Telegraphy - Knowledge

2025: 1022: 1691: 1699: 749: 863: 521:, France needed a swift and reliable communication system to thwart the war efforts of its enemies. In 1790, the Chappe brothers set about devising a system of communication that would allow the central government to receive intelligence and to transmit orders in the shortest possible time. On 2 March 1791, at 11 am, they sent the message "si vous réussissez, vous serez bientôt couverts de gloire" (If you succeed, you will soon bask in glory) between Brulon and Parce, a distance of 16 kilometres (10 mi). The first means used a combination of black and white panels, clocks, telescopes, and codebooks to send their message. 1780: 845: 1432:

by trial and error attempting to build a radio-based wireless telegraphic system that would function the same as wired telegraphy. He would work on the system through 1895 in his lab and then in field tests making improvements to extend its range. After many breakthroughs, including applying the wired telegraphy concept of grounding the transmitter and receiver, Marconi was able, by early 1896, to transmit radio far beyond the short ranges that had been predicted. Having failed to interest the Italian government, the 22-year-old inventor brought his telegraphy system to Britain in 1896 and met

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recorded on the same run of tape. The advantage of doing this is that messages can be sent at a steady, fast rate making maximum use of the available telegraph lines. The economic advantage of doing this is greatest on long, busy routes where the cost of the extra step of preparing the tape is outweighed by the cost of providing more telegraph lines. The first machine to use punched tape was Bain's teleprinter (Bain, 1843), but the system saw only limited use. Later versions of Bain's system achieved speeds up to 1000 words per minute, far faster than a human operator could achieve.

569: 1086: 1536:, found that by connecting one leg of the apparatus at each station to metal plates buried in the ground, he could eliminate one wire and use a single wire for telegraphic communication. This led to speculation that it might be possible to eliminate both wires and therefore transmit telegraph signals through the ground without any wires connecting the stations. Other attempts were made to send the electric current through bodies of water, to span rivers, for example. Prominent experimenters along these lines included 1157: 1276: 455: 1548: 339: 1363: 1131: 1381: 5848: 55: 5858: 1563:(1872) developed electrical conduction systems based on the erroneous belief that there was an electrified atmospheric stratum accessible at low altitude. They thought atmosphere current, connected with a return path using "Earth currents" would allow for wireless telegraphy as well as supply power for the telegraph, doing away with artificial batteries. A more practical demonstration of wireless transmission via conduction came in 760: 473: 5837: 1014: 426:(2nd century BC) suggested using two successive groups of torches to identify the coordinates of the letter of the alphabet being transmitted. The number of said torches held up signalled the grid square that contained the letter. There is no definite record of the system ever being used, but there are several passages in ancient texts that some think are suggestive. Holzmann and Pehrson, for instance, suggest that 1606:, in the mid-1880s, patented an electromagnetic induction system he called "grasshopper telegraphy", which allowed telegraphic signals to jump the short distance between a running train and telegraph wires running parallel to the tracks. This system was successful technically but not economically, as there turned out to be little interest by train travelers in the use of an on-board telegraph service. During the 5868: 682: 1595: 1920:, for the purpose of reporting news by telegraph. Messages and information would now travel far and wide, and the telegraph demanded a language "stripped of the local, the regional; and colloquial", to better facilitate a worldwide media language. Media language had to be standardized, which led to the gradual disappearance of different forms of speech and styles of 678:. However, this led to a breakthrough for the electric telegraph, as up to this point the Great Western had insisted on exclusive use and refused Cooke permission to open public telegraph offices. Cooke extended the line at his own expense and agreed that the railway could have free use of it in exchange for the right to open it up to the public. 1909:

the US, there were 200 to 300 stock exchanges before the telegraph, but most of these were unnecessary and unprofitable once the telegraph made financial transactions at a distance easy and drove down transaction costs. This immense growth in the business sectors influenced society to embrace the use of telegrams once the cost had fallen.

1477:(1899), from shore to ship (1899) and finally across the Atlantic (1901). A study of these demonstrations of radio, with scientists trying to work out how a phenomenon predicted to have a short range could transmit "over the horizon", led to the discovery of a radio reflecting layer in the Earth's atmosphere in 1902, later called the 1729:. The bureau was created to ease the growing problem of messages being delivered to the wrong recipients. To combat this issue, the bureau offered telegraph customers the option to register unique code names for their telegraph addresses. Customers were charged $ 2.50 per year per code. By 1934, 28,000 codes had been registered. 1578:, similar to Loomis', which he planned to include wireless telegraphy. Tesla's experiments had led him to incorrectly conclude that he could use the entire globe of the Earth to conduct electrical energy and his 1901 large scale application of his ideas, a high-voltage wireless power station, now called 1908:

Initially, the telegraph was expensive, but it had an enormous effect on three industries: finance, newspapers, and railways. Telegraphy facilitated the growth of organizations "in the railroads, consolidated financial and commodity markets, and reduced information costs within and between firms". In

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began working on the idea of building a commercial wireless telegraphy system based on the use of Hertzian waves (radio waves), a line of inquiry that he noted other inventors did not seem to be pursuing. Building on the ideas of previous scientists and inventors Marconi re-engineered their apparatus

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would adjust his line-side signals accordingly. As first implemented in 1844 each station had as many needles as there were stations on the line, giving a complete picture of the traffic. As lines expanded, a sequence of pairs of single-needle instruments were adopted, one pair for each block in each

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being deemed adequate for their purposes. As late as 1844, after the electrical telegraph had come into use, the Admiralty's optical telegraph was still used, although it was accepted that poor weather ruled it out on many days of the year. France had an extensive optical telegraph system dating from

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to the possible signals. While the signalling was complex (for instance, different-coloured flags could be used to indicate enemy strength), only predetermined messages could be sent. The Chinese signalling system extended well beyond the Great Wall. Signal towers away from the wall were used to give

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The economic impact of the telegraph was not much studied by economic historians until parallels started to be drawn with the rise of the internet. In fact, the electric telegraph was as important as the invention of printing in this respect. According to economist Ronnie J. Phillips, the reason for

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A teleprinter is a telegraph machine that can send messages from a typewriter-like keyboard and print incoming messages in readable text with no need for the operators to be trained in the telegraph code used on the line. It developed from various earlier printing telegraphs and resulted in improved

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using a single flag. Unlike most forms of flag signalling, which are used over relatively short distances, wigwag is designed to maximise the distance covered—up to 32 km (20 mi) in some cases. Wigwag achieved this by using a large flag—a single flag can be held with both hands unlike flag

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Signal fires were widely used in Europe and elsewhere for military purposes. The Roman army made frequent use of them, as did their enemies, and the remains of some of the stations still exist. Few details have been recorded of European/Mediterranean signalling systems and the possible messages. One

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where it filled a gap left by the electrical telegraph. Although the electrical telegraph had been in use for more than a decade, the network did not yet reach everywhere and portable, ruggedized equipment suitable for military use was not immediately available. Permanent or semi-permanent stations

971:. He used the heliograph to fill in vast, thinly populated areas that were not covered by the electric telegraph. Twenty-six stations covered an area 320 by 480 km (200 by 300 mi). In a test of the system, a message was relayed 640 km (400 mi) in four hours. Miles' enemies used 1888:

Optical telegraph lines were installed by governments, often for a military purpose, and reserved for official use only. In many countries, this situation continued after the introduction of the electric telegraph. Starting in Germany and the UK, electric telegraph lines were installed by railway

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was formed in 1877 and had 230 subscribers which grew to 30,000 by 1880. By 1886 there were a quarter of a million phones worldwide, and nearly 2 million by 1900. The decline was briefly postponed by the rise of special occasion congratulatory telegrams. Traffic continued to grow between 1867 and

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Historically, telegrams were sent between a network of interconnected telegraph offices. A person visiting a local telegraph office paid by the word to have a message telegraphed to another office and delivered to the addressee on a paper form. Messages (i.e. telegrams) sent by telegraph could be

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The electric telegraph freed communication from the time constraints of postal mail and revolutionized the global economy and society. By the end of the 19th century, the telegraph was becoming an increasingly common medium of communication for ordinary people. The telegraph isolated the message

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The average length of a telegram in the 1900s in the US was 11.93 words; more than half of the messages were 10 words or fewer. According to another study, the mean length of the telegrams sent in the UK before 1950 was 14.6 words or 78.8 characters. For German telegrams, the mean length is 11.5

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A worldwide communication network meant that telegraph cables would have to be laid across oceans. On land cables could be run uninsulated suspended from poles. Underwater, a good insulator that was both flexible and capable of resisting the ingress of seawater was required. A solution presented

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by enabling effective communication between ships and from ship to shore. In 1904, Marconi began the first commercial service to transmit nightly news summaries to subscribing ships, which could incorporate them into their on-board newspapers. A regular transatlantic radio-telegraph service was

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was put into effect in the 1830s. However, they were highly dependent on good weather and daylight to work and even then could accommodate only about two words per minute. The last commercial semaphore link ceased operation in Sweden in 1880. As of 1895, France still operated coastal commercial

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and flashes of sunlight from metal, but lacked a sophisticated telegraph code. The heliograph was ideal for use in the American Southwest due to its clear air and mountainous terrain on which stations could be located. It was found necessary to lengthen the morse dash (which is much shorter in

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Railway signal telegraphy was developed in Britain from the 1840s onward. It was used to manage railway traffic and to prevent accidents as part of the railway signalling system. On 12 June 1837 Cooke and Wheatstone were awarded a patent for an electric telegraph. This was demonstrated between

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system, the message is first typed onto punched tape using the code of the telegraph system—Morse code for instance. It is then, either immediately or at some later time, run through a transmission machine which sends the message to the telegraph network. Multiple messages can be sequentially

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was proposed by Cooke in 1842. Railway signal telegraphy did not change in essence from Cooke's initial concept for more than a century. In this system each line of railway was divided into sections or blocks of varying length. Entry to and exit from the block was to be authorised by electric

125:. The electric telegraph was slower to develop in France due to the established optical telegraph system, but an electrical telegraph was put into use with a code compatible with the Chappe optical telegraph. The Morse system was adopted as the international standard in 1865, using a modified 1950:

opened up the opportunity for women of a well-paid skilled job. In the UK, there was widespread employment of women as telegraph operators even earlier – from the 1850s by all the major companies. The attraction of women for the telegraph companies was that they could pay them less than men.

