25:
84:
2236:
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965:
424:) of the transmitted signal, followed by additive noise. The attenuation term is a simplification of the underlying physical processes and captures the change in signal power over the course of the transmission. The noise in the model captures external interference or electronic noise in the receiver. If the attenuation term is
1037:, also known as broadcasting medium (not to be confused with broadcasting channel): In this channel, a single sender transmits multiple messages to different destination nodes. All wireless channels except directional links can be considered as broadcasting media, but may not always provide broadcasting service. The
1088:: In this channel, two different senders transmit their data to different destination nodes. Hence, the different senders can have a possible crosstalk or co-channel interference on the signal of each other. The inter-cell interference in cellular wireless communications is an example of an interference channel. In
390:
A channel can be modeled physically by trying to calculate the physical processes which modify the transmitted signal. For example, in wireless communications, the channel can be modeled by calculating the reflection from every object in the environment. A sequence of random numbers might also be
386:
Mathematical models of the channel can be made to describe how the input (the transmitted signal) is mapped to the output (the received signal). There exist many types and uses of channel models specific to the field of communication. In particular, separate models are formulated to describe each
1028:
communication, the communication media can be shared between multiple communication endpoints (terminals). Depending on the type of communication, different terminals can cooperate or interfere with each other. In general, any complex multi-terminal network can be considered as a combination of
1041:
of a cellular system can be considered as a point-to-multipoint channel, if only one cell is considered and inter-cell co-channel interference is neglected. However, the communication service of a phone call is
428:
it also describes the relative time a signal takes to get through the channel. The statistical properties of the attenuation in the model are determined by previous measurements or physical simulations.
1117:
channel is a channel where data is addressed to a group of subscribing users. LTE examples are the physical multicast channel (PMCH) and multicast broadcast single frequency network (MBSFN).
368:
uses two frequencies often 600 kHz (0.6 MHz) apart. For example, a repeater that transmits on 146.94 MHz typically listens for a ham transmitting on 146.34 MHz.
1052:
channel: In this channel, multiple senders transmit multiple possible different messages over a shared physical medium to one or several destination nodes. This requires a
324:
such as North
American TV Channel 2 at 55.25 MHz, Channel 13 at 211.25 MHz. Each channel is 6 MHz wide. This was based on the bandwidth required by
1095:
A unicast channel is a channel that provides a unicast service, i.e. that sends data addressed to one specific user. An established phone call is an example.
436:
schemes. The mathematical model consists of a transition probability that specifies an output distribution for each possible sequence of channel inputs. In
1500:
217:
is also a communication channel, which can be sent to (written) and received from (reading) and allows communication of an information signal across time.
1029:
simplified multi-terminal channels. The following channels are the principal multi-terminal channels first introduced in the field of information theory:
420:
Statistical and physical modeling can be combined. For example, in wireless communications the channel is often modeled by a random attenuation (known as
1102:
channel is a channel that provides a broadcasting service, i.e. that sends data addressed to all users in the network. Cellular network examples are the
712:
models, which attempt to model the signal propagation and distortions for specified transmitter-receiver geometries, terrain types, and antennas
308:, pair or band of frequencies, usually named with a letter, number, or codeword, and often allocated by international agreement, for example:
2208:
2180:
2175:
1200:
374:
All of these communication channels share the property that they transfer information. The information is carried through the channel by a
440:, it is common to start with memoryless channels in which the output probability distribution only depends on the current channel input.
162:
across distance requires some form of pathway or medium. These pathways, called communication channels, use two types of media:
2202:
1165:
1107:
2197:
2187:
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1969:
459:. Underlying protocol layers are replaced by a simplified model. The model may reflect channel performance measures such as
1334:
318:, for example, is 156.800 MHz. In the US, seven additional channels, WX1 - WX7, are allocated for weather broadcasts.
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A path for conveying electrical or electromagnetic signals, usually distinguished from other parallel paths.
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491:(BAC), similar to BSC but the probability of a flip from 0 to 1 and vice-versa is unequal
321:
271:
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96:
718:, models signal dispersion by representing the radio propagation environment by a graph.
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like 3G, interference also occurs inside the cell if non-orthogonal codes are used.
1082:
nodes) cooperate with a sender to send the message to an ultimate destination node.
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938:
934:
926:
834:
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311:
248:
136:
112:
507:(BEC), a discrete channel with a certain bit error detection (erasure) probability
328:
signals. Since 2006, television broadcasting has switched to digital modulation (
83:
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1302:
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342:
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87:
Different types of physical transmission media supporting communication channels
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to transmit a television signal in a much smaller bandwidth, so each of these
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added to simulate external interference or electronic noise in the receiver.
