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62:
5183:
6281:
5343:
4466:
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2579:
6050:
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82:
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1794:
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53:
353:
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resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in
Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war.
1948:
365:
11864:" The principal cause of Japan's surrender was the ability of the United States to increase the military vulnerability of Japan's home islands, persuading Japanese leaders that defense of the homeland was highly unlikely to succeed. The key military factor causing this effect was the sea blockade, which crippled Japan's ability to produce and equip the forces necessary to execute its strategy. The most important factor accounting for the timing of surrender was the Soviet attack against Manchuria, largely because it persuaded previously adamant Army leaders that the homeland could not be defended.".
413:
102:
3417:
93:
425:
437:
9980:, p. 5, calls attention to the fact that "the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure. Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia. It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations, taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects." Dower goes on to note that, before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt, many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces.
3946:
389:
4335:
3571:
5507:
4759:
2884:
24473:
377:
4226:
5767:
6257:
2178:
6143:
6593:
2321:
5869:
5731:. By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, it continued in relative economic decline for decades. The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era, having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted
3679:
4621:
3885:, China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt.
6372:
2988:
8199:, p. 128, observes that, while it is true that Poland was far away, making it difficult for the French and British to provide support, "ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshaven. The French, who committed to attacking Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so."
73:
7522:: "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies."
3771:, but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo. At the same time, Japan was
6404:
Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if
Japanese colonies are included.
9489:, pp. 213–214, notes that "Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before. ... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse."
2880:. On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather.
4205:, though the latter failed disastrously. By early February 1943, the German Army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another
3287:, but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean.
5981:. The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million.
5385:. In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A
6672:, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German
6889:
using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The USSR also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the
Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of
6403:
In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the
Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European
5781:
The Soviet Union alone lost around 27 million people during the war, including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. A quarter of the total people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed. Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the
Eastern Front
4045:
in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the
Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken
3924:
on
Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign.
14057:
mineral raw materials are the basis of industrial power, and this in turn is the basis of military power. England and the United States of
America alone control economic proportions of nearly three-fourths of the world's production of minerals. Not less important, they control the seas over which
7293:
Subtitle: "Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet–Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the
Russian". Quote: "The state of war between the U.S.S.R. and Japan ends on the day the present
3778:
Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. During these negotiations, Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the
Americans as inadequate. At the same time the United
11357:
The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war against the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the
3936:
of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans
3633:
was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend the offensive. Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its
6651:
with increases in speed, armour and firepower. At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding
6407:
The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg
3833:
to the Emperor. On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other
2542:
Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939
6344:
frequently turned local public opinion against them. During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels
3837:
Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. To prevent American
3438:
With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in
3207:. Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. In December 1940, Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an "
3467:
to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union.
3450:
Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later. On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of
13117:"Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators"
4419:, thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified
4404:. Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies'
5892:, civilian deaths are between 10 million and 20 million, whereas Chinese military casualties (killed and wounded) are estimated to be over five million. Other estimates say that up to 30 million people, most of them civilians, were killed. The most infamous Japanese atrocity was the
3925:
An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa.
15353:
7041:
9394:, p. 26: "By 1 November had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½ million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions."
6276:
of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on.
6196:
found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the
14116:
By producing nearly two thirds of the munitions used by Allied forces – including huge numbers of aircraft, ships, tanks, trucks, rifles, artillery shells, and bombs – American industry became what President Franklin D. Roosevelt once called 'the arsenal of democracy'
2666:
for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World
1919:, was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the
7281:
2671:
I. Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it.
2252:. The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing
6890:
resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $ 15 billion to $ 20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the
3724:
by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and
4024:
and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the
11702:
1945: In the single deadliest air raid of World War II, 330 American B-29s rain incendiary bombs on Tokyo, touching off a firestorm that kills upwards of 100,000 people, burns a quarter of the city to the ground, and leaves a million
15367:
2645:
with Germany, after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western
2278:. Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the
4956:. By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland,
9932:, p. 26: "The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941, forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure."
6226:(Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java.
1939:
agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a
6643:, which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War
7346:
1700:, who stated that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously, and the two wars became World War II in 1941. Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the
6424:
contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of
27190:
7276:
2973:, with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. Meanwhile, German-Soviet political relations and economic co-operation gradually stalled, and both states began preparations for war.
3230:. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. The Axis expanded in November 1940 when
13421:
Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). "Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre". Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Retrieved 4 August
10046:, p. 155, Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front."
3463:. However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. In November 1940,
8370:
Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk, L Deighton, Jonathan Cape, 1993, pp. 186–87. Deighton states that "the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place."
1430:
World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world, and it set the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The
21207:
17802:
5259:
The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. In early August, the United States
2765:. The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. followed by
5684:, and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of
3779:
States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. Roosevelt reinforced
2691:
in which the German minority would vote on secession. The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador
4100:. Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal. By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and
3072:
rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able
6272:) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion U.S. dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the
3712:. In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the
2675:
In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish
2290:
as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War
3842:
and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous
18059:
Lee, En-han (2002). "The Nanking Massacre Reassessed: A Study of the Sino-Japanese Controversy over the Factual Number of Massacred Victims". In Robert Sabella; Fei Fei Li; David Liu (eds.).
5369:, both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the
7143:
27210:
11318:
3096:
2531:, which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to
7313:
6652:
tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. Many means of
6930:
4550:
5642:
between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the
4604:
of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of
4573:, which were repulsed by the Axis troops. The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June.
2381:
1632:
4503:, while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat.
5680:
The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a
2919:
2029:
was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the
20360:
Steury, Donald P. (1987). "Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare".
10055:
6412:. While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the
2452:, which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at
7013:
2422:
by October. Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to
13042:
5688:
from 1945 to 1948. Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years.
13525:
Zur Debatte um die Ausstellung Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944 im Kieler Landeshaus (Debate on the War of Extermination. Crimes of the Wehrmacht, 1941–1944)
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5774:
Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary, because many deaths went unrecorded. Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war, including about
13714:
1887:
had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the
5283:, which was the largest Japanese fighting force. These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. The Red Army also captured the
4248:, and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the
3985:
was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the
1627:
27175:
14751:
6550:
due to the relatively low cost of aircraft and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the
6181:. By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to
3215:
programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was
23044:
6120:
6096:
3539:. During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel. By mid-August, however, the German
1435:
was established to foster international cooperation and prevent conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming
22789:
12302:
7336:
25114:
22397:
13738:
J. Arch Getty, Gábor T. Rittersporn and Viktor N. Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basisof Archival Evidence.
8337:
Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes: "The attack is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible."
5896:, in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered. Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the
3716:—which banned U.S. exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. During 1939 Japan launched its
24682:
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by early February, followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in
3314:. The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The
1735:
The exact date of the war's end also is not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 (
5472:
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against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern
1436:
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7256:
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attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of
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that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, and creating a series of defensive lines. German special forces then
26373:
24867:
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The earliest fighting started at 0445 hours when marines from the battleship Schleswig-Holstein attempted to storm a small Polish fort in Danzig, the Westerplate
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II issues. No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the
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23053:
22740:
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was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre.
4276:, demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security.
1752:
1347:, and Allied offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced them into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies
16714:
Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). "The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide". In Roger Chickering; Stig Förster; Bernd Greiner (eds.).
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11228:, pp. 406–407: "Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war."
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which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination,
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21501:
16691:(1998). "Hitler's Decision in Favour of War". In Horst Boog; Jürgen Förster; Joachim Hoffmann; Ernst Klink; Rolf-Dieter Muller; Gerd R. Ueberschar (eds.).
6688:, a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces.
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were kept in especially unbearable conditions, and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. In addition to
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Klavans, Richard A.; Di Benedetto, C. Anthony; Prudom, Melanie J. (1997). "Understanding Competitive Interactions: The U.S. Commercial Aircraft Market".
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in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the
4369:
After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to
2456:
in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a
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1320:
1210:
18571:(1993). "Reconstruction and the UK Postwar Welfare State: False Start and New Beginning". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.).
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about Germany, and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that "
4906:, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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In the 1930s Britain and the United States of America together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power.
5057:
Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president,
2001:
was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription.
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22159:
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system of deadly camps during 1942–43, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, including foreign citizens of Poland and
5974:
5653:
in June 1946. Communist forces were victorious and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to
4373:. Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to
3937:
extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944.
3752:, effectively ending their co-operation. In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during
2869:
2651:
16184:(1993). "The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.).
12041:
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region, which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. By successfully implementing new
2641:
The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed
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24526:
22012:
21392:
11689:
8457:
7133:
6193:
5433:
4588:. In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, and Chinese forces that had
2969:. The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II, turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal
1155:
11310:
5884:
In Asia and the Pacific, the number of people killed by Japanese troops remains contested. According to R.J. Rummel, the Japanese killed between 3
3748:
in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists. Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces
3447:
in April 1941. By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border.
22449:
21761:
13795:
9704:
9622:
9198:, 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541, Director: Humphrey, Richard A., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 267–312 (
7305:
5480:
5413:
3786:
2635:
1054:
19449:
13600:
27441:
26378:
25199:
25005:
24975:
24958:
22268:
21570:
16111:
11740:
4554:
2854:
971:
24267:
17363:(2003). "The Nazi Extermination Camps and the Ally to the East. Could the Red Army and Air Force Have Stopped or Slowed the Final Solution?".
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16836:
5182:
2922:
allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there.
932:
27686:
26403:
25000:
23060:
23023:
23000:
22521:
21443:
21413:
13853:
8237:
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4813:
3004:
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1764:
1614:
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10752:
10074:, 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541, Director: Humphrey, Richard A., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, p. 310 (
5393:
and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society.
4952:, hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at
4944:
On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch
1923:
by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the
61:
27230:
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22993:
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under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and
2548:
18137:
8151:
7696:
6268:
In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the
27250:
25015:
23910:
22977:
22889:
22833:
22796:
22078:
13469:
13093:
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formed in most occupied territories, they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943.
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6178:
5888:
million and more than 10 million people, with the most probable case of almost 6,000,000 people. According to the British historian
5814:
5658:
5425:
4589:
3586:
The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the
2352:
1681:
1214:
24662:
16917:
14641:
13032:
13010:
9876:
6758:
Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers (
27696:
25194:
25174:
22882:
21614:
16015:
13959:
Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski and Szarota. p. 9
13673:
13181:
5806:
5532:, which led to establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result,
5377:
controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries,
3882:
1355:
and pushed Germany and its allies westward. In 1944 and 1945, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled the
714:
642:
19752:
13704:
12087:
11982:
11959:
6280:
5342:
27701:
26318:
24388:
23016:
21406:
21364:
14603:
12559:
12189:
9913:
6004:
5557:
5260:
4534:
3878:
3817:, after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, began to favour Japan's entry into the war. As a result, Prime Minister
2147:
2026:
1492:
1392:
1111:
137:
13527:
12777:
4510:, the Chinese awaited allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. In January 1944, the Allies launched a
27691:
26564:
25592:
25129:
24237:
22056:
21830:
21593:
21459:
21270:
16339:
16312:
Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945". In John K. Fairbank; Denis Twitchett (eds.).
15800:
15329:
Borstelmann, Thomas (2005). "The United States, the Cold War, and the colour line". In Melvyn P. Leffler; David S. Painter (eds.).
12231:
5565:
4143:, keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the
1659:
1585:
1549:
1460:
981:
753:
726:
267:
227:
20715:
4484:, the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. In November 1943,
4396:
In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in
3813:
Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American–British–Dutch sanctions, Japan prepared for war. Emperor
27681:
27676:
27205:
26911:
26461:
25232:
24984:
23132:
22929:
21966:
21466:
21378:
21314:
18738:
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14691:
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6354:
5966:
4708:
4300:
2271:
1572:
1504:
856:
14759:
13390:
7232:
5853:, with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the
2464:, promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies.
27431:
25680:
24554:
23335:
22847:
21697:
21235:
17728:
17703:
12842:
9944:, p. 9, listing various military and diplomatic developments, observes that "the threat to Japan was not purely economic."
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5611:
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3990:
3709:
3460:
3276:
1858:
1304:
555:
170:
20990:
Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.).
16436:
13283:
12397:
5132:, while on 5 June all German political and military institutions were transferred under the control of the Allies through the
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19597:
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19394:
19369:
19343:
19320:
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19274:
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19177:
19151:
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19006:
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18886:
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16881:
16822:
16798:
16775:
16752:
16727:
16704:
16678:
16659:
16612:
Farrell, Brian P. (1993). "Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941".
16602:
16572:
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14097:
13629:
13571:
13463:
13440:
13338:
13263:
13220:
13087:
12928:
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12701:
12308:
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11403:
10415:
9870:
9771:
9677:
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8518:
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7690:
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6139:
from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy.
5503:
in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over.
5460:
5437:
4378:
4362:
3726:
3656:
which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese
2831:
2392:
in December 1937. After the fall of Nanking, tens or hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were
1499:
866:
709:
24:
16260:
de Grazia, Victoria; Paggi, Leonardo (Autumn 1991). "Story of an Ordinary Massacre: Civitella della Chiana, 29 June, 1944".
14103:
11633:
8524:
7561:
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24519:
24164:
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22089:
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22063:
21667:
20084:
6601:
5249:
5230:
5144:
5085:
4291:
in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. This attack was followed up shortly after by
3978:
3851:
3311:
2861:
2435:
1257:
775:
746:
257:
14092:. American Business, Politics, and Society (reprint ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2.
13151:
8865:
8100:
3559:
was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further
27456:
26766:
24808:
24079:
23543:
22875:
22861:
22074:
9796:
6269:
5464:
4740:
4409:
3626:
3452:
3444:
2790:
2603:
2552:
2457:
1047:
912:
19330:
Radtke, K.W. (1997). "'Strategic' concepts underlying the so-called Hirota foreign policy, 1933–7". In Aiko Ikeo (ed.).
6451:
6049:
5350:, where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of
4061:
With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture
27721:
27586:
27571:
27541:
27416:
27270:
27265:
26508:
25087:
24963:
24574:
24288:
24157:
24035:
23613:
23328:
23279:
23037:
22592:
21844:
21683:
21531:
21385:
19560:
12816:
10028:
5846:
5299:. On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio (
4980:
4895:
4570:
4323:
4010:
3476:
3231:
3051:
2711:
2578:
2564:
1912:
1567:
1368:
873:
11344:
7253:
5471:
that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States—became the
3290:
3083:, declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and
27711:
27661:
27601:
27566:
27516:
27491:
27356:
27260:
27235:
27155:
26423:
25184:
25109:
25055:
25035:
24803:
24745:
24712:
24636:
24569:
24404:
23286:
23258:
23075:
22657:
22376:
22343:
13770:
11142:
6247:
6204:
At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the
6056:(SS) female camp guards removing prisoners' bodies from lorries and carrying them to a mass grave, inside the German
5978:
5810:
5775:
5719:
economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the
5374:
5284:
5221:
that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking
4841:
4370:
4295:, which resulted in the region joining the Allies. Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the
3391:
3047:
3012:
2704:
2472:
2249:
2041:
1619:
1480:
1472:
1308:
992:
787:
548:
388:
151:
21559:
21179:
12253:
5735:
from its satellite states. Japan recovered much later. China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952.
4968:. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan.
4092:
took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the
3897:—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the
3379:
at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the
81:
27671:
27651:
27646:
27626:
27611:
27581:
27501:
27466:
27411:
27396:
27386:
26253:
25614:
25141:
24877:
24825:
24815:
24441:
23599:
23536:
22671:
22507:
21630:
12286:
10166:
7194:
6886:
6848:
have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited.
6057:
5549:
5310:
5191:
4566:
4538:
4156:
4013:. These easy victories over the unprepared U.S. and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended.
3843:
3775:, intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions.
3661:
3420:
3318:
also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a
2726:
1994:
1793:
1420:
584:
207:
25075:
22184:
21193:
14044:
13128:
10226:
10196:
10136:
9729:
5003:. In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched
4752:
4526:
3664:
that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west.
3250:
later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture
922:
27716:
27706:
27631:
27561:
27556:
27511:
27506:
27481:
27471:
27461:
27446:
27436:
27421:
27391:
27371:
27366:
27361:
27351:
26353:
26288:
25333:
24830:
24512:
23965:
23806:
23795:
23631:
23390:
23349:
23242:
23180:
22567:
21837:
21706:
21674:
20362:
19979:
19940:
19048:
17220:
17018:
15544:
14464:
10079:
9203:
6295:
at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead, twenty percent of the 68 million people in the occupied Soviet Union.
6174:
5970:
5695:
in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the
5553:
5500:
5476:
5140:
4769:
4732:
4680:
in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by
4105:
4050:
in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive
3982:
3780:
3235:
2560:
2344:
1974:
1544:
1539:
1533:
1528:
1523:
1518:
1440:
1261:
1233:
1094:—participated, with many investing all available economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities in pursuit of
897:
834:
683:
666:
277:
25010:
22354:
21922:
11358:
coup; postwar Romanian historians, however, ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow
4748:
4576:
The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions,
3219:
by Germany. The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany.
917:
27641:
27621:
27606:
27596:
27576:
27551:
27486:
27476:
27401:
27376:
25544:
25164:
25119:
24702:
24692:
24351:
24323:
24201:
23994:
23231:
22682:
22608:
22404:
21775:
21494:
21399:
21284:
20326:
19723:
19217:
18416:
15913:
15163:
8769:
6878:
6446:
6358:
6326:
6239:
5992:
5744:
5541:
5105:
5097:
5020:
4499:. The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the
3733:
3721:
2445:
2104:
1721:
1693:
1380:
1178:
1040:
1007:
846:
342:
7979:
Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939".
7361:
6736:
5175:
of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating
4894:
In the Pacific, U.S. forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their
4442:
and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. Germany, with the help of fascists, responded to the armistice by
52:
27726:
27666:
27591:
27536:
27521:
27496:
27451:
27406:
27245:
25697:
24852:
24837:
24760:
24730:
24707:
24549:
24411:
24344:
24295:
24226:
24051:
23557:
23508:
23272:
23265:
22868:
22629:
22420:
21473:
20331:
18147:
14892:
Bacon, Edwin (1992). "Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II".
14393:
Burns, R. W. (September 1994). "Impact of technology on the defeat of the U-boat September 1939 – May 1943".
12967:
9507:
7814:
6882:
6310:
5786:
5583:
Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led
5545:
5288:
5168:
5128:
until 11 May. On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by the Allied Forces in
4781:
4704:
4144:
3898:
3867:
3783:
and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries".
3603:
3272:
3192:
3055:
2934:
for this crime of aggression. Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the
1861:. The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and
1285:
810:
792:
28:
13543:
Pascale R . Bos, "Feminists Interpreting the Politics of Wartime Rape: Berlin, 1945"; Yugoslavia, 1992–1993
8740:
8034:
2142:
was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in
27616:
27546:
27531:
27526:
27426:
26308:
26293:
26188:
25179:
25060:
25050:
25040:
24928:
24776:
24750:
24740:
24626:
24485:
24381:
23756:
23717:
22636:
22471:
22456:
22383:
22362:
22180:
21858:
21644:
21637:
21621:
21332:
21291:
21263:
19430:
17798:
17605:
16294:
16242:
14783:
13854:"Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War"
7845:
6691:
Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large
6542:
became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the
5300:
5276:
5209:, overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern
4899:
4888:
4797:
3602:, which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. In late August the British and Soviets
3587:
3479:; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the
3464:
3411:
3188:
3100:
2982:
2631:
2303:
2030:
2018:
1652:
1580:
1412:
1297:
1024:
1002:
878:
678:
627:
402:
222:
119:
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Ch'i, Hsi-Sheng (1992). "The Military Dimension, 1942–1945". In James C. Hsiung; Steven I. Levine (eds.).
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24755:
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23314:
23167:
22782:
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20051:
18524:
17827:
17128:
16614:
16513:
16058:
15077:
15048:
14440:
12924:
12022:
8880:
8271:
Ginsburgs, George (1958). "A Case Study in the Soviet Use of International Law: Eastern Poland in 1939".
7100:
6288:
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6131:
were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used
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5696:
5561:
5537:
5164:
5066:
4390:
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and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to
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population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister
2388:, but after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back,
2360:
2095:, which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country's
1998:
1744:
1221:
1103:
861:
839:
782:
18803:(2010). "The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944–1953". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.).
13886:
13622:
The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
11681:
8453:
7081:
6992:
4891:
by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December.
2991:
German advance into Belgium and Northern France, 10 May – 4 June 1940, sweeping past the
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20329:(1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4".
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18244:
Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present
13887:"Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"
13803:
9696:
9614:
4135:
Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in
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which drove back Commonwealth forces. In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and
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1312:
902:
27336:
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27097:
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23682:
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18903:
18439:
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17057:
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11448:[The war criminals tries to be the first to see their ancestors] (in Chinese). Archived from
9459:
6491:(the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war).
5666:
5627:
5333:
5133:
5062:
4976:
4876:
4859:
By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in
4793:
4609:
4405:
4315:
4042:
4038:
3977:, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Despite stubborn
3757:
3717:
3544:
3484:
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3204:
3111:, which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which
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2295:
2143:
2135:
1673:
1340:
688:
654:
298:
166:
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19356:(2001). "The War in the Pacific". In Horst Boog; Werner Rahn; Reinhard Stumpf; Bernd Wegner (eds.).
14812:
Anderson, Irvine H. Jr. (1975). "The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex".
13961:"Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000"
11744:
6554:, were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on
6538:
established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). In the Atlantic,
6384:
5861:, between 1943 and 1945. At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish
3932:
in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the
3187:
In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the
2089:
1997:, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the
1684:'s declaration of war on Germany two days later on 3 September 1939. Dates for the beginning of the
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There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same "
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and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the
6260:
Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before being massacred by German soldiers in
6124:
6020:
5928:
5854:
5785:
An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's
5732:
5724:
5692:
4744:
4728:
4435:
4148:
3954:
3749:
3375:, commencing on 6 April 1941; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. The airborne
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to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the
2315:
2253:
1869:
1689:
1452:
1344:
1186:
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1130:
of European Jews, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. Following the Allied powers' victory,
704:
232:
21931:
21908:
14667:
Macintyre, Ben (10 December 2010). "Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory".
13861:
11449:
8229:
6040:
5977:
annexed by the Red Army. Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially
5720:
5479:. The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes,
4120:
3653:
3046:
fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of
2794:
2122:
to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being
1276:. By mid-1941, through a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany occupied or controlled much of
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25313:
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24594:
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23321:
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22529:
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20861:
Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953
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20117:
19892:
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17080:
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6535:
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was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The
3564:
3540:
3341:
3247:
3243:
3178:
2823:
2770:
2715:
2630:. Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the
2453:
2411:
2367:
2343:, which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China. The Soviets quickly signed a
2279:
2081:
1981:
and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself
1947:
1920:
1896:
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1748:
1713:
1645:
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11288:, p. 7: "It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II."
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5016:
4166:, while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split
3000:
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23196:
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22192:
22173:
22143:
21690:
21660:
20887:
20721:
20470:
20031:
19101:
18720:
18362:
The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
18141:
17971:
17528:
17200:
16558:
15436:
15311:
13395:
8135:
7680:
6605:
6555:
6531:
6487:(the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); and
6235:
6112:
5924:
5873:
5673:, their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to
5337:
5233:
was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces.
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4439:
4420:
4348:
4249:
4112:
behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results.
4055:
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3989:
and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the
3921:
3847:
3830:
3798:
3649:
3595:
3513:, and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals.
3424:
3368:
3323:
3166:
3150:, but largely ended in May 1941 after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort.
2819:
2798:
2762:
2742:
2647:
2619:
2583:
2370:
2324:
2283:
2014:
1892:
1781:
1736:
1456:
1451:. In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the
1424:
1364:
1356:
1316:
1273:
1253:
1162:
1079:
851:
770:
320:
294:
252:
217:
130:
20744:(2002). "Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights".
14973:
Barber, John; Harrison, Mark (2006). "Patriotic War, 1941–1945". In Ronald Grigor Suny (ed.).
13645:
13453:
13077:
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12730:
12691:
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2926:
refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union.
2731:
1319:, which resulted in the United States and the United Kingdom declaring war against Japan. The
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26994:
26816:
26605:
26554:
26393:
26368:
26298:
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25709:
25482:
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24887:
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24492:
24215:
24058:
23954:
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23620:
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23578:
23501:
23399:
22840:
22817:
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22275:
21812:
21552:
21538:
21221:
20746:
19669:
19169:
17396:
The War Behind The Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement In North-West Russia 1941–1944
17172:
Harrison, Mark (1998). "The economics of World War II: an overview". In Mark Harrison (ed.).
16924:
16767:
16536:
16121:
16001:
15963:
15411:
14645:
14024:
13002:
12068:"The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland. The origins and the political background"
10363:
9860:
8750:
8352:
7371:
6803:
6740:
6723:
enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of
6648:
6558:
6492:
6084:
5984:
The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no
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5109:
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4485:
4428:
4355:
4341:
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by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both
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2958:
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2623:
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in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943—including German defeats on the Eastern Front, the
1099:
1019:
927:
369:
101:
20:
22110:
20668:
19742:
19565:
From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s
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9453:
5416:
of the nine million Germans from these provinces, as well as three million Germans from the
2949:
the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as the Romanian regions of
2793:, which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. Germany responded by ordering
1865:, as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration.
92:
27070:
26979:
26685:
26388:
26143:
26056:
26034:
25957:
25953:
25882:
25798:
25743:
25738:
25561:
25405:
25294:
24897:
24316:
24171:
23822:
23779:
23749:
23675:
23485:
23464:
22390:
21867:
21545:
20788:
20725:
19078:
18724:
17034:
17022:
16117:
15693:
15634:
15518:
13400:
12763:
12067:
12001:
11937:
6728:
6724:
6212:, for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. In
6189:
5708:
5569:
5525:
5492:
5318:
5218:
5195:
5101:
5043:
4911:
4868:
4381:. By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also
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4128:
4089:
4047:
3472:
3216:
3208:
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from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment.
2761:
as a pretext to initiate the invasion. The first German attack of the war came against the
1888:
1850:
were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires.
1756:
1336:
1293:
883:
144:
27128:
19630:
Roberts, Cynthia A. (1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941".
14676:
14596:
12555:
12181:
9910:
4684:
in the Netherlands failed. After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but
4244:. By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa,
3945:
3763:
German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in
3499:. Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate
8:
27296:
27200:
27033:
26846:
26806:
26719:
26549:
26413:
26278:
26148:
25938:
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25624:
25597:
25580:
25568:
25390:
25346:
24434:
24208:
24086:
24042:
23564:
22698:
22464:
21991:
21821:
21805:
21754:
21154:
21041:
20960:
20688:
Umbreit, Hans (1991). "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe". In P. S. Falla (ed.).
20090:
19632:
19258:
18370:
18360:
18159:
18012:
17582:
16688:
16403:
16347:
13524:
12785:
11629:
The Axmann Conspiracy: The Nazi Plan for a Fourth Reich and How the U.S. Army Defeated It
11150:
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6752:
6748:
6341:
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5580:
was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West.
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4972:
4945:
4696:
4661:
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4374:
4109:
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3683:
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3195:
purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the
3135:
3024:
2954:
2939:
2850:
2809:
2599:
2524:
2476:
2233:
2225:
2200:
that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the
2155:
2127:
2069:
2053:
1978:
1936:
1827:
1388:
1229:
1174:
1139:
937:
817:
20399:
Stueck, William (2010). "The Korean War". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.).
16380:
15638:
12223:
6739:, which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. Another component of
6185:
evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators.
4299:; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to
2480:
27160:
27082:
26856:
26826:
26801:
26793:
26778:
26628:
26133:
26049:
26039:
25872:
25835:
25765:
25704:
25687:
25641:
25551:
25465:
25279:
24427:
24260:
24185:
24139:
24109:
24017:
23857:
23522:
23406:
23300:
23251:
23189:
22945:
22896:
22705:
22329:
21984:
21782:
20965:
20948:
20814:
20771:
20763:
20711:
20487:
20387:
20379:
20348:
20314:
20306:
20287:
Spring, D. W. (1986). "The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939".
20110:
20068:
20008:
19988:
19965:
19957:
19911:
19886:
19867:
19831:
19691:
19649:
19380:
19266:
19263:
The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome
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16277:
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15841:
Cienciala, Anna M. (2010). "Another look at the Poles and Poland during World War II".
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15182:
15157:
15153:
14948:
14911:
14829:
14792:
14535:
14036:
11783:
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The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy (
9096:
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8296:
8288:
8004:
7996:
7288:
7186:
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for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the
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6128:
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5662:
5396:
Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories,
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5051:
5024:
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4825:
4821:
4801:
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3698:
3622:
3575:
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2611:
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2217:
2085:
2025:, drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the
1986:
1835:
1740:
1416:
1404:
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1217:
1206:
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237:
155:
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3471:
On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in
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20205:
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19800:
19777:
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19673:
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19593:
19587:
19572:
19546:
19539:
Moscow – The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42
19520:
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18082:
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18041:
18022:
18000:
17969:
Koch, H.W. (1983). "Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'".
17905:
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17855:
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Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up
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13625:
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13436:
13334:
13259:
13083:
12740:
12697:
12031:
11991:
11836:
Ward Wilson. "The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima".
11787:
11660:
11399:
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10024:
9866:
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9673:
9463:
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9086:
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7228:
7086:
7033:
6996:
6779:
6763:
6653:
6578:
6527:
6488:
6480:
6409:
6345:(7,900,000 m) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate.
5897:
5818:
5728:
5650:
5631:
5241:
5226:
5187:
4988:
4930:
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4765:
4707:
forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviets formed the
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4673:
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4649:
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2615:
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When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the
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2151:
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1990:
1854:
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17697:
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15956:
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14539:
12916:
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9349:
6146:
4408:
launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the
3838:
intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the
2286:, also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this
1197:. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when
27004:
26960:
26906:
26896:
26841:
26751:
26729:
26697:
26024:
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21998:
21975:
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20755:
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20450:
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20298:
20060:
19949:
19823:
19661:
19641:
19188:
19161:
19110:
19057:
19039:
18448:
18437:(1955). "The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945".
17980:
17949:
17374:
17310:
17229:
16623:
16582:
16554:
16412:
16395:
16356:
16269:
15852:
15722:
15642:
15482:
15430:
15001:
14950:
Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948
14903:
14845:
14821:
14752:"Discovery and Development of Penicillin: International Historic Chemical Landmark"
14696:
Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School
14692:"Deception for Defense of Information Systems: Analogies from Conventional Warfare"
14517:
14507:
14402:
13279:
12389:
12079:
11949:
11938:"The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality"
11775:
11121:, pp. 500–502). The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at
9078:
8280:
7988:
7178:
7025:
6791:
6543:
6515:
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5347:
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5012:
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4926:
4849:
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and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. By this point, the communist-led
4585:
4581:
4546:
4530:
4492:
4481:
4386:
4261:
4230:
4198:
4167:
4104:. In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous
4073:. The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern
4051:
3962:
3902:
3863:
3705:
3652:
allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. This, as well as
3630:
3607:
3599:
3579:
3560:
3039:
2962:
2891:
2692:
2528:
2511:
from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the
2503:
In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany
2496:
2488:
2407:
2393:
2363:
2275:
2209:
2201:
2181:
2037:
2022:
1970:
1941:
1928:
1839:
1372:
1328:
1245:
1194:
1151:
632:
610:
441:
159:
21517:
19589:
Hitler's War Aims, Volume I: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion
16273:
13212:
9073:
Morrisey, Will (2019), "What Churchill and De Gaulle learned from the Great War",
8063:
7337:"Paris Peace Treaties failed to create a secure, peaceful and lasting world order"
7182:
6380:
6157:. Approximately 230,000 children were held prisoner and used in forced labour and
5715:, and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the U.S.
5591:. The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the
4450:, who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the
4009:, Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese
3614:, and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India.
3570:
2126:
for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in
2021:
with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's
27087:
27043:
26876:
26871:
26851:
26831:
26773:
26739:
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26653:
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24072:
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23843:
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23654:
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21187:
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19796:
19542:
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19289:
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18931:
18849:
18647:
18568:
18086:
17550:
17287:
16696:
15685:
15540:
15507:
15132:
Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery
15100:
14087:
13774:
13531:
12290:
11627:
10756:
9917:
9862:
Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan
8504:
7545:
7341:
7285:
7260:
6795:
6771:
6318:
6092:
5947:
5670:
5577:
5206:
5152:
5148:
5089:
5058:
4907:
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4773:
4758:
4724:
4685:
4522:
4515:
4489:
4473:
4447:
4443:
4401:
4379:
breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands
4292:
4140:
4108:
in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. The second was the
4074:
3694:
3574:
Russian civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the
3552:
3510:
3387:
3376:
3360:
3345:
3223:
2887:
2883:
2785:
period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a
2688:
2676:
2419:
2377:
2221:
2100:
2092:
1932:
1924:
1916:
1899:
were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's
1891:. Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all
1846:, such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new
1819:
1717:
1697:
1289:
1281:
800:
721:
424:
393:
262:
27123:
24472:
19814:
Rotundo, Louis (1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign".
16716:
A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945
16360:
7717:
Yang Kuisong, "On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan"
5506:
5074:
4820:, with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint
2841:. Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the
27220:
27111:
27021:
26836:
26707:
26428:
26348:
26303:
26243:
26208:
26000:
25913:
25818:
25726:
25517:
25351:
25274:
24367:
23903:
23829:
21881:
21740:
20504:
20375:
20289:
20000:
19953:
19309:
The Heart of War: On Power, Conflict and Obligation in the Twenty-First Century
18800:
18601:
18341:
18338:
The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship
18318:
17328:
17233:
17105:
16808:
16643:
16335:
16219:
15796:
Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras
15229:
14894:
14841:
13709:
13563:
10075:
9759:
9199:
8861:
8096:
7543:
7229:"German-American Relations – Treaty on the Final Settlement concerning Germany"
6783:
6732:
6704:
6677:
6669:
6620:
6582:
6539:
6500:
6325:
during the war in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Although
6306:
5996:
5954:
5901:
5674:
5615:
5511:
5456:
5441:
5386:
5253:
5210:
5035:
on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin.
4864:
4653:
4577:
4500:
4397:
4202:
4136:
4030:
3913:
3906:
3894:
3818:
3764:
3642:
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3440:
3390:
which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled
2786:
2516:
2492:
2131:
1831:
1815:
1432:
1249:
736:
731:
376:
20759:
20483:
20302:
19645:
19332:
Economic Development in Twentieth Century East Asia: The International Context
18992:
18971:
17984:
17749:(1990). "The historical perspective". In Alex Pravda; Peter J. Duncan (eds.).
17075:
Grove, Eric J. (1995). "A Service Vindicated, 1939–1946". In J.R. Hill (ed.).
16416:
16033:
What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-Century History
15910:
Chinese Capitalists in Japan's New Order: The Occupied Lower Yangzi, 1937–1945
14907:
14512:
14495:
14406:
13512:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
11779:
9788:
5081:
2096:
27285:
26940:
26756:
26714:
26658:
26544:
26503:
26470:
26383:
26268:
26183:
26128:
25988:
25908:
25803:
25653:
25646:
25539:
25492:
25385:
25241:
24178:
22103:
21952:
21791:
21078:
20344:
19715:
19697:
19487:
19143:
18998:
18921:
18478:
18434:
18008:
17876:
17746:
16848:
16740:
Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration
16586:
16564:
16207:
16151:
16147:
16107:
16089:
16054:
16006:
15880:
15599:
15494:
15355:
The Cambridge History of the Second World War Volume 2: Politics and Ideology
15239:
15019:
14874:
14851:
14531:
7134:"In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WWII'"
7037:
6891:
6825:
6759:
6720:
6685:
6661:
6657:
6636:
6511:
6100:
6076:
6053:
6016:
5889:
5794:
5716:
5712:
5619:
5524:
Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet
5429:
5280:
5078:
5011:. Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to
4938:
4303:
to prevent its capture by German forces. Axis forces in Africa withdrew into
4225:
4194:
3781:
the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946)
3657:
3480:
3456:
3020:
2970:
2915:
2627:
2587:
2374:
2299:
2123:
1823:
1705:
1127:
436:
364:
357:
115:
26439:
25210:
19062:
19043:
17505:
16973:
16650:
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
16139:
15711:
Cantril, Hadley (1940). "America Faces the War: A Study in Public Opinion".
15486:
14494:
Castaldi, Carolina; Fontana, Roberto; Nuvolari, Alessandro (1 August 2009).
12808:
10137:"The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 – Jan 1942"
9082:
6460:
5096:); Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by
4318:
against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and "
4197:. The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an
540:
27215:
27185:
27092:
27060:
26989:
26866:
26861:
26675:
26668:
26513:
26418:
26218:
26123:
25969:
25943:
25852:
25534:
25522:
25430:
25425:
25289:
25284:
24970:
24477:
24281:
22581:
22486:
22117:
21480:
20928:
20049:
Shepardson, Donald E. (1998). "The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth".
19747:. History of the Second World War. United Kingdom Military Series. London:
18468:
18018:
17780:
17360:
17174:
The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison
16832:
16432:
15591:
15029:
12914:
11340:
6874:
6696:
6681:
6616:
6586:
6504:
6273:
6256:
6251:
6068:
6064:
5985:
5790:
5533:
5529:
5518:
5468:
5459:, which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, and adopted the
5409:
5382:
5378:
5351:
5008:
4996:
4789:
4785:
4179:
4171:
4101:
4093:
4062:
4034:
4017:
3917:
3806:
3598:
and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the
3428:
3338:
3334:
3315:
3299:
3108:
3043:
2992:
2626:
pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the
2556:
2484:
2449:
2244:
as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations,
2197:
2177:
2139:
2108:
2010:
1966:
1951:
1847:
1842:, which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious
1725:
1225:
1202:
1198:
417:
412:
352:
18014:
The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943–1945
17378:
17331:(1994). "Labor as spoils of conquest, 1933–1945". In David F. Crew (ed.).
