Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

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and Corsica. They caused Mussolini to topple from power, and they brought his successors to surrender. They drew more and more German military resources into a stubborn defence of the Italian peninsula, and helped the Yugoslavs to pin down within their spirited country thousands of Axis troops. Eventually, the Allies delivered a solid blow from southern France against the German forces which were opposing the Allied drive from the beaches of Normandy! They made Marseilles available for Allied use and they occupied northern Italy and Greece." Howe further notes that "Hitler had always accepted the principle that the Mediterranean was an area of paramount Italian interest just as, farther north, German interests were exclusive.

2299: 1050: 1017: 3096: 406: 388: 1130: 1028: 1039: 1061: 546: 727: 1201: 590: 988: 973: 1072: 441: 836: 778: 424: 1119: 322: 3226: 1083: 622: 606: 1095: 898: 712: 880: 1190: 517: 485: 694: 645: 1102: 574: 999: 819: 502: 355: 3724: 3358: 46: 3087:. Further reinforcements of Nazis with weapons was supposed to be sent but the mission failed within days as the Nazi commandos landed 300 km away from their target destination and lost their weapons. They were soon arrested by the British and faced execution as spies, however they were released several years after World War II ended. Gottfried Müller, one of the Nazi parachuters, would later write and publish a book describing his experiences in Kurdistan named “Im brennenden Orient” ('The Burning Orient'), which was published in Germany in 1959. 862: 457: 75: 916: 95: 9410: 961: 532: 3249:, the third and larger offensive was launched at the end of the year. Over December 1941 into early 1942, Allied forces pushed the Italian-German forces back through Libya to roughly the limit of the previous Operation Compass advance. Taking advantage of the Allied position, German and Italian forces counter-attacked and pushed back the Allies to Gazala, west of Tobruk. As both sides prepared offensives, the Axis forces struck first and inflicted a big defeat upon the Allied forces during the 1941:, and severely undermined the strategic position of Germany, resulting in German divisions being deployed to Africa and Italy and total German losses (including those captured upon final surrender) being over two million. Italian losses amounted to around 177,000 men with a further several hundred thousand captured during the process of the various campaigns. British losses amount to over 300,000 men killed, wounded, or captured, and total American losses in the region amounted to 130,000. 86: 308: 2932: 2831: 1158: 1151: 1112: 2182:

In the aftermath of the Italian invasion of Abyssinia, British and Italian forces in North Africa were reinforced. Due to various Italian moves, in July 1937, the British decided "that Italy could not now be regarded as a reliable friend" and preparations began to bring "the defences of the Mediterranean and the Red Sea ports up-to-date". In 1938, a weak armoured division was established in Egypt and further army and air force reinforcements were dispatched from Britain.

1950: 471: 1141: 2170: 761: 661: 744: 2445: 558: 66: 2558: 2282:(Giarabub) in Libya and arrangements began in Egypt, to accommodate a much larger force. Preparations to reinforce the Iraqi army were made and Palestinian security forces were to be reduced to the minimum. British forces in East Africa were to study operations to destroy the Italian forces and support local risings, all in support of the main Allied offensive, which was planned to be launched from 3049:. Atlas aimed at establishing an intelligence-gathering base in Mandatory Palestine, radioing information back to Germany, and recruiting and arming anti-British Palestinians by buying their support with gold. The plan failed utterly, and no meaningful action could be undertaken by the commandos. Three of the participants were arrested by the 2949:, British and Indian units invaded Syria and Lebanon from Palestine in the south on 8 June 1941. Vigorous resistance was met from the Vichy French but superior Allied infantry equipment and numbers overwhelmed the defenders. More attacks were launched at the end of June and early July from Iraq into northern and central Syria, by 3268:. It ended the Axis threat to Egypt, the Suez Canal and of gaining access to the Middle Eastern and Persian oil fields via North Africa. As the Eighth Army pushed west across the desert, capturing Libya, German and Italian forces occupied southern France and landed in Tunisia. On 8 November, Allied forces launched 3860:

with orders to fire on the French if necessary. A crisis began as British armoured cars and troops then reached the Syrian capital Damascus following which the French were escorted and confined to their barracks. With political pressure added the French ordered a ceasefire; following which the French

3704:

defended by Italian troops commanded by Admiral Mascherpa, who resisted the German air offensive before the landing of British support troops, which was invaded by the Germans who landed by sea and air on 12 November and surrendered four days later. The remaining British garrisons were then evacuated

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resulted as both Germany and the Allies scrambled to occupy them after the surrender of Italy in early September 1943. The main island of Rhodes was swiftly secured by German forces, but British garrisons were established on most islands by mid-September. German air superiority, tactical prowess, and

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was sunk by the Luftwaffe on 9 September. In the occupied areas of southern Europe and the Mediterranean, German forces rapidly disarmed and captured Italian troops, putting down any resistance they offered in Yugoslavia, southern France and Greece. Meanwhile, on 16 September, a German airborne force

3305:

After liberating French North Africa and clearing the enemy from the Italian colonies, the Allies sought to bring the entire French empire effectively into the war against the Axis powers. They reopened the Mediterranean route to the Middle East. They went on from Africa to liberate Sicily, Sardinia,

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on 7 December 1941, the United States joined the war. On 8 November 1942, American forces entered combat in North Africa with Operation Torch, which "transformed the Mediterranean from a British to an Allied theater of war", "succeeding operations in the Mediterranean area proved far more extensive

3205:

were damaged too severely to leave. The defence of the island ensured that the Allies had an advantage in the fight to control the Mediterranean and as the garrison recovered from periods of intense bombing, aircraft, submarines and light surface ships resumed attacks on Axis supply ships, leading to

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Before the coup, Rashid Ali's supporters had been informed that Germany would recognise the independence of Iraq from the British Empire. There had also been discussions on war material being sent to support the Iraqis and other Arab factions in fighting the British. On 3 May, German Foreign Minister

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was signed between the United Kingdom, France and Turkey and British military forces were authorised to begin discussions with the Turkish general staff; a further conference was held during March 1940. Within a week of the Italian occupation of Albania, France and the United Kingdom "announced they

2181:

of 1937, Italy and the United Kingdom "disclaimed any desire to modify or see modified the national sovereignty of any country in the Mediterranean area, and agreed to discourage any activities liable to impair mutual relations." Italian diplomatic and military moves did not reflect this agreement.

2160:

Italian foreign policy went through two stages during the Fascist regime. Until 1934–35, Mussolini followed a "modest ... and responsible" course and following that date there was "ceaseless activity and aggression". "Prior to the Italian invasion of Ethiopia, Mussolini had made military agreements

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and transport them to Iraq. The French also agreed to allow passage of other weapons and material and loaned several airbases in northern Syria to Germany, for the transport of German aircraft to Iraq. Between 9 May and the end of the month, about 100 German and about 20 Italian aircraft landed on

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and Rommel himself was officially under Italian command. But Rommel seized on the weakness of his opponents and without waiting for his forces to fully assemble, rapidly went on the offensive. In March–April 1941, the German and Italian forces defeated the British forces and forced the British and

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in Transjordan. The new regime planned to refuse further concessions to the United Kingdom, to retain diplomatic links with Fascist Italy and to expel the most prominent pro-British politicians. The plotters considered the United Kingdom to be weak and believed that its government would negotiate

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troops into the country, because Britain could not spare enough forces to guarantee victory. They had, however, accepted aid from the RAF in their war with the Italians in Albania. As it became likely Germany would attack Greece, four British divisions were switched from North Africa to reinforce

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and the United Kingdom had to be challenged. Through armed conquest, the north and east African colonies would be linked and this 'prison' destroyed. Italy would be able to march "either to the Indian Ocean through the Sudan and Abyssinia, or to the Atlantic by way of French North Africa". On 2

2718:

After moving through south-eastern Yugoslavia, the Germans had been able to turn the Allied flank, cutting off Greek units in the east of the country. Greek forces in central Macedonia were isolated from the Commonwealth forces moving up in an attempt stabilise the front, with the Germans then

2668:

both fought the occupying forces and collaborated with them against the communists. The Partisans eventually gained recognition from the Allies as the sole resistance movement. With help from both the Soviets and the Western Allies, they turned into a formidable fighting force and successfully

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On 30 April, the Iraqi Army surrounded and besieged RAF Habbaniya; the base had no operational aircraft but the RAF converted trainers to carry weapons and a battalion of infantry reinforcements was flown in. German and Italian aircraft supported the Iraqi army and British reinforcements were

2714:

did not receive adequate troop reinforcements and was quickly overrun by the Germans, who then outflanked the Greek forces at the Albanian border, forcing their surrender. British, Australian and New Zealand forces were overwhelmed and forced to retreat, with the ultimate goal of evacuation.

2868:

with their new government regardless of its legality. On 17 April, Rashid Ali, on behalf of the "National Defence Government" asked Germany for military assistance in the event of war with the British. Ali attempted to restrict British rights guaranteed under

2784:

When Italy entered the war the Iraqi government did not break off diplomatic relations, as they had done with Germany. The Italian Legation in Baghdad became the centre for Axis propaganda and for fomenting anti-British feeling. In this they were aided by

3519:

As the campaign in Italy continued, the rough terrain prevented fast movement and proved ideal for defence, the Allies continued to push the German and RSI forces northwards through the rest of the year. The German prepared defensive line called the

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by France in May 1945. French forces then tried to quell the protests but concern with heavy Syrian casualties forced Winston Churchill to oppose French action there. After being rebuffed by Charles De Gaulle he ordered British forces under general

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falling on the rear of the main Greek army facing the Italians in Macedonia. The German advance into Greece was made easier because the bulk of the Greek Army was engaged fighting the Italians on the Albanian front in the north of the country.

2722:

The Greeks were forced to capitulate, ending resistance on the mainland by the end of the month. Abandoning most of its equipment, the Commonwealth force retreated to the island of Crete. From 20 May, the Germans attacked the island by using

2105:)". Mussolini alleged that Italy required uncontested access to the oceans and shipping lanes to ensure its national sovereignty. Italy was a "prisoner in the Mediterranean" and had to break the chains of British and French control. Corsica, 3139:) was based in Gibraltar and had the task of maintaining naval superiority and providing a strong escort for convoys to and from the Malta. Malta was 60 miles (97 km) from Sicily and one of the first targets of the Italian army and the 3127:

Gibraltar commanded the entrance to the Mediterranean and had been a British fortress since the early 18th century. The territory provided a strongly defended harbour, from which ships could operate in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean.

2010:" and that it would be in other countries' best interests to aid in this expansion. The regime wanted "hegemony in the Mediterranean–Danubian–Balkan region" and the gaining of world power by the conquest "of an empire stretching from the 2193:

to provide centralised command for British army units in the Mediterranean and Middle East theatre. All three branches of the British military were made equally responsible for the defence of the area. The authority of MEC included

3330:. After shattering the Axis defence on the Mareth Line, the Allies squeezed Axis forces into a pocket around Tunis. Axis resistance in Africa ended on 13 May 1943, with the unconditional surrender of nearly 240,000 men, who became 2161:

with the French and formed a coalition with the British and French to prevent German aggression in Europe." The Ethiopian War "exposed vulnerabilities and created opportunities that Mussolini seized to realise his imperial vision"

2888:

to Iraq to lead a diplomatic mission to channel support to the Rashid Ali regime but the British quickly learned of the German arrangements through intercepted Italian diplomatic transmissions. On 6 May, in accordance with the

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while France was still able to resist. When France surrendered, Mussolini gave instructions for his generals to prepare an offensive. On 10 August, he instructed his forces to be prepared to attack in conjunction with the

3168:

in Greece in September 1941. The flotilla was to operate against British supply convoys to Allied forces on Malta and in Tobruk. On 7 December, control of the 23rd Flotilla was transferred from Kernével to Field Marshal

2238:. If necessary, command would be exerted as far away as the Caucasus and the Indian Ocean. The purpose of the command was to be "the western bastion of defence of India", keep British supply lines open to India and the 2918:

and a pro-British government. The defeat of the rebellion saw the defeat of the German-Italian attempt to entrench an Axis state in Iraq and worsened relations between the UK and Vichy France, culminating in the

2793:, who had fled from the British Mandate of Palestine shortly before the outbreak of war and later received asylum in Baghdad. In January 1941, there was a political crisis within Iraq as Rashid Ali resigned as 2318:

On 10 June 1940, Italy declared war on France and the United Kingdom and next day the British Commonwealth declared war on Italy. The fleets of Italy, France and the United Kingdom began the hostilities of the

2273:

against British positions in the Middle East and Eastern Mediterranean region increased. In late 1939, with the assumption that Britain would soon be at war with Italy, planning began for attacks to capture

3500:, armed confrontation between compatriots was most intense in Italy, making the Italian case unique. In 1965, the definition of "civil war" was used for the first time by fascist politician and historian 2499:, and a small German force pressed eastwards, retaking all territory lost to Operation Compass, and advanced into Egypt. By the end of April, Sollum had fallen and the important Halfaya Pass captured. 1234: 3887:

between Palestinian Arabs and Jews broke out and lasted until the British withdrawal of the territory in May 1948, which later drew in neighbouring nations into the conflict, causing the start of the

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and airborne landings. The German and Italian forces were unable to prevent the Allied capture of the island but evacuated most of their troops and equipment to the mainland before the Allies entered

3198:

were delivered, which very much improved the defensive situation, although food, ammunition, and fuel were still short. Supply runs during lulls in the bombing kept Malta in being but many ships like

2987:

soon after the German invasion but the number of ships available was limited and convoys were vulnerable to German air and submarine attack. Supplies were also sent from American pacific ports to

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on 3 July 1940, after it refused to sail to Britain or the French West Indies and demobilise, as part of a larger plan to stop the French fleet from falling into German or Italian hands.

