Free France - Knowledge

2190: 4769: 2313: 2670: 480: 7886: 2247: 2976: 84: 4518: 5017: 2115: 7795: 2881: 7747: 1852: 70: 3613:. An Anglo-American force of 63,000 men landed in French Morocco and Algeria. The long-term goal was to clear German and Italian troops from North Africa, enhance naval control of the Mediterranean, and prepare an invasion of Italy in 1943. The Allies had hoped that Vichy forces would offer only token resistance to the Allies, but instead they fought hard, incurring heavy casualties. As a French foreign legionnaire put it after seeing his comrades die in an American bombing raid: "Ever since the fall of France, we had dreamed of deliverance, but we did not want it that way". 6769:"The Anglo-Americans again pointed out that the behavior of the French troops caused the most serious difficulties: they were continuously receiving complaints about robberies and homicides, the authenticity of which could not be put in doubt" For the essential, the American archives confirmed the accusations made by the Italian government "The most extraordinary and painful aspect of this issue is the attitude of the French officers. Far from intervening to stop those crimes, they abused the civilian population which were trying to oppose such acts", Tommaso Baris 12504: 7562: 12665: 149: 7600: 3490: 7531: 7505: 11173: 5075: 4853: 2469: 11238: 4301: 3945: 7677: 3470: 2364: 3595: 2828: 3278: 3041:(Kouang-Tchéou-Wan or Fort-Boyard), in South China, remained under the administration of Free France. The Republic of China, after the fall of Paris in 1940, recognised the London-exiled Free French government as Guangzhouwan's legitimate authority and established diplomatic relations with them, something facilitated by the fact that the colony was surrounded by the Republic of China's territory and was not in physical contact with French Indochina. In February 1943 the 7647: 2776: 13967: 7898: 3835: 3728: 7874: 7862: 7717: 1876: 1632: 3315: 4203: 5146: 3237: 1014: 438: 413: 1684: 2033: 1029: 4056: 3109: 11489: 2592:

our common enemy is Germany. Should we conquer we solemnly declare that we shall restore the greatness and territory of France. For this purpose we must make sure that the best ships of the French Navy are not used against us by the common foe. In these circumstances, His Majesty's Government have instructed me to demand that the French Fleet now at Mers el Kebir and

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between the creation of the Free French forces in the Summer 1940 and the merger with the Army of Africa in summer 1943, 73,300 men fought for Free France. This included 39,300 French (from metropolitan France and colonial settlers), 30,000 colonial soldiers (mostly from sub-Saharan Africa) and 3,800 foreigners. They were divided up as follows:

2070:"For us Frenchmen, the fact is that a government still exists in France, a government supported by a Parliament established in non-occupied territory and which in consequence cannot be considered irregular or deposed. The establishment elsewhere of another government, and all support for this other government would clearly be rebellion." 3766:. The latter wanted to pursue a political position in France and agreed to have Giraud as commander in chief, as the more qualified military person of the two. It is questionable that he ordered that many French resistance leaders who had helped Eisenhower's troops be arrested, without any protest by Roosevelt's representative, 4544:, if possible, but this was very difficult because of the large numbers of black West Africans in their ranks. General Leclerc sent a small advance party to enter Paris, with the message that the 2e DB (composed of 10,500 French, 3,600 Maghrebis and about 350 Spaniards in the 9th company of the 3rd Battalion of the 122: 126: 125: 124: 1641:

Historically, an individual became "Free French" by enlisting in the military units organised by the CFN or by employment by the civilian arm of the Committee. On 1 August 1943 after the merger of CFN and representatives of the former Vichy regime in North Africa to form the CFLN earlier in June, the

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and manpower pools of experienced fighters to allow a very large and rapid expansion of the French Liberation Army. It was well equipped and well supplied despite the economic disruption brought by the occupation thanks to Lend-Lease, and their number rose to 1 million by the end of the year. French