15456:
The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940
13768:
13727:
Kwoka was murdered with a phenol injection to the heart a few weeks later.
13624:(2nd ed.), 2006. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
13491:
Bird, Nicky (October 2002). "Berlin: The Downfall 1945 by Antony Beevor".
12809:"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm"
12083:
11732:
6309:
policies denied resources to the German invaders. Unlike in the West, the
6192:, many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The
6142:
6115:) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a "
5766:
5271:. Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement,
3767:. The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the
2797:
against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the
2414:; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at
27165:
27048:
26945:
26680:
26586:
26559:
26358:
26106:
26101:
26093:
26078:
25903:
25808:
25619:
25455:
25420:
25400:
25380:
25358:
25323:
24116:
24102:
23764:
22440:
22261:
22246:
21600:
20741:
19935:
19353:
19096:
18665:
18496:
18064:
17845:
17772:
17546:
17422:
16787:
Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism
16457:
Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance
15823:
15752:
15188:
14155:
The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II
13858:
Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes of the June 2002 Conference
13182:"Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji Wisła. Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947"
12257:
11766:
Zuberi, Matin (August 2001). "Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".
10016:
7029:
6945:
The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume I: Fighting the War
6820:
6592:
6574:
6551:
6523:
6507:
was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide.
6421:
6314:
6136:
6104:
5639:
5635:
5588:
5452:
5421:
5417:
5295:
announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the
5139:
In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the
5000:
4903:
4853:
4689:
4625:
4459:
4344:
4273:
4175:
4078:
3826:
3791:
3673:
3555:
to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. The
3492:
3432:
3399:
3227:
2512:
2508:
2461:
2245:
2073:
2049:
2045:
1884:
1877:
1811:
1685:
1324:
1091:
1083:
697:
615:
327:
212:
20690:
Germany and the Second World War – Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe
17932:
15864:
15477:
Buchanan, Andrew (7 February 2023). "Globalizing the Second World War".
14285:
Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft
12284:
11741:"Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II"
10759:
the United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War)
7547:
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia
7190:
7166:
6927:
Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy
6332:
In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the
4867:
while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces
4220:
2320:
2076:
and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in
1814:
had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the
27053:
26498:
25889:
25877:
25847:
25813:
25753:
25435:
23471:
23224:
23203:
22096:
21429:
21357:
20952:
20767:
20670:
Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History
19835:
19382:
Delusions of Intelligence: Enigma, Ultra, and the End of Secure Ciphers
19122:
18537:
18504:
18460:
17992:
17961:
17804:
Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945
17497:
17399:
16873:
16635:
16533:
Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy
15742:
15734:
15459:
14833:
14522:
14089:
Destructive Creation: American Business and the Winning of World War II
14040:
13116:
12732:
China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China
8292:
7900:
7014:"'Goak here': A.J.P. Taylor and 'The Origins of the Second World War.'"
6799:
6775:
6609:
6547:
6456:
6301:
6108:
6088:
5834:
5643:
5389:
program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the
4902:. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister,
4872:
4558:
4296:
4242:
the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast
3691:
3611:
3505:
3356:
3295:
3212:
3170:
3158:
3146:
offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in
3127:
3104:
3064:
2935:
2895:
2782:
2684:
2663:
2536:
2229:
2065:
1900:
1881:
1444:
1237:
605:
595:
126:
20383:
20352:
20310:
20072:
19992:
19961:
19653:
17241:
16424:
16368:
16291:
Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow
16281:
15647:
15618:
15432:
The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935–1936
14915:
14028:
11954:
10069:
9193:
8548:
8000:
7992:
7278:
Texts of Soviet–Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol.
6379:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
6222:
5868:
4910:; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the
4186:. The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga.
1292:, and other countries. In June 1941, Germany led the European Axis in
26928:
26918:
26534:
26493:
26323:
26160:
25895:
25857:
25450:
25264:
24918:
24791:
23734:
23139:
22936:
22747:
22545:
22500:
21015:
Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?
20995:
20910:
20643:
A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963
20224:
20163:
19773:
19495:
19335:
19312:
19240:
18879:
In the skies of Europe – Air Forces allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945
18576:
18270:
18224:
18177:
Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies
17338:
17154:
16460:
16189:
16036:
15856:
15550:
15359:
15334:
15288:
15265:
7138:
6948:
6744:
6624:
6519:
6413:
6154:
5862:
5600:
5596:
5515:
5405:
5314:
5264:
5129:
4836:
in February 1945. Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans,
4712:
4597:
4458:. The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the
4319:
4152:
3920:
was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward,
3772:
3678:
3634:
main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet
3500:
3496:
3147:
2911:
2814:
2766:
2737:
2504:
2441:
2423:
2410:
in May. In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by
2287:
2112:
1959:
1396:
1327:, but its advances were halted in 1942 after its defeat in the naval
1269:
1190:
1123:
1095:
1075:
27118:
22021:
20944:
20564:
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
19827:
19114:
18452:
17953:
16627:
15535:
14825:
10508:
9355:
8284:
6499:
and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the
5830:
5305:, literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). On 15 August 1945,
4695:
On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ("
4620:
2849:
in occupied Poland. A significant part of Polish military personnel
2680:
2335:
In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of
1311:. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories
1098:, blurring the distinction between military and civilian resources.
27026:
27009:
26955:
26950:
26935:
26923:
26901:
26724:
26692:
26623:
26598:
26313:
26009:
25830:
25658:
25573:
25512:
25475:
22005:
21733:
20219:
Smith, David J.; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002).
20112:
What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy
20064:
17125:
Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution"
16918:"The Soviet-German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay"
16314:
The Cambridge History of China - Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2
16239:
In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army
15726:
14644:. History Department at the University of San Diego. Archived from
12760:
Quick Reference Handbook Set, Basic Knowledge and Modern Technology
11317:. Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic.
10403:
The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Times to the Present Day
10261:
9499:
8815:
8545:
Deletant, pp. 48–51, 66; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Ornea, pp. 325–327
6692:
6628:
6337:
6313:
encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the "
6116:
5934:
5909:
5850:
5838:
5592:
5292:
5268:
5032:
4817:
4736:
4648:. After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also
4469:
4269:
4124:
3829:
instead. On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the
3814:
3517:
3488:
3352:
3131:
3059:
2695:, Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected.
2348:
2044:
in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of
1448:
1400:
429:
20183:
The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment
19451:
Appeasement Reconsidered: Investigating the Mythology of the 1930s
17602:
Resisting Rebellion: The History And Politics of Counterinsurgency
15184:
Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States
14033:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
10093:
10000:
9998:
9789:"Diary: Hirohito prepared for U.S. war before Pearl Harbor attack"
8373:
6010:
4482:
May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective
4264:
forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were
2987:
1387:. Following the refusal of Japan to surrender on the terms of the
1248:
in June 1940, the war continued primarily between Germany and the
27106:
26972:
26967:
26228:
26083:
25995:
24534:
21129:
Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II
21061:
Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939
19977:——— (1983). "Khalkhin-Gol: The Forgotten War".
19845:
Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific
16693:
Germany and the Second World War – The Attack on the Soviet Union
14496:"'Chariots of fire': the evolution of tank technology, 1915–1945"
14310:
Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines
13860:. Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
13560:
Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II
9042:
9006:
6632:
6484:
6426:
5669:. While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their
5412:
was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the
5401:
5397:
5370:
4992:
4953:
4884:
4720:
4304:
4236:
bombing raid on the Focke-Wulf factory in Germany, 9 October 1943
2923:
2903:
2655:
2520:
2336:
2154:, the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present
1459:. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards
20468:
Swain, Geoffrey (1992). "The Cominform: Tito's International?".
19492:
World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West
19214:
Money and Conquest: Allied Occupation Currencies in World War II
18155:
17872:
Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941
16086:
After Tamerlane: The Rise & Fall of Global Empires 1400–2000
8572:
6433:
about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, while
6317:" of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by
5957:
of 22,000 Polish officers, and the imprisonment or execution of
3396:
invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon
3275:, a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy
26999:
26984:
26643:
26248:
22615:
21213:
20086:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
15668:
Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas
15573:
15500:
10774:
10249:
9995:
9672:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 1046–1049.
9571:
9547:
8903:
8704:
6708:
6700:
6526:
warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war,
6476:
5842:
5654:
5496:
5484:
5214:
4917:
4163:
4082:
3532:
3162:
2907:
2805:
2778:
2659:
2544:
2404:
1955:
1802:
72:
20992:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
18621:
From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War
18573:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
16186:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
15770:
Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006).
14208:
World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration
12688:
Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe", in
10922:
8400:
7167:"The Spanish Civil War and the Coming of the Second World War"
6747:, which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as
6573:
tactics. Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the
5054:
was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany.
4964:. On 4 February Soviet, British, and U.S. leaders met for the
4852:
on relatively mild conditions, although Finland was forced to
4652:. These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the
4096:, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the
2938:
was modest, and the Finno-Soviet war ended in March 1940 with
2598:
Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the
2013:
in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards
1767:, which also restored full diplomatic relations between them.
27170:
27135:
27038:
26761:
26648:
26633:
26213:
26203:
26198:
25670:
25665:
22803:
19913:
In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War
8885:
US Army in WWII – Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Operations
8340:
6767:
6673:
6562:
6496:
6483:, and each role developed considerably. Innovations included
6440:
6166:
5905:
5822:
5623:
5488:
4984:
4860:
4716:
4657:
4605:
4214:
4183:
4160:
2965:
from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the
2415:
2298:. His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of
18855:
The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition
18499:(1990). "The Battle of the Atlantic". In Gooch, John (ed.).
17940:
Kleinfeld, Gerald R. (1983). "Hitler's Strike for Tikhvin".
15769:
15748:
The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
15208:
Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine
13984:
13674:"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers"
9701:
US Army in WWII – Strategy, and Command: The First Two Years
9649:
9289:
8927:
8775:
8484:
7864:
7544:
Andrea L. Stanton; Edward Ramsamy; Peter J. Seybolt (2012).
4875:. In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally
4644:), after three years of Soviet pressure, the Western Allies
4512:
series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino
1696:, on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian
26638:
26343:
19938:(1978). ""Barbarossa": Surprise Attack and Communication".
19748:
19140:
Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945
19074:
War Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II
18644:
Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps
17218:
Hauner, Milan (1978). "Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?".
16962:"August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"
13391:"Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence"
11560:
10970:
10862:
10838:
10719:
10056:
Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States
9619:
US Army in WWII – Strategy and Command: The First Two Years
9535:
9030:
9018:
8680:
7746:
7501:
7489:
6959:
6640:
6600:
being raised to the top of the detonation "shot tower", at
6213:
6182:
5962:
5584:
3058:. The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the
2248:
when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's
1122:, more than half of which were civilians. Millions died in
13033:"Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others"
10946:
10688:
10616:
10580:
10544:
10520:
10321:
10231:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10201:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10171:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10141:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10105:
9734:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
9170:
7924:
7876:
7648:
6305:
were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet
5229:
by the end of June. At the same time, a naval blockade by
4883:
by early August. Soon after, they invaded the province of
3621:
in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of
2679:
immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of
1895:, while German annexation of other states was prohibited,
1672:
World War II began in Europe on 1 September 1939 with the
1443:. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival
1407:, the possibility of more atomic bombings, and the Soviet
18390:
The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima
17918:
16968:. Leavenworth Papers. Command and General Staff College.
15358:. The Cambridge History of the Second World War (3 vol).
14254:
13037:
10762:
10071:
Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History
9947:
9397:
9229:
9195:
Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History
8644:
8454:"The Winter War – When the Finns Humiliated the Russians"
8412:
7912:
7770:
7576:
7465:
7453:
6177:
occupied in 1939–40 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis
5246:
the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction
4755:, followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side.
4472:
troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the
4285:
deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta
3912:
During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate
3844:
offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific
3821:
resigned. Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint
3405:
2930:
in November 1939, and was subsequently expelled from the
19607:
Ritchie, Ella (1992). "France". In Martin Harrop (ed.).
17520:
The Columbia History Of Twentieth-Century French Thought
16843:. CSI Report No. 11. Command and General Staff College.
13433:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
12295:
10934:
10886:
10652:
10556:
10381:
10333:
10297:
9637:
9500:"Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941"
9118:
8915:
8692:
8656:
8390:
8388:
8252:
7782:
7660:
7377:
5528:. Most eastern and central European countries fell into
5428:; north-east Romania, parts of eastern Finland, and the
5217:
by 3 May. Chinese forces started a counterattack in the
5179:
was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history.
4824:
on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a
4557:. This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the
26328:
19793:
World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study
19018:
Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945
17824:
Stalin's Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943–56
17552:
Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941–1945
17307:
Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History
15074:
War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy: 1943–1948
14975:
The Cambridge History of Russia – The Twentieth Century
14493:
13499:(4). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 914–916.
12536:
11818:
11412:
10910:
10850:
10826:
10798:
10786:
10592:
10460:
9595:
9583:
8994:
8982:
8970:
8839:
8716:
8560:
8472:
8319:
8015:
7936:
6150:
5657:
in 1949. In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the
5015:, and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops
3667:
2902:
After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened
2872:; small shares of Polish territory were transferred to
2720:
1987:
radical, racially motivated revision of the world order
1971:
unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government
21875:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
20447:
A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45
18689:
Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43
17195:
Hart, Stephen; Hart, Russell; Hughes, Matthew (2000).
16669:
Forrest, Glen; Evans, Anthony; Gibbons, David (2012).
13767:. Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No. 4, (in Russian). See also
12784:. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Archived from
12024:
Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939–1950)
11583:
10994:
10731:
10709:
10707:
10705:
10703:
10664:
10640:
10604:
10273:
10117:
9983:
9361:
9337:
9241:
9106:
8862:"Major international events of 1940, with explanation"
8827:
8632:
8097:"Major international events of 1939, with explanation"
7888:
7758:
7477:
7441:
7413:
7306:"Historical Context: The Global Effect of World War I"
6071:
of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for murdering about 6
5999:
existed before or during World War II. The USAAF
5817:(including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and
4987:
river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine
4887:, winning major engagements against Chinese forces at
4848:
denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a
4784:
and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups
3119:
July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany.
2610:
in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the
2467:
2444:
had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and
2240:, or AOI); in addition it exposed the weakness of the
2166:
20588:
German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans
20158:
Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration
17366:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
15933:
The Second World War (4): The Mediterranean 1940–1945
15772:
France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation
14395:
IEE Proceedings – Science, Measurement and Technology
12778:"World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937–1945)"
12558:. United States Department of State. 7 January 2008.
12412:
12334:
10568:
10532:
10484:
10472:
10436:
10309:
10285:
9433:
9373:
9325:
9217:
9054:
8939:
8728:
8668:
8620:
8596:
8584:
8385:
7948:
7794:
7600:
7588:
7254:
Why Japan and Russia never signed a WWII peace treaty
5701:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
5361:
The Allies established occupation administrations in
4711:
to control territory in Poland and combat the Polish
4578:
an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India
4221:
Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943)
3302:
advancing across the North African desert, April 1941
3264:
Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
3203:. In September the United States further agreed to a
2804:
On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of
2547:
to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939,
1993:. France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy,
1363:. The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of
21145:
21083:
Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre
20218:
19666:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
18826:
Neary, Ian (1992). "Japan". In Martin Harrop (ed.).
17467:
Workers at War: Labor in China's Arsenals, 1937–1953
17443:
Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union
16894:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
16214:
War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War
14871:
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56
14726:
Insights Ias – Simplifying Upsc Ias Exam Preparation
14374:
14362:
12915:
Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2005).
11078:
11066:
11018:
10874:
10628:
10496:
10448:
9559:
9421:
9409:
9313:
9301:
9265:
8809:
8379:
8307:
8115:
7960:
7636:
7624:
7612:
7114:
6907:
5711:
lasted until 1973. Recovery began with the mid-1948
4480:
German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By
4279:
In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a
2951:
Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region
2545:
secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy
2399:
In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their
2355:. From September to November, the Japanese attacked
2309:
2282:. More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the
20855:; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy
20811:
Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World
20501:
Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II
19166:
Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II
18754:———; Millett, Allan Reed (2001).
18522:Milward, A.S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg".
16668:
15097:
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
13650:
12586:
12512:
12472:
11905:
11806:
11682:"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy"
11273:
11156:
10700:
10167:"The Elimination of the Alternatives. Jul–Aug 1942"
9253:
7525:
7209:
6437:more than 18 million people in Far East Asia.
6029:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
5649:In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed
4329:
3760:again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces.
3153:Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy
2429:
20964:
20907:Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished
20155:
20109:
19286:Pacific Asia in the Global System: An Introduction
18991:———; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1999).
17625:The Italian Army 1940–45, Volume 2: Africa 1940–43
16647:
16396:"Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note"
16211:
15955:
14947:
12966:
12436:
12150:
12016:
12014:
11333:
11231:
11090:
11042:
10676:
7812:
7401:
7389:
7069:, p. 124; Yisreelit, Hevrah Mizrahit (1965).
6623:of World War I, which had relied on improved
6323:killed an estimated 2.77 million ethnic Poles
5821:. Between 1941 and 1945, more than 200,000 ethnic
5614:in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed
4240:Exploiting poor American naval command decisions,
4088:Both plans started in July, but by mid-September,
3949:Map of Japanese military advances through mid-1942
3888:
3732:Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale
2832:the last large operational unit of the Polish Army
1915:, and a democratic government, later known as the
19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
24873:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
21151:: The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship
20837:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
20717:The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)
19770:American War Plans, 1941–1945: The Test of Battle
19744:The War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 1: The Defensive
19358:Germany and the Second World War – The Global War
16870:Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War
16764:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–1945
16176:
15331:Origins of the Cold War: An International History
14597:"The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine"
14465:"The Vital Role Of Tanks In The Second World War"
13929:
13917:
13253:
12872:
12580:
12460:
12322:
11794:
11424:
10227:"The Trident Conference – New Patterns: May 1943"
9277:
7164:
6244:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
5946:such weapons against civilians, and sometimes on
5163:, and other islands of the Philippines until the
4723:and watched passively as the Germans quelled the
4688:. In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the
4016:In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to
3226:formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the
3074:to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops
2961:to Hungary. In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded
2822:. On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a
2460:in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of
2017:; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an
27283:
21146:Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009).
20221:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
18973:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
18881:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press.
17077:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy
16762:Gardiner, Robert; Brown, David K., eds. (2004).
15408:The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945
15385:The British Army 1939–45, Volume 3: The Far East
14594:
13881:
13879:
13705:"Color photo of girl at Auschwitz strikes chord"
13667:
13665:
11917:
11893:
11572:
10197:"Casablanca – Beginning of an Era: January 1943"
9865:. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 29, 35.
8878:
8856:
8854:
8133:
7310:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
6194:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
5033:American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river
4415:On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own
4389:. In April, the Allies launched an operation to
4272:on strategic targets, culminating in the failed
3594:. In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a
3563:and industrially-developed Eastern Ukraine (the
3322:, and neutralising several more warships at the
2604:guaranteed their support for Polish independence
2567:on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the
2259:
2048:. In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the
2009:The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the
1985:of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a
1325:Japan soon conquered much of the western Pacific
20616:Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies
20608:
20401:The Cambridge History of the Cold War – Origins
18990:
18805:The Cambridge History of the Cold War – Origins
18670:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945
17646:———; Andrew, Stephen (2002).
16581:
15820:China's Bitter Victory: War with Japan, 1937–45
15180:
14551:
14549:
14418:
14416:
14307:
14287:. Wigston, Leics: Silverdale Books. p. 7.
12346:
12059:
12011:
11974:
11929:
11607:
11595:
11363:
10982:
10780:
10364:Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004
9615:"Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 – July 1941"
9577:
9553:
8909:
8821:
8710:
6703:machines, the most well-known being the German
6011:Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour
4914:, one of the largest naval battles in history.
4898:and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the
4896:offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands
4780:In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into
4375:isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands
3697:in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American
3386:In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces
2818:. Remnants of the Polish army broke through to
2549:Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia
2023:goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe
20931:(1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941".
18756:A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War
17194:
16837:"Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943"
16713:
16393:
16259:
15351:
14972:
14666:
14635:
14633:
13947:
13847:
13845:
13079:Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War
12878:
12769:
12670:
12204:
12114:
12102:
11341:"Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation"
11279:
11126:
10928:
10099:
9724:
9722:
9691:
9689:
9187:
9185:
8761:
8759:
8185:
8091:
8089:
6965:
6942:
6395:Allies to Axis GDP ratio between 1938 and 1945
6201:, the number of Chinese released was only 56.
5491:in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its
5248:". During this conference, the United Kingdom
4580:, and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at
4314:In June 1943, the British and Americans began
4293:Anglo-American landings in French North Africa
4213:in their front line around the Soviet city of
4029:. Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier
3720:, but was repulsed by late September. Despite
3590:prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its
3306:In December 1940, British Empire forces began
3205:trade of American destroyers for British bases
3021:British discontent over the Norwegian campaign
2527:and conceded this territory to Germany in the
2052:. A month later, Germany and Japan signed the
1759:to take place and resolved most post–World War
1232:" across Eastern Europe; in 1940, the Soviets
1177:, and it was preceded by events including the
26469:
26455:
25240:
25226:
24536:History of World War II by region and country
24520:
21229:
21040:(3rd ed.). London & Washington, DC:
20663:
20241:
18895:
18753:
18716:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945
18594:Mingst, Karen A.; Karns, Margaret P. (2007).
18474:Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
18081:
16761:
16340:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments"
15953:
15616:
15181:Bilhartz, Terry D.; Elliott, Alan C. (2007).
14567:
14555:
14422:
14380:
14368:
14356:
14270:
14230:
14007:
14005:
13876:
13662:
13353:
13254:Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard (2015).
12952:
12430:
12358:
11708:
11657:The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II
11488:
9012:
8851:
8614:
8406:
8361:, pp. 563–64, 566, 568–69, 574–75 (1983 ed.).
7870:
7507:
6510:Advances were made in nearly every aspect of
6348:
6147:Prisoner identity photograph of a Polish girl
5865:and other Polish units, in reprisal attacks.
5213:in March, and the British pushed on to reach
5050:capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the
4402:attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge
4178:and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while
3953:By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally
3848:attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor
2976:
2440:In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in
1653:
1048:
570:
556:
20881:
20637:
20585:
20266:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
19407:The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle
19015:
18896:Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis (2000).
18776:
18241:
18197:
17897:Germany 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival
17821:
17645:
17490:History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
17023:"The greatest military armada ever launched"
16671:The Illustrated Timeline of Military History
16530:
16454:
16394:———; Maksudov, S. (1994).
16053:
15305:
14582:
14578:
14576:
14561:
14546:
14413:
14308:Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke (2005).
14264:
14193:
13082:. New York: Tylor and Francis. p. 155.
12948:
12946:
12664:
12340:
12162:
12144:
11726:
11589:
11470:
11381:
10868:
10844:
10725:
10694:
9655:
9541:
8686:
8346:
8058:
8056:
7495:
6589:proved effective against German submarines.
5959:hundreds of thousands of political prisoners
5749:
5291:. On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor
4918:Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945)
4735:was also quelled by the Germans. The Soviet
4371:eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians
4151:, and then in June 1942 launched their main
4115:
4085:, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.
3394:. Between June and July, British-led forces
3383:, which continued until the end of the war.
3257:
3134:started in August but its failure to defeat
1728:from May to September 1939. Others view the
1074:(1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a
20959:
20421:
18593:
18264:
18115:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945
17579:The British Empire and the Second World War
17054:The Holocaust in Italian Culture, 1944–2010
16531:Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (2012) .
15328:
14925:Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout
14790:
14630:
14332:
14282:
14224:
13842:
13009:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
12735:. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. p.
12418:
12370:
12272:
11840:, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Spring 2007), pp. 162–79.
11659:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 118.
11512:
10111:
10004:
9920:. Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack.
9822:. p. 126, citing Kenji Tomita's diary.
9719:
9686:
9522:
9182:
8756:
8496:
8127:
8086:
7930:
7815:"The Forgotten Soviet-Japanese War of 1939"
7459:
6003:, killing 393,000 civilians, including the
5659:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
5023:and swept across western Germany capturing
4946:a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes
4383:neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk
4199:encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad
3773:planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East
3750:culminated in armed clashes in January 1941
3333:to North Africa; at the end of March 1941,
2636:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
1786:
1321:European Axis powers declared war on the US
26462:
26448:
25233:
25219:
24527:
24513:
21236:
21222:
21063:. Bowling Green University Popular Press.
21038:The Evolution of the United Nations System
20048:
19424:
18597:United Nations in the Twenty-First Century
18501:Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War
18413:Japanese Relations with Vietnam, 1951–1987
18358:
18221:The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis
16113:Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory
16063:The Reader's Companion to Military History
15568:Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James L. (2005).
15567:
15539:; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.;
15352:Bosworth, Richard; Maiolo, Joseph (2015).
14639:
14068:
14066:
14035:. 204, Democracy and the Americas: 42–48.
14002:
13586:
12896:
12728:
12616:
12126:
11855:
11739:Poirier, Michel Thomas (20 October 1999).
11578:
11173:
11171:
11149:, pp. 10–11), and is capped with the
11006:
10952:
10067:
9191:
7672:
7431:
7079:, p. vii; Kellogg, William O (2003).
6546:. Carriers were also more economical than
6495:also advanced, including defences such as
6441:Advances in technology and its application
5927:used a variety of such weapons during its
5872:Bodies of Chinese civilians killed by the
5595:—would be accompanied by an unprecedented
4822:liberation of the capital city of Belgrade
4810:increasingly successful guerrilla campaign
4561:region. By late May 1944, the Soviets had
4506:From November 1943, during the seven-week
3138:forced the indefinite postponement of the
3128:Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours
3019:, Norway was conquered within two months.
2914:with military invasion, forcing the three
2551:and subsequently split it into the German
2351:support, effectively ending China's prior
1931:seized power in Italy with a nationalist,
1660:
1646:
1349:invaded German-occupied France at Normandy
1110:of population centres and delivery of the
1055:
1041:
563:
549:
20325:
19847:. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing.
19533:
19061:
18848:
18618:
18218:
17939:
17720:
17695:
17488:Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang, Ming-kai (1971).
17122:
16992:
16030:
16002:"The Volunteer Armies of Northeast China"
15840:
15646:
15570:Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress
15333:(2nd ed.). Abingdon & New York:
15287:(3rd ed.). Abingdon & New York:
15282:
15152:
15117:
14945:
14868:
14840:
14689:
14595:Sprague, Oliver; Griffiths, Hugh (2006).
14573:
14521:
14511:
14140:
13751:
13742:, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct. 1993), pp. 1017–49
13127:(1). Croatian Institute of History: 117.
12943:
12813:Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century
12592:
12542:
12518:
12352:
12328:
12065:
12020:
11980:
11953:
11935:
11824:
11812:
11506:
11398:. Kluwer Law International. p. 426.
11162:
10940:
10658:
9953:
9403:
9367:
9247:
9158:
9146:
8793:
8478:
8273:The American Journal of International Law
8270:
8196:
8053:
7846:"Nomonhan: The Second Russo-Japanese War"
7843:
7383:
7062:
6005:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
5953:The Soviet Union was responsible for the
5782:and during the final battles in Germany.
5686:industrial disarmament in Western Germany
4615:
4567:largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine
4127:soldiers on the counterattack during the
4041:in Alaska. In mid-May, Japan started the
3023:led to the resignation of Prime Minister
2056:, which Italy joined the following year.
1765:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
1749:peace treaty between Japan and the Allies
1732:as the start or prelude to World War II.
1704:on 3 October 1935. The British historian
1371:and the Soviet Union, culminating in the
1369:invasion of Germany by the Western Allies
1313:in Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific
21194:West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War
21058:
20904:
20831:
20242:Smith, Winston; Steadman, Ralph (2004).
19842:
19559:
19378:
19257:
19070:
18686:
18242:Lindberg, Michael; Todd, Daniel (2001).
18174:
17751:Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s
17669:Jukes, Geoffrey (2001). "Kuznetzov". In
17487:
17171:
16673:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.
16642:
16507:
16477:
16146:
15980:
15954:Collier, Martin; Pedley, Philip (2000).
15817:
15792:
15512:
15476:
15205:
14811:
14624:
14152:
14128:
14072:
13985:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006
13911:
13796:"Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines"
13241:
13152:"The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres"
12506:
12502:
12442:
11984:Political Migrations in Poland 1939–1948
11800:
11554:
11521:, pp. xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70, 329–330
11396:Multilateral Treaty Calendar – 1648–1995
11261:
11237:
11219:
11201:
11138:
11096:
11060:
11048:
11036:
10964:
10598:
10562:
10387:
10339:
10303:
9965:
9817:
9643:
9601:
9589:
9451:
9295:
9124:
9072:
8933:
8921:
8781:
8638:
8626:
8554:
8506:Romanian policy towards Germany, 1936–40
8490:
8394:
8212:
8021:
7942:
7752:
7666:
7419:
6913:
6845:
6591:
6450:
6279:
6255:
6141:
6048:
6007:, and destroying 65% of built-up areas.
5867:
5765:
5505:
5341:
5181:
4921:
4757:
4619:
4464:
4434:On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies
4333:
4224:
4119:
3944:
3785:
3710:Japanese-American relations deteriorated
3677:
3569:
3427:and the Soviet Union after 1941; Green:
3415:
3289:
2986:
2957:on Romania which led to the transfer of
2882:
2730:
2577:
2471:
2319:
2176:
1946:
1792:
21131:. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources.
20710:
20687:
20586:Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998).
20244:All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3
19909:
19884:
19813:
19790:
19740:
19686:
19660:
19629:
19609:Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies
19606:
19516:The Brassey's Book of Military Blunders
19283:
19038:
18828:Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies
18799:
18779:The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945
18641:
18567:
18544:
18521:
18467:
18387:
18335:
18035:
17868:
17844:
17797:
17573:
17439:
17416:
17327:
17153:(2nd ed.). London & New York:
16807:
16687:
16611:
16311:
15930:
15710:
15684:
15590:
15382:
15235:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
15094:
14255:Klavans, Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997
14122:
14063:
13935:
13923:
13702:
13641:
13546:Journal of Women in Culture and Society
13514:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 70.
13509:
13108:
12863:
12775:
12689:
12640:
12628:
12478:
12364:
12138:
12120:
12108:
11888:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
11875:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
11738:
11566:
11430:
11168:
11118:
11108:
10916:
10856:
10832:
10804:
10792:
10737:
10610:
10478:
10466:
10399:
10351:
9929:
9899:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
9858:
9847:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
9834:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
9764:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan
9427:
9415:
9319:
9271:
9235:
9164:
9152:
9048:
9036:
9024:
9000:
8988:
8961:
8845:
8833:
8722:
8602:
8590:
8451:
8434:. Frank Cass Publishers, Portland, OR.
8358:
8216:
8137:World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia
7894:
7882:
7764:
7654:
7483:
7447:
7231:. usa.usembassy.de. 12 September 1990.
7104:
7012:Hett, Benjamin Carter (1 August 1996).
6993:World War II: America at war, 1941–1945
6990:Polmar, Norman; Thomas B. Allen (1991)
6796:oil pipelines under the English Channel
6355:Military production during World War II
5703:(IBRD), which later became part of the
5317:on the deck of the American battleship
5159:in March. Fighting continued on Luzon,
4709:Polish Committee of National Liberation
3475:, with Germany accusing the Soviets of
3363:; however, the Yugoslav government was
3093:France signed an armistice with Germany
2787:cautious French probe into the Saarland
1911:The German Empire was dissolved in the
1305:dominate East Asia and the Asia-Pacific
1228:had partitioned Poland and marked out "
1220:on Germany on 3 September. Under their
1114:ever used in war. World War II was the
27284:
23083:
23061:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
21126:
21103:
21077:
20884:Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare
20858:
20805:
20560:
20537:
20521:
20498:
20398:
20359:
20286:
20260:
20079:
19861:
19447:
19425:Read, Anthony; Fisher, David (2002) .
19329:
19234:
19211:
19137:
18876:
18709:
18664:
18495:
18410:
18310:
18138:"Japanese Plans and American Defenses"
18112:
17893:
17771:
17745:
17729:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
17704:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
17622:
17513:Ingram, Norman (2006). "Pacifism". In
17512:
17464:
17304:
17283:Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea
17259:Kursk 1943: The Tide Turns in the East
17217:
17145:
17051:
17017:
16959:
16934:
16915:
16890:
16867:
16831:
16784:
16334:
16106:
16083:
15999:
15126:
15120:The Middle East: Crossroads of History
15046:
15018:
14995:
14922:
14312:. New York: Main Street. p. 180.
14242:
14205:
14085:
13996:
13824:
13800:American Experience: the Bataan Rescue
13782:
13365:
13114:
13075:
12964:
12845:from the original on 22 September 2008
12652:
12530:
12490:
12454:
12156:
12132:
12030:. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences.
11911:
11899:
11849:
11765:
11613:
11542:
11530:
11518:
11482:
11418:
11393:
11315:Museum of the Slovak National Uprising
11297:
11285:
11249:
11189:
11177:
11146:
11112:
11084:
11072:
11024:
11012:
11000:
10892:
10820:
10816:
10670:
10646:
10622:
10586:
10574:
10550:
10526:
10514:
10490:
10327:
10255:
10123:
9786:
9730:"The Showdown With Japan Aug–Dec 1941"
9482:
9439:
9391:
9343:
9331:
9307:
9259:
9176:
9136:
9112:
9060:
8976:
8805:
8765:
8746:
8698:
8662:
8566:
8502:
8418:
8325:
8313:
8258:
8208:
8191:
8035:"The German Campaign In Poland (1939)"
7978:
7954:
7918:
7906:
7800:
7776:
7678:
7618:
7606:
7594:
7582:
7519:
7471:
7435:
7367:
7215:
7120:
7085:. Barron's Educational Series. p. 236
7076:
7066:
6619:changed from the static frontlines of
6334:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
6033:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
5256:replaced Churchill as Prime Minister.
5100:, in what would later be known as the
4981:Western Allies entered western Germany
4741:strategic offensive in eastern Romania
4715:; the Soviet Red Army remained in the
4676:, and the Western Allies continued to
4423:, but the Soviets broke through it at
4155:against southern Russia, to seize the
3979:resistance by Filipino and U.S. forces
3940:
3406:Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941)
2741:tearing down the border crossing into
1757:reunification of East and West Germany
1743:on 2 September 1945, which officially
1466:
27442:Wars involving the Dominican Republic
26443:
25214:
24508:
23932:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
23364:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
23010:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
22966:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
22071:Rape during the occupation of Germany
21217:
21035:
20882:Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M.K. (2002).
20740:
20467:
20444:
20204:(5th ed.). Manchester: Goodall.
20202:Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta
20199:
20180:
20153:
20107:
20005:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
19976:
19934:
19512:
19306:
19186:
19160:
18969:
18948:
18920:
18825:
18287:
18140:. In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.).
18135:
18091:The Cambridge History of the Cold War
18007:
17668:
17545:
17492:(2nd ed.). Chung Wu Publishers.
17419:Italy's Sorrow: A Year of War 1944–45
17279:
17256:
17074:
16553:
16442:from the original on 13 February 2022
16262:Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature
16206:
15907:
15879:
15741:
15665:
15453:
15428:
15306:Bonner, Kit; Bonner, Carolyn (2001).
15256:
15071:
14891:
14606:from the original on 28 December 2018
14434:
14392:
14344:
14177:
14023:
13778:
13671:
13656:
13484:
13304:
13131:from the original on 17 November 2015
13063:
12890:
12716:
12676:
12466:
12376:
12278:
12234:from the original on 15 December 2021
12210:
11654:
11625:
11601:
11369:
11213:
11130:
11030:
10988:
10976:
10904:
10880:
10768:
10682:
10538:
10442:
10315:
10291:
10267:
10082:from the original on 14 December 2013
9977:
9766:. HarperPerennial. pp. 399–414.
9486:
9379:
9223:
9206:from the original on 14 December 2013
8957:
8945:
8734:
8674:
8650:
8460:from the original on 19 December 2021
8121:
7966:
7852:from the original on 24 November 2005
7813:Goldman, Stuart D. (28 August 2012).
7788:
7642:
7630:
7531:
7407:
7108:
6943:Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015).
6649:advances continued throughout the war
6075:million Jews in what is now known as
6041:Soviet war crimes § World War II
5967:mass civilian deportations to Siberia
5463:in 1948 as a common standard for all
5461:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5324:on 2 September 1945, ending the war.
4543:halted on the pre-war Estonian border
4529:that expelled German forces from the
4363:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3648:By early December, freshly mobilised
3617:By October, Axis powers had achieved
3487:of ending the 1941 campaign near the
3421:European theatre of World War II
3377:invasion of the Greek island of Crete
2953:. In August 1940, Hitler imposed the
2940:some Finnish concessions of territory
1995:allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia
544:
25:The Second World War (disambiguation)
27687:Wars involving the Republic of China
26540:Post-classical history (Middle Ages)
23054:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
22086:Rape during the liberation of France
21106:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg
21012:
20989:
20927:
20782:
20185:. Institute for Economic Democracy.
20134:
20025:
19999:
19888:Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man
19767:
19714:
19585:
19486:
19403:
19352:
19095:
18777:Myers, Ramon; Peattie, Mark (1987).
18741:from the original on 24 January 2022
18547:War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945
17968:
17599:
17393:
17359:
17334:Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945
17097:
16736:
16288:
16236:
16156:The Oxford Companion to World War II
15670:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
15617:Burcher, Roy; Rydill, Louis (1995).
15406:British Bombing Survey Unit (1998).
15405:
15159:Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945
14847:Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps
14437:The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare
14283:Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004).
14258:
14210:. United Nations Pubns. p. 23.
