Animal communication

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successfully. Exploiting the psychology of the female, a positive feedback loop is enacted and the tail becomes bigger and brighter. Eventually, the evolution will level off because the survival costs to the male do not allow for the trait to be elaborated any further. Two theories exist to explain runaway selection. The first is the good genes hypothesis. This theory states that an elaborate display is an honest signal of fitness and truly is a better mate. The second is the handicap hypothesis. This explains that the peacock's tail is a handicap, requiring energy to keep and makes it more visible to predators. Thus, the signal is costly to maintain, and remains an honest indicator of the signaler's condition. Another assumption is that the signal is more costly for low quality males to produce than for higher quality males to produce. This is simply because the higher quality males have more energy reserves available to allocate to costly signaling.

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receiver; they prevent the sender from wasting time and energy fleeing, and they prevent the receiver from investing in a costly pursuit that is unlikely to result in capture. Such signals can advertise prey's ability to escape, and reflect phenotypic condition (quality advertisement), or can advertise that the prey has detected the predator (perception advertisement). Pursuit-deterrent signals have been reported for a wide variety of taxa, including fish (Godin and Davis, 1995), lizards (Cooper etc. al., 2004), ungulates (Caro, 1995), rabbits (Holley 1993), primates (Zuberbuhler et al. 1997), rodents (Shelley and Blumstein 2005, Clark, 2005), and birds (Alvarez, 1993, Murphy, 2006, 2007). A familiar example of quality advertisement pursuit-deterrent signal is

1386:. Skillful interpretation of animal communications may be critical to the welfare of animals that are being cared for or trained by humans. Winjngaarden suggests IIC as a way to communicate with animals. IIC is useful because it allows the flexibility of people and animals to essentially understand. For example, behavior indicating pain need to be recognized. Indeed, the survival of both the animal and its human caretaker may be at stake if, for example, a human fails to recognize a signal for imminent attack. It is also important to take into account that non-human animal species may interpret the signals of humans differently than humans themselves. For instance, a pointing command refers to a location rather than an object in dogs. 879:: the pitvipers. Despite the detection of IR radiation, the pits' IR mechanism is dissimilar to photoreceptors; while photoreceptors detect light via photochemical reactions, the protein in the facial pits of snakes is a temperature sensitive ion channel. It senses infrared signals through a mechanism involving warming of the pit organ, rather than chemical reaction to light. This is consistent with the thin pit membrane, which allows incoming IR radiation to quickly and precisely warm a given ion channel and trigger a nerve impulse, as well as vascularize the pit membrane to rapidly cool the ion channel back to its original "resting" or "inactive" temperature. 597: 1137: 1149: 1125: 1173: 1161: 1200: 812: 192:, rapid changes in skin colour are used while hunting and in courtship rituals. Cuttlefish may display two entirely different signals simultaneously from opposite sides of their body. When a male cuttlefish courts a female in the presence of other males, he displays a male pattern facing the female and a female pattern facing away, to deceive other males. Some colour signals occur in cycles. For example, when a female olive baboon begins to ovulate, her anogenital area swells and turns a bright red/pink. This signals to males that she is ready to mate. 254: 303: 1880: 1760: 7260: 1410: 512: 277: 1317: 707:. Differences in the waveform and frequency of changes in the field convey information on species, sex, and identity. These electric signals can be generated in response to hormones, circadian rhythms, and interactions with other fish. They can also serve to mediate social hierarchy amongst species that have a social order. Some predators, such as sharks and rays, are able to eavesdrop on these electrogenic fish through passive electroreception. 1536: 1418:

responses. Communications between non-human species and humans have patterns and trends. Both parties use common communication signals and receive information about species cultures and coexistence. Animals are looked at as teachers and guiders of communication with spirits of nature. Humans listen and share with animals through communication of compassion this is an understanding that animal's think differently than humans.

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levels, and it usually has a short range and short persistence, which may reduce the danger of detection by predators. The use of seismic communication is found in many taxa, including frogs, kangaroo rats, mole rats, bees, nematode worms, and others. Tetrapods usually make seismic waves by drumming on the ground with a body part, a signal that is sensed by the

941:. Echolocation involves emitting sounds and interpreting the vibrations that return from objects. In bats, echolocation also serves the purpose of mapping their environment. They are capable of recognizing a space they have been in before without any visible light because they can memorize patterns in the feedback they get from echolocation. 156:

another's gaze geometrically around a visual barrier, e.g., by repositioning themselves to follow a gaze cue when faced with a barrier blocking their view". A broad range of animals have been proven to exhibit the latter, however, only apes, dogs, wolves, and corvids (ravens) have been able to follow another's gaze into distant space.

1492:. By comparing related species within groups, they showed that movements and body parts that in the primitive forms had no communicative function could be "captured" in a context where communication would be functional for one or both partners, and could evolve into a more elaborate, specialised form. For example, 582:, (sometimes describing the threat) at which point the pack retreats to their burrows. The intensity of the threat is usually determined by how long the sentry whistles. The sentry continues to whistle the alarm until the entirety of the pack has gone to safety, at which point the sentry returns to the burrow. 1668:

range than humans can hear, have an important role in facilitating mother–calf contact. In the Sarasota Dolphin Research Program's library of recordings were 19 female common bottlenose dolphins producing signature whistles both with and without the presence of their calf. In all 19 cases, the mother

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One theory to explain the evolution of traits like a peacock's tail is 'runaway selection'. This requires two traits—a trait that exists, like the bright tail, and a preexisting bias in the female to select for that trait. Females prefer the more elaborate tails, and thus those males are able to mate

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Seismic communication is the exchange of information using self-generated vibrational signals transmitted via a substrate such as the soil, water, spider webs, plant stems, or a blade of grass. This form of communication has several advantages, for example it can be sent regardless of light and noise

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also serves social integration. Huddling promotes heat exchange, together with the transfer of olfactory or tactile information. Some organisms live in constant contact in a colony, for example colonial corals. When individuals are linked tightly in this way an entire colony can react on the aversive

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Many animals communicate through vocalization. Vocal communication serves many purposes, including mating rituals, warning calls, conveying location of food sources, and social learning. In a number of species, males perform calls during mating rituals as a form of competition against other males and

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Animal communicators and researchers filter animals voices and communication modes. People communicate with animals in different ways. People use their eyes to communicate whereas dogs communicate with their nose by smelling. People experience challenges trying to understand animals perspectives and

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Alarm calls communicate the threat of a predator. This allows all members of a social group (and sometimes other species) to respond accordingly. This may include running for cover, becoming immobile, or gathering into a group to reduce the risk of attack. Alarm signals are not always vocalizations.

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Mammals often initiate mating by grooming, stroking or rubbing against each other. This provides the opportunity to apply chemical signals and to assess those excreted by the potential mate. Touch may also announce the intention of the male to mount the female, as when a male kangaroo grabs the tail

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There are many different types of signals that animals use to differentiate their position of direction, location, and distance. Practitioners study the issues of animal position by geometric viewings. Environmental and social influences are indicators of geometric viewings. Animals rely on signals

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Social animals use gaze-following as a form of communication through monitoring head and eye orientation in other mammals. Studies have been conducted on apes, monkeys, dogs, birds, wolves, and tortoises, and have focused on two different tasks: "follow another's gaze into distant space" and "follow

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by tapping the red spot on the lower mandible of the parent herring gull's bill. This signal stimulates the parent to regurgitate food and completes the feeding signal. The distinctive morphological feature accentuated in this communication is the parent's red-spotted bill, while the tapping towards

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There becomes possibility for error within communication between animals when certain circumstances apply. These circumstances could include distance between the two communicating subjects, as well as the complexity of the signal that is being communicated to the "listener" of the situation. It may

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maximizes signal efficacy, i.e. the degree to which an emitted signal is correctly identified by a receiver despite propagation distortion and noise. There are some species, such as the pacific herring, which have evolved to intercept these messages from their predators. They are able to use it as

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is a type of communication in which the sender and receiver are the same individual. The sender emits a signal that is altered by the environment and eventually is received by the same individual. The altered signal provides information that can indicate food, predators or conspecifics. Because the

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is one of the least understood forms due in part to the sheer abundance of chemicals in our environment and the difficulty of detecting and measuring all the chemicals in a sample. The ability to detect chemicals in the environment serves many functions, a crucial one being the detection of food, a

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gives a distinct alarm call for each of its four different predators, and the reactions of other monkeys vary appropriately according to the call. For example, if an alarm call signals a python, the monkeys climb into the trees, whereas the "eagle" alarm causes monkeys to seek a hiding place on the

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Dogs have shown an ability to understand human communication. In object choice tasks, dogs utilize human communicative gestures such as pointing and direction of gaze in order to locate hidden food and toys. However, in contrast to humans pointing has a different meaning for dogs as it refers to a

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in the presence of a predator. At least 11 hypotheses for stotting have been proposed. A leading theory today is that it alerts predators that the element of surprise has been lost. Predators like cheetahs rely on surprise attacks, proven by the fact that chases are rarely successful when antelope

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Some ant species recruit fellow workers to new food finds by first tapping them with their antennae and forelegs, then leading them to the food source while keeping physical contact. "Patrollers" leave the nest to check for danger nearby and return to recruit "foragers" by making physical contact.

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Touch is widely used for social integration, a use that is typified by the social grooming of one animal by another. Social grooming has several functions; it removes parasites and debris from the groomed animal, it reaffirms the social bond or hierarchical relationship between the animals, and it

628:) living in the oceans during the early days of life on Earth. As this function evolved, organisms began to differentiate between chemical compounds emanating from resources, conspecifics (same species; i.e., mates and kin), and heterospecifics (different species; i.e., competitors and predators). 1733:

at the AnimalSign Center has been using an approach similar to functional communication training with domesticated animals, such as dogs since 2004 and horses since 2000, with encouraging results and benefits to the animals and people. Functional communication training for animals, Senechal calls

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species may do well to avoid habitat with a detectable concentration of chemical cues associated with a predator species such as a northern pike. Minnows with the ability to perceive the presence of predators before they are close enough to be seen and then respond with adaptive behavior (such as

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produces several complex foot-drumming patterns in a number of different contexts, one of which is when it encounters a snake. The foot-drumming may alert nearby offspring but most likely conveys vibrations through the ground that the rat is too alert for a successful attack, thus preventing the

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Another example of prey to predator communication is the pursuit-deterrent signal. Pursuit-deterrent signals occur when prey indicates to a predator that pursuit would be unprofitable because the signaler is prepared to escape. Pursuit-deterrent signals provide a benefit to both the signaler and

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If a prey animal moves, makes a noise or vibrations, or emits a smell in such a way that a predator can detect it, it is communicating with its predator. This is consistent with the definition of "communication" given above. This type of communication is known as interceptive eavesdropping if a

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called electrolocating and echolocating; they use sensory senses in order to navigate and find prey. Signals are used as a form of commutation through the environment. Active signals or other types of signals influence receivers behavior and signals move quicker in distance to reach receivers.

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The fact that signature whistle shape carries identity information independent from voice features presents the possibility to use these whistles as referential signals, either addressing individuals or referring to them, similar to the use of names in humans. Given the cognitive abilities of

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in animal communication are facial gestures. Blue and Yellow Macaws were studied to understand how they reacted to interactions with a familiar animal caretaker. Studies show that Blue and Yellow Macaws demonstrated a significant amount of blushing frequently during mutual interactions with a

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Ethologists and sociobiologists have characteristically analysed animal communication in terms of more or less automatic responses to stimuli, without raising the question of whether the animals concerned understand the meaning of the signals they emit and receive. That is a key question in

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Another controversial issue is the extent to which human behaviours resemble animal communication, or whether all such communication has disappeared as a result of our linguistic capacity. Some of our bodily features—eyebrows, beards and moustaches, deep adult male voices, perhaps female

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Animals produce signals to attract the attention of a possible mate or to solidify pair bonds. These signals frequently involve the display of body parts or postures. For example, a gazelle will assume characteristic poses to initiate mating. Mating signals can also include the use of

871:), while boas and pythons have three or more comparatively smaller pits lining the upper and sometimes the lower lip, in or between the scales. Those of the pitvipers are the more advanced, having a suspended sensory membrane as opposed to a simple pit structure. Within the family 1617:), and the monkeys that hear the calls respond appropriately—but that this ability develops over time, and also takes into account the experience of the individual emitting the call. Metacommunication, discussed above, also seems to require a more sophisticated cognitive process. 1355:

growth protruding from its forehead which it dangles in front of its jaws. Smaller fish attempt to take the lure, placing themselves in a better position for the angler fish to catch them. Another example of deceptive communication is observed in the genus of jumping spiders

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were unable to demonstrate "geometric gaze following". Researchers do not yet have a clear picture of the cognitive basis of gaze following, but developmental evidence indicates that "simple" gaze following and "geometric" gaze following probably rely on different cognitive

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are coloured in the same way as wasps, and although they are unable to sting, the strong avoidance of wasps by predators gives the hoverfly some protection. There are also behavioural changes that act in a similar way to warning colouration. For example, canines such as

1103:, that is, to interpret animal actions in human terms, but this can be quite misleading; for example, an ape's "smile" is often a sign of aggression. Also, the same gesture may have different meanings depending on context within which it occurs. For example, a domestic 1850:). One factor in this is that much human language growth is based upon conceptual ideas and hypothetical structures, both being far greater capabilities in humans than animals. This appears far less common in animal communication systems, although current research into 1026:) will show greater signs of aggression from farther distances between males than between females when defending a territory or mate. It is believed that males have evolved to remain distant from each other due to higher reproductive consequences as opposed to females. 1338:

Typically, predators attempt to reduce communication to prey as this will generally reduce the effectiveness of their hunting. However, some forms of predator to prey communication occur in ways that change the behavior of the prey and make their capture easier, i.e.