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uses some 88 channels in the VHF band for two-way FM voice communication.
301:, the physical or logical link that connects a data source to a data sink.
281:
or band, that is accessible to a given reading or writing station or head.
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signal model. The model may reflect the following channel impairments:
544:
433:
406:. Semantically, the transition probability is the probability that the
398:
consisting of an input alphabet, an output alphabet, and for each pair
120:
697:, log-normal shadow fading and frequency selective (dispersive) fading
526:(AVC), where the behavior and state of the channel can change randomly
2131:
1596:
1411:
1178:
1114:
1099:
822:
611:
535:
In an analog channel model, the transmitted message is modeled as an
464:
1074:: In this channel, one or several intermediate nodes (called relay,
451:
In a digital channel model, the transmitted message is modeled as a
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2033:
1858:
1681:
1075:
1038:
800:
572:
568:
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354:
152:
16:
Physical or logical connection used for transmission of information
2121:
2106:
1324:
1174:, vol. 27, pp. 379–423 and 623–656, (July and October, 1948)
1043:
888:
818:
213:
with certain error characteristics. In this more general view, a
2151:
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1103:
1065:
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Statistically, a communication channel is usually modeled as a
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159:
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2073:
1381:
955:
Multi-terminal channels, with application to cellular systems
896:
432:
Communication channels are also studied in discrete-alphabet
395:
350:
195:
144:
2078:
851:
357:
from 2412 MHz to 2484 MHz in 5 MHz steps.
402:
of input and output elements, a transition probability
628:
model, for example a non-linear channel model causing
1128:
596:(AWGN) channel, a linear continuous memoryless model
482:(BSC), a discrete memoryless channel with a certain
139:
for transmitting information, often measured by its
1064:scheme. This channel model has applications in the
475:, etc. Examples of digital channel models include:
443:A channel model may either be digital or analog.
2272:
229:A connection between initiating and terminating
828:
703:model, which combined with fading results in a
1194:
225:Examples of communications channels include:
986:. There might be a discussion about this on
2209:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
277:The portion of a storage medium, such as a
2245:
1201:
1187:
1134:
868:(information rate), channel capacity, and
549:time-continuous or time-discrete (sampled)
274:which can communicate a message over time.
247:physical separation, such as by multipair
1141:. Cambridge University Press. p. 1.
1006:Learn how and when to remove this message
661:techniques, for example a complex-valued
446:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
530:
513:, where packets are lost with a certain
82:
32:This article includes a list of general
2273:
1208:
1166:A mathematical theory of communication
1108:Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service
1182:
1138:Introduction to Communication Systems
2255:
958:
833:These are examples of commonly used
284:A buffer from which messages can be
209:, a channel refers to a theoretical
18:
13:
567:(also resulting in burst errors),
417:was transmitted over the channel.
107:medium such as a radio channel in
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
2302:
676:Radio frequency propagation model
387:layer of a communication system.
381:
2254:
2244:
2235:
2234:
2223:
1844:Free-space optical communication
963:
340:has been divided into multiple
23:
1060:(MAC) protocol combined with a
1:
1171:Bell System Technical Journal
1121:
594:Additive white Gaussian noise
360:The radio channel between an
158:Communicating an information
2230:Telecommunication portal
2011:Telecommunications equipment
893:signal-to-interference ratio
829:Channel performance measures
682:Log-distance path loss model
346:each carrying a DTV channel.
240:A single path provided by a
95:refers either to a physical
7:
1747:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1035:point-to-multipoint channel
1024:In networks, as opposed to
524:Arbitrarily varying channel
220:
119:of, for example, a digital
10:
2307:
1451:Telecommunications history
1017:
837:and performance measures:
630:intermodulation distortion
260:time-division multiplexing
135:. A channel has a certain
2218:
2160:
2097:
2059:Public Switched Telephone
2019:
1983:
1940:
1881:
1871:telecommunication circuit
1832:Fiber-optic communication
1815:
1577:Francis Blake (telephone)
1524:
1372:Optical telecommunication
1216:
786:half-duplex communication
663:equivalent baseband model
555:or dynamic (resulting in
498:channel model, a channel
489:Binary asymmetric channel
235:telecommunication circuit
2286:Telecommunication theory
1970:Orbital angular-momentum
1407:Satellite communications
1246:Communications satellite
733:
654:Modelling of underlying
620:intersymbol interference
480:Binary symmetric channel
353:uses 13 channels in the
168:telecommunications cable
115:. A channel is used for
99:such as a wire, or to a
1849:Molecular communication
1672:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
1501:Undersea telegraph line
1236:Cable protection system
1106:service as well as the
1090:spread-spectrum systems
616:co-channel interference
413:is received given that
254:separation, such as by
231:communication endpoints
53:more precise citations.