3416:. The Italian government signed the surrender the same day, believing they would be given time to make preparations against the anticipated German intervention. The Allies announced the 192: 2621:

Greek Army. The advanced guards of these troops began arriving in March 1941, triggering the entry of German forces into Bulgaria, which made clear the German intent to invade Greece.

3401:

deposed Mussolini, the Italian leader, who was subsequently arrested. The new government announced that it would continue the war but secretly commenced negotiations with the Allies.

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was signed. Italy gained a 50 kilometres (31 mi) demilitarised zone inside France (as well as similar zones where Italian and French colonies met). Italian occupation forces

1227: 2753:

has accused Hitler of trying to deflect blame for his country's defeat from himself to his ally, Italy. It nevertheless had serious consequences for the Axis war effort in the

9451: 2957:, the rear of the Vichy forces defending Beirut from the advance from the south. Negotiations for an armistice were started on 11 July and surrender terms signed on 14 July. 2413:

by invading Greece on 28 October. The Greek army repulsed the Italian attack and commenced a counter-offensive on 14 November, which pushed Italian forces back into Albania.

7981: 3528:, an amphibious assault at Anzio behind the line was intended to break it, but did not have the desired effect. The line was eventually broken by frontal assault at the 7726: 2137:

Mussolini lauded the conquest as a new source of raw materials and location for emigration and speculated that a native army could be raised there to "help conquer the

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and Rashid Ali proclaimed himself Chief of the "National Defence Government." The Golden Square deposed al-Hashimi and restored Rashid Ali. Ali did not overthrow the

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forces in anticipation of the German attack. The Greek army found itself outnumbered in its effort to defend against both Italian and German troops. As a result, the

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Playfair, Major-General I. S. O.; with Flynn R. N., Captain F. C.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).

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Despite the large size of the theatre, the various campaigns were not seen as neatly separated areas of operations but part of a vast, contiguous theatre of war.

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Forgotten Allies: The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II: The European Theatre

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On 9 September, Italian aircraft start preparation bombardments for the invasion of Egypt. Four days later, Italian infantry attacked and advanced as far as

2676:, Greece, with British air and material support, repelled the initial Italian attack and a counter-attack in March 1941. When the German invasion, known as 7306: 7252: 6438: 5870:

Forgotten Allies: The Military Contribution of the Colonies, Exiled Governments and Lesser Powers to the Allied Victory in World War II: The Asian Theatre

7763: 7259: 6875: 3435:. German forces which had escaped from Sicily were concentrated against Avalanche, while additional forces were brought in to occupy Rome and disarm the 1338: 6285: 5129: 3147:

biplanes. After the first Italian air attacks it became clear that Malta could be defended and in early July, the Gladiators were reinforced by twelve

2731:

despite suffering heavy casualties. They then flew in more troops and were able to capture the rest of the island by 1 June. With their victory in the

1383: 2436:

ended with the Italians losing the desert oasis of Kufra—a vital link between Italian east and north Africa—which was located in south-eastern Libya.

2066:. Covert motives were for Italy to become the dominant power in the Mediterranean, capable of challenging France or Britain and gaining access to the 7649: 7096: 6972: 3910: 3110: 1278: 6949: 6329: 2695: 2367: 2307: 7386: 6698: 2860: 2303: 1835:

The British referred to this theatre as the Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre (so called due to the location of the fighting and the name of

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Upon the establishment of MEC, it was ordered to co-ordinate with the French military in the Middle East and Africa as well as liaise with the

9204: 5553:. United States Army in World War II: The Mediterranean Theatre of Operations. Washington DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. 2428:

in February 1941. Following this success, British forces adopted a defensive position in North Africa and redeployed most troops to Greece in

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was widely viewed as pro-German by the allies. Following the Shah's refusal to open Iran up as a supply route for war materiel to the USSR;

8090: 7946: 7930: 7902: 7150: 6357: 3905: 3884: 3122: 2863:. The leaders of the "National Defence Government" proceeded to arrest many pro-British citizens and politicians but many escaped through 2757:. Enno von Rintelen, who was the military attaché in Rome, emphasises, from the German point of view, the strategic mistake of not taking 8847: 7914: 7826: 7770: 7733: 7015: 5548: 3880: 2872:

of the 1930 Anglo-Iraqi Treaty, when he insisted that newly arrived British troops quickly be transported through Iraq and to Palestine.

3563:

of 1945. From 1944 to the end of war, the Italian Front was made up of a multi-national Allied force of Americans (including segregated

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on 8 September and German forces implemented plans to occupy the Italian peninsula. On 9 September, American and British forces of the

1535: 1463: 2475:, to bolster the Italians with a mission to block further Allied attempts to drive the Italians out of the region. It's commander was 54: 9456: 9325: 7953: 6343: 6301: 787: 279:

Italy ceded all its African colonies to the Allies, restored Albanian independence, and gave some territory to Yugoslavia and Greece

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Tank Combat in North Africa: The Opening Rounds, Operations Sonnenblume, Brevity, Skorpion and Battleaxe, February 1941 – June 1941

1574: 1547: 3516:), published in 1991, led to the term "Italian Civil War" being used more frequently by Italian and international historiography. 8069: 7866: 6903: 6403: 6315: 6251: 3568: 2420:

on the night of 12/13 November. After assembling enough forces the British launched a counter-attack upon the Italians in Egypt.

1677: 8272: 7784: 6634: 6172: 3915: 3564: 3436: 2406: 1376: 3284: 9466: 8868: 8773: 8300: 8046: 7921: 7007: 6981: 6838: 6544: 6461: 6017: 5998: 5977: 5958: 5939: 5896: 5877: 5858: 5748: 5725: 5702: 5663: 5606: 5518: 5499: 5457: 5434: 5413: 5375: 5356: 5315: 5275: 4716: 4684: 3020: 1687: 1530: 3524:(parts of which were called the Gustav Line) proved a major obstacle to the Allies at the end of 1943, halting the advance. 3011:. Iranian oil fields were secured and the line of supply to Russia established and maintained for the remainder of the war. 1854:

a new Roman Empire, while the Allies aimed to retain the status quo. Italy entered the war on 10 June 1940, and immediately

9101: 8508: 8394: 7559: 7026: 7022: 7000: 6604: 5790: 3614:, the remaining German and RSI forces in Northern Italy were defeated by the British 8th Army and the U.S. 5th Army in the 3592: 2508: 2352: 1937:

The Mediterranean and Middle East theatre had the longest duration of the World War II, resulted in the destruction of the

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surrendered to the Allies which entered the town the following day. The Yugoslavs had to leave the town some days after.

3529: 2394:. While his generals did not believe they were prepared, they were ordered to push forward without any solid objectives. 1733: 1157: 766: 666: 2448:

Italy and its colonies before WWII are shown in red. Pink areas were annexed for various periods between 1940 and 1943 (

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Allied forces which had been sent to Greece in October 1944 after the German withdrawal, were attacked by the leftist

2953:. By 8 July, north-east Syria had been captured and elements of Iraqforce had advanced up the river Euphrates towards 2906:

dispatched to Iraq from Transjordan and India. The larger but poorly trained Iraqi force was defeated and Baghdad and

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and occupied Iran in August 1941. The Shah, who urged his military not to resist the invasion, was deposed and his

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was created to fight against the puppet government headed by Mussolini and its German allies, alongside the large

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began, as the British launched minor raids and conducted patrols along the Libyan–Egyptian border and on 17 June,

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Bombing and the naval blockade led to food and commodity shortages and rationing was imposed on the inhabitants.

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had promised to give all the help in their power if Greek and Romanian independence were threatened and if the

2131: 1667: 921: 2628:. They captured Yugoslavia in 11 days and partitioned it among themselves and newly formed client states: The 9471: 9348: 9281: 9232: 9163: 8988: 8494: 8445: 8209: 8202: 7805: 7566: 7357: 6410: 5834:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II. Naval & Military Press. 5113: 3781: 3600: 3572: 3118: 3000: 2653: 2324: 1859: 1801: 1631: 1613: 1318: 1283: 5815:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. Naval & Military Press. 9422: 9318: 8693: 8654: 7573: 7408: 7393: 7320: 7299: 7117: 6795: 6581: 6574: 6558: 6269: 6228: 6200: 3964: 3900: 3764: 3700:

within two days in early October. A massive 50-day-long aerial campaign was launched against the island of

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landing in various places across French North Africa. In December 1942, after a 101-day British blockade,

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Crossing the Rhine: Breaking into Nazi Germany, 1944 and 1945 – The Greatest Airborne Battles in History

3260:, which had stalled the Axis advance into Egypt, British forces went onto the offensive in October. The 9183: 8679: 8598: 8543: 8431: 8387: 8037: 7663: 7587: 7489: 7366: 7238: 7231: 7191: 7164: 6896: 6829: 6424: 6235: 6165: 3366: 3257: 3050: 2940: 2649: 2491:

and the remaining British and Commonwealth forces withdrew a further 100 mi (160 km) east to

2344: 1855: 1626: 1492: 1470: 1308: 1298: 522: 2379: 1723: 9085: 9002: 8787: 8647: 8619: 8452: 8357: 8147: 7580: 6654: 6308: 3888: 3747:. The Allies rapidly broke out of their beachheads and fanned out north and east to join up with the 3619: 3386: 3327: 2677: 2409:

began in August and annexed the colony. After crossing the Albanian border, Italian forces began the

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and took place in October 1944. It involved five soldiers: three who were previously members of the

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The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume II The Germans come to the Help of their Ally (1941). 1956

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was subsequently set up in northern Italy as the successor state to the former fascist government.

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During 1941, the British launched several offensives to push back the Axis forces in North Africa.

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theatre saw interconnected naval, land, and air campaigns fought for control of the Mediterranean,

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the Germans had secured their southern flank and turned their attention towards the Soviet Union.

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an 832 km (321 sq mi) area of France, which included 28,500 people and the town of

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the absence of Allied reinforcements doomed the Allied effort, however. German forces, including

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The Mediterranean and Middle East Volume I The Early Successes against Italy (to May 1941). 1954

1890:

planned to capture the Middle East with a view to possibly attacking the southern border of the

1443: 8938: 8831: 8633: 8584: 8487: 8380: 8350: 8133: 8021: 7747: 7538: 7129: 7110: 7080: 6627: 6597: 5807:, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (2004) . 3989: 3935: 3442:

The Germans were unable to prevent the Italian fleet sailing to Malta, although the battleship

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reinforcements in the Mediterranean joined in the bombing but during a lull in early 1942, 61

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British forces in the Middle East were ordered to avoid provocation. Following the defeat of

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which was breaking out of the Normandy beachhead. In early September supreme command of the

2355:

began with Italian attacks in East Africa, although ground combat did not start until July.

9253: 9108: 8759: 8716: 8686: 8612: 8422: 8401: 7327: 6804: 6482: 3666: 3315: 3195: 3161: 2839: 2818: 2742: 2223: 2007: 1931: 1923: 1825: 1704: 649: 610: 2633: 8: 9371: 9145: 9023: 8979: 8501: 7635: 7401: 6928: 6758: 6742: 6691: 5891:. New Studies in European History. trans. A. Belton. London: Cambridge University Press. 3678: 3432: 3398: 3242: 3053:

a few days after their landing. The German commander was captured in 1946 and the fifth,

3034: 2838:

On 1 April, Rashid Ali, along with four senior Army and Air Force officers known as the "

2685: 2259: 2215: 2186: 2063: 2011: 1836: 1758: 1638: 1333: 1054: 6135: 5951:

Swastika over the Acropolis: Re-interpreting the Nazi Invasion of Greece in World War II

4748:

Mussolini als Bundesgenosse. Erinnerungen des deutschen Militärattachés in Rom 1936–1943

3723: 3357: 2991:

in Soviet-flagged ships but Allied planners wished to open another supply route through

2432:, leaving a weak force garrisoning the gains made from Operation Compass. In March, the 1212: 9364: 9197: 9122: 9076: 9046: 8954: 8794: 8459: 8343: 8237: 8188: 8126: 7882: 7833: 7642: 7266: 6921: 6719: 6051: 5737: 4726: 4700: 3748: 3684: 3646: 3544: 3390: 3322:

but managed to delay the Allied advance by defensive operations, most notably with the

3246: 2976: 2897:

government to release war materials, including aircraft, from sealed stockpiles in the

2750: 2626:

Germans, Italians, Hungarians and Bulgarians made quick work of the Royal Yugoslav army

2534: 2533:, was forced to surrender by 18 May which effectively ended the campaign, allowing the 2425: 2199: 2059: 1411: 1140: 1038: 1032: 749: 446: 45: 5406:

From Jerusalem to the Lion of Judah and Beyond: Israel's Foreign Policy in East Africa

3968: 9355: 9239: 9129: 9069: 9030: 8963: 8945: 8911: 8854: 8808: 8752: 8577: 8315: 8307: 8244: 8097: 7691: 7223: 6684: 6663: 6373: 6109: 6079: 6059: 6043: 6013: 5994: 5988: 5973: 5954: 5935: 5929: 5914: 5892: 5873: 5854: 5835: 5816: 5786: 5767: 5744: 5721: 5698: 5681: 5659: 5640: 5621: 5602: 5583: 5554: 5533: 5514: 5495: 5476: 5453: 5430: 5424: 5409: 5390: 5371: 5352: 5333: 5311: 5305: 5290: 5271: 5149: 4755: 4712: 4680: 3993: 3981: 3789: 3736: 3718: 3588: 3540: 3477: 3413: 3352: 3253:. The routed Allied forces retreated to Egypt where they made a stand at El Alamein. 3238: 3170: 3144: 3140: 3066: 2856: 2673: 2575: 2462: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2391: 2283: 2142: 2043: 1915: 1903: 1895: 1863: 1817: 1643: 1482: 1458: 1343: 1205: 1049: 1010: 965: 411: 5832:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of Their Ally (1941)

