Telecommunications

1759: 2057:(LANs)—computer networks that do not extend beyond a few kilometres—remain distinct. This is because networks on this scale do not require all the features associated with larger networks and are often more cost-effective and efficient without them. When they are not connected with the Internet, they also have the advantages of privacy and security. However, purposefully lacking a direct connection to the Internet does not provide assured protection from hackers, military forces, or economic powers. These threats exist if there are any methods for connecting remotely to the LAN. 1197:(ITU) revealed that roughly a third of countries have fewer than one mobile subscription for every 20 people and one-third of countries have fewer than one land-line telephone subscription for every 20 people. In terms of Internet access, roughly half of all countries have fewer than one out of 20 people with Internet access. From this information, as well as educational data, the ITU was able to compile an index that measures the overall ability of citizens to access and use information and communication technologies. Using this measure, Sweden, Denmark and 763:(EB) in 2000 to 65 EB in 2007. This is the informational equivalent of two newspaper pages per person per day in 1986, and six entire newspapers per person per day by 2007. Given this growth, telecommunications play an increasingly important role in the world economy and the global telecommunications industry was about a $ 4.7 trillion sector in 2012. The service revenue of the global telecommunications industry was estimated to be $ 1.5 trillion in 2010, corresponding to 2.4% of the world's gross domestic product (GDP). 6513: 40: 8893: 7688: 6858: 6259: 7698: 8791: 8859: 322: 6269: 2045:

in advance (i.e., audio and video) without detriment. That prioritization is fine when the network has sufficient capacity for all the VoIP calls taking place at the same time and the network is enabled for prioritization, i.e., a private corporate-style network, but the Internet is not generally managed in this way and so there can be a big difference in the quality of VoIP calls over a private network and over the public Internet.

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perturbations do not affect the final output. In a simplified example, if a binary message 1011 was transmitted with signal amplitudes and received with signal amplitudes it would still decode to the binary message 1011— a perfect reproduction of what was sent. From this example, a problem with digital transmissions can also be seen in that if the noise is great enough it can significantly alter the decoded message. Using

977:. Coaxial cable types are classified by RG type or "radio guide", terminology derived from World War II. The various RG designations are used to classify the specific signal transmission applications. This last channel is called the "free space channel". The sending of radio waves from one place to another has nothing to do with the presence or absence of an atmosphere between the two. Radio waves travel through a perfect 6248: 2139: 1906: 8808: 6279: 1084:") before transmission. There are several different modulation schemes available to achieve this . An example of this process is a disc jockey's voice being impressed into a 96 MHz carrier wave using frequency modulation (the voice would then be received on a radio as the channel "96 FM"). In addition, modulation has the advantage that it may use frequency division multiplexing (FDM). 1654: 1692:

Western Europe (164 m), CEMEA (Central Europe, the Middle East and Africa) (153.5 m), North America (148 m) and Latin America (102 m). In terms of new subscriptions over the five years from 1999, Africa has outpaced other markets with 58.2% growth. Increasingly these phones are being serviced by systems where the voice content is transmitted digitally such as

1983:(UDP). TCP is used when it is essential every message sent is received by the other computer whereas UDP is used when it is merely desirable. With TCP, packets are retransmitted if they are lost and placed in order before they are presented to higher layers. With UDP, packets are not ordered nor retransmitted if lost. Both TCP and UDP packets carry 851:). The transmission electronics and the receiver electronics within a transceiver are quite independent of one another. This can be explained by the fact that radio transmitters contain power amplifiers that operate with electrical powers measured in watts or kilowatts, but radio receivers deal with radio powers measured in microwatts or 1961:

network situation. In practice, most intercontinental communication will use the Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) protocol (or a modern equivalent) on top of optic fibre. This is because for most intercontinental communication the Internet shares the same infrastructure as the public switched telephone network.

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that govern how the computers and routers communicate with each other. The nature of computer network communication lends itself to a layered approach where individual protocols in the protocol stack run more-or-less independently of other protocols. This allows lower-level protocols to be customized

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As of 2015, the landline telephones in most residential homes are analogue—that is, the speaker's voice directly determines the signal's voltage. Although short-distance calls may be handled from end-to-end as analogue signals, increasingly telephone service providers are transparently converting the

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Many countries have enacted legislation which conforms to the International Telecommunication Regulations established by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), which is the "leading UN agency for information and communication technology issues". In 1947, at the Atlantic City Conference, the

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that can be used by other computers to route information to it. Hence, any computer on the Internet can send a message to any other computer using its IP address. These messages carry with them the originating computer's IP address allowing for two-way communication. The Internet is thus an exchange

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Modulation can also be used to transmit the information of low-frequency analogue signals at higher frequencies. This is helpful because low-frequency analogue signals cannot be effectively transmitted over free space. Hence the information from a low-frequency analogue signal must be impressed into

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also filed a caveat for it in 1876. Gray abandoned his caveat and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had filed his caveat for the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to document the idea and test it in a telephone.

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were commonly used on hilltops as a means of relaying a signal. Beacon chains suffered the drawback that they could only pass a single bit of information, so the meaning of the message such as "the enemy has been sighted" had to be agreed upon in advance. One notable instance of their use was during

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voice communications. The data packets are marked as voice-type packets and can be prioritized by the network administrators so that the real-time, synchronous conversation is less subject to contention with other types of data traffic which can be delayed (i.e., file transfer or email) or buffered

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dimensions. It was not until the late 1920s and 1930s that the social dimensions of the device became a prominent theme in telephone advertisements. New promotions started appealing to consumers' emotions, stressing the importance of social conversations and staying connected to family and friends.

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has benefited from better telecommunication infrastructure compared to its competitors. In cities throughout the world, home owners use their telephones to order and arrange a variety of home services ranging from pizza deliveries to electricians. Even relatively poor communities have been noted to

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Whereas Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) or Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) are typical data-link protocols for larger networks such as WANs; Ethernet and Token Ring are typical data-link protocols for LANs. These protocols differ from the former protocols in that they are simpler, e.g., they

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However, despite the pending switch to digital, analog television remains being transmitted in most countries. An exception is the United States that ended analog television transmission (by all but the very low-power TV stations) on 12 June 2009 after twice delaying the switchover deadline. Kenya

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in 1988, the 1990s saw the widespread adoption of systems based on optical fibres. The benefit of communicating with optical fibres is that they offer a drastic increase in data capacity. TAT-8 itself was able to carry 10 times as many telephone calls as the last copper cable laid at that time and

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Mobile phones have had a significant impact on telephone networks. Mobile phone subscriptions now outnumber fixed-line subscriptions in many markets. Sales of mobile phones in 2005 totalled 816.6 million with that figure being almost equally shared amongst the markets of Asia/Pacific (204 m),

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brought on the first explosion of international broadcasting propaganda. Countries, their governments, insurgents, terrorists, and militiamen have all used telecommunication and broadcasting techniques to promote propaganda. Patriotic propaganda for political movements and colonization started the

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was first used as an English word in the late 14th century. It comes from Old French comunicacion (14c., Modern French communication), from Latin communicationem (nominative communication), noun of action from past participle stem of communicare, "to share, divide out; communicate, impart, inform;

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In cultural terms, telecommunication has increased the public's ability to access music and film. With television, people can watch films they have not seen before in their own home without having to travel to the video store or cinema. With radio and the Internet, people can listen to music they

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Telecommunication has played a significant role in social relationships. Nevertheless, devices like the telephone system were originally advertised with an emphasis on the practical dimensions of the device (such as the ability to conduct business or order home services) as opposed to the social

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For the Internet, the physical medium and data link protocol can vary several times as packets traverse the globe. This is because the Internet places no constraints on what physical medium or data link protocol is used. This leads to the adoption of media and protocols that best suit the local

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with that pathway. The traffic contract is essentially an agreement between the client and the network about how the network is to handle the data; if the network cannot meet the conditions of the traffic contract it does not accept the connection. This is important because telephone calls can

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has increased dramatically. These sites allow users to communicate with each other as well as post photographs, events and profiles for others to see. The profiles can list a person's age, interests, sexual preference and relationship status. In this way, these sites can play important role in

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and other distortion. These occur because of the nature of analogue transmission, which means that perturbations due to noise will be evident in the final output. Digital transmission overcomes this problem because digital signals are reduced to discrete values upon reception and hence small

2063:(WANs) are private computer networks that may extend for thousands of kilometres. Once again, some of their advantages include privacy and security. Prime users of private LANs and WANs include armed forces and intelligence agencies that must keep their information secure and secret. 619:

within the tube enables the current between the cathode and anode to be controlled by the voltage on the grid or grids. These devices became a key component of electronic circuits for the first half of the 20th century and were crucial to the development of radio, television, radar,

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signals to digital signals for transmission. The advantage of this is that digitized voice data can travel side by side with data from the Internet and can be perfectly reproduced in long-distance communication (as opposed to analogue signals that are inevitably impacted by noise).

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systems. Analogue signals vary continuously with respect to the information, while digital signals encode information as a set of discrete values (e.g., a set of ones and zeroes). During propagation and reception, information contained in analogue signals is degraded by undesirable

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Telecommunication has also transformed the way people receive their news. A 2006 survey (right table) of slightly more than 3,000 Americans by the non-profit Pew Internet and American Life Project in the United States the majority specified television or radio over newspapers.

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and Paris. However semaphore suffered from the need for skilled operators and expensive towers at intervals of ten to thirty kilometres (six to nineteen miles). As a result of competition from the electrical telegraph, the last commercial line was abandoned in 1880.

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networks). However, some early implementations used heavier coaxial cables and some recent implementations (especially high-speed ones) use optical fibres. When optic fibres are used, the distinction must be made between multimode fibres and single-mode fibres.

873:. The sharing of physical channels using multiplexing often results in significant cost reduction. Multiplexed systems are laid out in telecommunication networks and multiplexed signals are switched at nodes through to the correct destination terminal receiver. 1712:

today's optical fibre cables are able to carry 25 times as many telephone calls as TAT-8. This increase in data capacity is due to several factors: First, optical fibres are physically much smaller than competing technologies. Second, they do not suffer from

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that can render the signal indistinguishable from the noise. Another advantage of digital systems over analogue is that their output is easier to store in memory, i.e., two voltage states (high and low) are easier to store than a continuous range of states.

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Unless the additive noise disturbance exceeds a certain threshold, the information contained in digital signals will remain intact. Their resistance to noise represents a key advantage of digital signals over analogue signals. However, digital systems

988:, which is a subdivision of a transmission medium so that it can be used to send multiple streams of information simultaneously. For example, one radio station can broadcast radio waves into free space at frequencies in the neighbourhood of 94.5 1785:

is used to retrieve the signal containing the visual or audio information. The broadcast signal can be either analogue (signal is varied continuously with respect to the information) or digital (information is encoded as a set of discrete values).

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connection. Protocols are often talked about in terms of their place in the OSI reference model (pictured on the right), which emerged in 1983 as the first step in an unsuccessful attempt to build a universally adopted networking protocol suite.