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buried in snowdrifts. The disabled trains were able to maintain communications via their Edison induction wireless telegraph systems, perhaps the first successful use of wireless telegraphy to send distress calls. Edison would also help to patent a ship-to-shore communication system based on

1069:, 1874). Teleprinters generated the same code from a full alphanumeric keyboard. A feature of the Baudot code, and subsequent telegraph codes, was that, unlike Morse code, every character has a code of the same length making it more machine friendly. The Baudot code was used on the earliest 674:, Cooke was rejected several times in favour of the more familiar, but shorter range, steam-powered pneumatic signalling. Even when his telegraph was taken up, it was considered experimental and the company backed out of a plan to finance extending the telegraph line out to 136:

is a telegraph system using reflected sunlight for signalling. It was mainly used in areas where the electrical telegraph had not been established and generally used the same code. The most extensive heliograph network established was in Arizona and New Mexico during the

2039:" Kipling's poem represented a widespread idea in the late nineteenth century that international telegraphy (and new technology in general) would bring peace and mutual understanding to the world. When a submarine telegraph cable first connected America and Britain, the 1904:

thought of the Transatlantic cable "...perchance the first news that will leak through into the broad flapping American ear will be that Princess Adelaide has the whooping cough." Kimmel says these fears anticipate many of the characteristics of the modern internet age.

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companies. Railway use quickly led to private telegraph companies in the UK and the US offering a telegraph service to the public using telegraph along railway lines. The availability of this new form of communication brought on widespread social and economic changes.

1263:. In 1896, there were thirty cable-laying ships in the world and twenty-four of them were owned by British companies. In 1892, British companies owned and operated two-thirds of the world's cables and by 1923, their share was still 42.7 percent. During 1516:

Several wireless electrical signaling schemes based on the (sometimes erroneous) idea that electric currents could be conducted long-range through water, ground, and air were investigated for telegraphy before practical radio systems became available.

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have rendered telegrams obsolete in many countries, and the number of telegrams sent annually has been declining rapidly since the 1980s. Where telegram services still exist, the transmission method between offices is no longer by telegraph, but by

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line's chief engineer. The messages were for the operation of the rope-haulage system for pulling trains up the 1 in 77 bank. The world's first permanent railway telegraph was completed in July 1839 between London Paddington and West Drayton on the

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telegraph and signalled by the line-side semaphore signals, so that only a single train could occupy the rails. In Cooke's original system, a single-needle telegraph was adapted to indicate just two messages: "Line Clear" and "Line Blocked". The

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systems, although sometimes quite extensive and sophisticated as in China, were generally not capable of transmitting arbitrary text messages. Possible messages were fixed and predetermined, so such systems are thus not true telegraphs.

395:(4th century BC). Tacticus's system had water filled pots at the two signal stations which were drained in synchronisation. Annotation on a floating scale indicated which message was being sent or received. Signals sent by means of 727:

The electric telegraph quickly became a means of more general communication. The Morse system was officially adopted as the standard for continental European telegraphy in 1851 with a revised code, which later became the basis of

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in the US, were given names which include the word "telegraph" due to their having received news by means of electric telegraphy. Some of these names are retained even though different means of news acquisition are now used.

1424:. Many scientists and inventors experimented with this new phenomenon but the consensus was that these new waves (similar to light) would be just as short range as light, and, therefore, useless for long range communication. 1335:

widespread in continental Europe especially since a widely noticed transmission of a wanted-person photograph from Paris to London in 1908 used until the wider distribution of the radiofax. Its main competitors were the

414:, used to send instructions from the bridge of a ship to the engine room, fails to meet both criteria; it has a limited distance and very simple message set. There was only one ancient signalling system described that 1967:

The optical telegraph was quickly forgotten once it went out of service. While it was in operation, it was very familiar to the public across Europe. Examples appear in many paintings of the period. Poems include

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Telegraphic communication using earth conductivity was eventually found to be limited to impractically short distances, as was communication conducted through water, or between trenches during World War I.

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would require sending and receiving wires of about 30 miles (48 kilometres) along the two coasts. These facts made the system impractical on ships, boats, and ordinary islands, which are much smaller than

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from the Austrians less than an hour after it occurred. A decision to replace the system with an electric telegraph was made in 1846, but it took a decade before it was fully taken out of service. The

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who published his work in 1616. Kessler used a lamp placed inside a barrel with a moveable shutter operated by the signaller. The signals were observed at a distance with the newly invented telescope.

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operator using plain text) was known as a telegram. A cablegram was a message sent by a submarine telegraph cable, often shortened to "cable" or "wire". The suffix -gram is derived from ancient Greek:

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is a telegraph that transmits messages by flashing sunlight with a mirror, usually using Morse code. The idea for a telegraph of this type was first proposed as a modification of surveying equipment (

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An overland telegraph from Britain to India was first connected in 1866 but was unreliable so a submarine telegraph cable was connected in 1870. Several telegraph companies were combined to form the

881:, 1821). Various uses of mirrors were made for communication in the following years, mostly for military purposes, but the first device to become widely used was a heliograph with a moveable mirror ( 291:), meaning something written, i.e. telegram means something written at a distance and cablegram means something written via a cable, whereas telegraph implies the process of writing at a distance. 2047:

It is the harbinger of an age when international difficulties will not have time to ripen into bloody results, and when, in spite of the fatuity and perveseness of rulers, war will be impossible.

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is a telegraph consisting of a line of stations in towers or natural high points which signal to each other by means of shutters or paddles. Signalling by means of indicator pointers was called

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The successful development of radiotelegraphy was preceded by a 50-year history of ingenious but ultimately unsuccessful experiments by inventors to achieve wireless telegraphy by other means.

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paid more attention to advances that required greater capital investment. The investment required to build railways, for instance, is orders of magnitude greater than that for the telegraph.

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of money. This service kept Western Union in business long after the telegraph had ceased to be important. In the modern era, the telegraph that began in 1837 has been gradually replaced by

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faster than mail, and even in the telephone age, the telegram remained popular for social and business correspondence. At their peak in 1929, an estimated 200 million telegrams were sent.

1806:(the German imperial postal service). It had a speed of 50 baud—approximately 66 words per minute. Up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using 1821:. ASCII was a seven-bit code and could thus support a larger number of characters than Baudot. In particular, ASCII supported upper and lower case whereas Baudot was upper case only. 1757:

As telegrams have been traditionally charged by the word, messages were often abbreviated to pack information into the smallest possible number of words, in what came to be called "

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From the 1850s until well into the 20th century, British submarine cable systems dominated the world system. This was set out as a formal strategic goal, which became known as the

176:, which removed their speed advantage, drove the telegraph into decline from 1920 onwards. The few remaining telegraph applications were largely taken over by alternatives on the 77:

is the long-distance transmission of messages where the sender uses symbolic codes, known to the recipient, rather than a physical exchange of an object bearing the message. Thus

1837:, a device which was supposed to increase the efficiency of telegraph transmission and improve the profits of telegraph companies. Western Union gave up its patent battle with 402:

None of the signalling systems discussed above are true telegraphs in the sense of a system that can transmit arbitrary messages over arbitrary distances. Lines of signalling

1813:, making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-distance communication. Telex was introduced into Canada in July 1957, and the United States in 1958. A new code, 1218:

in 1856, had several failed attempts. A cable laid in 1858 worked poorly for a few days, sometimes taking all day to send a message despite the use of the highly sensitive

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Telegrams became a popular means of sending messages once telegraph prices had fallen sufficiently. Traffic became high enough to spur the development of automated systems—

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stations can send messages to any required distance, but all these systems are limited to one extent or another in the range of messages that they can send. A system like

3945: 260:, which merely transmits messages. Smoke signals, for instance, are to be considered semaphore, not telegraph. According to Morse, telegraph dates only from 1832 when 823:

semaphore which has a flag in each hand—and using motions rather than positions as its symbols since motions are more easily seen. It was invented by US Army surgeon

532:, a distance of 230 kilometres (140 mi). It was used to carry dispatches for the war between France and Austria. In 1794, it brought news of a French capture of 1203:. The cable to France was laid in 1850 but was almost immediately severed by a French fishing vessel. It was relaid the next year and connections to Ireland and the 662:

in July of the same year. In July 1839, a five-needle, five-wire system was installed to provide signalling over a record distance of 21 km on a section of the

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Both electrostatic and electromagnetic induction were used to develop wireless telegraph systems that saw limited commercial application. In the United States,

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Worldwide telegraphy changed the gathering of information for news reporting. Journalists were using the telegraph for war reporting as early as 1846 when the

1440:. A series of demonstrations for the British government followed—by March 1897, Marconi had transmitted Morse code signals over a distance of about 6 km ( 1935:. The means of achieving this synchronisation was the telegraph. This emphasis on precise time has led to major societal changes such as the concept of the 1706:

A telegram service is a company or public entity that delivers telegraphed messages directly to the recipient. Telegram services were not inaugurated until

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fitted with a Colomb shutter. The heliostat was essentially a surveying instrument with a fixed mirror and so could not transmit a code by itself. The term

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were established during the war, some of them towers of enormous height and the system was extensive enough to be described as a communications network.

3146: 2803: 1900:, some people "feared that the telegraph would erode the quality of public discourse through the transmission of irrelevant, context-free information." 1034:(1837) was originally conceived as a system marking indentations on paper tape. A chemical telegraph making blue marks improved the speed of recording ( 1038:, 1846), but was delayed by a patent challenge from Morse. The first true printing telegraph (that is printing in plain text) used a spinning wheel of 510:

and operated in France from 1793. The two most extensive systems were Chappe's in France, with branches into neighbouring countries, and the system of

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new technology improved communication in the telegraph industry. Telegraph lines continued to be an important means of distributing news feeds from

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Müller, Simone M., and Heidi JS Tworek. "'The telegraph and the bank': on the interdependence of global communications and capitalism, 1866–1914."

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Headrick, D.R., & Griset, P. (2001). Submarine telegraph cables: business and politics, 1838–1939. The Business History Review, 75(3), 543–578.