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You hear, Gentlemen? It is a new evidence that I have always been right! The French are, after us, the best soldiers! Even with its current birthrate, France will always be able to mobilise a hundred divisions! After this war, we will have to find allies able to contain a country which is capable of

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suggests the spirit of the times in the Free French Forces; a commander reproaches one of Clostermann's comrades for having yellow shoes and a yellow sweater under his uniform, to which the comrade responds: "My Commander, I am a civilian who voluntarily came to fight the war that the soldiers don't

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and the Pacific island volunteers. It also included the Foreign Legion Brigades. In late September and early October 1944, both the Tirailleurs Sénégalais brigades and Pacific Islanders were replaced by brigades of troops recruited from mainland France. This was also when many new Infantry divisions

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had the means or opportunity to escape. Like all military personnel trapped on the mainland, they were functionally subject to the Pétain government: "French authorities made it clear that those who acted on their own initiative would be classed as deserters, and guards were placed to thwart efforts

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De Gaulle's influence had also grown in France, and in 1942 one resistance leader called him "the only possible leader for the France that fights". Other Gaullists, those who could not leave France (that is, the overwhelming majority of them), remained in the territories ruled by Vichy and the Axis

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After the signing of the cease-fire, the Germans lost faith in the Vichy regime, and on 11 November 1942 German and Italian forces occupied Vichy France (Case Anton), violating the 1940 armistice, and triggering the scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon on 27 November 1942. In response, the Vichy

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feared that, in German or Italian hands, the ships of the French Navy would pose a grave threat to the Allies. He therefore insisted that French warships either join the Allies or else adopt neutrality in a British, French, or neutral port. Churchill was determined that French warships would not be

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Before the addition of the assemblies of Northern Africa and the loss of the runaways who fled France and went to Spain in the spring of 1943 (10,000 according to Jean-Noël Vincent's calculations), a report by the major state general of the Free French Forces in London from October 30, 1942 records

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argued "It will not be enough that, with the help of our dear and admirable Allies, we have got rid of him from our home for us to be satisfied after what happened. We want to enter his territory as it should be, as victors", clearly showing his ambition that France be considered one of the World

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in the first major reverse for the Nazis. Gradually the tide of war began to shift, and with it the perception that Hitler could at last be beaten. Support for Free France began to grow, though the Vichy French forces would continue to resist Allied armies—and the Free French—when attacked by them

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It is impossible for us, your comrades up to now, to allow your fine ships to fall into the power of the German enemy. We are determined to fight on until the end, and if we win, as we think we shall, we shall never forget that France was our Ally, that our interests are the same as hers, and that

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In 2009, in his work on the Free French Forces, Jean-François Muracciole, a French historian specializing in Free France, reevaluated his count with that of Henri Écochard, while considering that Écochard's list had greatly underestimated the number of colonial combatants. According to Muracciole,

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French India, New Caledonia/New Hebrides and French Polynesia, were totally dependent economically and for their communication on British and Australian goodwill and support for Vichy was not a realistic option. Jean-Marc Regnault and Ismet Kurtovitch, "Les ralliements du Pacifique en 1940. Entre

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in Algeria, sinking or crippling three battleships. Because the Vichy government only said that there had been no alternatives offered, the attack caused great bitterness in France, particularly in the Navy (over 1,000 French sailors were killed), and helped to reinforce the ancient stereotype of

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General Leclerc's second armored division included two units of female volunteers: The Rochambeau Group with the Army (dozens of women) and the Woman Service of the Naval Fleet with the Navy (9 women). Their role consisted of administering first aid to the first line of injured soldiers (often to

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In May 1943, citing the Joint Planning Staff, Jean-Louis Crémieux-Brilhac alludes to 79,600 men who constitute ground forces, including 21,500 men from special Syro-Lebanese troops, 2,000 men of color supervised by Free French Forces in northern Palestine, and 650 soldiers assigned to the general

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The ethnic composition of divisions varied. The main common difference, before the period of August to November 1944, was armoured divisions and armour and support elements within infantry divisions were constituted of mainly white French soldiers and infantry elements of infantry divisions were

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had been recognised as the leader of Free France by British Prime Minister Winston Churchill back on 28 June 1940, his GPRF presidency had not resulted from democratic elections. However, two months after the liberation of Paris and one month after the new "unanimity government", the Big Three

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Later that day Darlan ordered a ceasefire and Vichy French forces began, en masse, to join the Free French cause. Initially at least the effectiveness of these new recruits was hampered by a scarcity of weaponry and, among some of the officer class, a lack of conviction in their new cause.