14189:
14047:from the original on 26 January 2024
14029:"The Struggle for Mineral Resources"
14011:
13972:
13893:from the original on 30 October 2004
13703:Pearson, Alexander (19 March 2018).
13603:from the original on 17 January 2011
13549:, 2006, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 996–1025
13490:
13328:
13149:
12983:from the original on 10 October 2017
12902:
12604:
12556:"The Bretton Woods Conference, 1944"
12168:
11923:
11861:
11714:
11679:
11494:
11225:
10713:
10634:
10502:
10454:
10375:
10279:
10147:from the original on 9 November 2012
10068:Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944),
10039:
9989:
9941:
9740:from the original on 9 November 2012
9670:Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939
9667:
9565:
9510:from the original on 14 January 2022
9504:U.S. Department of State Publication
9283:
9192:Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944),
8578:
7711:
7395:
7334:
7197:from the original on 1 February 2022
7011:
6365:
6293:civilian victims in the Soviet Union
6079:. They also murdered an additional 4
6001:bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities
4958:pushing from the Vistula to the Oder
4908:invaded the Filipino island of Leyte
4727:initiated by the Armia Krajowa. The
4699:") that nearly destroyed the German
4268:. On the Continent, raids of Allied
4081:, as a first step towards capturing
3825:in his place, choosing War Minister
3668:War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)
3329:Italian defeats prompted Germany to
3310:against Italian forces in Egypt and
3040:launched an offensive against France
2847:clandestine state apparatus remained
2721:War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940)
2698:
2004:
1405:invasion of the Japanese archipelago
1361:captured key western Pacific islands
1165:included unresolved tensions in the
188:1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945
21180:West Point Maps of the European War
20527:The Origins of the Second World War
19864:The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later
19755:from the original on 4 January 2022
19722:(Revised ed.). Baltimore, MD:
18899:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
18433:
18058:
16938:The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944
16817:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
16031:Cook, Chris; Bewes, Diccon (1997).
15228:
13836:
13503:
13377:
13316:
13219:. The University of Hawaii System.
13210:
12192:from the original on 5 October 2023
10043:
9787:Kitano, Ryuichi (6 December 2021).
9758:
9625:from the original on 6 January 2013
7733:
7349:from the original on 14 August 2021
7270:
6931:Rowman & Littlefield Publishing
6299:In the East, the intended gains of
5940:early conflicts against the Soviets
5809:, at least 1.9 million ethnic
5612:administered Japan's former islands
5606:In Asia, the United States led the
5177:bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March
5019:, while the Western Allies finally
4863:, pushing the Japanese back to the
4749:a successful coup d'état in Romania
3756:. In September, Japan attempted to
3744:; in retaliation, Japan instituted
3511:dispossessing the native population
3252:territory ceded to the Soviet Union
3140:proposed German invasion of Britain
3132:German campaign for air superiority
3013:Denmark capitulated after six hours
2553:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2535:to Hungary, and Poland annexed the
2468:European occupations and agreements
2167:Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)
1853:To prevent a future world war, the
1427:, marking the end of the conflict.
110:From top to bottom, left to right:
13:
26509:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
23280:German invasion of the Netherlands
21560:Weather events during World War II
20967:Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision
20667:; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004).
19237:An A–Z of Modern Europe Since 1789
18927:War and Economy in the Third Reich
18314:The United States and World War II
18038:Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move
17197:The German Soldier in World War II
15515:Europe's Troubled Peace, 1945–2000
15366:. pp. 313–314. Archived from
14794:The Making of the Second World War
14475:from the original on 25 March 2022
13851:
13765:On repatriation of Soviet citizens
13717:from the original on 19 March 2018
13672:Marek, Michael (27 October 2005).
13223:from the original on 23 March 2010
12921:A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
12562:from the original on 17 April 2022
12400:from the original on 24 March 2023
11692:from the original on 23 March 2017
11347:from the original on 30 April 2011
10177:from the original on 30 April 2013
9879:from the original on 15 March 2024
9799:from the original on 17 April 2022
9530:Pearl Harbor: The First Energy War
8891:from the original on 30 April 2013
8103:from the original on 10 March 2013
7146:from the original on 16 April 2021
6804:developed, mass-produced, and used
6684:in urban and jungle settings. The
6627:that outmatched the speed of both
6270:annexed portions of Czechoslovakia
5713:currency reform in Western Germany
5186:Japanese foreign affairs minister
5001:encircling the German Army Group B
4719:district on the other side of the
4705:another Soviet strategic offensive
4640:On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as
4555:re-establish national independence
3222:At the end of September 1940, the
3173:scored a significant victory on 27
3001:Germany invaded Denmark and Norway
2789:. The Western Allies also began a
2712:Diplomatic history of World War II
2401:first major victory at Taierzhuang
1868:Despite strong pacifist sentiment
1307:, and by 1937 was at war with the
14:
27738:
27697:Wars involving the United Kingdom
26424:Western European and Others Group
23911:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
21173:
20422:Sumner, Ian; Baker, Alix (2001).
19099:(1993). "Why Japan Surrendered".
17101:Modern Japan: A Historical Survey
15983:The Story of the Second World War
15262:World War Two: A Military History
14732:from the original on 11 July 2022
14500:Journal of Evolutionary Economics
14157:. Diane Publishing. p. 203.
14106:from the original on 7 March 2023
13458:. ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 480–.
13256:The Routledge History of Genocide
13192:from the original on 24 June 2018
13162:from the original on 21 June 2018
13096:from the original on 7 March 2023
13045:from the original on 3 March 2013
12819:from the original on 7 March 2011
12806:
11632:. Scott Andrew Selby. p. 8.
11274:Forrest, Evans & Gibbons 2012
10424:from the original on 19 July 2019
10023:. New York: Viking. pp. 256–257.
8868:from the original on 25 May 2013.
8527:from the original on 7 March 2023
8452:Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015).
8154:from the original on 7 March 2023
7825:from the original on 29 June 2015
7726:Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny.
7699:from the original on 7 March 2023
7564:from the original on 7 March 2023
7316:from the original on 4 March 2024
7303:
7044:from the original on 7 March 2023
6248:Collaboration with Imperial Japan
5825:, along with Roma and Jews, were
5106:Total and unconditional surrender
4440:Italy's armistice with the Allies
4287:. A few months later, the Allies
4189:By mid-November, the Germans had
3660:, allowed the Soviets to begin a
3596:military alliance against Germany
3281:incursion into British-held Egypt
2705:List of timelines of World War II
2495:pictured just before signing the
2310:Japanese invasion of China (1937)
2232:into the newly created colony of
2161:
2036:Hitler defied the Versailles and
1753:treaty regarding Germany's future
1473:List of timelines of World War II
1403:on 9 August. Faced with imminent
27702:Wars involving the United States
24471:
21243:
21208:Atlas of the World Battle Fronts
19457:. Diane Publishing. p. 50.
18267:Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940
18265:Lowe, C.J.; Marzari, F. (2002).
18061:Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing
16018:from the original on 11 May 2012
14791:Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1992).
14744:
14714:
14698:. Air University. Archived from
14683:
14660:
14618:
14588:
14487:
14457:
14428:
14386:
14350:
14338:
14326:
14301:
14276:
14248:
14236:
14199:
14183:
14171:
14146:
14134:
14078:
14017:
13990:
13978:
13966:
13953:
13941:
13905:
13830:
13818:
13788:
13757:
13745:
13732:
13696:
13680:. Deutsche Welle. Archived from
13635:
13615:
13580:
13552:
13537:
13518:
13446:
13425:
13415:
13383:
13371:
13359:
13347:
13322:
13310:
13298:
13272:
13247:
13235:
13204:
13174:
13143:
13069:
13057:
13025:
12995:
12968:"Holocaust: The Ignored Reality"
12965:Snyder, Timothy (16 July 2009).
12958:
12931:from the original on 16 May 2016
12908:
12884:
12857:
12831:
12800:
12753:
12722:
12710:
12693:A Companion to Europe Since 1945
12682:
12658:
12646:
12634:
12622:
12610:
12598:
12574:
12548:
12524:
12496:
12484:
12448:
12424:
12382:
12256:. United Nations. Archived from
12246:
12216:
12174:
12047:from the original on 20 May 2014
11880:
11867:
11843:
11830:
11759:
11720:
11673:
11648:
11626:Selby, Scott A. (28 July 2021).
11619:
11548:
11536:
11524:
11500:
11476:
11464:
11436:
11387:
11375:
11321:from the original on 19 May 2020
11303:
11291:
11267:
11255:
11243:
11207:
11195:
11183:
11102:
11054:
10958:
10898:
10810:
10743:
10393:
10369:
10357:
10345:
10237:from the original on 25 May 2013
10219:
10207:from the original on 25 May 2013
10189:
10159:
10129:
10061:
10049:
10033:
10010:
9971:
9959:
9935:
9923:
9904:
9891:
9852:
9839:
9826:
9811:
9780:
9752:
9707:from the original on 25 May 2013
9661:
9607:
9492:
9476:
9445:
9385:
9066:
8951:
8872:
8810:Zetterling & Tamelander 2009
8799:
8787:
8240:from the original on 20 May 2022
8041:from the original on 24 May 2014
7171:The International History Review
6981:Transaction Publishers pp. 7, 30
6867:
6420:, and Germany's late shift to a
6370:
6083:million others who were deemed "
6058:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
5929:invasion and occupation of China
5819:other ethnic and minority groups
5285:southern part of Sakhalin Island
5192:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
5120:, to be effective by the end of
4854:fight their former German allies
4745:considerable German troops there
4690:last major German defensive line
4330:Allies gain momentum (1943–1944)
4289:commenced an attack of their own
4283:and, at a high cost, managed to
4281:second attack against El Alamein
4106:offensive into the Arakan region
3645:of the war in Europe had ended.
3423:animation map, 1939–1945 – Red:
3268:In early June 1940, the Italian
2928:The Soviet Union invaded Finland
2727:European theatre of World War II
2602:, the United Kingdom and France
2436:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2430:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2068:(KMT) party in China launched a
1975:became the Chancellor of Germany
1708:views the beginning of World War
1088:Nearly all the world's countries
435:
423:
411:
387:
375:
363:
351:
100:
91:
80:
71:
60:
51:
27692:Wars involving the Soviet Union
20363:Journal of Contemporary History
19980:Journal of Contemporary History
19941:Journal of Contemporary History
19862:Schain, Martin A., ed. (2001).
19142:(New ed.). Cambridge, MA:
19049:The Journal of American History
18545:——— (1992) .
18201:History of the Second World War
17822:Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline (1995).
17221:Journal of Contemporary History
16993:Goldstein, Margaret J. (2004).
15981:Commager, Henry Steele (2004).
15546:The Logic of Political Survival
13472:from the original on 4 May 2024
13286:from the original on 7 May 2022
13282:. HistoryNet. 6 November 2017.
13013:from the original on 7 May 2016
12090:from the original on 3 May 2018
11962:from the original on 3 May 2018
11636:from the original on 4 May 2024
11311:"Slovak National Uprising 1944"
9077:, Routledge, pp. 119–126,
8608:
8539:
8445:
8424:
8364:
8331:
8264:
8222:
8202:
8169:
8074:from the original on 5 May 2016
8027:
7972:
7837:
7806:
7720:
7537:
7513:
7425:
7328:
7297:
7294:declaration enters into force "
7247:
7235:from the original on 7 May 2012
7221:
7158:
7126:
7056:
6287:hanged by the German army. The
5778:and 40 million civilians.
5408:were taken over by Poland, and
5277:invaded Japanese-held Manchuria
5205:In May 1945, Australian troops
5151:by the end of April 1945. They
4488:and Winston Churchill met with
4410:ousting and arrest of Mussolini
4322:" the civilian population. The
3889:Axis advance stalls (1942–1943)
3483:, Moscow and Ukraine, with the
3445:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
2945:In June 1940, the Soviet Union
2853:and Latvia; many of them later
2763:Polish defenses at Westerplatte
2703:For a chronological guide, see
1857:was established in 1920 by the
1739:), rather than with the formal
1692:on 7 July 1937, or the earlier
1607:Battle of Europe air operations
1461:economic recovery and expansion
1353:regained its territorial losses
1294:an invasion of the Soviet Union
1106:, with the latter enabling the
27682:Wars involving the Philippines
27677:Wars involving the Netherlands
24158:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
21868:Territorial changes of Germany
21776:Indonesian National Revolution
21104:——— (2002).
20538:——— (1979).
19724:Johns Hopkins University Press
19265:. Basingstoke & New York:
19218:Johns Hopkins University Press
19044:"Oil and the American Century"
18970:——— (2004).
18949:——— (1995).
17869:——— (2007).
17721:——— (2000).
16966:Combined Arms Research Library
16960:——— (2005).
16935:——— (2002).
16916:——— (2001).
16891:——— (1998).
16868:——— (1989).
16841:Combined Arms Research Library
16508:——— (2003).
16455:Emadi-Coffin, Barbara (2002).
15914:University of California Press
15912:. Berkeley & Los Angeles:
15690:Democracy in Europe: A History
15619:"Concepts in Submarine Design"
15164:University of California Press
15162:. Berkeley & Los Angeles:
15047:——— (2012).
14869:——— (2012).
14690:Rowe, Neil C.; Rothstein, Hy.
14642:"Code Breaking in World War I"
14602:. controlarms.org. p. 1.
13740:The American Historical Review
13399:. 27 July 2004. Archived from
12729:Genzberger, Christine (1994).
9532:. History Today. December 2000
8557:, pp. 367, 376, 379, 417.
8432:The Soviet Invasion of Finland
8176:The UK declared war on Germany
7005:
6984:
6979:Imperial Japan's World War Two
6971:
6936:
6919:
6873:Reparations were exacted from
6851:
6838:
6459:launched from a fixed site in
6447:Technology during World War II
6359:Home front during World War II
6319:mass atrocities and war crimes
6240:Resistance during World War II
5993:international humanitarian law
5745:Historiography of World War II
5173:a massive firebombing campaign
5098:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
4950:along the French-German border
4514:and tried to outflank it with
3179:sinking the German battleship
2857:in other theatres of the war.
2586:(right) and the Soviet leader
2345:non-aggression pact with China
1913:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1694:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1393:dropped the first atomic bombs
1381:German unconditional surrender
1179:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1:
27432:Wars involving Czechoslovakia
23558:Japanese invasion of Thailand
23509:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
23273:German invasion of Luxembourg
21654:Mediterranean and Middle East
20332:The English Historical Review
19693:The Penguin History of Europe
19016:O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001).
18619:Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007).
18600:(3rd ed.). Boulder, CO:
18311:Maddox, Robert James (1992).
18290:The Chinese Civil War 1945–49
18204:(4th ed.). London: Pan.
18148:US Government Printing Office
17724:Coming Apart, Coming Together
17696:Kantowicz, Edward R. (1999).
17440:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2006).
17104:(3rd ed.). Boulder, CO:
16274:10.1525/lal.1991.3.2.02a00030
15410:. London & Portland, OR:
14814:The Pacific Historical Review
14777:
14435:Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt (1982).
13889:. Library of Congress. 1992.
12581:DeLong & Eichengreen 1993
10979:, pp. 211, 235, 267–268.
9820:Shōwa tennō no jūgo-nen sensō
9356:Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003
8180:France followed 6 hours later
7848:. MilitaryHistoryOnline.com.
7183:10.1080/07075332.1987.9640449
7082:American History the Easy Way
6229:
5829:by the Axis-aligned Croatian
5776:20 million military personnel
5665:marked the escalation of the
5638:and the United States in the
5574:tension with the Soviet Union
5434:annexed into the Soviet Union
5426:2 million Poles were expelled
5169:United States Army Air Forces
4686:failed to cross the Rur river
4110:insertion of irregular forces
3899:Declaration by United Nations
3718:first attack against Changsha
3381:Axis occupation of Yugoslavia
3331:deploy an expeditionary force
2749:On 1 September 1939, Germany
2390:capturing the capital Nanking
2260:Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
2208:) by the armed forces of the
2184:inspecting troops during the
1775:
1702:Italian invasion of Abyssinia
761:Mediterranean and Middle East
29:World War II (disambiguation)
27382:Wars involving British India
23465:Invasion of the Soviet Union
23154:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
22472:Independent State of Croatia
20785:Aerospace Propulsion Systems
20619:(4th ed.). Athens, GA:
20007:. Amsterdam & New York:
19843:Salecker, Gene Eric (2001).
18877:Neulen, Hans Werner (2000).
18642:Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007) .
18359:Mandelbaum, Michael (1988).
18336:Maingot, Anthony P. (1994).
18198:Liddell Hart, Basil (1977).
17921:Journal of Managerial Issues
17606:University Press of Kentucky
17600:Joes, Anthony James (2004).
17123:Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (1997).
17052:Gordon, Robert S.C. (2012).
16295:University Press of Kentucky
16243:University of Nebraska Press
15793:Chubarov, Alexander (2001).
15623:Journal of Applied Mechanics
14977:. Vol. III. Cambridge:
14946:Balabkins, Nicholas (1964).
14784:Bibliography of World War II
13802:. PBS Online. Archived from
13066:, pp. 158–160, 234–236.
12973:The New York Review of Books
12815:. Matthew White's Homepage.
12690:Larresm, Klaus, ed. (2014).
11394:Wiktor, Christian L (1998).
10929:Hart, Hart & Hughes 2000
10042:, p. 157. According to
8581:, pp. 912–914, 917–920.
6901:
6635:, to increased mobility and
5723:. Italy also experienced an
5628:under Japanese colonial rule
5578:Communist uprising in Greece
5327:
5242:confirmed earlier agreements
4929:held in February 1945, with
4900:Battle of the Philippine Sea
4879:in mid-June and the city of
4624:American troops approaching
4535:most lethal siege in history
4495:and then with Joseph Stalin
4436:invaded the Italian mainland
4316:a strategic bombing campaign
4003:bombed the Allied naval base
3799:Japanese surprise air attack
3520:was preparing for strategic
3443:, the two powers signed the
3412:Eastern Front (World War II)
3277:conquered British Somaliland
2983:Western Front (World War II)
2632:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
2042:remilitarising the Rhineland
2033:in August of the same year.
1633:Surrender of the Axis armies
1447:, setting the stage for the
1078:between two coalitions: the
742:Manchuria and Northern Korea
7:
27657:Wars involving South Africa
27637:Wars involving Saudi Arabia
24449:End of World War II in Asia
24289:Western invasion of Germany
23796:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
23773:Second Battle of El Alamein
23343:Hundred Regiments Offensive
23315:Battle of the Mediterranean
23168:Italian invasion of Albania
21342:Air warfare of World War II
20909:. Abingdon & New York:
20839:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
20621:University of Georgia Press
20052:Journal of Military History
19791:Rottman, Gordon L. (2002).
19772:. Abingdon & New York:
19288:. Oxford & Malden, MA:
18525:The Economic History Review
18219:Lightbody, Bradley (2004).
18143:The Fall of the Philippines
17828:Manchester University Press
17807:. Oxford University Press.
17129:Kent State University Press
16872:. Abingdon & New York:
16615:Journal of Military History
16593:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
16361:10.1080/0966813022000017177
16316:. Vol. 13. Cambridge:
15889:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
15886:A Concise History of Greece
15517:. Oxford & Malden, MA:
15383:Brayley, Martin J. (2002).
15285:Mussolini and Fascist Italy
15283:Blinkhorn, Martin (2006) .
15264:. Abingdon & New York:
15206:Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999).
15078:University of Toronto Press
14640:Schoenherr, Steven (2007).
12925:University of South Florida
12493:, pp. 441–443, 464–68.
11743:. U.S. Navy. Archived from
11680:Long, Tony (9 March 2011).
11655:Chant, Christopher (1986).
10781:Thompson & Randall 2008
9578:Fairbank & Goldman 2006
9554:Overy & Wheatcroft 1999
9458:. London: Pimlico. p.
8910:Bilhartz & Elliott 2007
8881:"Coordination With Britain"
8822:Overy & Wheatcroft 1999
8711:Overy & Wheatcroft 1999
8140:. Routledge. p. 1663.
7679:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009).
7018:Canadian Journal of History
6809:
6289:Russian Academy of Sciences
6206:East Asia Development Board
5942:. Both the Germans and the
5697:International Monetary Fund
5634:by the Soviet Union in the
5510:Post-war border changes in
5236:On 11 July, Allied leaders
5124:. German Army Group Centre
5040:stormed and captured Berlin
5007:against Soviet troops near
4654:German Army units in France
4260:in early May 1942. An Axis
4234:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
4094:northern part of the island
4039:occupy the Aleutian Islands
3916:to pursue. All agreed that
3905:and agreeing not to sign a
3840:United States Pacific Fleet
3823:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni
3727:occupied northern Indochina
3704:in 1937, and the 1937–1938
3547:of a considerably depleted
3388:quashed an uprising in Iraq
3346:besieged the port of Tobruk
3273:attacked and besieged Malta
3113:the United Kingdom attacked
3042:. To circumvent the strong
2828:Soviet Union invaded Poland
2759:false flag border incidents
2650:and Lithuania for Germany;
2563:. Hitler also delivered an
2448:. The Japanese doctrine of
2296:generally favoured the Axis
2216:), which was launched from
2019:independent naval agreement
1999:Territory of the Saar Basin
1989:, and soon began a massive
1751:was signed in 1951. A 1990
1417:its unconditional surrender
1365:German-occupied territories
1120:70 to 85 million fatalities
1104:aircraft played major roles
10:
27743:
27457:Wars involving El Salvador
27176:Asia and the Pacific Group
24375:Naval bombardment of Japan
23743:First Battle of El Alamein
23662:Battle of Christmas Island
23607:Japanese invasion of Burma
23371:Italian invasion of Greece
23287:German invasion of Belgium
23259:German invasion of Denmark
23232:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
23101:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
21365:Comparative military ranks
21127:Zeiler, Thomas W. (2004).
21059:Zalampas, Michael (1989).
20841:Cambridge University Press
20647:Princeton University Press
20405:Cambridge University Press
20403:. Vol. I. Cambridge:
20376:10.1177/002200948702200202
19954:10.1177/002200947801300308
19910:Schoppa, R. Keith (2011).
19885:Schmitz, David F. (2000).
19613:Cambridge University Press
19387:Cambridge University Press
19195:Greenwood Publishing Group
18832:Cambridge University Press
18809:Cambridge University Press
18807:. Vol. I. Cambridge:
18783:Princeton University Press
18625:Cambridge University Press
18411:Masaya, Shiraishi (1990).
18367:Cambridge University Press
18181:Princeton University Press
18095:Cambridge University Press
17851:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis
17755:Cambridge University Press
17648:The Japanese Army, 1931–45
17623:Jowett, Philip S. (2001).
17517:; Brian J. Reilly (eds.).
17465:Howard, Joshua H. (2004).
17280:Hearn, Chester G. (2007).
17234:10.1177/002200947801300102
17178:Cambridge University Press
16943:University Press of Kansas
16899:University Press of Kansas
16720:Cambridge University Press
16318:Cambridge University Press
15891:Cambridge University Press
15692:. Oxford & Malden MA:
15631:Cambridge University Press
15596:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
15429:Brody, J. Kenneth (1999).
15364:Cambridge University Press
15212:Greenwood Publishing Group
15136:Cambridge University Press
15118:Ben-Horin, Eliahu (1943).
15095:Bellamy, Chris T. (2007).
14979:Cambridge University Press
14781:
14153:Griffith, Charles (1999).
13948:Barber & Harrison 2006
13333:. Tuttle. pp. 75–77.
13258:. Routledge. p. 105.
13121:Review of Croatian History
12879:Ellman & Maksudov 1994
12283:The UDHR is viewable here
11343:. US Library of Congress.
11127:de Grazia & Paggi 1991
11051:, pp. 412–416, Map 38
10100:Bosworth & Maiolo 2015
7291:, page 2, 20 October 1956.
7165:Frank, Willard C. (1987).
6966:Förster & Gessler 2005
6953:Cambridge University Press
6816:Opposition to World War II
6444:
6352:
6349:Home fronts and production
6233:
6037:Nazi human experimentation
6014:
5965:secret police, along with
5904:implemented the policy in
5762:War crimes in World War II
5759:
5753:
5742:
5489:People's Republic of China
5331:
5263:on the Japanese cities of
5069:on 28 April. On 30 April,
4832:Hungary that lasted until
4743:cut off and destroyed the
4682:a major airborne operation
4539:following Soviet offensive
4460:main German defensive line
4400:. On 5 July 1943, Germany
4297:occupation of Vichy France
4157:oil fields of the Caucasus
4090:the Battle for Guadalcanal
3854:, as well as invasions of
3742:offensive in Central China
3736:in early 1940. In August,
3671:
3489:Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line
3409:
3261:
2980:
2977:Western Europe (1940–1941)
2843:Polish government-in-exile
2724:
2709:
2702:
2539:region of Czechoslovakia.
2433:
2341:Marco Polo Bridge incident
2313:
2263:
2224:. The war resulted in the
2194:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2173:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2170:
1906:
1836:Bolshevik seizure of power
1779:
1770:
1470:
1341:Allied invasions of Sicily
190:(6 years, 1 day)
138:atomic bombing of Nagasaki
18:
27722:Wars involving Yugoslavia
27587:Wars involving Montenegro
27572:Wars involving Luxembourg
27542:Wars involving Kazakhstan
27417:Wars involving Costa Rica
27181:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
27146:
26912:Southern/Eastern/Northern
26887:
26792:
26614:
26565:Asian and Pacific Theatre
26522:
26481:
26194:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
26174:
26092:
25929:
25764:
25635:Standard Average European
25503:
25332:
25252:
25155:
24906:
24769:
24723:
24645:
24542:
24464:
24296:Bratislava–Brno offensive
24236:
24227:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
23964:
23851:Allied invasion of Sicily
23805:
23711:Aleutian Islands campaign
23683:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
23630:
23621:Greek famine of 1941–1944
23516:Second Battle of Changsha
23421:German invasion of Greece
23389:
23266:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
23241:
23179:
23074:
22955:
22681:
22591:
22439:
22142:
22133:
21891:
21716:
21608:North and Central Pacific
21569:
21331:
21324:
21251:
21210:(July 1943 – August 1945)
20973:Stanford University Press
20905:Williams, Andrew (2006).
20760:10.1080/01436590220138378
20484:10.1017/S0018246X00026017
20303:10.1080/09668138608411636
20200:Smith, Peter C. (2002) .
19646:10.1080/09668139508412322
19592:. New York: W.W. Norton.
19410:. New York: W.W. Norton.
19334:. London & New York:
19311:. London & New York:
19239:. London & New York:
19212:Petrov, Vladimir (1967).
19138:Parker, Danny S. (2004).
18976:. New York: W.W. Norton.
18904:Columbia University Press
18687:Molinari, Andrea (2007).
18440:Pacific Historical Review
18223:. London & New York:
17985:10.1017/S0018246X00012747
17854:. New York: W.W. Norton.
17581:. London & New York:
17525:Columbia University Press
17471:Stanford University Press
17398:. London & New York:
17337:. London & New York:
17058:Stanford University Press
17025:. In Jane Penrose (ed.).
16745:Columbia University Press
16481:(2001). "Moskalenko". In
16459:. London & New York:
16417:10.1080/09668139408412190
15799:. London & New York:
15666:Busky, Donald F. (2002).
15458:. London & New York:
15055:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
14998:The Rape of Ethiopia 1936
14908:10.1080/09668139208412066
14756:American Chemical Society
14568:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14556:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14513:10.1007/s00191-009-0141-0
14423:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14381:Burcher & Rydill 1995
14369:Burcher & Rydill 1995
14357:Gardiner & Brown 2004
14271:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14231:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14206:Unidas, Naciones (2005).
13354:Tucker & Roberts 2004
13115:Geiger, Vladimir (2012).
12953:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000
12839:"World War II Fatalities"
12431:Leffler & Westad 2010
12066:Eberhardt, Piotr (2012).
12021:Eberhardt, Piotr (2011).
11981:Eberhardt, Piotr (2006).
11936:Eberhardt, Piotr (2015).
11780:10.1080/09700160108458986
9911:The United States Replies
9051:, pp. 208, 575, 604.
9013:Murray & Millett 2001
8615:Murray & Millett 2001
8407:Murray & Millett 2001
8134:David T. Zabecki (2015).
7871:Collier & Pedley 2000
7707:– via Google Books.
7508:Smith & Steadman 2004
7071:Asian and African Studies
6925:Wells, Anne Sharp (2014)
6336:, essentially a Japanese
5750:Casualties and war crimes
5738:
5451:In an effort to maintain
5334:Aftermath of World War II
5279:and quickly defeated the
5250:held its general election
5044:German forces surrendered
5042:in late April. In Italy,
4971:In February, the Soviets
4838:bitter Finnish resistance
4391:retake Western New Guinea
4203:Rzhev salient near Moscow
4116:Eastern Front (1942–1943)
4043:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3809:, Sunday 7 December 1941.
3758:take the city of Changsha
3662:massive counter-offensive
3365:overthrown two days later
3320:carrier attack at Taranto
3258:Mediterranean (1940–1941)
3165:against British shipping
3157:against an over-extended
3126:began in early July with
3038:On the same day, Germany
2791:naval blockade of Germany
2533:cede additional territory
2412:flooding the Yellow River
2408:was taken by the Japanese
2246:but the League did little
2238:Africa Orientale Italiana
2090:increasingly militaristic
1688:include the start of the
1674:German invasion of Poland
1628:United Kingdom home front
1481:Timelines of World War II
1351:, while the Soviet Union
1331:; Germany and Italy were
1272:of the UK, and the naval
1234:annexed the Baltic states
1150:tribunals were conducted
1118:in history, resulting in
581:
450:
335:
312:
299:aftermath of World War II
180:
45:
40:
16:1939–1945 global conflict
27712:Wars involving Venezuela
27662:Wars involving Sri Lanka
27602:Wars involving Nicaragua
27567:Wars involving Lithuania
27517:Wars involving Indonesia
27492:Wars involving Guatemala
27357:Wars involving Australia
26334:Lancaster House Treaties
25824:Christian existentialism
25784:Ancient Roman philosophy
25774:Ancient Greek philosophy
23888:Allied invasion of Italy
23865:Solomon Islands campaign
23614:Third Battle of Changsha
23211:First Battle of Changsha
23117:Second Sino-Japanese War
22057:German military brothels
21923:United States war crimes
21019:Rowman & Littlefield
20865:Rowman & Littlefield
20859:Wettig, Gerhard (2008).
20783:Ward, Thomas A. (2010).
20569:Harvard University Press
20028:World War II: Day by Day
19918:Harvard University Press
19893:Rowman & Littlefield
19768:Ross, Steven T. (1997).
19513:Regan, Geoffrey (2004).
19448:Record, Jeffery (2005).
19360:. Vol. VI. Oxford:
19187:Perez, Louis G. (1998).
19071:Padfield, Peter (1998).
18997:(2nd ed.). London:
18860:Indiana University Press
18760:Harvard University Press
18551:University of California
18388:Marston, Daniel (2005).
18175:Liberman, Peter (1996).
18113:Levine, Alan J. (1992).
17557:Harvard University Press
17448:Harvard University Press
17394:Hill, Alexander (2005).
16785:Garver, John W. (1988).
16695:. Vol. IV. Oxford:
16595:Harvard University Press
16289:Dunn, Dennis J. (1998).
16237:Drea, Edward J. (2003).
16067:Houghton Mifflin Company
16000:Coogan, Anthony (1993).
15908:Coble, Parks M. (2003).
15776:Fordham University Press
15714:Public Opinion Quarterly
15537:Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce
15122:. New York: W.W. Norton.
15072:Belco, Victoria (2010).
14956:Rutgers University Press
14923:Badsey, Stephen (1990).
14583:Cowley & Parker 2001
14441:Jane's Information Group
14194:Lindberg & Todd 2001
14086:Wilson, Mark R. (2016).
13852:Ju, Zhifen (June 2002).
13510:Naimark, Norman (1995).
13431:Robert Gellately (2007).
12841:. secondworldwar.co.uk.
11727:Jowett & Andrew 2002
11471:Jowett & Andrew 2002
11444:
11382:Wiest & Barbier 2002
10726:Bonner & Bonner 2001
10695:Thomas & Andrew 1998
10406:. Globe Pequot. p.
10400:Gilbert, Adrian (2003).
10258:, pp. 247–267, 345.
9818:Fujiwara, Akira (1991).
9656:Evans & Peattie 2012
9542:Jowett & Andrew 2002
8503:Haynes, Rebecca (2000).
8230:"Battle of the Atlantic"
7909:, pp. 143–44 (2008 ed.).
7496:Myers & Peattie 1987
7101:Second Thirty Years' War
6831:
6602:Alamogordo Bombing Range
6159:Nazi medical experiments
6135:; about 12 million
6021:Nazi concentration camps
5855:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
5770:World War II deaths
5729:French economy rebounded
5693:Bretton Woods Conference
5455:, the Allies formed the
5375:eastern occupation zones
5071:Hitler committed suicide
5005:its last major offensive
4850:Soviet-Finnish armistice
4650:attacked southern France
4602:second Japanese invasion
4594:besieged Japanese troops
4444:disarming Italian forces
4201:, and an assault on the
3901:, thereby affirming the
3797:was a total loss in the
3631:offensive against Moscow
3101:Italian occupation zones
3007:, which the Allies were
3003:to protect shipments of
2582:German Foreign Minister
2394:murdered by the Japanese
2353:cooperation with Germany
2316:Second Sino-Japanese War
1893:its overseas possessions
1787:Aftermath of World War I
1690:Second Sino-Japanese War
1453:decolonisation of Africa
1419:on 15 August and signed
1333:defeated in North Africa
1282:formed the Axis alliance
1187:Second Sino-Japanese War
1167:aftermath of World War I
1112:only two nuclear weapons
747:pre-war border conflicts
27672:Wars involving Thailand
27652:Wars involving Slovenia
27647:Wars involving Slovakia
27627:Wars involving Rhodesia
27612:Wars involving Paraguay
27582:Wars involving Mongolia
27502:Wars involving Honduras
27467:Wars involving Ethiopia
27412:Wars involving Colombia
27397:Wars involving Cambodia
27387:Wars involving Bulgaria
26112:Equality before the law
25319:Romano-Germanic culture
24310:Second Guangxi campaign
24165:Philippines (1944–1945)
23669:Battle of the Coral Sea
23572:Fall of the Philippines
23218:Battle of South Guangxi
23124:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
22530:Italian Social Republic
21013:Wood, James B. (2007).
20694:Oxford University Press
20692:. Vol. 2. Oxford:
20118:Oxford University Press
20108:Shore, Zachary (2003).
19720:War in the Modern World
19569:Oxford University Press
19379:Ratcliff, R.A. (2006).
19284:Preston, P. W. (1998).
19235:Polley, Martin (2000).
18288:Lynch, Michael (2010).
17902:Oxford University Press
17894:Kitson, Alison (2001).
17417:Holland, James (2008).
17305:Hempel, Andrew (2005).
17081:Oxford University Press
16791:Oxford University Press
16160:Oxford University Press
14797:. New York: Routledge.
14407:10.1049/ip-smt:19949918
14333:Sumner & Baker 2001
14058:the products must pass.
13773:14 October 2011 at the
13589:"Lessons from Iwo Jima"
12394:Encyclopedia Britannica
12304:The UN Security Council
12186:Encyclopedia Britannica
10755:5 November 2013 at the
10112:Mingst & Karns 2007
9859:Wetzler, Peter (1998).
9083:10.4324/9780429027642-6
7931:Lowe & Marzari 2002
7728:The Massacre in History
7284:9 December 2021 at the
6467:Aircraft were used for
6097:Soviet prisoners of war
5827:persecuted and murdered
5815:millions of other Slavs
5756:World War II casualties
5721:German economic miracle
5501:dissolution of the USSR
5356:crimes against humanity
5238:met in Potsdam, Germany
5141:Philippine Commonwealth
5094:Chancellor of the Reich
5077:, and was succeeded by
5048:Italian Social Republic
5046:on 29 April, while the
5021:pushed forward in Italy
4678:push back German forces
4646:invaded northern France
4571:incursions into Romania
4452:Italian Social Republic
4429:Lower Dnieper Offensive
4309:conquered by the Allies
4191:nearly taken Stalingrad
4027:Battle of the Coral Sea
3983:Philippine Commonwealth
3934:unconditional surrender
3893:On 1 January 1942, the
3690:Following the Japanese
3565:First Battle of Kharkov
3465:negotiations took place
3201:significantly increased
3091:June. Eight days later
2894:on the last day of the
2866:occupied central Poland
2855:fought against the Axis
2735:Soldiers of the German
2716:World War II by country
2608:Italy conquered Albania
2592:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2426:and continued the war.
2403:, but then the city of
2082:Chinese Communist Party
2059:
1714:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
1222:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
278:North and South America
27717:Wars involving Vietnam
27707:Wars involving Uruguay
27632:Wars involving Romania
27562:Wars involving Liberia
27557:Wars involving Lebanon
27512:Wars involving Iceland
27507:Wars involving Hungary
27482:Wars involving Germany
27472:Wars involving Finland
27462:Wars involving Estonia
27447:Wars involving Ecuador
27437:Wars involving Denmark
27422:Wars involving Croatia
27392:Wars involving Myanmar
27372:Wars involving Bolivia
27367:Wars involving Belgium
27362:Wars involving Austria
27352:Wars involving Albania
26592:Middle Eastern Theatre
26570:Middle Eastern Theatre
26489:Cradle of civilization
26274:Eastern European Group
25863:Continental philosophy
25794:Judeo-Christian ethics
25779:Hellenistic philosophy
25260:Cradle of civilization
23895:Armistice of Cassibile
23697:Battle of Dutch Harbor
23648:Battle of the Java Sea
23551:Attack on Pearl Harbor
23451:Syria–Lebanon campaign
23444:Battle of South Shanxi
23414:Invasion of Yugoslavia
23197:Battle of the Atlantic
22811:Korean Liberation Army
22524:(until September 1943)
22481:(until September 1944)
22459:(until September 1944)
20888:MBI Publishing Company
20722:Department of the Army
20471:The Historical Journal
20424:The Royal Navy 1939–45
20345:10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620
20135:Slim, William (1956).