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Most of the early electrical systems required multiple wires (Ronalds' system was an exception), but the system developed in the United States by

410:, with an alphabetic code, can certainly send any given message, but the system is designed for short-range communication between two persons. An 2843: 1642:

in 1892, Preece was able to telegraph across gaps of about 5 kilometres (3.1 miles). However, his induction system required extensive lengths of

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that was the first telefax machine to scan any two-dimensional original, not requiring manual plotting or drawing. Around 1900, German physicist

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Wilson, Arthur (1994). The Living Rock: The Story of Metals Since Earliest Times and Their Impact on Civilization. p. 203. Woodhead Publishing.

1118:. That is, both positive and negative polarity voltages were used. Bipolar encoding has several advantages, one of which is that it permits 897:(1879). At some point, a morse key was added to the apparatus to give the operator the same degree of control as in the electric telegraph. 5820: 5792: 5787: 4812: 2510: 2021:, was written to publicise Chudy's telegraph (a binary code with five lamps) when it became clear that Chappe's design was being taken up. 1951:

Nevertheless, the jobs were popular with women for the same reason as in the US; most other work available for women was very poorly paid.

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company successfully tested a three-kilometre (two-mile) gutta-percha insulated cable with telegraph messages to a ship off the coast of

563: 63: 4588: 4521: 3316: 2178: 1267:, Britain's telegraph communications were almost completely uninterrupted while it was able to quickly cut Germany's cables worldwide. 2963: 1544:

in Great Britain, who in August 1854, was able to demonstrate transmission across a mill dam at a distance of 500 yards (457 metres).

2989: 3555: 1065:, a five-bit sequential binary code. This was a telegraph code developed for use on the French telegraph using a five-key keyboard ( 736:

continued to use the Cooke and Wheatstone system, in some places as late as the 1930s. Likewise, the United States continued to use

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by teleprinter machine until the rise of the internet in the 1990s. For Western Union, one service remained highly profitable—the

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words or 72.4 characters. At the end of the 19th century, the average length of a German telegram was calculated as 14.2 words.

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O'Hara, Glen. "New Histories of British Imperial Communication and the 'Networked World' of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries"

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Western Union telegram sent to President Dwight Eisenhower wishing him a speedy recovery from his heart attack on Sept 26, 1955

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Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter: "A Social History of the Media: From Gutenberg to the Internet", p110. Polity, Cambridge, 2005.

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as the source of light. An improved version (Begbie, 1870) was used by British military in many colonial wars, including the

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An illustration declaring that the submarine cable between England and France would bring those countries peace and goodwill

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Passing messages by signalling over distance is an ancient practice. One of the oldest examples is the signal towers of the

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The late 1880s through to the 1890s saw the discovery and then development of a newly understood phenomenon into a form of

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developed in the early 20th century became important for maritime use, and was a competitor to electrical telegraphy using

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Richardson, Alan J. "The cost of a telegram: Accounting and the evolution of international regulation of the telegraph."

3929: 1226:) before being destroyed by applying too high a voltage. Its failure and slow speed of transmission prompted Thomson and 713: 537: 438:. Nothing else that could be described as a true telegraph existed until the 17th century. Possibly the first alphabetic 383:

early warning of an attack. Others were built even further out as part of the protection of trade routes, especially the

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in the late 18th century. The system was used extensively in France, and European nations occupied by France, during the

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of its parent country. These continue to be called telegrams or cables regardless of the method used for transmission.

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Wenzlhuemer, Roland. "The Development of Telegraphy, 1870–1900: A European Perspective on a World History Challenge."

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started to replace the optical telegraph in the mid-19th century. It was first taken up in Britain in the form of the

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Cables, Crises, and the Press: The Geopolitics of the New International Information System in the Americas, 1866–1903

3111: 2606: 2157: 1294:. He called his invention a "recording telegraph". Bain's telegraph was able to transmit images by electrical wires. 828: 1846:

1893 despite the introduction of the telephone in this period, but by 1900 the telegraph was definitely in decline.

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disaster, "Those who have been saved, have been saved through one man, Mr. Marconi...and his marvellous invention."

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finally begun on 17 October 1907. Notably, Marconi's apparatus was used to help rescue efforts after the sinking of

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A telegraph is a device for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, i.e., for telegraphy. The word

5455: 5003: 4805: 2790: 2095: 1567:'s 1879 magneto electric telephone that used ground conduction to transmit over a distance of a quarter of a mile. 1551:

Tesla's explanation in the 1919 issue of "Electrical Experimenter" on how he thought his wireless system would work

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Gorman, Mel. "Sir William O'Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the establishment of the telegraph system in India."

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Lew, B., and Cater, B. "The Telegraph, Co-ordination of Tramp Shipping, and Growth in World Trade, 1870–1910",

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wrote a poem in praise of submarine telegraph cables; "And a new Word runs between: whispering, 'Let us be one!

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in 1872. Australia was first linked to the rest of the world in October 1872 by a submarine telegraph cable at

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Jay Clayton, "The voice in the machine", ch. 8 in, Jeffrey Masten, Peter Stallybrass, Nancy J. Vickers (eds),

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Marconi watching associates raising the kite (a "Levitor" by B.F.S. Baden-Powell) used to lift the antenna at

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to the Institute of Physics about 1 km away during experimental investigations of the geomagnetic field.

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for messages. Telex development began in Germany in 1926, becoming an operational service in 1933 run by the

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became available. Earlier optical systems were largely limited to official government and military purposes.

1147: 783: 659: 2263:(n.) 4. a telegram sent abroad, especially by submarine cable. (v.) 9. to send a message by submarine cable. 1829:

Telegraph use began to permanently decline around 1920. The decline began with the growth of the use of the

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American Morse code than in the modern International Morse code) to aid differentiating from the morse dot.

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The Victorian Internet: The Remarkable Story of the Telegraph and the Nineteenth Century's On-Line Pioneers

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made several improvements on Bain's design and demonstrated a telefax machine. In 1855, an Italian priest,

886: 778:—where Wheatstone was located—and the engine house at Camden Town—where Cooke was stationed, together with 4558: 4021: 5897: 5851: 5358: 4798: 3402: 2940: 2819: 2720: 1135: 1119: 720:, in a series of improvements, also ended up with a one-wire system, but still using their own code and 172:. However, telegrams were never able to compete with the letter post on price, and competition from the 5710: 5632: 5571: 5278: 4421: 4287:(Harvard University Press; 2010) 520 pages; the evolution of American telegraph and telephone networks. 4175:

Cables, Crises, and the Press: The Geopolitics of the New Information System in the Americas, 1866–1903

1807: 1668: 1211: 1196: 670:

and West Drayton. However, in trying to get railway companies to take up his telegraph more widely for

38: 2838: 5482: 5443: 5288: 5188: 5117: 5050: 4877: 4666: 3774: 2077: 2007: 1698: 1684: 1525: 1421: 1287: 1279: 1139: 1035: 667: 544: 511: 150: 46: 17: 4502:; a comprehensive history of the shutter, semaphore and other kinds of visual mechanical telegraphs. 2130: 1598:

Thomas Edison's 1891 patent for a ship-to-shore wireless telegraph that used electrostatic induction

5841: 5083: 5018: 4971: 4931: 4712: 4621: 2754: 2064: 1913: 1790:(telegraph exchange) was a public switched network of teleprinters. It used rotary-telephone-style 1077:, 1867), a system for mass distributing information on current price of publicly listed companies. 729: 651: 592: 503: 3728:, March 17, 1888, p. 8. Proquest Historical Newspapers (subscription). Retrieved February 6, 2008. 862: 644: 533: 5680: 5665: 5509: 5460: 5383: 5283: 4961: 4847: 4842: 4707: 2225: 1956: 1575: 1242: 984: 905: 882: 795: 753: 604: 4578: 1779: 1638:

succeeded in sending a quarter of a mile using parallel rectangles of wire. In tests across the

844: 370:(200 BC – 220 AD) signallers had a choice of lights, flags, or gunshots to send signals. By the 5602: 5388: 5203: 5148: 5143: 4956: 4921: 4779: 4384: 4338: 3367: 1842: 1607: 1302:, also created an electric telegraph that could transmit images. Caselli called his invention " 1142:

in 1851. The equipment in the background is a Cooke and Wheatstone set for onward transmission.

849: 775: 411: 4431: 4401: 3919: 3420: 2373: 2274:

Christopher H. Sterling, "Great Wall of China", pp. 197–198 in, Christopher H. Sterling (ed),

740:

internally, requiring translation operators skilled in both codes for international messages.

5504: 5308: 5273: 5193: 5173: 5095: 4983: 4904: 4477:

DOT-DASH TO DOT.COM: How Modern Telecommunications Evolved from the Telegraph to the Internet

3887: 3324: 3234: 1838: 1413: 1409: 996: 964: 813: 788: 663: 4837: 3512: 2173: 1110:

The first widely used system (Wheatstone, 1858) was first put into service with the British

708:

was a single-wire system. This was the system that first used the soon-to-become-ubiquitous

5418: 5378: 5348: 5105: 5040: 4862: 4702: 4651: 2967: 1541: 1043: 980: 921: 878: 640: 636: 557: 435: 268: 242: 31: 2823: 1122:

communication. The Wheatstone tape reader was capable of a speed of 400 words per minute.

568: 8: 5892: 5428: 5368: 5127: 5089: 4887: 4872: 4742: 4614: 4515: 4355:

Wiring a continent: The history of the telegraph industry in the United States, 1832–1866

4107: 3969:

Phillip R. Easterlin, "Telex in New York", Western Union Technical Review, April 1959: 45

3921:

Email, SMS, MMS: The Linguistic Creativity of Asynchronous Discourse in the New Media Age

3552: 2105: 2058: 1943: 1936: 1901: 1680: 1635: 1623: 1437: 1417: 1397: 1375: 1219: 1176: 1111: 1051: 979:

Use of the heliograph declined from 1915 onwards, but remained in service in Britain and

737: 431: 347: 221: 146: 3272:

Kennedy, P. M. (October 1971). "Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870–1914".