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again broadcast to the French nation saying that in France, "all forms of authority had disappeared" and since its government had "fallen under the bondage of the enemy and all our institutions have ceased to function", that it was "the clear duty" of all French servicemen to fight on.

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said on 12 June 1942, of the battle: "The United Nations need to be filled with admiration and gratitude, in respect of these French troops and their brave General Koenig". Even Hitler was impressed, announcing to the journalist Lutz Koch, recently returned from Bir Hakeim:

3964:. Together with British and Commonwealth forces, the FFF advanced from the south while the formerly Vichy-loyal Army of Africa advanced from the west together with the Americans. The fighting in Tunisia ended with the Axis forces surrendering to the Allies in July 1943. 4616:

arrived in London from Algiers on Churchill's invitation, and three days before D-Day. Its creation marked the re-establishment of France as a republic, and the official end of Free France. Among its most immediate concerns were to ensure that France did not come under

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on the northern coast of South America—finally joined Free France in the first months of 1943. In November 1943, the French forces received enough military equipment through Lend-Lease to re-equip eight divisions and allow the return of borrowed British equipment.

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By the end of November 1940 French Equatorial Africa was wholly under the control of Free France, but the failures at Dakar had led French West Africa to declare allegiance to Vichy, to which they would remain loyal until the fall of the regime in November 1942.

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Italians civilians on a massive scale during those operations, often under the indifferent eye of their French officers, if not their encouragement. Acts of violence by French troops against civilians continued even after the liberation of Rome. French Marshal

2816:, leaving Éboué with more direct authority over Chad. On 26 August, with the help of his top military official, Éboué pledged his colony's allegiance to Free France. By the end of August, all of French Equatorial Africa (including the League of Nations mandate 1487:'s appeal and reaffirmed their loyalty to Marshall Pétain and the Vichy government. It was only progressively, often with the decisive military intervention of the Allies, that Free France took over more Vichy possessions, securing the majority of colonies by 1984:

existed following the Armistice, as both Free France and Vichy France refrained from making that implicit claim by studiously avoiding using the word "republic" when referring to themselves. In Vichy's case, underlying reasons were compounded by ideals of a

1960:, that the armistice soon to be signed with the Nazis was not merely dishonourable but illegal, and that in signing it, the French government would itself be committing treason. On the other hand, if Vichy was the legal French government as some such as 1816:

was 73 years old and like Pétain, an Anglophobe who viewed Dunkirk as another example of Britain's unreliability as an ally; de Gaulle later recounted he 'gave up hope' when the Germans renewed their attack on 8 June and demanded an immediate Armistice.

2160:, her crew showing little inclination to side with the British in their continued fight against the Nazis. Already obsolete at the start of the war, she would remain in Martinique for the next four years, her aircraft rusting in the tropical climate. 2051:'s call to continue the struggle, few French forces initially pledged their support. By the end of July 1940, only about 7,000 soldiers had joined the Free French Army in England. Three-quarters of French servicemen in Britain requested repatriation. 4780:

By September 1944, the Free French forces stood at 560,000 (including 176,500 White French from North Africa, 63,000 metropolitan French, 233,000 Maghrebis and 80,000 from Black Africa). The GPRF set about raising new troops to participate in the

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was established to organise and administer the imperial possessions under Free French rule, and as an alternative provisional French government. It was constituted of high-ranking officers and the governors of the free colonies, notably governor

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in Vichy France and sentenced to death for treason. He, on the other hand, regarded himself as the last remaining member of the legitimate Reynaud government and considered Pétain's assumption of power to be an unconstitutional coup d'état.