496:. The structure of swim bladders and the attached sonic muscles varies greatly across bony fish families, resulting in a wide variety of sounds. Striking body parts together can also produce auditory signals. A well-known example of this is the tail tip vibration of 350: 321: 1633:

even when otherwise stripped of the characteristics of the whistle; making bottlenose dolphins the only animals other than humans that have been shown to transmit identity information independent of the caller's voice or location. The paper concludes that:

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in particular arguing that it cannot exist in the long term. Sociobiologists have also been concerned with the evolution of apparently excessive signaling structures such as the peacock's tail; it is widely thought that these can only emerge as a result of

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of the receiver. The sacculus is an organ in the inner ear containing a membranous sac that is used for balance, but can also detect seismic waves in animals that use this form of communication. Vibrations may be combined with other sorts of communication.

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direction or location. It has also been shown that dogs exhibit a left gaze bias when looking at human faces, indicating that they are capable of reading human emotions. Dogs do not make use of direction of gaze or exhibit left gaze bias with other dogs.

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Animal communication plays a vital role in determining the winner of contest over a resource. Many species have distinct signals that signal aggression or willingness to attack or signals to convey retreat during competitions over food, territories, or

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or alarm movements made by only a few individuals. In several herbivorous insect nymphs and larvae, aggregations where there is prolonged contact play a major role in group coordination. These aggregations may take the form of a procession or a rosette.

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predicts that for a signal to be maintained in the population, both the sender and receiver should usually receive some benefit from the interaction. Signal production by senders and the perception and subsequent response of receivers are thought to

3665:"Principles of Animal Communication. Second Edition. By Jack W. Bradbury and Sandra L. Vehrencamp. Sunderland (Massachusetts): Sinauer Associates. $ 99.95. xiv + 697 p.; ill. + C-1–C-6 (credits) + I-1–I-47 (index). ISBN: 978-0-87893-045-6. 2011" 1558:

or mutualistic communications as alarm calls and courtship signals to emerge under individual selection. This led to the realization that communication might not always be "honest" (indeed, there are some obvious examples where it is not, as in

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is the transfer of information from one or a group of animals (sender or senders) to one or more other animals (receiver or receivers) that affects the current or future behavior of the receivers. Information may be sent intentionally, as in a

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The importance of communication is evident from the highly elaborate morphology, behaviour and physiology that some animals have evolved to facilitate this. These include some of the most striking structures in the animal kingdom, such as the

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of sexually reproducing animals. Altruism towards an unrelated group is not widely accepted in the scientific community, but rather can be seen as reciprocal altruism, expecting the same behaviour from others, a benefit of living in a group.

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Alarm calling in yellow-bellied marmots: I. The meaning of situationally variable alarm calls by Daneil T. Blumstein & Kenneth B. Armitage Department of Systematics and Ecology, University of Kansas. Published by Animal Behavior,

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that are capable of harming potential predators are often brightly coloured, and this modifies the behavior of the predator, who either instinctively or as the result of experience will avoid attacking such an animal. Some forms of

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In general, animal utterances are responses to external stimuli, and do not refer to matters removed in time and space. Matters of relevance at a distance, such as distant food sources, tend to be indicated to other individuals by

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can target its strike to the vulnerable body parts of a prey animal. It was previously thought that the pit organs evolved primarily as prey detectors, but it is now believed that they may also be used to control body temperature.

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As described above, many animal gestures, postures, and sounds, convey meaning to nearby animals. These signals are often easier to describe than to interpret. It is tempting, especially with domesticated animals and apes, to

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dolphin inflected the signature whistle when their calf was present, by reaching a higher frequency, or using a wider frequency range. Similarly, humans use higher fundamental frequencies and a wider pitch range to inflect

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which have most of their body coloured to blend with their surroundings, except for a brightly coloured belly. When confronted with a potential threat, they show their belly, indicating that they are poisonous in some way.

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studied facial expression in mice in response to increments of increasing pain. He found that mice exhibited five recognizable facial expressions: orbital tightening, nose and cheek bulge, and changes in ear and whisker

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Sayigh, Laela S.; El Haddad, Nicole; Tyack, Peter L.; Janik, Vincent M.; Wells, Randall S.; Jensen, Frants H. (4 July 2023). "Bottlenose dolphin mothers modify signature whistles in the presence of their own calves".

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Humans also often seek to mimic animals' communicative signals in order to interact with them. For example, cats have a mild affiliative response of slowly closing their eyes; humans often mimic this signal towards a

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Gracheva, Elena O.; Ingolia, Nicholas T.; Kelly, Yvonne M.; Cordero-Morales, Julio F.; Hollopeter, Gunther; Chesler, Alexander T.; Sánchez, Elda E.; Perez, John C.; Weissman, Jonathan S.; Julius, David (April 2010).

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are common forms of olfactory communication in mammals. An example of scent rubbing by an animal can be seen from bears, bears do this as a way to mark territory or let others know they are there and to stay away.

319: 1729:, specifically functional communication training. This form of training previously has been used in schools and clinics with humans with special needs, such as children with autism, to help them develop language. 171:

Colour change can be separated into changes that occur during growth and development, and those triggered by mood, social context, or abiotic factors such as temperature. The latter are seen in many taxa. Some

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Much animal communication is intraspecific, that is, it occurs between members of the same species. As for interspecific communication, that between predator and prey is of particular interest.

3843: 57:. Signals often involve multiple mechanisms, e.g., both visual and auditory, and for a signal to be understood, the coordinated behavior of both sender and receiver requires careful study. 640:

go a step further than detecting a predator's cue: when an individual is damaged by a predator, it releases a chemical cue to its conspecifics. As has also been observed in other species,

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The sounds animals make are important because they communicate the animals' state. Some animals species have been taught simple versions of human languages. Animals can use, for example,

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stot. Predators do not waste energy on a chase that will likely be unsuccessful (optimal foraging behavior). Quality advertisement can be communicated by modes other than visual. The

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cat to establish a tolerant relationship. Stroking, petting and rubbing pet animals are all actions that probably work through their natural patterns of interspecific communication.

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The second problem has been more controversial. The early ethologists assumed that communication occurred for the good of the species as a whole, but this would require a process of

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use their well-known rattle to warn potential predators of their venomous bite. Sometimes, a behavioural change and warning colouration will be combined, as in certain species of

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Echeverri, Sebastian A; Miller, Audrey E; Chen, Jason; McQueen, Eden W; Plakke, Melissa; Spicer, Michelle; Hoke, Kim L; Stoddard, Mary Caswell; Morehouse, Nathan I (2021-05-21).

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bottlenose dolphins, their vocal learning and copying skills, and their fission–fusion social structure, this possibility is an intriguing one that demands further investigation.

4073:"Social interactions between live and artificial weakly electric fish: Electrocommunication and locomotor behavior of Mormyrus rume proboscirostris towards a mobile dummy fish" 240:

relationship with bioluminescent bacteria. Animals exhibit bioluminescent light to lure in prey, attract a mate, or protect themselves from potential predators. (See also:

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Many animals make "food calls" to attract a mate, offspring, or other members of a social group to a food source. Perhaps the most elaborate food-related signal is the

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to become wider established within a population would become positively selected for, even if their effect on individuals or the species as a whole was detrimental;

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identifying the selective pressure that makes it adaptive for animals to develop structures that facilitate communication, emit communications, and respond to them.

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Yamamoto, Maria Emilia; Araujo, Arrilton; Arruda, Maria de Fatima; Lima, Ana Karinne Moreira; Siqueira, Jose de Oliveira; Hattori, Wallisen Tadashi (2014-11-01).

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not always be clear to the "listener" where the location of the communication is coming from, as the "singer" can sometimes deceive them and create more error.

3844:"Acid Rain Is Totally So Last Century, Right? Not Exactly: A Canadian scientist explains how acid rain is still making its mark – IISD Experimental Lakes Area" 1136: 889:) have specialized IR sensors in their nose-leaf. Vampire bats are the only mammals that feed exclusively on blood. The IR sense enables Desmodus to localize 6456: 5347: 736:

In a fight, touch may be used to challenge an opponent and to coordinate movements during the fight. It may also be used by the loser to indicate submission.

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are perhaps the most sophisticated attempt yet to establish human/animal communication, though their relation to natural animal communication is uncertain.

918:, where the organism emits an electrical pulse through its electric organ and senses the projected geometrical property of the object. This is found in the 2057: 1393:, has been developing, studying, and using the learned visible, expressive language in dogs and horses. By teaching these animals a gestural (human made) 815:

A python (top) and rattlesnake illustrating the positions of the pit organs. Red arrows indicate the pit organs whereas black arrows indicate the nostril.

3803:"Fathead minnows learn to recognize predator odor when exposed to concentrations of artificial alarm pheromone below their behavioral-response threshold" 3702: 1148: 33:. Information may be transferred to an "audience" of several receivers. Animal communication is a rapidly growing area of study in disciplines including 2773: 3124:"A global analysis of song frequency in passerines provides no support for the acoustic adaptation hypothesis but suggests a role for sexual selection" 3703:"Prairie dog alarm calls encode labels about predator colors. By: N. Slobodchiko V · Andrea Paseka · Jennifer L. Verdolin. Published 31 December 2008 992:

often have symmetrical displays that they make to each other. Famous examples are the mutual presentation of reeds by great crested grebes studied by

7296: 3737: 1112: 4132:"Investigation of Collective Behaviour and Electrocommunication in the Weakly Electric Fish, Mormyrus rume, through a biomimetic Robotic Dummy Fish" 5376: 2030:"The Animals Are Talking. What Does It Mean? - Language was long understood as a human-only affair. New research suggests that isn't so. + comment" 1524:

argued that behaviours that benefited a whole group of animals might emerge as a result of selection pressures acting solely on the individual. A

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Donati, Elisa; Worm, Martin; Mintchev, Stefano; van der Wiel, Marleen; Benelli, Giovanni; von der Emde, Gerhard; Stefanini, Cesare (2016-12-01).

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Two 'Red Deer roaring, most likely to establish dominance during a rut. However, males also use loud roaring to keep track of harems of females.

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Electrocommunication is a rare form of communication in animals. It is seen primarily in aquatic animals, though some land mammals, notably the

6238: 1466:. Other evidence for the importance of communication in animals is the prioritisation of physiological features to this function. For example, 1124: 7194: 1954: 1944: 1593:. There are some signalling systems that seem to demand a more advanced understanding. A much discussed example is the use of alarm calls by 6718: 6489: 128:

to understand if language was somehow evolved by gestures. He found that both apes and humans only use intentional gestures to communicate.

2786: 5002:"Olfactory signaling of aggressive intent in male-male contests of cave crickets (Tropglophilus neglectus; Orthoptera: Rhaphidophoridae)" 1854:

is still an ongoing process with many new discoveries. In 2009 it was reported that affixation may play a role in the call meanings of

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Communication by the production of light occurs commonly in vertebrates and invertebrates in the oceans, particularly at depths (e.g.,

4839:"A novel evolutionary technique based on electrolocation principle of elephant nose fish and shark: fish electrolocation optimization" 4042: 3955:

du P. Bothma, J.; Richet, E.A.N. le (1995). "Evidence of the use of rubbing, scent-marking andscratching-posts by Kalahari leopards".

2295:"On the Stimulus Situation Releasing the Begging Response in the Newly Hatched Herring Gull Chick (Larus Argentatus Argentatus Pont.)" 1576:

process that leads to the rapid exaggeration of a characteristic that confers an advantage in a competitive mate-selection situation.

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cues on the groomed individual, perhaps adding additional ones. This behaviour has been observed in social insects, birds and mammals.