2897:

David L. Woods, "Heliograph and mirrors", pp. 208–211 in, Christopher H. Sterling (ed),

1520:

The original telegraph lines used two wires between the two stations to form a complete

216: 5655: 5612: 5543: 5413: 5343: 5318: 5253: 5100: 4821: 4757: 4599: 3289: 3198: 3080:

The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States

2948: 2783:

The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States

2684: 2546: 2475:, Abelard-Schuman Ltd, London 1964, no ISBN, Library of Congress 64-20875, pages 17–19; 2110: 1990: 1947: 1877: 1834: 1715: 1707: 1579: 1556: 1537: 1521: 1295: 1192: 1039: 832: 768: 671: 655: 318: 276: 118: 110: 4462: 2203: 2150:

Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the 18th Century

983:

countries for some time. Australian forces used the heliograph as late as 1942 in the

30:

This article is about telegraphy generally. For telegraphy over conducting wires, see

5695: 5617: 5531: 5514: 5477: 5323: 5153: 5122: 4988: 4882: 4656: 4495: 4480: 4343: 4295: 4199: 4178: 4157: 4136: 4089: 4063: 3925: 3893: 3843: 3815: 3805: 3690: 3518: 3426: 3240: 3216: 3107: 3083: 3062: 3041: 3020: 2993: 2923: 2902: 2874: 2851: 2786: 2602: 2580: 2550: 2486:

Samuel Thomas von Sömmering's "Space Multiplexed" Electrochemical Telegraph (1808–10)

2402: 2356: 2324: 2300: 2279: 2252: 2186: 2153: 1746: 1428: 1331: 1291: 1253: 1231: 1183:

and in 1845 Wheatstone suggested that it should be used on the cable planned between

1085: 1074: 869:

lookout using a Colomb shutter type heliograph in 1912 at the end of a telephone line

866: 779: 608: 518: 487: 481: 245:. Wireless telegraphy is transmission of messages over radio with telegraphic codes. 98: 5363: 3285: 3202: 2688: 287: 204: 121:. This was quickly followed by a different system developed in the United States by 5700: 5660: 5640: 5607: 5536: 5494: 5408: 5263: 5248: 5223: 5198: 5158: 5008: 4867: 4852: 4452:

Magneto-Electric Dial Telegraphs: Contributions of Wheatstone, Stoehrer and Siemens

3493: 3281: 3190: 2674: 2666: 2657:

Guarnieri, M. (2019). "Messaging Before the Internet—Early Electrical Telegraphs".

2538: 1917: 1858: 1854: 1318: 1299: 1235: 1227: 1115: 1047: 800: 721: 716:, and by 1861 the west coast of the continent was connected to the east coast. The 322: 314: 94: 59: 4529: 2620:"Milestones:Shilling's Pioneering Contribution to Practical Telegraphy, 1828–1837" 2542: 2422: 1841:

because it believed the telephone was not a threat to its telegraph business. The

1341: 1306:". Pantelegraph was successfully tested and approved for a telegraph line between 374:(618–907) a message could be sent 1,100 kilometres (700 mi) in 24 hours. The 309:

or wire picture was a newspaper picture that was sent from a remote location by a

5328: 5183: 4951: 4926: 4914: 4661: 4572: 4546: 4469: 4280: 4253: 3781: 3559: 3374: 3354: 3150: 2868: 2847: 2496: 2492: 2446: 2396: 2182: 2032: 2012: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1618:

The most successful creator of an electromagnetic induction telegraph system was

1474: 1455: 1385: 1180: 1171: 1031: 936: 624: 600: 588: 419: 392: 261: 4565:

Early telegraphy and fax engineering, still operable in a German computer museum

3553:

Second Test of the Marconi Over-Ocean Wireless System Proved Entirely Successful

3144:

The Effect of the Telegraph on Law and Order, War, Diplomacy, and Power Politics

1995:

is dedicated to the telegraph. In novels, the telegraph is a major component in

1833:. Ironically, the invention of the telephone grew out of the development of the 1156: 1066: 752:

An early Cooke and Wheatstone double-needle railway telegraph instrument at the

248:

Contrary to the extensive definition used by Chappe, Morse argued that the term

5526: 5398: 5373: 5333: 5303: 5178: 5013: 4966: 4941: 4899: 4561:—Archives Center, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution. 4455: 4015:

Economic History Encyclopedia (2010) "History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry",

3725: 3724:"Defied the storm's worst-communication always kept up by 'train telegraphy,'" 3639:

The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation

3612:

The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation

3586:

The Truth About Tesla: The Myth of the Lone Genius in the History of Innovation

2439: 2319:

David L. Woods, "Ancient signals", pp. 24–25 in, Christopher H. Sterling (ed),

1791: 1758: 1737: 1651: 1631: 1627: 1619: 1433: 1275: 917: 894: 824: 733: 459: 439: 407: 295: 165: 106: 78: 1179:

sent samples to London from Singapore in 1843. The new material was tested by

454: 5886: 5675: 5448: 5438: 5353: 5243: 5238: 5228: 5213: 5035: 4894: 4564: 3819: 3707: 3497: 3194: 2670: 2584: 1997: 1928: 1866: 1726: 1660: 1603: 1560: 1346: 1204: 1055: 890: 686: 628: 620: 580: 507: 495: 443: 359: 225: 193: 102: 2755:"The First Transcontinental Telegraph System Was Completed October 24, 1861" 1721:

In 1919, the Central Bureau for Registered Addresses was established in the

1547: 1436:, a Welshman, who was a major figure in the field and Chief Engineer of the 924:, 1862) was originally invented to enable the transmission of morse code by 5553: 5393: 5338: 5268: 5233: 5168: 5067: 5057: 4909: 4606: 4333: 3398: 3394: 2071: 1870: 1630:. Preece first noticed the effect in 1884 when overhead telegraph wires in 1571: 1564: 1465:

Post Office engineer, transmitted the first wireless signals over water to

1303: 1260: 1166: 1103: 1097: 988: 972: 819: 701: 658:

following their English patent of 10 June 1837. It was demonstrated on the

499: 403: 375: 371: 338: 161: 142: 122: 4259:

Hindmarch-Watson, Katie. "Embodying Telegraphy in Late Victorian London."

3623: 3422:

Icons of Invention: The Makers of the Modern World from Gutenberg to Gates

2878: 2190: 1362: 1210:

Getting a cable across the Atlantic Ocean proved much more difficult. The

1130: 959:. Miles had previously set up the first heliograph line in the US between 599:

in 1809. The first experimental system over a substantial distance was by

5753: 5403: 5313: 5298: 5258: 5218: 5077: 4676: 4379:

Communication & Empire: Media, Markets & Globalization, 1860–1930

2679: 1975: 1862: 1850: 1795: 1351: 1326: 1264: 1223: 1070: 1062: 1008: 956: 925: 705: 367: 299: 169: 157: 138: 82: 4555:—The History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868 4369:

Connecting the nineteenth-century world: The telegraph and globalization

2724: 2529:

Ronalds, B.F. (2016). "Sir Francis Ronalds and the Electric Telegraph".

2175:

Examination of the Telegraphic Apparatus and the Processes in Telegraphy

1380: 506:

in 1767. The first successful optical telegraph network was invented by

5758: 5465: 5163: 5028: 4998: 4976: 4774: 4671: 4637: 4246: 4118: 2644:

R. W. Pohl, Einführung in die Physik, Vol. 3, Göttingen (Springer) 1924

2090: 1921: 1801: 1478: 1412:

published the results of his experiments where he was able to transmit

1234:. The company finally succeeded in 1866 with an improved cable laid by 1200: 992: 960: 944: 929: 874: 857: 709: 612: 399:

indicated when to start and stop draining to keep the synchronisation.

272: 133: 126: 3293: 635:, but it was never completed. The first operative electric telegraph ( 5743: 5208: 5023: 4790: 4001:

Telegraph Messenger Boys: Labor, Technology, and Geography, 1850–1950

3799: 2531:

International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology

2100: 1830: 1664: 1634:

were accidentally carrying messages sent on buried cables. Tests in

1470: 1466: 1389: 901: 632: 384: 379: 306: 230: 173: 4436:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

4406:

Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

4133:

Nexus: Strategic Communications and American Security in World War I

3650:

Proceedings of the United States Naval Institute – Volume 78 – p. 87

1893:(information) from the physical movement of objects or the process. 763:

A block signalling instrument as used in Britain in the 20th century

616:

Napoleonic times and was even slower to take up electrical systems.

54: 5738: 5728: 5645: 5470: 5293: 4601:

1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

4086: 4080: 2743:(9th ed.). London, UK: Bloomsbury – via Credo Reference. 2599:

Language Machines: Technologies of Literary and Cultural Production

2056:

Numerous newspapers and news outlets in various countries, such as

2002: 1874: 1611: 1485: 948: 759: 528:

and charged with establishing a line of stations between Paris and

502:

in 1684 and were first implemented on an experimental level by Sir

494:. Early proposals for an optical telegraph system were made to the 472: 423: 177: 3633: 3631: 2920:

Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles

1679:"Telegram" redirects here. For the instant messaging service, see 1610:, this system was used to send and receive wireless messages from 5733: 5718: 4936: 3674:

Wizard: The Life and Times of Nikola Tesla: Biography of a Genius

3347:"The Institute of Chemistry - The Hebrew University of Jerusalem" 1794:

for automatic routing through the network. It initially used the

1533: 1490: 1462: 1114:

in 1867. A novel feature of the Wheatstone system was the use of

1013: 968: 940: 619:

Eventually, electrostatic telegraphs were abandoned in favour of

579:

The early ideas for an electric telegraph included in 1753 using

67: 4538: 4514: 3538:"The Clifden Station of the Marconi Wireless Telegraph System". 2222:"1,796 memos from US embassy in Manila in WikiLeaks 'Cablegate'" 256:

record messages at a distance. This is to be distinguished from

5763: 5723: 5045: 4722: 4717: 4552: 3628: 2899:

Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century

2398:

Communications: An International History of the Formative Years

2321:

Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century

2276:

Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century

1896:

There was some fear of the new technology. According to author

1655: 1529: 1215: 1188: 952: 675: 548:

semaphore telegraph stations, for ship-to-shore communication.