5110:, in the shape of the Cross of Lorraine combined with an anchor, was raised by subscription as a memorial to sailors on the Free French Naval Forces vessels that sailed from the Firth of Clyde to take part in the Battle of the Atlantic. 1762:. A defensive line was re-established along the Somme but much of the armour was lost in Northern France; they were also crippled by shortages of aircraft, the vast majority incurred when airfields were over-run, rather than air combat. 1936:) was not widely heard that day but, together with his BBC broadcasts in subsequent days and his later communications, came to be widely remembered throughout France and its colonial empire as the voice of national honour and freedom. 121: 3755:) for North and West Africa. He ordered them to cease resisting and co-operate with the Allies, which they did. By the time the Tunisia Campaign was fought, the ex-Vichy French forces in North Africa had been merged with the FFF. 2074:

Equally, few Frenchmen believed that Britain could stand alone. In June 1940, Pétain and his generals told Churchill that "in three weeks, England will have her neck wrung like a chicken". Of France's far-flung empire, only the

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and 140,000 French troops were evacuated from Dunkirk. Neither side viewed this as the end of the battle; French evacuees were quickly returned to France and many fought in the June battles. After being evacuated from Dunkirk,

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was made up of 65% Mahgrebians and 35% Europeans. The three North African divisions had one brigade of North African soldiers in each division replaced with a brigade of French Forces of the Interior in January 1945. Both the

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The Vichy forces in North Africa had been under Darlan's command and had surrendered on his orders. The Allies recognised his self-nomination as High Commissioner of France (French military and civilian commander-in-chief,

2312: 5041:(Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill), was that the President of the Provisional Government of the French Republic (GPRF), established on 3 June 1944, was not recognised as the legitimate representative of France. Even though 4398:(France's largest commercial port) in order to secure a vital supply line for the incoming troops. Most of the German troops there were second-line, consisting mainly of static and occupation units with a large number of 123: 3817:

The CFLN set up a temporary French government in Algiers, raised more troops and re-organised, re-trained and re-equipped the Free French military, in co-operation with Allied forces in preparation of future operations

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by the 1940s, the Free French government once operating there considered itself to be physically seated within France proper, to the same extent as if it were located in European France, and not a government-in-exile.

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De Gaulle was optimistic that France's colonies in western and central Africa, which had strong trading links with British territories, might be sympathetic to the Free French. Pierre Boisson, the governor-general of

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in April 1942, had negotiated with the Americans for leadership in the invasion. He arrived in Algiers on 10 November, and agreed to subordinate himself to Admiral Darlan as the commander of the French African army.

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during 1943–1944, a total of between 70,000 and 130,000 Free French soldiers fought on the Allied side. The French Expeditionary Corps consisted of 60% colonial soldiers, mostly Moroccans and 40% Europeans, mostly

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and the New Hebrides joined Free France in the summer 1940, drawing official American interest. These South Pacific colonies would later provide vital Allied bases in the Pacific Ocean during the war with Japan.

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forces after the June 1940 armistice. Postwar, to settle disputes over the Free French heritage, the French government issued an official definition of the term. Under this "ministerial instruction of July 1953"

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had assured Churchill that the French units in Syria would rise to the call of Free France, but this was not the case. After bitter fighting, with around 1,000 dead on each side (including Vichy and Free French

4902:(21 April 1945). On 22 April 1945, it captured Sigmaringen in Baden-Württemberg, where the last Vichy regime exiles, including Marshal Pétain, were hosted by the Germans in one of the ancestral castles of the 479: 2854:. The local authorities were not impressed by the Allied show of strength, and had the better of the naval bombardment which followed, leading to a humiliating withdrawal by the Allied ships. So strong was 3899:

between 22 March 1943, and 9 May 1945, during which time it destroyed 273 enemy aircraft and received numerous orders, citations and decorations from both France and the Soviet Union, including the French