20032:MBI Publishing Company
20026:Shaw, Anthony (2000).
19741:Roskill, S.W. (1954).
19586:Rich, Norman (1992) .
19404:Read, Anthony (2004).
19102:International Security
18721:Maxwell Air Force Base
18136:Lewis, Morton (1953).
17972:The Historical Journal
17201:MBI Publishing Company
16737:Frei, Norbert (2002).
16560:The Third Reich at War
16510:The Road to Stalingrad
15931:Collier, Paul (2003).
15513:Buchanan, Tom (2006).
15437:Transaction Publishers
15312:MBI Publishing Company
14671:. London. p. 27.
13777:(online version), and
13396:The Japan Times Online
13280:"A Culture of Cruelty"
13217:Freedom, Democide, War
13076:Redžić, Enver (2005).
13007:Holocaust Encyclopedia
12617:Bull & Newell 2005
11838:International Security
10953:Read & Fisher 2002
9697:"The decision for War"
9455:Blood, Tears and Folly
9452:Deighton, Len (1993).
8879:Skinner Watson, Mark.
8456:. War History Online.
8234:Sky HISTORY TV channel
7741:Dictionary of Genocide
7142:. NPR. 10 March 2017.
6613:
6493:Anti-aircraft weaponry
6464:
6296:
6291:reported in 1995 that
6265:
6236:German-occupied Europe
6162:
6061:
5925:Imperial Japanese Army
5881:
5874:Imperial Japanese Army
5771:
5603:throughout the world.
5521:
5358:
5338:Consequences of Nazism
5202:
5086:President of the Reich
4960:river in Germany, and
4941:
4777:
4672:, both led by General
4637:
4616:Allies close in (1944)
4610:new attack on Changsha
4590:invaded northern Burma
4477:
4366:
4324:firebombing of Hamburg
4256:caused the British to
4237:
4174:advanced to the lower
4132:
4056:Imperial Japanese Navy
3950:
3909:with the Axis powers.
3877:These attacks led the
3831:attack on Pearl Harbor
3810:
3803:American Pacific Fleet
3687:
3619:operational objectives
3583:
3533:Soviet supreme command
3435:
3324:Battle of Cape Matapan
3303:
3095:; it was divided into
3027:, who was replaced by
3017:despite Allied support
2996:
2899:
2870:annexed eastern Poland
2799:Battle of the Atlantic
2746:
2595:
2584:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2571:, formerly the German
2565:ultimatum to Lithuania
2500:
2339:after instigating the
2332:
2325:Imperial Japanese Army
2284:International Brigades
2189:
2118:China appealed to the
2015:military globalisation
1963:
1937:class collaborationist
1859:Paris Peace Conference
1806:
1782:Causes of World War II
1411:against Japan and its
1317:attack on Pearl Harbor
1274:Battle of the Atlantic
1191:annexations of Austria
1163:causes of World War II
336:Commanders and leaders
131:North African campaign
27642:Wars involving Serbia
27622:Wars involving Poland
27607:Wars involving Panama
27597:Wars involving Norway
27577:Wars involving Mexico
27552:Wars involving Latvia
27487:Wars involving Greece
27477:Wars involving France
27402:Wars involving Canada
27377:Wars involving Brazil
26817:Vietnamese philosophy
26555:Industrial Revolution
26394:Three Seas Initiative
26369:Pacific Islands Forum
26234:British–Irish Council
25982:Greek Orthodox Church
25441:Industrial Revolution
25411:Scientific Revolution
24059:Second Battle of Guam
23955:Bengal famine of 1943
23925:Second Battle of Kiev
23881:Battle of the Dnieper
23586:Battle of Wake Island
23458:East African campaign
23400:Battle of South Henan
23045:atrocities by Germans
22818:Korean Volunteer Army
21799:Occupation of Germany
21553:Music in World War II
21200:23 March 2019 at the
21186:23 March 2019 at the
20789:John Wiley & Sons
20747:Third World Quarterly
20609:Thompson, John Herd;
20499:Tanaka, Yuki (1996).
20445:Swain, Bruce (2001).
19670:Yale University Press
19170:Yale University Press
19063:10.1093/jahist/jas073
18646:. Mechanicsburg, PA:
18036:Laurier, Jim (2001).
17379:10.1353/kri.2003.0059
17286:. Mechanicsburg, PA:
17098:Hane, Mikiso (2001).
16768:Conway Maritime Press
16537:Naval Institute Press
16084:Darwin, John (2007).
15487:10.1093/pastj/gtab042
15454:Brown, David (2004).
15435:. New Brunswick, NJ:
15412:Frank Cass Publishers
14996:Barker, A.J. (1971).
14954:. New Brunswick, NJ:
13566:. 2010. p. 167.
13493:International Affairs
12696:. Wiley. p. 79.
12084:10.7163/GPol.2012.1.1
11990:. Warsaw: Didactica.
11507:Cook & Bewes 1997
11143:Sant'Anna di Stazzema
9916:29 April 2013 at the
9506:(1983): 87–97. 1983.
8960:, pp. 146, 152;
8770:The Battle of Britain
6977:Ghuhl, Wernar (2007)
6857:Often abbreviated as
6790:, the development of
6741:military intelligence
6680:which were suited to
6595:
6561:and tactics, such as
6454:
6283:
6259:
6190:prisoner-of-war camps
6145:
6052:
5915:Axis forces employed
5871:
5847:persecuted and killed
5769:
5760:Further information:
5667:Arab–Israeli conflict
5509:
5345:
5273:declared war on Japan
5185:
5108:in Europe was signed
4935:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4925:
4761:
4623:
4533:, thereby ending the
4486:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4468:
4337:
4266:stopped at El Alamein
4254:Vichy-held Madagascar
4228:
4123:
4102:withdrew their troops
3987:Battle of Yenangyaung
3967:the Dutch East Indies
3957:had almost conquered
3948:
3930:Casablanca Conference
3789:
3681:
3573:
3545:suspend the offensive
3477:plotting against them
3419:
3342:launched an offensive
3293:
3285:Italy attacked Greece
3009:attempting to cut off
2990:
2959:Northern Transylvania
2886:
2824:cease-fire with Japan
2734:
2643:a non-aggression pact
2581:
2519:with a predominantly
2475:
2323:
2180:
2086:new regional warlords
1950:
1844:Allies of World War I
1796:
1745:ended the war in Asia
1437:the permanent members
1413:invasion of Manchuria
672:Yugoslavian Partisans
451:Casualties and losses
370:Franklin D. Roosevelt
143:Soviet troops at the
21:WWII (disambiguation)
27727:Wars involving India
27667:Wars involving Syria
27592:Wars involving Nepal
27537:Wars involving Japan
27522:Wars involving Italy
27497:Wars involving Haiti
27452:Wars involving Egypt
27407:Wars involving Chile
26389:Special Relationship
25799:Christian philosophy
25744:Western Christianity
25406:Age of Enlightenment
25280:Hellenistic Kingdoms
24345:Surrender of Germany
23823:Battle of West Hubei
23780:Guadalcanal campaign
23750:Battle of Stalingrad
23676:Battle of Madagascar
22450:Albania protectorate
22237:(formerly Swaziland)
21946:Wehrmacht war crimes
21762:Expulsion of Germans
21546:Art and World War II
21444:British contribution
21393:Governments in exile
21042:Taylor & Francis
21036:Yoder, Amos (1997).
20961:Wohlstetter, Roberta
20833:Weinberg, Gerhard L.
20696:. pp. 227–326.
20561:Taylor, Jay (2009).
20407:. pp. 266–287.
20181:Smith, J.W. (1994).
20154:Smith, Alan (1993).
20091:Simon & Schuster
19364:. pp. 191–298.
19338:. pp. 100–120.
19307:Prins, Gwyn (2002).
19290:Blackwell Publishers
19259:Portelli, Alessandro
19190:The History of Japan
18811:. pp. 175–197.
18725:Air University Press
18579:. pp. 115–138.
17777:The Second World War
17727:. Grand Rapids, MI:
17702:. Grand Rapids, MI:
17681:. pp. 109–116.
17515:Lawrence D. Kritzman
17257:Healy, Mark (1992).
17083:. pp. 348–380.
16996:World War II: Europe
16591:China: A New History
16493:. pp. 137–154.
16386:on 22 November 2012.
16192:. pp. 189–230.
15826:. pp. 157–184.
15694:Blackwell Publishing
15519:Blackwell Publishing
15337:. pp. 317–332.
15050:The Second World War
14981:. pp. 217–242.
14469:Imperial War Museums
13530:18 July 2011 at the
13242:Dear & Foot 2001
13150:Massacre, Volhynia.
12764:Edward H. Litchfield
12607:, pp. 29–30, 32
12503:Dear & Foot 2001
11262:Dear & Foot 2001
11111:, pp. 169–184;
11049:Hsu & Chang 1971
10517:, p. 100 (2008 ed.).
10270:, p. 529 (Table 11).
10233:. pp. 126–145.
10173:. pp. 266–292.
10021:The Second World War
9703:. pp. 113–127.
9668:Coox, Alvin (1985).
9602:Hsu & Chang 1971
9590:Hsu & Chang 1971
9528:Maechling, Charles.
8934:Dear & Foot 2001
8922:Dear & Foot 2001
8782:Dear & Foot 2001
8493:, pp. 745, 975.
8491:Dear & Foot 2001
8215:, pp. 248–249;
8213:Dear & Foot 2001
8022:Dear & Foot 2001
7943:Dear & Foot 2001
7753:Hsu & Chang 1971
7667:Hsu & Chang 1971
7030:10.3138/cjh.31.2.257
6737:Polish Cipher Bureau
6725:Japanese naval codes
6606:Trinity nuclear test
6514:, most notably with
6220:and 10 million
6149:taken by the German
5849:by Serb nationalist
5709:Bretton Woods system
5632:divided and occupied
5526:spheres of influence
5514:and creation of the
5446:European territories
5414:expulsion to Germany
5261:dropped atomic bombs
5219:Battle of West Hunan
5155:in January 1945 and
5102:Flensburg Government
4962:overran East Prussia
4912:Battle of Leyte Gulf
4834:the fall of Budapest
4664:on 25 August by the
4630:invasion of Normandy
4521:On 27 January 1944,
4129:Battle of Stalingrad
4048:Japanese naval codes
4018:capture Port Moresby
3846:. These included an
3636:capability to resist
3629:continuing. A major
3604:invaded neutral Iran
3551:, and to divert the
3509:("living space") by
3473:Operation Barbarossa
3351:By late March 1941,
3209:arsenal of democracy
3103:, and an unoccupied
3081:Italy invaded France
3005:iron ore from Sweden
2851:evacuated to Romania
2618:. Shortly after the
2590:, after signing the
2327:soldiers during the
2228:of Ethiopia and its
2070:unification campaign
1973:in 1923, eventually
1889:Treaty of Versailles
1805:, Switzerland (1930)
1441:its security council
1421:a surrender document
1252:, with campaigns in
1230:spheres of influence
145:Battle of Stalingrad
118:dive bombers on the
27617:Wars involving Peru
27547:Wars involving Laos
27532:Wars involving Iraq
27527:Wars involving Iran
27427:Wars involving Cuba
26847:Buddhist philosophy
26807:Japanese philosophy
26550:Early modern period
26414:West Nordic Council
26279:Eastern Partnership
25868:Analytic philosophy
25569:Classical tradition
25391:Early modern period
25347:Classical antiquity
25342:European Bronze Age
24985:Carpathian Ruthenia
24435:Potsdam Declaration
24324:Italy (Spring 1945)
24087:Liberation of Paris
23544:Siege of Sevastopol
22562:(until August 1944)
22465:Wang Jingwei regime
22287:from September 1943
22247:from September 1944
22185:from September 1944
22045:Romanian war crimes
22036:Persecution of Jews
22022:Croatian war crimes
21992:Japanese war crimes
21806:Occupation of Japan
21755:First Indochina War
21467:Military production
21379:Declarations of war
21153:. Drexel Hill, PA:
20611:Randall, Stephen J.
20327:Steinberg, Jonathan
20139:. London: Cassell.
20137:Defeat into Victory
19633:Europe-Asia Studies
18955:. London: Pimlico.
18858:. Bloomington, IN:
17699:The Rage of Nations
17583:Hambledon Continuum
17027:The D-Day Companion
17001:Lerner Publications
16583:Fairbank, John King
16404:Europe-Asia Studies
16348:Europe-Asia Studies
16178:DeLong, J. Bradford
15639:1995JAM....62R.268B
15154:Bernstein, Gail Lee
14702:on 23 November 2010
14261:, pp. 247–251.
13754:, pp. 389–396.
13659:, pp. 568–569.
13587:John Dower (2007).
12788:on 25 December 2010
12782:Obee's History Page
12776:O'Brien, Joseph V.
12766:, Ph.D 1984 p. 195
12545:, pp. 208–209.
12289:3 July 2017 at the
12260:on 18 February 2010
12254:"History of the UN"
12224:"History of the UN"
12072:Geographia Polonica
11942:Geographia Polonica
11827:, pp. 203–204.
11569:, pp. 793–829.
11545:, pp. 709–722.
11192:, pp. 555–560.
11151:Marzabotto massacre
11115:, pp. 568–573.
11087:, pp. 367–414.
11075:, pp. 327–366.
11063:, pp. 660–661.
11027:, pp. 268–274.
10967:, pp. 335–336.
10823:, pp. 149–159.
10771:, pp. 119–120.
10625:, pp. 380–381.
10589:, pp. 224–228.
10553:, pp. 383–391.
10529:, pp. 239–265.
10330:, pp. 111–112.
10143:. pp. 97–119.
10102:, pp. 313–314.
10007:, pp. 341–343.
9762:(3 November 2016).
9298:, pp. 114–137.
9179:, pp. 810–812.
9039:, pp. 184–187.
9027:, pp. 174–175.
9015:, pp. 263–276.
8936:, pp. 745–746.
8824:, pp. 328–330.
8784:, pp. 108–109.
8653:, pp. 122–123.
8421:, pp. 207–226.
8064:"The Danzig Crisis"
7981:Europe-Asia Studies
7921:, pp. 461–462.
7885:, pp. 121–122.
7791:, pp. 651–687.
7779:, pp. 150–152.
7755:, pp. 221–230.
7730:. 1999, pp. 223–224
7669:, pp. 195–200.
7657:, pp. 547–551.
7585:, pp. 131–132.
7474:, pp. 298–299.
7259:4 June 2018 at the
6846:various other dates
6792:artificial harbours
6788:operations research
6342:Japanese war crimes
6125:concentration camps
6113:Jehovah's Witnesses
6045:Japanese war crimes
5608:occupation of Japan
5587:and the Soviet-led
5311:surrender documents
5297:Potsdam Declaration
5201:, 2 September 1945.
5061:. Benito Mussolini
5017:captured Königsberg
4869:captured Mount Song
4703:. Soon after that,
4697:Operation Bagration
4347:flying patrol over
4301:scuttle their fleet
4182:headed towards the
4098:Battle of Buna–Gona
4011:victory at Changsha
3941:Pacific (1942–1943)
3729:in September 1940.
3714:Export Control Acts
3582:), 10 December 1942
3561:advance into Crimea
3431:before 1941; Blue:
3312:Italian East Africa
3136:RAF Fighter Command
3025:Neville Chamberlain
2995:(shown in dark red)
2955:Second Vienna Award
2868:; the Soviet Union
2612:Kingdoms of Romania
2600:Free City of Danzig
2525:Neville Chamberlain
2499:, 29 September 1938
2234:Italian East Africa
2226:military occupation
2186:Italo-Ethiopian War
2080:against its former
2054:Anti-Comintern Pact
1991:rearmament campaign
1979:Paul von Hindenburg
1958:political rally in
1573:Declarations of war
1467:Start and end dates
1389:Potsdam Declaration
1175:militarism in Japan
1146:were occupied, and
1090:—including all the
343:Main Allied leaders
27342:Late modern Europe
27231:EAEU Customs Union
27161:Arab Customs Union
27083:Oriental Orthodoxy
26857:Islamic philosophy
26827:Iranian philosophy
26802:Chinese philosophy
25873:Post-structuralism
25836:Christian humanism
25466:Universal suffrage
24575:French West Africa
24555:British Somaliland
24428:Surrender of Japan
24261:Battle of Iwo Jima
24110:Belgrade offensive
23523:Siege of Leningrad
23407:Battle of Shanggao
23336:British Somaliland
23301:Dunkirk evacuation
23252:Norwegian campaign
23190:Invasion of Poland
23017:Japanese prisoners
21985:Italian war crimes
21916:British war crimes
21831:Soviet occupations
21615:South-West Pacific
21502:Allied cooperation
21460:Military equipment
20998:. pp. 29–56.
20807:Watson, William E.
20728:on 17 January 2022
20720:. Washington, DC:
20712:United States Army
20665:Tucker, Spencer C.
20639:Trachtenberg, Marc
20081:Shirer, William L.
20001:Senn, Alfred Erich
19868:Palgrave Macmillan
19615:. pp. 23–48.
19427:The Fall Of Berlin
19267:Palgrave Macmillan
18952:Why the Allies Won
18834:. pp. 49–70.
18711:Murray, Williamson
18507:. pp. 45–66.
18146:. Washington, DC:
18083:Leffler, Melvyn P.
18067:. pp. 47–74.
17147:Harris, Sheldon H.
16722:. pp. 53–68.
16699:. pp. 13–52.
16182:Eichengreen, Barry
15506:4 May 2024 at the
15479:Past & Present
14754:. Washington, DC:
13534:(PDF). Kiel. 1999.
13331:Unit 731 testimony
13329:Gold, Hal (1996).
12583:, pp. 190–191
12182:"Italy since 1945"
11914:, pp. 96–100.
11768:Strategic Analysis
11688:. Wired Magazine.
10203:. pp. 18–42.
9736:. pp. 63–96.
9621:. pp. 45–66.
9485:, pp. 41–42;
8511:Palgrave Macmillan
8261:, pp. 80, 83.
7335:Gerwarth, Robert.
7289:The New York Times
7205:– via JSTOR.
7097:European Civil War
6782:'s development of
6658:indirect artillery
6614:
6567:Type VII submarine
6528:actions at Taranto
6465:
6311:Nazi racial policy
6297:
6266:
6199:surrender of Japan
6163:
6062:
6025:Extermination camp
5882:
5859:Volhynia massacres
5772:
5663:creation of Israel
5570:independent policy
5568:conducted a fully
5522:
5497:Russian Federation
5359:
5346:Defendants at the
5313:finally signed at
5203:
5145:in the Philippines
5134:Berlin Declaration
5126:resisted in Prague
4983:and closed to the
4942:
4889:Guilin and Liuzhou
4778:
4776:, 20 October 1944.
4670:Free French Forces
4638:
4478:
4421:Panther–Wotan line
4417:counter-offensives
4412:later that month.
4406:invasion of Sicily
4367:
4262:offensive in Libya
4246:Operation Crusader
4238:
4133:
4071:Territory of Papua
4022:amphibious assault
3951:
3922:large-scale attack
3811:
3754:Battle of Shanggao
3738:Chinese communists
3722:several offensives
3688:
3684:entering Hong Kong
3682:Japanese soldiers
3584:
3576:siege of Leningrad
3522:counter-offensives
3436:
3398:, assisted by the
3308:counter-offensives
3304:
3197:United States Navy
3087:fell to them on 14
2997:
2900:
2747:
2745:, 1 September 1939
2596:
2507:, again provoking
2501:
2333:
2329:Battle of Shanghai
2272:Nationalist rebels
2218:Italian Somaliland
2190:
2148:Chahar and Suiyuan
2107:and establish the
2097:right to rule Asia
2027:Franco-Soviet pact
1964:
1807:
1801:assembly, held in
1741:surrender of Japan
1720:and the forces of
1415:, Japan announced
1409:declaration of war
1375:to Soviet troops;
1278:continental Europe
1224:, Germany and the
1185:, outbreak of the
1116:deadliest conflict
874:French West Africa
715:South West Pacific
623:Denmark and Norway
297:victory (see also
27:, and
27332:Conflicts in 1945
27327:Conflicts in 1944
27322:Conflicts in 1943
27317:Conflicts in 1942
27312:Conflicts in 1941
27307:Conflicts in 1940
27302:Conflicts in 1939
27279:
27278:
27078:Eastern Orthodoxy
26822:Indian philosophy
26812:Korean philosophy
26606:Post–Cold War era
26437:
26436:
26264:Council of Europe
26166:International law
26119:Constitutionalism
25977:Eastern Orthodoxy
25483:Post–Cold War era
25416:Age of Revolution
25270:Greco-Roman world
25208:
25207:
24799:Dutch East Indies
24637:Southern Rhodesia
24570:French Somaliland
24502:
24501:
24460:
24459:
24303:Battle of Okinawa
24202:Burma (1944–1945)
24036:Mariana and Palau
23816:Tunisian campaign
23641:Fall of Singapore
23565:Fall of Hong Kong
23308:Battle of Britain
23161:Operation Himmler
23070:
23069:
22734:Dutch East Indies
22377:Southern Rhodesia
22129:
22128:
22029:Genocide of Serbs
21932:German war crimes
21909:Soviet war crimes
21902:Allied war crimes
21748:Division of Korea
21727:Chinese Civil War
21525:Strategic bombing
21437:Manhattan Project
21164:978-1-935149-04-0
21138:978-0-8420-2991-9
21119:978-1-84176-408-5
21110:Osprey Publishing
21096:978-1-85532-478-7
21087:Osprey Publishing
21079:Zaloga, Steven J.
21070:978-0-87972-462-7
21051:978-1-56032-546-8
21028:978-0-7425-5339-2
21005:978-0-262-04136-2
20982:978-0-8047-0597-4
20971:. Palo Alto, CA:
20920:978-0-415-35980-1
20897:978-0-7603-1401-2
20874:978-0-7425-5542-6
20850:978-0-521-85316-3
20824:978-0-275-97470-1
20798:978-0-470-82497-9
20703:978-0-19-822885-1
20680:978-1-57607-999-7
20656:978-0-691-00273-6
20645:. Princeton, NJ:
20630:978-0-8203-3113-3
20601:978-1-85532-640-8
20592:Osprey Publishing
20578:978-0-674-03338-2
20567:. Cambridge, MA:
20553:978-0-241-10017-2
20514:978-0-8133-2717-4
20460:978-1-86508-352-0
20451:Allen & Unwin
20437:978-1-84176-195-4
20428:Osprey Publishing
20414:978-0-521-83719-4
20279:978-0-224-08141-2
20253:978-0-86719-616-0
20234:978-0-415-28580-3
20211:978-0-907579-19-9
20192:978-0-9624423-2-2
20173:978-0-415-08924-1
20146:978-0-304-29114-4
20127:978-0-19-518261-3
20100:978-0-671-72868-7
20041:978-0-7603-0939-1
20018:978-90-420-2225-6
19927:978-0-674-05988-7
19902:978-0-8420-2632-1
19877:978-0-333-92983-4
19854:978-1-58097-049-5
19806:978-0-313-31395-0
19783:978-0-7146-4634-3
19733:978-0-8018-6445-2
19707:978-0-14-026561-3
19679:978-0-300-11204-7
19668:. New Haven, CT:
19662:Roberts, Geoffrey
19622:978-0-521-34579-8
19599:978-0-393-00802-9
19578:978-0-19-928411-5
19552:978-0-85496-695-0
19526:978-1-57488-252-0
19505:978-0-563-49335-8
19464:978-1-58487-216-0
19440:978-0-7126-0695-0
19417:978-0-393-04800-1
19396:978-0-521-85522-8
19371:978-0-19-822888-2
19345:978-0-415-14900-6
19322:978-0-415-36960-2
19299:978-0-631-20238-7
19276:978-1-4039-8008-3
19250:978-0-415-18597-4
19227:978-0-8018-0530-1
19216:. Baltimore, MD:
19204:978-0-313-30296-1
19179:978-0-300-12282-4
19168:. New Haven, CT:
19162:Payne, Stanley G.
19153:978-0-306-81391-7
19088:978-0-471-24945-0
19040:Painter, David S.
19031:978-0-7391-0195-7
19008:978-0-14-028530-7
18983:978-0-393-02030-4
18962:978-0-7126-7453-9
18941:978-0-19-820290-5
18913:978-0-231-11200-0
18888:978-1-86126-799-3
18869:978-0-253-34781-7
18841:978-0-521-34579-8
18818:978-0-521-83719-4
18792:978-0-691-10222-1
18781:. Princeton, NJ:
18769:978-0-674-00680-5
18758:. Cambridge, MA:
18734:978-1-4294-9235-5
18702:978-1-84603-006-2
18693:Osprey Publishing
18679:978-0-544-33450-2
18672:. Mariner Books.
18657:978-0-8117-3413-4
18634:978-0-521-86244-8
18611:978-0-8133-4346-4
18586:978-0-262-04136-2
18575:. Cambridge, MA:
18560:978-0-520-03942-1
18514:978-0-7146-3369-5
18488:978-1-59420-188-2
18426:978-0-87727-122-2
18417:SEAP Publications
18403:978-1-84176-882-3
18394:Osprey Publishing
18380:978-0-521-35790-6
18351:978-0-8133-2241-4
18328:978-0-8133-0437-3
18303:978-1-84176-671-3
18294:Osprey Publishing
18280:978-0-415-26681-9
18257:978-0-275-96486-3
18234:978-0-415-22404-8
18211:978-0-330-23770-3
18190:978-0-691-02986-3
18179:. Princeton, NJ:
18162:on 8 January 2012
18128:978-0-275-94319-6
18104:978-0-521-83938-9
18074:978-0-7656-0816-1
18051:978-1-84176-092-6
18042:Osprey Publishing
18028:978-0-679-72757-6
17911:978-0-19-913417-5
17886:978-0-7139-9712-5
17861:978-0-393-04994-7
17837:978-0-7190-4201-0
17814:978-0-19-514403-1
17799:Kennedy, David M.
17790:978-0-7126-7348-8
17764:978-0-521-37494-1
17738:978-0-8028-4456-9
17713:978-0-8028-4455-2
17688:978-1-84212-513-7
17675:Stalin's Generals
17661:978-1-84176-353-8
17652:Osprey Publishing
17638:978-1-85532-865-5
17629:Osprey Publishing
17615:978-0-8131-2339-4
17592:978-1-85285-417-1
17566:978-0-674-69580-1
17555:. Cambridge, MA:
17538:978-0-231-10791-4
17480:978-0-8047-4896-4
17457:978-0-674-02178-5
17432:978-0-00-717645-8
17409:978-0-7146-5711-0
17352:978-0-415-08239-6
17320:978-0-7818-1004-3
17297:978-0-8117-3398-4
17272:978-1-85532-211-0
17263:Osprey Publishing
17210:978-1-86227-073-2
17187:978-0-521-62046-8
17180:. pp. 1–42.
17164:978-0-415-93214-1
17138:978-0-87338-558-9
17115:978-0-8133-3756-2
17090:978-0-19-211675-8
17067:978-0-8047-6346-2
17044:978-1-84176-779-6
17031:Osprey Publishing
17010:978-0-8225-0139-8
16952:978-0-7006-1208-6
16908:978-0-7006-0899-7
16883:978-0-7146-3347-3
16824:978-0-297-79616-9
16800:978-0-19-505432-3
16777:978-0-85177-953-9
16754:978-0-231-11882-8
16729:978-0-521-83432-2
16706:978-0-19-822886-8
16680:978-1-4488-4794-5
16661:978-0-14-311239-6
16604:978-0-674-01828-0
16574:978-0-7139-9742-2
16555:Evans, Richard J.
16546:978-1-59114-244-7
16535:. Annapolis, MD:
16523:978-0-304-36541-8
16500:978-1-84212-513-7
16487:Stalin's Generals
16470:978-0-415-19540-9
16327:978-0-521-24338-4
16304:978-0-8131-2023-2
16293:. Lexington, KY:
16252:978-0-8032-6638-4
16229:978-0-394-50030-0
16199:978-0-262-04136-2
16188:. Cambridge, MA:
16169:978-0-19-860446-4
16131:978-0-333-69285-1
16099:978-0-14-101022-9
16076:978-0-618-12742-9
16046:978-1-85728-532-1
15992:978-1-57488-741-9
15973:978-0-435-32721-7
15946:978-1-84176-539-6
15937:Osprey Publishing
15923:978-0-520-23268-6
15900:978-0-521-80872-9
15844:The Polish Review
15833:978-1-56324-246-5
15810:978-0-8264-1350-5
15785:978-0-8232-2562-0
15762:978-0-465-06835-7
15703:978-1-4051-1131-7
15677:978-0-275-97733-7
15658:978-0-521-55926-3
15648:10.1115/1.2895927
15609:978-0-14-013564-0
15583:978-0-7456-1298-0
15560:978-0-262-02546-1
15549:. Cambridge, MA:
15528:978-0-631-22162-3
15469:978-0-7146-5461-4
15446:978-0-7658-0622-2
15421:978-0-7146-4722-7
15398:978-1-84176-238-8
15389:Osprey Publishing
15370:on 20 August 2016
15344:978-0-415-34109-7
15321:978-0-7603-0870-7
15308:Warship Boneyards
15298:978-0-415-26206-4
15275:978-0-415-30534-1
15249:978-0-06-019314-0
15221:978-0-275-96363-7
15198:978-0-7656-1821-4
15173:978-0-520-07017-2
15145:978-0-521-55066-6
15110:978-0-375-41086-4
15087:978-0-8020-9314-1
15064:978-0-297-84497-6
15039:978-0-670-87095-0
15011:978-0-345-02462-6
14988:978-0-521-81144-6
14965:978-0-8135-0449-0
14938:978-0-85045-921-0
14929:Osprey Publishing
14884:978-0-7139-9868-9
14861:978-0-7139-9322-6
14804:978-0-415-90716-3
14450:978-0-7106-0123-0
14319:978-1-4027-3099-3
14294:978-1-84509-079-1
14217:978-92-1-109147-2
14164:978-1-58566-069-8
14099:978-0-8122-9354-8
13630:978-0-8018-8358-3
13573:978-1-84545-844-7
13465:978-1-85109-770-8
13441:978-1-4000-4005-6
13340:978-0-8048-3565-7
13265:978-0-367-86706-5
13156:Volhynia Massacre
13089:978-0-7146-5625-0
12955:, pp. 45–52.
12746:978-0-9631864-3-0
12703:978-1-118-89024-0
12665:Emadi-Coffin 2002
12509:, pp. 34–55.
12469:, pp. 12–13.
12390:"Greek Civil War"
12341:Trachtenberg 1999
12159:, pp. 20–21.
12145:Kennedy-Pipe 1995
12037:978-83-61590-46-0
11997:978-1-5361-1035-7
11955:10.7163/GPol.0007
11926:, pp. 41–66.
11666:978-0-7102-0718-0
11405:978-90-411-0584-4
11384:, pp. 65–66.
10895:, pp. 50–55.
10417:978-1-59228-027-8
10282:, pp. 71–74.
9992:, pp. 11–12.
9872:978-0-8248-1925-5
9793:The Asahi Shimbun
9773:978-0-06-256051-3
9679:978-0-8047-1835-6
9469:978-0-7126-6226-0
9238:, pp. 66–69.
9167:, pp. 38–42.
9092:978-0-429-02764-2
9075:Winston Churchill
8701:, pp. 66–67.
8687:Liddell Hart 1977
8665:, pp. 59–60.
8617:, pp. 57–63.
8569:, pp. 118ff.
8520:978-0-312-23260-3
8440:978-0-7146-4753-1
8409:, pp. 55–56.
8380:Smith et al. 2002
8349:, pp. 39–40.
8347:Liddell Hart 1977
8328:, pp. 88–89.
8147:978-1-135-81242-3
7993:10.1080/713663077
7692:978-1-85109-672-5
7557:978-1-4129-8176-7
7091:978-0-7641-1973-6
7001:978-0-394-58530-7
6780:Manhattan Project
6733:pioneering method
6707:. Development of
6516:aircraft carriers
6503:. The use of the
6489:strategic bombing
6418:strategic bombing
6392:
6391:
6327:resistance groups
6087:" (including the
5898:Three Alls policy
5530:the Soviet sphere
5485:Republic of China
5473:permanent members
5438:lost its monarchy
5307:Japan surrendered
5188:Mamoru Shigemitsu
5167:. Meanwhile, the
5157:recaptured Manila
5067:Italian partisans
4931:Winston Churchill
4877:captured Changsha
4871:and reopened the
4808:, who had led an
4766:Douglas MacArthur
4729:national uprising
4701:Army Group Centre
4674:Charles de Gaulle
4527:a major offensive
4516:landings at Anzio
4508:Battle of Changde
4462:in mid-November.
4456:Italian civil war
4448:rescued Mussolini
4258:invade the island
4207:attack on Kharkov
4170:into two groups:
4067:overland campaign
4052:victory at Midway
3918:defeating Germany
3769:Dutch East Indies
3734:counter-offensive
3686:, 8 December 1941
3654:intelligence data
3549:Army Group Centre
3541:Army High Command
3537:strategic defence
3270:Regia Aeronautica
3144:strategic bombing
3124:Battle of Britain
3029:Winston Churchill
2967:Treaty of Craiova
2932:League of Nations
2810:counter-offensive
2699:Course of the war
2683:, and to allow a
2555:and a pro-German
2274:, led by General
2266:Spanish Civil War
2242:League of Nations
2158:to oppose Japan.
2150:. After the 1936
2120:League of Nations
2084:(CCP) allies and
2074:regional warlords
2005:European treaties
1863:naval disarmament
1855:League of Nations
1799:League of Nations
1730:Spanish Civil War
1670:
1669:
1620:Manhattan Project
1309:Republic of China
1266:Battle of Britain
1183:Spanish Civil War
1171:fascism in Europe
1169:and the rises of
1108:strategic bombing
1068:World War II
1065:
1064:
946:
945:
867:Strategic bombing
783:Mediterranean Sea
539:
538:
403:Main Axis leaders
382:Winston Churchill
308:
307:
165:U.S. warships in
129:tanks during the
41:World War II
27734:
27337:Global conflicts
27098:Eastern Churches
26842:Hindu philosophy
26464:
26457:
26450:
26441:
26440:
26309:EU Customs Union
25841:Secular humanism
25789:Christian ethics
25739:East–West Schism
25722:Physical culture
25446:Great Divergence
25396:Age of Discovery
25235:
25228:
25221:
25212:
25211:
24959:Military history
24713:Native Americans
24529:
24522:
24515:
24506:
24505:
24495:
24488:
24481:
24478:World portal
24476:
24475:
24451:
24444:
24437:
24430:
24421:
24414:
24407:
24398:
24391:
24384:
24377:
24370:
24363:
24354:
24347:
24340:
24338:Prague offensive
24333:
24331:Battle of Berlin
24326:
24319:
24312:
24305:
24298:
24291:
24284:
24277:
24275:Vienna offensive
24270:
24263:
24256:
24254:Battle of Manila
24249:
24229:
24220:
24211:
24204:
24195:
24188:
24181:
24174:
24167:
24160:
24153:
24144:
24135:
24128:
24119:
24112:
24105:
24098:
24089:
24082:
24075:
24068:
24061:
24054:
24047:
24038:
24031:
24022:
24013:
24004:
23997:
23995:Korsun–Cherkassy
23990:
23979:
23957:
23948:
23941:
23934:
23927:
23920:
23913:
23906:
23897:
23890:
23883:
23876:
23867:
23860:
23853:
23846:
23839:
23837:Bombing of Gorky
23832:
23825:
23818:
23798:
23791:
23782:
23775:
23768:
23759:
23752:
23745:
23738:
23727:
23720:
23713:
23706:
23704:Battle of Midway
23699:
23692:
23690:Battle of Gazala
23685:
23678:
23671:
23664:
23657:
23650:
23643:
23623:
23616:
23609:
23602:
23600:Battle of Borneo
23595:
23593:Malayan campaign
23588:
23581:
23574:
23567:
23560:
23553:
23546:
23539:
23537:Bombing of Gorky
23532:
23530:Battle of Moscow
23525:
23518:
23511:
23504:
23497:
23490:
23474:
23467:
23460:
23453:
23446:
23439:
23430:
23423:
23416:
23409:
23402:
23382:
23373:
23366:
23359:
23352:
23345:
23338:
23331:
23324:
23317:
23310:
23303:
23296:
23294:Battle of France
23289:
23282:
23275:
23268:
23261:
23254:
23234:
23227:
23220:
23213:
23206:
23199:
23192:
23170:
23163:
23156:
23149:
23147:Munich Agreement
23142:
23135:
23126:
23119:
23112:
23103:
23096:
23081:
23080:
23063:
23056:
23047:
23040:
23033:
23032:Soviet prisoners
23026:
23019:
23012:
23003:
22996:
22987:
22980:
22973:
22972:German prisoners
22968:
22948:
22939:
22932:
22925:
22920:
22913:
22906:
22899:
22892:
22885:
22878:
22871:
22864:
22857:
22850:
22843:
22836:
22829:
22820:
22813:
22806:
22799:
22792:
22785:
22778:
22771:
22764:
22757:
22750:
22743:
22736:
22729:
22722:
22715:
22708:
22701:
22694:
22674:
22667:
22660:
22653:
22646:
22639:
22632:
22625:
22618:
22611:
22604:
22584:
22577:
22570:
22563:
22555:
22548:
22541:
22532:
22525:
22517:
22510:
22508:French Indochina
22503:
22496:
22489:
22482:
22474:
22467:
22460:
22452:
22432:
22423:
22416:
22407:
22400:
22393:
22386:
22379:
22372:
22365:
22358:
22355:from August 1944
22346:
22339:
22332:
22325:
22318:
22311:
22304:
22297:
22290:
22278:
22271:
22264:
22257:
22250:
22238:
22230:
22223:
22216:
22209:
22202:
22195:
22188:
22176:
22169:
22162:
22155:
22140:
22139:
22120:
22113:
22106:
22099:
22092:
22081:
22066:
22059:
22052:
22047:
22038:
22031:
22024:
22015:
22008:
22001:
21999:Nanjing Massacre
21994:
21987:
21978:
21976:Nuremberg trials
21969:
21962:
21955:
21948:
21941:
21934:
21925:
21918:
21911:
21904:
21884:
21877:
21870:
21861:
21854:
21847:
21840:
21833:
21826:
21817:
21808:
21801:
21794:
21787:
21778:
21771:
21764:
21757:
21750:
21743:
21736:
21729:
21709:
21700:
21693:
21686:
21677:
21670:
21663:
21656:
21647:
21640:
21633:
21624:
21617:
21610:
21603:
21596:
21589:
21582:
21580:Asia and Pacific
21562:
21555:
21548:
21541:
21534:
21527:
21520:
21511:
21509:Mulberry harbour
21504:
21497:
21490:
21483:
21476:
21469:
21462:
21455:
21446:
21439:
21432:
21423:
21416:
21409:
21402:
21395:
21388:
21381:
21374:
21367:
21360:
21351:
21344:
21329:
21328:
21317:
21310:
21301:
21294:
21287:
21280:
21273:
21266:
21259:
21238:
21231:
21224:
21215:
21214:
21168:
21142:
21123:
21100:
21074:
21055:
21032:
21009:
20986:
20970:
20956:
20933:Military Affairs
20924:
20901:
20878:
20854:
20828:
20813:. Westport, CT:
20802:
20779:
20737:
20735:
20733:
20724:. Archived from
20707:
20684:
20660:
20634:
20605:
20582:
20557:
20534:
20518:
20495:
20464:
20441:
20418:
20395:
20356:
20339:(437): 620–651.