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mid-1930s. In 1936, the BBC broadcast propaganda to the Arab World to partly counter similar broadcasts from Italy, which also had colonial interests in North Africa. Modern political debates in telecommunication include the reclassification of

1936:). As of 2008, an estimated 21.9% of the world population has access to the Internet with the highest access rates (measured as a percentage of the population) in North America (73.6%), Oceania/Australia (59.5%) and Europe (48.1%). In terms of 1995:, network administrators can manipulate traffic to suit particular requirements. Examples are to restrict Internet access by blocking the traffic destined for a particular port or to affect the performance of certain applications by assigning 509:, became the world's first radio message to cross the Atlantic from North America. In 1904, a commercial service was established to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which incorporated them into their onboard newspapers. 1004:. Each station in this example is separated from its adjacent stations by 200 kHz, and the difference between 200 kHz and 180 kHz (20 kHz) is an engineering allowance for the imperfections in the communication system. 7653: 8355: 1072:" system, for example, uses phase-shift keying to exchange information between various devices. In addition, there are combinations of phase-shift keying and amplitude-shift keying which is called (in the jargon of the field) " 3157:

The electronics age may be said to have been ushered in with the invention of the vacuum diode valve in 1902 by the Briton John Fleming (himself coining the word 'electronics'), the immediate application being in the field of

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is the interface between the power amplifier and the free space channel. The free space channel is the transmission medium and the receiver's antenna is the interface between the free space channel and the receiver. Next, the

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when noise exceeds the system's ability to autocorrect. On the other hand, analogue systems fail gracefully: as noise increases, the signal becomes progressively more degraded but still usable. Also, digital transmission of

2010:(TLS) protocols. These protocols ensure that data transferred between two parties remains completely confidential. Finally, at the application layer, are many of the protocols Internet users would be familiar with such as 1188:

Because of the economic benefits of good telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing worry about the inequitable access to telecommunication services amongst various countries of the world—this is known as the

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as "any telegraphic or telephonic communication of signs, signals, writing, facsimiles and sounds of any kind, by wire, wireless or other systems or processes of electric signaling or visual signaling (semaphores)."

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requiring users to place the receiver in their mouths to "hear". The first commercial telephone services were set up by the Bell Telephone Company in 1878 and 1879 on both sides of the Atlantic in the cities of

1877:(French-designed). For analogue radio, the switch to digital radio is made more difficult by the higher cost of digital receivers. The choice of modulation for analogue radio is typically between amplitude ( 2093:

As the Internet grew in popularity and its traffic was required to be routed into private networks, the TCP/IP protocols replaced existing local area network technologies. Additional technologies, such as

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Despite the modest popularity of Token Ring in the 1980s and 1990s, virtually all LANs now use either wired or wireless Ethernet facilities. At the physical layer, most wired Ethernet implementations use

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suggested a causal link between good telecommunication infrastructure and economic growth. Few dispute the existence of a correlation although some argue it is wrong to view the relationship as causal.

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negotiate a contract so as to guarantee themselves a constant bit rate, something that will ensure a caller's voice is not delayed in parts or cut off completely. There are competitors to ATM, such as

992:(megahertz) while another radio station can simultaneously broadcast radio waves at frequencies in the neighbourhood of 96.1 MHz. Each radio station would transmit radio waves over a frequency 8610: 8555: 2127:

can be thought of as thicker optical fibres that are cheaper to manufacture devices for, but that suffer from less usable bandwidth and worse attenuation—implying poorer long-distance performance.

1797:. The chief advantage of digital broadcasts is that they prevent a number of complaints common to traditional analogue broadcasts. For television, this includes the elimination of problems such as 1716:

which means several hundred of them can be easily bundled together in a single cable. Lastly, improvements in multiplexing have led to an exponential growth in the data capacity of a single fibre.

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is at a critical turning point in its development, with many countries moving from analogue to digital broadcasts. This move is made possible by the production of cheaper, faster and more capable

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also ended analog television transmission in December 2014 after multiple delays. For analogue television, there were three standards in use for broadcasting colour TV (see a map on adoption

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Part 3 Layer 2. The choice of modulation also varies between the schemes. In digital audio broadcasting, standards are much more unified with practically all countries choosing to adopt the

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ITU decided to "afford international protection to all frequencies registered in a new international frequency list and used in conformity with the Radio Regulation". According to the ITU's

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The term "channel" has two different meanings. In one meaning, a channel is the physical medium that carries a signal between the transmitter and the receiver. Examples of this include the

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It is estimated that 51% of the information flowing through two-way telecommunications networks in the year 2000 were flowing through the Internet (most of the rest (42%) through the

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invented a device that allowed the electrical transmission of voice over a line nearly 30 years before in 1849, but his device was of little practical value because it relied on the

3823: 1011:, and each channel is assigned a separate frequency bandwidth in which to broadcast radio waves. This system of dividing the medium into channels according to frequency is called " 8090: 8022: 7612: 3314: 8060: 8305: 219:, a technology independent of any given medium, has provided global access to services for individual users and further reduced location and time limitations on communications. 570:

and demonstrated to his family on 7 September 1927. After World War II, interrupted experiments resumed and television became an important home entertainment broadcast medium.

8580: 615:, contains only a heated electron-emitting cathode and an anode. Electrons can only flow in one direction through the device—from the cathode to the anode. Adding one or more 2397: 1810:

a receiver can correct a handful of bit errors in the resulting message but too much noise will lead to incomprehensible output and hence a breakdown of the transmission.

1034:), and is used in optical fibre communication. Some radio communication systems use TDM within an allocated FDM channel. Hence, these systems use a hybrid of TDM and FDM. 855:. Hence, transceivers have to be carefully designed and built to isolate their high-power circuitry and their low-power circuitry from each other to avoid interference. 651:

devices, which are smaller, cheaper, and more efficient, reliable, and durable than thermionic tubes. Starting in the mid-1960s, thermionic tubes were replaced with the

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out of each second), and to allow each sender to send messages only within its own time slot. This method of dividing the medium into communication channels is called "

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to numerous low-powered receivers. The high-frequency wave sent by the tower is modulated with a signal containing visual or audio information. The receiver is then

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mentioned in the second paragraph. It is suitable for public telephone networks because it establishes a pathway for data through the network and associates a

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Modern telecommunication is founded on a series of key concepts that experienced progressive development and refinement in a period of well over a century:

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discusses some debates in relation to balancing conventional communication such as printing and telecommunication such as radio broadcasting. The onset of

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again accelerated the development of radio for the wartime purposes of aircraft and land communication, radio navigation, and radar. Development of stereo

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for the network situation while not changing the way higher-level protocols operate. A practical example of why this is important is because it allows an

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Above the transport layer, there are certain protocols that are sometimes used and loosely fit in the session and presentation layers, most notably the

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Telecommunications in which multiple transmitters and multiple receivers have been designed to cooperate and share the same physical channel are called

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of radio began in the 1930s in the United States and the 1940s in the United Kingdom, displacing AM as the dominant commercial standard in the 1970s.

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Another way of dividing a communications medium into channels is to allocate each sender a recurring segment of time (a "time slot", for example, 20

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for computing, it was the invention of the thermionic vacuum tube that made these technologies widespread and practical, leading to the creation of

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communications have gradually been supplemented by data. The physical limitations of metallic media prompted the development of optical fibre. The

4076: 1668:. The switches form an electrical connection between the two users and the setting of these switches is determined electronically when the caller 6988: 6315: 3931: 2269: 1518:

According to data collected by Gartner and Ars Technica sales of main consumer's telecommunication equipment worldwide in millions of units was:

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From a global perspective, there have been political debates and legislation regarding the management of telecommunication and broadcasting. The

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reported that 81% of 15- to 24-year-old SMS users in the United Kingdom had used the service to coordinate social arrangements and 42% to flirt.

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Since then the role that telecommunications has played in social relations has become increasingly important. In recent years, the popularity of

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In the mid-1980s, several sets of communication protocols emerged to fill the gaps between the data-link layer and the application layer of the

69:, is the transmission of information with an immediacy comparable to face-to-face communication. As such, slow communications technologies like 7577: 4117: 1932:). By 2007 the Internet clearly dominated and captured 97% of all the information in telecommunication networks (most of the rest (2%) through 3880: 2853: 2490: 783:

and wireless methods. Overall, a basic telecommunication system consists of three main parts that are always present in some form or another:

8643: 8139: 7862: 2178: 2098:, allowed TCP/IP-based computers to self-configure in the network. Such functions also existed in the AppleTalk/ IPX/ NetBIOS protocol sets. 4278: 8200: 7792: 7622: 6231: 6203: 6198: 5223: 4976: 4836: 3344: 1463: 4423: 2831: 1680:. This electrical signal is then sent through the network to the user at the other end where it is transformed back into sound by a small 8250: 3831: 2188: 1147:

scale, companies have used telecommunications to help build global business empires. This is self-evident in the case of online retailer

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Röller, Lars-Hendrik; Leonard Waverman (2001). "Telecommunications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simultaneous Approach".

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reported that in 2007, 58% of advertising expenditure in the United States was spent on media that depend upon telecommunication.

8418: 8270: 8065: 7837: 7602: 7412: 7003: 5191: 3845: 2218: 4804: 2389: 1976:). At the moment, the most widely used version of the Internet Protocol is version four but a move to version six is imminent. 8570: 8522: 8479: 7734: 7286: 7282: 6907: 6225: 2729: 1813:

In digital television broadcasting, there are three competing standards that are likely to be adopted worldwide. These are the

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to run the same code regardless of whether the computer it is running on is connected to the Internet through an Ethernet or

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to the output. This can be reduced, but not eliminated, only at the expense of increasing the channel bandwidth requirement.

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that work together to transmit information to the correct user. An analogue communications network consists of one or more

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Riaz, Ali (1997). "The role of telecommunications in economic growth: proposal for an alternative framework of analysis".

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Telecommunication has a significant social, cultural and economic impact on modern society. In 2008, estimates placed the

1056:—a term derived from the older use of Morse Code in telecommunications—and several keying techniques exist (these include 902:. Commonly, the noise in a communication system can be expressed as adding or subtracting from the desirable signal via a 8831: 8779: 8749: 8585: 7884: 7043: 6602: 6308: 6282: 6215: 6061: 4378: 2912: 2320: 1164:, isolated villagers use cellular phones to speak directly to wholesalers and arrange a better price for their goods. In 4668: 4400: 4178: 3178: 2898: 452:

independently developed a version of the electrical telegraph that he unsuccessfully demonstrated on September 2, 1837.

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may be necessary to amplify or recreate the signal when it is being transmitted over long distances. This is to combat

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Early telecommunication networks used metal wires as the medium for transmitting signals. These networks were used for

129:. Long-distance technologies invented during the 20th and 21st centuries generally use electric power, and include the 4171:"Affordable Broadband: FCC Could Improve Performance Goals and Measures, Consumer Outreach, and Fraud Risk Management" 2782: 2366: 8636: 8469: 8345: 8255: 8205: 8165: 8132: 7984: 7462: 7457: 7352: 7158: 7048: 6978: 6081: 5141: 5016: 4858: 4000: 3905: 3051: 2996: 2766: 2233: 298: 17: 4587: 3552: 1019:", which is more commonly used in optical communications when multiple transmitters share the same physical medium. 719:. ARPANET eventually merged with other networks to form the Internet. While Internet development was a focus of the 446:. Both inventors viewed their device as "an improvement to the electromagnetic telegraph" and not as a new device. 8814: 8340: 8330: 8185: 7954: 7914: 7894: 7874: 7777: 7582: 7557: 7472: 7452: 7402: 7372: 7362: 7218: 7138: 7103: 7088: 7073: 7028: 6963: 6420: 6335: 5866: 5414: 5216: 3718:"World Telecommunication Development Report 2003: Access Indicators for the Information Society: Executive Summary" 2957: 2238: 1992: 1707:

There have also been dramatic changes in telephone communication behind the scenes. Starting with the operation of

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The Internet is a worldwide network of computers and computer networks that communicate with each other using the

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The effective capacity to exchange information worldwide through two-way telecommunication networks grew from 281

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the number. Once the connection is made, the caller's voice is transformed to an electrical signal using a small

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standards; the adoption of these standards thus far is presented in the captioned map. All three standards use