2608:(c) Alternatively if you feel bound to stipulate that your ships should not be used against the Germans lest they break the Armistice, then sail them with us with reduced crews to some French port in the 2203:

The Free French forces included men from the French Pacific Islands. Mainly coming from Tahiti, there were 550 volunteers in April 1941. They would serve through the North African campaign (including the

6875:"Aspect méconnu de la composition de la 2e DB: en avril 1944, celle-ci comporte sur un effectif total de 14 490, une proportion de 25% de soldats nord-africains : 3 600", Christine Levisse-Touzé, 5895: 1340: 2698:

In November 1940, around 1,700 officers and men of the French Navy took advantage of the British offer of repatriation to France, and were transported home on a hospital ship travelling under the

1560:, CFLN) was formed as the provisional government of all French, uniting the disparate forces that opposed the Axis and their collaborators. On 1 August 1943, Free French Forces united with the 3586:, driving Rommel's Afrika Korps out of Egypt and back into Libya. This was the first major success of a Western Allied army against the Axis powers, and marked a key turning point in the war. 2212:

and much of the Liberation of France. In November 1944, 275 remaining volunteers were repatriated and replaced with men of French Forces of the Interior to deal better with the cold weather.

4723: 3872:. The regiment is notable for being the only air combat unit from an Allied western country to participate on the Eastern Front during World War II (except brief interventions from RAF and 1416: 148: 4676:" because of alleged sexual relationships with Germans during the occupation were arrested and had their heads shaved, were publicly exhibited and some were allowed to be mauled by mobs. 4343:, and provided general intelligence to the allied forces. The constant harassment took its toll on the German troops. Large remote areas were no-go zones for them and free zones for the 1758:, the only remaining fully equipped formation in Britain. Contrary to what is often assumed, French morale was higher in June than May and they easily repulsed an attack in the south by 4226:

in the Italian campaign in September 1943, the easily defensible terrain of the narrow peninsula required only a relatively limited number of German troops to protect and occupy their

4418:. Within 12 days the French forces were able to secure both ports, destroying two German Divisions in the process. Then on 12 September, French forces were able to connect to General 2873:

personally surveyed the situation in Chad, the first African colony to join Free France, located on the southern border of Libya, and the battle resulted in free French forces taking

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for instance—where they can be demilitarised to our satisfaction, or perhaps be entrusted to the United States and remain safe until the end of the war, the crews being repatriated.

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in a position to support a German invasion of Britain, though he feared that a direct attack on the French Navy might cause the Vichy regime to actively ally itself with the Nazis.

2058:, voiced the opinion of many of those who decided not to join the Free French forces, when in June 1940, he explained to the exasperated British why he would not order his ships in 12019: 3453:. On 5 November 1942, Annet, at last, surrendered. As in Syria, only a minority of the captured Vichy soldiers chose to join the Free French. After the battle, Free French general 2054:

France was bitterly divided by the conflict. Frenchmen everywhere were forced to choose sides, and often deeply resented those who had made a different choice. One French admiral,

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Gensoul's orders allowed him to accept internment in the West Indies, but after a discussion lasting ten hours, he rejected all offers, and British warships commanded by Admiral

4997:, Germany had been divided into Soviet, American and British occupation zones, but France was then given an occupation zone in Germany, as well as in Austria and in the city of 4316:, bitter fighting led to the almost total destruction of the city, and stalemated the Allies. They had more success in the western American sector of the front, where after the 3203:

until they became independent in 1946 and 1943 respectively. However, despite this success, the numbers of the FFF did not grow as much as had been wished for. Of nearly 38,000

11938: 2148:, en route from the United States loaded with a precious cargo of American fighter and bomber aircraft. Unwilling to return to occupied France, but likewise reluctant to join 4137: 13513: 5949: 2004:

on 24 June; both of these came into force on 25 June. After a parliamentary vote on 10 July, Pétain became the leader of the newly established authoritarian regime known as

12055: 6187: 4363:, but this and numerous other actions behind German lines contributed to a much faster advance following the Provence landings than the Allied leadership had anticipated. 9744: 6816: 3895:, leader of the Free French Forces, who felt it important that French servicemen serve on all fronts in the war. The regiment fought in three campaigns on behalf of the 2347:

stop bleeding) before evacuating them by stretcher to ambulances and then driving these ambulances under enemy fire to care centers several kilometers behind the lines.