391:

of the few for which details are known is a system invented by

355: 86: 3514:

Physical Principles of Wireless Communications, Second Edition

1589: 5748: 5685: 4993: 4018:"EH.Net Encyclopedia: History of the U.S. Telegraph Industry" 2805:

How the UK's railways shaped the development of the telegraph

1814: 1787: 1774: 1742: 1405: 1307: 1184: 681: 529: 396: 280: 209: 197: 4591:—an overview of the U.S. international cable network in 1950 1946:. The shortage of men to work as telegraph operators in the 1942:

During the telegraph era there was widespread employment of

1594: 141:. The heliograph was standard military equipment as late as 93:

The earliest true telegraph put into widespread use was the

5690: 4041: 4039: 3484:"Letters to the Editor: Marconi and the History of Radio". 1932: 1783:

ITT Creed Model 23B teleprinter with telex dial-up facility

1496:. Britain's postmaster-general summed up, referring to the 1354:, a pioneer in mechanical image scanning and transmission. 1311: 627:, 1832) led to a proposal to establish a telegraph between 584: 427: 4549:)—The biggest telegraph station in the world, now a museum 3601:, Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, pp. 211–215 3597:

Theodore S. Rappaport, Brian D. Woerner, Jeffrey H. Reed,

2922:, vol. 2, pp. 481–484, University of Nebraska Press, 1992 2825:

Distant Writing: 15. Railway Signal Telegraphy 1838 – 1868

1927:

The spread of the railways created a need for an accurate

1732:

Telegram services still operate in much of the world (see

1473:. His star rising, he was soon sending signals across the 4697: 4692: 4060:

People and Products: Consumer Behavior and Product Design

3061:, p. 87, Institution of Engineering and Technology, 2001 1404:

wireless telegraphy, radiotelegraphy, or (later) simply "

310: 4196:

Degrees Kelvin: A Tale of Genius, Invention, and Tragedy

4036: 3713:

Means for Transmitting Signals Electrically, US 465971 A

2204:"Cablegram – Definition of cablegram by Merriam-Webster" 1484:

Radiotelegraphy proved effective for rescue work in sea

3599:

Wireless Personal Communications: Trends and Challenges

947:

after he took over command (1886) of the fight against

848:

Australian troops using a Mance mk.V heliograph in the

791:

with an electric telegraph using a four-needle system.

220:) 'to write') was coined by the French inventor of the 3181:

Guarnieri, M. (2014). "The Conquest of the Atlantic".

2499:", International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1965. 1080: 885:, 1869). The system was used by the French during the 252:

can strictly be applied only to systems that transmit

4292:

The Electric Telegraph: a Social and Economic History

4285:

Network Nation: Inventing American Telecommunications

3510: 2986:

History of Telegraphy: Its Technology and Application

2577:

The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History

1290:

invented a device that could be considered the first

3368:"First Atlantic Ocean crossing by a wireless signal" 2966:. Clarkson University. 14 April 2007. Archived from 2440:

How Napoleon's semaphore telegraph changed the world

2251:(3rd ed.). Australia: Macquarie Library. 1997. 1582:, lost funding and was abandoned after a few years. 1511: 1461:

On 13 May 1897, Marconi, assisted by George Kemp, a

827:

in the 1850s who later became the first head of the

264:

invented one of the earliest electrical telegraphs.

3801:

The information : a history, a theory, a flood

1853:but the decline continued as the world entered the 4559:Western Union Telegraph Company Records, 1820–1995 3892:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 79. 1916:broke out. News agencies were formed, such as the 1849:There was a brief resurgence in telegraphy during 1622:, chief engineer of Post Office Telegraphs of the 366:complex flag signalling had developed, and by the 37:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 4589:International Facilities of the American Carriers 2941:"Typewriter May Soon Be Transmitter of Telegrams" 2933: 2512:A History of Electric Telegraphy to the year 1837 2394: 1230:to find better mathematical descriptions of long 418:meet these criteria. That was a system using the 5884: 3447:Wireless: From Marconi's Black-box to the Audion 3418: 3339: 3267: 3265: 3176: 3174: 3019:, p. 433, Jones & Bartlett Publishers, 2015 1503: 4177:, p. xi, University of New Mexico Press, 2013. 1427:At the end of 1894, the young Italian inventor 4432:"The Inventors Of The Telegraph And Telephone" 4423:Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin 4156:, p. 19. University of Minnesota Press, 2000. 3309: 3271: 458:Schematic of a Prussian optical telegraph (or 4806: 4622: 3262: 3171: 2741:Dictionary of Media and Communication Studies 2652: 2650: 2495:, Harvard University website. Attributed to " 1979: 1160:The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901 4636: 3769: 3767: 3663:, Princeton University Press – 2013, p. H-45 3624:Thomas H. White, section 21, MAHLON LOOMIS 2979: 2977: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2016: 1969: 1799: 916:because of this origin. The Colomb shutter ( 317:, is a confidential communication between a 5821:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 4275:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications 4236:Victorian Telegraphy Before Nationalization 3765: 3763: 3761: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3747: 3588:, Race Point Publishing, 2015, pp. 154, 165 3573:A History of Wireless Telegraphy, 1838–1899 3232: 3128:. London: Adlard Coles Ltd. pp. 26–27. 3098: 3096: 3038:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications 3011: 3009: 2708:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications 2347: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2069: 1590:Electrostatic and electromagnetic induction 1576:wireless electric power transmission system 1241:, the largest ship of its day, designed by 1125: 564:Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom 476:19th-century demonstration of the semaphore 5857: 4813: 4799: 4629: 4615: 4579:"Telegram Falls Silent Stop Era Ends Stop" 3924:. Bern: Peter Lang AG. pp. 187, 191. 3913: 3911: 3909: 3885: 3239:. Asian Educational Services. p. 96. 2738: 2647: 2018:Der Telegraph oder die Fernschreibmaschine 1931:to replace local standards based on local 991:. Some form of heliograph was used by the 540:was reported by Chappe telegraph in 1855. 4224:. (University of New Mexico Press, 2013). 4011: 4009: 3788:, vol. 34, iss. 2, pp. 267–89, June 2000. 3180: 2983: 2974: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2695: 2678: 2656: 1222:developed by William Thomson (the future 831:. Wigwag was used extensively during the 313:. A diplomatic telegram, also known as a 4399: 4377:Winseck, Dwayne R., and Robert M. Pike. 4135:, p. 1, Harvard University Press, 2009. 4049:, Routledge, New York and London, p. 210 3744: 3093: 3006: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2562: 2560: 2449:, BBC News, Hugh Schofield, 16 June 2013 2334: 2147: 2023: 1778: 1697: 1689: 1593: 1546: 1379: 1361: 1274: 1155: 1129: 1084: 1020: 1012: 861: 843: 758: 747: 680: 567: 471: 453: 337: 53: 4270:(Johns Hopkins University Press, 2012). 3917: 3906: 3117: 2528: 2315: 2313: 1574:worked on an air and ground conduction 1416:(radio waves) through the air, proving 623:systems. An early experimental system ( 607:. Ronalds offered his invention to the 551: 517:During 1790–1795, at the height of the 294:Later, a Telex was a message sent by a 164:transmission. These systems led to new 14: 5885: 4820: 4231:(Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015). 4229:Formative Years of the Telegraph Union 4006: 4003:, Routledge, New York and London, p. 7 3741:3-Volume Set, Routledge – 2004, p. 833 3689:. Princeton University Press. p. 301. 3641:, Race Point Publishing, 2015, p. 165 3486:IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 3137: 3135: 2884: 2850:, US Government Printing Office, 1996 2777: 2775: 2297:From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia 2131:"History and technology of Morse Code" 1883: 1357: 1350:, invented in 1929 by German inventor 1195:. The idea was proved viable when the 712:. By 1844, the Morse system connected 650:The first commercial telegraph was by 575:five-needle, six-wire telegraph (1837) 4794: 4610: 4323:(2010) 8#7pp 609–625, Historiography, 3977: 3975: 3797: 3687:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age 3661:Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age 3614:, Race Point Publishing, 2015, p. 154 3562:. Sydney Daily Post. 24 October 1907. 3407:Radio: The Life Story of a Technology 3123: 2574: 2557: 2508: 2374:"The Origin of the Railway Semaphore" 2185:, pp. 7–8, Philp & Solomons 1869 1734:worldwide use of telegrams by country 1134:The first message is received by the 743: 180:towards the end of the 20th century. 117:, initially used mostly as an aid to 5867: 4429: 4420:Dargan, J. "The Railway Telegraph", 4198:, p. 138, Joseph Henry Press, 2004. 4082:Telegrafen: Optisk Kalender för 1858 3405:, amongst others (also Brian Regal, 3183:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 2659:IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine 2355:, IEEE Computer Society Press, 1995 2310: 2152:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 172. 1981:Telegrafen: Optisk kalender för 1858 1674: 449: 4307:European Review of Economic History 4268:The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920 4105: 3889:The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920 3842:, Afterword, Walker & Co, 2007 3132: 2818: 2772: 2719: 2351:Gerard J. Holzmann; Björn Pehrson, 1081:Automated punched-tape transmission 1054:, 1855). The system was adopted by 935:The heliograph was heavily used by 912:is sometimes used as a synonym for 900:Another type of heliograph was the 889:, with night-time signalling using 333: 81:is a method of telegraphy, whereas 24: 4213: 3972: 2353:The Early History of Data Networks 2051: 1962: 1752: 1384:Post Office Engineers inspect the 27:Long distance transmission of text 25: 5909: 4507: 4088:), Tryckt Hos Joh Beckman, 1857. 3156:Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 2458:"A Semaphore Telegraph Station", 2423:"Semaphore | communications" 1512:Ground, water, and air conduction 1344:first, then since the 1930s, the 1025:A Creed Model 7 teleprinter, 1931 732:. However, Great Britain and the 153:in international communications. 5866: 5856: 5847: 5846: 5835: 5456:Free-space optical communication 3126:Cable Ships and Submarine Cables 2096:First transcontinental telegraph 1817:, was introduced in 1963 by the 1091:The National Museum of Computing 302:similar to a telephone network. 4539:The Porthcurno Telegraph Museum 4494:, Phillimore & Co Ltd 1976 4463:HOW TO WRITE TELEGRAMS PROPERLY 4188: 4167: 4154:Networking the World, 1794–2000 4146: 4125: 4099: 4073: 4052: 3993: 3963: 3938: 3879: 3853: 3832: 3791: 3731: 3718: 3699: 3679: 3666: 3653: 3644: 3617: 3604: 3591: 3578: 3565: 3546: 3531: 3504: 3477: 3452: 3439: 3412: 3387: 3361: 3300: 3253: 3226: 3209: 3072: 3051: 3030: 3017:Elementary Information Security 2956: 2912: 2861: 2831: 2812: 2796: 2747: 2732: 2713: 2638: 2612: 2591: 2522: 2502: 2478: 2465: 2452: 2433: 2415: 2388: 2366: 298:network, a switched network of 267:A telegraph message sent by an 3983:"The End of The Telegraph Era" 3676:, Citadel Press – 1996, p. 107 3511:Victor L. Granatstein (2012). 2473:Early Electrical Communication 2460:Scientific American Supplement 2289: 2268: 2240: 2214: 2196: 2166: 2141: 2123: 1857:years of the 1930s. After the 1819:American Standards Association 1152:Submarine communications cable 1002: 718:Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph 524:In 1792, Claude was appointed 271:operator or telegrapher using 183: 129:developed in Germany in 1848. 115:Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph 43:The Telegraph (disambiguation) 13: 1: 4393: 4277:(John Wiley & Sons, 2003) 4062:, pp. 53–54, Routledge, 2015 3286:10.1093/ehr/lxxxvi.cccxli.728 3274:The English Historical Review 3168:2000. Accessed 1 August 2014. 3082:, pp. 16–17, McFarland, 2003 2739:Watson, J.; Hill, A. (2015). 2543:10.1080/17581206.2015.1119481 2518:, London: E. & F. N. Spon 2116: 2015:. Joseph Chudy's 1796 opera, 1694:Western Union telegram (1930) 1524:or "loop". In 1837, however, 1504:Non-radio wireless telegraphy 1469:(near Penarth in Wales) from 1148:Transatlantic telegraph cable 839: 784:London and Birmingham Railway 690: 660:London and Birmingham Railway 463: 241:alone generally refers to an 5842:Telecommunication portal 5623:Telecommunications equipment 4389:, a book about the telegraph 3685:Carlson, W. Bernard (2013). 3449:. MIT Press - 2001, page 21. 2462:, 20 April 1895, page 16087. 2076:in the Netherlands, and the 1270: 1169:, a natural rubber from the 1138:in London from Paris on the 1061:Early teleprinters used the 442:in the modern era is due to 7: 5359:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 4472:The Telegraph Office (1928) 4426:, March 1985 pp. 49–71 3403:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 3383:Retrieved 12 July 2012. 2840:Getting the Message Through 2624:IEEE Global History Network 2148:Shectman, Jonathan (2003). 2084: 1669:underwater telegraph cables 1286:In 1843, Scottish inventor 1136:Submarine Telegraph Company 1089:Creed paper tape reader at 354:, signals could be sent by 228:, who also coined the word 10: 5914: 5063:Telecommunications history 4596:"Communication Technology" 4290:Kieve, Jeffrey L. (1973). 3999:Downey, Gregory J. (2002) 3950:siemens.com Global Website 3886:Hochfelder, David (2012). 3786:Journal of Economic Issues 2575:Kieve, Jeffrey L. (1973). 2395:Burns, Francis W. (2004). 1824: 1808:voice frequency telegraphy 1772: 1678: 1408:". Between 1886 and 1888, 1373: 1317:In 1881, English inventor 1282:'s facsimile machine, 1850 1212:Atlantic Telegraph Company 1145: 1095: 1006: 855: 811: 766: 561: 555: 479: 328: 281: 210: 198: 151:submarine telegraph cables 39:Telegraph (disambiguation) 36: 29: 5830: 5772: 5709: 5671:Public Switched Telephone 5631: 5595: 5552: 5493: 5483:telecommunication circuit 5444:Fiber-optic communication 5427: 5189:Francis Blake (telephone) 5136: 4984:Optical telecommunication 4828: 4731: 4685: 4667:Modulated continuous wave 4644: 4545:27 September 2013 at the 4353:Thompson, Robert Luther. 4314:Journal of Global History 4261:Information & Culture 3861:"TELEGRAM NOT DEAD. STOP" 3737:Christopher H. Sterling, 3425:. ABC-CLIO. p. 161. 3419:John W. Klooster (2009). 2873:, D. Van Nostrand, 1866, 2785:, McFarland, p. 69, 2003 2078:Jewish Telegraphic Agency 2008:The Count of Monte Cristo 1685:Telegram (disambiguation) 1615:electrostatic induction. 1540:in the United States and 1526:Carl August von Steinheil 1422:electromagnetic radiation 1250:Eastern Telegraph Company 1030:transmission speeds. The 807: 796:signalling "block" system 668:London Paddington station 512:Abraham Niclas Edelcrantz 430:is describing its use by 47:Telegram (disambiguation) 5582:Orbital angular-momentum 5019:Satellite communications 4858:Communications satellite 4713:Morse code abbreviations 4638:International Morse code 4400:Armagnay, Henri (1908). 4263:55, no. 1 (2020): 10-29. 4047:Communication as Culture 3918:Frehner, Carmen (2008). 3517:. CRC Press. p. 8. 3498:10.1109/MAP.2004.1305565 3460:"Marconi: Radio Pioneer" 3236:Ceylon Under the British 3195:10.1109/MIE.2014.2299492 2984:Beauchamp, K.G. (2001). 2671:10.1109/MIE.2019.2893466 2249:The Macquarie Dictionary 1957:institutional economists 1768: 1368:St. John's, Newfoundland 1126:Oceanic telegraph cables 730:International Morse Code 504:Richard Lovell Edgeworth 5461:Molecular communication 5284:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 5113:Undersea telegraph line 4848:Cable protection system 4708:Prosigns for Morse code 4534:Encyclopædia Britannica 4522:Encyclopædia Britannica 4468:31 January 2013 at the 4131:Jonathan Reed Winkler, 3558:19 October 2013 at the 3149:16 October 2015 at the 2846:26 October 2019 at the 2491:11 October 2012 at the 2427:Encyclopedia Britannica 2246:Definition of "cable", 2181:27 October 2022 at the 1323:scanning phototelegraph 1243:Isambard Kingdom Brunel 1017:A Baudot keyboard, 1884 985:Western Desert Campaign 754:National Railway Museum 714:Baltimore to Washington 605:electrostatic generator 526:Ingénieur-Télégraphiste 422:to encode an alphabet. 286: 215: 203: 5603:Communication protocol 5389:Charles Sumner Tainter 5204:Walter Houser Brattain 5149:Edwin Howard Armstrong 4957:Information revolution 4780:Chinese telegraph code 4525:(11th ed.). 