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of distinctive body parts or bodily movements. Animals will reveal or accentuate a body part to relay certain information. The parent

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displays its bright yellow bill on the ground next over its chick when it has returned to the nest with food. The chicks exhibit a

1160: 5377:"Interviewing Animals Through Animal Communicators: Potentials of Intuitive Interspecies Communication for Multispecies Methods" 1382:

Various ways in which humans interpret the behavior of animals, or give commands to them, are consistent with the definition of

4515: 1397:-like language, the animals have been found to use the new signs on their own to get what they need. The recent experiments on 949:

There are many functions of animal communication. However, some have been studied in more detail than others. This includes:

6163: 4387:"Huddling Conserves Energy, Decreases Core Body Temperature, but Increases Activity in Brandt's Voles (Lasiopodomys brandtii)" 1828:. It is therefore unclear to what extent utterances are automatic responses and to what extent deliberate intent plays a part. 7544: 7289: 6078: 5811: 5564: 5078: 4204: 4026: 2708: 1739: 1470:

appears to have brain structures entirely devoted to its production. All these adaptations require evolutionary explanation.

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Vanderelst, Dieter; Steckel, Jan; Boen, Andre; Peremans, Herbert; Holderied, Marc W (2016-08-02). Eichenbaum, Howard (ed.).

4602:"The imaging properties and sensitivity of the facial pits of pitvipers as determined by optical and heat-transfer analysis" 7893: 5687:

V. M. Janik, L. S. Sayigh, and R. S. Wells: "Signature whistle shape conveys identity information to bottlenose dolphins",

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There are however, some actions of prey species are clearly directed to actual or potential predators. A good example is

867:. Most superficially, pitvipers possess one large pit organ on either side of the head, between the eye and the nostril ( 66: 1271:

may adopt an aggressive posture, such as growling with their teeth bared, to indicate they will fight if necessary, and

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Price, Tabitha; Wadewitz, Philip; Cheney, Dorothy; Seyfarth, Robert; Hammerschmidt, Kurt; Fischer, Julia (2015-08-19).

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Mikula, P.; Valcu, M.; Brumm, H.; Bulla, M.; Forstmeier, W.; Petrusková, T.; Kempenaers, B. & Albrecht, T. (2021).

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When the information from the sender changes the behavior of a receiver, the information is referred to as a "signal".

5996:"Categorical Perception and Conceptual Judgments by Nonhuman Primates: The Paleological Monkey and the Analogical Ape" 5068: 2729: 1413:

Dogs can be taught to communicate with humans by giving signals humans understand, like ringing a doorbell to come in.

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Chemical signalling in brown bears, ursus arctos : an assessment of scent marking strategies and social function

3939: 7282: 6482: 6352: 3599:"Sound-generating and -detecting motor system in catfish: Design of swimbladder muscles in doradids and pimelodids" 1563:). The possibility of evolutionarily stable dishonest communication has been the subject of much controversy, with 1089:

which signals that a subsequent aggressive signal is part of a play fight rather than a serious aggressive episode.

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of a female. During mating, touch stimuli are important for pair positioning, coordination and genital stimulation.

241: 6171: 5351: 1786:, the interest of animal communication systems lies in their similarities to and differences from human language: 236:

possess bioluminescent abilities. Some bioluminescent animals produce the light themselves, whereas others have a

6728: 5801: 5111: 3352: 1525: 1009: 5487: 6903: 6812: 6403: 6364: 6311: 3520: 1949: 1825: 1677:

for humans are cueing the child to pay attention, long-term bonding, and promoting the development of lifelong

1377: 188:) that can change the apparent colour, opacity, and reflectiveness of their skin. In addition to their use for 3713: 1710:

does include some more or less involuntary responses that have a similar origin to the communication we have.

1064:

are released by many social insects to lead the other members of the society to the food source. For example,

914:

an early warning sign and respond defensively. There are two types of autocommunication. The first is active

8091: 7645: 6224: 2694: 1702:

on greeting are universal human communicative signals that can be related to corresponding signals in other

1670: 7237: 6933: 6206: 5751: 2072: 1726: 5183:

Cäsar, Cristiane; Byrne, Richard W.; Hoppitt, William; Young, Robert J.; Zuberbühler, Klaus (2012-08-01).

2132:"Animal Languages in the Middle Ages: Representations of Interspecies Communication ed. by Alison Langdon" 7984: 7809: 7387: 7360: 7015: 6475: 3320: 1598: 1068:

leave a pheromone trail on the ground that can be followed by other ants to lead them to the food source.

112: 1664:

their signature whistle when their dependent calf is present. Signature whistles, which are in a higher

558:. Prairie dogs are able to communicate an animal's speed, shape, size, species, and for humans specific 426: 7549: 7350: 7216: 6965: 5096:"Sexual Dimorphisms in Aggressive Signal Structure and Use by a Polygynous Lizard, Anolis carolinensis" 3019: 2700: 1905: 1602: 1383: 1304: 1189: 7108: 5828: 4308:"The social role of touch in humans and primates: Behavioural function and neurobiological mechanisms" 2401:"Facial display and blushing: Means of visual communication in blue-and-yellow macaws (Ara Ararauna)?" 1477:

identifying a route by which an animal that lacked the relevant feature or behaviour could acquire it;

417:

and others, prairie dog calls communicate the type, size, and speed of an approaching predator.

7601: 6960: 6331: 6306: 5790:

Gleason, Jean Berko., and Nan Bernstein Ratner. "The Development of Language", 8th ed. Pearson, 2013.

5184: 4657:

Pough, F.; Andrews, Robin; Cadle, John; Crump, Martha; Savitzky, Alan; Wells, Kentwood (2003-01-01).

4469: 4307: 4252: 3865: 3466:"Group-specific dialects and geographical variation in coda repertoire in South Pacific sperm whales" 1855: 1653: 1077:

Crushed ants will release an alarm pheromone to attract more ants and send them into an attack state.

578:

while the rest of the pack finds food. Once a threat has been identified the sentry sounds a whistle

5968: 1056:

songbirds. Young ravens will signal to older ravens when they encounter new or untested food.

7964: 7474: 7230: 6913: 6766: 6296: 4131: 1800:). It means that complex linguistic expressions can be broken down in meaningful elements (such as 596: 6213:

contains over 150,000 recordings of animal sounds and natural atmospheres from all over the world.

5706: 1742:, tapping, and vocalisation. The process for animals includes simplified and modified techniques. 41:. Many aspects of animal behavior, such as symbolic name use, emotional expression, learning, and 8001: 7877: 7305: 6888: 6750: 6369: 401: 7404: 6096:"Social Interaction with an "Unidentified Moving Object" Elicits A-Not_B Error in Domestic Dogs" 1107:'s tail wag and posture may be used in different ways to convey many meanings as illustrated in 422: 8096: 7692: 7431: 7047: 7010: 7000: 6945: 6893: 6838: 6733: 6514: 6451: 6398: 4444: 2794: 1969: 1924: 1735: 1734:"Animal Sign Language". This includes teaching communication through gestures (like simplified 1394: 1294:), a pronounced combination of stiff-legged running while simultaneously jumping shown by some 620: 591: 42: 5150: 4194: 1085:

Signals that will modify the meaning of subsequent signals. One example is the 'play face' in

8106: 7991: 7650: 7484: 6326: 6276: 5049: 4233: 4016: 3822: 3426: 2752: 2448: 1605:

showed that these animals emit different alarm calls in the presence of different predators (

1451: 1029: 786: 5425: 3256:"Vervets revisited: A quantitative analysis of alarm call structure and context specificity" 1835:, animal communication systems are usually not able to express conceptual generalizations. ( 7494: 7459: 7436: 7394: 7318: 7153: 6918: 6878: 6425: 6286: 6107: 5755: 5501:"Spotted Cattle and Deer: Spirit Guides and Symbols of Endurance and Healing in "Ceremony"" 5486:

Danesh, E.F (1993) Loss of the human capacity for interspecies communication scholarworks

5013: 4756: 4691: 4361: 4143: 4084: 3964: 3877: 3267: 3135: 2997: 2596: 2412: 2345: 2294: 2088: 1934: 1929: 1894: 1682: 1454:'s bill. Highly elaborate behaviours have evolved for communication such as the dancing of 1340: 1333: 1299: 718: 680: 7163: 5867: 2843:"How Signaling Geometry Shapes the Efficacy and Evolution of Animal Communication Systems" 2004: 116:

the ground makes the red spot visible to the chick, demonstrating a distinctive movement.

8: 7903: 7640: 7591: 7539: 7244: 7025: 6687: 6682: 6606: 6446: 4222:"Studies on the basic factors in animal fighting: VI. Inter-species coexistence in birds" 3380: 1792: 1626: 1505: 1447: 1321: 1060:

will send food calls to inform other monkeys of a food source to avoid punishment.

930: 811: 641: 70: 6111: 5759: 5017: 4760: 4695: 4492: 4155: 4147: 4088: 3968: 3881: 3866:"Evidence of the use of rubbing, scent-marking andscratching-posts by Kalahari leopards" 3271: 3139: 3035: 2600: 2416: 2349: 1808:), which in turn are composed of smallest phonetic elements that affect meaning, called 1199: 8101: 7996: 7913: 7782: 7614: 7516: 7499: 7424: 7158: 6950: 6928: 6908: 6774: 6758: 6677: 6596: 6498: 6430: 6408: 6357: 6321: 6143: 6130: 6095: 5950: 5667: 5651: 5580: 5520: 5406: 5279: 5212: 5131: 5123: 5036: 5001: 4977: 4942: 4923: 4866: 4788: 4720: 4679: 4639: 4582: 4535: 4421: 4386: 4343: 4288: 4175: 4107: 4072: 3783: 3636: 3574: 3543: 3493: 3296: 3255: 3231: 3198: 3099: 3066: 2929: 2675: 2627: 2584: 2560: 2525: 2503: 2435: 2400: 2376: 2333: 2275: 2213: 2178: 2159: 2051: 2034: 1959: 1939: 1246: 1080: 910: 882: 844: 703:. These fish use an electric organ to generate an electric field, which is detected by 418: 393: 137: 5913:

Guo, Kun; Meints, Kerstin; Hall, Charlotte; Hall, Sophie; Mills, Daniel (2009-05-01).

5868:"What or where? The meaning of referential human pointing for dogs (Canis familiaris)" 5426:"What or where? The meaning of referential human pointing for dogs (Canis familiaris)" 3976: 3931: 3889: 2816: 2650:

Cloney, R.A.; Florey, E. (1968). "Ultrastructure of cephalopod chromatophore organs".

1674: 7772: 7722: 7529: 7464: 7370: 7355: 7263: 6970: 6938: 6831: 6802: 6702: 6697: 6629: 6601: 6586: 6576: 6393: 6388: 6376: 6135: 6074: 6043: 6017: 5942: 5934: 5895: 5887: 5848: 5807: 5659: 5643: 5638: 5621: 5584: 5543: 5456: 5448: 5410: 5398: 5329: 5321: 5317: 5271: 5263: 5230:

Sasaki, Takao; Hölldobler, Bert; Millar, Jocelyn G.; Pratt, Stephen C. (2014-09-15).

5204: 5156: 5115: 5074: 5041: 4982: 4964: 4927: 4915: 4907: 4870: 4858: 4780: 4772: 4725: 4707: 4631: 4623: 4574: 4426: 4408: 4335: 4327: 4292: 4280: 4272: 4200: 4167: 4159: 4112: 4022: 3997: 3935: 3912: 3893: 3775: 3684: 3628: 3620: 3579: 3485: 3444: 3328: 3301: 3283: 3236: 3218: 3153: 3104: 3086: 3047: 3039: 2978: 2970: 2933: 2921: 2913: 2872: 2864: 2704: 2667: 2632: 2614: 2565: 2547: 2507: 2495: 2487: 2440: 2381: 2363: 2314: 2279: 2267: 2259: 2218: 2200: 2163: 2151: 2100: 2092: 1920: 1673:(CDS). This has rarely been discovered in other species. The researchers stated that 1630: 1573: 1540: 1501: 1467: 1432: 1365: 1005: 905: 860: 523: 500:

as a warning signal. Other examples include bill clacking in birds, wing clapping in

414: 365: 131: 104: 91: 49: 26: 6147: 5671: 5475:

Dogs can sign, too. A breakthrough method of teaching your dog to communicate to you

5216: 4792: 4658: 4643: 4347: 4323: 4179: 3787: 3756:"Localized defecation by pike: a response to labelling by cyprinid alarm pheromone?" 3640: 3497: 2679: 1797: 7929: 7382: 7223: 7168: 7035: 6868: 6807: 6271: 6125: 6115: 6007: 5972: 5954: 5926: 5879: 5840: 5771: 5763: 5633: 5607: 5576: 5512: 5440: 5388: 5313: 5283: 5253: 5243: 5196: 5152:

Behaviour problems in small animals : practical advice for the veterinary team

5135: 5107: 5031: 5021: 4972: 4954: 4897: 4850: 4819: 4764: 4715: 4699: 4613: 4566: 4527: 4416: 4398: 4385:

Sukhchuluun, Gansukh; Zhang, Xue-Ying; Chi, Qing-Sheng; Wang, De-Hua (2018-05-18).