20322:
20283:
20257:
20238:
20215:
20196:
20177:
20161:
20150:
20131:
20115:
20104:
20076:
20045:
20022:
19996:
19973:
19931:
19906:
19881:
19858:
19839:
19816:Military Affairs
19810:
19795:. Westport, CT:
19787:
19764:
19762:
19760:
19737:
19711:
19683:
19657:
19640:(8): 1293–1326.
19626:
19603:
19582:
19556:
19535:Reinhardt, Klaus
19530:
19509:
19483:
19481:
19479:
19474:on 11 April 2010
19473:
19467:. Archived from
19456:
19444:
19421:
19400:
19375:
19349:
19326:
19303:
19280:
19254:
19231:
19208:
19193:. Westport, CT:
19183:
19157:
19134:
19092:
19067:
19065:
19035:
19012:
18987:
18966:
18945:
18917:
18892:
18873:
18850:Neillands, Robin
18845:
18822:
18796:
18773:
18750:
18748:
18746:
18706:
18683:
18661:
18638:
18615:
18590:
18569:Minford, Patrick
18564:
18549:. Berkeley, CA:
18541:
18518:
18492:
18464:
18430:
18407:
18384:
18355:
18332:
18307:
18284:
18261:
18246:. Westport, CT:
18238:
18215:
18194:
18171:
18169:
18167:
18158:. Archived from
18132:
18117:. Westport, CT:
18108:
18087:Westad, Odd Arne
18078:
18055:
18032:
18004:
17965:
17942:Military Affairs
17936:
17915:
17890:
17865:
17841:
17818:
17794:
17768:
17742:
17717:
17692:
17665:
17642:
17619:
17596:
17570:
17542:
17509:
17484:
17469:. Stanford, CA:
17461:
17436:
17413:
17390:
17356:
17324:
17311:Hippocrene Books
17301:
17276:
17253:
17214:
17191:
17168:
17142:
17119:
17094:
17071:
17056:. Stanford, CA:
17048:
17014:
16989:
16987:
16985:
16976:. Archived from
16956:
16941:. Lawrence, KS:
16931:
16929:
16923:. Archived from
16922:
16912:
16897:. Lawrence, KS:
16887:
16864:
16862:
16860:
16851:. Archived from
16833:Glantz, David M.
16828:
16814:Second World War
16804:
16781:
16758:
16733:
16710:
16684:
16665:
16653:
16639:
16608:
16578:
16550:
16527:
16514:Cassell Military
16504:
16474:
16451:
16449:
16447:
16441:
16400:
16387:
16385:
16379:. Archived from
16355:(7): 1151–1172.
16344:
16331:
16308:
16285:
16256:
16233:
16217:
16203:
16173:
16154:, eds. (2001) .
16143:
16103:
16080:
16059:Parker, Geoffrey
16050:
16027:
16025:
16023:
15996:
15977:
15961:
15950:
15927:
15904:
15876:
15857:10.2307/25779864
15837:
15814:
15789:
15766:
15738:
15707:
15686:Canfora, Luciano
15681:
15662:
15650:
15629:(1). Cambridge:
15613:
15587:
15564:
15541:Morrow, James D.
15532:
15498:
15481:(258): 246–281.
15473:
15450:
15425:
15402:
15379:
15377:
15375:
15348:
15325:
15302:
15279:
15253:
15225:
15210:. Westport, CT:
15202:
15177:
15149:
15123:
15114:
15091:
15068:
15043:
15015:
15002:Ballantine Books
14992:
14969:
14953:
14942:
14919:
14902:(6): 1069–1086.
14888:
14865:
14837:
14808:
14772:
14771:
14769:
14767:
14758:. Archived from
14748:
14742:
14741:
14739:
14737:
14722:"World War – II"
14718:
14712:
14711:
14709:
14707:
14687:
14681:
14680:
14664:
14658:
14657:
14655:
14653:
14637:
14628:
14622:
14616:
14615:
14613:
14611:
14601:
14592:
14586:
14580:
14571:
14565:
14559:
14553:
14544:
14543:
14525:
14515:
14491:
14485:
14484:
14482:
14480:
14461:
14455:
14454:
14432:
14426:
14420:
14411:
14410:
14390:
14384:
14378:
14372:
14366:
14360:
14354:
14348:
14342:
14336:
14330:
14324:
14323:
14305:
14299:
14298:
14280:
14274:
14268:
14262:
14252:
14246:
14240:
14234:
14228:
14222:
14221:
14203:
14197:
14187:
14181:
14175:
14169:
14168:
14150:
14144:
14138:
14132:
14126:
14120:
14119:
14113:
14111:
14082:
14076:
14070:
14061:
14060:
14054:
14052:
14021:
14015:
14009:
14000:
13994:
13988:
13982:
13976:
13970:
13964:
13957:
13951:
13945:
13939:
13933:
13927:
13921:
13915:
13909:
13903:
13902:
13900:
13898:
13883:
13874:
13873:
13871:
13869:
13849:
13840:
13834:
13828:
13822:
13816:
13815:
13813:
13811:
13792:
13786:
13761:
13755:
13749:
13743:
13736:
13730:
13729:
13724:
13722:
13700:
13694:
13693:
13691:
13689:
13669:
13660:
13654:
13648:
13639:
13633:
13619:
13613:
13612:
13610:
13608:
13584:
13578:
13577:
13556:
13550:
13541:
13535:
13522:
13516:
13515:
13507:
13501:
13500:
13488:
13482:
13481:
13479:
13477:
13450:
13444:
13429:
13423:
13419:
13413:
13412:
13410:
13408:
13387:
13381:
13375:
13369:
13363:
13357:
13351:
13345:
13344:
13326:
13320:
13314:
13308:
13302:
13296:
13295:
13293:
13291:
13276:
13270:
13269:
13251:
13245:
13239:
13233:
13232:
13230:
13228:
13208:
13202:
13201:
13199:
13197:
13178:
13172:
13171:
13169:
13167:
13147:
13141:
13140:
13138:
13136:
13112:
13106:
13105:
13103:
13101:
13073:
13067:
13061:
13055:
13054:
13052:
13050:
13029:
13023:
13022:
13020:
13018:
13003:"Polish Victims"
12999:
12993:
12992:
12990:
12988:
12970:
12962:
12956:
12950:
12941:
12940:
12938:
12936:
12912:
12906:
12900:
12894:
12888:
12882:
12876:
12870:
12861:
12855:
12854:
12852:
12850:
12835:
12829:
12828:
12826:
12824:
12807:White, Matthew.
12804:
12798:
12797:
12795:
12793:
12773:
12767:
12757:
12751:
12750:
12726:
12720:
12714:
12708:
12707:
12686:
12680:
12674:
12668:
12662:
12656:
12650:
12644:
12638:
12632:
12626:
12620:
12619:, pp. 20–21
12614:
12608:
12602:
12596:
12590:
12584:
12578:
12572:
12571:
12569:
12567:
12552:
12546:
12540:
12534:
12528:
12522:
12516:
12510:
12505:, p. 1006;
12500:
12494:
12488:
12482:
12476:
12470:
12464:
12458:
12452:
12446:
12440:
12434:
12428:
12422:
12419:Borstelmann 2005
12416:
12410:
12409:
12407:
12405:
12386:
12380:
12374:
12368:
12362:
12356:
12350:
12344:
12338:
12332:
12326:
12320:
12319:
12318:
12316:
12307:, archived from
12299:
12293:
12276:
12270:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12250:
12244:
12243:
12241:
12239:
12220:
12214:
12208:
12202:
12201:
12199:
12197:
12178:
12172:
12166:
12160:
12154:
12148:
12142:
12136:
12130:
12124:
12118:
12112:
12106:
12100:
12099:
12097:
12095:
12063:
12057:
12056:
12054:
12052:
12046:
12029:
12018:
12009:
12008:
12007:on 26 June 2015.
12006:
12000:. Archived from
11989:
11978:
11972:
11971:
11969:
11967:
11957:
11933:
11927:
11921:
11915:
11909:
11903:
11897:
11891:
11884:
11878:
11871:
11865:
11859:
11853:
11847:
11841:
11834:
11828:
11822:
11816:
11810:
11804:
11798:
11792:
11791:
11763:
11757:
11756:
11754:
11752:
11736:
11730:
11724:
11718:
11712:
11706:
11705:
11699:
11697:
11677:
11671:
11670:
11652:
11646:
11645:
11643:
11641:
11623:
11617:
11611:
11605:
11599:
11593:
11587:
11581:
11576:
11570:
11564:
11558:
11552:
11546:
11540:
11534:
11528:
11522:
11516:
11510:
11504:
11498:
11492:
11486:
11480:
11474:
11468:
11462:
11461:
11459:
11457:
11440:
11434:
11428:
11422:
11416:
11410:
11409:
11391:
11385:
11379:
11373:
11367:
11361:
11360:
11354:
11352:
11337:
11331:
11330:
11328:
11326:
11307:
11301:
11295:
11289:
11283:
11277:
11271:
11265:
11259:
11253:
11247:
11241:
11235:
11229:
11223:
11217:
11211:
11205:
11199:
11193:
11187:
11181:
11175:
11166:
11160:
11154:
11106:
11100:
11094:
11088:
11082:
11076:
11070:
11064:
11058:
11052:
11046:
11040:
11034:
11028:
11022:
11016:
11010:
11004:
10998:
10992:
10986:
10980:
10974:
10968:
10962:
10956:
10950:
10944:
10938:
10932:
10926:
10920:
10914:
10908:
10902:
10896:
10890:
10884:
10878:
10872:
10866:
10860:
10854:
10848:
10842:
10836:
10830:
10824:
10814:
10808:
10802:
10796:
10790:
10784:
10778:
10772:
10766:
10760:
10747:
10741:
10735:
10729:
10723:
10717:
10711:
10698:
10692:
10686:
10680:
10674:
10668:
10662:
10656:
10650:
10644:
10638:
10632:
10626:
10620:
10614:
10608:
10602:
10596:
10590:
10584:
10578:
10572:
10566:
10560:
10554:
10548:
10542:
10536:
10530:
10524:
10518:
10512:
10506:
10500:
10494:
10488:
10482:
10476:
10470:
10464:
10458:
10452:
10446:
10440:
10434:
10433:
10431:
10429:
10397:
10391:
10385:
10379:
10373:
10367:
10361:
10355:
10349:
10343:
10337:
10331:
10325:
10319:
10313:
10307:
10301:
10295:
10289:
10283:
10277:
10271:
10265:
10259:
10253:
10247:
10246:
10244:
10242:
10223:
10217:
10216:
10214:
10212:
10193:
10187:
10186:
10184:
10182:
10163:
10157:
10156:
10154:
10152:
10133:
10127:
10121:
10115:
10109:
10103:
10097:
10091:
10090:
10089:
10087:
10065:
10059:
10053:
10047:
10037:
10031:
10014:
10008:
10005:Wohlstetter 1962
10002:
9993:
9987:
9981:
9975:
9969:
9963:
9957:
9951:
9945:
9939:
9933:
9927:
9921:
9908:
9902:
9895:
9889:
9888:
9886:
9884:
9856:
9850:
9843:
9837:
9830:
9824:
9823:
9815:
9809:
9808:
9806:
9804:
9784:
9778:
9777:
9756:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9726:
9717:
9716:
9714:
9712:
9693:
9684:
9683:
9665:
9659:
9653:
9647:
9641:
9635:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9611:
9605:
9599:
9593:
9587:
9581:
9575:
9569:
9563:
9557:
9551:
9545:
9539:
9533:
9526:
9520:
9519:
9517:
9515:
9496:
9490:
9480:
9474:
9473:
9449:
9443:
9437:
9431:
9425:
9419:
9413:
9407:
9401:
9395:
9389:
9383:
9377:
9371:
9365:
9359:
9353:
9347:
9341:
9335:
9329:
9323:
9317:
9311:
9305:
9299:
9293:
9287:
9281:
9275:
9269:
9263:
9257:
9251:
9245:
9239:
9233:
9227:
9221:
9215:
9214:
9213:
9211:
9189:
9180:
9174:
9168:
9162:
9156:
9150:
9144:
9134:
9128:
9122:
9116:
9110:
9104:
9103:
9070:
9064:
9058:
9052:
9046:
9040:
9034:
9028:
9022:
9016:
9010:
9004:
8998:
8992:
8986:
8980:
8979:, pp. 9–10.
8974:
8968:
8955:
8949:
8943:
8937:
8931:
8925:
8919:
8913:
8907:
8901:
8900:
8898:
8896:
8876:
8870:
8869:
8858:
8849:
8843:
8837:
8831:
8825:
8819:
8813:
8803:
8797:
8791:
8785:
8779:
8773:
8763:
8754:
8744:
8738:
8732:
8726:
8720:
8714:
8708:
8702:
8696:
8690:
8684:
8678:
8672:
8666:
8660:
8654:
8648:
8642:
8636:
8630:
8624:
8618:
8612:
8606:
8600:
8594:
8588:
8582:
8576:
8570:
8564:
8558:
8552:
8546:
8543:
8537:
8536:
8534:
8532:
8500:
8494:
8488:
8482:
8476:
8470:
8469:
8467:
8465:
8449:
8443:
8428:
8422:
8416:
8410:
8404:
8398:
8392:
8383:
8377:
8371:
8368:
8362:
8356:
8350:
8344:
8338:
8335:
8329:
8323:
8317:
8311:
8305:
8304:
8268:
8262:
8256:
8250:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8226:
8220:
8206:
8200:
8189:
8183:
8173:
8167:
8166:
8161:
8159:
8131:
8125:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8108:
8093:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8060:
8051:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8031:
8025:
8019:
8013:
8012:
7976:
7970:
7964:
7958:
7952:
7946:
7940:
7934:
7928:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7904:
7898:
7892:
7886:
7880:
7874:
7868:
7862:
7861:
7859:
7857:
7841:
7835:
7834:
7832:
7830:
7810:
7804:
7798:
7792:
7786:
7780:
7774:
7768:
7762:
7756:
7750:
7744:
7743:. 2008, 298–299.
7739:Totten, Samuel.
7737:
7731:
7724:
7718:
7715:
7709:
7708:
7706:
7704:
7676:
7670:
7664:
7658:
7652:
7646:
7640:
7634:
7628:
7622:
7616:
7610:
7604:
7598:
7592:
7586:
7580:
7574:
7573:
7571:
7569:
7541:
7535:
7529:
7523:
7517:
7511:
7505:
7499:
7493:
7487:
7481:
7475:
7469:
7463:
7460:Adamthwaite 1992
7457:
7451:
7445:
7439:
7429:
7423:
7417:
7411:
7405:
7399:
7393:
7387:
7381:
7375:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7354:
7332:
7326:
7325:
7323:
7321:
7301:
7295:
7274:
7268:
7251:
7245:
7244:
7242:
7240:
7225:
7219:
7213:
7207:
7206:
7204:
7202:
7162:
7156:
7155:
7153:
7151:
7130:
7124:
7118:
7112:
7060:
7054:
7053:
7051:
7049:
7009:
7003:
6988:
6982:
6975:
6969:
6963:
6957:
6956:
6940:
6934:
6923:
6917:
6911:
6895:
6871:
6865:
6855:
6849:
6842:
6806:during the war.
6664:(both towed and
6654:destroying tanks
6646:
6587:homing torpedoes
6544:Mid-Atlantic gap
6431:Germany enslaved
6374:
6373:
6366:
6285:Soviet partisans
6219:
6133:forced labourers
6085:unworthy of life
6082:
6074:
5995:with respect to
5948:prisoners of war
5921:chemical weapons
5894:Nanjing Massacre
5887:
5880:in December 1937
5878:Nanjing Massacre
5837:. Concurrently,
5798:
5705:World Bank Group
5671:colonial empires
5562:satellite states
5499:, following the
5477:Security Council
5391:Nuremberg trials
5348:Nuremberg trials
5207:landed in Borneo
5117:
5113:
4966:Yalta Conference
4927:Yalta Conference
4846:Karelian Isthmus
4842:Soviet offensive
4668:assisted by the
4666:local resistance
4563:liberated Crimea
4547:Army Group North
4531:Leningrad region
4525:troops launched
4387:Caroline Islands
4231:Eighth Air Force
4168:Army Group South
4153:summer offensive
3903:Atlantic Charter
3706:Nanjing Massacre
3608:Persian Corridor
3600:Atlantic Charter
3580:Saint Petersburg
3553:2nd Panzer Group
3524:before the war,
3211:" and promoting
3193:"cash and carry"
3176:
3118:
3090:
3034:
2963:Southern Dobruja
2916:Baltic countries
2892:Karelian Isthmus
2838:
2835:surrendered on 6
2693:Nevile Henderson
2670:
2594:, 23 August 1939
2529:Munich Agreement
2497:Munich Agreement
2368:Communist forces
2302:to fight on the
2293:
2280:Spanish Republic
2276:Francisco Franco
2210:Kingdom of Italy
2202:Ethiopian Empire
2182:Benito Mussolini
2105:invade Manchuria
2103:as a pretext to
2050:Rome–Berlin Axis
2038:Locarno Treaties
1942:New Roman Empire
1929:Benito Mussolini
1927:movement led by
1873:
1762:
1711:
1662:
1655:
1648:
1477:
1476:
1425:2 September 1945
1399:on 6 August and
1377:Hitler's suicide
1345:Italian mainland
1329:Battle of Midway
1238:parts of Finland
1156:Japanese leaders
1072:Second World War
1057:
1050:
1043:
951:
950:
933:French Indochina
576:
565:
558:
551:
542:
541:
442:Benito Mussolini
440:
439:
428:
427:
416:
415:
392:
391:
380:
379:
368:
367:
356:
355:
182:
181:
160:Battle of Berlin
104:
95:
84:
75:
64:
55:
38:
37:
27742:
27741:
27737:
27736:
27735:
27733:
27732:
27731:
27347:Nuclear warfare
27282:
27281:
27280:
27275:
27148:
27142:
26883:
26852:Jain philosophy
26832:Buddhist ethics
26788:
26610:
26577:Interwar period
26530:Ancient history
26518:
26477:
26468:
26438:
26433:
26399:UKUSA Agreement
26339:Lublin Triangle
26224:Baltic Assembly
26176:
26170:
26088:
25925:
25760:
25630:Eurolinguistics
25499:
25488:Information age
25461:Interwar period
25328:
25248:
25239:
25209:
25204:
25200:Pacific Islands
25195:Solomon Islands
25175:Gilbert Islands
25157:
25151:
25130:Channel Islands
24902:
24765:
24719:
24641:
24538:
24533:
24503:
24498:
24491:
24484:
24470:
24468:
24456:
24447:
24440:
24433:
24426:
24417:
24410:
24403:
24394:
24389:Atomic bombings
24387:
24380:
24373:
24366:
24359:
24350:
24343:
24336:
24329:
24322:
24315:
24308:
24301:
24294:
24287:
24280:
24273:
24266:
24259:
24252:
24245:
24232:
24225:
24214:
24207:
24200:
24191:
24184:
24177:
24170:
24163:
24156:
24147:
24138:
24131:
24122:
24115:
24108:
24101:
24092:
24085:
24080:Eastern Romania
24078:
24073:Warsaw Uprising
24071:
24066:Tannenberg Line
24064:
24057:
24052:Western Ukraine
24050:
24041:
24034:
24025:
24016:
24007:
24000:
23993:
23982:
23973:
23960:
23953:
23944:
23937:
23930:
23923:
23916:
23909:
23902:
23893:
23886:
23879:
23870:
23863:
23856:
23849:
23844:Battle of Kursk
23842:
23835:
23828:
23821:
23814:
23801:
23794:
23785:
23778:
23771:
23762:
23755:
23748:
23741:
23732:
23723:
23716:
23709:
23702:
23695:
23688:
23681:
23674:
23667:
23660:
23655:St Nazaire Raid
23653:
23646:
23639:
23626:
23619:
23612:
23605:
23598:
23591:
23584:
23577:
23570:
23563:
23556:
23549:
23542:
23535:
23528:
23521:
23514:
23507:
23500:
23493:
23479:
23470:
23463:
23456:
23449:
23442:
23437:Anglo-Iraqi War
23435:
23428:Battle of Crete
23426:
23419:
23412:
23405:
23398:
23385:
23376:
23369:
23362:
23357:Eastern Romania
23355:
23348:
23341:
23334:
23327:
23320:
23313:
23306:
23299:
23292:
23285:
23278:
23271:
23264:
23257:
23250:
23237:
23230:
23223:
23216:
23209:
23202:
23195:
23188:
23175:
23166:
23159:
23152:
23145:
23138:
23131:
23122:
23115:
23108:
23099:
23092:
23066:
23059:
23052:
23043:
23036:
23031:
23022:
23015:
23008:
22999:
22992:
22983:
22976:
22971:
22964:
22951:
22944:
22935:
22928:
22923:
22918:Western Ukraine
22916:
22909:
22902:
22895:
22888:
22881:
22874:
22867:
22862:Northeast China
22860:
22853:
22846:
22839:
22832:
22825:
22816:
22809:
22802:
22795:
22788:
22781:
22774:
22767:
22760:
22753:
22746:
22739:
22732:
22725:
22718:
22711:
22704:
22697:
22690:
22677:
22670:
22663:
22656:
22649:
22642:
22635:
22628:
22621:
22614:
22607:
22600:
22587:
22580:
22573:
22568:Slovak Republic
22566:
22558:
22551:
22544:
22539:Empire of Japan
22537:
22528:
22520:
22513:
22506:
22499:
22492:
22485:
22477:
22470:
22463:
22455:
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22051:Sexual violence
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22011:
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21997:
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21983:
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20886:. St Paul, MN:
20875:
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20704:
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20544:Hamish Hamilton
20531:Hamish Hamilton
20515:
20503:. Boulder, CO:
20461:
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20280:
20270:The Bodley Head
20262:Snyder, Timothy
20254:
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20212:
20193:
20174:
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20101:
20042:
20030:. Osceola, WI:
20019:
19928:
19903:
19878:
19855:
19828:10.2307/1988530
19807:
19797:Greenwood Press
19784:
19758:
19756:
19734:
19708:
19680:
19623:
19600:
19579:
19561:Reynolds, David
19553:
19527:
19506:
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19362:Clarendon Press
19346:
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19300:
19277:
19251:
19228:
19205:
19180:
19154:
19115:10.2307/2539100
19097:Pape, Robert A.
19089:
19032:
19022:Lexington Books
19009:
18994:The Road to War
18984:
18963:
18942:
18932:Clarendon Press
18914:
18889:
18870:
18842:
18819:
18801:Naimark, Norman
18793:
18770:
18744:
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18735:
18703:
18680:
18658:
18648:Stackpole Books
18635:
18612:
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18453:10.2307/3634575
18427:
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18340:. Boulder, CO:
18329:
18317:. Boulder, CO:
18304:
18281:
18258:
18235:
18212:
18191:
18165:
18163:
18129:
18105:
18089:, eds. (2010).
18075:
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17954:10.2307/1988082
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17575:Jackson, Ashley
17567:
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17410:
17353:
17329:Herbert, Ulrich
17321:
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17288:Stackpole Books
17273:
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17199:. Osceola, WI:
17188:
17165:
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17068:
17045:
17011:
16999:. Minneapolis:
16983:
16981:
16980:on 2 March 2008
16953:
16930:on 9 July 2011.
16927:
16920:
16909:
16884:
16858:
16856:
16855:on 6 March 2008
16825:
16809:Gilbert, Martin
16801:
16778:
16755:
16730:
16707:
16697:Clarendon Press
16689:Förster, Jürgen
16681:
16662:
16644:Ferguson, Niall
16628:10.2307/2944096
16605:
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16547:
16524:
16501:
16483:Shukman, Harold
16471:
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16336:Ellman, Michael
16328:
16305:
16253:
16241:. Lincoln, NE:
16230:
16200:
16170:
16132:
16100:
16077:
16061:, eds. (2001).
16047:
16021:
16019:
15993:
15974:
15958:Germany 1919–45
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15508:Wayback Machine
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15310:. Osceola, WI:
15299:
15276:
15250:
15230:Bix, Herbert P.
15222:
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15174:
15146:
15128:Berend, Ivan T.
15111:
15101:Alfred A. Knopf
15088:
15065:
15040:
15012:
14989:
14966:
14939:
14885:
14862:
14842:Applebaum, Anne
14826:10.2307/3638003
14805:
14786:
14780:
14775:
14765:
14763:
14762:on 28 June 2019
14750:
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14443:. p. 231.
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13843:
13835:
13831:
13827:, pp. 2–3.
13823:
13819:
13809:
13807:
13806:on 27 July 2003
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12396:. 28 May 2023.
12388:
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12359:
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12347:
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12335:
12327:
12323:
12314:
12312:
12311:on 20 June 2012
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11764:
11760:
11750:
11748:
11747:on 9 April 2008
11737:
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11588:
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11579:Shepardson 1998
11577:
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11465:
11455:
11453:
11452:on 3 March 2016
11446:
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11176:
11169:
11161:
11157:
11135:Fosse Ardeatine
11116:
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10763:
10757:Wayback Machine
10750:"The Civilians"
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9781:
9774:
9760:Bix, Herbert P.
9757:
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9071:
9067:
9059:
9055:
9047:
9043:
9035:
9031:
9023:
9019:
9011:
9007:
9003:, pp. 7–8.
8999:
8995:
8987:
8983:
8975:
8971:
8956:
8952:
8944:
8940:
8932:
8928:
8920:
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8908:
8904:
8894:
8892:
8877:
8873:
8864:. Ibiblio.org.
8860:
8859:
8852:
8844:
8840:
8832:
8828:
8820:
8816:
8808:, p. 209;
8804:
8800:
8792:
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8757:
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8693:
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8673:
8669:
8661:
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8645:
8637:
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8609:
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8597:
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8585:
8577:
8573:
8565:
8561:
8553:
8549:
8544:
8540:
8530:
8528:
8521:
8513:. p. 205.
8501:
8497:
8489:
8485:
8477:
8473:
8463:
8461:
8450:
8446:
8430:Carl van Dyke.
8429:
8425:
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8413:
8405:
8401:
8393:
8386:
8378:
8374:
8369:
8365:
8357:
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8336:
8332:
8324:
8320:
8312:
8308:
8285:10.2307/2195670
8269:
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8257:
8253:
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8203:
8195:
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8174:
8170:
8157:
8155:
8148:
8132:
8128:
8124:, pp. 1–2.
8120:
8116:
8106:
8104:
8099:. Ibiblio.org.
8095:
8094:
8087:
8077:
8075:
8062:
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7893:
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7869:
7865:
7855:
7853:
7844:Timothy Neeno.
7842:
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7807:
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7605:
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7593:
7589:
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7567:
7565:
7558:
7550:. p. 308.
7542:
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7502:
7494:
7490:
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7454:
7446:
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7432:Mandelbaum 1988
7430:
7426:
7418:
7414:
7406:
7402:
7394:
7390:
7382:
7378:
7366:
7362:
7352:
7350:
7342:The Irish Times
7333:
7329:
7319:
7317:
7304:Mintz, Steven.
7302:
7298:
7292:
7286:Wayback Machine
7275:
7271:
7261:Wayback Machine
7252:
7248:
7238:
7236:
7227:
7226:
7222:
7214:
7210:
7200:
7198:
7163:
7159:
7149:
7147:
7132:
7131:
7127:
7119:
7115:
7107:, p. 155;
7094:
7074:
7065:, p. 169;
7061:
7057:
7047:
7045:
7010:
7006:
6989:
6985:
6976:
6972:
6964:
6960:
6941:
6937:
6924:
6920:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6899:
6898:
6872:
6868:
6856:
6852:
6843:
6839:
6834:
6812:
6784:nuclear weapons
6772:guided missiles
6719:elligence) and
6678:submachine guns
6644:
6552:First World War
6540:escort carriers
6449:
6443:
6427:slave labourers
6398:
6397:
6396:
6393:
6388:
6375:
6371:
6361:
6353:Main articles:
6351:
6315:inferior people
6254:
6234:Main articles:
6232:
6217:
6175:other countries
6080:
6072:
6047:
6015:Main articles:
6013:
5944:Japanese tested
5885:
5796:
5787:racist policies
5764:
5758:
5752:
5747:
5741:
5733:war reparations
5493:successor state
5442:colonial empire
5340:
5332:Main articles:
5330:
5153:landed on Luzon
5115:
5111:
5090:Joseph Goebbels
5059:Harry S. Truman
4973:entered Silesia
4920:
4830:German-occupied
4826:massive assault
4806:Josip Broz Tito
4774:Battle of Leyte
4768:returns to the
4725:Warsaw Uprising
4618:
4490:Chiang Kai-shek
4474:Battle of Kursk
4332:
4223:
4195:street fighting
4159:and occupy the
4145:Kerch Peninsula
4141:southern Russia
4131:, February 1943
4118:
4075:Solomon Islands
4033:, was to seize
3991:South China Sea
3943:
3895:Allied Big Four
3891:
3852:the Philippines
3695:Mukden incident
3676:
3670:
3414:
3408:
3361:Tripartite Pact
3266:
3260:
3224:Tripartite Pact
3174:
3167:in the Atlantic
3155:enjoyed success
3116:
3088:
3052:the Netherlands
3032:
2999:In April 1940,
2985:
2979:
2898:, 13 March 1940
2888:Mannerheim Line
2862:annexed western
2836:
2820:besieged Warsaw
2729:
2723:
2718:
2708:
2701:
2689:Polish Corridor
2677:plenipotentiary
2668:
2569:Klaipėda Region
2561:Slovak Republic
2509:little response
2505:annexed Austria
2470:
2458:Neutrality Pact
2438:
2432:
2386:defend Shanghai
2378:Chiang Kai-shek
2371:in Pingxingguan
2361:Kuomintang Army
2318:
2312:
2291:
2268:
2262:
2204:(also known as
2175:
2169:
2164:
2101:Mukden incident
2093:Empire of Japan
2062:
2007:
1917:Weimar Republic
1909:
1871:
1870:after World War
1820:Austria-Hungary
1809:
1808:
1789:
1784:
1778:
1773:
1760:
1716:fought between
1709:
1698:A. J. P. Taylor
1666:
1637:
1624:
1593:
1590:
1554:
1538:
1510:
1475:
1469:
1323:in solidarity.