2291:Television terminology
1991:Communication protocol
1777:Charles Sumner Tainter
1592:Walter Houser Brattain
1537:Edwin Howard Armstrong
1345:Information revolution
944:Packet delay variation
724:, which also causes a
511:Packet erasure channel
505:Binary erasure channel
447:Digital channel models
366:amateur radio operator
362:amateur radio repeater
123:, from one or several
88:
1965:Polarization-division
1697:Narinder Singh Kapany
1662:Erna Schneider Hoover
1582:Jagadish Chandra Bose
1562:Alexander Graham Bell
1293:online video platform
1068:of cellular networks.
885:Signal-to-noise ratio
778:Simplex communication
539:. The model can be a
531:Analog channel models
484:bit error probability
299:communications system
93:communication channel
86:
1807:Vladimir K. Zworykin
1767:Almon Brown Strowger
1737:Charles Grafton Page
1392:Prepaid mobile phone
1320:Electrical telegraph
1086:Interference channel
1058:media access control
1056:scheme, including a
976:confusing or unclear
782:duplex communication
117:information transfer
1757:Johann Philipp Reis
1516:Wireless revolution
1478:The Telephone Cases
1335:Hydraulic telegraph
1135:Madhow, U. (2014).
984:clarify the section
880:Spectral efficiency
875:Channel utilization
864:(signalling rate),
860:in bit/s measures:
767:Multiplexed channel
758:Transmission medium
726:time-variant system
705:time-variant system
689:model, for example
610:model, for example
590:model, for example
575:(RF signal model),
322:Television channels
272:data storage device
242:transmission medium
113:computer networking
97:transmission medium
2281:Information theory
1955:Frequency-division
1932:Telephone exchange
1802:Charles Wheatstone
1732:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
1707:Innocenzo Manzetti
1642:Reginald Fessenden
1377:Optical telegraphy
1210:Telecommunications
870:maximum throughput
842:Spectral bandwidth
671:frequency response
636:Frequency response
438:information theory
330:digital television
256:frequency-division
207:information theory
129:to one or several
109:telecommunications
101:logical connection
89:
2268:
2267:
2006:Store and forward
2001:Data transmission
1915:Network switching
1866:Transmission line
1712:Guglielmo Marconi
1677:Internet pioneers
1542:Mohamed M. Atalla
1511:Whistled language
1016:
1015:
1008:
931:transmission time
913:packet error rate
858:Digital bandwidth
823:multicast channel
815:Broadcast channel
771:Computer network
762:fiber-optic cable
716:Propagation graph
638:model, including
519:packet error rate
338:physical channels
334:image compression
326:analog television
180:fiber-optic cable
164:Transmission line
79:
78:
71:
2298:
2258:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2099:Notable networks
2089:Wireless network
2029:Cellular network
2021:Types of network
1996:Computer network
1883:Network topology
1797:Thomas A. Watson
1652:Oliver Heaviside
1637:Philo Farnsworth
1612:Daniel Davis Jr.