5085: 3501: 2149:

and within two days had occupied the country. In May 1939, Italy formally allied to

9274: 9267: 9211: 8875: 8640: 8626: 8529: 8466: 8417: 8230: 8083: 8030: 7840: 7791: 7705: 6935: 6912: 6445: 5096: 3985: 3847:

In Syria, nationalist protests were on the rise at the continued occupation of the

3822: 3752: 3627: 3576: 3331: 3319: 3250: 3148: 3046: 2844: 2746: 2522: 2429: 2348: 2255: 2122: 2015: 2003: 1781: 1453: 1431: 1106: 1082: 1071: 627: 579: 32: 6454: 5813:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

5073: 1866:, but it was not until the introduction of German forces that it and neighbouring 1134: 94: 74: 9297: 9009: 8924: 8882: 8780: 8723: 8591: 8373: 8364: 7893: 7475: 7451: 6705: 5673: 5241: 5143: 4754:] (in German). Tübingen/Stuttgart: R. Wunderlich. pp. 90, 92–93, 98–99. 3948: 3876: 3830: 3525: 3454: 3269: 3072: 2915: 2890: 2806: 2798: 2775: 2732: 2724: 2672:

Following the Italian invasion on 28 October 1940, which is usually known as the

2664:, soon broke out. A more ambivalent, predominantly Serb paramilitary movement of 2661: 2541:. A number of Italian garrisons continued to hold out, but the last of these, at 2521:

in February 1941. Landings were subsequently conducted in British Somaliland and

2496: 2401:

before digging in, 80 mi (130 km) west of the main British position at

2332: 2178: 1878:, while Axis interference in the Middle East caused fighting to spread as far as 1829: 1797: 1621: 1542: 1303: 1189: 1180: 1176: 1087: 1043: 992: 824: 265: 174: 138: 117: 9409: 3100:

Five Malta-based RAF pilots sitting in front of a Beaufighter and a Spitfire at

2416:

The Royal Navy inflicted a major setback upon the Italian Royal Navy during the

2141:. "Almost as soon as the Abyssinian campaign ended, Italian intervention in the 9304: 8840: 8766: 6818: 6677: 6042:(14). London: Royal Institute of International Affairs: 852–854. 13 July 1940. 5332:. First published as The Spanish Civil War. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 5095:("Italy of civil war"), published in 1983 by the Italian writer and journalist 3693: 3505: 3199: 3165: 2794: 2699: 2538: 2424:

drove the Italians out of Egypt and resulted in the destruction of the Italian

2279: 2106: 2082: 2067: 1997: 1938: 1805: 1557: 1552: 1076: 960: 313: 3780:

At the end of the war in Europe, on 1 May 1945, troops of the 4th Army of the

1906:

halted Axis interference in North Africa by May 1943. The Allies then invaded

9445: 9115: 7040: 6889: 6728: 6063: 6047: 5685: 5558: 5325: 4752:

Mussolini as an ally. Memories of the German military attaché in Rome 1936–43

3853: 3842: 3638: 3472:, while other Italian troops continued to fight alongside the Germans in the 3450: 3374: 3264:

marked a watershed in the Western Desert Campaign and turned the tide in the

3079:

and create a Kurdish uprising against the British with assistance from local

2814: 2681: 2328: 2154: 1851: 1785: 1150: 1145: 1111: 1094: 1021: 987: 972: 699: 327: 236: 207: 194: 6113: 2185:

With rising tension in Europe, in June 1939, the United Kingdom established

1361: 85: 9414: 9218: 7518: 7423: 7054: 6417: 6181: 5906: 5117: 4914: 4759: 3980:

While the fighting around the Mediterranean formed the longest fought over

3960: 3759:

and the 6th Army Group moved out of the Mediterranean Theatre and into the

3662: 3618:. Mussolini attempted to escape to Switzerland, but was captured and later 3497: 3156: 3133: 3076: 3054: 3038: 2972: 2931: 2894: 2885: 2881: 2853: 2830: 2738: 2711: 2597: 2518: 2476: 2467: 2402: 2398: 2340: 2286:. Troops in Sudan were also asked to consider launching operations against 2235: 2150: 2071: 2047: 1967: 1891: 1821: 1793: 1394: 1200: 1171: 1123: 1118: 1016: 841: 807: 717: 595: 393: 246: 186: 5931:

Vital Crossroads: Mediterranean Origins of the Second World War, 1935–1940

3665:

with the Allies), ordered German and RSI armed forces in Italy to make an

3622:

by Italian partisans along with the high-ranking Fascist officials of the

3310:

Allied forces were placed under the command of a Supreme Allied Commander

2545:, surrendered in November. Small groups of Italian troops carried out the 9053: 9039: 8701: 7377: 7198: 7183: 6537: 5889:

Fascism's European Empire: Italian Occupation during the Second World War

4672: 3809: 3706: 3556: 3555:, the Italian campaign became of secondary importance to both sides. The 3521: 3485: 2988: 2984: 2946: 2707: 2562: 2526: 2514: 2094: 2046:

and harked back to the Roman empire. The regime also sought to establish

1949: 1813: 1789: 1518: 1436: 998: 851: 682: 360: 182: 178: 6055: 2335:(RAF) aircraft attacked Italian positions inside Libya. On 11 June, the 8408: 8161: 8140: 7033: 6366: 6294: 5804: 5680:. Ballantine's Illustrated History of the Violent Century. Ballantine. 5268:

Hitler's Beneficiaries: Plunder, Racial War, and the Nazi Welfare State

3642: 2728: 2688:, then a vassal of Italy, from which the Italian troops had attacked. 2375: 2311: 2169: 1862:, which would remain under siege for over 2 years. Italian forces then 1426: 1416: 1065: 605: 5492:

The Mediterranean Air War: Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II

2698:, creating a second front. Greece received a small reinforcement from 2465:

by dispatching armour and motorised divisions. Germany dispatched the

8671: 8076: 7873: 7684: 7482: 7437: 3797: 3191: 3184: 3084: 3026: 2996: 2950: 2911: 2703: 2691: 2110: 1987:, which was a client state, was considered a territory to be annexed. 1887: 1162: 462: 6958: 5829: 3595:

as well as members of the British and French empires, including the

3175: 6942: 6670: 6083: 3785: 3732: 3548: 3273: 3187:

in northern Italy, as more U-boats were sent to the Mediterranean.

3101: 2980: 2849: 2239: 2027: 2023: 3879:

between Arabs and Jews. Following the end of World War II and the

3875:

Prior to the war, the British Mandate of Palestine was faced with

3427:

in Operation Avalanche and more British airborne troops landed at

3025:

Operation Atlas was carried out by a special commando unit of the

2517:, the British launched a counter-attack against the Italians from 2444: 5799: 5530:

And We Shall Shock Them: The British Army in the Second World War

3793: 3696:

commandos, launched a counter-offensive, capturing the island of

3510:

Una guerra civile. Saggio storico sulla moralità della Resistenza

3428: 3394: 3129: 3114: 2810: 2327:

soon began, with the first Italian air attack on 11 June. In the

2270: 2203: 2086: 2031: 1984: 259: 65: 5494:. Modern war studies. Lawrence, KN: University Press of Kansas. 4677:

Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions that Changed the World, 1940–1941

3160:

began operations in the Mediterranean with establishment of the

2557: 1843:

and the German informal official history of the fighting is the

550: 7552: 6150: 3857: 3848: 3826: 3744: 3740: 3514:

A Civil War. Historical Essay On the Morality Of the Resistance

3489: 3481: 3318:. Axis forces were caught between the Allied armies during the 3230: 2954: 2802: 2779: 2542: 2492: 2488: 2461:

In North Africa, the Italians responded to the defeat of their

2371: 2275: 2266: 2231: 2126: 2090: 1809: 563: 490: 2910:

were captured. Ali and his supporters fled the country and an

2249:

and possibly the Greek General Staff. On 19 October 1939, the

7740: 3756: 3701: 3080: 3007:

placed on the throne as titular head of an allied controlled

2907: 2864: 2758: 2495:

on the Libyan–Egyptian border. The main Axis force began the

2287: 2211: 2207: 2190: 2138: 2102: 1845:

Mediterranean, South-East Europe, and North Africa 1939–1941.

5766:] (in French). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 5695:

Mussolini and the Origins of the Second World War, 1933–1940

2817:, from whence he was flown to Basra and given refuge on the 2405:. In East Africa, after some initial offensive actions, the 3992:

was fought from 1939 to 1945, the war's longest continuous

3731:

On 15 August 1944, in an effort to aid their operations in

3533: 3311: 3229:

British gunners cleaning a 3.7-inch anti-aircraft gun near

3180: 2380:

the French fleet in the North African port of Mers-el-Kébir

2242:, and keep the Middle Eastern oilfields out of Axis hands. 2219: 2195: 2118: 2098: 1816:

in Italy surrendered. However, fighting would continue in

5513:. Vol. VIII. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5217: 5215: 3697: 3342: 3301:

than intended. One undertaking was to lead to the next".

1242: 858: 5055: 3206:

fuel and supply shortages for the Axis forces in Libya.

2570: Areas annexed by Italy: the area constituting the 2097:

and "French territory east of the River Var (to include

2385:

When Italy entered the war, there were no plans for an

1982: Territories to be transformed into client states. 1874:. Allied and Axis forces fought back and forth across 16:

Major theatre of operations during the Second World War

6812:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

5509:

Fage, J. D.; Crowder, Michael; Oliver, Roland (1984).

5212: 3071:

In 1943 a small team of German agents parachuted into

9452:

Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

6101: 5330:

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

5091:, 1943–1945, 3 voll., Milano, FPE, 1965 and the book 4711:] (in German) (3rd ed.). Bonn. p. 506. 4705:

Hitlers Strategie. Politik und Kriegführung 1940–1941

3143:; the air defence of Malta comprised six obsolescent 2914:

was signed, restoring the monarchy of Faisal II, the

5550:

Northwest Africa: Seizing the Initiative in the West

4861: 4604: 4602: 3763:fighting as one of three Allied army groups on the 3412:landed in the toe of Italy on 3 September 1943, in 1960: Metropolitan Italy and dependent territories; 5736: 5511:The Cambridge History of Africa: From 1940 to 1975 5445: 3453:rescued Mussolini from the mountain resort in the 6104:[The Unknown Resistance in East Africa]. 5990:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 5508: 4982: 4980: 3911:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II 3385:Following the Allied victory in North Africa the 3179:) in Italy. Additional bases were established in 3111:Military history of Gibraltar during World War II 2561:Division of Yugoslavia after its invasion by the 9443: 5948: 5739:The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered 5346: 4775: 4599: 1930:in the north, lasting until 2 May 1945 with the 912: 528: 6102:"La resistenza sconosciuta in Africa Orientale" 2640:and annexed most of the Dalmatian coast as the 1800:. The fighting started from 10 June 1940, when 6136:Mediterranean sources and US Official accounts 5349:A History of Eastern Europe: Crisis and Change 4977: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4475: 4473: 4062: 4060: 3963:unconditionally surrendered on 8 May 1945 but 3829:during December of that year, which began the 3712: 2525:, while an expedition from the Sudan moved on 2343:was captured. On 20 June, Mussolini began the 2293: 2145:" began. On 7 April 1939, Mussolini began the 1914:authorized by the royal government, causing a 498: 165:(4 years, 11 months and 5 days) 6166: 5307:The Origins of the Second World War in Europe 4709:Hitler's Strategy. Politics & War 1940–41 4188: 4186: 3871:Intercommunal conflict in Mandatory Palestine 2134:began when Italian forces invaded Abyssinia. 2077:On 30 November 1938, Mussolini addressed the 2006:claimed that Italy needed an outlet for its " 1953:Ambitions of Fascist Italy in Europe in 1936. 1391: 1377: 1228: 467: 5475:] (in Italian). Baldini & Castoldi. 5012: 5010: 4825: 4816: 4745: 4545: 4245: 4243: 4176: 4174: 3906:Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II) 3480:. Although other European countries such as 3123:Mediterranean U-boat Campaign (World War II) 420: 5970:World War II: The Definitive Visual History 5148:. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. 4784: 4766: 4470: 4404:Bulletin of International News, pp. 852–854 4057: 6173: 6159: 5653: 5387:Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunters 1939–1942 4900: 4898: 4896: 4894: 4731:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4699: 4183: 4074: 4072: 4032: 4030: 3739:– the invasion of Southern France between 3607:and forces raised in Mandatory Palestine. 3083:who were seeking to create an independent 2809:, learnt of a plot to arrest him and fled 1796:, the Horn of Africa, the Middle East and 1384: 1370: 1235: 1221: 757: 657: 618: 258:Beginning of the Communist regimes in the 6099: 5993:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5466: 5285:Bauer, Eddy (2000) . Young, Peter (ed.). 5132:at the University of Munchen (in German). 5061: 5007: 4240: 4171: 4048: 3727:Allied fleets landing in Southern France. 3630:surrendered to the Allies along with the 3389:in Operation Husky on 10 July 1943, with 3326:and a temporary defensive success at the 2764: 2616:, the Greeks had been reluctant to allow 1886:. With confidence high from early gains, 894: 876: 723: 708: 123:Italian warships on formation during the 6077: 5986: 5967: 5448:The Second World War: A Military History 5443: 5429:. New York, NY: Atlantic Monthly Press. 5347:Bideleux, Robert; Jeffries, Ian (1998). 5265: 5103:("History of Italy") by the same author. 4867: 3861:withdrew from Syria the following year. 3722: 3356: 3283: 3224: 3094: 2930: 2829: 2556: 2443: 2297: 2269:, the threat of an Axis attack from the 2168: 1976: Claimed territories to be annexed; 1948: 930: 513: 402: 6108:(in Italian). Rivista Italiana Difesa. 5927: 5886: 5692: 5672: 5634: 5532:. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. 5169: 5167: 5165: 4952: 4950: 4891: 4834: 4671: 4509: 4069: 4027: 3683:The brief campaign in the Italian-held 3559:north of Rome was not broken until the 2121:and Tunisia would need to be taken and 1181: 690: 9444: 8020: 7998:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 5905: 5757: 5734: 5615: 5596: 5527: 5489: 5365: 5324: 3916:Timeline of the North African campaign 3672: 3343:Italian campaign and Italian Civil War 3288:U.S. troops taken prisoner during the 3090: 3014: 2407:Italian conquest of British Somaliland 2310:in shades of yellow and striped blue, 815: 144:American soldiers fighting during the 8869:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 8301:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 7947:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7903:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7008:Rape during the occupation of Germany 6154: 6010:Malta: The Last Great Siege 1940–1943 6007: 5867: 5848: 5780: 5714:Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe 5711: 5577: 5422: 5403: 5384: 5284: 5233: 5141: 5124:of 14 July 2005 (in Italian) and the 5084:See the books from Italian historian 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 3770: 3583:, Greeks, anti-fascist Italians, the 3459:puppet government headed by Mussolini 3075:with the goal of covertly sabotaging 3021:Operation Atlas (Mandatory Palestine) 2926: 2801:; civil war loomed. On 31 March, the 2392:German invasion of the United Kingdom 2304:Occupied and annexed zones by Germany 1922:commenced between the Allied-aligned 1774:Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre 1365: 1246:Mediterranean and Middle East Theatre 1216: 109:Italian soldiers charging during the 26:Mediterranean and Middle East theatre 7991:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 7023:Rape during the liberation of France 6080:"Nazis planned Palestine subversion" 5909:(1982) . Liddell-Hart, Basil (ed.). 5546: 5368:Regional Security in the Middle East 5303: 5266:Aly, Götz; Chase, Jefferson (2008). 5246:. Time Incorporated. pp. 25–26. 5239: 5176: 5162: 5089:Storia della guerra civile in Italia 5074:Storia della guerra civile in Italia 4947: 4554: 4144: 3060: 3041:who were close collaborators of the 2893:, Germany concluded a deal with the 2834:British troops taking cover in Iraq. 2680:, began on 6 April, the bulk of the 2509:East African Campaign (World War II) 6100:Cernuschi, Enrico (December 1994). 5949:Stockings, C.; Hancock, E. (2013). 4679:. London: Allen Lane. p. 178. 4587:Fage, Crowder & Oliver, p. 461. 2945:In Operation Exporter, Australian, 116:German Fallschirmjägers during the 13: 8217:German invasion of the Netherlands 6497:Weather events during World War II 6092: 5972:. New York, NY: Dorling Kimberly. 5637:Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move 4635:Stockings & Hancock, pp. 78–82 4360: 3967:still fought until the end of the 3825:movement, resulting in clashes in 3337: 2935:Australian troops in Lebanon, 1941 2636:. In spring 1941, Italy created a 2487:fell back to the fortress port of 2480:Commonwealth forces into retreat. 2081:on the goal of capturing Albania, 137:British troops on Iraq during the 14: 9488: 8848:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 6129: 5310:(2nd ed.). London: Pearson. 3610:On April 28, two days before the 3279: 3214: 2995:. Though officially neutral, the 2547:Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia 2362:with Germany and on 24 June, the 1828:– during the early stages of the 9457:African theatres of World War II 9408: 6180: 6034:"The Franco-Italian Armistice". 5801:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O. 5718:Germany and the Second World War 5289:(rev. ed.). London: Orbis. 5224: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5135: 5106: 5078: 5067: 5046: 5037: 5028: 5019: 3539:Following the fall of Rome, the 3492:also had partisan movements and 3292:march through a Tunisian village 2741:later blamed the failure of his 2485:Australian 9th Infantry Division 2262:considered it vital to resist." 1199: 1188: 1170: 1156: 1149: 1139: 1128: 1117: 1110: 1100: 1093: 1081: 1070: 1059: 1048: 1037: 1026: 1015: 1004: 997: 986: 971: 959: 932: 914: 896: 878: 860: 834: 817: 800: 776: 759: 742: 725: 710: 692: 659: 643: 620: 604: 588: 572: 556: 544: 530: 515: 500: 483: 469: 455: 439: 422: 404: 386: 369: 353: 337: 320: 306: 93: 84: 73: 64: 53: 44: 5760:Histoire militaire de la France 5658:. Littlehampton Book Services. 4998: 4989: 4968: 4959: 4938: 4929: 4907: 4873: 4852: 4843: 4807: 4798: 4739: 4693: 4665: 4656: 4647: 4638: 4629: 4620: 4611: 4590: 4581: 4572: 4563: 4536: 4527: 4518: 4500: 4491: 4482: 4461: 4452: 4443: 4434: 4425: 4416: 4407: 4398: 4389: 4380: 4351: 4342: 4333: 4324: 4315: 4306: 4297: 4288: 4279: 4270: 4261: 4252: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4210:Playfair (1954), pp. 31–32, 459 4204: 4195: 4162: 4153: 4135: 4126: 4117: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4081: 3439:in central and northern Italy. 3349:Italian campaign (World War II) 3209: 2789:, the British appointee as the 2749:'s failed conquest of Greece. 2456: 2439: 2018:". The Fascists had designs on 1839:), the Americans called it the 1824:had been dispatched to aid the 130:British tanks on the attack in 9095:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 6805:Territorial changes of Germany 6713:Indonesian National Revolution 6078:Fountain, Rick (5 July 2001). 6036:Bulletin of International News 5785:. All About History. Imagine. 5678:Beda Fomm: The Classic Victory 5490:Ehlers, Robert S. Jr. (2015). 5452:. London: St. Martin's Press. 5145:Civil War in Europe, 1905-1949 4039: 4018: 4009: 3974: 3954: 3941: 3928: 3616:Spring 1945 offensive in Italy 3597:3rd Algerian Infantry Division 3530:Fourth Battle of Monte Cassino 3476:; this period is known as the 3397:on 17 August. On 25 July, the 2502: 1926:in the south and Axis-aligned 1: 8495:Japanese invasion of Thailand 8446:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 8210:German invasion of Luxembourg 6591:Mediterranean and Middle East 6012:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 5987:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1994). 5928:Salerno, Reynolds M. (2002). 5253: 5240:Luce, Henry Robinson (1945). 5099:as the fifteen volume of the 4662:Playfair (1956), pp. 148–149. 4054:Bideleux and Jeffries, p. 467 3669:to the Allies on 2 May 1945. 3593:South Africans and Rhodesians 3119:Siege of Malta (World War II) 2684:was on the Greek border with 2358:On 22 June, France signed an 2347:, just before the end of the 1944: 1582:Mediterranean and Middle East 9467:History of the Mediterranean 8402:Invasion of the Soviet Union 8091:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 7409:Independent State of Croatia 5934:. Cornell University Press. 5735:Martel, Gordon, ed. (1999). 5093:L'Italia della guerra civile 4849:Playfair (1956), pp. 194–195 4458:Playfair (1954), pp. 209–210 4228:Playfair (1954), pp. 31, 457 4003: 3901:List of World War II battles 3864: 3324:Battle of the Kasserine Pass 3173:, Commander in Chief South ( 2797:of Iraq and was replaced by 2743:invasion of the Soviet Union 2630:Independent State of Croatia 2589:Independent State of Croatia 2578:and the areas making up the 1841:Mediterranean Theater of War 1812:, until 2 May 1945 when all 1563:Manchuria and Northern Korea 886:Independent State of Croatia 7: 9386:End of World War II in Asia 9226:Western invasion of Germany 8733:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 8710:Second Battle of El Alamein 8280:Hundred Regiments Offensive 8252:Battle of the Mediterranean 8105:Italian invasion of Albania 6279:Air warfare of World War II 6071: 6027: 5872:. Vol. II. McFarland. 5720:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 5287:The History of World War II 4746:von Rintelen, Enno (1951). 4267:Playfair (1954), pp. 51, 53 3894: 3713:Invasion of southern France 3470:Italian resistance movement 3466:Italian Co-Belligerent Army 3457:where he was being held. A 3361:Men of the 10th Battalion, 3262:Second Battle of El Alamein 2574:, the area merged with the 2537:to be re-established under 2321:Battle of the Mediterranean 2294:Initial military operations 2251:Treaty of Mutual Assistance 2147:Italian invasion of Albania 125:Battle of the Mediterranean 10: 9493: 9312:Naval bombardment of Japan 8680:First Battle of El Alamein 8599:Battle of Christmas Island 8544:Japanese invasion of Burma 8308:Italian invasion of Greece 8224:German invasion of Belgium 8196:German invasion of Denmark 8169:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 8038:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 6302:Comparative military ranks 5853:. Vol. I. McFarland. 5764:Military History of France 5654:Mack Smith, Denis (1982). 5408:. Bloomington: IUniverse. 5389:. New York: Random House. 5142:Payne, Stanley G. (2011). 4885:Kurdistan Memory Programme 4551:Playfair (1956), pp. 33–35 4533:Playfair (1956), pp. 19–40 4294:Playfair (1954), pp. 48–49 4276:Playfair (1954), pp. 24–25 3868: 3840: 3807: 3775: 3716: 3676: 3532:in the spring of 1944 and 3373:, climbing the heights of 3346: 3258:First Battle of El Alamein 3218: 3108: 3064: 3051:Transjordan Frontier Force 3018: 2964: 2938: 2852:and named a new Regent to 2773: 2650:complex guerrilla uprising 2552: 2506: 2345:Italian invasion of France 2164: 2132:Second Italo–Ethiopian War 1995: 163:10 June 1940 – 23 May 1945 9401: 9233:Bratislava–Brno offensive 9173: 9164:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 8901: 8788:Allied invasion of Sicily 8742: 8648:Aleutian Islands campaign 8620:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 8567: 8558:Greek famine of 1941–1944 8453:Second Battle of Changsha 8358:German invasion of Greece 8326: 8203:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 8178: 8116: 8011: 7892: 7618: 7528: 7376: 7079: 7070: 6828: 6653: 6545:North and Central Pacific 6506: 6268: 6261: 6188: 5968:Sturgeon, Alison (2009). 5578:Jentz, Thomas L. (1998). 5547:Howe, George F. (1993) . 5467:De Felice, Renzo (1995). 5444:Corrigan, Gordon (2011). 4935:Blair (1996), pp. 395–404 4596:Cernuschi, 1994, pp. 5–74 4123:Beevor (2006). pp. 135–6. 