1315:, including an
1303:Japan aimed to
1195:the Sudetenland
1076:global conflict
1061:
1029:
1012:
986:
949:
948:
947:
942:
829:Other campaigns
823:Southern France
732:Burma and India
727:South-East Asia
722:Franco-Thai War
577:
571:
569:
535:
530:further details
521:Over 12,000,000
494:
489:further details
480:Over 61,000,000
472:Over 45,000,000
464:Over 16,000,000
446:
434:
422:
410:
398:
394:Chiang Kai-shek
386:
374:
362:
350:
304:
283:
282:
228:South-East Asia
189:
176:
150:Soviet soldier
109:
108:
107:
106:
105:
97:
96:
87:
86:
85:
77:
76:
67:
66:
65:
57:
56:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
27740:
27730:
27729:
27724:
27719:
27714:
27709:
27704:
27699:
27694:
27689:
27684:
27679:
27674:
27669:
27664:
27659:
27654:
27649:
27644:
27639:
27634:
27629:
27624:
27619:
27614:
27609:
27604:
27599:
27594:
27589:
27584:
27579:
27574:
27569:
27564:
27559:
27554:
27549:
27544:
27539:
27534:
27529:
27524:
27519:
27514:
27509:
27504:
27499:
27494:
27489:
27484:
27479:
27474:
27469:
27464:
27459:
27454:
27449:
27444:
27439:
27434:
27429:
27424:
27419:
27414:
27409:
27404:
27399:
27394:
27389:
27384:
27379:
27374:
27369:
27364:
27359:
27354:
27349:
27344:
27339:
27334:
27329:
27324:
27319:
27314:
27309:
27304:
27299:
27294:
27277:
27276:
27274:
27273:
27268:
27263:
27258:
27253:
27248:
27243:
27238:
27233:
27228:
27223:
27221:Easternization
27218:
27213:
27208:
27203:
27198:
27193:
27188:
27183:
27178:
27173:
27168:
27163:
27158:
27152:
27150:
27144:
27143:
27141:
27140:
27139:
27138:
27133:
27132:
27131:
27126:
27116:
27115:
27114:
27104:
27103:
27102:
27101:
27100:
27095:
27085:
27080:
27075:
27074:
27073:
27058:
27057:
27056:
27051:
27046:
27031:
27030:
27029:
27024:
27022:Zoroastrianism
27014:
27013:
27012:
27007:
27002:
26997:
26992:
26987:
26977:
26976:
26975:
26970:
26965:
26964:
26963:
26958:
26953:
26948:
26943:
26933:
26932:
26931:
26926:
26921:
26916:
26915:
26914:
26893:
26891:
26885:
26884:
26882:
26881:
26880:
26879:
26874:
26864:
26859:
26854:
26849:
26844:
26839:
26837:Islamic ethics
26834:
26829:
26824:
26819:
26814:
26809:
26804:
26798:
26796:
26790:
26789:
26787:
26786:
26781:
26776:
26771:
26770:
26769:
26764:
26754:
26749:
26744:
26743:
26742:
26737:
26732:
26722:
26717:
26712:
26711:
26710:
26705:
26700:
26690:
26689:
26688:
26678:
26673:
26672:
26671:
26666:
26661:
26656:
26651:
26646:
26641:
26636:
26631:
26620:
26618:
26612:
26611:
26609:
26608:
26603:
26602:
26601:
26596:
26595:
26594:
26589:
26579:
26574:
26573:
26572:
26567:
26557:
26552:
26542:
26537:
26532:
26526:
26524:
26520:
26519:
26517:
26516:
26511:
26506:
26501:
26496:
26491:
26485:
26483:
26479:
26478:
26467:
26466:
26459:
26452:
26444:
26435:
26434:
26432:
26431:
26429:Westernization
26426:
26421:
26416:
26411:
26409:Visegrád Group
26406:
26401:
26396:
26391:
26386:
26381:
26376:
26371:
26366:
26361:
26356:
26351:
26349:Nordic Council
26346:
26341:
26336:
26331:
26326:
26321:
26316:
26311:
26306:
26301:
26296:
26291:
26286:
26281:
26276:
26271:
26266:
26261:
26256:
26251:
26246:
26244:Bucharest Nine
26241:
26236:
26231:
26226:
26221:
26216:
26211:
26209:Arctic Council
26206:
26201:
26196:
26191:
26186:
26180:
26178:
26172:
26171:
26169:
26168:
26163:
26158:
26157:
26156:
26151:
26146:
26141:
26136:
26131:
26121:
26116:
26115:
26114:
26104:
26098:
26096:
26090:
26089:
26087:
26086:
26081:
26076:
26075:
26074:
26069:
26064:
26059:
26054:
26053:
26052:
26047:
26042:
26037:
26027:
26022:
26017:
26007:
26006:
26005:
26004:
26003:
25993:
25992:
25991:
25986:
25985:
25984:
25974:
25973:
25972:
25962:
25961:
25960:
25935:
25933:
25927:
25926:
25924:
25923:
25922:
25921:
25911:
25906:
25901:
25900:
25899:
25887:
25886:
25885:
25875:
25870:
25865:
25860:
25855:
25850:
25845:
25844:
25843:
25838:
25828:
25827:
25826:
25819:Existentialism
25816:
25811:
25806:
25801:
25796:
25791:
25786:
25781:
25776:
25770:
25768:
25762:
25761:
25759:
25758:
25757:
25756:
25751:
25746:
25741:
25731:
25730:
25729:
25719:
25718:
25717:
25712:
25702:
25701:
25700:
25690:
25685:
25684:
25683:
25678:
25673:
25663:
25662:
25661:
25651:
25650:
25649:
25639:
25638:
25637:
25632:
25622:
25617:
25612:
25607:
25606:
25605:
25595:
25590:
25589:
25588:
25578:
25577:
25576:
25566:
25565:
25564:
25554:
25549:
25548:
25547:
25537:
25532:
25531:
25530:
25525:
25520:
25509:
25507:
25501:
25500:
25498:
25497:
25496:
25495:
25490:
25480:
25479:
25478:
25473:
25468:
25463:
25458:
25453:
25448:
25443:
25438:
25433:
25428:
25423:
25418:
25413:
25408:
25403:
25398:
25393:
25383:
25378:
25377:
25376:
25371:
25366:
25356:
25355:
25354:
25352:Late antiquity
25344:
25338:
25336:
25330:
25329:
25327:
25326:
25321:
25316:
25311:
25306:
25305:
25304:
25303:
25302:
25297:
25287:
25282:
25277:
25267:
25262:
25256:
25254:
25250:
25249:
25238:
25237:
25230:
25223:
25215:
25206:
25205:
25203:
25202:
25197:
25192:
25187:
25182:
25177:
25172:
25167:
25161:
25159:
25153:
25152:
25150:
25149:
25144:
25139:
25138:
25137:
25132:
25127:
25122:
25120:British Empire
25115:United Kingdom
25112:
25107:
25102:
25101:
25100:
25095:
25090:
25088:Basque Country
25080:
25079:
25078:
25073:
25068:
25058:
25053:
25048:
25043:
25038:
25033:
25028:
25023:
25018:
25013:
25008:
25003:
24998:
24993:
24988:
24978:
24973:
24968:
24967:
24966:
24964:Basque Country
24961:
24951:
24946:
24941:
24936:
24934:Czechoslovakia
24931:
24926:
24921:
24916:
24910:
24908:
24904:
24903:
24901:
24900:
24895:
24890:
24885:
24880:
24875:
24870:
24865:
24860:
24855:
24850:
24845:
24840:
24835:
24834:
24833:
24823:
24818:
24813:
24812:
24811:
24806:
24796:
24795:
24794:
24784:
24779:
24773:
24771:
24767:
24766:
24764:
24763:
24758:
24753:
24748:
24743:
24738:
24733:
24727:
24725:
24721:
24720:
24718:
24717:
24716:
24715:
24710:
24705:
24700:
24695:
24690:
24680:
24675:
24670:
24665:
24660:
24655:
24649:
24647:
24643:
24642:
24640:
24639:
24634:
24629:
24624:
24619:
24618:
24617:
24612:
24602:
24597:
24592:
24587:
24582:
24577:
24572:
24567:
24562:
24557:
24552:
24546:
24544:
24540:
24539:
24532:
24531:
24524:
24517:
24509:
24500:
24499:
24497:
24496:
24489:
24482:
24465:
24462:
24461:
24458:
24457:
24455:
24454:
24453:
24452:
24445:
24438:
24424:
24423:
24422:
24408:
24405:South Sakhalin
24401:
24400:
24399:
24385:
24378:
24371:
24364:
24357:
24356:
24355:
24341:
24334:
24327:
24320:
24313:
24306:
24299:
24292:
24285:
24278:
24271:
24264:
24257:
24250:
24242:
24240:
24234:
24233:
24231:
24230:
24223:
24222:
24221:
24205:
24198:
24197:
24196:
24182:
24175:
24168:
24161:
24154:
24145:
24136:
24129:
24120:
24113:
24106:
24099:
24090:
24083:
24076:
24069:
24062:
24055:
24048:
24039:
24032:
24023:
24014:
24005:
23998:
23991:
23980:
23970:
23968:
23962:
23961:
23959:
23958:
23951:
23950:
23949:
23942:
23928:
23921:
23914:
23907:
23900:
23899:
23898:
23884:
23877:
23868:
23861:
23854:
23847:
23840:
23833:
23830:Battle of Attu
23826:
23819:
23811:
23809:
23803:
23802:
23800:
23799:
23792:
23783:
23776:
23769:
23760:
23753:
23746:
23739:
23730:
23729:
23728:
23721:
23707:
23700:
23693:
23686:
23679:
23672:
23665:
23658:
23651:
23644:
23636:
23634:
23628:
23627:
23625:
23624:
23617:
23610:
23603:
23596:
23589:
23582:
23579:Battle of Guam
23575:
23568:
23561:
23554:
23547:
23540:
23533:
23526:
23519:
23512:
23505:
23502:Battle of Kiev
23498:
23491:
23477:
23476:
23475:
23461:
23454:
23447:
23440:
23433:
23432:
23431:
23417:
23410:
23403:
23395:
23393:
23387:
23386:
23384:
23383:
23374:
23367:
23360:
23353:
23346:
23339:
23332:
23325:
23318:
23311:
23304:
23297:
23290:
23283:
23276:
23269:
23262:
23255:
23247:
23245:
23239:
23238:
23236:
23235:
23228:
23221:
23214:
23207:
23200:
23193:
23185:
23183:
23177:
23176:
23174:
23173:
23172:
23171:
23164:
23157:
23150:
23143:
23129:
23128:
23127:
23120:
23106:
23105:
23104:
23089:
23087:
23078:
23072:
23071:
23068:
23067:
23065:
23064:
23057:
23050:
23049:
23048:
23041:
23029:
23028:
23027:
23013:
23006:
23005:
23004:
23001:United Kingdom
22997:
22990:
22989:
22988:
22969:
22961:
22959:
22953:
22952:
22950:
22949:
22942:
22941:
22940:
22933:
22921:
22914:
22907:
22900:
22893:
22886:
22879:
22872:
22865:
22858:
22851:
22844:
22837:
22830:
22823:
22822:
22821:
22814:
22800:
22793:
22786:
22779:
22772:
22765:
22758:
22751:
22744:
22737:
22730:
22723:
22716:
22709:
22702:
22695:
22687:
22685:
22679:
22678:
22676:
22675:
22668:
22661:
22654:
22647:
22640:
22633:
22626:
22619:
22612:
22605:
22597:
22595:
22589:
22588:
22586:
22585:
22578:
22571:
22564:
22556:
22549:
22542:
22535:
22534:
22533:
22518:
22511:
22504:
22497:
22490:
22483:
22475:
22468:
22461:
22453:
22445:
22443:
22437:
22436:
22434:
22433:
22426:
22425:
22424:
22410:
22409:
22408:
22405:British Empire
22398:United Kingdom
22394:
22387:
22380:
22373:
22366:
22359:
22347:
22340:
22333:
22326:
22319:
22312:
22305:
22298:
22291:
22279:
22272:
22265:
22258:
22251:
22239:
22231:
22224:
22217:
22214:Czechoslovakia
22210:
22203:
22196:
22189:
22177:
22170:
22163:
22156:
22148:
22146:
22137:
22131:
22130:
22127:
22126:
22124:
22123:
22122:
22121:
22114:
22111:Rape of Manila
22107:
22100:
22093:
22082:
22067:
22060:
22048:
22041:
22040:
22039:
22032:
22018:
22017:
22016:
22009:
22002:
21988:
21981:
21980:
21979:
21972:
21971:
21970:
21963:
21949:
21942:
21928:
21927:
21926:
21919:
21912:
21897:
21895:
21889:
21888:
21886:
21885:
21882:United Nations
21878:
21871:
21864:
21863:
21862:
21855:
21848:
21841:
21827:
21818:
21809:
21802:
21795:
21788:
21779:
21772:
21765:
21758:
21751:
21744:
21741:Decolonization
21737:
21730:
21722:
21720:
21714:
21713:
21711:
21710:
21703:
21702:
21701:
21687:
21680:
21679:
21678:
21671:
21664:
21650:
21649:
21648:
21641:
21627:
21626:
21625:
21618:
21611:
21604:
21597:
21590:
21575:
21573:
21567:
21566:
21564:
21563:
21556:
21549:
21542:
21535:
21528:
21521:
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21017:. Lanham, MD:
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20449:. Crows Nest:
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20290:Soviet Studies
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19891:. Lanham, MD:
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19020:. Lanham, MD:
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18519:
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18465:
18447:(2): 153–174.
18435:May, Ernest R.
18431:
18425:
18415:. Ithaca, NY:
18408:
18402:
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18342:Westview Press
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18079:
18073:
18063:. Armonk, NY:
18056:
18050:
18033:
18027:
18009:Kolko, Gabriel
18005:
17979:(4): 891–920.
17966:
17948:(3): 122–128.
17937:
17916:
17910:
17891:
17885:
17866:
17860:
17842:
17836:
17826:. Manchester:
17819:
17813:
17795:
17789:
17769:
17763:
17747:Keeble, Curtis
17743:
17737:
17718:
17712:
17693:
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17671:Harold Shukman
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16640:
16622:(4): 599–625.
16609:
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16587:Goldman, Merle
16579:
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16528:
16522:
16505:
16499:
16479:Erickson, John
16475:
16469:
16452:
16411:(4): 671–680.
16391:
16332:
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16286:
16268:(2): 153–169.
16257:
16251:
16234:
16228:
16220:Pantheon Books
16208:Dower, John W.
16204:
16198:
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16144:
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16108:Davies, Norman
16104:
16098:
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16075:
16055:Cowley, Robert
16051:
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15997:
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15978:
15972:
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15945:
15928:
15922:
15905:
15899:
15881:Clogg, Richard
15877:
15851:(1): 123–143.
15838:
15832:
15822:. Armonk, NY:
15815:
15809:
15790:
15784:
15767:
15761:
15739:
15727:10.1086/265420
15721:(3): 387–407.
15708:
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15248:
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15220:
15203:
15197:
15187:. Armonk, NY:
15178:
15172:
15150:
15144:
15124:
15115:
15109:
15092:
15086:
15069:
15063:
15044:
15038:
15020:Beevor, Antony
15016:
15010:
14993:
14987:
14970:
14964:
14943:
14937:
14920:
14895:Soviet Studies
14889:
14883:
14866:
14860:
14838:
14820:(2): 201–231.
14809:
14803:
14787:
14779:
14776:
14774:
14773:
14743:
14713:
14682:
14659:
14629:
14617:
14587:
14585:, p. 221.
14572:
14570:, p. 734.
14560:
14558:, p. 108.
14545:
14506:(4): 545–566.
14486:
14456:
14449:
14427:
14425:, p. 125.
14412:
14401:(5): 343–355.
14385:
14373:
14361:
14349:
14337:
14325:
14318:
14300:
14293:
14275:
14273:, p. 163.
14263:
14247:
14245:, p. 227.
14235:
14223:
14216:
14198:
14196:, p. 126.
14192:, p. 84;
14182:
14170:
14163:
14145:
14143:, p. 267.
14141:Bernstein 1991
14133:
14121:
14098:
14077:
14062:
14016:
14014:, p. 266.
14001:
13999:, p. 107.
13989:
13977:
13965:
13952:
13950:, p. 232.
13940:
13938:, p. 148.
13928:
13926:, p. 138.
13916:
13904:
13875:
13864:on 21 May 2012
13841:
13839:, p. 360.
13829:
13817:
13787:
13756:
13752:Applebaum 2003
13744:
13731:
13710:Deutsche Welle
13695:
13661:
13649:
13634:
13614:
13579:
13572:
13564:Berghahn Books
13551:
13536:
13517:
13502:
13483:
13464:
13445:
13424:
13414:
13403:on 29 May 2012
13382:
13370:
13358:
13356:, p. 320.
13346:
13339:
13321:
13309:
13307:, p. 102.
13297:
13271:
13264:
13246:
13244:, p. 182.
13234:
13211:Rummell, R.J.
13203:
13173:
13142:
13107:
13088:
13068:
13056:
13041:. April 2006.
13024:
12994:
12957:
12942:
12907:
12895:
12893:, p. 204.
12883:
12871:
12856:
12830:
12799:
12768:
12752:
12745:
12721:
12709:
12702:
12681:
12669:
12657:
12645:
12643:, p. 117.
12633:
12621:
12609:
12597:
12595:, p. 212.
12593:Balabkins 1964
12585:
12573:
12547:
12543:Balabkins 1964
12535:
12533:, p. 263.
12523:
12521:, p. 207.
12519:Balabkins 1964
12511:
12495:
12483:
12481:, p. 589.
12471:
12459:
12447:
12445:, p. 911.
12435:
12423:
12421:, p. 318.
12411:
12381:
12369:
12357:
12353:Applebaum 2012
12345:
12333:
12329:Kantowicz 2000
12321:
12294:
12271:
12245:
12228:United Nations
12215:
12203:
12173:
12161:
12149:
12137:
12135:, p. 794.
12125:
12113:
12101:
12058:
12036:
12010:
11996:
11973:
11928:
11916:
11904:
11902:, p. 776.
11892:
11879:
11866:
11854:
11842:
11829:
11825:Miscamble 2007
11817:
11815:, p. 201.
11813:Miscamble 2007
11805:
11793:
11774:(5): 623–662.
11758:
11731:
11719:
11707:
11672:
11665:
11647:
11618:
11606:
11604:, p. 737.
11594:
11592:, p. 244.
11582:
11571:
11559:
11547:
11535:
11523:
11511:
11509:, p. 305.
11499:
11487:
11485:, p. 140.
11475:
11463:
11445:全面抗战,战犯前仆后继见阎王
11435:
11433:, p. 120.
11423:
11411:
11404:
11386:
11374:
11372:, p. 653.
11362:
11332:
11302:
11290:
11278:
11266:
11264:, p. 562.
11254:
11242:
11240:, p. 695.
11230:
11218:
11206:
11204:, p. 163.
11194:
11182:
11167:
11165:, p. 224.
11163:Lightbody 2004
11155:
11101:
11099:, p. 122.
11089:
11077:
11065:
11053:
11041:
11039:, p. 161.
11029:
11017:
11015:, p. 148.
11005:
11003:, p. 286.
10993:
10991:, p. 154.
10981:
10969:
10957:
10955:, p. 129.
10945:
10941:Blinkhorn 2006
10933:
10931:, p. 151.
10921:
10919:, p. 362.
10909:
10897:
10885:
10873:
10861:
10859:, p. 595.
10849:
10837:
10835:, p. 592.
10825:
10809:
10807:, p. 228.
10797:
10795:, p. 610.
10785:
10783:, p. 164.
10773:
10761:
10742:
10730:
10718:
10699:
10687:
10675:
10673:, p. 277.
10663:
10659:Neillands 2005
10651:
10649:, p. 129.
10639:
10637:, p. 178.
10627:
10615:
10603:
10591:
10579:
10567:
10565:, p. 142.
10555:
10543:
10541:, p. 119.
10531:
10519:
10507:
10505:, p. 764.
10495:
10483:
10471:
10469:, p. 111.
10459:
10457:, p. 340.
10447:
10445:, p. 197.
10435:
10416:
10392:
10390:, p. 339.
10380:
10378:, p. 368.
10368:
10356:
10344:
10342:, p. 186.
10332:
10320:
10318:, p. 145.
10308:
10306:, p. 158.
10296:
10294:, p. 362.
10284:
10272:
10260:
10248:
10218:
10188:
10158:
10128:
10126:, p. 904.
10116:
10104:
10092:
10060:
10058:in Wikisource.
10048:
10032:
10029:978-0399504341
10009:
9994:
9982:
9970:
9958:
9956:, p. 125.
9954:Lightbody 2004
9946:
9934:
9922:
9903:
9890:
9871:
9851:
9838:
9825:
9810:
9779:
9772:
9751:
9718:
9685:
9678:
9660:
9658:, p. 456.
9648:
9646:, p. 201.
9636:
9606:
9594:
9582:
9580:, p. 320.
9570:
9568:, p. 224.
9558:
9556:, p. 289.
9546:
9534:
9521:
9491:
9475:
9468:
9444:
9432:
9420:
9408:
9406:, p. 227.
9404:Reinhardt 1992
9396:
9384:
9382:, p. 113.
9372:
9368:Kleinfeld 1983
9360:
9358:, p. 425.
9348:
9346:, p. 220.
9336:
9324:
9312:
9300:
9288:
9276:
9264:
9252:
9248:Steinberg 1995
9240:
9228:
9226:, p. 555.
9216:
9181:
9169:
9157:
9145:
9129:
9127:, p. 195.
9117:
9115:, p. 114.
9105:
9091:
9065:
9053:
9041:
9029:
9017:
9005:
8993:
8991:, p. 106.
8981:
8969:
8950:
8948:, p. 118.
8938:
8926:
8924:, p. 877.
8914:
8912:, p. 179.
8902:
8871:
8850:
8848:, p. 390.
8838:
8826:
8814:
8812:, p. 282.
8798:
8794:Goldstein 2004
8786:
8774:
8755:
8739:
8737:, p. 198.
8727:
8725:, p. 311.
8715:
8713:, p. 207.
8703:
8691:
8679:
8677:, p. 152.
8667:
8655:
8643:
8631:
8619:
8607:
8595:
8583:
8571:
8559:
8547:
8538:
8519:
8495:
8483:
8479:Hanhimäki 1997
8471:
8444:
8423:
8411:
8399:
8384:
8372:
8363:
8351:
8339:
8330:
8318:
8306:
8263:
8251:
8221:
8211:, p. 32;
8201:
8197:Cienciala 2010
8184:
8168:
8146:
8126:
8114:
8085:
8052:
8026:
8024:, p. 608.
8014:
7987:(4): 695–722.
7971:
7969:, p. 108.
7959:
7957:, p. 471.
7947:
7945:, p. 234.
7935:
7933:, p. 330.
7923:
7911:
7899:
7897:, p. 157.
7887:
7875:
7873:, p. 144.
7863:
7836:
7805:
7803:, p. 342.
7793:
7781:
7769:
7767:, p. 566.
7757:
7745:
7732:
7719:
7710:
7691:
7671:
7659:
7647:
7645:, p. 146.
7635:
7633:, p. 271.
7623:
7611:
7609:, p. 231.
7599:
7597:, p. 289.
7587:
7575:
7556:
7536:
7524:
7512:
7500:
7498:, p. 458.
7488:
7486:, p. 104.
7476:
7464:
7452:
7450:, p. 124.
7440:
7434:, p. 96;
7424:
7412:
7400:
7388:
7386:, p. 149.
7384:Kantowicz 1999
7376:
7360:
7327:
7296:
7269:
7246:
7220:
7208:
7177:(3): 368–409.
7157:
7125:
7113:
7063:Ben-Horin 1943
7055:
7024:(2): 257–281.
7004:
6983:
6970:
6958:
6935:
6918:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6897:
6896:
6866:
6850:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6811:
6808:
6776:modern rockets
6705:Enigma machine
6676:, and various
6666:self-propelled
6662:anti-tank guns
6621:trench warfare
6556:anti-submarine
6501:proximity fuze
6481:ground-support
6469:reconnaissance
6463:, 21 June 1943
6445:Main article:
6442:
6439:
6394:
6390:
6389:
6378:
6376:
6369:
6364:
6363:
6362:
6350:
6347:
6307:scorched earth
6262:Palmiry forest
6231:
6228:
6012:
6009:
5997:aerial warfare
5975:eastern Poland
5955:Katyn massacre
5902:Yasuji Okamura
5754:Main article:
5751:
5748:
5743:Main article:
5740:
5737:
5699:(IMF) and the
5675:decolonisation
5616:South Sakhalin
5599:and number of
5560:became Soviet
5554:Czechoslovakia
5512:Central Europe
5465:member nations
5457:United Nations
5387:denazification
5329:
5326:
5254:Clement Attlee
5225:by March, and
5165:end of the war
5149:clearing Leyte
5038:Soviet troops
4919:
4916:
4865:Chindwin River
4804:under Marshal
4747:and triggered
4617:
4614:
4545:by the German
4501:Burma campaign
4398:central Russia
4331:
4328:
4222:
4219:
4117:
4114:
4031:Doolittle Raid
3942:
3939:
3914:grand strategy
3907:separate peace
3890:
3887:
3883:United Kingdom
3819:Fumimaro Konoe
3765:Southeast Asia
3746:harsh measures
3672:Main article:
3669:
3666:
3606:to secure the
3592:grand strategy
3557:Kiev offensive
3441:Southeast Asia
3425:Western Allies
3410:Main article:
3407:
3404:
3283:. In October,
3262:Main article:
3259:
3256:
3189:Neutrality Act
3169:. The British
2981:Main article:
2978:
2975:
2795:U-boat warfare
2751:invaded Poland
2725:Main article:
2722:
2719:
2700:
2697:
2652:eastern Poland
2517:Czechoslovakia
2469:
2466:
2434:Main article:
2431:
2428:
2420:city was taken
2359:, engaged the
2314:Main article:
2311:
2308:
2264:Main article:
2261:
2258:
2214:Regno d'Italia
2171:Main article:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2162:Pre-war events
2160:
2156:a united front
2152:Xi'an Incident
2088:. In 1931, an
2061:
2058:
2031:Neutrality Act
2006:
2003:
1908:
1905:
1834:—and the 1917
1832:Ottoman Empire
1816:Central Powers
1791:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1780:Main article:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1678:United Kingdom
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1639:
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1630:
1625:
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1564:
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1526:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1502:
1495:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1483:
1468:
1465:
1433:United Nations
1373:fall of Berlin
1296:, opening the
1250:British Empire
1246:fall of France
1211:United Kingdom
1207:invaded Poland
1152:against German
1063:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1027:
1022:
1016:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1008:Historiography
1005:
1000:
995:
989:
987:
985:
984:
979:
974:
968:
963:
962:
958:
957:
944:
943:
941:
940:
935:
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
898:Baltic Nations
889:
888:
887:
886:
876:
871:
870:
869:
859:
854:
849:
844:
843:
842:
826:
825:
820:
815:
814:
813:
808:
803:
795:
790:
785:
780:
779:
778:
773:
757:
756:
751:
750:
749:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
718:
717:
707:
694:
693:
692:
691:
681:
676:
675:
674:
664:
659:
658:
657:
647:
646:
645:
640:
635:
625:
620:
619:
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613:
608:
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582:
579:
578:
568:
567:
560:
553:
545:
537:
536:
534:
533:
525:
522:
519:
514:
513:Over 4,000,000
511:
509:Civilian dead:
506:
505:Over 8,000,000
503:
501:Military dead:
497:
495:
493:
492:
484:
481:
478:
473:
470:
468:Civilian dead:
465:
462:
460:Military dead:
456:
453:
452:
448:
447:
445:
444:
432:
420:
407:
399:
397:
396:
384:
372:
360:
347:
338:
337:
333:
332:
325:
317:
316:
310:
309:
306:
305:
303:
302:
291:
289:
285:
284:
281:
280:
275:
270:
265:
263:Central Africa
260:
258:Horn of Africa
255:
250:
245:
240:
235:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
204:
198:
196:
192:
191:
186:
178:
177:
175:
174:
163:
152:raising a flag
148:
141:
140:in Japan, 1945
134:
123:
111:
99:
98:
90:
89:
88:
79:
78:
70:
69:
68:
59:
58:
50:
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43:
42:
36:
35:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
27739:
27728:
27725:
27723:
27720:
27718:
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27710:
27708:
27705:
27703:
27700:
27698:
27695:
27693:
27690:
27688:
27685:
27683:
27680:
27678:
27675:
27673:
27670:
27668:
27665:
27663:
27660:
27658:
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27650:
27648:
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27640:
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27608:
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27590:
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27578:
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27563:
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27508:
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27318:
27315:
27313:
27310:
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27287:
27272:
27269:
27267:
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27254:
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27239:
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27234:
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27199:
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27120:
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27113:
27110:
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27108:
27105:
27099:
27096:
27094:
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27090:
27089:
27086:
27084:
27081:
27079:
27076:
27072:
27069:
27068:
27067:
27064:
27063:
27062:
27059:
27055:
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27050:
27047:
27045:
27042:
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27040:
27037:
27036:
27035:
27032:
27028:
27025:
27023:
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27019:
27018:
27015:
27011:
27008:
27006:
27003:
27001:
26998:
26996:
26993:
26991:
26988:
26986:
26983:
26982:
26981:
26978:
26974:
26971:
26969:
26966:
26962:
26959:
26957:
26954:
26952:
26949:
26947:
26944:
26942:
26939:
26938:
26937:
26934:
26930:
26927:
26925:
26922:
26920:
26917:
26913:
26910:
26909:
26908:
26905:
26904:
26903:
26900:
26899:
26898:
26895:
26894:
26892:
26890:
26886:
26878:
26875:
26873:
26870:
26869:
26868:
26865:
26863:
26860:
26858:
26855:
26853:
26850:
26848:
26845:
26843:
26840:
26838:
26835:
26833:
26830:
26828:
26825:
26823:
26820:
26818:
26815:
26813:
26810:
26808:
26805:
26803:
26800:
26799:
26797:
26795:
26791:
26785:
26782:
26780:
26777:
26775:
26772:
26768:
26765:
26763:
26760:
26759:
26758:
26755:
26753:
26750:
26748:
26745:
26741:
26738:
26736:
26733:
26731:
26728:
26727:
26726:
26723:
26721:
26718:
26716:
26713:
26709:
26706:
26704:
26701:
26699:
26696:
26695:
26694:
26691:
26687:
26684:
26683:
26682:
26679:
26677:
26674:
26670:
26667:
26665:
26662:
26660:
26657:
26655:
26652:
26650:
26647:
26645:
26642:
26640:
26637:
26635:
26632:
26630:
26627:
26626:
26625:
26622:
26621:
26619:
26617:
26613:
26607:
26604:
26600:
26597:
26593:
26590:
26588:
26585:
26584:
26583:
26580:
26578:
26575:
26571:
26568:
26566:
26563:
26562:
26561:
26558:
26556:
26553:
26551:
26548:
26547:
26546:
26545:Modern period
26543:
26541:
26538:
26536:
26533:
26531:
26528:
26527:
26525:
26521:
26515:
26512:
26510:
26507:
26505:
26502:
26500:
26497:
26495:
26492:
26490:
26487:
26486:
26484:
26480:
26476:
26472:
26471:Eastern world
26465:
26460:
26458:
26453:
26451:
26446:
26445:
26442:
26430:
26427:
26425:
26422:
26420:
26417:
26415:
26412:
26410:
26407:
26405:
26402:
26400:
26397:
26395:
26392:
26390:
26387:
26385:
26382:
26380:
26377:
26375:
26374:PROSUR/PROSUL
26372:
26370:
26367:
26365:
26362:
26360:
26357:
26355:
26352:
26350:
26347:
26345:
26342:
26340:
26337:
26335:
26332:
26330:
26327:
26325:
26322:
26320:
26317:
26315:
26312:
26310:
26307:
26305:
26302:
26300:
26297:
26295:
26292:
26290:
26287:
26285:
26282:
26280:
26277:
26275:
26272:
26270:
26269:Craiova Group
26267:
26265:
26262:
26260:
26257:
26255:
26252:
26250:
26247:
26245:
26242:
26240:
26237:
26235:
26232:
26230:
26227:
26225:
26222:
26220:
26217:
26215:
26212:
26210:
26207:
26205:
26202:
26200:
26197:
26195:
26192:
26190:
26187:
26185:
26184:ABCANZ Armies
26182:
26181:
26179:
26173:
26167:
26164:
26162:
26159:
26155:
26152:
26150:
26147:
26145:
26142:
26140:
26137:
26135:
26132:
26130:
26127:
26126:
26125:
26122:
26120:
26117:
26113:
26110:
26109:
26108:
26105:
26103:
26100:
26099:
26097:
26095:
26091:
26085:
26082:
26080:
26077:
26073:
26070:
26068:
26065:
26063:
26060:
26058:
26055:
26051:
26048:
26046:
26043:
26041:
26038:
26036:
26033:
26032:
26031:
26028:
26026:
26023:
26021:
26018:
26016:
26013:
26012:
26011:
26008:
26002:
25999:
25998:
25997:
25994:
25990:
25989:Protestantism
25987:
25983:
25980:
25979:
25978:
25975:
25971:
25968:
25967:
25966:
25963:
25959:
25955:
25952:
25951:
25950:
25947:
25946:
25945:
25942:
25941:
25940:
25937:
25936:
25934:
25932:
25928:
25920:
25917:
25916:
25915:
25912:
25910:
25909:Sovereigntism
25907:
25905:
25902:
25898:
25897:
25893:
25892:
25891:
25888:
25884:
25881:
25880:
25879:
25876:
25874:
25871:
25869:
25866:
25864:
25861:
25859:
25856:
25854:
25851:
25849:
25846:
25842:
25839:
25837:
25834:
25833:
25832:
25829:
25825:
25822:
25821:
25820:
25817:
25815:
25812:
25810:
25807:
25805:
25804:Scholasticism
25802:
25800:
25797:
25795:
25792:
25790:
25787:
25785:
25782:
25780:
25777:
25775:
25772:
25771:
25769:
25767:
25763:
25755:
25752:
25750:
25747:
25745:
25742:
25740:
25737:
25736:
25735:
25732:
25728:
25725:
25724:
25723:
25720:
25716:
25713:
25711:
25708:
25707:
25706:
25703:
25699:
25696:
25695:
25694:
25691:
25689:
25686:
25682:
25679:
25677:
25674:
25672:
25669:
25668:
25667:
25664:
25660:
25657:
25656:
25655:
25652:
25648:
25645:
25644:
25643:
25640:
25636:
25633:
25631:
25628:
25627:
25626:
25623:
25621:
25618:
25616:
25613:
25611:
25608:
25604:
25601:
25600:
25599:
25596:
25594:
25591:
25587:
25584:
25583:
25582:
25579:
25575:
25572:
25571:
25570:
25567:
25563:
25560:
25559:
25558:
25555:
25553:
25550:
25546:
25543:
25542:
25541:
25538:
25536:
25533:
25529:
25526:
25524:
25521:
25519:
25516:
25515:
25514:
25511:
25510:
25508:
25506:
25502:
25494:
25493:War on terror
25491:
25489:
25486:
25485:
25484:
25481:
25477:
25474:
25472:
25469:
25467:
25464:
25462:
25459:
25457:
25454:
25452:
25449:
25447:
25444:
25442:
25439:
25437:
25434:
25432:
25429:
25427:
25424:
25422:
25419:
25417:
25414:
25412:
25409:
25407:
25404:
25402:
25399:
25397:
25394:
25392:
25389:
25388:
25387:
25386:Modern period
25384:
25382:
25379:
25375:
25372:
25370:
25367:
25365:
25362:
25361:
25360:
25357:
25353:
25350:
25349:
25348:
25345:
25343:
25340:
25339:
25337:
25335:
25331:
25325:
25322:
25320:
25317:
25315:
25312:
25310:
25307:
25301:
25298:
25296:
25293:
25292:
25291:
25288:
25286:
25283:
25281:
25278:
25276:
25273:
25272:
25271:
25268:
25266:
25263:
25261:
25258:
25257:
25255:
25251:
25247:
25243:
25242:Western world
25236:
25231:
25229:
25224:
25222:
25217:
25216:
25213:
25201:
25198:
25196:
25193:
25191:
25188:
25186:
25183:
25181:
25178:
25176:
25173:
25171:
25168:
25166:
25163:
25162:
25160:
25154:
25148:
25145:
25143:
25140:
25136:
25133:
25131:
25128:
25126:
25123:
25121:
25118:
25117:
25116:
25113:
25111:
25108:
25106:
25103:
25099:
25096:
25094:
25091:
25089:
25086:
25085:
25084:
25081:
25077:
25074:
25072:
25069:
25067:
25064:
25063:
25062:
25059:
25057:
25054:
25052:
25049:
25047:
25044:
25042:
25039:
25037:
25034:
25032:
25029:
25027:
25024:
25022:
25019:
25017:
25014:
25012:
25011:Liechtenstein
25009:
25007:
25004:
25002:
24999:
24997:
24994:
24992:
24989:
24986:
24982:
24979:
24977:
24974:
24972:
24969:
24965:
24962:
24960:
24957:
24956:
24955:
24952:
24950:
24947:
24945:
24942:
24940:
24937:
24935:
24932:
24930:
24927:
24925:
24922:
24920:
24917:
24915:
24912:
24911:
24909:
24905:
24899:
24896:
24894:
24891:
24889:
24886:
24884:
24881:
24879:
24876:
24874:
24871:
24869:
24866:
24864:
24861:
24859:
24856:
24854:
24851:
24849:
24846:
24844:
24841:
24839:
24836:
24832:
24829:
24828:
24827:
24824:
24822:
24819:
24817:
24814:
24810:
24807:
24805:
24802:
24801:
24800:
24797:
24793:
24790:
24789:
24788:
24785:
24783:
24780:
24778:
24775:
24774:
24772:
24768:
24762:
24759:
24757:
24754:
24752:
24749:
24747:
24746:Latin America
24744:
24742:
24739:
24737:
24734:
24732:
24729:
24728:
24726:
24724:South America
24722:
24714:
24711:
24709:
24706:
24704:
24701:
24699:
24696:
24694:
24691:
24689:
24686:
24685:
24684:
24683:United States
24681:
24679:
24676:
24674:
24671:
24669:
24666:
24664:
24661:
24659:
24656:
24654:
24651:
24650:
24648:
24646:North America
24644:
24638:
24635:
24633:
24630:
24628:
24625:
24623:
24620:
24616:
24613:
24611:
24608:
24607:
24606:
24603:
24601:
24598:
24596:
24593:
24591:
24588:
24586:
24583:
24581:
24578:
24576:
24573:
24571:
24568:
24566:
24563:
24561:
24558:
24556:
24553:
24551:
24550:Belgian Congo
24548:
24547:
24545:
24541:
24537:
24530:
24525:
24523:
24518:
24516:
24511:
24510:
24507:
24494:
24490:
24487:
24483:
24480:
24479:
24474:
24467:
24466:
24463:
24450:
24446:
24443:
24439:
24436:
24432:
24431:
24429:
24425:
24420:
24416:
24415:
24413:
24412:Kuril Islands
24409:
24406:
24402:
24397:
24393:
24392:
24390:
24386:
24383:
24379:
24376:
24372:
24369:
24365:
24362:
24358:
24353:
24349:
24348:
24346:
24342:
24339:
24335:
24332:
24328:
24325:
24321:
24318:
24314:
24311:
24307:
24304:
24300:
24297:
24293:
24290:
24286:
24283:
24279:
24276:
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24213:
24212:
24210:
24206:
24203:
24199:
24194:
24190:
24189:
24187:
24183:
24180:
24179:Syrmian Front
24176:
24173:
24169:
24166:
24162:
24159:
24155:
24152:
24151:
24146:
24143:
24142:
24137:
24134:
24130:
24127:
24126:
24125:Market Garden
24121:
24118:
24114:
24111:
24107:
24104:
24100:
24097:
24096:
24091:
24088:
24084:
24081:
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24015:
24012:
24011:
24006:
24003:
23999:
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23992:
23989:
23985:
23984:Monte Cassino
23981:
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23388:
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23380:
23375:
23372:
23368:
23365:
23361:
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23354:
23351:
23350:Baltic states
23347:
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23340:
23337:
23333:
23330:
23326:
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23319:
23316:
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23021:
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23014:
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22998:
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22994:United States
22991:
22986:
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22970:
22967:
22963:
22962:
22960:
22958:
22954:
22947:
22943:
22938:
22934:
22931:
22930:Quốc dân Đảng
22927:
22926:
22922:
22919:
22915:
22912:
22908:
22905:
22901:
22898:
22894:
22891:
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22666:
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22638:
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22630:Liechtenstein
22627:
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22610:
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22427:
22422:
22418:
22417:
22415:
22414:United States
22411:
22406:
22402:
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22399:
22395:
22392:
22388:
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22381:
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22371:
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22145:
22141:
22138:
22136:
22132:
22119:
22115:
22112:
22108:
22105:
22104:Comfort women
22101:
22098:
22094:
22091:
22088: /
22087:
22083:
22080:
22077: /
22076:
22073: /
22072:
22068:
22065:
22064:Camp brothels
22061:
22058:
22054:
22053:
22049:
22046:
22042:
22037:
22033:
22030:
22026:
22025:
22023:
22019:
22014:
22010:
22007:
22003:
22000:
21996:
21995:
21993:
21989:
21986:
21982:
21977:
21973:
21968:
21964:
21961:
21957:
21956:
21954:
21953:The Holocaust
21950:
21947:
21943:
21940:
21939:forced labour
21936:
21935:
21933:
21929:
21924:
21920:
21917:
21913:
21910:
21906:
21905:
21903:
21899:
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21835:
21834:
21832:
21828:
21825:
21824:
21819:
21816:
21815:
21810:
21807:
21803:
21800:
21796:
21793:
21792:Marshall Plan
21789:
21786:
21785:
21780:
21777:
21773:
21770:
21766:
21763:
21759:
21756:
21752:
21749:
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21735:
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21728:
21724:
21723:
21721:
21719:
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21685:
21681:
21676:
21672:
21669:
21665:
21662:
21658:
21657:
21655:
21651:
21646:
21645:Eastern Front
21642:
21639:
21638:Western Front
21635:
21634:
21632:
21628:
21623:
21619:
21616:
21612:
21609:
21605:
21602:
21598:
21595:
21591:
21588:
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21583:
21581:
21577:
21576:
21574:
21572:
21568:
21561:
21557:
21554:
21550:
21547:
21543:
21540:
21536:
21533:
21532:Puppet states
21529:
21526:
21522:
21519:
21515:
21510:
21506:
21503:
21499:
21498:
21496:
21492:
21489:
21485:
21482:
21478:
21475:
21474:Naval history
21471:
21468:
21464:
21461:
21457:
21454:
21450:
21445:
21441:
21440:
21438:
21434:
21431:
21427:
21422:
21421:United States
21418:
21415:
21411:
21408:
21404:
21403:
21401:
21397:
21394:
21390:
21387:
21383:
21380:
21376:
21373:
21369:
21366:
21362:
21359:
21355:
21350:
21346:
21345:
21343:
21339:
21338:
21336:
21334:
21330:
21327:
21323:
21316:
21312:
21309:
21305:
21300:
21296:
21293:
21289:
21286:
21282:
21281:
21277:
21272:
21268:
21267:
21265:
21261:
21258:
21254:
21253:
21250:
21246:
21239:
21234:
21232:
21227:
21225:
21220:
21219:
21216:
21209:
21206:
21203:
21199:
21195:
21192:
21189:
21185:
21181:
21178:
21177:
21166:
21160:
21156:
21152:
21148:
21144:
21140:
21134:
21130:
21125:
21121:
21115:
21111:
21107:
21102:
21098:
21092:
21088:
21084:
21080:
21076:
21072:
21066:
21062:
21057:
21053:
21047:
21043:
21039:
21034:
21030:
21024:
21020:
21016:
21011:
21007:
21001:
20997:
20994:. Cambridge:
20993:
20988:
20984:
20978:
20974:
20969:
20968:
20962:
20958:
20954:
20950:
20946:
20942:
20938:
20934:
20930:
20929:Wilt, Alan F.