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In a telephone network, the caller is connected to the person to whom they wish to talk by switches at various

302: 278: 4140: 4044: 1168:, coffee growers share mobile phones to follow hourly variations in coffee prices and sell at the best price. 8716: 8691: 8671: 8605: 8504: 8300: 8230: 8210: 7994: 7944: 7904: 7857: 7852: 7842: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7802: 7787: 7782: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7587: 7502: 7482: 7367: 7357: 7265: 7256: 7247: 7178: 7148: 7133: 7118: 7108: 7098: 7063: 7058: 7008: 6953: 6928: 6577: 5997: 3501:

ATIS Committee T1A1 Performance and Signal Processing (approved by the American National Standards Institute)

3075: 2453: 1733: 1241:(SMS) and the telephone also had a significant impact on social interactions. In 2000, market research group 993: 862:

because it occurs between a transmitter and a receiver. Telecommunication through radio broadcasts is called

457: 168:. Other early pioneers in electrical and electronic telecommunications include co-inventors of the telegraph 4943: 4557: 8696: 8676: 8629: 8499: 8245: 8235: 8180: 8175: 8125: 8085: 8027: 7989: 7979: 7959: 7949: 7934: 7929: 7909: 7879: 7847: 7832: 7807: 7743: 7632: 7567: 7532: 7467: 7447: 7437: 7397: 7382: 7377: 7188: 7183: 7123: 7078: 7038: 6933: 6607: 6557: 6497: 6272: 6033: 5930: 5473: 5268: 5240: 2208: 1701: 886: 859: 366:

to various cities using homing pigeons. In the early 19th century, the Dutch government used the system in

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In the example above, the "free space channel" has been divided into communications channels according to

501:, demonstrating, by 1901, that they could be transmitted across the Atlantic Ocean. This was the start of 460:

was successfully completed on July 27, 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first time.

8945: 8681: 8494: 8484: 8474: 8464: 8411: 8295: 8220: 7974: 7899: 7869: 7673: 7592: 7552: 7527: 7507: 7442: 7417: 7407: 7392: 7243: 7163: 7113: 7068: 7053: 7033: 7023: 6998: 6938: 6587: 6572: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6262: 5769: 5209: 4706: 4017: 3797: 1135:(official exchange rate). Several following sections discuss the impact of telecommunication on society. 1053: 1052:. Modulation can be used to represent a digital message as an analogue waveform. This is commonly called 840: 6512: 2419: 1979:

At the transport layer, most communication adopts either the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) or the

843:(two-way systems) with a single box of electronics working as both the transmitter and a receiver, or a 506: 8706: 8575: 8527: 8449: 8190: 7727: 7512: 7477: 7432: 7427: 7173: 7083: 6973: 6900: 6360: 6121: 6043: 5982: 5689: 5171: 4617: 4300:

Hacker, Michael; Burghardt, David; Fletcher, Linnea; Gordon, Anthony; Peruzzi, William (3 April 2015).

3496: 2707: 1857:

transmission that allows digital information to "piggyback" on normal AM or FM analog transmissions.

1842: 1818: 1720: 1128: 1093: 1027: 866:

because it occurs between a powerful transmitter and numerous low-power but sensitive radio receivers.

700: 177: 114: 105:

and empty space made to carry electromagnetic signals. These paths of transmission may be divided into

3927: 2286: 6693: 6562: 6527: 5893: 5854: 5699: 5599: 5528: 5461: 5288: 4903: 3100: 2144: 1937: 899: 815:

that takes the signal from the channel and converts it back into usable information for the recipient

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and the International Radiotelegraph Conference in Madrid, the two organizations merged to form the

8658: 7344: 7322: 6455: 6385: 6340: 6252: 5494: 5429: 5382: 5342: 3869: 3518:

Lenert, Edward (December 1998). "A Communication Theory Perspective on Telecommunications Policy".

2124: 2090:

existed at this point, but it was typically only used by large government and research facilities.

2007: 1964:

At the network layer, things become standardized with the Internet Protocol (IP) being adopted for

1807: 1790: 985: 558:

beginning on 30 September 1929. However, for most of the 20th century, televisions depended on the

439: 33: 5040: 3753:

Fischer, Claude S. (January 1988). "Touch Someone: The Telephone Industry Discovers Sociability".

2861: 2390:"The Case for Fiber to the Home, Today: Why Fiber is a Superior Medium for 21st Century Broadband" 1968:. For the World Wide Web, these "IP addresses" are derived from the human-readable form using the 6627: 6612: 6450: 6440: 6091: 6076: 5920: 5871: 5794: 5694: 5372: 5258: 5253: 1944: 1862: 1713: 1485: 648: 516: 6703: 4828: 4501: 8404: 6798: 6013: 5799: 5614: 5559: 5554: 5367: 5332: 4427: 3586: 2839: 2193: 2163: 2019: 1980: 1770: 1324: 1226: 1099: 1065: 1061: 950: 890: 165: 153: 47: 3372: 2302:

Constitution and Convention of the International Telecommunication Union, Annex (Geneva, 1992)

7720: 6893: 6622: 6552: 6425: 6324: 5915: 5719: 5684: 5604: 5584: 5506: 5394: 5315: 5149:

Dot-Dash to Dot.Com: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet

4938: 4343:

Mbarika, V.W.A.; Mbarika, I. (2006). "Africa calling [African wireless connection]".

4329: 3115: 2629: 2276: 2107: 2027: 1834: 1238: 936: 894: 728: 644: 629: 551: 464: 363: 305:

or reception of signs, signals, writings, images and sounds or intelligence of any nature by

294: 255: 185: 106: 5248: 4534: 3621: 3405: 3398: 1102:

that send messages to one another. Some digital communications networks contain one or more

910:, with the understanding that the noise can be negative or positive at different instances. 6833: 6632: 6582: 6547: 6537: 6532: 5829: 5789: 5759: 5516: 5451: 5273: 5198: (archived 13 April 2004) (Ericsson removed the book from their site in September 2005) 3243: 2082:

with the dominant protocol set during the early 1990s being IPX due to its popularity with

2003: 1774: 1758: 724: 612: 563: 477: 435: 197: 157: 130: 118: 8848: 2880: 8: 8732: 7642: 7315: 6778: 6753: 5839: 5779: 5538: 5500: 5298: 5283: 3295: 3012: 2685: 2243: 2223: 2067: 1988: 1910: 1719:

Assisting communication across many modern optical fibre networks is a protocol known as

1665: 1132: 836:

is the destination of the radio signal, where it is converted from electricity to sound.

798: 780: 633: 589: 502: 152:

and telephony for many decades. In the first decade of the 20th century, a revolution in

90: 4478: 4270: 3247: 497:

began developing a wireless communication using the then-newly discovered phenomenon of

117:. Several methods of long-distance communication before the modern era used sounds like 6617: 6592: 6567: 6435: 6066: 6023: 5954: 5824: 5754: 5729: 5664: 5511: 4641: 4494: 4360: 4326:"Gartner Says Top Six Vendors Drive Worldwide Mobile Phone Sales to 21% Growth in 2005" 4239: 3965: 3778: 3770: 3673: 3531: 3269: 2168: 2103: 2054: 1969: 1929: 1886: 1854: 1794: 1762: 1161: 1103: 1057: 924: 732: 680: 655:. Thermionic tubes still have some applications for certain high-frequency amplifiers. 443: 375: 169: 78: 8621: 8117: 6718: 3852: 7697: 6648: 6106: 6028: 5942: 5925: 5888: 5734: 5564: 5533: 5399: 5293: 5137: 5117: 5012: 4796: 4648: 4505: 4305: 4209: 3996: 3782: 3677: 3604: 3409: 3376: 3365: 3273: 3261: 3234: 3205: 3146: 3047: 2992: 2762: 2619: 2592: 2356: 2153: 2060: 1917: 1724: 1502: 970: 920: 716: 672: 494: 386:, a service that operated for a year until the gap in the telegraph link was closed. 161: 122: 5774: 4364: 1736:(MPLS), that perform a similar task and are expected to supplant ATM in the future. 984:

The other meaning of the term "channel" in telecommunications is seen in the phrase

6773: 6465: 6111: 6071: 6051: 6018: 5947: 5905: 5819: 5674: 5659: 5634: 5609: 5569: 5419: 5278: 5263: 4352: 3957: 3846:"Online News: For many home broadband users, the internet is a primary news source" 3762: 3665: 3596: 3527: 3251: 3230:"The World's Technological Capacity to Store, Communicate, and Compute Information" 2817: 2740: 2348: 1996: 1984: 1949: 1728: 1181: 1110:

that establish a connection between two or more users. For both types of networks,

1107: 812: 708: 696: 567: 559: 535: 523:

began in the 1920s and became an important mass medium for entertainment and news.

205: 201: 6698: 5136:, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Publishing, 1991. 4579: 3948:

Codding, George A. (1955). "Jamming and the Protection of Frequency Assignments".

3429: 2989:

Crystal Clear: The Struggle for Reliable Communications Technology in World War II

1940:, Iceland (26.7%), South Korea (25.4%) and the Netherlands (25.3%) led the world. 981:

just as easily as they travel through air, fog, clouds, or any other kind of gas.

6808: 6768: 6758: 6748: 6683: 6673: 6663: 6658: 6485: 5739: 5594: 5362: 5337: 5325: 5195: 3935: 3474: 2173: 1991:

the packet should be handled by. Because certain application-level protocols use

1965: 1837:(MPEG-2 Part 7) and DVB has no standard for audio compression but typically uses 1494: 882: 828: 824: 580: 528: 520: 329: 310: 189: 102: 8396: 538:

demonstrated the transmission of moving pictures at the London department store

7712: 6885: 6872: 6843: 6838: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6763: 6738: 6723: 6713: 6708: 6653: 5937: 5809: 5784: 5744: 5714: 5589: 5424: 5377: 5352: 5310: 4866: 4356: 4081: 4049: 3669: 1814: 1498: 1190: 1177: 1144: 907: 903: 833: 684: 664: 473: 418: 395: 181: 74: 4386: 3961: 2920: 2312: 1481:"shall have the right to international protection from harmful interference". 8929: 7691: 7307: 6793: 6788: 6728: 6688: 6668: 6597: 6542: 6430: 6370: 6086: 5859: 5849: 5764: 5654: 5649: 5639: 5624: 5446: 5305: 5109: 4681: 4408: 4213: 4170: 3608: 3170: 3095: 1933: 1830: 1798: 1778: 1669: 1657: 1098:

A telecommunications network is a collection of transmitters, receivers, and

962: 957:

for communications by way of the voltages and electric currents in them, and

954: 946: 820: 692: 676: 410: 367: 351: 335: 326: 193: 43: 3256: 3229: 2943: 1853:. HD Radio, unlike Eureka 147, is based upon a transmission method known as 1076:" (QAM) that are used in high-capacity digital radio communication systems. 1000:(kilohertz), centred at frequencies such as the above, which are called the 6803: 6743: 6733: 6678: 6380: 6365: 5964: 5804: 5749: 5679: 5644: 5579: 5478: 5468: 5320: 3265: 2342: 2115: 1753: 1489: 1206: 1081: 1023: 1001: 915: 870: 863: 848: 744: 667:

transmitted problems for his Complex Number Calculator in New York using a

616: 524: 449: 263:

join, unite, participate in," literally, "to make common", from communis".