3803: 3543:(6 June 1944) that began 3328:Battle of the Mareth Line 3057:, succeeded in escaping. 2646:Governatorato di Dalmazia 1402: 1254: 952: 287: 155: 38: 30: 25: 9477:Theaters of World War II 8825:Allied invasion of Italy 8802:Solomon Islands campaign 8551:Third Battle of Changsha 8148:First Battle of Changsha 8054:Second Sino-Japanese War 6994:German military brothels 6860:United States war crimes 5887:Rodogno, Davide (2006). 5693:Mallett, Rovert (2003). 5304:Bell, P. M. H. (1997) . 5258: 4488:Playfair (1956), pp. 2–5 3921: 3836: 3749:American 12th Army Group 3655:Heinrich von Vietinghoff 3632:National Republican Army 3585:2nd New Zealand Division 3474:National Republican Army 3406:Allied invasion of Italy 3363:Royal Berkshire Regiment 3290:Battle of Kasserine Pass 2791:Grand Mufti of Jerusalem 2787:Mohammad Amin al-Husayni 2642:Governorship of Dalmatia 2638:Montenegrin client state 2605: Areas occupied by 2364:Franco-Italian Armistice 2308:Italian occupation zones 1991: 1894:. Devastating losses in 1568:pre-war border conflicts 104:Clockwise from top left: 9462:History of North Africa 9247:Second Guangxi campaign 9102:Philippines (1944–1945) 8606:Battle of the Coral Sea 8509:Fall of the Philippines 8155:Battle of South Guangxi 8061:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 7467:Italian Social Republic 5781:Overy, Richard (2014). 5601:. Vol. I. Osprey. 5599:Italian Army, 1940–1945 5597:Jowett, Philip (2000). 5528:Fraser, David (1999) . 5370:. New York: Routledge. 5209:Corrigan (2011), p. 523 4795:Playfair (1956), p. 178 4772:Playfair (1956), p. 177 4569:Jentz, pp. 128–129, 131 4560:Playfair (1956), p. 160 4440:Playfair (1954), p. 207 4357:Playfair (1954), p. 118 4348:Playfair (1954), p. 112 4330:Playfair (1954), p. 109 4321:Playfair (1954), p. 100 4258:Playfair (1954), p. 458 3667:unconditional surrender 3624:Italian Social Republic 3314:Mediterranean, General 3296:Following the Japanese 3221:Western Desert Campaign 2960: 2899:French Mandate of Syria 2884:to secretly return Dr. 2769: 2669:liberated the country. 2596: Area occupied by 2580:Governorate of Dalmatia 2529:. The Italian Viceroy, 2337:Western Desert Campaign 2302:France during the war; 2002:During the late 1920s, 1928:Italian Social Republic 1850:Fascist Italy aimed to 1784:. The vast size of the 868:Italian Social Republic 241:Italian Social Republic 8832:Armistice of Cassibile 8634:Battle of Dutch Harbor 8585:Battle of the Java Sea 8488:Attack on Pearl Harbor 8388:Syria–Lebanon campaign 8381:Battle of South Shanxi 8351:Invasion of Yugoslavia 8134:Battle of the Atlantic 7748:Korean Liberation Army 7461:(until September 1943) 7418:(until September 1944) 7396:(until September 1944) 5868:Ready, J. Lee (1985). 5849:Ready, J. Lee (1985). 5758:Martel, André (1994). 5697:. Palgrave Macmillan. 5674:Macksey, Major Kenneth 5616:Keegan, John (1997) . 5582:. New York: Schiffer. 5404:Carol, Steven (2012). 5366:Bilgin, Pinar (2005). 5230:Sturgeson, pp. 274–275 5025:Sturgeon, pp. 212–213. 4974:Weinberg, pp. 260–263. 4881:"History of the Kurds" 4644:Weinberg, pp. 221–222. 4497:Martel (1994), p. 108. 4431:Weinberg, pp. 145–146. 4303:Playfair (1954), p. 54 4285:Playfair (1954), p. 41 4219:Playfair (1954), p. 33 4201:Playfair (1954), p. 12 4132:Playfair (1954), p. 24 4105:Playfair (1954), p. 21 3990:Battle of the Atlantic 3936:Invasion of Yugoslavia 3735:, the Allies launched 3728: 3536:was captured in June. 3418:Armistice of Cassibile 3382: 3308: 3298:attack on Pearl Harbor 3293: 3266:North African Campaign 3234: 3106: 2975:had been sent via the 2941:Syria–Lebanon Campaign 2936: 2921:Syria-Lebanon Campaign 2878:Joachim von Ribbentrop 2842:", seized power via a 2835: 2765:Middle East operations 2712:Metaxas defensive line 2610: 2453: 2452:in China is not shown) 2360:armistice at Compiegne 2315: 2234:and the shores of the 2174: 2036:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1988: 953:Commanders and leaders 111:North African campaign 8996:Second Battle of Guam 8892:Bengal famine of 1943 8862:Second Battle of Kiev 8818:Battle of the Dnieper 8523:Battle of Wake Island 8395:East African campaign 8337:Battle of South Henan 7982:atrocities by Germans 7755:Korean Volunteer Army 6736:Occupation of Germany 6490:Music in World War II 6008:Wragg, David (2003). 5743:. London: Routledge. 5712:Maier, Klaus (1991). 5635:Latimer, Jon (2001). 5423:Clark, Lloyd (2008). 5221:Sturgeon, pp. 304–305 4904:Sturgeon, pp. 180–181 4312:Playfair (1954) p. 53 4180:Playfair (1954), p. 8 4168:Playfair (1954), p. 7 4015:Blair (1996), p. xiii 3889:1948 Arab–Israeli War 3877:inter-ethnic violence 3869:Further information: 3841:Further information: 3792:occupied the town of 3726: 3612:death of Adolf Hitler 3387:Allies invaded Sicily 3371:British 56th Division 3360: 3303: 3287: 3228: 3196:Supermarine Spitfires 3098: 2967:Operation Countenance 2934: 2833: 2755:North African theatre 2572:province of Ljubljana 2560: 2473:Operation Sonnenblume 2447: 2353:East African Campaign 2301: 2247:Turkish General Staff 2172: 2079:Fascist Grand Council 1996:Further information: 1952: 1778:theatre of operations 1493:Yugoslavian Partisans 1195:Rashid Ali al-Gaylani 978:Franklin D. Roosevelt 784:Kingdom of Yugoslavia 250:(concurrently in the 9472:History of West Asia 9282:Surrender of Germany 8760:Battle of West Hubei 8717:Guadalcanal campaign 8687:Battle of Stalingrad 8613:Battle of Madagascar 7387:Albania protectorate 7174:(formerly Swaziland) 6883:Wehrmacht war crimes 6699:Expulsion of Germans 6483:Art and World War II 6381:British contribution 6330:Governments in exile 5783:Book of World War II 5618:The Second World War 5385:Blair, Clay (1996). 5116:to French historian 5112:See as examples the 5052:Keegan, pp. 292–293. 5034:Keegan, pp. 291–292. 5004:Keegan, pp. 288–290. 4917:. Guðmundur Helgason 4653:Keegan, pp. 129–139. 4617:Keegan, pp. 120–121. 4159:Martel, pp. 178, 198 4078:Salerno, pp. 105–106 4024:Woodman (2004), p. 1 3934:Participated in the 3626:. On May 1, Marshal 3504:in his books, while 3316:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3276:fell to the Allies. 3162:23rd U-boat Flotilla 2819:Insect-class gunboat 2549:until October 1943. 1932:Surrender of Caserta 9372:Potsdam Declaration 9261:Italy (Spring 1945) 9024:Liberation of Paris 8481:Siege of Sevastopol 7499:(until August 1944) 7402:Wang Jingwei regime 7224:from September 1943 7184:from September 1944 7122:from September 1944 6982:Romanian war crimes 6973:Persecution of Jews 6959:Croatian war crimes 6929:Japanese war crimes 6743:Occupation of Japan 6692:First Indochina War 6404:Military production 6316:Declarations of war 5620:. London: Pimlico. 5270:. London: Picador. 5122:Corriere della Sera 4965:Overy, pp. 134–137. 4956:Overy, pp. 130–131. 4701:Hillgruber, Andreas 4045:Martel, p. 184, 198 3755:moved from AFHQ to 3679:Dodecanese campaign 3673:Dodecanese Campaign 3433:Operation Slapstick 3410:British Eighth Army 3243:Operation Battleaxe 3091:Gibraltar and Malta 3035:Mandatory Palestine 3015:Mandatory Palestine 2531:Duke Amedeo d'Aosta 2450:Tientsin concession 2351:. During June, the 2290:in southern Libya. 2260:Romanian Government 2187:Middle East Command 2173:Middle East Command 2012:Strait of Gibraltar 1837:Middle East Command 1055:Emmanouil Tsouderos 416:(from October 1940) 204: / 9365:Surrender of Japan 9198:Battle of Iwo Jima 9047:Belgrade offensive 8460:Siege of Leningrad 8344:Battle of Shanggao 8273:British Somaliland 8238:Dunkirk evacuation 8189:Norwegian campaign 8127:Invasion of Poland 7954:Japanese prisoners 6922:Italian war crimes 6853:British war crimes 6768:Soviet occupations 6552:South-West Pacific 6439:Allied cooperation 6397:Military equipment 4995:Overy, pp. 148–149 4944:Overy, pp. 120–121 4542:Latimer, pp. 43–45 3771:Post-war conflicts 3729: 3685:Dodecanese Islands 3647:Commander-in-Chief 3569:Japanese-Americans 3545:Operation Overlord 3399:Italian government 3383: 3377:shortly after the 3294: 3247:Operation Crusader 3235: 3107: 3043:mufti of Jerusalem 3033:religious sect in 3001:the allies invaded 2937: 2927:Operation Exporter 2902:Syrian airfields. 2836: 2751:Andreas Hillgruber 2611: 2607:Kingdom of Hungary 2535:Empire of Ethiopia 2454: 2316: 2306:in shades of red, 2200:British Somaliland 2175: 2130:October 1935, the 2125:, France, Greece, 2008:surplus population 1989: 1910:, resulting in an 1695:French West Africa 1536:South West Pacific 1444:Denmark and Norway 904:Kingdom of Albania 447:Yugoslav Partisans 9439: 9438: 9397: 9396: 9240:Battle of Okinawa 9139:Burma (1944–1945) 8973:Mariana and Palau 8753:Tunisian campaign 8578:Fall of Singapore 8502:Fall of Hong Kong 8245:Battle of Britain 8098:Operation Himmler 8007: 8006: 7671:Dutch East Indies 7314:Southern Rhodesia 7066: 7065: 6966:Genocide of Serbs 6869:German war crimes 6846:Soviet war crimes 6839:Allied war crimes 6685:Division of Korea 6664:Chinese Civil War 6462:Strategic bombing 6374:Manhattan Project 6019:978-0-85052-990-6 6000:978-0-521-44317-3 5979:978-0-7566-4278-5 5960:978-9-00425-459-6 5953:. Boston: BRILL. 5941:978-0-8014-3772-4 5913:. Da Capo Press. 5911:The Rommel Papers 5898:978-0-521-84515-1 5879:978-0-89950-117-8 5860:978-0-89950-129-1 5750:978-0-415-16325-5 5727:978-0-19-822885-1 5704:978-0-333-74814-5 5665:978-0-297-78005-2 5608:978-1-85532-864-8 5520:978-0-521-22409-3 5501:978-0-70062-075-3 5459:978-0-312-57709-4 5436:978-0-87113-989-4 5415:978-1-4697-6129-9 5377:978-0-415-32549-3 5358:978-0-415-16111-4 5317:978-0-582-30470-3 5277:978-0-8050-8726-0 4858:Churchill, p. 288 4781:Churchill, p. 224 4718:978-3-76375-923-1 4686:978-0-7139-9712-5 4608:Weinberg, p. 217. 4578:Weinberg, p. 211. 4479:Weinberg, p. 210. 4192:Fraser, pp. 18–19 3994:military campaign 3881:UN Partition Plan 3737:Operation Dragoon 3719:Operation Dragoon 3659:Operation Sunrise 3551:victories on the 3541:Normandy landings 3526:Operation Shingle 3496:governments with 3478:Italian Civil War 3425:landed at Salerno 3414:Operation Baytown 3408:started when the 3379:invasion of Italy 3353:Italian Civil War 3274:French Somaliland 3239:Operation Brevity 3171:Albert Kesselring 3145:Gloster Gladiator 3141:Regia Aeronautica 3077:Kirkuk oil fields 3067:Operation Mammoth 3061:Operation Mammoth 3039:Palestinian Arabs 3009:puppet government 2674:Greco-Italian War 2666:royalist Chetniks 2576:province of Fiume 2422:Operation Compass 2418:Battle of Taranto 2411:Greco-Italian War 2387:invasion of Egypt 2284:French Somaliland 2202:, Cyprus, Egypt, 2143:Spanish Civil War 2026:, large parts of 1767: 1766: 1688:Strategic bombing 1604:Mediterranean Sea 1359: 1358: 1274:Mediterranean Sea 1211: 1210: 1206:Reza Shah Pahlavi 1011:Charles De Gaulle 966:Winston Churchill 283: 282: 264:Beginning of the 9484: 9432: 9425: 9418: 9415:World portal 9413: 9412: 9388: 9381: 9374: 9367: 9358: 9351: 9344: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9275:Prague offensive 9270: 9268:Battle of Berlin 9263: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9212:Vienna offensive 9207: 9200: 9193: 9191:Battle of Manila 9186: 9166: 9157: 9148: 9141: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9081: 9072: 9065: 9056: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8984: 8975: 8968: 8959: 8950: 8941: 8934: 8932:Korsun–Cherkassy 8927: 8916: 8894: 8885: 8878: 8871: 8864: 8857: 8850: 8843: 8834: 8827: 8820: 8813: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8783: 8776: 8774:Bombing of Gorky 8769: 8762: 8755: 8735: 8728: 8719: 8712: 8705: 8696: 8689: 8682: 8675: 8664: 8657: 8650: 8643: 8641:Battle of Midway 8636: 8629: 8627:Battle of Gazala 8622: 8615: 8608: 8601: 8594: 8587: 8580: 8560: 8553: 8546: 8539: 8537:Battle of Borneo 8532: 8530:Malayan campaign 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8483: 8476: 8474:Bombing of Gorky 8469: 8467:Battle of Moscow 8462: 8455: 8448: 8441: 8434: 8427: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8367: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8319: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8231:Battle of France 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8171: 8164: 8157: 8150: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8107: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8084:Munich Agreement 8079: 8072: 8063: 8056: 8049: 8040: 8033: 8018: 8017: 8000: 7993: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7969:Soviet prisoners 7963: 7956: 7949: 7940: 7933: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7909:German prisoners 7905: 7885: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7857: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7808: 7801: 7794: 7787: 7780: 7773: 7766: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7736: 7729: 7722: 7715: 7708: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7583: 7576: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7548: 7541: 7521: 7514: 7507: 7500: 7492: 7485: 7478: 7469: 7462: 7454: 7447: 7445:French Indochina 7440: 7433: 7426: 7419: 7411: 7404: 7397: 7389: 7369: 7360: 7353: 7344: 7337: 7330: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7302: 7295: 7292:from August 1944 7283: 7276: 7269: 7262: 7255: 7248: 7241: 7234: 7227: 7215: 7208: 7201: 7194: 7187: 7175: 7167: 7160: 7153: 7146: 7139: 7132: 7125: 7113: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7077: 7076: 7057: 7050: 7043: 7036: 7029: 7018: 7003: 6996: 6989: 6984: 6975: 6968: 6961: 6952: 6945: 6938: 6936:Nanjing Massacre 6931: 6924: 6915: 6913:Nuremberg trials 6906: 6899: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6871: 6862: 6855: 6848: 6841: 6821: 6814: 6807: 6798: 6791: 6784: 6777: 6770: 6763: 6754: 6745: 6738: 6731: 6724: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6694: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6646: 6637: 6630: 6623: 6614: 6607: 6600: 6593: 6584: 6577: 6570: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6526: 6519: 6517:Asia and Pacific 6499: 6492: 6485: 6478: 6471: 6464: 6457: 6448: 6446:Mulberry harbour 6441: 6434: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6399: 6392: 6383: 6376: 6369: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6304: 6297: 6288: 6281: 6266: 6265: 6254: 6247: 6238: 6231: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6203: 6196: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6152: 6151: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6087: 6067: 6023: 