4319: 4264: 4151: 4102: 4092: 3972: 3927: 3885: 3814: 3767: 3676: 3610: 3569: 3559: 3524: 3477: 3291: 3275: 3226: 3210: 3143: 3094: 3078: 3031: 2960: 2903: 2854: 2659: 2622: 2604: 2555: 2537: 2479: 2430: 2420: 2371: 2353: 2306: 2249: 2208: 2190: 2143: 2084: 1964: 1767: 1590: 1569: 1100: 704: 600: 38: 5200: 8053: 8027: 7712: 7609: 7579: 7365: 7178: 7118: 7103: 7088: 7073: 7042: 6995: 6792: 6652: 6266: 6261: 6210: 6175: 6120: 5602: 5231: 5053: 5026: 4601: 4268: 4237: 4097: 2609: 2452: 2425: 1777: 1695: 1551: 1512: 1398: 1352: 1348: 1057: 1049: 915: 893:

animals such as cattle and horses within a range of about 10 to 15 cm. This

806: 722: 700: 668: 637: 389: 271: 203: 29:, or unintentionally, as in the transfer of scent from the predator to prey with 5565:"The Comparative Ethology of Grassfinches (erythrurae) and Mannikins (amadinae)" 4470:"Vibrational Communication and the Ecology of Group-Living, Herbivorous Insects" 3826: 3513:

Call Traditions and Dialects of Killer Whales (Orcinus Orca) in British Columbia

1694:

breasts—strongly resemble adaptations to producing signals. Ethologists such as

863:

of the structure is similar between lineages, but it differs in gross structure

554:, with prairie dogs having one of the most complex communication systems in the 7934: 7630: 7143: 7098: 7093: 6975: 6883: 6624: 6553: 6336: 6012: 5995: 5712:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

1974: 1885: 1851: 1706:. Given how recently spoken language has emerged, it is very likely that human 1678: 1493: 1108: 859:, having evolved once in pitvipers and multiple times in boas and pythons. The 827:

to derive thermal images from the radiant heat emitted by predators or prey at

373: 253: 197: 193: 185: 5930: 5393: 4902: 4885: 4854: 4221: 4001: 3173:"Predator-specific alarm calls in Campbell's monkeys, Cercopithecus campbelli" 2195: 1846:

Human languages combine elements to produce new messages (a property known as

1763: 1364:

spiders" because of the way they wave their front legs in the air to simulate

8085: 8022: 7974: 7867: 7862: 7841: 7832: 7797: 7727: 7702: 7687: 7534: 7341: 7148: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7057: 6990: 6898: 6047: 6035: 6021: 5938: 5891: 5852: 5647: 5588: 5488:

https://scholarworks.umt.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=8491&context=etd

5452: 5402: 5325: 5267: 5208: 5119: 4968: 4911: 4862: 4776: 4711: 4627: 4578: 4412: 4403: 4331: 4276: 4163: 3913:"Scent-marking by male mammals: cheat-proof signals to competitors and mates" 3897: 3802: 3779: 3688: 3624: 3489: 3332: 3287: 3222: 3090: 3043: 2974: 2917: 2868: 2774:

Deep Sea Squid May Communicate Through Glowing Pigmentation, Researchers Find

2618: 2551: 2542: 2491: 2367: 2318: 2263: 2204: 2155: 2096: 1979: 1915: 1899: 1817: 1730: 1725:

A new approach in the 21st century in the field of animal communication uses

1707: 1699: 1594: 1539:

The apparently excessive eye-spot signalling by the male peacock tail may be

1485: 1390: 993: 922: 919: 696: 659: 655: 615:, an example of interspecific communication using body posture and olfaction. 539: 448:

are well known for this, but many others use stridulation as well, including

425:

based on social learning. Mammalian acoustic culture was first discovered in

405: 377: 328: 284: 142: 117: 6191: 5914: 5767: 5301: 4838: 4445:"Coral Reef Protection: What Are Coral Reefs? | Habitat Protection | US EPA" 2399:

Bertin, Aline; Beraud, Arielle; Lansade, Léa; et al. (22 August 2018).

2358: 2310: 432:

Not all animals use vocalization as a means of auditory communication. Many

7872: 7857: 7824: 7469: 7173: 7123: 7083: 7052: 7005: 6723: 6591: 6381: 6281: 6139: 5946: 5899: 5663: 5460: 5333: 5275: 5045: 4986: 4919: 4729: 4635: 4430: 4339: 4284: 4171: 4116: 3632: 3583: 3305: 3214: 3157: 3108: 3082: 2982: 2925: 2876: 2636: 2569: 2526:"Following Gaze: Gaze-Following Behavior as a Window into Social Cognition" 2499: 2444: 2385: 2271: 2222: 2104: 1984: 1910: 1879: 1665: 1564: 1521: 1455: 1325: 1041: 890: 762: 648:

physically disrupt these chemical cues, which has various implications for

547: 489: 437: 410: 108: 7274: 5844: 5258: 4784: 4745:"Warm and cold receptors in the nose of the vampire bat Desmodus rotundas" 3481: 3240: 2965: 2948: 2859: 2842: 2671: 2147: 1052:. One well-known example of begging of offspring in a clutch or litter is 1012:

in mammals can indicate a female's breeding status or attract other mates.

8048: 8006: 7836: 7584: 7554: 7419: 7113: 7078: 6692: 6316: 5829:"Communication of Food Location Between Human and Dog (Canis Familiaris)" 3051: 2467: 1783: 1361: 1357: 1344: 1272: 1206: 1071: 1018:

Signals used to claim or defend a territory, food, or a mate. Polygynous

985: 897:

may be used in detecting regions of maximal blood flow on targeted prey.

836: 828: 497: 445: 217: 209: 6094:

Gergely, Anna; Compton, Anna; Newberry, Ruth; Miklósi, Ádám (Apr 2016).

5655: 4959: 4703: 4362:"Ants' body odor, physical contact get worker ants working, study finds" 3801:

Brown, Grant; Adrian, James; Patton, Todd; Chivers, Douglas (Dec 2001).

3564: 3465: 567: 7969: 7939: 7717: 7524: 6568: 6558: 6216: 5776: 5524: 5500: 5248: 5127: 5095: 4768: 4618: 4586: 4554: 4539: 3771: 3528: 2995: 2908: 2891: 2890:

Jones, Te K.; Allen, Kathryne M.; Moss, Cynthia F. (December 9, 2021).

2663: 2254: 2237: 1661: 1547: 1489: 1459: 1115:

published in 1872. Some of Darwin's illustrations are reproduced here.

1061: 938: 926: 876: 868: 449: 436:

rub specialized body parts together to produce sound. This is known as

385: 340: 189: 181: 173: 125: 6168: 5866:

Tauzin, Tibor; Csík, Andor; Kis, Anna; Topál, József (November 2015).

4808:"Pacific herring respond to stimulated odontocete echolocation sounds" 3991: 3279: 3148: 3123: 3071:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

3020:"Auditory Communication in Lower Animals: Role of Auditory Physiology" 2131: 1500:

that a beak-wiping response occurred in a range of species, serving a

1484:

Significant contributions to the first of these problems were made by

1316: 511: 413:

also use complex calls that signal predator differences. According to

276: 200:

and thus capable of communicating visually in dark ocean environments.

7979: 7767: 7707: 7635: 7504: 7441: 7414: 7399: 6644: 6467: 5883: 5444: 4807: 4744: 4071:

Worm, Martin; Kirschbaum, Frank; von der Emde, Gerhard (2017-09-13).

3755: 3754:

Brown, Grant E.; Chivers, Douglas P.; Smith, R. Jan F. (1995-02-01).

3121: 2998:""Bird Voices" and "Vocal Development" from Birds of Stanford essays" 2947:

Reichert, Michael S; Enriquez, Maya S; Carlson, Nora V (2021-03-21).

2892:"Communication with self, friends and foes in active-sensing animals" 2238:"Communication with self, friends and foes in active-sensing animals" 1698:

have argued that facial gestures such as smiling, grimacing, and the

1535: 1516: 1463: 1053: 1045: 1034:

Some animals who are fearful of stimuli will attack anyone near them.

989: 981: 872: 848: 751: 729:

Touch is a key factor in many social interactions. Examples include:

571: 543: 535: 516: 493: 485: 481: 473: 433: 288: 280: 237: 74: 30: 5516: 5302:"Pursuit-deterrent signals: communication between prey and predator" 5094:

Jenssen, Thomas A.; Orrell, Kimberly S.; Lovern, Matthew B. (2000).

4823: 4570: 4531: 3818: 3664: 3615: 3598: 2583:

Range, Friederike; Virányi, Zsófia (2011-02-23). Wylie, Doug (ed.).

2483: 292: 7804: 7570: 7479: 7409: 7345: 7336: 6985: 6980: 6955: 6854: 6291: 5232:"A context-dependent alarm signal in the ant Temnothorax rugatulus" 4676: 3680: 1836: 1832: 1801: 1555: 1504:

function, but that in some species this had been elaborated into a

1409: 1295: 1286: 1276: 1259: 1001: 820: 686: 649: 625: 526:

species are known to whistle to communicate threats, and sometimes

505: 457: 441: 381: 369: 229: 157: 54: 34: 8058: 7377: 7020: 6657: 6616: 6519: 6413: 5540:

When Animals Speak: Techniques for Bonding with Animal Companions

2949:"New Dimensions for Animal Communication Networks:Space and Time" 2585:"Development of Gaze Following Abilities in Wolves (Canis Lupus)" 2236:

Jones, Te K.; Allen, Kathryne M.; Moss, Cynthia F. (2021-11-09).

1840: 1809: 1703: 1606: 1439: 1255: 1210: 864: 856: 824: 793: 690: 575: 551: 501: 225: 213: 177: 98: 6203: 6197: 5185:"Evidence for semantic communication in titi monkey alarm calls" 2116: 2114: 8032: 7777: 7732: 7697: 7574: 7489: 7451: 6581: 6540: 5620:

Chandler, Christopher H.; Ofria, Charles; Dworkin, Ian (2013).

1681:, with parallels in these bottlenose dolphins in an example of 1324:

angles for small fish by deceptively dangling a bioluminescent

1268: 1119:

Examples of tail position indicating different emotions in dogs

1019: 1004:

on their nest sites, and the spectacular courtship displays by

973: 852: 772: 632: 612: 607: 559: 555: 531: 469: 453: 397: 233: 121: 4253:"Male and female breeding strategies in a cooperative primate" 4129: 1812:. Animal signals, however, do not exhibit this dual structure. 693:, sense electric fields that might be used for communication. 488:. Another means of auditory communication is the vibration of 6923: 6634: 6548: 6301: 6093: 5424:

Tauzin, Tibor; Csík, Andor; Kis, Anna; Topál, József (2015).

4940: 3555: 2111: 1614: 1610: 1560: 1497: 997: 579: 527: 361: 221: 5915:"Left gaze bias in humans, rhesus monkeys and domestic dogs" 5112:

10.1643/0045-8511(2000)2000[0140:SDIASS]2.0.CO;2

1554:

established hypotheses for the evolution of such apparently

832: 7030: 6823: 5827:

Hare, Brian; Call, Josep; Tomasello, Michael (1998-01-01).

5229: 3535: 3253: 2179:"Why Are No Animal Communication Systems Simple Languages?" 1821: 1805: 1529: 1443: 1264: 1250: 1086: 1065: 934: 664: 566:. This method of communication is usually done by having a 477: 461: 161: 149: 4070: 2840: 699:

provide an example of electrocommunication, together with

6180: 5740: 5701: 5699: 5697: 4555:"The Strike Behavior of a Congenitally Blind Rattlesnake" 3544:"Stereotyped whistles in southern resident killer whales" 3402:"Prairie dogs' language decoded by scientists | CBC News" 2398: 1715: 1546:

In the case of communication, an important discussion by

1515:

which is believed to be mathematically impossible in the

1242:

predator intercepts a message intended for conspecifics.

1104: 563: 465: 355:

Humpback whale singing at Southern Ocean feeding grounds.

212:). Two well-known forms of land bioluminescence occur in 90:

For information on the perception of visual signals, see

7788:

Pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified

6185: 4837:

Haldar, Vivekananda; Chakraborty, Niladri (2017-07-01).