173: 110: 82: 39: 3913: 759:(PB) of optimally compressed information in 1986 to 471 PB in 1993 to 2.2 211:

Since the 1960s, the proliferation of digital technologies has meant that

32:"Telecommunication" redirects here. For the A Flock of Seagulls song, see 7701: 6783: 6390: 6164: 5814: 5724: 5709: 5669: 5629: 5488: 3600: 2615:

Pigeons-The fascinating saga of the world's most revered and reviled bird

2198: 2041: 1782: 1681: 1165: 1151:

but, according to academic Edward Lenert, even the conventional retailer

1115: 788: 668: 637: 593: 566:. The first version of such a television to show promise was produced by 547: 543: 512: 468: 339: 212: 94: 70: 6293: 1849:

standard). The exception is the United States which has chosen to adopt

1323:

Telecommunication has had an equally significant impact on advertising.

1131:'s revenue at US$ 4.7 trillion or just under three per cent of the 6460: 6415: 6410: 6169: 5876: 5574: 5483: 5439: 5409: 5387: 4781: 4728: 3969: 3774: 1973: 1921: 1846: 1749: 1673: 1242: 1157: 1148: 1043: 974: 942: 740: 688: 652: 539: 498: 456:

was an important advance over Wheatstone's signaling method. The first

453: 414: 138: 98: 5076: 293:

The definition was later reconfirmed, according to Article 1.3 of the

6445: 6154: 5619: 5434: 5201: 4965:

T. Dierks and C. Allen, The TLS Protocol Version 1.0, RFC 2246, 1999.

2228: 2203: 2158: 2071: 1890: 1231: 1069: 1008: 756: 704: 625: 601: 597: 482: 347: 149: 134: 3766: 3691: 628:. While some applications had used earlier technologies such as the 321: 6149: 6139: 6056: 5881: 5704: 4077:"Why the F.C.C. Should Heed President Obama on Internet Regulation" 3143:

The Penguin Encyclopedia of Modern Warfare: 1850 to the present day

2352: 2119: 1850: 1316:

have not heard before without having to travel to the music store.

1111: 966: 852: 760: 736: 699:, a technology that sends a message in portions to its destination 624:, long-distance telephone networks, and analogue and early digital 399: 383: 216: 51: 3622:

Christine Zhen-Wei Qiang and Carlo M. Rossotto with Kaoru Kimura.

6502: 6470: 6144: 6129: 5347: 4977:"VoIP, Voice over Internet Protocol and Internet telephone calls" 4271:"Total share: 30 years of personal computer market share figures" 2079: 1677: 1198: 1152: 712: 371: 126: 55: 8916: 4609: 4032:

from the original on 2 March 2009 – via Middle East Forum.

2759:

Cooke and Wheatstone and the Invention of the Electric Telegraph

596:

for a number of fundamental electronic functions such as signal

6480: 6475: 6174: 6134: 5456: 2110:. Both of these differences allow for more economical systems. 2087: 2083: 1905: 1894: 1893:, and quadrature amplitude modulation is used for stereo AM or 1838: 1826: 1700:

with many markets choosing to deprecate analog systems such as

1697: 978: 711:

emerged on 5 December 1969, constituting the beginnings of the

403: 390: 379: 359: 343: 86: 81:

have been used for telecommunications throughout history, from

5133:

Universal Service and Rate Restructuring in Telecommunications

346:

roots and was later used by the Romans to aid their military.

113:, allowing for a single medium to transmit several concurrent 8773: 6159: 6096: 5404: 5161: 4299: 2048: 1953: 1874: 1745: 1708: 1653: 1202: 779:

Telecommunication technologies may primarily be divided into

608: 554:. It formed the basis of experimental broadcasts done by the 422: 142: 3504: 3141:

Macksey, Kenneth; Woodhouse, William (1991). "Electronics".

2715: 1473:

adopted in Atlantic City, all frequencies referenced in the

6101: 5186: 4676: 3548:

The Effect of Income Inequality on Mobile Phone Penetration

3044:

Living Stereo: Histories and Cultures of Multichannel Sound

2095: 2053:

Despite the growth of the Internet, the characteristics of

2037: 2031: 2015: 2011: 1870: 1822: 1660:

provides cheaper bandwidth for long-distance communication.

1210: 355: 306: 4328:(Press release). Gartner. 28 February 2006. Archived from 1048:

The shaping of a signal to convey information is known as

5181: 2313:"How does a Gigabit Passive Optical Network (GPON) work?" 2075: 2023: 1866: 1693: 1201:

received the highest ranking while the African countries

997: 989: 876: 338:

have been used throughout history by different cultures.

3906:"International Telecommunication Union : About ITU" 2644:"Chronology: Reuters, from pigeons to multimedia merger" 2618:. St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. 8651: 8147: 5044: 4904:"The TCP/IP Guide - History of the OSI Reference Model" 4045:"Obama Asks F.C.C. to Adopt Tough Net Neutrality Rules" 3202:

Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins Of The Internet

2783:"Who made the first electric telegraph communications?" 1248: 505:

by radio. On 17 December 1902, a transmission from the

5176: 3576: 3041: 5166: 5002:

Martin, Michael (2000). "Understanding the Network".

4500:(7th intl ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. pp. 4110:"FCC takes long-delayed step against spam text surge" 3851:. Pew Internet Project. 22 March 2006. Archived from 3309: 3307: 3305: 727:

documents, other networking advancements occurred in

658: 378:

started a pigeon service to fly stock prices between

5005:

The Networker's Guide to AppleTalk, IPX, and NetBIOS

4801:

Corporation for National Research Initiatives (CNRI)

4202:"Why falling PC sales means Windows 7 is on the way" 3430:"Coax Cable FAQ Series: What is RG Cable? – Conwire" 2134: 1723:(ATM). The ATM protocol allows for the side-by-side 1237:

Prior to social networking sites, technologies like

687:

remained popular well into the 1970s. In the 1960s,

5077:"Fiber Optic Cable single-mode multi-mode Tutorial" 3798:"How do you know your love is real? Check Facebook" 3319:

Plunkett's Telecommunications Industry Almanac 2010

3223: 3221: 2562:"International Telegraph Conference (Madrid, 1932)" 4640: 4493: 4240:"Mobile Phone Sales To Exceed One Billion in 2009" 3551:(Honors thesis). Boston University. Archived from 3397: 3364: 3358: 3356: 3354: 3329: 3302: 750: 413:, a French engineer, built the first fixed visual 65:, often used in its plural form or abbreviated as 8426: 3337:"Introduction to the Telecommunications Industry" 2485:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1230:everything from organising social engagements to 507:Marconi station in Glace Bay, Nova Scotia, Canada 156:began with breakthroughs including those made in 8927: 7742: 6915: 6877: 4744:"Changeover to Digital TV Off to a Smooth Start" 3371:(4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. pp. 3315:"Worldwide Telecommunications Industry Revenues" 3218: 3140: 2860:. Electronic Oberlin Group. 2006. Archived from 2714:. l'Ecole Centrale de Lyon. 2003. Archived from 1920:(IP). Any computer on the Internet has a unique 1889:, an amplitude modulated subcarrier is used for 1769:In a broadcast system, the central high-powered 679:. This configuration of a centralized computer ( 4797:"What Is The Internet (And What Makes It Work)" 4795:Kahn, Robert; Cerf, Vinton G. (December 1999). 4036: 3544: 3351: 1781:so as to pick up the high-frequency wave and a 27:Transmission of information electromagnetically 7337: 4342: 4108:McGill, Margaret Harding (26 September 2022). 3042:Théberge, P.; Devine, K.; Everrett, T (2015). 1477:, examined by the board and registered on the 362:also conveyed the names of the victors at the 354:used pigeons as messengers in his conquest of 8936:Economics of transport and utility industries 8637: 8412: 8133: 7728: 7323: 6901: 6309: 5217: 4741: 4018:"The U.S. Counter-propaganda Failure in Iraq" 2477:"From tele-communicare to Telecommunications" 2179:Institute of Telecommunications Professionals 1505:, and expanding affordable broadband access. 1497:as a telecommunications service (also called 1254:News source preference of Americans in 2006. 1156:use telecommunication to their advantage. In 1087: 858:Telecommunication over fixed lines is called 8756:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 4647:(7th intl ed.). Pearson Prentice Hall. 4069: 3227: 1513: 1464:List of telecommunications regulatory bodies 791:that takes information and converts it to a 398:, when a beacon chain relayed a signal from 6232:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 5192:Ericsson's Understanding Telecommunications 5167:International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 4859:"World Internet Users and Population Stats" 3725:International Telecommunication Union (ITU) 2189:List of telecommunications encryption terms 839:Telecommunication systems are occasionally 463:The conventional telephone was patented by 8644: 8630: 8419: 8405: 8140: 8126: 7735: 7721: 7330: 7316: 6908: 6894: 6316: 6302: 6268: 5224: 5210: 5116:(New York: Routledge, 2011), p. 176. 4974: 4881:"OECD Broadband Statistics, December 2005" 4826: 2838:. Burndy Library Inc. 1959. Archived from 2756: 2049:Local area networks and wide area networks 2040:(VoIP) allows data packets to be used for 1475:International Frequency Registration Board 1015:". Another term for the same concept is " 671:and received the computed results back at 429: 196:, as well as inventors of television like 6323: 4638: 4491: 3590: 3468:Bluetooth Specification Version 2.0 + EDR 3255: 3228:Hilbert, Martin; López, Priscila (2011). 2452:. Oxford University Press. Archived from 2344:Renewing U.S. Telecommunications Research 1987:with them to specify what application or 1739: 1080:a higher-frequency signal (known as the " 930: 703:without passing it through a centralized 515:accelerated the development of radio for 438:was demonstrated by English inventor Sir 178:inventors and developers of the telephone 4901: 4794: 4383:Australia Telecommunications Association 4015: 4009: 3489: 3395: 3389: 2986: 2611: 1904: 1757: 1652: 827:is the transmitter and the broadcasting 320: 46:at the satellite communication facility 38: 4550:"The WAN Road Ahead: Ethernet or Bust?" 3986: 3984: 3982: 3980: 3947: 3752: 3746: 3088: 3013:"Report 1946-04 – Frequency Modulation" 3005: 2933: 2811: 2591:. Sumter, SC: Levi Publishing Co, Inc. 2387: 2219:Telecommunications Industry Association 1331:Advertising expenditures in US in 2007 488: 434:On July 25, 1837, the first commercial 230:is a compound noun of the Greek prefix 77:are excluded from the definition. Many 14: 8928: 5231: 5001: 4527:"MPLS is the future, but ATM hangs on" 4468: 4421: 4268: 4199: 4107: 3517: 3362: 3199: 2958:"TR Center - Talking Across the Ocean" 2542:from the original on 14 September 2016 2474: 1943:The Internet works in part because of 1833:AC-3 for audio compression, ISDB uses 1765:standards and their adoption worldwide 877:Analogue versus digital communications 316: 8625: 8400: 8148:Telecommunications in North America 8121: 7716: 7311: 6889: 6876: 6297: 5205: 5187:International Telecommunication Union 5038: 4914:from the original on 4 September 2017 4754:from the original on 14 December 2017 4547: 4042: 3993:History of international broadcasting 3950:American Journal of International Law 2757:Brockedone, William (11 March 2013). 2737:International Telecommunication Union 2438: 2426:from the original on 25 December 2016 2283:International Telecommunication Union 1195:International Telecommunication Union 766: 283:International Telecommunication Union 8780: 8652:Telecommunications in South America 6278: 5087:from the original on 23 October 2018 4983:from the original on 24 January 2018 4181:from the original on 8 February 2023 4151:from the original on 7 February 2023 4120:from the original on 8 February 2023 3990: 3977: 3804:from the original on 6 November 2017 3655: 3400:Analog and Digital Signal Processing 3113: 2586: 2580: 2388:Cyphers, Bennett (16 October 2019). 1972:(e.g., 72.14.207.99 is derived from 1249:Entertainment, news, and advertising 573: 279:Plenipotentiary Telegraph Conference 4975:Multimedia, Crucible (7 May 2011). 4829:"How Internet Infrastructure Works" 4590:from the original on 2 January 2016 4524: 4269:Reimer, Jeremy (15 December 2005). 3698:from the original on 2 January 2019 3637:from the original on 12 August 2020 3181:from the original on 15 August 2017 3046:. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing. 3023:from the original on 3 January 2020 2730:"CCIT/ITU-T 50 Years of Excellence" 2568:from the original on 8 January 2023 805:that carries the signal (e.g., the 24: 5162:International Teletraffic Congress 4839:from the original on 10 April 2010 4703:Digital Video Broadcasting Project 4620:from the original on 12 March 2018 4057:from the original on 27 April 2019 4043:Wyatt, Edward (10 November 2014). 3870:"100 Leading National Advertisers" 3532:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1998.tb02767.x 3503:. 28 February 2001. Archived from 3440:from the original on 8 August 2017 3122:from the original on 15 April 2012 2968:from the original on 17 April 2021 2940:Tesla Memorial Society of New York 2793:from the original on 8 August 2017 2657:from the original on 26 March 2008 2305: 2184:International Teletraffic Congress 1122: 889:, which may in turn be carried by 659:Computer networks and the Internet 519:. After the war, commercial radio 25: 8957: 5177:Federal Communications Commission 5155: 4807:from the original on 15 July 2017 4614:Digital Television News Australia 4610:"Digital Television in Australia" 4548:Lazar, Irwin (22 February 2011). 4471:"Report: DWDM No Match for Sonet" 4442:"Fundamentals of DWDM Technology" 4304:. Cengage Learning. p. 433. 4250:from the original on 8 March 2018 3886:from the original on 27 July 2011 3404:(2nd ed.). Brooks. pp. 2369:from the original on 23 June 2021 2234:Underwater acoustic communication 1829:for video compression. ATSC uses 1308:Survey permitted multiple answers 1171: 1138: 881:Communications can be encoded as 774: 723:(IETF) who published a series of 715:, which by 1981 had grown to 213 542:. Baird's device relied upon the 8908: 8891: 8874: 8857: 8840: 8823: 8806: 8789: 8261:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7696: 7687: 7686: 7214:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 6984:Democratic Republic of the Congo 6857: 6856: 6511: 6277: 6267: 6258: 6257: 6246: 5867:Free-space optical communication 5069: 5060: 5051: 5032: 4995: 4643:Data and Computer Communications 4496:Data and Computer Communications 4401:"Milestones in AT&T History" 4281:from the original on 12 May 2015 4220:from the original on 19 May 2017 4200:Arthur, Charles (4 March 2009). 4138: 4089:from the original on 9 July 2018 3830:. September 2005. Archived from 3734:from the original on 6 June 2023 2895:"Connected Earth: The telephone" 2874: 2675: 2400:from the original on 3 June 2021 2323:from the original on 7 June 2021 2239:Wavelength-division multiplexing 2137: 1216: 1017:wavelength-division multiplexing 945:for sound communications, glass 622:sound recording and reproduction 556:British Broadcasting Corporation 6376:Computer-mediated communication 5103: 4968: 4959: 4950: 4942:. February 2006. Archived from 4926: 4895: 4873: 4851: 4820: 4788: 4766: 4735: 4713: 4691: 4661: 4632: 4602: 4572: 4541: 4518: 4485: 4462: 4434: 4415: 4393: 4379:"Ten Years of GSM in Australia" 4371: 4336: 4318: 4293: 4262: 4232: 4193: 4163: 4132: 4101: 3941: 3898: 3862: 3838: 3824:"I Just Text To Say I Love You" 3816: 3790: 3710: 3684: 3649: 3624:"Economic Impacts of Broadband" 3615: 3570: 3538: 3511: 3480: 3461: 3452: 3422: 3280: 3193: 3163: 3134: 3107: 3089:Postman, Neil (29 March 1999). 3082: 3060: 3035: 2980: 2962:www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org 2950: 2927: 2905: 2887: 2877:"Antonio Santi Giuseppe Meucci" 2868: 2846: 2824: 2814:"The Electromagnetic Telegraph" 2805: 2775: 2750: 2722: 2700: 2669: 2636: 2605: 2554: 2524: 1925:of messages between computers. 1508: 1180:scale, Lars-Hendrik Röller and 1074:quadrature amplitude modulation 1013:frequency-division multiplexing 906:. This form of noise is called 751:Growth of transmission capacity 721:Internet Engineering Task Force 643:In the 1940s, the invention of 8445:Federated States of Micronesia 8427:Telecommunications in Oceania 7744:Telecommunications in Europe 7654:British Indian Ocean Territory 5039:Droms, Ralph (November 2003). 4865:. 30 June 2008. Archived from 4742:Brian Stelter (13 June 2009). 4469:Jander, Mary (15 April 2003). 4016:Garfield, Andrew (Fall 2007). 3545:Mireille Samaan (April 2003). 3017:BBC Research & Development 2812:Calvert, J. B. (19 May 2004). 2519:New Oxford American Dictionary 2500: 2468: 2412: 2394:Electronic Frontier Foundation 2381: 2335: 2296: 2262: 2214:Telecommunications engineering 607:The simplest vacuum tube, the 578:The type of device known as a 389:In the Middle Ages, chains of 13: 1: 6916:Telecommunications in Africa 4902:Kozierok, Charles M. (2005). 4817:Specifically see footnote xv. 3727:. December 2003. p. 22. 3321:. 1 June 2010. Archived from 2420:"Online Etymology Dictionary" 2250: 1734:Multiprotocol Label Switching 1457: 1037: 550:and thus became known as the 458:transatlantic telegraph cable 8386:United States Virgin Islands 6878:Telecommunications by region 6498:Text and conversation theory 6253:Telecommunication portal 6034:Telecommunications equipment 4727:. March 2005. Archived from 3692:"Digital Access Index (DAI)" 3658:Media, Culture & Society 3497:"ATIS Telecom Glossary 2000" 3171:"George Stibitz (1904–1995)" 2255: 2209:Outline of telecommunication 2038:Voice over Internet Protocol 1845:standard (also known as the 1648: 1479:International Frequency List 860:point-to-point communication 647:made it possible to produce 273:History of telecommunication 222: 7: 7338:Telecommunications in Asia 5770:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 5182:IEEE Communications Society 4639:Stallings, William (2004). 4492:Stallings, William (2004). 4405:AT&T Knowledge Ventures 3631:siteresources.worldbank.org 2987:Thompson, R.J. Jr. (2011). 2536:Online Etymology Dictionary 2475:Dilhac, Jean-Marie (2004). 2130: 1900: 1881:) or frequency modulation ( 1773:transmits a high-frequency 309:, radio, optical, or other 297:, which defined it as "Any 10: 8962: 5474:Telecommunications history 4833:Computer.HowStuffWorks.com 4357:10.1109/MSPEC.2006.1628825 4302:Engineering and Technology 3670:10.1177/016344397019004004 2897:. BT. 2006. Archived from 2116:copper twisted-pair cables 1843:Digital Audio Broadcasting 1743: 1721:Asynchronous Transfer Mode 1684:in that person's handset. 1495:broadband Internet service 1461: 1129:telecommunication industry 1094:Telecommunications network 1091: 1088:Telecommunication networks 1041: 1028:time-division multiplexing 934: 821:radio broadcasting station 493:In 1894, Italian inventor 442:and English scientist Sir 270: 266: 31: 8730: 8657: 8536: 8513: 8432: 8361:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 8279: 8153: 8099: 8051: 8013: 7750: 7682: 7641: 7601: 7343: 7227: 7202: 6921: 6883: 6852: 6641: 6520: 6509: 6349: 6331: 6241: 6183: 6120: 6082:Public Switched Telephone 6042: 6006: 5963: 5904: 5894:telecommunication circuit 5855:Fiber-optic communication 5838: 5600:Francis Blake (telephone) 5547: 5395:Optical telecommunication 5239: 4669:"HDV Technology Handbook" 4424:"Optical fibre waveguide" 3962:10.1017/S0002930000170046 3477:(p. 27), Bluetooth, 2004. 3072:MZTV Museum of Television 2612:Blechman, Andrew (2007). 2145:Telecommunications portal 1873:(American designed), and 1514:Worldwide equipment sales 1306: 961:for communications using 8596:Northern Mariana Islands 8381:Turks and Caicos Islands 7403:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 6969:Central African Republic 6456:Nonviolent communication 6386:History of communication 5993:Orbital angular-momentum 5430:Satellite communications 5269:Communications satellite 4554:Telecom Industry Updates 3579:American Economic Review 3520:Journal of Communication 3396:Ambardar, Ashok (1999). 3204:. Simon & Schuster. 2858:Oberlin College Archives 2708:"Les Télégraphes Chappe" 2317:European Investment Bank 2008:Transport Layer Security 1808:forward error correction 1791:broadcast media industry 440:William Fothergill Cooke 34:Telecommunication (song) 8561:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7664:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 6451:Nonverbal communication 6441:Models of communication 5872:Molecular communication 5695:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5524:Undersea telegraph line 5259:Cable protection system 4956:Stallings, pp. 683–702. 