6004: 5983: 5964: 5945: 5924: 5902: 5883: 5864: 5845: 5826: 5809:Butler, J. R. M. 5796: 5792:978-1910-155-295 5777: 5754: 5742: 5731: 5708: 5689: 5669: 5650: 5631: 5612: 5593: 5574: 5572: 5570: 5561:. Archived from 5543: 5524: 5505: 5486: 5463: 5451: 5440: 5419: 5400: 5381: 5362: 5343: 5321: 5300: 5281: 5248: 5247: 5237: 5231: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5210: 5207: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5174: 5171: 5160: 5159: 5139: 5133: 5130:Thomas Schlemmer 5110: 5104: 5097:Indro Montanelli 5082: 5076: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5050: 5044: 5041: 5035: 5032: 5026: 5023: 5017: 5014: 5005: 5002: 4996: 4993: 4987: 4984: 4975: 4972: 4966: 4963: 4957: 4954: 4945: 4942: 4936: 4933: 4927: 4926: 4924: 4922: 4911: 4905: 4902: 4889: 4888: 4877: 4871: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4832: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4814: 4811: 4805: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4730: 4722: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4669: 4663: 4660: 4654: 4651: 4645: 4642: 4636: 4633: 4627: 4626:Overy, pp. 68–71 4624: 4618: 4615: 4609: 4606: 4597: 4594: 4588: 4585: 4579: 4576: 4570: 4567: 4561: 4558: 4552: 4549: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4516: 4513: 4507: 4504: 4498: 4495: 4489: 4486: 4480: 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2805:of Iraq, Prince 2678:Operation Marita 2604: 2595: 2586: 2569: 2523:Italian Ethiopia 2430:Operation Lustre 2349:Battle of France 2256:Greek Government 2016:Strait of Hormuz 2004:Benito Mussolini 1981: 1975: 1965: 1959: 1924:Kingdom of Italy 1920:battle for Italy 1826:Greek government 1804:declared war on 1782:Second World War 1754:French Indochina 1397: 1386: 1379: 1372: 1363: 1362: 1329:Italian mainland 1249: 1247: 1237: 1230: 1223: 1214: 1213: 1204: 1203: 1193: 1192: 1183: 1175: 1174: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1144: 1143: 1133: 1132: 1122: 1121: 1114: 1107:Benito Mussolini 1105: 1104: 1098: 1097: 1086: 1085: 1075: 1074: 1064: 1063: 1062: 1053: 1052: 1042: 1041: 1031: 1030: 1020: 1019: 1009: 1008: 1002: 1001: 991: 990: 983: 976: 975: 964: 963: 945: 942: 938: 936: 935: 927: 924: 920: 918: 917: 909: 906: 902: 900: 899: 891: 888: 884: 882: 881: 873: 870: 866: 864: 863: 846: 840: 838: 837: 830: 827: 823: 821: 820: 812: 811:(from 1940-1942) 806: 804: 803: 795:Co-belligerents: 782: 780: 779: 772: 771:(from 1941-1944) 769: 765: 763: 762: 754: 753:(from 1940-1944) 748: 746: 745: 738: 735: 731: 729: 728: 720: 716: 714: 713: 705: 702: 698: 696: 695: 672: 669: 665: 663: 662: 654: 650:Kingdom of Italy 648: 647: 646: 638:Co-belligerents: 633: 630: 626: 624: 623: 615: 609: 608: 600: 594: 592: 591: 584: 578: 576: 575: 568: 562: 560: 559: 549: 548: 547: 540: 536: 534: 533: 525: 521: 519: 518: 510: 506: 504: 503: 495: 489: 487: 486: 479: 475: 473: 472: 461: 459: 458: 451: 450:(from July 1941) 445: 443: 442: 435: 432: 428: 426: 425: 417: 414: 410: 408: 407: 399: 398: 392: 390: 389: 381: 375: 373: 372: 365: 359: 357: 356: 349: 343: 341: 340: 333: 332: 326: 324: 323: 312: 310: 309: 255: 252:European theatre 219: 218: 216: 215: 214: 209: 205: 202: 201: 200: 197: 157: 156: 146:Italian campaign 97: 88: 77: 68: 57: 48: 33:Second World War 23: 22: 9492: 9491: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9483: 9482: 9481: 9442: 9441: 9440: 9435: 9428: 9421: 9407: 9405: 9393: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9354: 9347: 9340: 9331: 9326:Atomic bombings 9324: 9317: 9310: 9303: 9296: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9224: 9217: 9210: 9203: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9169: 9162: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9084: 9075: 9068: 9059: 9052: 9045: 9038: 9029: 9022: 9017:Eastern Romania 9015: 9010:Warsaw Uprising 9008: 9003:Tannenberg Line 9001: 8994: 8989:Western Ukraine 8987: 8978: 8971: 8962: 8953: 8944: 8937: 8930: 8919: 8910: 8897: 8890: 8881: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8846: 8839: 8830: 8823: 8816: 8807: 8800: 8793: 8786: 8781:Battle of Kursk 8779: 8772: 8765: 8758: 8751: 8738: 8731: 8722: 8715: 8708: 8699: 8692: 8685: 8678: 8669: 8660: 8653: 8646: 8639: 8632: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8597: 8592:St Nazaire Raid 8590: 8583: 8576: 8563: 8556: 8549: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8437: 8430: 8416: 8407: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8374:Anglo-Iraqi War 8372: 8365:Battle of Crete 8363: 8356: 8349: 8342: 8335: 8322: 8313: 8306: 8299: 8294:Eastern Romania 8292: 8285: 8278: 8271: 8264: 8257: 8250: 8243: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8194: 8187: 8174: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8125: 8112: 8103: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8059: 8052: 8045: 8036: 8029: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7980: 7973: 7968: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7936: 7929: 7920: 7913: 7908: 7901: 7888: 7881: 7872: 7865: 7860: 7855:Western Ukraine 7853: 7846: 7839: 7832: 7825: 7818: 7811: 7804: 7799:Northeast China 7797: 7790: 7783: 7776: 7769: 7762: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7732: 7725: 7718: 7711: 7704: 7697: 7690: 7683: 7676: 7669: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7634: 7627: 7614: 7607: 7600: 7593: 7586: 7579: 7572: 7565: 7558: 7551: 7544: 7537: 7524: 7517: 7510: 7505:Slovak Republic 7503: 7495: 7488: 7481: 7476:Empire of Japan 7474: 7465: 7457: 7450: 7443: 7436: 7429: 7422: 7414: 7407: 7400: 7392: 7385: 7372: 7365: 7356: 7349: 7340: 7333: 7326: 7319: 7312: 7305: 7298: 7286: 7279: 7272: 7265: 7258: 7251: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7218: 7211: 7204: 7197: 7190: 7178: 7170: 7163: 7156: 7149: 7142: 7135: 7128: 7116: 7109: 7102: 7095: 7088: 7062: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7032: 7021: 7006: 6999: 6992: 6988:Sexual violence 6987: 6980: 6971: 6964: 6957: 6948: 6941: 6934: 6927: 6920: 6911: 6902: 6895: 6888: 6881: 6874: 6867: 6858: 6851: 6844: 6837: 6824: 6817: 6810: 6803: 6794: 6787: 6780: 6773: 6766: 6757: 6748: 6741: 6734: 6727: 6718: 6711: 6706:Greek Civil War 6704: 6697: 6690: 6683: 6676: 6669: 6662: 6649: 6642: 6633: 6626: 6619: 6610: 6603: 6596: 6589: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6531:South-East Asia 6529: 6522: 6515: 6502: 6495: 6488: 6481: 6474: 6467: 6460: 6453: 6444: 6437: 6430: 6423: 6416: 6409: 6402: 6395: 6390:Military awards 6388: 6379: 6372: 6365: 6356: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6328: 6321: 6314: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6284: 6277: 6257: 6250: 6243: 6234: 6227: 6220: 6215: 6206: 6199: 6192: 6184: 6179: 6132: 6127: 6118: 6116: 6106:Rivista Storica 6095: 6093:Further reading 6090: 6074: 6033: 6030: 6020: 6001: 5980: 5961: 5942: 5921: 5899: 5880: 5861: 5842: 5823: 5793: 5774: 5751: 5728: 5705: 5666: 5647: 5628: 5609: 5590: 5568: 5566: 5540: 5521: 5502: 5483: 5460: 5437: 5416: 5397: 5378: 5359: 5340: 5318: 5297: 5278: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5243:Time, Volume 45 5238: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5220: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5199: 5195: 5190: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5172: 5163: 5156: 5140: 5136: 5111: 5107: 5101:Storia d'Italia 5083: 5079: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5051: 5047: 5043:Keegan, p. 292. 5042: 5038: 5033: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5016:Keegan, p. 291. 5015: 5008: 5003: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4969: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4934: 4930: 4920: 4918: 4915:"23rd Flotilla" 4913: 4912: 4908: 4903: 4892: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4857: 4853: 4848: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4817: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4785: 4780: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4744: 4740: 4724: 4723: 4719: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4657: 4652: 4648: 4643: 4639: 4634: 4630: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4612: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4591: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4573: 4568: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4541: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4501: 4496: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4478: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4457: 4453: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4408: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4390: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4361: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4298: 4293: 4289: 4284: 4280: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4262: 4257: 4253: 4248: 4241: 4236: 4232: 4227: 4223: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4179: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4145: 4141:Weinberg, p. 73 4140: 4136: 4131: 4127: 4122: 4118: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4087:Bell, pp. 72–73 4086: 4082: 4077: 4070: 4065: 4058: 4053: 4049: 4044: 4040: 4035: 4028: 4023: 4019: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3979: 3975: 3969:Battle of Odžak 3959: 3955: 3949:Operation Achse 3946: 3942: 3933: 3929: 3924: 3897: 3873: 3867: 3845: 3839: 3831:Greek Civil War 3812: 3806: 3778: 3773: 3721: 3715: 3681: 3675: 3381:, October 1943. 3355: 3347:Main articles: 3345: 3340: 3338:Southern Europe 3282: 3270:Operation Torch 3223: 3217: 3212: 3125: 3109:Main articles: 3105: 3093: 3073:Iraqi Kurdistan 3069: 3063: 3023: 3017: 2969: 2963: 2943: 2929: 2916:Kingdom of Iraq 2891:Paris Protocols 2799:Taha al-Hashimi 2782: 2776:Anglo-Iraqi War 2774:Main articles: 2772: 2767: 2733:Battle of Crete 2662:Josip Broz Tito 2660:, commanded by 2624:In April 1941, 2609: 2602: 2600: 2593: 2591: 2584: 2582: 2567: 2555: 2511: 2505: 2497:Siege of Tobruk 2459: 2442: 2434:Battle of Kufra 2333:Royal Air Force 2296: 2179:Nyon Conference 2167: 2000: 1994: 1983: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1971: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1954: 1947: 1864:attacked Greece 1830:Greek Civil War 1798:Southern Europe 1770: 1769: 1768: 1763: 1650:Other campaigns 1644:Southern France 1553:Burma and India 1548:South-East Asia 1543:Franco-Thai War 1398: 1392: 1390: 1360: 1355: 1351:Alpes-Maritimes 1250: 1245: 1243: 1241: 1198: 1197: 1187: 1186: 1177:Philippe Petain 1169: 1168: 1155: 1154: 1138: 1137: 1127: 1126: 1116: 1115: 1099: 1092: 1088:Pietro Badoglio 1080: 1079: 1069: 1068: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1047: 1046: 1044:Josip Broz Tito 1036: 1035: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1013: 1003: 996: 995: 993:Harry S. Truman 985: 984: 970: 969: 968: 958: 948: 943: 933: 931: 925: 915: 913: 907: 897: 895: 889: 879: 877: 871: 861: 859: 849: 844: 835: 833: 828: 818: 816: 810: 801: 799: 793: 777: 775: 770: 760: 758: 752: 743: 741: 736: 726: 724: 711: 709: 703: 693: 691: 687: 686: 675: 670: 660: 658: 652: 644: 642: 636: 631: 621: 619: 613: 603: 598: 589: 587: 582: 573: 571: 566: 557: 555: 545: 543: 531: 529: 516: 514: 501: 499: 493: 484: 482: 470: 468: 456: 454: 449: 440: 438: 433: 423: 421: 415: 405: 403: 396: 387: 385: 384: 379: 370: 368: 363: 354: 352: 347: 338: 336: 330: 321: 319: 318: 307: 305: 302: 301: 275: 266:Greek Civil War 249: 212: 210: 206: 203: 198: 195: 193: 191: 190: 189: 175:Southern Europe 164: 151: 139:Anglo-Iraqi War 118:Battle of Crete 102: 101: 100: 99: 98: 90: 89: 80: 79: 78: 70: 69: 60: 59: 58: 50: 49: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9490: 9480: 9479: 9474: 9469: 9464: 9459: 9454: 9437: 9436: 9434: 9433: 9426: 9419: 9402: 9399: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9390: 9389: 9382: 9375: 9361: 9360: 9359: 9345: 9342:South Sakhalin 9338: 9337: 9336: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9293: 9292: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9179: 9177: 9171: 9170: 9168: 9167: 9160: 9159: 9158: 9142: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9119: 9112: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9082: 9073: 9066: 9057: 9050: 9043: 9036: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8985: 8976: 8969: 8960: 8951: 8942: 8935: 8928: 8917: 8907: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8888: 8887: 8886: 8879: 8865: 8858: 8851: 8844: 8837: 8836: 8835: 8821: 8814: 8805: 8798: 8791: 8784: 8777: 8770: 8767:Battle of Attu 8763: 8756: 8748: 8746: 8740: 8739: 8737: 8736: 8729: 8720: 8713: 8706: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8676: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8658: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8602: 8595: 8588: 8581: 8573: 8571: 8565: 8564: 8562: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8519: 8516:Battle of Guam 8512: 8505: 8498: 8491: 8484: 8477: 8470: 8463: 8456: 8449: 8442: 8439:Battle of Kiev 8435: 8428: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8398: 8391: 8384: 8377: 8370: 8369: 8368: 8354: 8347: 8340: 8332: 8330: 8324: 8323: 8321: 8320: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8283: 8276: 8269: 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8213: 8206: 8199: 8192: 8184: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8144: 8137: 8130: 8122: 8120: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8109: 8108: 8101: 8094: 8087: 8080: 8066: 8065: 8064: 8057: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8026: 8024: 8015: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8004: 8002: 8001: 7994: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7978: 7966: 7965: 7964: 7950: 7943: 7942: 7941: 7938:United Kingdom 7934: 7927: 7926: 7925: 7906: 7898: 7896: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7879: 7878: 7877: 7870: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7837: 7830: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7759: 7758: 7751: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7716: 7709: 7702: 7695: 7688: 7681: 7674: 7667: 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7632: 7624: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7612: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7584: 