 68:psychological egoism 48:moral responsibility 9692:Evolutionary ethics 9653:Reasons and Persons 9629:A Theory of Justice 8783:Uncertain sentience 8535:Wiktionary category 8099:Behavioral genetics 8071:Statistical surveys 7928:Occupational health 7663:Behavioral genetics 7433:. Clarendon Press. 7156:Narvaez, D (2012). 7102:Narvaez, D (2010). 6910:Morality and Health 6329:(1451): 1775–1785. 6153:2012PLoSO...750092G 5999:. Wiley-Blackwell. 4877:2014PNAS..11117320C 4871:(48): 17320–17325. 4828:2014NatCo...5.4939P 4624:2014Sci...345.1340H 4618:(6202): 1340–1343. 3926:Morality and Health 3236:10.1037/pspi0000033 3170:2016PLoSO..1166332S 3025:2016PLoSO..1152479J 2945:10.1037/pspp0000470 2572:2015NatSR...515389S 2474:2001Sci...293.2105G 2468:(5537): 2105–2108. 1795:2016Sci...352.1573B 1779:(6293): 1573–1576. 1721:2018Natur.563...59A 1675:10.1038/nature16980 1667:2016Natur.530..327P 1363:2014PLoSO...987427S 1071:Science of morality 989:Character education 974:Agency (philosophy) 969:Action (philosophy) 731:motivated reasoning 727:dual process system 709:Social intuitionism 657:Moral disengagement 609:social intuitionist 576:experience sampling 310:Topics and theories 263:Evolutionary ethics 112:Frank Chapman Sharp 54:, moral diversity, 9798:Philosophy of mind 9793:Descriptive ethics 9687:Ethics in religion 9682:Descriptive ethics 9517:Nicomachean Ethics 8507:Schools of thought 8410:Richard E. Nisbett 8290:Donald T. Campbell 7968:Sport and exercise 7490:2020-07-14 at the 5890:10.1111/spc3.12511 5370:10.1037/bul0000298 5210:10.1111/jopy.12812 5161:10.1111/jopy.12808 5113:10.1037/bul0000217 4837:10.1038/ncomms5939 4589:10.1037/hop0000016 4543:on March 26, 2020. 4351:Govrin, A (2014). 4240:on October 4, 2011 3626:10.1037/gpr0000062 3546:Dean, Tim (2012). 3271:10.1111/pops.12022 2560:Scientific Reports 2333:. pp. 34–68. 1181:"Moral Psychology" 1076:Social preferences 999:Descriptive ethics 878:John Michael Doris 836:capital punishment 568:Milgram experiment 546:Social preferences 505:Lawerence Kohlberg 285:David Sloan Wilson 253: 216:Survey instruments 169: 40:philosophy of mind 38:, psychology, and 9775: 9774: 9742:Social philosophy 9727:Population ethics 9717:Philosophy of law 9697:History of ethics 9180:Political freedom 8857:Euthyphro dilemma 8648:Suffering-focused 8568: 8567: 8545:Wikimedia Commons 8472:Counseling topics 8435:Ronald C. Kessler 8425:Shelley E. Taylor 8350:Lawrence Kohlberg 8325:Stanley Schachter 8124:Consumer behavior 8006:Archival research 7774:Psycholinguistics 7658:Affective science 7561:Moral Development 7456:Library resources 7440:978-0-19-153699-1 7339:978-0-631-18941-1 7330:The Moral Problem 7206:Rozin, P (1999). 7094:978-1-135-61917-6 7035:978-1-59339-293-2 7008:978-0-521-85578-5 6919:978-0-415-91582-3 6854:978-0-674-01334-6 6835:978-0-8058-0245-0 6743:978-0-374-17322-7 6495:978-0-19-988347-9 6470:978-1-316-02549-9 6006:978-1-4051-9644-4 5688:978-0-19-512601-3 5598:978-0-262-69355-4 5494:978-1-59147-161-5 5420:10.1159/000496136 5408:Human Development 5364:(12): 1084–1116. 4676:(12): 1697–1711. 4441:978-0-511-07031-0 4337:978-1-135-70561-9 4303:978-1-135-61917-6 4274:978-0-8153-1553-7 4214:978-0-06-064761-2 4001:978-1-135-63233-5 3593:978-1-4419-7988-9 3377:(6207): 1251776. 2776:978-0-8166-0891-1 2580:10.1038/srep15389 2348:978-0-19-027146-6 2227:978-0-521-32565-3 1661:(7590): 327–330. 1194:978-0-19-923476-9 1146:978-0-8133-3032-7 1056:Personal identity 941:self-driving cars 909:moral enhancement 902:moral rationalism 562:and obedience to 470:Moral development 293:natural selection 132:Lawrence Kohlberg 52:moral development 32:moral development 9805: 9788:Moral psychology 9765: 9764: 9712:Moral psychology 9657: 9649: 9641: 9637:Practical Ethics 9633: 9625: 9621:Principia Ethica 9617: 9609: 9601: 9593: 9585: 9577: 9569: 9561: 9553: 9545: 9537: 9529: 9525:Ethics (Spinoza) 9521: 9160:Moral imperative 8618:Consequentialism 8595: 8588: 8581: 8572: 8571: 8502:Research methods 8445:Richard Davidson 8440:Joseph E. LeDoux 8315:George A. Miller 8305:David McClelland 8300:Herbert A. Simon 8200:Edward Thorndike 8021:Content analysis 7806: 7779:Psychophysiology 7595: 7588: 7581: 7572: 7571: 7522:Moral Motivation 7461:Moral psychology 7444: 7425: 7407: 7397: 7379: 7361: 7351: 7324: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7285: 7279: 7273:. Archived from 7248: 7238: 7212: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7193: 7187:. Archived from 7162: 7152: 7126: 7108: 7098: 7075: 7049: 7039: 7020: 6993: 6960: 6949:10.1037/a0013435 6931: 6904: 6894: 6858: 6839: 6820: 6781: 6780: 6778: 6777: 6754: 6748: 6747: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6719: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6664:(5): 1284–1288. 