4422:Bhatti, Saleem (1995). 3257:10.1126/science.1200970 3145:. Viking. p. 110. 2934:Vujovic, Ljubo (1998). 1486:history of broadcasting 1227:social networking sites 1193:. A 2003 survey by the 1100:communications channels 864:broadcast communication 729:industrial laboratories 695:started to investigate 517:military communications 430:Telegraph and telephone 8311:British Virgin Islands 7793:Bosnia and Herzegovina 6014:Communication protocol 5800:Charles Sumner Tainter 5615:Walter Houser Brattain 5560:Edwin Howard Armstrong 5368:Information revolution 5066:Stallings, pp. 514–16. 5057:Stallings, pp. 500–26. 4934:"Introduction to IPv6" 4780:. 2006. Archived from 4705:. 2003. Archived from 4680:. 2004. Archived from 4451:. 2006. Archived from 4407:. 2006. Archived from 4385:. 2003. Archived from 3755:Technology and Culture 3473:14 August 2014 at the 3363:Haykin, Simon (2001). 3200:Hafner, Katie (1998). 3074:. 2006. Archived from 2991:. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. 2739:. 2006. Archived from 2587:Levi, Wendell (1977). 2285:, 2012, archived from 2194:Military communication 2164:Control communications 2118:(including the common 2106:guarantees, and offer 2102:omit features such as 1981:User Datagram Protocol 1913: 1865:). These are known as 1766: 1661: 1325:TNS Media Intelligence 1066:amplitude-shift keying 1062:frequency-shift keying 986:communications channel 951:optical communications 931:Communication channels 823:, the station's large 735:(LAN) developments of 663:On 11 September 1940, 332: 166:Nobel Prize in Physics 154:wireless communication 115:communication sessions 107:communication channels 59: 48:Raisting Earth Station 8941:Mass media technology 8539:and other territories 8251:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7129:São Tomé and Príncipe 6989:Republic of the Congo 6603:Mediated cross-border 6325:Communication studies 5988:Polarization-division 5720:Narinder Singh Kapany 5685:Erna Schneider Hoover 5605:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5585:Alexander Graham Bell 5316:online video platform 5172:ATIS Telecom Glossary 4939:Microsoft Corporation 4709:on 27 September 2006. 4022:Middle East Quarterly 3800:. CNN. 4 April 2008. 3367:Communication Systems 3103:on 30 September 2009. 2913:"History of AT&T" 2278:ITU Radio Regulations 2108:medium access control 2034:(instant messaging). 1908: 1835:Advanced Audio Coding 1761: 1656: 1429:$ 30.33 billion 1418:$ 28.22 billion 1407:$ 25.42 billion 1396:$ 16.82 billion 1374:$ 18.02 billion 1363:$ 10.69 billion 1352:$ 11.31 billion 1239:short message service 1213:received the lowest. 1002:"carrier frequencies" 937:Communication channel 916:fail catastrophically 895:digital communication 807:"free space channel") 645:semiconductor devices 630:spark gap transmitter 552:mechanical television 324: 295:ITU Radio Regulations 271:Further information: 246:, and the Latin verb 188:, inventors of radio 186:Alexander Graham Bell 42: 7578:United Arab Emirates 6538:Communication theory 6533:Communication design 5830:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5790:Almon Brown Strowger 5760:Charles Grafton Page 5415:Prepaid mobile phone 5343:Electrical telegraph 5041:"Resources for DHCP" 4863:Internet World Stats 4721:"Status of DAB (US)" 4411:on 6 September 2008. 4085:. 14 November 2014. 3991:Wood, James (1992). 3834:on 27 December 2016. 3601:10.1257/aer.91.4.909 3458:Haykin, pp. 344–403. 2832:"The Atlantic Cable" 2746:on 12 February 2020. 2678:"The Spanish Armada" 2653:. 19 February 2008. 2521:(2nd edition), 2005. 2004:Secure Sockets Layer 1775:electromagnetic wave 1740:Radio and television 1440:$ 4.02 billion 1385:$ 4.17 billion 725:Request for Comments 691:and, independently, 634:mechanical computers 613:John Ambrose Fleming 611:invented in 1904 by 592:of electrons from a 564:Karl Ferdinand Braun 489:Radio and television 478:electrophonic effect 436:electrical telegraph 325:A replica of one of 285:(ITU). They defined 198:Vladimir K. Zworykin 158:radio communications 91:semaphore telegraphs 8266:Trinidad and Tobago 8161:Antigua and Barbuda 8014:States with limited 7605:limited recognition 7204:States with limited 5780:Johann Philipp Reis 5539:Wireless revolution 5501:The Telephone Cases 5358:Hydraulic telegraph 5114:Global Mobile Media 5011:. SAMS Publishing. 4946:on 13 October 2008. 4869:on 2 February 2009. 4827:Jeff Tyson (2007). 4586:. 7 December 2000. 3934:7 June 2011 at the 3858:on 21 October 2013. 3558:on 14 February 2007 3486:Haykin, pp. 88–126. 3436:. 12 January 2016. 3347:on 22 October 2012. 3298:on 18 January 2012. 3248:2011Sci...332...60H 2946:on 14 January 2016. 2923:on 14 January 2003. 2496:on 2 December 2010. 2450:Oxford Dictionaries 2446:"Telecommunication" 2244:Wired communication 2224:Telecoms resilience 2068:OSI reference model 2055:local area networks 2030:(file sharing) and 1911:OSI reference model 1869:(German designed), 1795:integrated circuits 1666:telephone exchanges 1451:$ 149 billion 1332: 1255: 1133:gross world product 799:transmission medium 590:thermionic emission 534:On March 25, 1925, 503:wireless telegraphy 317:Beacons and pigeons 164:, who won the 1909 8946:Telecommunications 8776:Telecommunications 8201:Dominican Republic 6568:Discourse analysis 6493:Telecommunications 6436:Meta-communication 5978:Frequency-division 5955:Telephone exchange 5825:Charles Wheatstone 5755:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5730:Innocenzo Manzetti 5665:Reginald Fessenden 5400:Optical telegraphy 5233:Telecommunications 4891:on 6 January 2009. 4525:Dix, John (2002). 3091:"Philo Farnsworth" 2901:on 22 August 2006. 2169:Digital Revolution 2104:quality of service 2061:Wide area networks 1970:Domain Name System 1966:logical addressing 1930:landline telephone 1914: 1855:in-band on-channel 1767: 1763:Digital television 1662: 1330: 1253: 1162:Narsingdi District 1058:phase-shift keying 996:of about 180 949:for some kinds of 925:quantization noise 801:, also called the 767:Technical concepts 733:local area network 444:Charles Wheatstone 376:Paul Julius Reuter 333: 170:Charles Wheatstone 79:transmission media 60: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8764: 8737:other territories 8619: 8618: 8611:Wallis and Futuna 8556:Clipperton Island 8514:Associated states 8394: 8393: 8283:other territories 8115: 8114: 7710: 7709: 7647:other territories 7305: 7304: 7231:other territories 7004:Equatorial Guinea 6870: 6869: 6291: 6290: 6029:Store and forward 6024:Data transmission 5938:Network switching 5889:Transmission line 5735:Guglielmo Marconi 5700:Internet pioneers 5565:Mohamed M. Atalla 5534:Whistled language 5151:(Springer, 2011). 5122:978-0-415-46918-0 5028:on 29 March 2009. 4654:978-0-13-183311-1 4580:"How Radio Works" 4511:978-0-13-183311-1 4458:on 9 August 2012. 4177:. February 2023. 3415:978-0-534-95409-3 3382:978-0-471-17869-9 3341:Plunkett Research 3325:on 28 March 2010. 3288:"video animation" 3211:978-0-684-83267-8 3177:. Kerry Redshaw. 3152:978-0-670-82698-8 3116:"The Vacuum Tube" 2936:"Tesla Biography" 2883:on 24 April 2006. 2688:on 4 January 2020 2625:978-0-7022-3641-9 2598:978-0-85390-013-9 2507:Telecommunication 2362:978-0-309-10265-0 2154:Active networking 2070:. These included 2026:(Internet chat), 2022:(file transfer), 1918:Internet Protocol 1725:data transmission 1646: 1645: 1501:), regulation of 1471:Radio Regulations 1455: 1454: 1313: 1312: 1309: 971:ultraviolet light 923:unavoidably adds 871:multiplex systems 803:physical channel, 673:Dartmouth College 574:Thermionic valves 495:Guglielmo Marconi 287:telecommunication 228:Telecommunication 162:Guglielmo Marconi 121:, the blowing of 63:Telecommunication 18:Telecommunication 16:(Redirected from 8953: 8921: 8913: 8912: 8911: 8904: 8903:from Wikiversity 8896: 8895: 8894: 8887: 8879: 8878: 8877: 8870: 8862: 8861: 8860: 8853: 8845: 8844: 8843: 8836: 8828: 8827: 8826: 8819: 8811: 8810: 8809: 8802: 8794: 8793: 8792: 8782: 8757: 8745:Falkland Islands 8659:Sovereign states 8646: 8639: 8632: 8623: 8622: 8601:Pitcairn Islands 8571:French Polynesia 8551:Christmas Island 8480:Papua New Guinea 8460:Marshall Islands 8433:Sovereign states 8421: 8414: 8407: 8398: 8397: 8351:Saint Barthélemy 8281:Dependencies and 8154:Sovereign states 8142: 8135: 8128: 8119: 8118: 8052:Dependencies and 7751:Sovereign states 7737: 7730: 7723: 7714: 7713: 7700: 7690: 7689: 7659:Christmas Island 7345:Sovereign states 7332: 7325: 7318: 7309: 7308: 7292: 7291:(United Kingdom) 7287:Tristan da Cunha 7283:Ascension Island 7275: 7262: 7253: 7229:Dependencies and 6922:Sovereign states 6910: 6903: 6896: 6887: 6886: 6874: 6873: 6860: 6859: 6515: 6466:Public relations 6361:Biocommunication 6318: 6311: 6304: 6295: 6294: 6281: 6280: 6271: 6270: 6261: 6260: 6251: 6250: 6249: 6122:Notable networks 6112:Wireless network 6052:Cellular network 6044:Types of network 6019:Computer network 5906:Network topology 5820:Thomas A. Watson 5675:Oliver Heaviside 5660:Philo Farnsworth 5635:Daniel Davis Jr. 5610:Charles Bourseul 5570:John Logie Baird 5279:Data compression 5274:Computer network 5226: 5219: 5212: 5203: 5202: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5073: 5067: 5064: 5058: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5043:. Archived from 5036: 5030: 5029: 5027: 5021:. Archived from 5010: 4999: 4993: 4992: 4990: 4988: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4930: 4924: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4908:The TCP/IP Guide 4899: 4893: 4892: 4887:. Archived from 4877: 4871: 4870: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4824: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4812: 4792: 4786: 4785: 4784:on 21 June 2006. 4770: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4731:on 21 July 2006. 4717: 4711: 4710: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4687:on 23 June 2006. 4686: 4673: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4646: 4636: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4556:. Archived from 4545: 4539: 4538: 4533:. Archived from 4522: 4516: 4515: 4499: 4489: 4483: 4482: 4481:on 24 July 2012. 4477:. Archived from 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4446: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4426:. Archived from 4419: 4413: 4412: 4397: 4391: 4390: 4389:on 20 July 2008. 4375: 4369: 4368: 4340: 4334: 4333: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4255: 4246:. 21 July 2005. 4236: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4197: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4186: 4167: 4161: 4160: 4158: 4156: 4145:Business Insider 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4105: 4099: 4098: 4096: 4094: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4040: 4034: 4033: 4013: 4007: 4006: 3988: 3975: 3973: 3945: 3939: 3925: 3923: 3921: 3912:. Archived from 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3885: 3879:. 23 June 2008. 3874: 3866: 3860: 3859: 3857: 3850: 3842: 3836: 3835: 3820: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3794: 3788: 3786: 3750: 3744: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3733: 3722: 3714: 3708: 3707: 3705: 3703: 3688: 3682: 3681: 3653: 3647: 3646: 3644: 3642: 3628: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3594: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3557: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3507:on 2 March 2008. 3493: 3487: 3484: 3478: 3465: 3459: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3403: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3370: 3360: 3349: 3348: 3343:. Archived from 3333: 3327: 3326: 3311: 3300: 3299: 3294:. Archived from 3284: 3278: 3277: 3259: 3225: 3216: 3215: 3197: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3186: 3167: 3161: 3160: 3138: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3111: 3105: 3104: 3099:. Archived from 3086: 3080: 3079: 3064: 3058: 3057: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3019:. January 1946. 3009: 3003: 3002: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2942:. Archived from 2931: 2925: 2924: 2919:. Archived from 2909: 2903: 2902: 2891: 2885: 2884: 2879:. Archived from 2872: 2866: 2865: 2864:on 28 June 2017. 2850: 2844: 2843: 2828: 2822: 2821: 2820:on 16 June 2001. 2816:. Archived from 2809: 2803: 2802: 2800: 2798: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2754: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2734: 2726: 2720: 2719: 2718:on 9 April 2004. 2712:Cédrick Chatenet 2704: 2698: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2684:. Archived from 2673: 2667: 2666: 2664: 2662: 2648: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2628:. Archived from 2609: 2603: 2602: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2528: 2522: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2489:. Archived from 2481: 2472: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2456:on 30 April 2013 2442: 2436: 2435: 2433: 2431: 2416: 2410: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2374: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2309: 2303: 2300: 2294: 2293: 2292:on 19 March 2015 2291: 2274: 2266: 2147: 2142: 2141: 2140: 2125:Multimode fibres 2014:(web browsing), 1950:Internet browser 1938:broadband access 1729:traffic contract 1676:in the caller's 1524:Equipment / year 1521: 1520: 1333: 1329: 1307: 1256: 1252: 1182:Leonard Waverman 697:packet switching 586:thermionic valve 568:Philo Farnsworth 560:cathode ray tube 536:John Logie Baird 330:semaphore towers 256:Édouard Estaunié 234:(τῆλε), meaning 206:Philo Farnsworth 202:John Logie Baird 21: 8961: 8960: 8956: 8955: 8954: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8914: 8909: 8907: 8897: 8892: 8890: 8880: 8875: 8873: 8869:from Wikisource 8863: 8858: 8856: 8846: 8841: 8839: 8829: 8824: 8822: 8812: 8807: 8805: 8801:from Wiktionary 8795: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8781:sister projects 8778:at Knowledge's 8772: 8767: 8766: 8761: 8755: 8738: 8736: 8726: 8653: 8650: 8620: 8615: 8538: 8532: 8515: 8509: 8490:Solomon Islands 8428: 8425: 8395: 8390: 8284: 8282: 8275: 8149: 8146: 8116: 8111: 8095: 8053: 8047: 8033:Northern Cyprus 8015: 8009: 7925:North Macedonia 7746: 7741: 7711: 7706: 7678: 7646: 7637: 7618:Northern Cyprus 7604: 7597: 7339: 7336: 7306: 7301: 7300: 7290: 7273: 7260: 7251: 7232: 7230: 7223: 7207: 7205: 7198: 6917: 6914: 6879: 6871: 6866: 6848: 6637: 6516: 6507: 6354: 6352: 6345: 6327: 6322: 6292: 6287: 6247: 6245: 6237: 6179: 6116: 6038: 6002: 5959: 5908: 5900: 5841: 5834: 5740:Robert Metcalfe 5595:Tim Berners-Lee 5543: 5363:Information Age 5235: 5230: 5196:Wayback Machine 5158: 5147:Wheen, Andrew. 