1587:Charles Bourseul
1547:John Logie Baird
1256:Data compression
1251:Computer network
1203:
1196:
1189:
1180:
1179:
1153:
1152:
1132:
1020:Network topology
1011:
1004:
1000:
997:
991:
967:
966:
959:
939:end-to-end delay
935:round-trip delay
927:propagation time
835:channel capacity
760:, for example a
496:bursty bit error
343:virtual channels
312:Marine VHF radio
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
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2015:
1979:
1936:
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1811:
1717:Robert Metcalfe
1572:Tim Berners-Lee
1520:
1340:Information Age
1212:
1207:
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1157:
1156:
1149:
1133:
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1050:Multiple access
1022:
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992:
981:
968:
964:
957:
904:
900:
831:
819:unicast channel
773:virtual channel
736:
722:Mobility models
691:Rayleigh fading
533:
517:probability or
473:delay variation
449:
384:
306:radio frequency
223:
153:bits per second
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
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1950:Space-division
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1799:
1794:
1789:
1787:Camille Tissot
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1762:Claude Shannon
1759:
1754:
1752:Tivadar Puskás
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1722:Antonio Meucci
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1692:Charles K. Kao
1689:
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1674:
1669:
1667:Harold Hopkins
1664:
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1567:Emile Berliner
1564:
1559:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
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1519:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1506:Videotelephony
1503:
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1448:
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1421:
1420:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1402:Radiotelephone
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1300:
1295:
1290:
1288:Internet video
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1125:
1123:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1111:
1096:
1093:
1083:
1069:
1054:channel access
1047:
1026:point-to-point
1014:
1013:
971:
969:
962:
956:
953:
952:
951:
946:
941:
916:
909:Bit error rate
906:
902:
898:
882:
877:
872:
862:gross bit rate
855:
845:
830:
827:
826:
825:
812:
794:
792:Return channel
789:
775:
769:
764:
755:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:
728:
719:
713:
707:
698:
684:
678:, for example
673:
656:physical layer
652:
646:
633:
623:
605:
604:
603:
597:
581:complex-valued
561:time-invariant
532:
529:
528:
527:
521:
508:
502:
492:
486:
457:protocol layer
453:digital signal
448:
445:
383:
382:Channel models
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319:
302:
295:
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265:
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238:
222:
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215:storage device
77:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2182:
2179:
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2174:
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2169:
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2165:
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2110:
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2100:
2096:
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2037:
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2032:
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2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2018:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1975:Code-division
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Time-division
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
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1909:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:and switching
1884:
1880:
1872:
1869:
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1867:
1864:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1837:optical fiber
1835:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1827:Coaxial cable
1825:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1805:
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1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
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1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:Radia Perlman
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
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1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1632:Lee de Forest
1630:
1628:
1627:Thomas Edison
1625:
1623:
1620:
1618:
1617:Donald Davies
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1603:
1602:Claude Chappe
1600:
1598:
1595:
1593:
1590:
1588:
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1583:
1580:
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1573:
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1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1459:
1457:
1454:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1446:Smoke signals
1444:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1425:
1424:Semiconductor
1422:
1418:
1415:
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1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
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1289:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1283:Digital media
1281:
1277:
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1269:
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1264:
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1234:
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1199:
1197:
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1190:
1185:
1184:
1181:
1173:
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1167:
1163:
1162:C. E. Shannon
1160:
1159:
1150:
1148:9781316060865
1144:
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1127:
1116:
1112:
1109:
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1101:
1097:
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1072:Relay channel
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
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1045:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1010:
1007:
999:
989:
988:the talk page
985:
979:
977:
972:This section
970:
961:
960:
950:
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932:
928:
924:
920:
917:
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886:
883:
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878:
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859:
856:
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849:
846:
843:
840:
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838:
836:
824:
820:
816:
813:
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806:
802:
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795:
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790:
787:
783:
779:
776:
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770:
768:
765:
763:
759:
756:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
737:
727:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
706:
702:
701:Doppler shift
699:
696:
695:Ricean fading
692:
688:
685:
683:
680:
679:
677:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
657:
653:
650:
647:
645:
641:
637:
634:
631:
627:
624:
621:
617:
613:
609:
606:
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598:
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591:
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585:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
537:analog signal
525:
522:
520:
516:
512:
509:
506:
503:
501:
497:
493:
490:
487:
485:
481:
478:
477:
476:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
455:at a certain
454:
444:
441:
439:
435:
430:
427:
423:
418:
416:
412:
409:
405:
401:
397:
392:
388:
379:
377:
367:
363:
359:
356:
352:
348:
345:
344:
339:
335:
332:) which uses
331:
327:
323:
320:
317:
313:
310:
309:
307:
303:
300:
296:
291:
287:
283:
280:
276:
273:
269:
268:
266:
261:
257:
253:
250:
246:
245:
243:
239:
236:
232:
228:
227:
226:
218:
216:
212:
211:channel model
208:
203:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
133:
128:
127:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
85:
81:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
1942:Multiplexing
1817:Transmission
1782:Nikola Tesla
1772:Henry Sutton
1727:Samuel Morse
1657:Robert Hooke
1622:Amos Dolbear
1557:John Bardeen
1476:
1456:Telautograph
1360:Mobile phone
1315:Edholm's law
1298:social media
1231:Broadcasting
1169:
1137:
1130:
1062:multiplexing
1023:
1002:
993:
982:Please help
973:
866:net bit rate
832:
659:transmission
608:Interference
565:time-variant
557:burst errors
534:
499:
450:
442:
431:
419:
414:
410:
403:
399:
393:
389:
385:
373:
341:
337:
289:
285:
224:
210:
204:
172:twisted-pair
157:
130:
124:
92:
90:
80:
65:
56:
37:
2142:NPL network
1854:Radio waves
1792:Alfred Vail
1702:Hedy Lamarr
1687:Dawon Kahng
1647:Elisha Gray
1607:Yogen Dalal
1532:Nasir Ahmed
1466:Teleprinter
1330:Heliographs
949:Eye pattern
854:, symbols/s
848:Symbol rate
710:Ray tracing
649:Group delay
644:phase-shift
640:attenuation
600:Phase noise
577:real-valued
515:packet loss
500:with memory
304:A specific
244:via either
105:multiplexed
51:introducing
2275:Categories
2188:Antarctica
2147:Toasternet
2069:Television
1552:Paul Baran
1484:Television
1468:(teletype)
1461:Telegraphy
1439:transistor
1417:Phryctoria
1387:Photophone
1365:Smartphone
1355:Mass media
1122:References
1080:gap filler
1044:unicasting
1018:See also:
996:March 2010
978:to readers
891:measures:
809:downstream
752:continuous
667:modulation
626:Distortion
553:memoryless
545:non-linear
465:bit errors
434:modulation
316:Channel 16
121:bit stream
59:March 2021
34:references
2172:Americas
2161:Locations
2132:Internet2
1893:Bandwidth
1597:Vint Cerf
1494:streaming
1472:Telephone
1412:Semaphore
1303:streaming
1115:multicast
1100:broadcast
754:) channel
612:crosstalk
355:ISM bands
349:Original
192:satellite
188:microwave
184:broadcast
149:data rate
141:bandwidth
132:receivers
2240:Category
2127:Internet
2117:CYCLADES
2034:Ethernet
1984:Concepts
1908:terminal
1859:wireless
1682:Bob Kahn
1525:Pioneers
1350:Internet
1241:Cable TV
1076:repeater
1039:downlink
844:in Hertz
811:channel)
805:upstream
801:downlink
744:discrete
573:passband
569:baseband
461:bit rate
221:Examples
200:infrared
137:capacity
2260:Commons
2250:Outline
2203:Oceania
2122:FidoNet
2107:ARPANET
1920:circuit
1489:digital
1218:History
974:may be
923:seconds
919:Latency
911:(BER),
889:decibel
788:channel
740:Digital
494:Binary
426:complex
404:p(i, o)
176:coaxial
166:-based
147:or its
126:senders
103:over a
47:improve
2198:Europe
2168:Africa
2152:Usenet
2112:BITNET
2049:Mobile
1925:packet
1434:MOSFET
1429:device
1226:Beacon
1145:
1104:paging
1066:uplink
797:Uplink
748:analog
687:Fading
618:) and
541:linear
422:fading
408:symbol
400:(i, o)
376:signal
364:and a
198:, and
186:(e.g.
182:) and
178:, and
170:(e.g.
160:signal
36:, but
2181:South
2176:North
2137:JANET
2074:Telex
2064:Radio
1903:Nodes
1898:Links
1819:media
1397:Radio
1382:Pager
1310:Drums
1276:video
1271:image
1261:audio
915:(PER)
746:) or
734:Types
651:model
632:(IMD)
622:(ISI)
602:model
588:Noise
469:delay
396:tuple
351:Wi-Fi
297:In a
279:track
249:cable
233:of a
196:radio
2193:Asia
2079:UUCP
2039:ISDN
1143:ISBN
852:baud
669:and
642:and
288:and
111:and
2084:WAN
2054:NGN
2044:LAN
1325:Fax
1266:DCT
1078:or
921:in
887:in
850:in
821:or
807:or
799:or
784:or
665:of
579:or
563:or
559:),
543:or
290:got
286:put
258:or
205:In
202:).
151:in
143:in
2277::
1168:,
1164:,
1113:A
1098:A
1033:A
937:,
933:,
929:,
925::
901:/N
895:,
817:,
780:,
693:,
571:,
551:,
547:,
471:,
467:,
463:,
378:.
270:A
251:or
194:,
190:,
174:,
155:.
145:Hz
91:A
2211:)
2207:(
1202:e
1195:t
1188:v
1151:.
1110:.
1046:.
1009:)
1003:(
998:)
994:(
990:.
980:.
903:0
899:b
897:E
803:(
750:(
742:(
614:(
415:i
411:o
292:.
262:.
237:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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