7577: 7570: 7563: 7556: 7549: 7542: 7534: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7522: 7515: 7508: 7501: 7493: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7455: 7448: 7441: 7434: 7427: 7420: 7412: 7405: 7398: 7390: 7382: 7380: 7374: 7373: 7371: 7370: 7363: 7362: 7361: 7347: 7346: 7345: 7342:British Empire 7335:United Kingdom 7331: 7324: 7317: 7310: 7303: 7296: 7284: 7277: 7270: 7263: 7256: 7249: 7242: 7235: 7228: 7216: 7209: 7202: 7195: 7188: 7176: 7168: 7161: 7154: 7151:Czechoslovakia 7147: 7140: 7133: 7126: 7114: 7107: 7100: 7093: 7085: 7083: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7051: 7048:Rape of Manila 7044: 7037: 7030: 7019: 7004: 6997: 6985: 6978: 6977: 6976: 6969: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6925: 6918: 6917: 6916: 6909: 6908: 6907: 6900: 6886: 6879: 6865: 6864: 6863: 6856: 6849: 6834: 6832: 6826: 6825: 6823: 6822: 6819:United Nations 6815: 6808: 6801: 6800: 6799: 6792: 6785: 6778: 6764: 6755: 6746: 6739: 6732: 6725: 6716: 6709: 6702: 6695: 6688: 6681: 6678:Decolonization 6674: 6667: 6659: 6657: 6651: 6650: 6648: 6647: 6640: 6639: 6638: 6624: 6617: 6616: 6615: 6608: 6601: 6587: 6586: 6585: 6578: 6564: 6563: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6512: 6510: 6504: 6503: 6501: 6500: 6493: 6486: 6479: 6472: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6450: 6449: 6442: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6400: 6393: 6386: 6385: 6384: 6370: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6354: 6351:United Kingdom 6347: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6312: 6305: 6298: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6274: 6272: 6263: 6259: 6258: 6256: 6255: 6248: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6232: 6225: 6213: 6212: 6211: 6197: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6178: 6177: 6170: 6163: 6155: 6149: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6131: 6130:External links 6128: 6126: 6125: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6088: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6068: 6029: 6026: 6025: 6024: 6018: 6005: 5999: 5984: 5978: 5965: 5959: 5946: 5940: 5925: 5919: 5903: 5897: 5884: 5878: 5865: 5859: 5846: 5840: 5827: 5821: 5797: 5791: 5778: 5772: 5755: 5749: 5732: 5726: 5709: 5703: 5690: 5670: 5664: 5651: 5645: 5632: 5626: 5613: 5607: 5594: 5588: 5575: 5565:on 28 May 2015 5544: 5538: 5525: 5519: 5506: 5500: 5487: 5481: 5464: 5458: 5441: 5435: 5420: 5414: 5401: 5395: 5382: 5376: 5363: 5357: 5344: 5338: 5326:Beevor, Antony 5322: 5316: 5301: 5295: 5282: 5276: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5232: 5223: 5211: 5202: 5193: 5184: 5175: 5161: 5154: 5134: 5105: 5086:Giorgio Pisanò 5077: 5066: 5062:De Felice 1995 5054: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5018: 5006: 4997: 4988: 4986:Howe, pp. 3–10 4976: 4967: 4958: 4946: 4937: 4928: 4906: 4890: 4872: 4860: 4851: 4842: 4833: 4824: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4738: 4717: 4692: 4685: 4664: 4655: 4646: 4637: 4628: 4619: 4610: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4571: 4562: 4553: 4544: 4535: 4526: 4524:Rommel, p. 109 4517: 4508: 4499: 4490: 4481: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4449:Macksey, p. 35 4442: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4359: 4350: 4341: 4339:Wragg, p. 228. 4332: 4323: 4314: 4305: 4296: 4287: 4278: 4269: 4260: 4251: 4249:Fraser, p. 114 4239: 4230: 4221: 4212: 4203: 4194: 4182: 4170: 4161: 4152: 4143: 4134: 4125: 4116: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4080: 4068: 4056: 4047: 4038: 4026: 4017: 4007: 4005: 4002: 3999: 3998: 3982:theatre of war 3973: 3953: 3940: 3926: 3925: 3923: 3920: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3908: 3903: 3896: 3893: 3866: 3863: 3838: 3835: 3805: 3802: 3777: 3774: 3772: 3769: 3753:6th Army Group 3717:Main article: 3714: 3711: 3677:Main article: 3674: 3671: 3506:Claudio Pavone 3502:Giorgio Pisanò 3365:, part of the 3344: 3341: 3339: 3336: 3281: 3280:US involvement 3278: 3256:Following the 3241:failed as did 3219:Main article: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3208: 3166:Salamis Island 3104:, January 1943 3099: 3092: 3089: 3065:Main article: 3062: 3059: 3019:Main article: 3016: 3013: 2965:Main article: 2962: 2959: 2939:Main article: 2928: 2925: 2795:Prime Minister 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2729:air bridgehead 2634:Nedić's Serbia 2614:In the Balkans 2601: 2592: 2583: 2566: 2554: 2551: 2539:Haile Selassie 2507:Main article: 2504: 2501: 2458: 2455: 2441: 2438: 2329:Western Desert 2325:siege of Malta 2295: 2292: 2166: 2163: 1998:Italian Empire 1993: 1990: 1978: 1972: 1962: 1956: 1946: 1943: 1939:Italian Empire 1918:. A prolonged 1856:invaded France 1822:British troops 1806:United Kingdom 1765: 1764: 1762: 1761: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1726: 1721: 1719:Baltic Nations 1710: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1697: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1616: 1611: 1606: 1601: 1600: 1599: 1594: 1578: 1577: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1528: 1515: 1514: 1513: 1512: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1495: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1478: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1456: 1446: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1434: 1429: 1419: 1414: 1403: 1400: 1399: 1389: 1388: 1381: 1374: 1366: 1357: 1356: 1354: 1353: 1348: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1252: 1251: 1240: 1239: 1232: 1225: 1217: 1209: 1208: 1090: 1077:Haile Selassie 955: 954: 950: 949: 947: 946: 940:Nedić's Serbia 928: 922:Hellenic State 910: 892: 874: 856: 854:puppet states: 847: 845:(August. 1941) 831: 813: 797: 791: 773: 755: 739: 721: 706: 680: 679: 678: 676: 674: 673: 655: 640: 634: 616: 601: 585: 569: 553: 541: 538:Czechoslovakia 526: 511: 496: 480: 465: 452: 436: 418: 400: 382: 366: 350: 334: 316: 314:United Kingdom 295: 294: 293: 290: 289: 285: 284: 281: 280: 277: 271: 270: 269: 268: 262: 256: 243: 225: 221: 220: 173: 171: 167: 166: 161: 153: 152: 150: 149: 142: 135: 128: 121: 114: 106: 92: 91: 83: 82: 81: 72: 71: 63: 62: 61: 52: 51: 43: 42: 41: 40: 39: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9489: 9478: 9475: 9473: 9470: 9468: 9465: 9463: 9460: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9447: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9417: 9416: 9411: 9404: 9403: 9400: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9357: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9349:Kuril Islands 9346: 9343: 9339: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9316: 9313: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9290: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9262: 9258: 9255: 9251: 9248: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9202: 9199: 9195: 9192: 9188: 9185: 9181: 9180: 9178: 9176: 9172: 9165: 9161: 9156: 9155: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9116:Syrmian Front 9113: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9083: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9063: 9062:Market Garden 9058: 9055: 9051: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9033: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9011: 9007: 9004: 9000: 8997: 8993: 8990: 8986: 8983: 8982: 8977: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8966: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8952: 8949: 8948: 8943: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8921:Monte Cassino 8918: 8915: 8914: 8909: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8889: 8884: 8880: 8877: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8866: 8863: 8859: 8856: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8838: 8833: 8829: 8828: 8826: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8806: 8803: 8799: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8778: 8775: 8771: 8768: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8741: 8734: 8730: 8727: 8726: 8721: 8718: 8714: 8711: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8698: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8684: 8681: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8668: 8663: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8651: 8649: 8645: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8631: 8628: 8624: 8621: 8617: 8614: 8610: 8607: 8603: 8600: 8596: 8593: 8589: 8586: 8582: 8579: 8575: 8574: 8572: 8570: 8566: 8559: 8555: 8552: 8548: 8545: 8541: 8538: 8534: 8531: 8527: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8513: 8510: 8506: 8503: 8499: 8496: 8492: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8478: 8475: 8471: 8468: 8464: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8450: 8447: 8443: 8440: 8436: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8410: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8399: 8396: 8392: 8389: 8385: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8371: 8366: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8333: 8331: 8329: 8325: 8318: 8317: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8287:Baltic states 8284: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8270: 8267: 8263: 8260: 8256: 8253: 8249: 8246: 8242: 8239: 8235: 8232: 8228: 8225: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8207: 8204: 8200: 8197: 8193: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8170: 8166: 8163: 8159: 8156: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8138: 8135: 8131: 8128: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8106: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8088: 8085: 8081: 8078: 8074: 8073: 8071: 8067: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8044: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8010: 7999: 7995: 7992: 7988: 7983: 7979: 7976: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7957: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7931:United States 7928: 7923: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7912: 7911: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7868: 7867:Quốc dân Đảng 7864: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7835: 7831: 7828: 7824: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7800: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7779: 7775: 7772: 7768: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7742: 7738: 7735: 7731: 7728: 7724: 7721: 7717: 7714: 7710: 7707: 7703: 7700: 7696: 7693: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7661: 7658: 7654: 7651: 7647: 7644: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7630: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7617: 7610: 7606: 7603: 7599: 7596: 7592: 7589: 7585: 7582: 7578: 7575: 7571: 7568: 7567:Liechtenstein 7564: 7561: 7557: 7554: 7550: 7547: 7543: 7540: 7536: 7535: 7533: 7531: 7527: 7520: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7498: 7494: 7491: 7487: 7484: 7480: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7464: 7463: 7460: 7456: 7453: 7449: 7446: 7442: 7439: 7435: 7432: 7428: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7364: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7351:United States 7348: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7311: 7308: 7304: 7301: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7271: 7268: 7264: 7261: 7257: 7254: 7250: 7247: 7243: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7207: 7203: 7200: 7196: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7148: 7145: 7141: 7138: 7134: 7131: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7112: 7108: 7105: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7069: 7056: 7052: 7049: 7045: 7042: 7041:Comfort women 7038: 7035: 7031: 7028: 7025: / 7024: 7020: 7017: 7014: / 7013: 7010: / 7009: 7005: 7002: 7001:Camp brothels 6998: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6986: 6983: 6979: 6974: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6960: 6956: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6932: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6893: 6891: 6890:The Holocaust 6887: 6884: 6880: 6877: 6876:forced labour 6873: 6872: 6870: 6866: 6861: 6857: 6854: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6840: 6836: 6835: 6833: 6831: 6827: 6820: 6816: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6802: 6797: 6793: 6790: 6786: 6783: 6779: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6762: 6761: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6747: 6744: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6730: 6729:Marshall Plan 6726: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6714: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6696: 6693: 6689: 6686: 6682: 6679: 6675: 6672: 6668: 6665: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6656: 6652: 6645: 6641: 6636: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6625: 6622: 6618: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6602: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6588: 6583: 6582:Eastern Front 6579: 6576: 6575:Western Front 6572: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6549: 6546: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6532: 6528: 6525: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6511: 6509: 6505: 6498: 6494: 6491: 6487: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6469:Puppet states 6466: 6463: 6459: 6456: 6452: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6411:Naval history 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6391: 6387: 6382: 6378: 6377: 6375: 6371: 6368: 6364: 6359: 6358:United States 6355: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6327: 6324: 6320: 6317: 6313: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6287: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6226: 6223: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6209: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6198: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6187: 6183: 6176: 6171: 6169: 6164: 6162: 6157: 6156: 6153: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6133: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6097: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6075: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6032: 6031: 6021: 6015: 6011: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5992: 5991: 5985: 5981: 5975: 5971: 5966: 5962: 5956: 5952: 5947: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5926: 5922: 5920:0-306-80157-4 5916: 5912: 5908: 5907:Rommel, Erwin 5904: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5875: 5871: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5852: 5847: 5843: 5841:1-84574-066-1 5837: 5833: 5828: 5824: 5822:1-84574-065-3 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803:; with Stitt 5802: 5798: 5794: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5773:2-13-046074-7 5769: 5765: 5761: 5756: 5752: 5746: 5741: 5740: 5733: 5729: 5723: 5719: 5715: 5710: 5706: 5700: 5696: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5675: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5646:0-275-98287-4 5642: 5638: 5633: 5629: 5627:0-7126-7348-2 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5589:0-7643-0226-4 5585: 5581: 5576: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5551: 5545: 5541: 5539:0-304-35233-0 5535: 5531: 5526: 5522: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5493: 5488: 5484: 5482:88-85987-95-8 5478: 5474: 5473:Red and Black 5470: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5442: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5411: 5407: 5402: 5398: 5396:0-394-58839-8 5392: 5388: 5383: 5379: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5354: 5351:. Routledge. 