1615:, and by end of the war totaled over 1.3 million troops—the fourth-largest Allied army in Europe. The provisional government ruled France until the establishment of the 9489: 2622:

Finally, failing the above, I have the orders from His Majesty's Government to use whatever force may be necessary to prevent your ships from falling into German hands.

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If either of these courses is adopted by you we will restore your ships to France at the conclusion of the war or pay full compensation if they are damaged meanwhile.

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Martin Thomas, "The Discarded Leader: General Henri Giraud and the Foundation of the French Committee of National Liberation", French History (1996) 10#12 pp. 86–111.

4410:. The Allies sustained only relatively light casualties during the amphibious assault, and were soon in an all-out pursuit of a German army in full retreat along the 14732: 11974: 11095: 9113: 13143: 13138: 12991: 12037: 3535:, their lowest ebb in the North African campaign. Koenig defended Bir Hakeim from 26 May to 11 June against superior German and Italian forces led by Generaloberst 12416: 12159: 11929: 4633: 3155:(Operation Exporter), Free French Forces fighting alongside British Commonwealth forces faced substantial numbers of troops loyal to Vichy France—this time in the 1635: 9433: 1907:, she can form a bloc that controls the seas and continue the struggle. She may, like England, draw upon the limitless industrial resources of the United States". 15060: 14512: 13032: 12152: 11747: 11633: 11622: 9036: 9008: 8152: 7078: 5170: 4624:

After the liberation of Paris on 25 August 1944, it moved back to the capital, establishing a new "national unanimity" government on 9 September 1944, including

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cut off the Franco-British strike force in Belgium. By the end of May, the British and French northern armies were trapped in a series of pockets, including

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The French 2nd Armoured Division, tip of the spear of the Free French forces that had participated in the Normandy Campaign and liberated Paris, went on to

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War II victors just like the Big Three. This perspective was not shared by the western Allies, as was demonstrated in the German Instrument of Surrender's

4430:'s 12th Army Group, which included Patton's Army. For its part, troops from de Lattre's French First Army were the first Allied troops to reach the Rhine. 2843:'s army. From July to November 1940, the FFF would engage in fighting with troops loyal to Vichy France in Africa, with success and failure on both sides. 83: 2744:

In total during the war, around 50 major ships and a few dozen minor and auxiliary ships were part of the Free French navy. It also included half a dozen

15090: 11334: 9526: 9022: 8638: 6141: 4618: 2189: 1919:'s speech, fearing that such a broadcast could provoke the Pétain government into handing the French fleet over to the Nazis, but British Prime Minister 1057: 11477: 6041: 3885:

or 3rd Fighter Group) in the Free French Air Force, first commanded by Jean Tulasne. The unit originated in mid-1943 during World War II. Initially the

3204: 13093: 8048: 1620: 1529:, before larger commands were established directly under the control of the government-in-exile. On 13 July 1942, "Free France" was officially renamed 4628:, nationalists, socialists, communists and anarchists, and uniting the politically divided Resistance. Among its foreign policy goals was to secure a 12452: 11788: 9412: 8859: 8735: 1094: 7140: 7022: 7003: 6982: 4438: 12470: 11376: 8712: 8092: 7494: 5840: 12400: 12345: 11470: 9149: 8461: 5164: 4537: 11204: 13424: 12492: 8968: 8270: 7485: 5603: 5199: 10967: 6443: 3015: 1316: 14838: 14404: 13668: 13363: 12776: 12260: 11765: 9760: 9723: 9700: 9221: 8143: 8113: 6782:

Tommaso Baris: "Despite the Anglo-American command's request, acts of violence by French troops continued, even after the liberation of Rome"

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61,670 combatants in the Army, of which 20,200 were from colonies and 20,000 were from the Levant's special troops (non-Free French forces).