5106: 5101: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5081:ARC Electronics 5075: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5052: 5047:on 4 July 2007. 5037: 5033: 5025: 5019: 5008: 5000: 4996: 4986: 4984: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4951: 4932: 4931: 4927: 4917: 4915: 4900: 4896: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4857: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4825: 4821: 4810: 4808: 4793: 4789: 4778:World DAB Forum 4772: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4755: 4740: 4736: 4725:World DAB Forum 4719: 4718: 4714: 4697: 4696: 4692: 4684: 4671: 4667: 4666: 4662: 4655: 4637: 4633: 4623: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4593: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4560:on 2 April 2015 4546: 4542: 4537:on 6 July 2007. 4523: 4519: 4512: 4490: 4486: 4467: 4463: 4455: 4444: 4440: 4439: 4435: 4430:on 24 May 2006. 4420: 4416: 4399: 4398: 4394: 4377: 4376: 4372: 4341: 4337: 4332:on 10 May 2012. 4324: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4267: 4263: 4253: 4251: 4244:Palm Infocenter 4238: 4237: 4233: 4223: 4221: 4198: 4194: 4184: 4182: 4169: 4168: 4164: 4154: 4152: 4139:Hall, Madison. 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4106: 4102: 4092: 4090: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4041: 4037: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3989: 3978: 3946: 3942: 3936:Wayback Machine 3919: 3917: 3916:on 15 July 2009 3904: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3883: 3877:Advertising Age 3872: 3868: 3867: 3863: 3855: 3848: 3844: 3843: 3839: 3822: 3821: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3767:10.2307/3105226 3751: 3747: 3737: 3735: 3731: 3720: 3716: 3715: 3711: 3701: 3699: 3690: 3689: 3685: 3654: 3650: 3640: 3638: 3626: 3620: 3616: 3592:10.1.1.202.9393 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3555: 3543: 3539: 3516: 3512: 3495: 3494: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3475:Wayback Machine 3466: 3462: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3416: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3361: 3352: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3313: 3312: 3303: 3286: 3285: 3281: 3242:(6025): 60–65. 3226: 3219: 3212: 3198: 3194: 3184: 3182: 3169: 3168: 3164: 3153: 3139: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3112: 3108: 3087: 3083: 3078:on 14 May 2013. 3066: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3011: 3010: 3006: 2999: 2985: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2932: 2928: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2893: 2892: 2888: 2875:Katz, Eugenii. 2873: 2869: 2852: 2851: 2847: 2842:on 1 July 2017. 2830: 2829: 2825: 2810: 2806: 2796: 2794: 2781: 2780: 2776: 2769: 2755: 2751: 2743: 2732: 2728: 2727: 2723: 2706: 2705: 2701: 2691: 2689: 2682:Britain Express 2674: 2670: 2660: 2658: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2632:on 14 May 2008. 2626: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2585: 2581: 2571: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2545: 2543: 2532:"communication" 2530: 2529: 2525: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2479: 2473: 2469: 2459: 2457: 2444: 2443: 2439: 2429: 2427: 2418: 2417: 2413: 2403: 2401: 2386: 2382: 2372: 2370: 2363: 2341: 2340: 2336: 2326: 2324: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2272: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2174:Information Age 2143: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2051: 1903: 1887:stereo playback 1771:broadcast tower 1756: 1744:Main articles: 1742: 1651: 1516: 1511: 1466: 1460: 1251: 1219: 1174: 1141: 1125: 1123:Societal impact 1096: 1090: 1046: 1040: 939: 933: 921:continuous data 887:digital signals 879: 825:power amplifier 777: 769: 753: 661: 581:thermionic tube 576: 529:FM broadcasting 521:AM broadcasting 491: 432: 374:. And in 1849, 319: 311:electromagnetic 275: 269: 225: 190:Edwin Armstrong 119:coded drumbeats 75:pneumatic tubes 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8959: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8938: 8923: 8922: 8905: 8888: 8886:from Wikibooks 8871: 8854: 8852:from Wikiquote 8837: 8820: 8803: 8774: 8769: 8768: 8763: 8762: 8760: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8741: 8739: 8731: 8728: 8727: 8725: 8724: 8719: 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8663: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8649: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8626: 8617: 8616: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8591:Norfolk Island 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8546:American Samoa 8542: 8540: 8534: 8533: 8531: 8530: 8525: 8519: 8517: 8516:of New Zealand 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8436: 8434: 8430: 8429: 8424: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8401: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8388: 8383: 8378: 8373: 8371:Sint Eustatius 8368: 8363: 8358: 8353: 8348: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8316:Cayman Islands 8313: 8308: 8303: 8298: 8293: 8287: 8285: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8258: 8253: 8248: 8243: 8238: 8233: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8145: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8122: 8113: 8112: 8110: 8109: 8107:European Union 8103: 8101: 8100:Other entities 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8057: 8055: 8054:other entities 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8011: 8010: 8008: 8007: 8002: 8000:United Kingdom 7997: 7992: 7987: 7982: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7865: 7860: 7855: 7850: 7845: 7840: 7835: 7830: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7813:Czech Republic 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7760: 7754: 7752: 7748: 7747: 7740: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7717: 7708: 7707: 7705: 7704: 7694: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7676: 7671: 7666: 7661: 7656: 7650: 7648: 7639: 7638: 7636: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7609: 7607: 7599: 7598: 7596: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7495: 7490: 7485: 7480: 7475: 7470: 7465: 7460: 7455: 7450: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7375: 7370: 7365: 7360: 7355: 7349: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7335: 7334: 7327: 7320: 7312: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7298: 7296:Western Sahara 7293: 7276: 7263: 7254: 7240:Canary Islands 7236: 7235: 7233: 7228: 7225: 7224: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7210: 7208: 7203: 7200: 7199: 7197: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6925: 6923: 6919: 6918: 6913: 6912: 6905: 6898: 6890: 6884: 6881: 6880: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6864: 6853: 6850: 6849: 6847: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6761: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6731: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6645: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6636: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6608:Organizational 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6558:Cross-cultural 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6524: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6489: 6488: 6478: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6458: 6453: 6448: 6443: 6438: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6406:Intrapersonal 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6378: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6357: 6355: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6329: 6328: 6321: 6320: 6313: 6306: 6298: 6289: 6288: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6265: 6255: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6236: 6235: 6228: 6223: 6218: 6213: 6208: 6207: 6206: 6201: 6193: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6064: 6059: 6054: 6048: 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6010: 6008: 6004: 6003: 6001: 6000: 5995: 5990: 5985: 5980: 5975: 5973:Space-division 5969: 5967: 5961: 5960: 5958: 5957: 5952: 5951: 5950: 5945: 5935: 5934: 5933: 5923: 5918: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5897: 5896: 5886: 5885: 5884: 5874: 5869: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5836: 5835: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5822: 5817: 5812: 5810:Camille Tissot 5807: 5802: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5785:Claude Shannon 5782: 5777: 5775:Tivadar Puskás 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5745:Antonio Meucci 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5715:Charles K. Kao 5712: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5692: 5690:Harold Hopkins 5687: 5682: 5677: 5672: 5667: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5590:Emile Berliner 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5551: 5549: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5529:Videotelephony 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5504: 5497: 5492: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5465: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5444: 5443: 5442: 5432: 5427: 5425:Radiotelephone 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5391: 5390: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5355: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5330: 5329: 5328: 5323: 5318: 5313: 5311:Internet video 5303: 5302: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5229: 5228: 5221: 5214: 5206: 5200: 5199: 5189: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5157: 5156:External links 5154: 5153: 5152: 5145: 5125: 5110:Goggin, Gerard 5105: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5068: 5059: 5050: 5031: 5017: 4994: 4967: 4958: 4949: 4925: 4894: 4872: 4850: 4819: 4787: 4774:"DAB Products" 4765: 4748:New York Times 4734: 4712: 4690: 4660: 4653: 4631: 4601: 4571: 4540: 4517: 4510: 4484: 4461: 4433: 4414: 4392: 4370: 4335: 4317: 4311:978-1305855779 4310: 4292: 4261: 4231: 4192: 4162: 4131: 4100: 4082:New York Times 4068: 4050:New York Times 4035: 4008: 4001: 3976: 3956:(3): 384–388. 3940: 3938:of regulation) 3897: 3861: 3837: 3815: 3789: 3745: 3709: 3683: 3648: 3614: 3569: 3537: 3510: 3488: 3479: 3460: 3451: 3421: 3414: 3388: 3381: 3350: 3328: 3301: 3279: 3217: 3210: 3192: 3175:www.kerryr.net 3162: 3151: 3133: 3106: 3081: 3068:"The Pioneers" 3059: 3052: 3034: 3004: 2997: 2979: 2949: 2926: 2904: 2886: 2867: 2845: 2823: 2804: 2774: 2767: 2749: 2721: 2699: 2668: 2635: 2624: 2604: 2597: 2579: 2553: 2523: 2499: 2467: 2437: 2411: 2380: 2361: 2353:10.17226/11711 2334: 2304: 2295: 2260: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2206: 2201: 2196: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2176: 2171: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2148: 2132: 2129: 2050: 2047: 1902: 1899: 1885:). To achieve 1799:snowy pictures 1741: 1738: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1643: 1640: 1637: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1616: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1587: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1549: 1546: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1534: 1531: 1528: 1525: 1515: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1499:net neutrality 1459: 1456: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1435: 1431: 1430: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1413: 1409: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1398: 1397: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1376: 1375: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1337: 1311: 1310: 1304: 1303: 1300: 1299:National paper 1296: 1295: 1292: 1288: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1271: 1268: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1250: 1247: 1218: 1215: 1191:digital divide 1173: 1172:Macroeconomics 1170: 1140: 1139:Microeconomics 1137: 1124: 1121: 1092:Main article: 1089: 1086: 1042:Main article: 1039: 1036: 955:coaxial cables 947:optical fibres 935:Main article: 932: 929: 908:additive noise 904:random process 878: 875: 834:radio receiver 817: 816: 809: 795: 776: 775:Basic elements 773: 768: 765: 752: 749: 731:, such as the 707:. A four-node 701:asynchronously 685:dumb terminals 683:) with remote 665:George Stibitz 660: 657: 594:heated cathode 575: 572: 490: 487: 474:Antonio Meucci 465:Alexander Bell 431: 428: 419:semaphore line 396:Spanish Armada 336:Homing pigeons 318: 315: 268: 265: 224: 221: 182:Antonio Meucci 97:, and optical 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8958: 8947: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8931: 8920:from Wikidata 8919: 8918: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8889: 8885: 8884: 8872: 8868: 8867: 8855: 8851: 8850: 8838: 8835:from Wikinews 8834: 8833: 8821: 8817: 8816: 8804: 8800: 8799: 8787: 8786: 8783: 8777: 8758: 8753: 8751: 8750:French Guiana 8748: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8729: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8656: 8647: 8642: 8640: 8635: 8633: 8628: 8627: 8624: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8586:New Caledonia 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8566:Easter Island 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8543: 8541: 8535: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8512: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8431: 8422: 8417: 8415: 8410: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8357: 8354: 8352: 8349: 8347: 8344: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8314: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8297: 8294: 8292: 8289: 8288: 8286: 8278: 8272: 8271:United States 8269: 8267: 8264: 8262: 8259: 8257: 8254: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8244: 8242: 8239: 8237: 8234: 8232: 8229: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8158: 8156: 8152: 8143: 8138: 8136: 8131: 