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6630: 6606: 6600: 6599: 6589: 6557: 6551: 6550: 6540: 6530: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6481: 6475: 6474: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6432:(3–4): 331–352. 6421: 6415: 6414: 6411:The New Republic 6402: 6396: 6395: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6346: 6314: 6308: 6307: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6254: 6222: 6216: 6215: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6174: 6164: 6132: 6126: 6125: 6101: 6095: 6094: 6074: 6068: 6067: 6065: 6059:. Archived from 6026: 6017: 6011: 6010: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5947: 5941: 5940: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5873: 5867: 5866: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5803: 5797: 5796: 5756: 5750: 5749: 5739: 5711: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5670: 5661: 5655: 5654: 5630: 5620: 5611: 5610: 5589:Moral Psychology 5584: 5578: 5577: 5575: 5567: 5561: 5560: 5526: 5517: 5511: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5480: 5471: 5470: 5438: 5432: 5431: 5405: 5396: 5390: 5389: 5352: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5319: 5313: 5312: 5272: 5266: 5265: 5237: 5231: 5230: 5212: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5163: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5068:(6): 1165–1194. 5057: 5051: 5041: 5035: 5034: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4974:(6): 1610–1624. 4965: 4956: 4950: 4949: 4943: 4934: 4928: 4927: 4915: 4909: 4908: 4898: 4888: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4839: 4807: 4801: 4800: 4764: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4743: 4717: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4667: 4658: 4652: 4651: 4607: 4601: 4600: 4572: 4566: 4565: 4559: 4554: 4552: 4544: 4542: 4536:. Archived from 4535: 4526: 4520: 4519: 4508:10.1037/h0040525 4501: 4477: 4471: 4470: 4452: 4446: 4445: 4427: 4421: 4418: 4412: 4409: 4403: 4397: 4392: 4382: 4372: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4307: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4256: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4225: 4219: 4218: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4191: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4149: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4108: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4048: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3983: 3977: 3976: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3902:10.1037/a0015141 3896:(5): 1029–1046. 3887: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3843: 3832: 3831: 3825: 3821: 3819: 3811: 3809: 3808: 3802: 3796:. Archived from 3769: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3749: 3748: 3742: 3736:. Archived from 3711: 3702: 3693: 3692: 3684: 3673: 3672: 3654: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3628: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3579: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3516: 3506: 3497: 3496: 3458: 3452: 3451: 3441: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3394: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3335: 3329: 3328: 3308: 3302: 3301: 3281: 3275: 3274: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3230:(6): 1003–1028. 3221: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3191: 3181: 3164:(11): e0166332. 3149: 3143: 3142: 3117:(8): 1069–1081. 3105: 3099: 3098: 3072: 3063: 3057: 3056: 3046: 3036: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2971: 2965: 2964: 2939:(5): 1157–1188. 2924: 2918: 2917: 2907: 2896:10.1037/a0021847 2875: 2869: 2868: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2787: 2781: 2780: 2762: 2756: 2755: 2727: 2721: 2720: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2640: 2623:(7): 2730–2736. 