1911. 4371:(Cambridge UP, 2013). 4364:5#5 (2007): 1720–1742. 4339:The Victorian Internet 4243:Technology and Culture 3946:"Telegraphy and Telex" 3840:The Victorian Internet 3798:James, Gleick (2011), 3321:www.itisgalileiroma.it 3104:The Victorian Internet 2497:Semaphore to Satellite 2445:24 August 2019 at the 2299:, p. 203, Brill, 2014 2070: 2049: 2029: 2017: 1980: 1970: 1873:transmission based on 1843:Bell Telephone Company 1800: 1784: 1703: 1695: 1683:. For other uses, see 1608:Great Blizzard of 1888 1599: 1570:In the 1890s inventor 1552: 1393: 1371: 1283: 1161: 1143: 1140:Foy–Breguet instrument 1093: 1026: 1018: 887:1870–71 siege of Paris 870: 853: 776:Euston railway station 764: 756: 697: 576: 573:Cooke and Wheatstone's 477: 469: 412:engine order telegraph 343: 208:) 'at a distance' and 71: 5577:Polarization-division 5309:Narinder Singh Kapany 5274:Erna Schneider Hoover 5194:Jagadish Chandra Bose 5174:Alexander Graham Bell 4905:online video platform 4733:Other writing systems 4571:20 April 2012 at the 4430:Gray, Thomas (1892). 4367:Wenzlhuemer, Roland. 4357:(Princeton UP, 1947). 4330:20#4 (2015): 405–429. 4316:10#2 (2015): 259–283. 4294:. David and Charles. 4252:21 April 2021 at the 4245:12.4 (1971): 581–601 4045:Carey, James (1989). 3780:8 August 2020 at the 3739:Encyclopedia of Radio 3373:26 March 2022 at the 3059:History of Technology 3040:, p. 72, Wiley, 2003 2964:"David Edward Hughes" 2579:. David and Charles. 2509:Fahie, J. J. (1884), 2045: 2027: 2005:, and it features in 1978:, and the collection 1839:Alexander Graham Bell 1782: 1701: 1693: 1597: 1550: 1414:electromagnetic waves 1410:Heinrich Rudolf Hertz 1383: 1365: 1278: 1197:South Eastern Railway 1159: 1133: 1088: 1024: 1016: 865: 847: 814:Wigwag (flag signals) 789:Great Western Railway 762: 751: 684: 664:Great Western Railway 645:Göttingen Observatory 587:balls, proposals for 571: 475: 457: 434:in 207 BC during the 341: 57: 5419:Vladimir K. Zworykin 5379:Almon Brown Strowger 5349:Charles Grafton Page 5004:Prepaid mobile phone 4932:Electrical telegraph 4703:Morse code mnemonics 4652:Electrical telegraph 4645:Transmission methods 4273:Huurdeman, Anton A. 3773:Ronnie J. Phillips, 3659:W. Bernard Carlson, 3637:Christopher Cooper, 3610:Christopher Cooper, 3584:Christopher Cooper, 3464:BBC South East Wales 3233:G.C. Mendis (1952). 3036:Anton A. Huurdeman, 2992:. pp. 394–395. 2706:Anton A. Huurdeman, 2172:Samuel F. B. Morse, 1914:Mexican–American War 1542:James Bowman Lindsay 1050:, 1846, improved by 981:British Commonwealth 818:Wigwag is a form of 558:Electrical telegraph 552:Electrical telegraph 436:First Macedonian War 269:electrical telegraph 243:electrical telegraph 168:, starting with the 32:Electrical telegraph 5369:Johann Philipp Reis 5128:Wireless revolution 5090:The Telephone Cases 4947:Hydraulic telegraph 4743:American Morse code 4266:Hochfelder, David, 3708:U.S. patent 465,971 3542:. 23 November 1907. 3540:Scientific American 3124:Haigh, K R (1968). 2870:A Manual of Signals 2226:ABS–CBN Corporation 2208:merriam-webster.com 2059:The Daily Telegraph 1944:women in telegraphy 1937:time value of money 1902:Henry David Thoreau 1884:Social implications 1878:information systems 1708:electric telegraphy 1681:Telegram (software) 1624:General Post Office 1438:General Post Office 1418:James Clerk Maxwell 1398:wireless telegraphy 1376:Wireless telegraphy 1358:Wireless telegraphy 1220:mirror galvanometer 1177:William Montgomerie 1112:General Post Office 1044:daisy wheel printer 1042:in the manner of a 738:American Morse code 591:bubbles in acid by 432:Philip V of Macedon 348:Great Wall of China 342:Great Wall of China 311:facsimile telegraph 222:semaphore telegraph 147:Wireless telegraphy 5898:Telecommunications 5567:Frequency-division 5544:Telephone exchange 5414:Charles Wheatstone 5344:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 5319:Innocenzo Manzetti 5254:Reginald Fessenden 4989:Optical telegraphy 4822:Telecommunications 4594:Elizabeth Bruton: 4583:The New York Times 4492:The Old Telegraphs 4490:Wilson, Geoffrey, 4328:Accounting History 4309:10 (2006): 147–73. 4152:Armand Mattelart, 4106:Kipling, Rudyard. 4079:Sehlstedt, Elias, 3015:Richard E. Smith, 2949:The New York Times 2601:, Routledge, 2016 2228:. 29 November 2010 2111:Telecommunications 2030: 1948:American Civil War 1924:and storytelling. 1835:harmonic telegraph 1785: 1736:), but e-mail and 1723:financial district 1716:telegram messenger 1704: 1696: 1654:, to the coast of 1600: 1580:Wardenclyffe Tower 1557:William Henry Ward 1553: 1538:Samuel F. B. Morse 1522:electrical circuit 1420:'s 1873 theory of 1394: 1372: 1296:Frederick Bakewell 1284: 1232:transmission lines 1193:John Watkins Brett 1162: 1144: 1094: 1027: 1019: 871: 854: 833:American Civil War 769:Railway signalling 765: 757: 744:Railway telegraphy 698: 672:railway signalling 643:, 1833) connected 577: 538:fall of Sevastopol 534:Condé-sur-l'Escaut 478: 470: 378:(1368–1644) added 344: 319:diplomatic mission 277:printing telegraph 119:railway signalling 111:electric telegraph 72: 45:, and 5880: 5879: 5618:Store and forward 5613:Data transmission 5527:Network switching 5478:Transmission line 5324:Guglielmo Marconi 5289:Internet pioneers 5154:Mohamed M. Atalla 5123:Whistled language 4788: 4787: 4585:, 6 February 2006 4516:"Telegraph" 4485:978-1-4419-6759-6 4479:(Springer, 2011) 4402:"Phototelegraphy" 4342:. Berkley Trade. 4220:Britton, John A. 4173:John A. Britton, 4058:Allan J. Kimmel, 3848:978-0-802-71879-2 3811:978-0-307-91498-9 3804:, Books on Tape, 3524:978-1-4398-7897-2 3432:978-0-313-34743-6 3393:view was held by 3327:on 17 August 2020 3246:978-81-206-1930-2 3221:978-1-85573-301-5 3141:Solymar, Laszlo. 2999:978-0-85296-792-8 2970:on 22 April 2008. 2952:, 25 January 1914 2918:Nelson A. Miles, 2901:, ABC-CLIO, 2008 2808:, British Telecom 2759:America's Library 2484:Jones, R. Victor 2408:978-0-86341-330-8 2323:, ABC-CLIO, 2008 2278:, ABC-CLIO, 2008 2258:978-0-949757-89-0 1955:this may be that 1675:Telegram services 1454: mi) across 1429:Guglielmo Marconi 1292:facsimile machine 997:Soviet–Afghan War 867:US Forest Service 794:The concept of a 780:Robert Stephenson 609:British Admiralty 603:in 1816 using an 519:French Revolution 488:optical telegraph 482:Optical telegraph 450:Optical telegraph 99:optical telegraph 16:(Redirected from 5905: 5870: 5869: 5860: 5859: 5850: 5849: 5840: 5839: 5838: 5711:Notable networks 5701:Wireless network 5641:Cellular network 5633:Types of network 5608:Computer network 5495:Network topology 5409:Thomas A. Watson 5264:Oliver Heaviside 5249:Philo Farnsworth 5224:Daniel Davis Jr. 5199:Charles Bourseul 5159:John Logie Baird 4868:Data compression 4863:Computer network 4815: 4808: 4801: 4792: 4791: 4631: 4624: 4617: 4608: 4607: 4526: 4518: 4475:Wheen, Andrew;— 4461:Ross, Nelson E. 4458:vol. 26, (2013). 4450:Pichler, Franz, 4447: 4445: 4443: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4207: 4192: 4186: 4171: 4165: 4150: 4144: 4129: 4123: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4108:"The Seven Seas" 4103: 4097: 4077: 4071: 4056: 4050: 4043: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4020:. Archived from 4013: 4004: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3979: 3970: 3967: 3961: 3960: 3958: 3956: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3915: 3904: 3903: 3899:978-1-42140747-0 3883: 3877: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3857: 3851: 3836: 3830: 3829: 3828: 3826: 3795: 3789: 3771: 3742: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3703: 3697: 3683: 3677: 3672:Marc J. Seifer, 3670: 3664: 3657: 3651: 3648: 3642: 3635: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3608: 3602: 3595: 3589: 3582: 3576: 3569: 3563: 3550: 3544: 3543: 3535: 3529: 3528: 3508: 3502: 3501: 3492:(2): 130. 2004. 3481: 3475: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3456: 3450: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3416: 3410: 3391: 3385: 3384: 3365: 3359: 3358: 3353:. Archived from 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3323:. Archived from 3313: 3307: 3304: 3298: 3297: 3280:(341): 728–752. 3269: 3260: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3230: 3224: 3213: 3207: 3206: 3178: 3169: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3139: 3130: 3129: 3121: 3115: 3106:, Berkley, 1999 3100: 3091: 3076: 3070: 3055: 3049: 3034: 3028: 3013: 3004: 3003: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2945: 2937: 2931: 2916: 2910: 2895: 2882: 2867:Albert J. Myer, 2865: 2859: 2837:Rebecca Raines, 2835: 2829: 2828: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2800: 2794: 2779: 2770: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2751: 2745: 2744: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2717: 2711: 2710:(2003) pp. 67–69 2704: 2693: 2692: 2682: 2654: 2645: 2642: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2616: 2610: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2572: 2555: 2554: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2506: 2500: 2482: 2476: 2469: 2463: 2456: 2450: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2383: 2381: 2370: 2364: 2349: 2332: 2317: 2308: 2295:Morris Rossabi, 2293: 2287: 2272: 2266: 2265: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2200: 2194: 2170: 2164: 2163: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2127: 2075: 2038: 2020: 1994: 1983: 1973: 1918:Associated Press 1859:Second World War 1855:Great Depression 1805: 1453: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1388:'s equipment at 1321:constructed the 1319:Shelford Bidwell 1300:Giovanni Caselli 1228:Oliver Heaviside 1116:bipolar encoding 852:in November 1940 695: 692: 468: 465: 365: 353: 334:Early signalling 323:foreign ministry 315:diplomatic cable 284: 283: 213: 212: 201: 200: 95:Chappe telegraph 85:is not. Ancient 60:Chappe telegraph 21: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5907: 5906: 5904: 5903: 5902: 5883: 5882: 5881: 5876: 5836: 5834: 5826: 5768: 5705: 5627: 5591: 5548: 5497: 5489: 5430: 5423: 5329:Robert Metcalfe 5184:Tim Berners-Lee 5132: 4952:Information Age 4824: 4819: 4789: 4784: 4753:Cyrillic script 4734: 4727: 4686:Notable signals 4681: 4662:Continuous wave 4640: 4635: 4573:Wayback Machine 4553:Distant Writing 4547:Wayback Machine 4513: 4510: 4505: 4470:Wayback Machine 4441: 4439: 4411: 4409: 4396: 4362:History Compass 4321:History Compass 4281:John, Richard R 4254:Wayback Machine 4216: 4214:Further reading 4211: 4210: 4194:David Lindley, 4193: 4189: 4172: 4168: 4151: 4147: 4130: 4126: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4100: 4078: 4074: 4057: 4053: 4044: 4037: 4027: 4025: 4016: 4014: 4007: 3998: 3994: 3989:. 22 July 2024. 3981: 3980: 3973: 3968: 3964: 3954: 3952: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3932: 3931:978-303911451-1 3916: 3907: 3900: 3884: 3880: 3870: 3868: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3822: 3812: 3796: 3792: 3782:Wayback Machine 3772: 3745: 3736: 3732: 3723: 3719: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3671: 3667: 3658: 3654: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3629: 3622: 3618: 3609: 3605: 3596: 3592: 3583: 3579: 3570: 3566: 3560:Wayback Machine 3551: 3547: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3466: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3417: 3413: 3392: 3388: 3382: 3379:aerohistory.org 3375:Wayback Machine 3366: 3362: 3345: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3270: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3247: 3231: 3227: 3214: 3210: 3189:(1): 53–56/67. 3179: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3151:Wayback Machine 3140: 3133: 3122: 3118: 3101: 3094: 3077: 3073: 3057:Ken Beauchamp, 3056: 3052: 3035: 3031: 3014: 3007: 3000: 2982: 2975: 2962: 2961: 2957: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2934: 2917: 2913: 2896: 2885: 2866: 2862: 2848:Wayback Machine 2836: 2832: 2820:Roberts, Steven 2817: 2813: 2802: 2801: 2797: 2780: 2773: 2763: 2761: 2753: 2752: 2748: 2737: 2733: 2726:Distant Writing 2721:Roberts, Steven 2718: 2714: 2705: 2696: 2665:(1): 38–41+53. 2655: 2648: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2613: 2596: 2592: 2573: 2558: 2527: 2523: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2493:Wayback Machine 2483: 2479: 2471:E. A. Marland, 2470: 2466: 2457: 2453: 2447:Wayback Machine 2438: 2434: 2421: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2393: 2389: 2379: 2377: 2376:. Mysite.du.edu 2372: 2371: 2367: 2350: 2335: 2318: 2311: 2294: 2290: 2273: 2269: 2259: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2220: 2219: 2215: 2210:. 27 July 2023. 2202: 2201: 2197: 2183:Wayback Machine 2171: 2167: 2160: 2146: 2142: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2087: 2054: 2052:Newspaper names 2036: 2033:Rudyard Kipling 2013:Alexandre Dumas 1988: 1986:Elias Sehlstedt 1965: 1963:Popular culture 1898:Allan J. Kimmel 1886: 1827: 1777: 1771: 1755: 1753:Telegram length 1688: 1677: 1648:English Channel 1640:Bristol Channel 1592: 1514: 1506: 1475:English Channel 1456:Salisbury Plain 1450: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1386:Marconi Company 1378: 1370:, December 1901 1360: 1273: 1207:soon followed. 