4250: 3800: 1351:

which waits for its prey to come to it. It has a fleshy

1226:

Sentry prairie dog alerts other prairie dogs to a threat

929:(elephantfish). The second type of autocommunication is 4663:(Third ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. p. 726. 4384: 3203:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2946: 1824:

activity before a hunt, or the information conveyed in

819:

A number of different snakes have the ability to sense

645: 103:

Most animals understand communication through a visual

5736: 5734: 5732: 5730: 5694: 5182: 4656: 3377:"YIPS, BARKS AND CHIRPS: THE LANGUAGE OF PRAIRIE DOGS" 2996:

Ehrlich, Paul R.; David S. Dobkin & Darryl Wheye.

2071:

Seyfarth, Robert M.; Cheney, Dorothy L. (2003-02-01).

624:

function that first arose in single-celled organisms (

6457:

Category:Individual apes involved in language studies

3863: 2692: 1142:"Dog approaching another dog with hostile intentions" 1093: 384:. Other instances of vocal communication include the 5619: 5348:"Map of Life | Vibrational communication in animals" 4742: 4600:

Bakken, George S.; Krochmal, Aaron R. (2007-08-15).

3864:

du P. Bothma, J.; le Richet, E. A. N. (1995-04-01).

2332:

Pollick, Amy S.; Waal, Frans B. M. de (2007-05-08).

1875: 843:

The facial pits enabling thermoregulation underwent

5727: 5370: 5368: 5093: 4743:Kürten, L.; Schmidt, U.; Schäfer, K. (1984-06-01). 3541: 1473:There are two aspects to the required explanation: 5865: 5423: 4812:Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 4553:Kardong, Kenneth V.; Mackessy, Stephen P. (1991). 3954: 1462:, and the gathering and arranging of materials by 835:. The accuracy of this sense is such that a blind 636:hiding) are more likely to survive and reproduce. 619:Despite being the oldest method of communication, 257:Two killer whales navigating around a seal (prey). 5912: 5826: 5295: 5293: 4836: 4680:"Molecular basis of infrared detection by snakes" 3753: 3517:Retrospective Theses and Dissertations, 1919-2007 3463: 3065:Slabbekoorn, Hans; Smith, Thomas B (2002-04-29). 2073:"Signalers and Receivers in Animal Communication" 2038:. Archived from the original on 21 September 2023 1450:, but also include even the modest red spot on a 1113:The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals 8083: 5365: 3064: 2468:"Animal models of pain: progress and challenges" 2292: 2056:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 1154:"Dog in a humble and affectionate frame of mind" 996:, the triumph displays shown by many species of 6200:different animal sounds to listen and download. 5744:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5689:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 5569:Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 4552: 4193:Breed, Michael D.; Moore, Janice (2015-05-16). 3425:January 2006, Bjorn Carey 03 (3 January 2006). 2338:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1790:Human languages are characterized for having a 988:unique to a species. Animals that form lasting 519:whistles when alarmed to warn other groundhogs. 5994:Thompson, Roger K. R.; Oden, David L. (2000). 5622:"Runaway Sexual Selection Leads to Good Genes" 5290: 4599: 4493:"Vibration and Animal Communication: A Review" 4314:. Touch, Temperature, Pain/Itch and Pleasure. 3911:Gosling, L. Morris; Roberts, S. Craig (2001). 3910: 2889: 2750: 2235: 2070: 1404: 1360:). These spiders are commonly referred to as " 1183: 875:, the pit organ is seen only in the subfamily 287:in contact, while the longer and more complex 7290: 7195:Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour 6839: 6483: 6232: 6169:Zoosemiotics: animal communication on the web 6070:Behavioral Mechanisms in Evolutionary Ecology 6036:"Rudiments of Language Discovered in Monkeys" 5155:. Edinburgh: Elsevier Saunders. p. 127. 5066: 4806:Wilson, Ben; Dill, Lawrence M. (March 2002). 4015:Mech, L. David; Boitani, Luigi (2010-10-01). 3464:Weilgart, Linda; Whitehead, H. (1997-05-01). 3017: 1955:International Society for Biosemiotic Studies 1945:Forms of activity and interpersonal relations 1343:by the predator. A well-known example is the 16:Transfer of information from animal to animal 6719:Chimpanzee and Human Communication Institute 5993: 5969:"Do animals have language? - Michele Bishop" 5683: 5681: 4516:"Seismic Communication in Anuran Amphibians" 3989: 3424: 3199:"Vocal learning by greater spear-nosed bats" 2649: 2582: 2293:Tinbergen, N.; Perdeck, A. C. (1951-01-01). 1796:(in the characterization of French linguist 750:gives the groomer an opportunity to examine 7304: 5374: 4999: 4018:Wolves: Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation 4014: 3449:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 3170: 2643: 2331: 2021: 823:(IR) thermal radiation, which allows these 7297: 7283: 7200:International Society for Applied Ethology 6846: 6832: 6490: 6476: 6239: 6225: 5498: 5148: 5000:Stritih, Natasa; Kosi, Alenka (Nov 2017). 4805: 4192: 3504: 1862: 1764:Do animals have language? - Michele Bishop 7815:Social (pragmatic) communication disorder 6129: 6119: 6011: 5775: 5678: 5637: 5477:, 2009, Random House/Crown/TenSpeed Press 5392: 5257: 5247: 5035: 5025: 4976: 4958: 4901: 4719: 4617: 4420: 4402: 4106: 4096: 3614: 3573: 3563: 3321:"Can Prairie Dogs Talk? (Published 2017)" 3295: 3230: 3147: 3098: 2964: 2907: 2858: 2626: 2608: 2559: 2541: 2434: 2424: 2375: 2357: 2253: 2212: 2194: 909:sender and receiver are the same animal, 717:For more on the mechanism for touch, see 504:courtship displays, and chest beating in 283:can serve as alarms or keep members of a 7683:Basic interpersonal communicative skills 6246: 4503:: 1135–1142 – via Oxford Academic. 4480:: 1215–1221 – via Oxford Academic. 4312:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 3353:"New Language Discovered: Prairiedogese" 3196: 2723: 2523: 1629:can recognize identity information from 1534: 1528:proposes that behaviours that enabled a 1408: 1315: 960: 810: 606: 595: 510: 347: 275: 252: 7750: 6192:Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior 5803:Evolutionary Ecology and Human Behavior 5784: 4943:"Place recognition using batlike sonar" 4467: 2176: 1258:fall in the same category: for example 360:to signal to females. Examples include 8084: 6497: 5562: 5299: 4513: 4305: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3652: 3650: 3596: 3115: 2744: 2693:Hanlon, R.T.; Messenger, J.B. (1996). 2519: 2517: 2129: 2089:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145121 1652:The same researchers later found that 7749: 7671: 7545:High-context and low-context cultures 7316: 7278: 6827: 6471: 6220: 5961: 5799: 5537: 5142: 4883: 4672: 4670: 3838: 3836: 2817:"Bioluminescence | Smithsonian Ocean" 2784: 2530:Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience 2465: 2334:"Ape gestures and language evolution" 1740:Picture Exchange Communication System 1620: 1130:"Small dog watching a cat on a table" 7894:Computer processing of body language 7672: 6066: 4490: 3510: 3318: 2027: 1583: 900: 45:, are being understood in new ways. 7909:List of facial expression databases 7899:Emotion recognition in conversation 5375:Wijngaarden, Vanessa (2023-02-08). 4497:Integrative and Comparative Biology 4474:Integrative and Comparative Biology 4219: 3760:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3647: 3470:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3427:"Whales Found to Speak in Dialects" 3180:Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 3067:"Bird song, ecology and speciation" 3036:10.1146/annurev.ps.28.020177.000425 2953:Integrative and Comparative Biology 2847:Integrative and Comparative Biology 2726:"Two-faced fish tricks competitors" 2524:Shepherd, Stephen V. (2010-03-19). 2514: 1389:Since the late 90s, one scientist, 1311: 1236: 404:to distinguish between groups. The 141:caretaker. In another experiment, 60: 13: 6186:International Bioacoustics Council 5707:"Motherese in bottlenose dolphins" 5581:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1958.tb00695.x 4667: 4468:Cocroft, Reginald (October 2001). 3833: 1688: 1094:Interpretation of animal behaviour 421:have been found to have different 301: 14: 8123: 7793:Childhood disintegrative disorder 6204:The British Library Sound Archive 6194:research on animal vocalizations. 6164:Animal Communicator – Documentary 6157: 5872:Journal of Comparative Psychology 5433:Journal of Comparative Psychology 5306:Trends in Ecology & Evolution 5149:Bowen, Jon; Heath, Sarah (2005). 5067:Clutton-Brock, Tim (2016-05-31). 4226:The Journal of Genetic Psychology 3920:Advances in the Study of Behavior 3663:Searcy, William A. (March 2013). 3511:Ford, John Kenneth Baker (1984). 3018:Schwartzkopff, J (January 1977). 2028:Shah, Sonia (20 September 2023). 667:scent-mark frequently during the 7259: 7258: 6181:The Animal Communication Project 6087: 6060: 6028: 5800:Smith, Eric Alden (2017-09-29). 5639:10.1111/j.1558-5646.2012.01750.x 4136:Bioinspiration & Biomimetics 2466:Mogil, Jeffrey S. (April 2009). 1878: 1758: 1421: 1219: 1209:surveying potential dangers and 1198: 1171: 1159: 1147: 1135: 1123: 339:Problems playing this file? See 317: 242:List of bioluminescent organisms 6729:Iowa Primate Learning Sanctuary 6073:. University of Chicago Press. 5987: 5906: 5859: 5820: 5793: 5613: 5595: 5556: 5531: 5492: 5480: 5467: 5417: 5340: 5236:Journal of Experimental Biology 5223: 5176: 5087: 5060: 4993: 4934: 4877: 4830: 4799: 4736: 4650: 4606:Journal of Experimental Biology 4593: 4546: 4507: 4484: 4461: 4437: 4378: 4354: 4324:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.07.001 4306:Dunbar, R. I. M. (2010-02-01). 4299: 4244: 4213: 4186: 4123: 4064: 4053:from the original on 2012-05-29 4035: 4021:. University of Chicago Press. 4008: 3983: 3948: 3904: 3857: 3794: 3747: 3731: 3695: 3669:The Quarterly Review of Biology 3590: 3457: 3418: 3394: 3369: 3345: 3312: 3247: 3190: 3164: 3058: 3011: 2989: 2940: 2896:Journal of Experimental Biology 2883: 2834: 2809: 2778: 2767: 2717: 2686: 2576: 2459: 2392: 2242:Journal of Experimental Biology 1526:gene-centered view of evolution 1371: 761:Another example of this is the 562:and if the human is carrying a 184:, have specialized skin cells ( 7317: 6904:Bee learning and communication 6067:Real, Leslie A. (1994-12-15). 5691:, vol. 103 no 21, May 23, 2006 5605:under the subject of his book 3542:Souhaut M; Shields MW (2021). 3521:University of British Columbia 2785:Mason, Julia (July 18, 2018). 2325: 2286: 2229: 2170: 2123: 2120:Maynard-Smith and Harper, 2003 2064: 1997: 1745: 771:Prolonged physical contact or 400:, and the use of frequency in 1: 5201:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.05.010 4156:10.1088/1748-3190/11/6/066009 3977:10.1016/s0140-1963(95)80023-9 3932:10.1016/S0065-3454(01)80007-3 3890:10.1016/S0140-1963(95)80023-9 2728:. Science Now. Archived from 2136:Studies in the Age of Chaucer 1991: 953:Communication during contests 6853: 6188:research on animal language. 6121:10.1371/journal.pone.0151600 5752:National Academy of Sciences 5542:. Atria Books/Beyond Words. 5318:10.1016/0169-5347(91)90040-5 5027:10.1371/journal.pone.0187512 4884:Jones, Gareth (2005-07-12). 4542:– via Oxford Academic. 4514:Narins, Peter (April 1990). 4491:Hill, Peggy (October 2001). 4269:10.1016/j.beproc.2014.06.009 4098:10.1371/journal.pone.0184622 3957:Journal of Arid Environments 3870:Journal of Arid Environments 3379:. 2016-10-27. Archived from 3197:Boughman, J W (1998-02-07). 2652:Z. Zellforsch. Mikrosk. Anat 2610:10.1371/journal.pone.0016888 2426:10.1371/journal.pone.0201762 2177:Beecher, Michael D. (2021). 1727:applied behavioural analysis 1426: 944: 585: 248: 204:Bioluminescent communication 136:Another important signal of 37:, sociology, neurology, and 7: 7810:Nonverbal learning disorder 7388:Speech-independent gestures 7361:Facial Action Coding System 5300:Hasson, O. (October 1991). 3807:Canadian Journal of Zoology 3319:Jabr, Ferris (2017-05-12). 3171:Zuberbühler, Klaus (2001). 3024:Annual Review of Psychology 2472:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 2077:Annual Review of Psychology 1871: 1843:may be notable exceptions). 1496:showed in a study of grass 1405:Animal and human encounters 1308:snake's predatory pursuit. 1184:Interspecific communication 674: 546:is used by animals such as 265: 10: 8128: 8112:Interspecies communication 7550:Interpersonal relationship 7351:Body-to-body communication 6813:Human–animal communication 6312:Human–animal communication 6013:10.1207/s15516709cog2403_2 5833:Evolution of Communication 5499:Blumenthal, Susan (1990). 3597:Ladich, Friedrich (2001). 2701:Cambridge University Press 1950:Human–animal communication 1775: 1770:, 4:54, September 10, 2015 1625:It has been reported that 1442:'s tail, the antlers of a 1430: 1384:interspecies communication 1378:Human–animal communication 1375: 1331: 1305:banner-tailed kangaroo rat 1190:Interspecies communication 1187: 1178:"Dog caressing his master" 804: 800: 784: 780: 763:waggle dance of honey bees 678: 589: 269: 89: 8041: 8015: 7955: 7948: 7922: 7886: 7850: 7823: 7760: 7756: 7745: 7678: 7667: 7623: 7600: 7563: 7515: 7450: 7329: 7325: 7312: 7254: 7208: 7187: 7066: 6961:Evolutionary neuroscience 6861: 6785: 6742: 6711: 6670: 6643: 6615: 6567: 6539: 6528: 6505: 6439: 6345: 6332:Self-anointing in animals 6307:FOXP2 and human evolution 6254: 5931:10.1007/s10071-008-0199-3 5505:American Indian Quarterly 5394:10.1163/15685306-bja10122 5073:. John Wiley & Sons. 4903:10.1016/j.cub.2005.06.051 4855:10.1007/s00500-016-2033-1 4259:. Neotropical Behaviour. 4220:Kuo, Zing (Jan 1, 1960). 2196:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.602635 1757: 1752: 1654:common bottlenose dolphin 1458:, the pattern changes of 85: 7965:Behavioral communication 6914:Behavioral endocrinology 6297:Evolutionary linguistics 5563:Morris, Desmond (1958). 5538:Smith, Penelope (2009). 4404:10.3389/fphys.2018.00563 2724:Williams, Sarah (2012). 2543:10.3389/fnint.2010.00005 2130:Warren, Michael (2018). 1166:"Half-bred shepherd dog" 710: 402:greater spear-nosed bats 220:. Other insects, insect 80: 7405:Interpersonal synchrony 7306:Nonverbal communication 7109:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt 6889:Animal sexual behaviour 6751:Koko: A Talking Gorilla 5768:10.1073/pnas.2300262120 5601:discussed at length by 4391:Frontiers in Physiology 2751:Motluk, Alison (2001). 2359:10.1073/pnas.0702624104 2311:10.1163/156853951X00197 2183:Frontiers in Psychology 2009:Encyclopedia Britannica 1863:Errors in communication 1826:honeybee dance language 1696:Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfeldt 534:species, including the 427:southern resident orcas 8002:Monastic sign lexicons 7693:Emotional intelligence 7048:Tool use by non-humans 7001:Philosophical ethology 6946:Comparative psychology 6894:Animal welfare science 6734:The Gorilla Foundation 6515:American Sign Language 6452:Category:Talking birds 4559:Journal of Herpetology 4043:"Electrocommunication" 3215:10.1098/rspb.1998.0286 3083:10.1098/rstb.2001.1056 2005:"Animal communication" 1970:Sir Philip Sidney game 1925:Nasty neighbour effect 1902:(human–animal studies) 1856:Campbell's mona monkey 1736:American sign language 1650: 1543: 1414: 1395:American Sign Language 1329: 969: 816: 697:Weakly electric fishes 631:For instance, a small 621:chemical communication 616: 611:A lamb investigates a 604: 592:Olfactic communication 570:stand on two feet and 530:. Species such as the 520: 356: 306: 296: 258: 7992:Impression management 6327:Seismic communication 6277:Anecdotal cognitivism 5845:10.1075/eoc.2.1.06har 5381:Society & Animals 4257:Behavioural Processes 4240:– via ProQuest. 3829:– via ProQuest. 3603:The Anatomical Record 3482:10.1007/s002650050343 2787:"Glowing in the Deep" 2148:10.1353/sac.2018.0028 1831:In contrast to human 1820:instead, for example 1671:child–directed speech 1636: 1572:, which can create a 1538: 1452:European herring gull 1446:and the frill of the 1431:Further information: 1412: 1332:Further information: 1328:in front of its jaws. 1319: 1030:Redirected aggression 1015:Ownership/territorial 967: 814: 787:Seismic communication 610: 599: 538:(woodchuck), and the 514: 354: 305: 279: 256: 73:to communicate about 8092:Animal communication 8007:Verbal communication 7960:Animal communication 7878:Targeted advertising 7395:Haptic communication 7154:William Homan Thorpe 6919:Behavioural genetics 6879:Animal consciousness 6874:Animal communication 6798:Animal communication 6287:Deception in animals 6248:Animal communication 5715:. September 25, 2023 2696:Cephalopod Behaviour 1935:Degeneracy (biology) 1930:Deception in animals 1895:Animal consciousness 1683:convergent evolution 1334:Deception in animals 1037:Food-related signals 719:Somatosensory system 681:Electrocommunication 515:An alert motionless 293:courtship and mating 291:are associated with 232:and even species of 22:Animal communication 8016:Non-verbal language 7904:Gesture recognition 7751:Further information 7641:Emotion recognition 7592:Silent service code 6909:Behavioural ecology 6688:Maurice K. Temerlin 6683:Sue Savage-Rumbaugh 6112:2016PLoSO..1151600G 5975:. 10 September 2015 5760:2023PNAS..12000262S 5018:2017PLoSO..1287512S 4960:10.7554/eLife.14188 4761:1984NW.....71..327K 4749:Naturwissenschaften 4704:10.1038/nature08943 4696:2010Natur.464.1006G 4690:(7291): 1006–1011. 