2608: 2602: 2601: 2591: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2508: 2502: 2501: 2457: 2446: 2445: 2427: 2409: 2400: 2387: 2386: 2362: 2353: 2352: 2322: 2316: 2315: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2246: 2238: 2232: 2231: 2213: 2204: 2203: 2187: 2181: 2180: 2152: 2143: 2142: 2118: 2103: 2102: 2091:10.1037/h0023425 2074: 2068: 2067: 2047: 2041: 2040: 2012: 2003: 2002: 1982: 1976: 1975: 1947: 1941: 1940: 1912: 1906: 1899: 1893: 1892: 1864: 1858: 1857: 1829: 1823: 1822: 1788: 1768: 1759: 1758: 1740: 1704: 1695: 1694: 1652: 1643: 1637: 1636: 1602: 1592: 1583: 1582: 1572: 1540: 1534: 1533: 1497: 1491: 1490: 1472: 1444: 1438: 1437: 1401: 1395: 1394: 1384: 1374: 1342: 1336: 1333: 1327: 1326: 1300: 1298:10.1.1.1033.5192 1280: 1274: 1268: 1262: 1261: 1251: 1211: 1202: 1201: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1138: 1135:Moral Psychology 1128: 1122: 1121: 1119: 1108: 1051:Peace psychology 862:normative ethics 758:consequentialist 739:empathy-altruism 703:Moral intuitions 653:Value-action gap 633:honesty/humility 623:, self-control, 525:care perspective 480:Values education 423:social cognition 126: 20:Moral psychology 9813: 9812: 9808: 9807: 9806: 9804: 9803: 9802: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9753: 9660: 9655: 9647: 9639: 9631: 9623: 9615: 9607: 9599: 9591: 9583: 9575: 9567: 9559: 9551: 9543: 9535: 9527: 9519: 9505: 9278: 9271: 9195:Self-discipline 9155:Moral hierarchy 9103:Problem of evil 9048:Double standard 9038:Culture of life 8996: 8925: 8872:Non-cognitivism 8787: 8662: 8604: 8599: 8569: 8564: 8521: 8497:Psychotherapies 8458: 8415:Martin Seligman 8380:Daniel Kahneman 8320:Richard Lazarus 8270:Raymond Cattell 8174: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8075: 7987: 7814: 7807: 7798: 7759:Neuropsychology 7639: 7632: 7604: 7599: 7556:Moral Character 7517:Moral Character 7492:Wayback Machine 7481: 7480: 7479: 7464: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7441: 7405: 7377:10.1.1.126.6275 7359: 7340: 7296: 7283: 7281: 7277: 7246: 7210: 7197: 7195: 7191: 7160: 7124:10.1.1.187.2813 7106: 7095: 7047: 7036: 7023: 7009: 6920: 6855: 6836: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6775: 6773: 6755: 6751: 6744: 6730: 6726: 6717: 6715: 6697: 6693: 6650: 6646: 6628:10.1145/3339904 6607: 6603: 6558: 6554: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6482: 6478: 6471: 6457: 6453: 6422: 6418: 6403: 6399: 6364: 6360: 6315: 6311: 6288:10.1038/nrn1224 6282:(10): 846–850. 6272: 6268: 6223: 6219: 6192: 6188: 6133: 6129: 6102: 6098: 6075: 6071: 6063: 6024: 6018: 6014: 6007: 5993: 5989: 5948: 5944: 5909: 5905: 5874: 5870: 5839: 5835: 5804: 5800: 5757: 5753: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5689: 5668: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5621: 5614: 5599: 5585: 5581: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5524: 5518: 5514: 5508:Baumeister 2005 5506: 5502: 5495: 5481: 5474: 5439: 5435: 5403: 5397: 5393: 5353: 5349: 5320: 5316: 5273: 5269: 5238: 5234: 5189: 5185: 5140: 5136: 5093: 5089: 5058: 5054: 5042: 5038: 5007: 5003: 4963: 4957: 4953: 4941: 4935: 4931: 4916: 4912: 4857: 4853: 4808: 4804: 4765: 4761: 4745: 4744: 4715: 4709: 4705: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4608: 4604: 4573: 4569: 4557: 4555: 4546: 4545: 4540: 4533: 4527: 4523: 4478: 4474: 4467: 4453: 4449: 4442: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4406: 4349: 4345: 4338: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4304: 4286: 4282: 4275: 4257: 4253: 4243: 4241: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4201: 4197: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4170: 4140: 4136: 4129: 4099: 4095: 4088: 4074: 4070: 4046:10.1.1.152.4926 4025: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3984: 3980: 3937: 3933: 3921: 3917: 3885: 3879: 3875: 3844: 3835: 3823: 3822: 3813: 3812: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3786: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3744: 3740: 3709: 3703: 3696: 3685: 3676: 3652: 3646: 3642: 3605: 3601: 3594: 3580: 3573: 3544: 3540: 3525: 3507: 3500: 3459: 3455: 3412: 3408: 3363: 3359: 3352: 3336: 3332: 3309: 3305: 3282: 3278: 3255: 3251: 3219: 3216: 3209: 3205: 3150: 3146: 3106: 3102: 3070: 3064: 3060: 3019:(3): e0152479. 3005: 3001: 2972: 2968: 2925: 2921: 2876: 2872: 2861: 2857: 2842: 2823: 2819: 2788: 2784: 2777: 2763: 2759: 2728: 2724: 2709:10.2307/2025030 2703:(18): 630–646. 