20926:
20922:
20916:
20912:
20908:
20903:
20899:
20893:
20889:
20885:
20880:
20876:
20870:
20866:
20862:
20857:
20852:
20846:
20842:
20838:
20834:
20830:
20826:
20820:
20816:
20812:
20808:
20804:
20800:
20794:
20790:
20787:. Singapore:
20786:
20781:
20777:
20773:
20769:
20765:
20761:
20757:
20753:
20749:
20748:
20743:
20739:
20727:
20723:
20719:
20718:
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20709:
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20671:
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20662:
20658:
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20648:
20644:
20640:
20636:
20632:
20626:
20622:
20618:
20617:
20612:
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20593:
20589:
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20570:
20566:
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20510:
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20472:
20466:
20462:
20456:
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20443:
20439:
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20429:
20425:
20420:
20416:
20410:
20406:
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20397:
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20389:
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20369:
20365:
20364:
20358:
20354:
20350:
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20334:
20333:
20328:
20324:
20320:
20316:
20312:
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20296:
20292:
20291:
20285:
20281:
20275:
20271:
20267:
20263:
20259:
20255:
20249:
20246:. Last Gasp.
20245:
20240:
20236:
20230:
20226:
20222:
20217:
20213:
20207:
20203:
20198:
20194:
20188:
20184:
20179:
20175:
20169:
20165:
20160:
20159:
20152:
20148:
20142:
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20119:
20114:
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20024:
20020:
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20010:
20006:
20002:
19998:
19994:
19990:
19986:
19982:
19981:
19975:
19971:
19967:
19963:
19959:
19955:
19951:
19947:
19943:
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19937:
19933:
19929:
19923:
19919:
19915:
19914:
19908:
19904:
19898:
19894:
19890:
19889:
19883:
19879:
19873:
19869:
19865:
19860:
19856:
19850:
19846:
19841:
19837:
19833:
19829:
19825:
19821:
19817:
19812:
19808:
19802:
19798:
19794:
19789:
19785:
19779:
19775:
19771:
19766:
19754:
19750:
19746:
19745:
19739:
19735:
19729:
19725:
19721:
19717:
19713:
19709:
19703:
19699:
19698:Penguin Books
19695:
19694:
19689:
19688:Roberts, J.M.
19685:
19681:
19675:
19671:
19667:
19663:
19659:
19655:
19651:
19647:
19643:
19639:
19635:
19634:
19628:
19624:
19618:
19614:
19611:. Cambridge:
19610:
19605:
19601:
19595:
19591:
19590:
19584:
19580:
19574:
19570:
19566:
19562:
19558:
19554:
19548:
19544:
19540:
19536:
19532:
19528:
19522:
19519:. Brassey's.
19518:
19517:
19511:
19507:
19501:
19497:
19493:
19489:
19485:
19470:
19466:
19460:
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19264:
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19219:
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19196:
19192:
19191:
19185:
19181:
19175:
19171:
19167:
19163:
19159:
19155:
19149:
19145:
19144:Da Capo Press
19141:
19136:
19132:
19128:
19124:
19120:
19116:
19112:
19108:
19104:
19103:
19098:
19094:
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19050:
19045:
19041:
19037:
19033:
19027:
19023:
19019:
19014:
19010:
19004:
19000:
18999:Penguin Books
18996:
18995:
18989:
18985:
18979:
18975:
18974:
18968:
18964:
18958:
18954:
18953:
18947:
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18880:
18875:
18871:
18865:
18861:
18857:
18856:
18851:
18847:
18843:
18837:
18833:
18830:. Cambridge:
18829:
18824:
18820:
18814:
18810:
18806:
18802:
18798:
18794:
18788:
18784:
18780:
18775:
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18516:
18510:
18506:
18502:
18498:
18494:
18490:
18484:
18480:
18476:
18475:
18470:
18469:Mazower, Mark
18466:
18462:
18458:
18454:
18450:
18446:
18442:
18441:
18436:
18432:
18428:
18422:
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18213:
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18186:
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18157:
18153:
18149:
18145:
18144:
18139:
18134:
18130:
18124:
18120:
18116:
18111:
18109:in 3 volumes.
18106:
18100:
18096:
18093:. Cambridge:
18092:
18088:
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18080:
18076:
18070:
18066:
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17973:
17967:
17963:
17959:
17955:
17951:
17947:
17943:
17938:
17934:
17930:
17927:(1): 13–361.
17926:
17922:
17917:
17913:
17907:
17903:
17899:
17898:
17892:
17888:
17882:
17878:
17874:
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17753:. Cambridge:
17752:
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17709:
17705:
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17679:Phoenix Press
17676:
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17604:. Lexington:
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17468:
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17446:. Cambridge:
17445:
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17401:
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17361:Herf, Jeffrey
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17176:. Cambridge:
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16769:
16765:
16760:
16756:
16750:
16746:
16742:
16741:
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16725:
16721:
16718:. Cambridge:
16717:
16712:
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16672:
16667:
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16491:Phoenix Press
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16133:
16127:
16123:
16119:
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16114:
16109:
16105:
16101:
16095:
16091:
16090:Penguin Books
16087:
16082:
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16072:
16068:
16064:
16060:
16056:
16052:
16048:
16042:
16038:
16034:
16029:
16017:
16013:
16009:
16008:
16007:History Today
16003:
15998:
15994:
15988:
15985:. Brassey's.
15984:
15979:
15975:
15969:
15965:
15960:
15959:
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15938:
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15649:
15644:
15640:
15636:
15632:
15628:
15624:
15620:
15615:
15611:
15605:
15601:
15600:Penguin Books
15597:
15593:
15592:Bullock, Alan
15589:
15585:
15579:
15575:
15571:
15566:
15562:
15556:
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15542:
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15520:
15516:
15511:
15509:
15505:
15502:
15501:online review
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15304:
15300:
15294:
15290:
15286:
15281:
15277:
15271:
15267:
15263:
15259:
15258:Black, Jeremy
15255:
15251:
15245:
15241:
15240:HarperCollins
15237:
15236:
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15227:
15223:
15217:
15213:
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15185:
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15175:
15169:
15165:
15161:
15160:
15155:
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15147:
15141:
15137:
15134:. Cambridge:
15133:
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14867:
14863:
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14853:
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14823:
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14810:
14806:
14800:
14796:
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14789:
14788:
14785:
14761:
14757:
14753:
14747:
14731:
14727:
14723:
14717:
14701:
14697:
14693:
14686:
14678:
14674:
14670:
14663:
14648:on 9 May 2008
14647:
14643:
14636:
14634:
14627:, p. 11.
14626:
14625:Ratcliff 2006
14621:
14605:
14598:
14591:
14584:
14579:
14577:
14569:
14564:
14557:
14552:
14550:
14541:
14537:
14533:
14529:
14524:
14519:
14514:
14509:
14505:
14501:
14497:
14490:
14474:
14470:
14466:
14460:
14452:
14446:
14442:
14438:
14431:
14424:
14419:
14417:
14408:
14404:
14400:
14396:
14389:
14383:, p. 16.
14382:
14377:
14371:, p. 15.
14370:
14365:
14359:, p. 52.
14358:
14353:
14347:, p. 14.
14346:
14341:
14335:, p. 25.
14334:
14329:
14321:
14315:
14311:
14304:
14296:
14290:
14286:
14279:
14272:
14267:
14260:
14256:
14251:
14244:
14239:
14233:, p. 76.
14232:
14227:
14219:
14213:
14209:
14202:
14195:
14191:
14186:
14180:, p. 26.
14179:
14174:
14166:
14160:
14156:
14149:
14142:
14137:
14130:
14129:Harrison 1998
14125:
14118:
14105:
14101:
14095:
14091:
14090:
14081:
14074:
14073:Harrison 1998
14069:
14067:
14059:
14046:
14042:
14038:
14034:
14030:
14027:(July 1939).
14026:
14020:
14013:
14008:
14006:
13998:
13993:
13987:, p. 156
13986:
13981:
13974:
13969:
13962:
13956:
13949:
13944:
13937:
13932:
13925:
13920:
13914:, p. 42.
13913:
13912:Liberman 1996
13908:
13892:
13888:
13882:
13880:
13863:
13859:
13855:
13848:
13846:
13838:
13833:
13826:
13821:
13805:
13801:
13797:
13791:
13784:
13780:
13776:
13772:
13769:
13766:
13763:Zemskov V.N.
13760:
13753:
13748:
13741:
13735:
13728:
13716:
13712:
13711:
13706:
13699:
13684:on 2 May 2006
13683:
13679:
13675:
13668:
13666:
13658:
13653:
13647:
13643:
13638:
13631:
13627:
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13526:
13521:
13513:
13506:
13498:
13494:
13487:
13471:
13467:
13461:
13457:
13456:
13455:Women and War
13449:
13442:
13438:
13434:
13428:
13418:
13402:
13398:
13397:
13392:
13386:
13380:, p. 69.
13379:
13374:
13368:, p. 74.
13367:
13362:
13355:
13350:
13342:
13336:
13332:
13325:
13318:
13313:
13306:
13301:
13285:
13281:
13275:
13267:
13261:
13257:
13250:
13243:
13238:
13222:
13218:
13214:
13207:
13191:
13188:(in Polish).
13187:
13183:
13177:
13161:
13157:
13153:
13146:
13130:
13126:
13122:
13118:
13111:
13095:
13091:
13085:
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13072:
13065:
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13044:
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13034:
13028:
13012:
13008:
13004:
12998:
12982:
12978:
12974:
12969:
12961:
12954:
12949:
12947:
12930:
12926:
12922:
12918:
12911:
12904:
12899:
12892:
12887:
12880:
12875:
12869:
12865:
12860:
12844:
12840:
12834:
12818:
12814:
12810:
12803:
12787:
12783:
12779:
12772:
12765:
12762:(revised) by
12761:
12756:
12748:
12742:
12738:
12734:
12733:
12725:
12719:, p. 49.
12718:
12713:
12705:
12699:
12695:
12694:
12685:
12679:, p. 32.
12678:
12673:
12667:, p. 64.
12666:
12661:
12654:
12649:
12642:
12637:
12631:, p. 23.
12630:
12625:
12618:
12613:
12606:
12601:
12594:
12589:
12582:
12577:
12561:
12557:
12551:
12544:
12539:
12532:
12527:
12520:
12515:
12508:
12507:Harrison 1998
12504:
12499:
12492:
12487:
12480:
12475:
12468:
12463:
12457:, p. 71.
12456:
12451:
12444:
12443:Weinberg 2005
12439:
12432:
12427:
12420:
12415:
12399:
12395:
12391:
12385:
12378:
12373:
12366:
12361:
12354:
12349:
12343:, p. 33.
12342:
12337:
12330:
12325:
12310:
12306:
12305:
12298:
12292:
12288:
12285:
12280:
12275:
12259:
12255:
12249:
12233:
12229:
12225:
12219:
12213:, p. 39.
12212:
12207:
12191:
12187:
12183:
12177:
12170:
12165:
12158:
12153:
12146:
12141:
12134:
12129:
12123:, p. 55.
12122:
12117:
12111:, p. 43.
12110:
12105:
12089:
12085:
12081:
12077:
12073:
12069:
12062:
12043:
12039:
12033:
12026:
12025:
12017:
12015:
12003:
11999:
11993:
11986:
11985:
11977:
11961:
11956:
11951:
11948:(1): 77–105.
11947:
11943:
11939:
11932:
11925:
11920:
11913:
11908:
11901:
11896:
11890:, pp. 526–528
11889:
11883:
11876:
11870:
11863:
11858:
11851:
11846:
11839:
11833:
11826:
11821:
11814:
11809:
11803:, p. 90.
11802:
11801:Williams 2006
11797:
11789:
11785:
11781:
11777:
11773:
11769:
11762:
11746:
11742:
11735:
11728:
11723:
11717:, p. 57.
11716:
11711:
11704:
11691:
11687:
11683:
11676:
11668:
11662:
11658:
11651:
11635:
11631:
11630:
11622:
11616:, p. 24.
11615:
11610:
11603:
11598:
11591:
11590:O'Reilly 2001
11586:
11580:
11575:
11568:
11563:
11557:, p. 21.
11556:
11555:Buchanan 2006
11551:
11544:
11539:
11533:, p. 85.
11532:
11527:
11520:
11515:
11508:
11503:
11497:, p. 54.
11496:
11491:
11484:
11479:
11472:
11467:
11451:
11447:
11439:
11432:
11427:
11420:
11415:
11407:
11401:
11397:
11390:
11383:
11378:
11371:
11366:
11359:
11346:
11342:
11336:
11320:
11316:
11312:
11306:
11299:
11294:
11287:
11282:
11276:, p. 191
11275:
11270:
11263:
11258:
11252:, p. 91.
11251:
11246:
11239:
11238:Weinberg 2005
11234:
11227:
11222:
11216:, p. 85.
11215:
11210:
11203:
11198:
11191:
11186:
11180:, p. 60.
11179:
11174:
11172:
11164:
11159:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11140:
11139:Portelli 2003
11136:
11132:
11128:
11124:
11120:
11114:
11110:
11105:
11098:
11097:Chubarov 2001
11093:
11086:
11081:
11074:
11069:
11062:
11061:Weinberg 2005
11057:
11050:
11045:
11038:
11033:
11026:
11021:
11014:
11009:
11002:
10997:
10990:
10985:
10978:
10973:
10966:
10965:Padfield 1998
10961:
10954:
10949:
10943:, p. 52.
10942:
10937:
10930:
10925:
10918:
10913:
10906:
10901:
10894:
10889:
10883:, p. 90.
10882:
10877:
10871:, p. 35.
10870:
10869:O'Reilly 2001
10865:
10858:
10853:
10847:, p. 32.
10846:
10845:O'Reilly 2001
10841:
10834:
10829:
10822:
10818:
10813:
10806:
10801:
10794:
10789:
10782:
10777:
10770:
10765:
10758:
10754:
10751:
10746:
10740:, p. 11.
10739:
10734:
10728:, p. 24.
10727:
10722:
10716:, p. 38.
10715:
10710:
10708:
10706:
10704:
10696:
10691:
10684:
10679:
10672:
10667:
10661:, p. 60.
10660:
10655:
10648:
10643:
10636:
10631:
10624:
10619:
10613:, p. 31.
10612:
10607:
10601:, p. 91.
10600:
10599:Molinari 2007
10595:
10588:
10583:
10577:, p. 52.
10576:
10571:
10564:
10563:Erickson 2001
10559:
10552:
10547:
10540:
10535:
10528:
10523:
10516:
10511:
10504:
10499:
10493:, p. 31.
10492:
10487:
10480:
10475:
10468:
10463:
10456:
10451:
10444:
10439:
10423:
10419:
10413:
10409:
10405:
10404:
10396:
10389:
10388:Weinberg 2005
10384:
10377:
10372:
10365:
10360:
10354:, p. 28.
10353:
10348:
10341:
10340:Salecker 2001
10336:
10329:
10324:
10317:
10312:
10305:
10300:
10293:
10288:
10281:
10276:
10269:
10264:
10257:
10252:
10236:
10232:
10228:
10222:
10206:
10202:
10198:
10192:
10176:
10172:
10168:
10162:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10132:
10125:
10120:
10114:, p. 22.
10113:
10108:
10101:
10096:
10081:
10077:
10073:
10072:
10064:
10057:
10052:
10045:
10041:
10036:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10018:
10013:
10006:
10001:
9999:
9991:
9986:
9979:
9974:
9968:, p. 310
9967:
9966:Weinberg 2005
9962:
9955:
9950:
9943:
9938:
9931:
9926:
9919:
9915:
9912:
9907:
9900:
9894:
9878:
9874:
9868:
9864:
9863:
9855:
9848:
9842:
9836:, pp. 417–420
9835:
9829:
9821:
9814:
9798:
9794:
9790:
9783:
9775:
9769:
9765:
9761:
9755:
9739:
9735:
9731:
9725:
9723:
9706:
9702:
9698:
9692:
9690:
9681:
9675:
9671:
9664:
9657:
9652:
9645:
9644:Anderson 1975
9640:
9624:
9620:
9616:
9610:
9604:, p. 33.
9603:
9598:
9592:, p. 30.
9591:
9586:
9579:
9574:
9567:
9562:
9555:
9550:
9544:, p. 14.
9543:
9538:
9531:
9525:
9509:
9505:
9501:
9495:
9488:
9484:
9479:
9471:
9465:
9461:
9457:
9456:
9448:
9442:, p. 26.
9441:
9436:
9429:
9424:
9417:
9412:
9405:
9400:
9393:
9388:
9381:
9376:
9369:
9364:
9357:
9352:
9345:
9340:
9334:, p. 29.
9333:
9328:
9321:
9316:
9309:
9304:
9297:
9296:Erickson 2003
9292:
9285:
9280:
9273:
9268:
9261:
9256:
9249:
9244:
9237:
9232:
9225:
9220:
9205:
9201:
9197:
9196:
9188:
9186:
9178:
9173:
9166:
9161:
9155:, p. 26.
9154:
9149:
9142:
9138:
9133:
9126:
9125:Weinberg 2005
9121:
9114:
9109:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9076:
9069:
9063:, p. 80.
9062:
9057:
9050:
9045:
9038:
9033:
9026:
9021:
9014:
9009:
9002:
8997:
8990:
8985:
8978:
8973:
8967:
8963:
8959:
8954:
8947:
8942:
8935:
8930:
8923:
8918:
8911:
8906:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8875:
8867:
8863:
8857:
8855:
8847:
8842:
8836:, p. 52.
8835:
8830:
8823:
8818:
8811:
8807:
8802:
8795:
8790:
8783:
8778:
8771:
8767:
8762:
8760:
8752:
8748:
8743:
8736:
8731:
8724:
8719:
8712:
8707:
8700:
8695:
8689:, p. 48.
8688:
8683:
8676:
8671:
8664:
8659:
8652:
8647:
8641:, p. 76.
8640:
8639:Reynolds 2006
8635:
8628:
8627:Commager 2004
8623:
8616:
8611:
8605:, p. 59.
8604:
8599:
8593:, p. 56.
8592:
8587:
8580:
8575:
8568:
8563:
8556:
8555:Ferguson 2006
8551:
8542:
8526:
8522:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8507:
8499:
8492:
8487:
8481:, p. 12.
8480:
8475:
8459:
8455:
8448:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8427:
8420:
8415:
8408:
8403:
8396:
8395:Bilinsky 1999
8391:
8389:
8382:, p. 24.
8381:
8376:
8367:
8360:
8355:
8348:
8343:
8334:
8327:
8322:
8316:, p. 24.
8315:
8310:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8255:
8239:
8235:
8231:
8225:
8219:, p. 64.
8218:
8214:
8210:
8205:
8198:
8194:, p. 35.
8193:
8188:
8181:
8177:
8172:
8165:
8153:
8149:
8143:
8139:
8138:
8130:
8123:
8118:
8102:
8098:
8092:
8090:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8059:
8057:
8040:
8036:
8030:
8023:
8018:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7982:
7975:
7968:
7963:
7956:
7951:
7944:
7939:
7932:
7927:
7920:
7915:
7908:
7903:
7896:
7891:
7884:
7879:
7872:
7867:
7851:
7847:
7840:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7809:
7802:
7797:
7790:
7785:
7778:
7773:
7766:
7761:
7754:
7749:
7742:
7736:
7729:
7723:
7714:
7698:
7694:
7688:
7684:
7683:
7675:
7668:
7663:
7656:
7651:
7644:
7639:
7632:
7627:
7621:, p. 25.
7620:
7615:
7608:
7603:
7596:
7591:
7584:
7579:
7563:
7559:
7553:
7549:
7548:
7540:
7534:, p. 10.
7533:
7528:
7521:
7516:
7510:, p. 28.
7509:
7504:
7497:
7492:
7485:
7480:
7473:
7468:
7462:, p. 52.
7461:
7456:
7449:
7444:
7438:, p. 50.
7437:
7433:
7428:
7422:, p. 62.
7421:
7420:Zalampas 1989
7416:
7409:
7404:
7398:, p. 35.
7397:
7392:
7385:
7380:
7373:
7369:
7364:
7348:
7344:
7343:
7338:
7331:
7315:
7311:
7307:
7300:
7290:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7273:
7266:
7262:
7258:
7255:
7250:
7234:
7230:
7224:
7217:
7212:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7168:
7161:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7135:
7129:
7123:, p. 10.
7122:
7117:
7111:, p. 11.
7110:
7106:
7102:
7098:
7092:
7088:
7084:
7083:
7078:
7075:For 1941 see
7072:
7068:
7064:
7059:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7008:
7002:
6998:
6995:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6974:
6968:, p. 64.
6967:
6962:
6954:
6950:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6928:
6922:
6915:
6914:Weinberg 2005
6910:
6906:
6893:
6892:Marshall Plan
6888:
6884:
6880:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6860:
6854:
6847:
6841:
6837:
6827:
6826:World War III
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6813:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6761:
6756:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6722:
6721:cryptanalysis
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6702:
6699:by designing
6698:
6694:
6689:
6687:
6686:assault rifle
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6655:
6650:
6642:
6638:
6637:combined arms
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6618:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6599:
6594:
6590:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6560:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6512:naval warfare
6508:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6470:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6448:
6438:
6436:
6432:
6428:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6411:
6405:
6401:
6386:
6385:MediaWiki.org
6382:
6377:
6368:
6367:
6360:
6356:
6346:
6343:
6339:
6335:
6330:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6278:
6275:
6271:
6263:
6258:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6227:
6225:
6224:
6215:
6211:
6207:
6202:
6200:
6195:
6191:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6168:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6140:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6086:
6078:
6077:the Holocaust
6070:
6066:
6059:
6055:
6054:Schutzstaffel
6051:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6018:
6017:The Holocaust
6008:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5987:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5972:
5971:Baltic states
5968:
5964:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5936:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5891:
5890:M. R. D. Foot
5879:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5804:
5801:, along with
5800:
5792:
5788:
5783:
5779:
5777:
5768:
5763:
5757:
5746:
5736:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5725:economic boom
5722:
5718:
5717:Marshall Plan
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5689:
5687:
5683:
5678:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5652:
5651:the civil war
5647:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5621:
5620:Kuril Islands
5617:
5613:
5609:
5604:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5586:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5520:
5517:
5513:
5508:
5504:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5449:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5431:
5430:Baltic states
5427:
5424:, from which
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5394:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5357:
5353:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5335:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5289:Kuril Islands
5286:
5282:
5281:Kwantung Army
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5262:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5239:
5234:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5208:
5200:
5199:
5193:
5189:
5184:
5180:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5142:
5137:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5119:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5080:
5079:Grand Admiral
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5036:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4969:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4947:
4940:
4939:Joseph Stalin
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4897:
4892:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4857:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4819:
4816:, the Soviet
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4713:Armia Krajowa
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4636:, 6 June 1944
4635:
4631:
4627:
4622:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4592:in late 1943
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4574:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4519:
4517:
4513:
4509:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4491:
4487:
4483:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4454:, causing an
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4364:
4360:
4359:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4327:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4312:
4311:in May 1943.
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4282:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4243:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4218:
4216:
4212:
4209:, creating a
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4113:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4028:
4023:
4019:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3947:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3915:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:United States
3875:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3835:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3795:
3788:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3735:
3730:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3703:
3702:
3696:
3693:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3658:Kwantung Army
3655:
3651:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3589:
3588:Eastern Front
3581:
3577:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3516:Although the
3514:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3485:ultimate goal
3482:
3481:Baltic region
3478:
3474:
3469:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3457:Baltic states
3454:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3413:
3403:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3349:
3347:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3271:
3265:
3255:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
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3149:
3145:
3142:. The German
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3068:tactics, the
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2971:Ion Antonescu
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2817:
2816:
2811:
2808:. The Polish
2807:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:. During the
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2755:having staged
2752:
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2628:Pact of Steel
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2601:
2593:
2589:
2588:Joseph Stalin
2585:
2580:
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2562:
2558:
2554:
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2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
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2526:
2522:
2521:ethnic German
2518:
2515:, an area of
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2383:
2380:deployed his
2379:
2376:
2375:Generalissimo
2372:
2369:
2366:, and fought
2365:
2364:around Xinkou
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2358:
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2304:Eastern Front
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2099:, staged the
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2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1977:in 1933 when
1976:
1972:
1968:
1962:, August 1933
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1921:promises made
1918:
1914:
1904:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1866:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1851:
1849:
1848:nation-states
1845:
1841:
1837:
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1821:
1817:
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1795:
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1715:
1707:
1706:Antony Beevor
1703:
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1615:Eastern Front
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1487:Chronological
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1357:Japanese Navy
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1334:
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1322:
1318:
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1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1298:Eastern Front
1295:
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1287:
1283:
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1267:
1264:, the aerial
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1189:, and German
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1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1157:
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1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1128:the Holocaust
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
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1105:
1101:
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1093:
1089:
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1081:
1077:
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1038:
1036:
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832:
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830:
824:
821:
819:
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812:
809:
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806:Syria–Lebanon
804:
802:
799:
798:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
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774:
772:
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755:
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743:
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738:
735:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
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713:
712:
711:
710:Pacific Ocean
708:
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703:
702:
701:
700:
699:
690:
687:
686:
685:
682:
680:
679:Eastern Front
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660:
656:
653:
652:
651:
648:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
630:
629:
628:Western Front
626:
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614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
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597:
594:
592:
589:
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575:
572:Campaigns of
566:
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531:
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409:
408:
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385:
383:
378:
373:
371:
366:
361:
359:
358:Joseph Stalin
354:
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346:
344:
340:
339:
334:
331:
330:
326:
324:
323:
319:
318:
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279:
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248:Mediterranean
246:
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216:
214:
211:
209:
206:
205:
202:
197:
194:
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187:
184:
183:
179:
172:
168:
167:Lingayen Gulf
164:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
121:
120:Eastern Front
117:
113:
112:
103:
94:
83:
74:
63:
54:
44:
39:
34:
30:
26:
22:
27292:World War II
27216:Eastern Bloc
27186:Asia Council
27147:Contemporary
27093:Latin Church
27061:Christianity
26990:Confucianism
26862:Collectivism
26676:Architecture
26582:World War II
26581:
26419:Western Bloc
26219:AUSCANNZUKUS
26175:Contemporary
26124:Human rights
25970:Latin Church
25944:Christianity
25894:
25853:Conservatism
25698:contemporary
25535:Architecture
25471:World War II
25470:
25431:Emancipation
25426:Abolitionism
25314:Romanization
25309:Roman legacy
25290:Roman Empire
25142:Vatican City
25061:Soviet Union
24809:West Sumatra
24678:Newfoundland
24632:South Africa
24627:Sierra Leone
24605:North Africa
24486:Bibliography
24469:
24282:Project Hula
24247:Vistula–Oder
24216:
24149:
24140:
24124:
24094:
24043:
24027:
24018:
24009:
23975:
23872:
23787:
23763:
23733:
23484:
23377:
23322:North Africa
23024:Soviet Union
22978:Soviet Union
22904:Soviet Union
22672:Vatican City
22582:Vichy France
22487:German Reich
22384:Soviet Union
22370:South Africa
22363:Sierra Leone
22316:Newfoundland
22135:Participants
22118:Marocchinate
21822:
21813:
21783:
21661:North Africa
21622:Indian Ocean
21481:Nazi plunder
21372:Cryptography
21245:World War II
21244:
21150:
21147:
21128:
21105:
21082:
21060:
21037:
21014:
20991:
20966:
20936:
20932:
20906:
20883:
20860:
20836:
20810:
20784:
20751:
20745:
20742:Waltz, Susan
20730:. Retrieved
20726:the original
20716:
20689:
20669:
20642:
20615:
20587:
20563:
20539:
20526:
20500:
20475:
20469:
20446:
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20361:
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20330:
20294:
20288:
20265:
20243:
20220:
20201:
20182:
20157:
20136:
20116:. New York:
20111:
20089:. New York:
20085:
20056:
20050:
20027:
20004:
19984:
19978:
19945:
19939:
19936:Sella, Amnon
19912:
19887:
19863:
19844:
19822:(1): 21–28.
19819:
19815:
19792:
19769:
19757:. Retrieved
19743:
19719:
19692:
19665:
19637:
19631:
19608:
19588:
19564:
19538:
19515:
19491:
19476:. Retrieved
19469:the original
19450:
19426:
19406:
19385:. New York:
19381:
19357:
19354:Rahn, Werner
19331:
19308:
19285:
19262:
19236:
19213:
19189:
19165:
19139:
19106:
19100:
19077:. New York:
19073:
19056:(1): 24–39.
19053:
19047:
19017:
18993:
18972:
18951:
18930:. New York:
18926:
18902:. New York:
18898:
18878:
18854:
18827:
18804:
18778:
18755:
18743:. Retrieved
18715:
18688:
18669:
18666:Mitter, Rana
18643:
18623:. New York:
18620:
18596:
18572:
18546:
18529:
18523:
18503:. Abingdon:
18500:
18497:Milner, Marc
18473:
18444:
18438:
18412:
18389:
18361:
18337:
18313:
18289:
18266:
18243:
18220:
18200:
18176:
18164:. Retrieved
18160:the original
18142:
18114:
18090:
18060:
18037:
18019:Random House
18017:. New York:
18013:
17976:
17970:
17945:
17941:
17924:
17920:
17896:
17871:
17850:
17846:Kershaw, Ian
17823:
17803:
17776:
17773:Keegan, John
17750:
17723:
17698:
17674:
17647:
17624:
17601:
17578:
17551:
17547:Iriye, Akira
17523:. New York:
17519:
17489:
17466:
17442:
17418:
17395:
17370:
17364:
17333:
17309:. New York:
17306:
17282:
17258:
17228:(1): 15–32.
17225:
17219:
17196:
17173:
17150:
17127:. Kent, OH:
17124:
17100:
17076:
17053:
17026:
16995:
16982:. Retrieved
16978:the original
16965:
16937:
16925:the original
16893:
16869:
16857:. Retrieved
16853:the original
16840:
16813:
16789:. New York:
16786:
16763:
16743:. New York:
16739:
16715:
16692:
16670:
16649:
16619:
16613:
16590:
16559:
16532:
16509:
16486:
16456:
16444:. Retrieved
16408:
16402:
16381:the original
16352:
16346:
16313:
16290:
16265:
16261:
16238:
16218:. New York:
16213:
16185:
16155:
16152:Foot, M.R.D.
16148:Dear, I.C.B.
16122:ix+544 pages
16112:
16085:
16062:
16032:
16020:. Retrieved
16011:
16005:
15982:
15957:
15932:
15909:
15885:
15848:
15842:
15819:
15795:
15774:. New York:
15771:
15751:. New York:
15747:
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15712:
15689:
15667:
15626:
15622:
15595:
15569:
15545:
15514:
15478:
15455:
15431:
15407:
15384:
15372:. Retrieved
15368:the original
15354:
15330:
15307:
15284:
15261:
15238:. New York:
15234:
15207:
15183:
15158:
15131:
15119:
15099:. New York:
15096:
15073:
15049:
15028:. New York:
15024:
15000:. New York:
14997:
14974:
14949:
14924:
14899:
14893:
14870:
14846:
14817:
14813:
14793:
14764:. Retrieved
14760:the original
14746:
14736:17 September
14734:. Retrieved
14725:
14716:
14704:. Retrieved
14700:the original
14695:
14685:
14677:IF0504159516
14668:
14662:
14650:. Retrieved
14646:the original
14620:
14608:. Retrieved
14590:
14563:
14503:
14499:
14489:
14477:. Retrieved
14468:
14459:
14436:
14430:
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14394:
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14340:
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14201:
14185:
14173:
14154:
14148:
14136:
14131:, p. 2.
14124:
14115:
14108:. Retrieved
14088:
14080:
14075:, p. 3.
14056:
14049:. Retrieved
14032:
14025:Leith, C. K.
14019:
13992:
13980:
13975:, p. 5.
13968:
13960:
13955:
13943:
13936:Milward 1992
13931:
13924:Milward 1992
13919:
13907:
13895:. Retrieved
13866:. Retrieved
13862:the original
13857:
13832:
13820:
13808:. Retrieved
13804:the original
13799:
13790:
13764:
13759:
13747:
13739:
13734:
13726:
13719:. Retrieved
13708:
13698:
13686:. Retrieved
13682:the original
13677:
13652:
13642:Herbert 1994
13637:
13621:
13617:
13605:. Retrieved
13599:(6): 54–56.
13596:
13593:Perspectives
13592:
13582:
13559:
13554:
13544:
13539:
13520:
13511:
13505:
13496:
13492:
13486:
13474:. Retrieved
13454:
13448:
13432:
13427:
13417:
13405:. Retrieved
13401:the original
13394:
13385:
13373:
13361:
13349:
13330:
13324:
13319:, p. ?.
13312:
13300:
13288:. Retrieved
13274:
13255:
13249:
13237:
13225:. Retrieved
13216:
13213:"Statistics"
13206:
13194:. Retrieved
13185:
13176:
13164:. Retrieved
13155:
13145:
13133:. Retrieved
13124:
13120:
13110:
13098:. Retrieved
13078:
13071:
13059:
13047:. Retrieved
13036:
13027:
13015:. Retrieved
13006:
12997:
12985:. Retrieved
12976:
12972:
12960:
12933:. Retrieved
12920:
12910:
12898:
12886:
12874:
12864:Hosking 2006
12859:
12847:. Retrieved
12833:
12821:. Retrieved
12812:
12802:
12790:. Retrieved
12786:the original
12781:
12771:
12759:
12755:
12731:
12724:
12712:
12692:
12684:
12672:
12660:
12648:
12641:Minford 1993
12636:
12629:Ritchie 1992
12624:
12612:
12600:
12588:
12576:
12564:. Retrieved
12550:
12538:
12526:
12514:
12498:
12486:
12479:Roberts 1997
12474:
12462:
12450:
12438:
12426:
12414:
12402:. Retrieved
12393:
12384:
12372:
12365:Naimark 2010
12360:
12348:
12336:
12331:, p. 6.
12324:
12313:, retrieved
12309:the original
12303:
12297:
12274:
12262:. Retrieved
12258:the original
12248:
12236:. Retrieved
12227:
12218:
12206:
12194:. Retrieved
12185:
12176:
12171:, p. ?.
12164:
12152:
12140:
12128:
12121:Roberts 2006
12116:
12109:Roberts 2006
12104:
12092:. Retrieved
12075:
12071:
12061:
12049:. Retrieved
12023:
12002:the original
11983:
11976:
11964:. Retrieved
11945:
11941:
11931:
11919:
11907:
11895:
11887:
11882:
11874:
11869:
11857:
11845:
11837:
11832:
11820:
11808:
11796:
11771:
11767:
11761:
11749:. Retrieved
11745:the original
11734:
11729:, p. 6.
11722:
11710:
11701:
11694:. Retrieved
11685:
11675:
11656:
11650:
11638:. Retrieved
11628:
11621:
11609:
11597:
11585:
11574:
11567:Kershaw 2001
11562:
11550:
11538:
11526:
11514:
11502:
11490:
11478:
11473:, p. 8.
11466:
11454:. Retrieved
11450:the original
11438:
11431:Marston 2005
11426:
11414:
11395:
11389:
11377:
11365:
11356:
11349:. Retrieved
11335:
11323:. Retrieved
11314:
11305:
11300:, p. 8.
11293:
11281:
11269:
11257:
11245:
11233:
11221:
11209:
11197:
11185:
11158:
11119:Mazower 2008
11109:Holland 2008
11104:
11092:
11080:
11068:
11056:
11044:
11032:
11020:
11008:
10996:
10984:
10972:
10960:
10948:
10936:
10924:
10917:Mazower 2008
10912:
10907:, p. 45
10900:
10888:
10876:
10864:
10857:Bellamy 2007
10852:
10840:
10833:Kershaw 2001
10828:
10812:
10805:Rottman 2002
10800:
10793:Kennedy 2001
10788:
10776:
10764:
10745:
10738:Collier 2003
10733:
10721:
10697:, p. 8.
10690:
10678:
10666:
10654:
10642:
10630:
10618:
10611:Mitcham 2007
10606:
10594:
10582:
10570:
10558:
10546:
10534:
10522:
10510:
10498:
10486:
10481:, p. 9.
10479:Brayley 2002
10474:
10467:Marston 2005
10462:
10450:
10438:
10426:. Retrieved
10402:
10395:
10383:
10371:
10359:
10352:Schoppa 2011
10347:
10335:
10323:
10311:
10299:
10287:
10275:
10263:
10251:
10239:. Retrieved
10230:
10221:
10209:. Retrieved
10200:
10191:
10179:. Retrieved
10170:
10161:
10149:. Retrieved
10140:
10131:
10119:
10107:
10095:
10084:, retrieved
10070:
10063:
10051:
10035:
10020:
10017:Keegan, John
10012:
9985:
9973:
9961:
9949:
9937:
9930:Painter 2012
9925:
9906:
9898:
9893:
9881:. Retrieved
9861:
9854:
9846:
9841:
9833:
9828:
9819:
9813:
9801:. Retrieved
9792:
9782:
9763:
9754:
9742:. Retrieved
9733:
9709:. Retrieved
9700:
9669:
9663:
9651:
9639:
9627:. Retrieved
9618:
9609:
9597:
9585:
9573:
9561:
9549:
9537:
9529:
9524:
9512:. Retrieved
9503:
9494:
9478:
9454:
9447:
9435:
9428:Rotundo 1986
9423:
9416:Milward 1964
9411:
9399:
9387:
9375:
9363:
9351:
9339:
9327:
9320:Farrell 1993
9315:
9310:, p. 9.