4148:2016BiBi...11f6009D 4089:2017PLoSO..1284622W 3969:1995JArEn..29..511D 3882:1995JArEn..29..511D 3565:10.7717/peerj.12085 3272:2015NatSR...513220P 3140:2021EcolL..24..477M 2966:10.1093/icb/icab013 2860:10.1093/icb/icab090 2791:The Dish on Science 2601:2011PLoSO...616888R 2417:2018PLoSO..1301762B 2350:2007PNAS..104.8184P 1793:double articulation 1627:bottlenose dolphins 1448:frill-necked lizard 1322:humpback anglerfish 1024:Anolis carolinensis 895:infrared perception 883:Common vampire bats 419:Whale vocalizations 8042:Art and literature 7997:Meta-communication 7985:Passive-aggressive 7914:Sentiment analysis 7615:Non-verbal leakage 7238:Behavioral Ecology 7159:Nikolaas Tinbergen 6951:Emotion in animals 6929:Cognitive ethology 6759:The Mind of an Ape 6678:Francine Patterson 6499:Great ape language 6409:Great ape language 6358:Whale vocalization 6322:Origin of language 6209:2010-07-22 at the 6174:2005-10-25 at the 5249:10.1242/jeb.106849 4769:10.1007/BF00396621 4619:10.1242/jeb.006965 4199:. Academic Press. 3990:Clapham, Melanie. 3772:10.1007/BF00170715 3743:UCLA Life Sciences 3529:10.14288/1.0096602 3325:The New York Times 3260:Scientific Reports 2909:10.1242/jeb.242637 2664:10.1007/bf00347297 2255:10.1242/jeb.242637 2035:The New York Times 1960:Origin of language 1940:Emotion in animals 1658:Tursiops truncatus 1631:signature whistles 1621:Signature whistles 1544: 1415: 1330: 1290:(sometimes called 1249:: species such as 1247:warning coloration 1081:Meta-communication 1010:"Copulation calls" 970: 925:(knifefishes) and 911:selection pressure 845:parallel evolution 817: 746:Social integration 617: 605: 521: 366:hammer-headed bats 357: 307: 297: 259: 8079: 8078: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8067: 8066: 7773:Asperger syndrome 7741: 7740: 7723:Social competence 7663: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7465:Emotional prosody 7371:Subtle expression 7356:Facial expression 7272: 7271: 7164:Jakob von Uexküll 6934:Comfort behaviour 6821: 6820: 6803:Primate cognition 6703:William M. Fields 6698:Tetsuro Matsuzawa 6666: 6665: 6508:to non-human apes 6465: 6464: 6080:978-0-226-70595-8 6000:Cognitive Science 5813:978-1-351-52132-1 5242:(18): 3229–3236. 5080:978-1-119-09532-3 4896:(13): R484–R488. 4849:(14): 3827–3848. 4612:(16): 2801–2810. 4366:news.stanford.edu 4206:978-0-12-801683-1 4028:978-0-226-51698-1 3813:(12): 2239–2245. 3280:10.1038/srep13220 3209:(1392): 227–233. 3149:10.1111/ele.13662 3077:(1420): 493–503. 2710:978-0-521-64583-6 2344:(19): 8184–8189. 1921:Dear enemy effect 1774: 1773: 1584:Cognitive aspects 1574:positive feedback 1541:runaway selection 1433:Signalling theory 1300:Thomson's gazelle 1006:birds of paradise 965: 906:Autocommunication 901:Autocommunication 887:Desmodus rotundus 861:electrophysiology 831:between 5 and 30 542:show this trait. 415:Con Slobodchikoff 352: 322: 132:Facial expression 92:Visual perception 50:Signalling theory 27:courtship display 8119: 7953: 7952: 7930:Ray Birdwhistell 7758: 7757: 7747: 7746: 7673:Broader concepts 7669: 7668: 7646:First impression 7327: 7326: 7314: 7313: 7299: 7292: 7285: 7276: 7275: 7262: 7261: 7224:Animal Cognition 7217:Animal Behaviour 7169:Wolfgang Wickler 6869:Animal cognition 6848: 6841: 6834: 6825: 6824: 6808:Animal cognition 6712:Research centers 6537: 6536: 6533:simple languages 6506:Languages taught 6492: 6485: 6478: 6469: 6468: 6272:Animal cognition 6241: 6234: 6227: 6218: 6217: 6152: 6151: 6133: 6123: 6091: 6085: 6084: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6054: 6032: 6026: 6025: 6015: 5991: 5985: 5984: 5982: 5980: 5965: 5959: 5958: 5919:Animal Cognition 5910: 5904: 5903: 5884:10.1037/a0039462 5863: 5857: 5856: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5738: 5725: 5724: 5722: 5720: 5703: 5692: 5685: 5676: 5675: 5641: 5617: 5611: 5608:The Selfish Gene 5599: 5593: 5592: 5560: 5554: 5553: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5478: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5445:10.1037/a0039462 5430: 5421: 5415: 5414: 5396: 5372: 5363: 5362: 5360: 5359: 5350:. Archived from 5344: 5338: 5337: 5297: 5288: 5287: 5261: 5251: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5189:Animal Behaviour 5180: 5174: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5146: 5140: 5139: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5070:Mammal Societies 5064: 5058: 5057: 5039: 5029: 5012:(11): e0187512. 4997: 4991: 4990: 4980: 4962: 4938: 4932: 4931: 4905: 4881: 4875: 4874: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4803: 4797: 4796: 4740: 4734: 4733: 4723: 4674: 4665: 4664: 4654: 4648: 4647: 4621: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4550: 4544: 4543: 4511: 4505: 4504: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4465: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4441: 4435: 4434: 4424: 4406: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4372: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4303: 4297: 4296: 4248: 4242: 4241: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4127: 4121: 4120: 4110: 4100: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4012: 4006: 4005: 3987: 3981: 3980: 3952: 3946: 3945: 3917: 3908: 3902: 3901: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3852: 3851: 3840: 3831: 3830: 3798: 3792: 3791: 3751: 3745: 3735: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3718: 3712:. Archived from 3711: 3707:Springer-Verlag" 3699: 3693: 3692: 3660: 3645: 3644: 3618: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3577: 3567: 3539: 3533: 3532: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3461: 3455: 3454: 3448: 3440: 3438: 3437: 3422: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3412: 3398: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3388: 3373: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3363: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3340: 3339: 3316: 3310: 3309: 3299: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3234: 3194: 3188: 3187: 3177: 3168: 3162: 3161: 3151: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3102: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3015: 3009: 3008: 3006: 3004: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2968: 2944: 2938: 2937: 2911: 2887: 2881: 2880: 2862: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2828: 2813: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2793:. Archived from 2782: 2776: 2771: 2765: 2764: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2732:on March 8, 2013 2721: 2715: 2714: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2630: 2612: 2580: 2574: 2573: 2563: 2545: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2463: 2457: 2456: 2438: 2428: 2396: 2390: 2389: 2379: 2361: 2329: 2323: 2322: 2290: 2284: 2283: 2257: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2216: 2198: 2174: 2168: 2167: 2127: 2121: 2118: 2109: 2108: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2055: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2025: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2015: 2001: 1965:Origin of speech 1906:Biocommunication 1888: 1883: 1882: 1762: 1761: 1750: 1749: 1648: 1591:animal cognition 1570:sexual selection 1488:and other early 1312:Predator to prey 1237:Prey to predator 1223: 1202: 1175: 1163: 1151: 1139: 1127: 1101:anthropomorphize 966: 723:Mechanoreceptors 705:electroreceptors 601:Flehmen response 524:Burrowing animal 353: 324: 323: 304: 113:begging response 61:Animal languages 39:animal cognition 8127: 8126: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8116: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8063: 8054:Mimoplastic art 8037: 8028:Tactile signing 8011: 7944: 7918: 7882: 7846: 7819: 7752: 7737: 7713:Social behavior 7674: 7655: 7619: 7610:Microexpression 7596: 7580:One-bit message 7559: 7511: 7446: 7366:Microexpression 7321: 7308: 7303: 7273: 7268: 7250: 7204: 7183: 7179:Solly Zuckerman 7119:Karl von Frisch 7104:Richard Dawkins 7089:John B. Calhoun 7074:Patrick Bateson 7062: 6996:Pain in animals 6857: 6852: 6822: 6817: 6793:Animal language 6781: 6738: 6707: 6662: 6639: 6611: 6563: 6532: 6530: 6524: 6507: 6501: 6496: 6466: 6461: 6435: 6353:Aquatic animals 6346:Animal-specific 6341: 6337:Talking animals 6267:Animal language 6262:Animal training 6250: 6245: 6211:Wayback Machine 6176:Wayback Machine 6160: 6155: 6106:(4): e0151600. 6092: 6088: 6081: 6065: 6061: 6052: 6050: 6034: 6033: 6029: 5992: 5988: 5978: 5976: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5911: 5907: 5864: 5860: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5754:: e2300262120. 5739: 5728: 5718: 5716: 5705: 5704: 5695: 5686: 5679: 5618: 5614: 5603:Richard Dawkins 5600: 5596: 5561: 5557: 5550: 5536: 5532: 5517:10.2307/1184963 5497: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5473:Sean Senechal: 5472: 5468: 5428: 5422: 5418: 5373: 5366: 5357: 5355: 5346: 5345: 5341: 5312:(10): 325–329. 5298: 5291: 5228: 5224: 5181: 5177: 5167: 5165: 5163: 5147: 5143: 5092: 5088: 5081: 5065: 5061: 4998: 4994: 4939: 4935: 4890:Current Biology 4882: 4878: 4835: 4831: 4824:10.1139/f02-029 4804: 4800: 4741: 4737: 4675: 4668: 4655: 4651: 4598: 4594: 4571:10.2307/1564650 4551: 4547: 4532:10.2307/1311263 4512: 4508: 4489: 4485: 4466: 4462: 4453: 4451: 4449:archive.epa.gov 4443: 4442: 4438: 4383: 4379: 4370: 4368: 4360: 4359: 4355: 4304: 4300: 4249: 4245: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4196:Animal Behavior 4191: 4187: 4128: 4124: 4083:(9): e0184622. 4069: 4065: 4056: 4054: 4041: 4040: 4036: 4029: 4013: 4009: 3988: 3984: 3953: 3949: 3942: 3915: 3909: 3905: 3862: 3858: 3849: 3847: 3842: 3841: 3834: 3819:10.1139/z01-194 3799: 3795: 3752: 3748: 3736: 3732: 3722: 3720: 3716: 3709: 3701: 3700: 3696: 3661: 3648: 3616:10.1002/ar.1105 3595: 3591: 3548:Aquatic Biology 3540: 3536: 3523:. p. 284. 3509: 3505: 3462: 3458: 3442: 3441: 3435: 3433: 3431:livescience.com 3423: 3419: 3410: 3408: 3400: 3399: 3395: 3386: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3370: 3361: 3359: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3337: 3335: 3317: 3313: 3252: 3248: 3195: 3191: 3175: 3169: 3165: 3128:Ecology Letters 3120: 3116: 3063: 3059: 3016: 3012: 3002: 3000: 2994: 2990: 2945: 2941: 2888: 2884: 2839: 2835: 2826: 2824: 2823:. 30 April 2018 2815: 2814: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2783: 2779: 2772: 2768: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2722: 2718: 2711: 2703:. p. 121. 2691: 2687: 2648: 2644: 2581: 2577: 2522: 2515: 2484:10.1038/nrn2606 2464: 2460: 2411:(8): e0201762. 2397: 2393: 2330: 2326: 2291: 2287: 2234: 2230: 2175: 2171: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2112: 2069: 2065: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2039: 2026: 2022: 2013: 2011: 2003: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1989: 1884: 1877: 1874: 1865: 1780: 1778:Animal language 1759: 1753:External videos 1748: 1691: 1689:Human behaviour 1649: 1643: 1623: 1599:Robert Seyfarth 1586: 1552:Richard Dawkins 1522:Sociobiologists 1513:group selection 1435: 1429: 1424: 1407: 1399:animal language 1380: 1374: 1349:ambush predator 1336: 1314: 1239: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1227: 1224: 1215: 1214: 1213: 1203: 1192: 1186: 1179: 1176: 1167: 1164: 1155: 1152: 1143: 1140: 1131: 1128: 1096: 1058:Rhesus macaques 1050:Karl von Frisch 961: 947: 916:electrolocation 903: 809: 807:Thermoreception 803: 789: 783: 713: 701:electrolocation 683: 677: 669:breeding season 650:animal behavior 644:and changes in 638:Atlantic salmon 594: 588: 550:to communicate 390:Campbell monkey 374:humpback whales 348: 346: 345: 337: 335: 334: 333: 332: 325: 318: 315: 308: 302: 274: 272:Animal language 268: 251: 95: 88: 83: 67:electrolocation 63: 43:sexual behavior 35:animal behavior 17: 12: 11: 5: 8125: 8115: 8114: 8109: 8104: 8099: 8094: 8077: 8076: 8073: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8062: 8061: 8056: 8051: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7962: 7956: 7950: 7946: 7945: 7943: 7942: 7937: 7935:Charles Darwin 7932: 7926: 7924: 7920: 7919: 7917: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7890: 7888: 7884: 7883: 7881: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7865: 7860: 7854: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7845: 7844: 7839: 7829: 7827: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7801: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7764: 7762: 7754: 7753: 7743: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7735: 7730: 7725: 7720: 7715: 7710: 7705: 7700: 7695: 7690: 7685: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7665: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7631:Affect display 7627: 7625: 7621: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7612: 7606: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7595: 7594: 7589: 7588: 7587: 7577: 7567: 7565: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7557: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7521: 7519: 7517:Social context 7513: 7512: 7510: 7509: 7508: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7467: 7462: 7456: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7445: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7428: 7427: 7425:Pupil dilation 7422: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7385: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7353: 7348: 7339: 7333: 7331: 7323: 7322: 7310: 7309: 7302: 7301: 7294: 7287: 7279: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7255: 7252: 7251: 7249: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7231:Animal Welfare 7227: 7220: 7212: 7210: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7202: 7197: 7191: 7189: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7144:Desmond Morris 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7099:Marian Dawkins 7096: 7094:Charles Darwin 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7013: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6976:Human ethology 6973: 6968: 6963: 6958: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6884:Animal culture 6881: 6876: 6871: 6865: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6851: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6789: 6787: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6779: 6771: 6763: 6755: 6746: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6715: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6706: 6705: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6674: 6672: 6668: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6660: 6655: 6649: 6647: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6621: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6610: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6573: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6545: 6543: 6534: 6529:Non-human apes 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6511: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6495: 6494: 6487: 6480: 6472: 6463: 6462: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6417: 6416: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6374: 6373: 6372: 6362: 6361: 6360: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6319: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6299: 6294: 6289: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6269: 6264: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6244: 6243: 6236: 6229: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6178: 6166: 6159: 6158:External links 6156: 6154: 6153: 6086: 6079: 6059: 6027: 6006:(3): 363–396. 5986: 5960: 5925:(3): 409–418. 5905: 5878:(4): 334–338. 5858: 5839:(1): 137–159. 5819: 5812: 5792: 5783: 5726: 5693: 5677: 5632:(1): 110–119. 5612: 5594: 5575:(3): 389–439. 5555: 5548: 5530: 5511:(4): 367–377. 5491: 5479: 5466: 5439:(4): 334–338. 5416: 5364: 5339: 5289: 5259:2286/R.I.28102 5222: 5195:(2): 405–411. 5175: 5162:978-0702027673 5161: 5141: 5106:(1): 140–149. 5086: 5079: 5059: 4992: 4933: 4886:"Echolocation" 4876: 4843:Soft Computing 4829: 4798: 4755:(6): 327–328. 4735: 4666: 4649: 4592: 4565:(2): 208–211. 4545: 4526:(4): 268–274. 4506: 4483: 4460: 4436: 4377: 4353: 4318:(2): 260–268. 4298: 4243: 4212: 4205: 4185: 4122: 4063: 4049:. 2012-05-29. 4034: 4027: 4007: 3982: 3963:(4): 511–517. 3947: 3940: 3903: 3876:(4): 511–517. 3856: 3832: 3793: 3766:(2): 105–110. 3746: 3730: 3719:on 2 June 2021 3694: 3681:10.1086/669301 3646: 3609:(3): 297–306. 3589: 3534: 3503: 3476:(5): 277–285. 3456: 3417: 3393: 3368: 3344: 3311: 3246: 3189: 3163: 3134:(3): 477–486. 