2693: 2689: 2658: 2654: 2609: 2605: 2552: 2548: 2509: 2505: 2458: 2449: 2425:10.1.1.620.5536 2407: 2401: 2390: 2363: 2356: 2349: 2323: 2319: 2296: 2292: 2286: 2268:Moral Education 2264: 2260: 2239: 2235: 2228: 2214: 2207: 2188: 2184: 2153: 2146: 2119: 2106: 2075: 2071: 2048: 2044: 2029:10.2307/1411759 2013: 2006: 1983: 1979: 1948: 1944: 1913: 1909: 1900: 1896: 1865: 1861: 1830: 1826: 1769: 1762: 1715:(7729): 59–64. 1705: 1698: 1650: 1644: 1640: 1600: 1593: 1586: 1541: 1537: 1498: 1494: 1445: 1441: 1418:10.1038/nrn1768 1412:(10): 799–809. 1402: 1398: 1343: 1339: 1334: 1330: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1265: 1212: 1205: 1195: 1177: 1173: 1158: 1154: 1147: 1129: 1125: 1117: 1109: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1081:Trolley problem 984:Business ethics 964: 937: 923: 917: 858: 849: 844: 815: 778: 776:Social emotions 772: 766: 715: 707:Main articles: 705: 688: 678: 670:Main articles: 668: 666:Moral willpower 659: 649: 640:business ethics 629:cooperativeness 580:moral licensing 548: 542: 540:Moral behaviour 533: 497: 491: 482: 476:Moral education 472: 466:Moral reasoning 464:Main articles: 462: 442: 436: 419: 381: 375: 346:Shalom Schwartz 342: 332: 323: 317: 312: 289:group selection 265: 259: 245: 218: 182: 174:trolley problem 161: 128: 124: 90:The origins of 88: 56:moral character 44:moral reasoning 17: 12: 11: 5: 9811: 9801: 9800: 9795: 9790: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9769: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9744: 9739: 9737:Secular ethics 9734: 9732:Rehabilitation 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9674: 9668: 9666: 9662: 9661: 9659: 9658: 9650: 9642: 9634: 9626: 9618: 9610: 9602: 9597:Utilitarianism 9594: 9586: 9578: 9570: 9562: 9554: 9546: 9538: 9530: 9522: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9506: 9504: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9363: 9358: 9353: 9348: 9343: 9338: 9333: 9328: 9323: 9318: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9282: 9280: 9273: 9272: 9270: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9106: 9105: 9100: 9095: 9085: 9080: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9055: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9030: 9025: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9004: 9002: 8998: 8997: 8995: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8957:Existentialist 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8933: 8931: 8927: 8926: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8921: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8895: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8869: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8852:Constructivism 8849: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8845: 8840: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8826:Non-naturalism 8823: 8808: 8803: 8797: 8795: 8789: 8788: 8786: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8719: 8718: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8672: 8670: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8655: 8653:Utilitarianism 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8614: 8612: 8606: 8605: 8598: 8597: 8590: 8583: 8575: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8523: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8468: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8457: 8455:Roy Baumeister 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8397: 8392: 8390:Michael Posner 8387: 8382: 8377: 8375:Elliot Aronson 8372: 8370:Walter Mischel 8367: 8362: 8357: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8335:Albert Bandura 8332: 8327: 8322: 8317: 8312: 8310:Leon Festinger 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8282: 8280:Neal E. Miller 8277: 8275:Abraham Maslow 8272: 8267: 8262: 8260:Ernest Hilgard 8257: 8255:Donald O. Hebb 8252: 8247: 8242: 8237: 8235:J. P. Guilford 8232: 8230:Gordon Allport 8227: 8222: 8217: 8212: 8210:John B. Watson 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8175: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8141: 8136: 8131: 8126: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8076: 8074: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 8001:Animal testing 7997: 7995: 7989: 