8129: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8108: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8066:Faroe Islands 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8050: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8038:South Ossetia 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8012: 8006: 8003: 8001: 7998: 7996: 7993: 7991: 7988: 7986: 7983: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7885:Liechtenstein 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7861: 7859: 7856: 7854: 7851: 7849: 7846: 7844: 7841: 7839: 7836: 7834: 7831: 7829: 7826: 7824: 7821: 7819: 7816: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7756: 7755: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7738: 7733: 7731: 7726: 7724: 7719: 7718: 7715: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7693: 7685: 7684: 7681: 7675: 7672: 7670: 7667: 7665: 7662: 7660: 7657: 7655: 7652: 7651: 7649: 7644: 7640: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7628:South Ossetia 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7504: 7501: 7499: 7496: 7494: 7491: 7489: 7486: 7484: 7481: 7479: 7476: 7474: 7471: 7469: 7466: 7464: 7461: 7459: 7456: 7454: 7451: 7449: 7446: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7374: 7371: 7369: 7366: 7364: 7361: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7342: 7333: 7328: 7326: 7321: 7319: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7297: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7271: 7267: 7264: 7258: 7255: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7238: 7237: 7234: 7226: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7201: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7162: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7044:Guinea-Bissau 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6924: 6920: 6911: 6906: 6904: 6899: 6897: 6892: 6891: 6888: 6882: 6875: 6863: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6810: 6807: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6765: 6762: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6660: 6657: 6655: 6652: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6644: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6598:Media studies 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6588:International 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6573:Environmental 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6563:Developmental 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6543:Communicology 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6519: 6514: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6447: 6444: 6442: 6439: 6437: 6434: 6432: 6431:Media ecology 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6401:Interpersonal 6399: 6397: 6396:Intercultural 6394: 6392: 6389: 6387: 6384: 6382: 6379: 6377: 6374: 6372: 6371:Communication 6369: 6367: 6364: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6356: 6348: 6342: 6339: 6337: 6334: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6312: 6307: 6305: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6284: 6276: 6274: 6266: 6264: 6256: 6254: 6244: 6243: 6240: 6233: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6214: 6212: 6209: 6205: 6202: 6200: 6197: 6196: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6136: 6133: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6108: 6105: 6103: 6100: 6098: 6095: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6049: 6047: 6045: 6041: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6011: 6009: 6005: 5999: 5998:Code-division 5996: 5994: 5991: 5989: 5986: 5984: 5983:Time-division 5981: 5979: 5976: 5974: 5971: 5970: 5968: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5953: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5940: 5939: 5936: 5932: 5929: 5928: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5911: 5909:and switching 5907: 5903: 5895: 5892: 5891: 5890: 5887: 5883: 5880: 5879: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5860:optical fiber 5858: 5857: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850:Coaxial cable 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5765:Radia Perlman 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5655:Lee de Forest 5653: 5651: 5650:Thomas Edison 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5640:Donald Davies 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5625:Claude Chappe 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469:Smoke signals 5467: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5455: 5453: 5450: 5449: 5448: 5447:Semiconductor 5445: 5441: 5438: 5437: 5436: 5433: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5398: 5396: 5393: 5389: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5308: 5307: 5306:Digital media 5304: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5227: 5222: 5220: 5215: 5213: 5208: 5207: 5204: 5197: 5193: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5142:92-64-13497-2 5139: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5035: 5024: 5020: 5018:0-7357-0977-7 5014: 5007: 5006: 4998: 4982: 4978: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4929: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4898: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4823: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4769: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4716: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4664: 4656: 4650: 4645: 4644: 4635: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4589: 4585: 4584:HowStuffWorks 4581: 4575: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4544: 4536: 4532: 4531:Network World 4528: 4521: 4513: 4507: 4503: 4498: 4497: 4488: 4480: 4476: 4475:Light Reading 4472: 4465: 4454: 4450: 4449:Cisco Systems 4443: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4396: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345:IEEE Spectrum 4339: 4331: 4327: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4265: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4219: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4196: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4150: 4146: 4142: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4088: 4084: 4083: 4078: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4046: 4039: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4004: 4002:9780863413025 3998: 3995:. p. 2. 3994: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3981: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3901: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3865: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3819: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3784: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3730: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3664:(4): 557–83. 3663: 3659: 3652: 3636: 3632: 3625: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3585:(4): 909–23. 3584: 3580: 3573: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3541: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3514: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3417: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3392: 3384: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3368: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3292:The Economist 3289: 3283: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3236: 3231: 3224: 3222: 3213: 3207: 3203: 3196: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3148: 3144: 3137: 3121: 3117: 3114:Hoddeson, L. 3110: 3102: 3098: 3097: 3096:TIME Magazine 3092: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3055: 3053:9781623566654 3049: 3045: 3038: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3008: 3000: 2998:9781118104644 2994: 2990: 2983: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2930: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2890: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2854:"Elisha Gray" 2849: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2808: 2792: 2788: 2787:The Telegraph 2784: 2778: 2770: 2768:9780415846783 2764: 2761:. Routledge. 2760: 2753: 2742: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2717: 2713: 2709: 2703: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2676:Ross, David. 2672: 2656: 2652: 2647:(Web article) 2645: 2639: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2608: 2600: 2594: 2590: 2583: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2527: 2520: 2516: 2515:communication 2512: 2508: 2503: 2492: 2488: 2486: 2478: 2471: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2441: 2425: 2421: 2415: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2384: 2368: 2364: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2345: 2338: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2308: 2299: 2288: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2271: 2270:"Article 1.3" 2265: 2261: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2225: 2222: 2220: 2217: 2215: 2212: 2210: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2200: 2197: 2195: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2185: 2182: 2180: 2177: 2175: 2172: 2170: 2167: 2165: 2162: 2160: 2157: 2155: 2152: 2151: 2146: 2135: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2117: 2111: 2109: 2105: 2099: 2097: 2091: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1993:certain ports 1990: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1934:mobile phones 1931: 1926: 1923: 1919: 1912: 1907: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1858: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831:Dolby Digital 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1809: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1764: 1760: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1737: 1735: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1689: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1659: 1658:Optical fibre 1655: 1641: 1638: 1635: 1632: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1604: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1591: 1588: 1585: 1582: 1579: 1576: 1573: 1570: 1567: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1553: 1550: 1547: 1544: 1541: 1538: 1535: 1532: 1529: 1526: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1465: 1450: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1433: 1432: 1428: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1411: 1410: 1406: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1395: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1384: 1381: 1379:Syndicated TV 1378: 1377: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1366: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1345: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1328: 1326: 1321: 1317: 1305: 1301: 1298: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1269: 1266: 1265: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1228: 1223: 1217:Social impact 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1178:macroeconomic 1169: 1167: 1166:Côte d'Ivoire 1163: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1145:microeconomic 1136: 1134: 1130: 1120: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1095: 1085: 1083: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 982: 980: 976: 972: 968: 964: 963:visible light 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 938: 928: 926: 922: 917: 911: 909: 905: 901: 896: 892: 888: 884: 874: 872: 867: 865: 861: 856: 854: 850: 846: 842: 837: 835: 830: 826: 822: 814: 810: 808: 804: 800: 796: 794: 790: 786: 785: 784: 782: 772: 764: 762: 758: 748: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 693:Donald Davies 690: 686: 682: 678: 677:New Hampshire 674: 670: 666: 656: 654: 650: 646: 641: 639: 635: 632:for radio or 631: 627: 623: 618: 617:control grids 614: 610: 605: 603: 602:rectification 599: 598:amplification 595: 591: 587: 583: 582: 571: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 486: 484: 479: 475: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 451: 447: 445: 441: 437: 427: 424: 420: 416: 412: 411:Claude Chappe 407: 405: 401: 397: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 373: 369: 365: 364:Olympic Games 361: 357: 353: 352:Julius Caesar 349: 345: 341: 337: 331: 328: 323: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 291: 288: 284: 280: 274: 264: 261: 260:Communication 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 220: 218: 214: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 194:Lee de Forest 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 146: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 83:smoke signals 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:Earth station 41: 35: 30: 19: 8915: 8898: 8881: 8864: 8847: 8830: 8818:from Commons 8813: 8796: 8775: 8733:Dependencies 8537:Dependencies 8523:Cook Islands 8376:Sint Maarten 8356:Saint Martin 8043:Transnistria 8005:Vatican City 7643:Dependencies 7573:Turkmenistan 7538:Saudi Arabia 7279:Saint Helena 7250: 7154:South Africa 7144:Sierra Leone 6949:Burkina Faso 6492: 6381:Conversation 6366:Broadcasting 5965:Multiplexing 5840:Transmission 5805:Nikola Tesla 5795:Henry Sutton 5750:Samuel Morse 5680:Robert Hooke 5645:Amos Dolbear 5580:John Bardeen 5499: 5479:Telautograph 5383:Mobile phone 5338:Edholm's law 5321:social media 5254:Broadcasting 5232: 5148: 5132: 5113: 5104:Bibliography 5089:. Retrieved 5080: 5071: 5062: 5053: 5045:the original 5034: 5023:the original 5004: 4997: 4985:. Retrieved 4970: 4961: 4952: 4944:the original 4937: 4928: 4916:. Retrieved 4907: 4897: 4889:the original 4884: 4875: 4867:the original 4862: 4853: 4841:. Retrieved 4832: 4822: 4809:. Retrieved 4800: 4790: 4782:the original 4777: 4768: 4756:. Retrieved 4747: 4737: 4729:the original 4724: 4715: 4707:the original 4702: 4693: 4682:the original 4675: 4663: 4642: 4634: 4622:. Retrieved 4613: 4604: 4592:. Retrieved 4583: 4574: 4562:. Retrieved 4558:the original 4553: 4543: 4535:the original 4530: 4520: 4495: 4487: 4479:the original 4474: 4464: 4453:the original 4448: 4436: 4428:the original 4417: 4409:the original 4404: 4395: 4387:the original 4382: 4373: 4351:(5): 56–60. 4348: 4344: 4338: 4330:the original 4320: 4301: 4295: 4283:. Retrieved 4275:Ars Technica 4274: 4264: 4252:. Retrieved 4243: 4234: 4222:. Retrieved 4206:The Guardian 4205: 4195: 4183:. Retrieved 4174: 4165: 4153:. 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