3114: 3057: 3010: 2988: 2959:(3): 814–824. 2939: 2882: 2853:(3): 787–813. 2833: 2808: 2797:on May 6, 2021 2777: 2766: 2743: 2716: 2709: 2685: 2658:(2): 250–280. 2642: 2575: 2513: 2478:(4): 283–294. 2458: 2391: 2324: 2285: 2228: 2169: 2142:(1): 491–495. 2122: 2110: 2083:(1): 145–173. 2063: 2020: 1995: 1993: 1990: 1988: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1975:Talking animal 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1889: 1886:Animals portal 1873: 1870: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1859: 1852:animal culture 1844: 1829: 1813: 1798:André Martinet 1776:Main article: 1772: 1771: 1755: 1754: 1747: 1744: 1690: 1687: 1679:vocal learning 1641: 1622: 1619: 1603:Dorothy Cheney 1595:vervet monkeys 1585: 1582: 1494:Desmond Morris 1482: 1481: 1478: 1428: 1425: 1423: 1420: 1406: 1403: 1376:Main article: 1373: 1370: 1353:bioluminescent 1313: 1310: 1238: 1235: 1225: 1218: 1217: 1216: 1204: 1197: 1196: 1195: 1194: 1193: 1188:Main article: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1177: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1122: 1120: 1109:Charles Darwin 1095: 1092: 1091: 1090: 1083: 1078: 1074: 1069: 1038: 1035: 1032: 1027: 1016: 1013: 977: 959: 958: 954: 946: 943: 939:toothed whales 902: 899: 805:Main article: 802: 799: 785:Main article: 782: 779: 778: 777: 769: 766: 758: 755: 747: 744: 740: 737: 734: 727: 726: 712: 709: 679:Main article: 676: 673: 587: 584: 574:for potential 556:animal kingdom 378:elephant seals 336: 329:American crows 326: 316: 313:Crows flocking 311: 310: 309: 300: 299: 298: 270:Main article: 267: 264: 250: 247: 246: 245: 206: 201: 198:bioluminescent 194:Humboldt squid 186:chromatophores 176:, such as the 169: 166: 153: 147: 134: 129: 101: 87: 84: 82: 79: 77:and location. 62: 59: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8124: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8098: 8097:Communication 8095: 8093: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8046: 8044: 8040: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8023:Sign language 8021: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7951: 7947: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7885: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7869: 7868:Freudian slip 7866: 7864: 7863:Lie detection 7861: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7849: 7843: 7842:Mirror neuron 7840: 7838: 7834: 7833:Limbic system 7831: 7830: 7828: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7799: 7798:Rett syndrome 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7763: 7759: 7755: 7748: 7744: 7734: 7731: 7729: 7728:Social skills 7726: 7724: 7721: 7719: 7716: 7714: 7711: 7709: 7706: 7704: 7703:People skills 7701: 7699: 7696: 7694: 7691: 7689: 7688:Communication 7686: 7684: 7681: 7680: 7677: 7670: 7666: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7628: 7626: 7624:Multi-faceted 7622: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7605: 7603: 7599: 7593: 7590: 7586: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7572: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7562: 7556: 7553: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7535:Display rules 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7505:Voice quality 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7463: 7461: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7421: 7418: 7417: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7380: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7347: 7343: 7342:Body language 7340: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7293: 7288: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7277: 7265: 7257: 7256: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7239: 7235: 7233: 7232: 7228: 7226: 7225: 7221: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7149:Thomas Sebeok 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7139:Konrad Lorenz 7137: 7135: 7134:Julian Huxley 7132: 7130: 7129:Heini Hediger 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7058:Zoomusicology 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7014: 7012: 7009: 7007: 7004: 7002: 6999: 6997: 6994: 6992: 6991:Neuroethology 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6957: 6954: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6936: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6899:Anthrozoology 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6856: 6849: 6844: 6842: 6837: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6826: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6790: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6776: 6772: 6769: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6741: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6716: 6714: 6710: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6675: 6673: 6669: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6646: 6642: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6614: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6574: 6572: 6570: 6566: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6546: 6544: 6542: 6538: 6535: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6488: 6486: 6481: 6479: 6474: 6473: 6470: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6382:Talking birds 6380: 6379: 6378: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6367: 6366: 6363: 6359: 6356: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6303: 6300: 6298: 6295: 6293: 6290: 6288: 6285: 6283: 6280: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6270: 6268: 6265: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6257: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6237: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6198:Animal Sounds 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6161: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6122: 6117: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6090: 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Routledge. 5805: 5804: 5796: 5787: 5778: 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5714: 5713: 5708: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5684: 5682: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5623: 5616: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5551: 5549:9781582702353 5545: 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5495: 5489: 5483: 5476: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5387:(aop): 1–21. 5386: 5382: 5378: 5371: 5369: 5354:on 2020-11-29 5353: 5349: 5343: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5296: 5294: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5233: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5179: 5164: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5145: 5137: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5101: 5097: 5090: 5082: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5063: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5038: 5033: 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4208: 4202: 4198: 4197: 4189: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4142:(6): 066009. 4141: 4137: 4133: 4126: 4118: 4114: 4109: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4067: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4038: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3943: 3941:9780120045303 3937: 3933: 3929: 3925: 3921: 3914: 3907: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3846:. 16 May 2018 3845: 3839: 3837: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3797: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3734: 3715: 3708: 3706: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3651: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3576: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3460: 3452: 3446: 3432: 3428: 3421: 3407: 3403: 3397: 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Janik, 1640: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1581: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1566: 1562: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1486:Konrad Lorenz 1479: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1434: 1422:Other aspects 1419: 1411: 1402: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1391:Sean Senechal 1387: 1385: 1379: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1335: 1327: 1323: 1318: 1309: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1288: 1281: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1243: 1234: 1222: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1191: 1174: 1169: 1162: 1157: 1150: 1145: 1138: 1133: 1126: 1121: 1118: 1117: 1116: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 994:Julian Huxley 991: 987: 983: 978: 975: 972: 971: 955: 952: 951: 950: 942: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 923:Gymnotiformes 921: 920:electric fish 917: 912: 907: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 850: 846: 841: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 813: 808: 798: 795: 788: 774: 770: 767: 764: 759: 756: 753: 748: 745: 741: 738: 735: 732: 731: 730: 725: 724: 720: 715: 714: 708: 706: 702: 698: 694: 692: 688: 682: 672: 670: 666: 661: 660:scent rubbing 657: 656:Scent marking 653: 651: 647: 643: 642:acidification 639: 634: 629: 627: 622: 614: 609: 602: 598: 593: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 540:alpine marmot 537: 533: 529: 525: 518: 513: 509: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 490:swim bladders 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 407: 406:vervet monkey 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 344: 342: 330: 314: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 273: 263: 255: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 207: 205: 202: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 170: 168:Colour change 167: 163: 159: 154: 151: 148: 144: 143:Jeffrey Mogil 139: 135: 133: 130: 127: 123: 119: 118:Frans de Waal 114: 110: 106: 102: 100: 97: 96: 93: 78: 76: 72: 68: 58: 56: 51: 46: 44: 40: 36: 32: 28: 23: 19: 8107:Zoosemiotics 7959: 7858:Cold reading 7851:Applications 7825:Neuroanatomy 7470:Paralanguage 7243: 7236: 7229: 7222: 7215: 7174:E. O. Wilson 7124:Jane Goodall 7084:Donald Broom 7053:Zoosemiotics 7006:Sociobiology 6873: 6797: 6773: 6765: 6757: 6749: 6724:Elgin Center 6592:Nim Chimpsky 6282:Bioacoustics 6247: 6103: 6099: 6089: 6069: 6062: 6051:. Retrieved 6039: 6030: 6003: 5999: 5989: 5979:11 September 5977:. Retrieved 5963: 5922: 5918: 5908: 5875: 5871: 5861: 5836: 5832: 5822: 5802: 5795: 5786: 5747: 5743: 5719:December 26, 5717:. Retrieved 5710: 5688: 5629: 5625: 5615: 5606: 5597: 5572: 5568: 5558: 5539: 5533: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5482: 5474: 5469: 5436: 5432: 5419: 5384: 5380: 5356:. Retrieved 5352:the original 5342: 5309: 5305: 5239: 5235: 5225: 5192: 5188: 5178: 5166:. Retrieved 5151: 5144: 5103: 5099: 5089: 5069: 5062: 5009: 5005: 4995: 4950: 4946: 4936: 4893: 4889: 4879: 4846: 4842: 4832: 4815: 4811: 4801: 4752: 4748: 4738: 4687: 4683: 4659: 4652: 4609: 4605: 4595: 4562: 4558: 4548: 4523: 4519: 4509: 4500: 4496: 4486: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4452:. Retrieved 4448: 4439: 4394: 4390: 4380: 4369:. 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Retrieved 2008: 1999: 1985:Zoosemiotics 1911:Biosemiotics 1866: 1847: 1791: 1781: 1724: 1720: 1712: 1692: 1675:CDS benefits 1657: 1651: 1645: 1637: 1624: 1587: 1578: 1565:Amotz Zahavi 1545: 1510: 1483: 1472: 1436: 1416: 1388: 1381: 1372:Human/animal 1362:antmimicking 1337: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1273:rattlesnakes 1244: 1240: 1232: 1097: 1042:Waggle dance 1023: 986:mating calls 948: 931:echolocation 904: 891:homeothermic 886: 881: 842: 818: 790: 728: 716: 695: 684: 654: 630: 618: 548:prairie dogs 522: 498:rattlesnakes 446:grasshoppers 438:stridulation 431: 411:Prairie dogs 358: 338: 260: 109:herring gull 71:echolocation 64: 47: 21: 20: 18: 7837:Limbic lobe 7602:Unconscious 7585:Missed call 7555:Social norm 7530:Conventions 7420:Eye contact 7114:Dian Fossey 7079:Marc Bekoff 7067:Ethologists 6778:(2011 film) 6775:Project Nim 6770:(1997 book) 6767:Next of Kin 6762:(1983 book) 6754:(1978 film) 6693:Roger Fouts 6671:Researchers 6569:Chimpanzees 6317:Mating call 5777:10023/27844 4660:Herpetology 3926:: 169–217. 2801:October 31, 2305:(1): 1–39. 1784:linguistics 1746:Linguistics 1490:ethologists 1358:Myrmarachne 1345:angler fish 1207:prairie dog 1072:Alarm calls 1048:studied by 984:signals or 933:, found in 837:rattlesnake 829:wavelengths 474:butterflies 450:crustaceans 394:territorial 386:alarm calls 327:A flock of 210:angler fish 174:cephalopods 165:mechanisms. 8086:Categories 7970:Aggressive 7940:Paul Ekman 7923:Key people 7887:Technology 7873:Poker tell 7718:Social cue 7525:Chronemics 7475:Intonation 7319:Modalities 7016:Structures 7011:Stereotypy 6645:Orangutans 6559:Panbanisha 6370:Bumblebees 6053:2020-10-31 5358:2020-10-28 5054:1961423777 4953:: e14188. 4818:(3): 542. 4520:BioScience 4454:2020-10-26 4371:2020-10-26 4238:1297122533 4057:2020-10-26 4047:archive.fo 4002:1065010384 3850:2020-10-26 3558:: e12085. 3519:(Thesis). 3436:2020-10-25 3411:2020-10-25 3387:2020-10-25 3362:2020-10-25 3338:2020-10-25 3186:: 414–422. 2827:2020-10-25 2453:2091762411 2014:2020-10-31 1992:References 1848:creativity 1660:) mothers 1556:altruistic 1548:John Krebs 1464:bowerbirds 1460:cuttlefish 1277:amphibians 1260:hoverflies 1062:Pheromones 990:pair bonds 927:Mormyridae 877:Crotalinae 869:loreal pit 603:in a tiger 590:See also: 486:centipedes 482:millipedes 434:arthropods 341:media help 289:bird songs 281:Bird calls 230:arachnids, 218:glow worms 190:camouflage 182:cuttlefish 152:-following 31:kairomones 8102:Semiotics 7975:Assertive 7783:Fragile X 7768:Aprosodia 7761:Disorders 7708:Semiotics 7636:Deception 7442:Proxemics 7432:Olfaction 7415:Oculesics 7400:Imitation 7245:Behaviour 7188:Societies 7026:Honeycomb 6399:Elephants 6048:1059-1028 6022:1551-6709 5939:1435-9456 5892:1939-2087 5853:1387-5337 5648:0014-3820 5626:Evolution 5589:1469-7998 5453:1939-2087 5411:257674909 5403:1568-5306 5326:0169-5347 5268:0022-0949 5209:0003-3472 5120:0045-8511 4969:2050-084X 4928:235311777 4912:0960-9822 4871:207013387 4863:1433-7479 4777:1432-1904 4712:1476-4687 4628:0022-0949 4579:0022-1511 4413:1664-042X 4332:0149-7634 4293:205979349 4277:0376-6357 4263:: 27–33. 4164:1748-3190 3898:0140-1963 3827:220512135 3780:1432-0762 3689:0033-5770 3675:(1): 48. 3625:1097-0185 3490:1432-0762 3333:0362-4331 3288:2045-2322 3223:0962-8452 3091:0962-8436 3044:0066-4308 2975:1540-7063 2934:243940410 2918:0022-0949 2869:1540-7063 2736:March 16, 2619:1932-6203 2552:1662-5145 2508:205504814 2492:1471-003X 2368:0027-8424 2319:0005-7959 2299:Behaviour 2280:243940410 2264:0022-0949 2205:1664-1078 2164:165256417 2156:1949-0755 2097:0066-4308 2052:cite news 1839:and some 1837:Cetaceans 1802:morphemes 1666:frequency 1517:evolution 1506:courtship 1427:Evolution 1341:deception 1296:antelopes 1054:altricial 1046:honeybees 982:olfactory 945:Functions 873:Viperidae 851:and some 849:pitvipers 752:olfactory 586:Olfactory 572:surveying 544:Whistling 536:groundhog 517:groundhog 494:bony fish 458:scorpions 429:in 1978. 396:calls of 382:songbirds 249:Signaling 238:symbiotic 214:fireflies 158:Marmosets 146:carriage. 7805:Dyssemia 7651:Intimacy 7571:Emoticon 7480:Loudness 7410:Laughter 7346:Kinesics 7337:Blushing 7330:Physical 7264:Category 7209:Journals 7036:Instinct 6986:Learning 6981:Instinct 6956:Ethogram 6939:Grooming 6862:Branches 6855:Ethology 6617:Gorillas 6292:Ethology 6255:Concepts 6207:Archived 6172:Archived 6148:16369609 6140:27073867 6100:PLOS ONE 5947:18925420 5900:26147704 5672:15929198 5664:23289565 5656:23327705 5461:26147704 5334:21232498 5276:25013103 5217:45749417 5050:ProQuest 5046:29112984 5006:PLOS ONE 4987:27481189 4920:16005275 4793:31899356 4730:20228791 4644:25037159 4636:17690227 4431:29867585 4348:30450770 4340:18662717 4285:25010563 4234:ProQuest 4180:26047199 4172:27906686 4117:28902915 4077:PLOS ONE 4051:Archived 3823:ProQuest 3788:31875357 3641:24896586 3633:11455539 3584:34532160 3498:11845118 3445:cite web 3306:26286236 3158:33314573 3109:12028787 2983:33744960 2926:34752625 2877:34021338 2680:26566732 2637:21373192 2589:PLOS ONE 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