7988: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7975: 7970: 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7925: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7819: 7817: 7809: 7808: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7796: 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7704:Cross-cultural 7701: 7696: 7695: 7694: 7684: 7675: 7670: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7650: 7644: 7642: 7634: 7633: 7631: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7606: 7605: 7598: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566:Responsibility 7563: 7558: 7553: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7535: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7519: 7514: 7508: 7507: 7505: 7496: 7495: 7478: 7477: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7450:External links 7448: 7446: 7445: 7439: 7426: 7416:(4): 367–380. 7398: 7370:(5): 853–870. 7352: 7338: 7325: 7289: 7257:(4): 574–586. 7239: 7221:(3): 218–221. 7203: 7171:(2): 145–157. 7153: 7117:(2): 163–181. 7099: 7093: 7076: 7040: 7034: 7021: 7007: 6994: 6982:10.1086/376805 6976:(2): 219–229. 6961: 6943:(5): 613–627. 6932: 6918: 6905: 6877:(4): 871–886. 6862: 6859: 6853: 6840: 6834: 6821: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6763:The New Yorker 6749: 6742: 6724: 6691: 6644: 6601: 6572:(2): 111–125. 6552: 6501: 6494: 6476: 6469: 6451: 6416: 6397: 6378:(4): 293–329. 6358: 6309: 6266: 6237:(1): 103–125. 6217: 6186: 6147:(12): e50092. 6127: 6096: 6069: 6066:on 2018-02-09. 6035:(6): 895–917. 6012: 6005: 5987: 5942: 5923:(5): 452–461. 5903: 5868: 5833: 5814:(3): 218–221. 5798: 5771:(2): 160–169. 5751: 5722:(1): 345–372. 5694: 5687: 5656: 5649: 5612: 5597: 5579: 5562: 5535:(4): 446–457. 5512: 5500: 5493: 5472: 5433: 5414:(3): 101–129. 5391: 5347: 5314: 5287:(6): 803–855. 5267: 5248:(1): 133–151. 5232: 5203:(3): 907–925. 5183: 5154:(3): 666–682. 5134: 5087: 5052: 5036: 5017:(3): 182–201. 5001: 4951: 4929: 4910: 4851: 4802: 4775:(4): 540–558. 4759: 4703: 4653: 4602: 4567: 4558:|journal= 4521: 4472: 4465: 4447: 4440: 4422: 4413: 4404: 4343: 4336: 4318: 4309: 4302: 4280: 4273: 4251: 4220: 4213: 4195: 4175: 4168: 4134: 4127: 4093: 4087:978-0393706550 4086: 4068: 4019: 4017:, p. 197. 4007: 4000: 3978: 3931: 3915: 3873: 3833: 3824:|journal= 3784: 3753: 3694: 3674: 3640: 3619:(2): 129–140. 3599: 3592: 3571: 3538: 3523: 3498: 3471:(1): 155–186. 3453: 3424:(1): 231–255. 3406: 3357: 3350: 3330: 3319:(2): 131–145. 3303: 3292:(3): 467–478. 3276: 3265:(6): 841–862. 3249: 3214: 3203: 3144: 3100: 3058: 2999: 2966: 2919: 2890:(2): 366–385. 2870: 2855: 2840: 2817: 2798:(4): 291–324. 2782: 2775: 2757: 2738:(3): 265–286. 2722: 2687: 2668:(2): 132–144. 2652: 2603: 2546: 2503: 2447: 2418:(4): 814–834. 2388: 2377:(3): 212–218. 2354: 2347: 2317: 2290: 2284: 2258: 2233: 2226: 2205: 2182: 2163:(3): 281–297. 2144: 2133:(3): 272–288. 2104: 2069: 2042: 2023:(2): 198–234. 2004: 1977: 1958:(4): 509–527. 1942: 1923:(4): 429–447. 1907: 1894: 1875:(2): 155–170. 1859: 1840:(4): 500–515. 1824: 1760: 1696: 1638: 1611:(6): 795–815. 1584: 1555:(8): 363–366. 1535: 1508:(3): 273–292. 1492: 1439: 1396: 1337: 1328: 1291:(4): 553–558. 1275: 1263: 1226:(4): 332–366. 1203: 1193: 1171: 1152: 1145: 1123: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1031: 1026: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 981: 976: 971: 965: 963: 960: 921:Machine ethics 919:Main article: 916: 913: 868:. For example 857: 854: 848: 845: 843: 840: 814: 811: 770:Moral emotions 768:Main article: 765: 764:Moral emotions 762: 704: 701: 667: 664: 648: 645: 600: 599: 596: 593: 590: 541: 538: 532: 529: 517:Carol Gilligan 493:Main article: 490: 487: 461: 458: 438:Main article: 435: 432: 418: 415: 406: 405: 402: 395: 392: 389: 377:Main article: 374: 371: 366:Interdependent 331: 328: 321:Moral identity 319:Main article: 316: 315:Moral identity 313: 311: 308: 255:Main article: 244: 241: 217: 214: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 196: 193: 181: 178: 160: 157: 125:Jonathan Haidt 116: 87: 84: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9810: 9799: 9796: 9794: 9791: 9789: 9786: 9785: 9783: 9768: 9760: 9759: 9756: 9750: 9749: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9663: 9654: 9651: 9646: 9643: 9638: 9635: 9630: 9627: 9622: 9619: 9614: 9611: 9606: 9603: 9598: 9595: 9590: 9587: 