1181:Michael Faraday 1172:Palaquium gutta 1154: 1146:Main articles: 1128: 1100: 1083: 1032:Morse telegraph 1011: 1005: 937:Nelson A. Miles 860: 842: 820:flag signalling 816: 810: 771: 746: 722:needle displays 693: 621:electromagnetic 589:electrochemical 583:deflections of 566: 560: 554: 545:Prussian system 484: 466: 452: 420:Polybius square 393:Aeneas Tacticus 363: 351: 336: 331: 262:Pavel Schilling 186: 166:telegraph codes 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5911: 5901: 5900: 5895: 5878: 5877: 5875: 5874: 5864: 5854: 5844: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5824: 5817: 5812: 5807: 5802: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5790: 5782: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5715: 5713: 5707: 5706: 5704: 5703: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5637: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5620: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5599: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5562:Space-division 5558: 5556: 5550: 5549: 5547: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5524: 5523: 5522: 5512: 5507: 5501: 5499: 5491: 5490: 5488: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5475: 5474: 5473: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5452: 5451: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5399:Camille Tissot 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5374:Claude Shannon 5371: 5366: 5364:Tivadar Puskás 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5334:Antonio Meucci 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5304:Charles K. Kao 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5279:Harold Hopkins 5276: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5179:Emile Berliner 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5130: 5125: 5120: 5118:Videotelephony 5115: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5103: 5093: 5086: 5081: 5075: 5070: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5021: 5016: 5014:Radiotelephone 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4969: 4964: 4959: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4900:Internet video 4892: 4891: 4890: 4885: 4880: 4875: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4840: 4834: 4832: 4826: 4825: 4818: 4817: 4810: 4803: 4795: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4761: 4760: 4750: 4748:Greek alphabet 4745: 4739: 4737: 4729: 4728: 4726: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4689: 4687: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4664: 4659: 4654: 4648: 4646: 4642: 4641: 4634: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4592: 4586: 4576: 4562: 4556: 4550: 4536: 4527: 4509: 4508:External links 4506: 4504: 4503: 4488: 4473: 4459: 4456:The AWA Review 4448: 4427: 4418: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4382: 4381:(2007), 429pp. 4375: 4365: 4358: 4351: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4288: 4278: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4239: 4234:Fari, Simone. 4232: 4227:Fari, Simone. 4225: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4209: 4208: 4187: 4166: 4145: 4124: 4098: 4072: 4051: 4035: 4005: 3992: 3971: 3962: 3937: 3930: 3905: 3898: 3878: 3867:. 19 June 2013 3852: 3838:Tom Standage, 3831: 3810: 3790: 3743: 3730: 3726:New York Times 3717: 3698: 3678: 3665: 3652: 3643: 3627: 3616: 3603: 3590: 3577: 3575:, 1899, p. 29. 3571:Fahie, J. J., 3564: 3545: 3530: 3523: 3503: 3476: 3451: 3445:Sungook Hong. 3438: 3431: 3411: 3386: 3360: 3357:on 6 May 2008. 3338: 3308: 3299: 3261: 3252: 3245: 3225: 3208: 3170: 3131: 3116: 3102:Tom Standage, 3092: 3071: 3050: 3029: 3005: 2998: 2973: 2955: 2932: 2911: 2883: 2860: 2830: 2811: 2795: 2771: 2746: 2731: 2712: 2694: 2646: 2637: 2611: 2590: 2556: 2521: 2501: 2477: 2464: 2451: 2432: 2414: 2407: 2387: 2365: 2333: 2309: 2288: 2267: 2257: 2239: 2213: 2195: 2165: 2158: 2140: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2115: 2114: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2093: 2086: 2083: 2053: 2050: 1964: 1961: 1885: 1882: 1826: 1823: 1792:pulse dialling 1773:Main article: 1770: 1767: 1759:telegram style 1754: 1751: 1738:text messaging 1676: 1673: 1652:Dover, England 1632:Grays Inn Road 1628:United Kingdom 1620:William Preece 1591: 1588: 1513: 1510: 1505: 1502: 1434:William Preece 1374:Main article: 1359: 1356: 1288:Alexander Bain 1280:Alexander Bain 1272: 1269: 1127: 1124: 1082: 1079: 1007:Main article: 1004: 1001: 932:ships at sea. 895:Anglo-Zulu War 891:kerosene lamps 856:Main article: 850:Western Desert 841: 838: 825:Albert J. Myer 812:Main article: 809: 806: 745: 742: 734:British Empire 556:Main article: 553: 550: 480:Main article: 451: 448: 440:telegraph code 408:flag semaphore 335: 332: 330: 327: 185: 182: 107:Napoleonic era 79:flag semaphore 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5910: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5890: 5888: 5873: 5865: 5863: 5855: 5853: 5845: 5843: 5833: 5832: 5829: 5822: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5811: 5808: 5806: 5803: 5801: 5798: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5716: 5714: 5712: 5708: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5630: 5624: 5621: 5619: 5616: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5594: 5588: 5587:Code-division 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5572:Time-division 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5551: 5545: 5542: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5529: 5528: 5525: 5521: 5518: 5517: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5502: 5500: 5498:and switching 5496: 5492: 5484: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5469: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5450: 5449:optical fiber 5447: 5446: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5439:Coaxial cable 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5354:Radia Perlman 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5244:Lee de Forest 5242: 5240: 5239:Thomas Edison 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5229:Donald Davies 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5214:Claude Chappe 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5141: 5139: 5135: 5129: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5104: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5091: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5074: 5071: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5059: 5058:Smoke signals 5056: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5036:Semiconductor 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4974: 4973: 4970: 4968: 4965: 4963: 4960: 4958: 4955: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4895:Digital media 4893: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4876: 4874: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4797: 4796: 4793: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4770:Arabic script 4768: 4766: 4765:Hebrew script 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4735:in Morse code 4730: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4678: 4675: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4657:On–off keying 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4625: 4620: 4618: 4613: 4612: 4609: 4603: 4602: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4537: 4535: 4531: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4517: 4512: 4511: 4501: 4500:0-900592-79-6 4497: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4460: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4407: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4380: 4376: 4374: 4373:online review 4370: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4356: 4352: 4349: 4348:0-425-17169-8 4345: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4334:Standage, Tom 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4300:0-7153-5883-9 4297: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4279: 4276: 4272: 4269: 4265: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4237: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4205: 4201: 4197: 4191: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4128: 4120: 4109: 4102: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4076: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4055: 4048: 4042: 4040: 4024:on 2 May 2006 4023: 4019: 4012: 4010: 4002: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3966: 3951: 3947: 3941: 3933: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3901: 3895: 3891: 3890: 3882: 3866: 3862: 3856: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3835: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3803: 3802: 3794: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3748: 3740: 3734: 3727: 3721: 3714: 3709: 3702: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3662: 3656: 3647: 3640: 3634: 3632: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3607: 3600: 3594: 3587: 3581: 3574: 3568: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3549: 3541: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3516: 3515: 3507: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3480: 3465: 3461: 3455: 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1906: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1890: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1867:wire transfer 1864: 1863:news agencies 1860: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1822: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1809: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1781: 1776: 1766: 1762: 1760: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1735: 1730: 1728: 1727:New York City 1724: 1719: 1717: 1714:delivered by 1711: 1709: 1700: 1692: 1686: 1682: 1672: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1661:Great Britain 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1644:antenna wires 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1626:(GPO) in the 1625: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1604:Thomas Edison 1596: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1561:Mahlon Loomis 1558: 1555:US inventors 1549: 1545: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1518: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1494: 1487: 1482: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1459: 1457: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1403: 1402:Hertzian wave 1399: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1369: 1364: 1355: 1353: 1349: 1348: 1347:Hellschreiber 1343: 1342:Édouard Belin 1339: 1334: 1333: 1332:Bildtelegraph 1329:invented the 1328: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1277: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1239: 1238:Great Eastern 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1208: 1206: 1205:Low Countries 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1173: 1168: 1158: 1153: 1149: 1141: 1137: 1132: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1105: 1099: 1092: 1087: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1057: 1056:Western Union 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1023: 1015: 1010: 1000: 999:(1979–1989). 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 977: 974: 973:smoke signals 970: 966: 962: 958: 955:bands in the 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 933: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 868: 864: 859: 851: 846: 837: 834: 830: 826: 821: 815: 805: 802: 797: 792: 790: 785: 781: 777: 770: 761: 755: 750: 741: 739: 735: 731: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 688: 683: 679: 677: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 629:St Petersburg 626: 622: 617: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 597:von Sömmering 594: 590: 586: 582: 581:electrostatic 574: 570: 565: 559: 549: 546: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 515: 513: 509: 508:Claude Chappe 505: 501: 497: 496:Royal Society 493: 489: 483: 474: 461: 456: 447: 445: 444:Franz Kessler 441: 437: 433: 429: 425: 421: 417: 413: 409: 405: 400: 398: 394: 388: 386: 381: 377: 373: 369: 361: 357: 349: 340: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 303: 301: 297: 292: 290: 289: 278: 274: 270: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 246: 244: 240: 235: 233: 232: 227: 226:Claude Chappe 223: 219: 218: 207: 206: 195: 194:Ancient Greek 191: 181: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 154: 152: 148: 144: 140: 135: 130: 128: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 103:Claude Chappe 100: 96: 91: 88: 84: 80: 76: 69: 65: 61: 58:Replica of a 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5554:Multiplexing 5429:Transmission 5394:Nikola Tesla 5384:Henry Sutton 5339:Samuel Morse 5269:Robert Hooke 5234:Amos Dolbear 5169:John Bardeen 5088: 5072: 5068:Telautograph 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