5350: 5345: 5341: 5339:0-297-84832-1 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5313: 5309: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5296:1-85605-552-3 5292: 5288: 5283: 5279: 5273: 5269: 5264: 5263: 5245: 5244: 5236: 5227: 5218: 5216: 5206: 5200:Ready (1985b) 5197: 5191:Ready (1985a) 5188: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5166: 5157: 5155:9781139499644 5151: 5147: 5146: 5138: 5131: 5128:of historian 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5109: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5070: 5064:, p. 22. 5063: 5058: 5049: 5040: 5031: 5022: 5013: 5011: 5001: 4992: 4983: 4981: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4951: 4941: 4932: 4916: 4910: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4895: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4869: 4868:Fountain 2001 4864: 4855: 4846: 4837: 4828: 4819: 4810: 4801: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4778: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4728: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4688: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4659: 4650: 4641: 4632: 4623: 4614: 4605: 4603: 4593: 4584: 4575: 4566: 4557: 4548: 4539: 4530: 4521: 4512: 4503: 4494: 4485: 4476: 4474: 4467:Carol, p. 12. 4464: 4455: 4446: 4437: 4428: 4422:Maier, p. 311 4419: 4413:Rodogno, p. 9 4410: 4401: 4392: 4386:Jowett, p. 5. 4383: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4244: 4234: 4225: 4216: 4207: 4198: 4189: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4165: 4156: 4147: 4138: 4129: 4120: 4111: 4102: 4093: 4084: 4075: 4073: 4063: 4061: 4051: 4042: 4036:Smith, p. 170 4033: 4031: 4021: 4012: 4008: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3977: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3950: 3944: 3937: 3931: 3927: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3909: 3907: 3904: 3902: 3899: 3898: 3892: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3862: 3859: 3855: 3854:Bernard Paget 3850: 3844: 3843:Levant Crisis 3834: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3768: 3766: 3765:Western Front 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3725: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694:Brandenburger 3691: 3686: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3635: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3553:Eastern Front 3550: 3546: 3542: 3537: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3451:Otto Skorzeny 3447: 3446: 3440: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3423: 3422:US Fifth Army 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3402: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3375:Calvi Risorta 3372: 3368: 3367:168th Brigade 3364: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3307: 3302: 3299: 3291: 3286: 3277: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3254: 3252: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3232: 3227: 3222: 3207: 3204: 3203: 3197: 3193: 3188: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177: 3172: 3167: 3164:at a base on 3163: 3159: 3158: 3152: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3135: 3131: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3103: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2958: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2903: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2873: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2861:Sherif Sharaf 2858: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2846: 2841: 2840:Golden Square 2832: 2828: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2815:RAF Habbaniya 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2730: 2727:to secure an 2726: 2720: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2694:invaded from 2693: 2692:German troops 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2622: 2619: 2615: 2608: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2577: 2573: 2564: 2559: 2550: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2469: 2464: 2451: 2446: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2388: 2383: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2356: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2243: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2180: 2171: 2162: 2158: 2156: 2155:Pact of Steel 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2072:Indian Oceans 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048:protectorates 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 1999: 1986: 1969: 1968:Client states 1951: 1942: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1888:German forces 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1786:Mediterranean 1783: 1779: 1775: 1760: 1757: 1755: 1752: 1750: 1747: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1735: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1714: 1706: 1703: 1702: 1701: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1684: 1681: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1659: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1627:Syria–Lebanon 1625: 1623: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1595: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1587: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1576: 1573: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1531:Pacific Ocean 1529: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1520: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1500:Eastern Front 1498: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1469: 1465: 1462: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1449:Western Front 1447: 1445: 1442: 1438: 1435: 1433: 1430: 1428: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1413: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1401: 1396: 1393:Campaigns of 1387: 1382: 1380: 1375: 1373: 1368: 1367: 1364: 1352: 1349: 1347: 1346: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1309:Syria–Lebanon 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States 317: 315: 304: 303: 300: 299: 292: 291: 286: 278: 273: 272: 267: 263: 261: 257: 253: 248: 244: 242: 238: 237:Fascist Italy 234: 233: 232: 230: 226: 223: 222: 217: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 169: 168: 162: 159: 158: 154: 147: 143: 140: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 112: 108: 107: 105: 96: 87: 76: 67: 56: 47: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 9423:Bibliography 9406: 9219:Project Hula 9184:Vistula–Oder 9153: 9086: 9077: 9061: 9031: 8980: 8964: 8955: 8946: 8912: 8809: 8724: 8700: 8670: 8421: 8314: 8259:North Africa 7961:Soviet Union 7915:Soviet Union 7841:Soviet Union 7609:Vatican City 7519:Vichy France 7424:German Reich 7321:Soviet Union 7307:South Africa 7300:Sierra Leone 7253:Newfoundland 7072:Participants 7055:Marocchinate 6759: 6750: 6720: 6598:North Africa 6590: 6559:Indian Ocean 6418:Nazi plunder 6309:Cryptography 6182:World War II 6117:. 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Osprey. 5569:20 January 5254:References 3971:on 23 May. 3823:Resistance 3808:See also: 3782:Yugoslavia 3653:, General 3643:Karl Wolff 3637:On 1 May, 3579:, Czechs, 3573:Brazilians 3455:Gran Sasso 3391:amphibious 3151:fighters. 3037:, and two 2977:North Cape 2880:persuaded 2824:Cockchafer 2725:paratroops 2704:Australian 2682:Greek Army 2463:Tenth Army 2376:Royal Navy 2224:Tanganyika 2210:, Greece, 2101:, but not 2093:canton of 1945:Background 1896:the Magreb 1868:Yugoslavia 1724:Yugoslavia 1705:Madagascar 1668:Antarctica 1639:Dodecanese 1459:Resistance 1427:Winter War 1417:Phoney War 1334:Dodecanese 1299:Yugoslavia 1066:Enver Hoxa 430:Yugoslavia 132:El Alamein 9319:Manchuria 9205:Indochina 8981:Bagration 8432:Lithuania 8077:Anschluss 7874:Viet Minh 7771:Lithuania 7713:Hong Kong 7483:Manchukuo 7438:Azad Hind 7097:Australia 6897:Aftermath 6760:Paperclip 6655:Aftermath 6455:Total war 6323:Diplomacy 6286:In Europe 6064:300290398 6048:0020-5850 5686:637460844 5656:Mussolini 5559:256063428 5328:(2006) . 5114:interview 4727:cite book 4004:Citations 3885:civil war 3865:Palestine 3605:Moroccans 3577:Canadians 3192:Luftwaffe 3185:La Spezia 3085:Kurdistan 3027:Waffen SS 3005:young son 2985:Archangel 2951:Iraqforce 2912:armistice 2870:Article 5 2857:Faisal II 2822:HMS 2747:Mussolini 2658:Partisans 2654:communist 2426:10th Army 2378:attacked 2368:took over 2222:, Sudan, 2216:Palestine 2189:(MEC) in 2111:Gibraltar 2040:Macedonia 1916:civil war 1912:armistice 1880:Palestine 1852:carve out 1575:Australia 1471:Alps 1940 1464:1944–1945 1314:Palestine 1279:Gibraltar 1163:Boris III 463:Australia 208:35°N 18°E 9430:Category 9379:document 9289:document 9146:Ardennes 9130:Budapest 9078:Crossbow 8956:Overlord 8795:Smolensk 8013:Timeline 7848:Slovakia 7834:Thailand 7685:Ethiopia 7650:Bulgaria 7574:Portugal 7512:Thailand 7394:Bulgaria 7172:Eswatini 7165:Ethiopia 7118:Bulgaria 6943:Unit 731 6904:Response 6721:Keelhaul 6671:Cold War 6644:Americas 6635:timeline 6628:Atlantic 6508:Theaters 6114:30747124 6084:BBC News 6072:Websites 6056:25642819 6028:Journals 5676:(1971). 4703:(1993). 4675:(2007). 3895:See also 3784:and the 3733:Normandy 3661:(secret 3657:, after 3645:and the 3641:General 3620:executed 3549:Red Army 3547:and the 3508:'s book 3200:SS 3102:RAF Luqa 2981:Murmansk 2850:monarchy 2696:Bulgaria 2314:in blue. 2240:Far East 2068:Atlantic 2064:Bulgaria 2028:Slovenia 2024:Dalmatia 1820:– where 1744:Bulgaria 1673:Atlantic 1656:Americas 1609:Adriatic 1259:Adriatic 767:Bulgaria 667:Bulgaria 628:Ethiopia 231:victory 170:Location 9356:Shumshu 9123:Hungary 9070:Estonia 9054:Lapland 9032:Dragoon 8965:Neptune 8947:Ichi-Go 8913:Tempest 8855:Changde 8810:Cottage 8702:Jubilee 8418:Finland 8316:Compass 8022:Prelude 7975:Finland 7861:Vietnam 7827:Romania 7699:Germany 7678:Estonia 7664:Denmark 7643:Belgium 7636:Austria 7629:Albania 7560:Ireland 7546:Andorra 7530:Neutral 7497:Romania 7431:Hungary 7416:Finland 7288:Romania 7180:Finland 7158:Denmark 7104:Belgium 7090:Algeria 6796:Romania 6782:Hungary 6538:Pacific 6262:General 6216:Leaders 6201:Battles 6194:Outline 5811:(ed.). 5126:lessons 5120:on the 4921:20 June 4760:4025485 3965:Croatia 3961:Germany 3798:Germans 3794:Trieste 3786:Slovene 3776:Trieste 3705:to the 3649:of the 3601:Indians 3565:African 3449:led by 3429:Taranto 3395:Messina 3369:of the 3130:Force H 3115:Force H 3031:Templer 2811:Baghdad 2700:British 2686:Albania 2618:British 2553:Balkans 2280:Jaghbub 2271:Balkans 2204:Eritrea 2177:At the 2165:Britain 2153:in the 2087:Corsica 2083:Tunisia 2060:Romania 2056:Hungary 2052:Austria 2032:Croatia 2020:Albania 2014:to the 1985:Albania 1955:Legend: 1904:Tunisia 1872:overrun 1749:Hungary 1739:Romania 1588:Africa 1488:Balkans 1483:Britain 1437:Lapland 1432:Karelia 1422:Finland 1345:Dragoon 1339:Corsica 1294:Balkans 1289:Bahrain 1179: ( 750:Romania 733:Hungary 718:Germany 298:Allies: 276:changes 260:Balkans 148:, 1944. 9333:Debate 9305:Taipei 9298:Borneo 8876:Tarawa 8070:Europe 8031:Africa 7820:Poland 7806:Norway 7785:Malaya 7764:Latvia 7706:Greece 7692:France 7588:Sweden 7553:Bhutan 7281:Poland 7267:Norway 7239:Mexico 7206:Greece 7192:France 7130:Canada 7111:Brazil 7081:Allies 7027:Serbia 7016:Poland 6789:Poland 6775:Baltic 6568:Europe 6270:Topics 6222:Allied 6119:2 June 6112: 6062: 6054: 6046: 6016: 5997: 5976: 5957: 5938: 5917: 5895: 5876: 5857: 5838: 5819: 5789: 5770: 5747: 5724: 5701: 5684: 5662: 5643: 5624: 5605: 5586: 5557: 5536: 5517: 5498: 5479: 5456: 5433: 5412: 5393: 5374: 5355: 5336: 5314: 5293: 5274: 5152: 4758: 4715: 4683: 3988:, the 3858:Jordan 3849:Levant 3827:Athens 3804:Greece 3796:. 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The 2276:Bardia 2267:Poland 2232:Uganda 2127:Turkey 2107:Cyprus 2091:Ticino 2089:, the 2044:Greece 1980: 1974: 1966: 1964: 1958: 1902:, and 1818:Greece 1810:France 1678:Arctic 1510:Sicily 1412:Poland 1406:Europe 1324:Sicily 1148: 1109: 937: 919: 901: 883: 865: 839: 822: 805: 781: 764: 747: 730: 715: 697: 664: 625: 611:Brazil 593: 577: 564:Turkey 561: 535: 523:Poland 520: 505: 491:Canada 488: 474: 460: 444: 427: 412:Greece 409: 391: 374: 358: 348:(1940) 342: 325: 311: 229:Allied 224:Result 213:35; 18 177:, the 141:, 1941 134:, 1942 127:, 1940 120:, 1941 113:, 1941 9109:Leyte 8939:Narva 8925:Anzio 8883:Makin 8841:Burma 8725:Torch 8694:Rzhev 8655:Kiska 7741:Korea 7727:Japan 7720:Italy 7602:Tibet 7581:Spain 7459:Italy 7220:Italy 7213:India 7137:China 7012:Japan 6612:Italy 6524:China 6476:Women 6052:JSTOR 5762:[ 5471:[ 5259:Books 4750:[ 4707:[ 3922:Notes 3837:Syria 3757:SHAEF 3702:Leros 3589:Poles 3081:Kurds 2908:Mosul 2865:Amman 2759:Malta 2656:-led 2648:). 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Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II

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