9582: 9579: 9574: 9571: 9566: 9563: 9558: 9555: 9550: 9547: 9542: 9539: 9534: 9531: 9526: 9523: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9362: 9359: 9357: 9354: 9352: 9349: 9347: 9344: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9274: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9150:Moral courage 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9104: 9101: 9099: 9096: 9094: 9091: 9090: 9089: 9088:Good and evil 9086: 9084: 9081: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9073:Family values 9071: 9069: 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9031: 9029: 9026: 9024: 9021: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9003: 8999: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8934: 8932: 8928: 8920: 8917: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8893: 8890: 8888: 8887:Quasi-realism 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8874: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8835: 8834: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8819: 8818: 8817: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8790: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8717: 8714: 8713: 8712: 8711:Environmental 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8665: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8633:Particularism 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8615: 8613: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8591: 8589: 8584: 8582: 8577: 8576: 8573: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8524: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8492:Psychologists 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8482:Organizations 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8469: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8430:John Anderson 8428: 8426: 8423: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8413: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8371: 8368: 8366: 8363: 8361: 8360:Ulric Neisser 8358: 8356: 8353: 8351: 8348: 8346: 8345:Endel Tulving 8343: 8341: 8338: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8330:Robert Zajonc 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8285:Jerome Bruner 8283: 8281: 8278: 8276: 8273: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8250:B. F. Skinner 8248: 8246: 8243: 8241: 8238: 8236: 8233: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8223: 8221: 8218: 8216: 8215:Clark L. Hull 8213: 8211: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8195:Sigmund Freud 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8185:William James 8183: 8181: 8180:Wilhelm Wundt 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172:Psychologists 8168: 8160: 8159:Psychometrics 8157: 8155: 8152: 8150: 8147: 8145: 8142: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8125: 8122: 8120: 8119:Consciousness 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8051:Psychophysics 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7994: 7993:Methodologies 7990: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7974: 7971: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7953:Psychotherapy 7951: 7949: 7948:Psychometrics 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7924: 7921: 7919: 7916: 7914: 7911: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7816: 7810: 7805: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7714:Developmental 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7689: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7674: 7671: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7635: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7607: 7603: 7596: 7591: 7589: 7584: 7582: 7577: 7576: 7573: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7542: 7537: 7536: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7486: 7483: 7482: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7442: 7436: 7432: 7427: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7404: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7358: 7353: 7349: 7345: 7341: 7335: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7295: 7290: 7280:on 2017-03-01 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7209: 7204: 7194:on 2017-09-18 7190: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7116: 7112: 7105: 7100: 7096: 7090: 