9303:
9291:
9279:
9272:Roberts 1995
9267:
9255:
9243:
9236:Kershaw 2007
9231:
9219:
9208:, retrieved
9194:
9172:
9165:Förster 1998
9160:
9153:Förster 1998
9148:
9132:
9120:
9108:
9074:
9068:
9056:
9049:Gilbert 1989
9044:
9037:Gilbert 1989
9032:
9025:Gilbert 1989
9020:
9008:
9001:Laurier 2001
8996:
8989:Jackson 2006
8984:
8972:
8962:US Army 1986
8953:
8941:
8929:
8917:
8905:
8893:. Retrieved
8884:
8874:
8846:Cantril 1940
8841:
8834:Maingot 1994
8829:
8817:
8801:
8796:, p. 35
8789:
8777:
8742:
8730:
8723:Umbreit 1991
8718:
8706:
8694:
8682:
8670:
8658:
8646:
8634:
8629:, p. 9.
8622:
8610:
8603:Roberts 2006
8598:
8591:Roberts 2006
8586:
8574:
8562:
8550:
8541:
8529:. Retrieved
8505:
8498:
8486:
8474:
8462:. Retrieved
8447:
8431:
8426:
8414:
8402:
8397:, p. 9.
8375:
8366:
8359:Bullock 1990
8354:
8342:
8333:
8321:
8309:
8279:(1): 69–84.
8276:
8272:
8266:
8254:
8242:. Retrieved
8233:
8224:
8217:Roskill 1954
8204:
8187:
8171:
8163:
8156:. Retrieved
8136:
8129:
8117:
8105:. Retrieved
8076:. Retrieved
8067:
8043:. Retrieved
8029:
8017:
7984:
7980:
7974:
7962:
7950:
7938:
7926:
7914:
7902:
7895:Kershaw 2001
7890:
7883:Kershaw 2001
7878:
7866:
7854:. Retrieved
7839:
7827:. Retrieved
7819:The Diplomat
7818:
7808:
7796:
7784:
7772:
7765:Eastman 1986
7760:
7748:
7740:
7735:
7727:
7722:
7713:
7701:. Retrieved
7685:. ABC-CLIO.
7681:
7674:
7662:
7655:Eastman 1986
7650:
7638:
7626:
7614:
7602:
7590:
7578:
7566:. Retrieved
7546:
7539:
7527:
7515:
7503:
7491:
7484:Preston 1998
7479:
7467:
7455:
7448:Schmitz 2000
7443:
7427:
7415:
7410:, p. 4.
7403:
7391:
7379:
7363:
7351:. Retrieved
7340:
7330:
7318:. Retrieved
7309:
7299:
7277:
7272:
7264:
7249:
7237:. Retrieved
7223:
7218:, p. 4.
7211:
7199:. Retrieved
7174:
7170:
7160:
7148:. Retrieved
7137:
7128:
7116:
7105:Canfora 2006
7080:
7070:
7058:
7048:14 September
7046:. Retrieved
7021:
7017:
7007:
6991:
6986:
6978:
6973:
6961:
6944:
6938:
6926:
6921:
6916:, p. 6.
6909:
6875:East Germany
6869:
6862:
6858:
6853:
6840:
6757:
6727:and British
6716:
6712:
6697:cryptography
6690:
6682:close combat
6656:, including
6617:Land warfare
6615:
6597:
6532:Pearl Harbor
6524:aeronautical
6509:
6505:jet aircraft
6466:
6414:labour force
6406:
6402:
6399:
6331:
6321:. The Nazis
6300:
6298:
6267:
6252:Nazi plunder
6221:
6209:
6203:
6187:
6170:
6164:
6093:mentally ill
6069:dictatorship
6067:, under the
6065:Nazi Germany
6063:
5988:or specific
5983:
5952:
5932:
5914:
5883:
5799:million Jews
5791:mass killing
5789:, including
5784:
5780:
5773:
5690:
5679:
5648:
5605:
5582:
5564:. Communist
5534:East Germany
5523:
5519:Eastern Bloc
5475:of the UN's
5469:great powers
5450:
5410:East Prussia
5404:and most of
5395:
5383:East Germany
5379:West Germany
5360:
5352:Nazi Germany
5320:
5302:Gyokuon-hōsō
5301:
5258:
5235:
5204:
5197:
5138:
5075:headquarters
5056:
5037:
5009:Lake Balaton
4979:, while the
4970:
4943:
4893:
4858:
4779:
4694:
4639:
4608:and begun a
4575:
4520:
4505:
4479:
4438:, following
4433:
4414:
4395:
4368:
4357:
4350:
4313:
4307:, which was
4278:
4239:
4188:
4180:Army Group B
4172:Army Group A
4134:
4087:
4077:, primarily
4063:Port Moresby
4060:
4035:Midway Atoll
4015:
3999:Indian Ocean
3952:
3927:
3911:
3892:
3876:
3836:
3812:
3807:Pearl Harbor
3793:
3777:
3762:
3740:launched an
3731:
3700:
3689:
3647:
3639:
3616:
3585:
3528:
3525:
3515:
3504:
3470:
3449:
3437:
3429:Soviet Union
3385:
3350:
3339:Afrika Korps
3328:
3316:Italian Navy
3305:
3300:Afrika Korps
3279:and made an
3269:
3267:
3221:
3186:
3180:
3177:May 1941 by
3152:
3121:
3109:Vichy Regime
3079:On 10 June,
3078:
3069:
3063:
3044:Maginot Line
3037:
2998:
2993:Maginot Line
2944:
2901:
2859:
2813:
2803:
2775:South Africa
2748:
2736:
2674:
2640:
2597:
2572:
2557:client state
2541:
2502:
2450:Hokushin-ron
2439:
2398:
2334:
2269:
2237:
2213:
2198:colonial war
2196:was a brief
2191:
2140:Tanggu Truce
2138:, until the
2117:
2109:puppet state
2063:
2035:
2011:Stresa Front
2008:
1982:
1967:Adolf Hitler
1965:
1954:at a German
1952:Adolf Hitler
1933:totalitarian
1910:
1901:armed forces
1867:
1852:
1810:
1755:allowed the
1734:
1726:Soviet Union
1671:
1550:1945 onwards
1429:
1302:
1244:. After the
1226:Soviet Union
1218:declared war
1203:Adolf Hitler
1199:Nazi Germany
1160:
1126:, including
1092:great powers
1071:
1067:
1066:
1025:Bibliography
1015:
955:World War II
954:
891:
890:
879:Indian Ocean
840:Ecuador–Peru
828:
827:
797:Middle East
771:North Africa
759:
758:
698:Asia-Pacific
696:
695:
583:
574:World War II
573:
529:
516:
508:
500:
488:
475:
467:
459:
418:Adolf Hitler
401:
341:
328:
321:
314:Participants
253:North Africa
223:Indian Ocean
33:
27166:Arab League
27149:integration
27088:Catholicism
26946:Vaishnavism
26720:Esotericism
26587:Pacific War
26560:World War I
26504:Indic world
26499:Sinic world
26482:Foundations
26359:Open Balkan
26177:integration
26107:Rule of law
26102:Natural law
26079:Agnosticism
26057:Hellenistic
26035:Anglo-Saxon
25965:Catholicism
25904:Atlanticism
25809:Rationalism
25615:Immigration
25598:Esotericism
25456:World War I
25421:Romanticism
25401:Reformation
25381:Renaissance
25359:Middle Ages
25324:Christendom
25253:Foundations
25190:New Zealand
25156:Oceania and
25110:Switzerland
25071:Byelorussia
25026:Netherlands
24868:Philippines
24708:Puerto Rico
24663:El Salvador
24217:Bodenplatte
24103:Gothic Line
23329:West Africa
22876:Philippines
22855:Netherlands
22720:Czech lands
22658:Switzerland
22602:Afghanistan
22553:Philippines
22421:Puerto Rico
22337:Philippines
22323:New Zealand
22309:Netherlands
22262:Free France
22013:Prosecution
21814:Osoaviakhim
21684:West Africa
21668:East Africa
21315:Conferences
20732:17 February
20673:. ABC-CIO.
19759:17 February
19478:15 November
18745:17 February
18065:M.E. Sharpe
17527:. pp.
17423:HarperPress
17341:. pp.
17033:. pp.
16654:. Penguin.
16446:17 February
15824:M.E. Sharpe
15753:Basic Books
15743:Chang, Iris
15374:17 February
15189:M.E. Sharpe
15076:. Toronto:
14706:15 November
14652:15 November
14610:14 November
14523:10419/89322
14243:Levine 1992
14110:19 December
13997:Radtke 1997
13868:28 December
13825:Tanaka 1996
13783:Ellman 2002
13678:dw-world.de
13366:Harris 2002
12792:28 December
12653:Schain 2001
12531:Petrov 1967
12491:Darwin 2007
12455:Stueck 2010
12157:Wettig 2008
12133:Shirer 1990
12078:(1): 5–21.
11912:Wettig 2008
11900:Beevor 2012
11877:pp. 525–526
11850:Glantz 2005
11614:Glantz 1998
11543:Beevor 2012
11531:Glantz 2001
11519:Parker 2004
11483:Howard 2004
11419:Shirer 1990
11351:14 November
11298:Berend 1996
11286:Zaloga 1996
11250:Badsey 1990
11190:Beevor 2012
11178:Zeiler 2004
11147:Gordon 2012
11113:Beevor 2012
11085:Glantz 2002
11073:Glantz 2002
11025:Beevor 2012
11013:Polley 2000
11001:Mitter 2014
10893:Glantz 2001
10821:Glantz 1989
10817:Glantz 1986
10671:Keegan 1997
10647:Gordon 2004
10623:Beevor 2012
10587:Beevor 2012
10575:Milner 1990
10551:Beevor 1998
10527:Beevor 1998
10515:Davies 2006
10491:Glantz 2001
10328:Maddox 1992
10256:Beevor 2012
10124:Shirer 1990
9514:17 February
9483:Beevor 1998
9440:Glantz 2001
9392:Glantz 2001
9344:Beevor 2012
9332:Keeble 1990
9308:Glantz 2001
9260:Hauner 1978
9177:Shirer 1990
9137:Murray 1983
9113:Garver 1988
9061:Watson 2003
8977:Jowett 2001
8964:, pp.
8806:Steury 1987
8766:Murray 1983
8747:Keegan 1997
8699:Keegan 1997
8663:Keegan 1997
8567:Snyder 2010
8464:19 December
8419:Spring 1986
8326:Zaloga 2002
8314:Hempel 2005
8259:Zaloga 2002
8209:Beevor 2012
8192:Keegan 1997
7955:Shirer 1990
7919:Shirer 1990
7907:Davies 2006
7801:Beevor 2012
7777:Taylor 2009
7619:Neulen 2000
7607:Kitson 2001
7595:Shirer 1990
7583:Barker 1971
7520:Coogan 1993
7472:Shirer 1990
7436:Record 2005
7370:, pp.
7368:Ingram 2006
7216:Masaya 1990
7201:17 February
7121:Beevor 2012
7077:Taylor 1961
7067:Taylor 1979
6821:World War I
6612:, July 1945
6575:Leigh Light
6548:battleships
6522:. Although
6422:war economy
6381:Phabricator
6216:, between 4
6165:The Soviet
6129:death camps
6121:Soviet POWs
6105:homosexuals
5876:during the
5807:homosexuals
5626:, formerly
5589:Warsaw Pact
5453:world peace
5422:Curzon Line
5418:Sudetenland
5309:, with the
5082:Karl Dönitz
4904:Hideki Tojo
4772:during the
4770:Philippines
4753:in Bulgaria
4628:during the
4626:Omaha Beach
4569:, and made
4476:, July 1943
4361:during the
4345:scout plane
4274:Dieppe Raid
4250:Gazala line
4184:Volga River
4079:Guadalcanal
3860:Wake Island
3827:Hideki Tojo
3674:Pacific War
3543:decided to
3531:forced the
3503:, generate
3461:Byelorussia
3433:Axis powers
3400:Free French
3359:signed the
3228:Axis powers
2864:Poland and
2771:New Zealand
2654:, Finland,
2513:Sudetenland
2477:Chamberlain
2462:Nanshin-ron
2454:Khalkin Gol
2078:a civil war
2046:appeasement
1969:, after an
1897:reparations
1885:nationalism
1878:irredentist
1818:—including
1812:World War I
1686:Pacific War
1445:superpowers
1258:East Africa
1084:Axis powers
862:Air Warfare
776:East Africa
524:(1937–1945)
517:Total dead:
483:(1937–1945)
476:Total dead:
243:Middle East
171:Philippines
27297:World Wars
27286:Categories
26877:Philippine
26794:Philosophy
26779:Philosophy
26752:Literature
26379:Rio Treaty
25890:Relativism
25848:Liberalism
25814:Empiricism
25766:Philosophy
25754:Secularism
25705:Philosophy
25642:Literature
25436:Capitalism
25185:New Guinea
25165:Antarctica
25158:Antarctica
25147:Yugoslavia
25066:Azerbaijan
25021:Luxembourg
24804:New Guinea
24703:New Mexico
24693:California
24600:Madagascar
24585:Gold Coast
24580:The Gambia
24317:West Hunan
24150:Pointblank
23486:Silver Fox
23472:Summer War
23225:Winter War
23204:Phoney War
22985:Azerbaijan
22946:Yugoslavia
22841:Luxembourg
22683:Resistance
22430:Yugoslavia
22295:Luxembourg
22097:Sook Ching
21893:War crimes
21495:Technology
21488:Opposition
21430:Lend-Lease
21407:Australian
21400:Home front
21358:Blitzkrieg
21308:Casualties
21299:Commanders
21271:Operations
21108:. Oxford:
21085:. Oxford:
20590:. Oxford:
20542:. London:
20529:. London:
20426:. Oxford:
20268:. London:
20223:. London:
20162:. London:
19866:. London:
19696:. London:
19541:. Oxford:
19494:. London:
19429:. London:
19079:John Wiley
18691:. Oxford:
18505:Frank Cass
18479:Allen Lane
18477:. London:
18392:. Oxford:
18369:. p.
18292:. Oxford:
18269:. London:
18040:. Oxford:
17900:. Oxford:
17877:Allen Lane
17875:. London:
17779:. London:
17677:. London:
17650:. Oxford:
17627:. Oxford:
17498:B00005W210
17421:. London:
17400:Frank Cass
17261:. Oxford:
17079:. Oxford:
17029:. Oxford:
16874:Frank Cass
16766:. London:
16565:Allen Lane
16563:. London:
16512:. London:
16489:. London:
16158:. Oxford:
16116:. London:
16088:. London:
16065:. Boston:
16035:. London:
15962:. Oxford:
15935:. Oxford:
15598:. London:
15460:Frank Cass
15387:. Oxford:
15053:. London:
15025:Stalingrad
14927:. Oxford:
14875:Allen Lane
14873:. London:
14852:Allen Lane
14850:. London:
14782:See also:
14778:References
14345:Hearn 2007
14178:Overy 1994
14051:26 January
13897:9 February
13810:18 January
13779:Bacon 1992
13688:19 January
13657:Overy 2004
13644:, p.
13407:25 January
13305:Chang 1997
13227:25 January
13135:25 October
13064:Evans 2008
12935:2 February
12891:Smith 1994
12866:, p.
12717:Neary 1992
12677:Smith 1993
12467:Lynch 2010
12377:Swain 1992
12279:Waltz 2002
12264:25 January
12238:17 January
12211:Yoder 1997
11602:Evans 2008
11370:Evans 2008
11214:Coble 2003
11131:Belco 2010
10989:Iriye 1981
10977:Kolko 1990
10905:Kolko 1990
10881:Healy 1992
10769:Overy 1995
10683:Smith 2002
10539:Black 2003
10443:Swain 2001
10316:Perez 1998
10292:Grove 1995
10268:Lewis 1953
9978:Dower 1986
9883:15 January
9487:Evans 2008
9380:Jukes 2001
9224:Sella 1978
9139:, p.
8958:Evans 2008
8946:Clogg 2002
8749:, p.
8735:Brown 2004
8675:Regan 2004
8651:Evans 2008
8531:3 February
8178:at 11 am.
8122:Evans 2008
8045:29 October
7967:Shore 2003
7789:Sella 1983
7643:Payne 2008
7631:Payne 2008
7532:Busky 2002
7408:Brody 1999
7353:29 October
7265:Asia Times
7109:Prins 2002
6802:was first
6800:Penicillin
6610:New Mexico
6534:, and the
6520:submarines
6461:Peenemünde
6457:V-2 rocket
6435:Japan used
6302:Lebensraum
6230:Occupation
6109:Freemasons
5979:in Germany
5917:biological
5900:. General
5835:Yugoslavia
5644:Korean War
5601:proxy wars
5572:, causing
5566:Yugoslavia
5231:submarines
5190:signs the
5063:was killed
4873:Burma Road
4782:Yugoslavia
4559:Baltic Sea
4553:hoping to
4351:Washington
4193:in bitter
3692:false flag
3640:blitzkrieg
3627:Sevastopol
3612:oil fields
3529:Barbarossa
3506:Lebensraum
3497:White Seas
3491:—from the
3369:Yugoslavia
3357:Yugoslavia
3296:Panzer III
3213:Lend-Lease
3171:Home Fleet
3159:Royal Navy
3107:under the
3105:rump state
3065:Blitzkrieg
3056:Luxembourg
3035:May 1940.
2936:Winter War
2896:Winter War
2783:Phoney War
2710:See also:
2685:plebiscite
2664:Bessarabia
2537:Trans-Olza
2418:, but the
2300:volunteers
2230:annexation
2066:Kuomintang
1882:revanchist
1830:, and the
1776:Background
1712:II as the
1598:By theatre
1586:Operations
1471:See also:
1385:8 May 1945
1379:; and the
1337:Stalingrad
1148:war crimes
961:Navigation
903:Yugoslavia
884:Madagascar
847:Antarctica
818:Dodecanese
638:Resistance
606:Winter War
596:Phoney War
158:after the
127:Matilda II
27034:Abrahamic
26929:Vajrayana
26919:Theravada
26774:Mythology
26747:Languages
26535:Silk Road
26494:Old World
26324:Five Eyes
26319:EU–UK TCA
26161:Democracy
26050:Old Norse
25939:Abrahamic
25896:Peritrope
25878:Tolerance
25858:Socialism
25688:Mythology
25676:Classical
25625:Languages
25603:Astrology
25451:Modernism
25265:Old World
25170:Australia
25135:Gibraltar
25093:Catalonia
25016:Lithuania
24878:Singapore
24826:Indochina
24816:Hong Kong
24792:Manchuria
24761:Venezuela
24731:Argentina
24668:Greenland
24622:Nyasaland
24382:Manchuria
24268:Indochina
24044:Bagration
23495:Lithuania
23140:Anschluss
22937:Viet Minh
22834:Lithuania
22776:Hong Kong
22546:Manchukuo
22501:Azad Hind
22160:Australia
21960:Aftermath
21823:Paperclip
21718:Aftermath
21518:Total war
21386:Diplomacy
21349:In Europe
20996:MIT Press
20911:Routledge
20776:145398136
20714:(1986) .
20492:163152235
20392:159943895
20319:154270850
20225:Routledge
20164:Routledge
20083:(1990) .
19970:220880174
19774:Routledge
19496:BBC Books
19336:Routledge
19313:Routledge
19241:Routledge
19131:153741180
18577:MIT Press
18271:Routledge
18225:Routledge
18166:1 October
18011:(1990) .
18001:159671713
17387:159958616
17339:Routledge
17250:154865385
17155:Routledge
16849:278029256
16589:(2006) .
16461:Routledge
16190:MIT Press
16118:Macmillan
16037:UCL Press
15964:Heinemann
15873:159445902
15801:Continuum
15688:(2006) .
15551:MIT Press
15499:also see
15495:0031-2746
15360:Cambridge
15335:Routledge
15289:Routledge
15266:Routledge
14669:The Times
14532:1432-1386
14259:Ward 2010
14190:BBSU 1998
14084:Compare:
14012:Rahn 2001
13973:Hill 2005
13476:14 August
13435:. Knopf,
13186:dzieje.pl
13100:18 August
13017:27 August
12987:27 August
12917:"Victims"
12903:Herf 2003
12605:Wolf 1993
12196:2 October
12169:Senn 2007
11924:Frei 2002
11862:Pape 1993
11788:154800868
11715:Drea 2003
11703:homeless.
11495:Drea 2003
11226:Rees 2008
11202:Ch'i 1992
11123:Civitella
11037:Ch'i 1992
10714:Ross 1997
10635:Rich 1992
10503:Read 2004
10455:Hane 2001
10376:Ropp 2000
10304:Ch'i 1992
10280:Slim 1956
10040:Dunn 1998
9990:Wood 2007
9942:Wood 2007
9566:Joes 2004
9284:Wilt 1981
9101:189257503
8579:Koch 1983
8301:146904066
8068:ww2db.com
8009:144385167
7703:27 August
7396:Shaw 2000
7139:Fresh Air
7073:, p. 191.
7038:0008-4107
6949:Cambridge
6902:Citations
6753:Bodyguard
6749:Mincemeat
6745:deception
6701:ciphering
6693:codebooks
6625:artillery
6536:Coral Sea
6416:, Allied
6410:attrition
6188:Japanese
6169:became a
6155:Auschwitz
6137:Europeans
6117:genocidal
5990:customary
5969:, in the
5938:) and in
5863:Home Army
5682:baby boom
5597:arms race
5516:Communist
5444:and some
5406:Pomerania
5328:Aftermath
5319:USS
5315:Tokyo Bay
5265:Hiroshima
5196:USS
5194:on board
5171:launched
5143:advanced
5130:Flensburg
5052:Reichstag
5029:Nuremberg
4977:Pomerania
4802:Partisans
4662:liberated
4598:Myitkyina
4551:Estonians
4549:aided by
4497:in Tehran
4358:Lexington
4356:USS
4349:USS
4339:U.S. Navy
4270:commandos
4229:American
4176:Don River
4054:over the
3971:Singapore
3872:Hong Kong
3792:USS
3701:USS Panay
3623:Leningrad
3610:, Iran's
3535:to adopt
3526:Operation
3501:Communism
3191:to allow
3148:the Blitz
3070:Wehrmacht
2912:Lithuania
2874:Lithuania
2815:Wehrmacht
2767:Australia
2738:Wehrmacht
2573:Memelland
2489:Mussolini
2442:Manchukuo
2424:Chongqing
2382:best army
2288:proxy war
2206:Abyssinia
2144:Manchuria
2124:condemned
2113:Manchukuo
1960:Nuremberg
1568:Diplomacy
1505:in Europe
1397:Hiroshima
1391:, the US
1270:the Blitz
1124:genocides
1096:total war
982:Equipment
977:Countries
972:Campaigns
754:Australia
650:Alps 1940
643:1944–1945
273:Caribbean
268:Australia
156:Reichstag
154:over the
27027:Yazidism
27010:Tengrism
26961:Smartism
26956:Shaktism
26951:Shaivism
26936:Hinduism
26924:Mahayana
26902:Buddhism
26889:Religion
26872:Japanese
26784:Religion
26735:Japanese
26725:Folklore
26703:Buddhist
26693:Calendar
26664:Cyrillic
26624:Alphabet
26599:Cold War
26514:Islamdom
26384:Schengen
26314:Eurozone
26154:Property
26149:Religion
26040:Frankish
26030:Germanic
26010:Paganism
25931:Religion
25919:European
25831:Humanism
25734:Religion
25693:Painting
25659:Internet
25610:Folklore
25581:Clothing
25552:Calendar
25528:Cyrillic
25513:Alphabet
25476:Cold War
25056:Slovenia
25051:Slovakia
25041:Portugal
24929:Bulgaria
24883:Thailand
24858:Mongolia
24831:Cambodia
24751:Suriname
24741:Colombia
24565:Ethiopia
24493:Category
24442:document
24352:document
24209:Ardennes
24193:Budapest
24141:Crossbow
24019:Overlord
23858:Smolensk
23076:Timeline
22911:Slovakia
22897:Thailand
22748:Ethiopia
22713:Bulgaria
22637:Portugal
22575:Thailand
22457:Bulgaria
22235:Eswatini
22228:Ethiopia
22181:Bulgaria
22006:Unit 731
21967:Response
21784:Keelhaul
21734:Cold War
21707:Americas
21698:timeline
21691:Atlantic
21571:Theaters
21198:Archived
21184:Archived
21155:Casemate
21149:Bismarck
21081:(1996).
20963:(1962).
20835:(2005).
20809:(2003).
20641:(1999).
20613:(2008).
20525:(1961).
20264:(2010).
20003:(2007).
19753:Archived
19718:(2000).
19690:(1997).
19664:(2006).
19563:(2006).
19537:(1992).
19490:(2008).
19261:(2003).
19164:(2008).
19042:(2012).
18924:(1994).
18852:(2005).
18739:Archived
18713:(1983).
18668:(2014).
18471:(2008).
18156:53-63678
17933:40604127
17848:(2001).
17801:(2001).
17775:(1997).
17577:(2006).
17549:(1981).
17506:12828898
17149:(2002).
17021:(2004).
16974:78918907
16835:(1986).
16811:(1989).
16646:(2006).
16557:(2008).
16437:Archived
16433:12288331
16377:43510161
16338:(2002).
16210:(1986).
16140:70401618
16110:(2006).
16016:Archived
15883:(2002).
15865:25779864
15745:(1997).
15594:(1990).
15543:(2003).
15504:Archived
15260:(2003).
15232:(2000).
15156:(1991).
15130:(1996).
15022:(1998).
14844:(2003).
14730:Archived
14604:Archived
14540:36789517
14473:Archived
14104:Archived
14045:Archived
13891:Archived
13837:Bix 2000
13771:Archived
13715:Archived
13607:17 April
13601:Archived
13528:Archived
13470:Archived
13378:Lee 2002
13317:Bix 2000
13284:Archived
13221:Archived
13196:10 March
13190:Archived
13160:Archived
13129:Archived
13094:Archived
13049:4 August
13043:Archived
13011:Archived
12981:Archived
12929:Archived
12849:20 April
12843:Archived
12823:20 April
12817:Archived
12566:18 April
12560:Archived
12398:Archived
12287:Archived
12232:Archived
12190:Archived
12088:Archived
12042:Archived
11960:Archived
11751:13 April
11690:Archived
11634:Archived
11456:16 March
11345:Archived
11325:27 April
11319:Archived
10753:Archived
10422:Archived
10366:, p. 19.
10235:Archived
10205:Archived
10175:Archived
10145:Archived
10080:archived
10044:May 1955
9914:Archived
9901:, p. 424
9877:Archived
9849:, p. 418
9797:Archived
9738:Archived
9705:Archived
9623:Archived
9508:Archived
9204:archived
8889:Archived
8866:Archived
8525:Archived
8458:Archived
8442:, p. 71.
8238:Archived
8182:at 5 pm.
8152:Archived
8101:Archived
8078:29 April
8072:Archived
8039:Archived
7850:Archived
7823:Archived
7697:Archived
7562:Archived
7347:Archived
7314:Archived
7282:Archived
7257:Archived
7233:Archived
7195:Archived
7191:40105814
7150:16 April
7144:Archived
7042:Archived
6887:Bulgaria
6810:See also
6764:Colossus
6629:infantry
6596:Nuclear
6579:Hedgehog
6571:wolfpack
6559:weaponry
6473:fighters
6338:hegemony
6171:de facto
6119:state".
6089:disabled
5986:positive
5935:Unit 731
5910:Shandong
5851:Chetniks
5795:around 6
5727:and the
5661:and the
5618:and the
5593:Cold War
5550:Bulgaria
5487:and the
5436:. Italy
5321:Missouri
5293:Hirohito
5287:and the
5269:Nagasaki
5223:Iwo Jima
5198:Missouri
5161:Mindanao
4881:Hengyang
4828:against
4818:Red Army
4737:Red Army
4733:Slovakia
4493:in Cairo
4470:Red Army
4427:and the
4425:Smolensk
4320:de-house
4125:Red Army
3995:Java Sea
3955:Thailand
3868:Thailand
3815:Hirohito
3699:gunboat
3650:reserves
3518:Red Army
3353:Bulgaria
3242:joined.
3236:Slovakia
3181:Bismarck
3161:, using
3122:The air
3060:Ardennes
2947:occupied
2918:to sign
2878:Slovakia
2860:Germany
2757:several
2634:and the
2481:Daladier
2446:Mongolia
2349:materiel
2347:to lend
2250:Covenant
2128:Shanghai
2072:against
1828:Bulgaria
1724:and the
1722:Mongolia
1676:and the
1559:By topic
1449:Cold War
1401:Nagasaki
1343:and the
1280:and had
1260:and the
1201:, under
1082:and the
1020:Category
993:Timeline
923:Bulgaria
852:Atlantic
835:Americas
788:Adriatic
430:Hirohito
218:Atlantic
201:theatres
195:Location
125:British
27191:BIMSTEC
27112:Culture
27107:Judaism
27071:Eastern
27066:Culture
27044:Culture
27017:Iranian
26995:Shenism
26973:Jainism
26968:Sikhism
26941:Culture
26907:Culture
26897:Dharmic
26730:Chinese
26715:Cuisine
26698:Chinese
26686:History
26654:Brahmic
26616:Culture
26523:History
26475:culture
26229:Benelux
26134:Thought
26084:Atheism
26025:Finnish
26001:Culture
25996:Judaism
25958:Eastern
25954:Western
25949:Culture
25883:Paradox
25749:Decline
25710:Science
25586:History
25574:Studies
25557:Cuisine
25545:Periods
25505:Culture
25334:History
25300:Eastern
25295:Western
25246:culture
25098:Galicia
25076:Ukraine
25046:Romania
24996:Ireland
24991:Iceland
24981:Hungary
24971:Germany
24949:Finland
24944:Estonia
24939:Denmark
24924:Belgium
24919:Austria
24914:Albania
24756:Uruguay
24688:Arizona
24615:Morocco
24610:Tunisia
24595:Liberia
24419:Shumshu
24186:Hungary
24133:Estonia
24117:Lapland
24095:Dragoon
24028:Neptune
24010:Ichi-Go
23976:Tempest
23918:Changde
23873:Cottage
23765:Jubilee
23481:Finland
23379:Compass
23085:Prelude
23038:Finland
22924:Vietnam
22890:Romania
22762:Germany
22741:Estonia
22727:Denmark
22706:Belgium
22699:Austria
22692:Albania
22623:Ireland
22609:Andorra
22593:Neutral
22560:Romania
22494:Hungary
22479:Finland
22351:Romania
22243:Finland
22221:Denmark
22167:Belgium
22153:Algeria
21859:Romania
21845:Hungary
21601:Pacific
21325:General
21279:Leaders
21264:Battles
21257:Outline
20953:1987464
20815:Praeger
20768:3993535
19836:1988530
19431:Pimlico
19123:2539100
18553:Press.
18538:2592851
18461:3634575
18248:Praeger
18119:Praeger
17993:2639289
17962:1988082
17781:Pimlico
17673:(ed.).
17343:219–273
17035:127–144
16984:15 July
16859:15 July
16636:2944096
16485:(ed.).
15735:2745078
15635:Bibcode
15633:: 268.
14834:3638003
14766:15 July
14479:5 April
14041:1021443
13721:12 July
11696:22 June
11640:4 March
11141:), and
10428:26 June
10019:(1989)
8293:2195670
8244:11 July
8158:17 June
7856:26 June
7829:26 June
7568:6 April
7320:4 March
6933:. p. 7.
6883:Romania
6879:Hungary
6647:I, and
6633:cavalry
6485:airlift
6477:bombers
6383:and on
6274:plunder
6223:rōmusha
5961:by the
5857:in the
5839:Muslims
5691:At the
5558:Albania
5546:Romania
5542:Hungary
5481:between
5402:Neumark
5398:Silesia
5371:western
5367:Germany
5363:Austria
5240:. They
5227:Okinawa
5215:Rangoon
5073:in his
5025:Hamburg
4995:of the
4954:Antwerp
4885:Guangxi
4844:in the
4840:to the
4798:Albania
4763:General
4721:Vistula
4385:in the
4305:Tunisia
4211:salient
4149:Kharkov
4147:and at
4137:central
4069:in the
3928:At the
3801:on the
3794:Arizona
3495:to the
3493:Caspian
3453:Ukraine
3298:of the
3294:German
3248:Hungary
3244:Romania
3240:Romania
3232:Hungary
3217:invaded
3163:U-boats
3048:Belgium
2924:Finland
2904:Estonia
2839:October
2687:in the
2656:Estonia
2624:British
2606:; when
2357:Taiyuan
2294:II but
2254:Austria
2222:Eritrea
1925:Fascist
1907:Germany
1824:Germany
1771:History
1737:V-J Day
1581:Battles
1500:in Asia
1493:Prelude
1335:and at
1262:Balkans
1242:Romania
1136:Austria
1132:Germany
1070:or the
998:Outline
928:Hungary
918:Romania
767:Africa
667:Balkans
662:Britain
616:Lapland
611:Karelia
601:Finland
213:Pacific
169:in the
114:German
27129:Baháʼí
27119:Bábism
27000:Shinto
26985:Taoism
26867:Values
26740:Korean
26659:Arabic
26644:Hangul
26249:CANZUK
26139:Speech
26067:Slavic
26045:Gothic
26020:Celtic
26015:Baltic
25914:Values
25715:Values
25275:Greece
25105:Sweden
25036:Poland
25031:Norway
25006:Latvia
24976:Greece
24954:France
24907:Europe
24893:Turkey
24853:Malaya
24782:Ceylon
24736:Brazil
24698:Nevada
24673:Mexico
24653:Canada
24543:Africa
24396:Debate
24368:Taipei
24361:Borneo
23939:Tarawa
23133:Europe
23094:Africa
22883:Poland
22869:Norway
22848:Malaya
22827:Latvia
22769:Greece
22755:France
22651:Sweden
22616:Bhutan
22344:Poland
22330:Norway
22302:Mexico
22269:Greece
22255:France
22193:Canada
22174:Brazil
22144:Allies
22090:Serbia
22079:Poland
21852:Poland
21838:Baltic
21631:Europe
21333:Topics
21285:Allied
21161:
21135:
21116:
21093:
21067:
21048:
21025:
21002:
20979:
20951:
20917:
20894:
20871:
20847:
20821:
20795:
20774:
20766:
20700:
20677:
20653:
20627:
20598:
20575:
20550:
20511:
20490:
20457:
20434:
20411:
20390:
20384:260931
20382:
20353:578338
20351:
20317:
20311:151203
20309:
20276:
20250:
20231:
20208:
20189:
20170:
20143:
20124:
20097:
20073:120398
20071:
20038:
20015:
20009:Rodopi
19993:260307
19991:
19968:
19962:260209
19960:
19924:
19899:
19874:
19851:
19834:
19803:
19780:
19730:
19704:
19676:
19654:153299
19652:
19619:
19596:
19575:
19549:
19523:
19502:
19461:
19437:
19414:
19393:
19368:
19342:
19319:
19296:
19273:
19247:
19224:
19201:
19176:
19150:
19129:
19121:
19085:
19028:
19005:
18980:
18959:
18938:
18910:
18885:
18866:
18838:
18815:
18789:
18766:
18731:
18723:, AL:
18699:
18676:
18654:
18631:
18608:
18583:
18557:
18536:
18511:
18485:
18459:
18423:
18400:
18377:
18348:
18325:
18300:
18277:
18254:
18231:
18208:
18187:
18154:
18125:
18101:
18071:
18048:
18025:
17999:
17991:
17960:
17931:
17908:
17883:
17858:
17834:
17811:
17787:
17761:
17735:
17710:
17685:
17658:
17635:
17612:
17589:
17563:
17535:
17504:
17496:
17477:
17454:
17429:
17406:
17385:
17349:
17317:
17294:
17269:
17248:
17242:260090
17240:
17207:
17184:
17161:
17135:
17112:
17087:
17064:
17041:
17007:
16972:
16949:
16905:
16880:
16847:
16821:
16797:
16774:
16751:
16726:
16703:
16677:
16658:
16634:
16601:
16571:
16543:
16520:
16497:
16467:
16431:
16425:152934
16423:
16375:
16369:826310
16367:
16324:
16301:
16282:743479
16280:
16249:
16226:
16196:
16166:
16138:
16128:
16096:
16073:
16043:
15989:
15970:
15943:
15920:
15897:
15871:
15863:
15830:
15807:
15782:
15759:
15733:
15700:
15674:
15655:
15606:
15580:
15574:Polity
15557:
15525:
15493:
15466:
15443:
15418:
15395:
15341:
15318:
15295:
15272:
15246:
15218:
15195:
15170:
15142:
15107:
15084:
15061:
15036:
15030:Viking
15008:
14985:
14962:
14935:
14916:152330
14914:
14881:
14858:
14832:
14801:
14675:
14538:
14530:
14447:
14316:
14291:
14214:
14161:
14096:
14039:
13628:
13570:
13462:
13443:p. 391
13439:
13337:
13262:
13166:9 July
13086:
12979:(12).
12743:
12700:
12404:15 May
12315:15 May
12034:
11994:
11786:
11663:
11402:
10414:
10241:16 May
10211:16 May
10181:16 May
10151:16 May
10027:
9869:
9803:8 June
9770:
9744:15 May
9711:15 May
9676:
9629:15 May
9466:
9099:
9089:
8895:13 May
8517:
8438:
8299:
8291:
8144:
8007:
8001:153322
7999:
7689:
7554:
7189:
7099:" or "
7089:
7036:
6999:
6885:, and
6844:While
6794:, and
6778:, the
6766:, and
6709:SIGINT
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