7086: 7082: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7046: 7041: 7037: 7031: 7027: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7004: 7000: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6915: 6911: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6863: 6860: 6856: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6837: 6831: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6793: 6792: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6753: 6745: 6739: 6735: 6728: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6695: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6675: 6671: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6648: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6567: 6563: 6556: 6548: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6512: 6505: 6497: 6491: 6487: 6480: 6472: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6427: 6420: 6412: 6408: 6401: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6362: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6313: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6270: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6248: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6221: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6073: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6008: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5954: 5946: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5879: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5856: 5852: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5708: 5701: 5699: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5675: 5667: 5660: 5652: 5650:9781412956253 5646: 5642: 5638: 5634: 5629: 5628: 5619: 5617: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5594: 5590: 5583: 5572: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5523: 5516: 5510:, p. 68. 5509: 5504: 5496: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5477: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5437: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5413: 5409: 5402: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5351: 5342: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5318: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5298: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5179: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5138: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5091: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5056: 5049: 5045: 5040: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4947: 4940: 4933: 4925: 4921: 4914: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4855: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4763: 4755: 4749: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4714: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4657: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4613: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4563: 4550: 4539: 4532: 4525: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4499:10.1.1.599.92 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4466:9780716735670 4462: 4458: 4451: 4443: 4437: 4433: 4426: 4417: 4408: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4347: 4339: 4333: 4329: 4322: 4313: 4305: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4216: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4192:. Free Press. 4188: 4187: 4179: 4171: 4169:9781412956253 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4148: 4147: 4138: 4130: 4128:9781412956253 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4107: 4106: 4097: 4089: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4064: 4060: 4056: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4039:(1): 95–119. 4038: 4034: 4030: 4023: 4016: 4011: 4003: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3927: 3919: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3854:(1): 98–116. 3853: 3849: 3842: 3840: 3838: 3829: 3817: 3803:on 2017-07-31 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3785:9780124072367 3781: 3777: 3773: 3766: 3765: 3757: 3743:on 2016-09-09 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3683: 3681: 3679: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3651: 3644: 3636: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3603: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3576: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3524:9780674930469 3520: 3515: 3514: 3505: 3503: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3465: 3457: 3449: 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3807:2015-01-11 3747:2012-10-13 1786:1510.03346 1029:Moral luck 925:See also: 904:is false. 819:Paul Rozin 774:See also: 680:See also: 651:See also: 544:See also: 474:See also: 446:metatheory 399:hierarchal 334:See also: 261:See also: 144:six stages 72:moral luck 28:psychology 24:philosophy 9677:Casuistry 9589:Either/Or 9496:Korsgaard 9491:Azurmendi 9456:MacIntyre 9396:Nietzsche 9326:Augustine 9321:Confucius 9301:Aristotle 9277:Ethicists 9235:Intrinsic 9200:Suffering 9110:Happiness 9083:Free will 9063:Etiquette 9008:Authority 8952:Epicurean 8947:Confucian 8942:Christian 8877:Emotivism 8701:Discourse 8638:Pragmatic 8610:Normative 8560:Wikibooks 8550:Wikiquote 8420:Ed Diener 8205:Carl Jung 8109:Cognition 7938:Political 7848:Community 7678:Cognitive 7538:From the 7499:From the 7372:CiteSeerX 7348:451103422 7235:145121850 7119:CiteSeerX 7064:0146-7875 7017:741178494 6928:301566214 6771:0028-792X 6686:220908883 5982:221504252 5937:145542300 5898:212770791 5828:145121850 5785:0956-7976 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7958:Religion 7943:Positive 7933:Pastoral 7918:Military 7883:Forensic 7878:Feminist 7863:Critical 7853:Consumer 7843:Coaching 7838:Clinical 7813:Applied 7709:Cultural 7648:Abnormal 7488:Archived 7394:10821194 7321:22267477 7271:10234846 7149:14465046 7141:26162122 7072:16335739 6957:18837611 6901:20181322 6678:32735472 6596:25892904 6547:28275345 6446:49914215 6353:15590618 6304:14438498 6296:14523384 6261:21949447 6206:: 1–12. 6181:23251357 6141:PLOS ONE 6116:: 1–14. 6057:14291970 6049:15982112 5974:32886586 5863:22267477 5793:31913779 5746:16953797 5557:10457761 5467:10197361 5378:32881540 5301:16351326 5227:36652292 5178:36648361 5121:31841013 5082:10637991 4996:18020800 4905:25404350 4846:25225950 4789:25716992 4740:11474723 4698:44154039 4690:29848212 4648:31731176 4640:25214626 4597:26640976 4516:14049516 4402:license. 4389:24478739 3973:37813408 3951:: e326. 3910:19379034 3714:Daedalus 3533:37761960 3485:27732802 3448:22804772 3401:25324394 3244:26479362 3198:27851777 3158:PLOS ONE 3139:11280774 3131:26089349 3053:27031103 3013:PLOS ONE 2961:37589704 2914:21244182 2812:14483253 2682:62259852 2647:11923438 2598:26515529 2541:37146919 2533:25497481 2490:11557895 2442:11699120 1819:35400794 1811:27339987 1755:53029241 1747:30356211 1683:26863190 1625:16372952 1579:23845564 1530:18501147 1522:23861355 1479:28351662 1426:16276356 1391:24503959 1351:PLOS ONE 1315:21415242 1258:30658545 979:Altruism 962:See also 832:abortion 556:altruism 552:violence 410:nativist 279:(1998), 104:Buddhist 64:altruism 9665:Related 9411:Tillich 9376:Bentham 9351:Spinoza 9346:Aquinas 9331:Mencius 9245:Western 9220:Torture 9185:Precept 9140:Loyalty 9135:Liberty 9130:Justice 9043:Dignity 9033:Consent 8977:Kantian 8967:Islamic 8930:Schools 8816:Realism 8748:Nursing 8743:Medical 8728:Machine 8668:Applied 8487:Outline 7983:Traffic 7978:Systems 7913:Medical 7739:Gestalt 7613:History 7512:Empathy 7185:1617700 6990:6181783 6937:Emotion 6892:3465077 6817:9236161 6587:4398979 6538:5319982 6392:5952062 6344:1693457 6252:3175808 6172:3520939 6149:Bibcode 5737:3083636 4896:4260587 4873:Bibcode 4824:Bibcode 4620:Bibcode 4612:Science 4380:3901400 3868:6824095 3794:2570757 3734:1574243 3493:3387266 3392:4451566 3371:Science 3189:5112873 3166:Bibcode 3044:4816418 3021:Bibcode 2905:3116962 2717:2025030 2638:6758288 2589:4626774 2568:Bibcode 2519:: 4–9. 2498:1437941 2470:Bibcode 2462:Science 2253:347–480 2200:1165315 2099:5329602 2037:1411759 1791:Bibcode 1773:Science 1717:Bibcode 1663:Bibcode 1633:3194574 1596:2005). 1570:3925799 1487:3184506 1434:2915834 1382:3913597 1359:Bibcode 1249:6791030 956:ChatGPT 948:ChatGPT 799:disgust 783:empathy 692:Mischel 521:justice 428:schemas 159:Methods 86:History 9656:(1984) 9648:(1981) 9640:(1979) 9632:(1971) 9624:(1903) 9616:(1887) 9608:(1874) 9600:(1861) 9592:(1843) 9584:(1820) 9576:(1788) 9568:(1785) 9560:(1780) 9552:(1759) 9544:(1740) 9536:(1726) 9528:(1677) 9486:Taylor 9471:Parfit 9466:Singer 9441:Mackie 9316:Cicero 9257:Virtue 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