1579: 880: 431: 376: 9475: 6083: 5001:. It was not only the role that France played in the war which was recognised, but its important strategic position and significance in the 4829:"), the front stabilised along Belgium's northern and eastern borders and in Lorraine. From then on it moved at a slower pace, first to the 2163:

Many of the men in the French colonies felt a special need to defend France, their distant "motherland," eventually making up two-thirds of

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in London. A third option might be that neither considered that a fully free, legitimate, sovereign, and independent successor state to the

15070: 15050: 13908: 13779: 9853: 9709: 9693: 9665: 8913: 8120: 7435: 4703:. The Vichy regime's exile ended when Free French forces reached the town and captured its members on 22 April 1945, the same day that the 3092:

and become the dictator of France), other French possessions in the New World were among the last to defect from Vichy to the Allies (with

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France also had possessions in Asia and the Pacific, and these far-flung colonies would experience similar problems of divided loyalties.

2510: 13488: 12562: 12457: 12197: 11917: 11226: 10610: 9677: 9589: 9533: 9496: 8778: 4561: 2134:'s call to arms. Most units initially stayed loyal to Vichy, but about 3,600 sailors operating 50 ships around the world joined with the 1642:

FFF and the Army of Africa (constituting a major part of the Vichy regular forces allowed by the 1940 armistice) were merged to form the

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was one of a small group of government ministers who favoured continued resistance and Reynaud sent him to London in order to negotiate

12442: 11369: 9582: 8314: 4727: 4637: 4390:(also known as Operation Anvil), the Allied invasion of southern France. The objective of the French 2nd Corps was to capture ports at 2644:

Despite this, some French warships and sailors did remain on the Allied side or join the FNFL later, such as the mine-laying submarine

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was furious about the delay and was unwilling to allow the people of Paris to be slaughtered as had happened in the Polish capital of

15080: 14177: 12408: 11341: 11088: 9716: 8106: 8064: 7452: 3509:, British Empire forces fought a desperate land campaign against the Germans and Italians to prevent the loss of Egypt and the vital 2107:. Many more, however, made their way through long and circuitous routes to French territories overseas, eventually regrouping as the 6384: 3624:

from responding effectively to the allied landings around Algiers the same day, most Vichy figures were arrested (including General

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to the use of military means by colonial powers in the western hemisphere and recognised Vichy as the official French government.

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on 15 August 1944 that escalated into a full-scale uprising of the FFI a few days later. As the Allied forces waited near Paris,

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ordered General Leclerc to attack single-handedly without the aid of Allied forces. Eventually, Eisenhower agreed to detach the

3781:, which granted French citizenship to Jews in Algeria and which had been repealed by Vichy, was immediately restored by General 2602:(b) Sail with reduced crews under our control to a British port. The reduced crews would be repatriated at the earliest moment. 15075: 14552: 14537: 14454: 12756: 10035: 9547: 8397: 7935: 7659: 4872: 4782: 4759: 1608: 7425: 4737: 2246: 1190: 14305: 13799: 13737: 13583: 13389: 11412: 10631: 10536: 10063: 9809: 9684: 8770: 8744: 8601: 8307: 8224: 7409: 7378: 7357: 7312: 7293: 7274: 7220: 7050: 6898: 6847: 6611: 6549: 5711: 5296: 4511: 3949: 2460: 1879:

4 Carlton gardens, London. During WWII the building served as provisional headquarters of the Free French Resistance movement

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by the Germans. On 20 August, under German military escort, Pétain was forcibly moved to Belfort, and on 7 September to the

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was not an endeavour to be taken lightly. It required extensive preparations such as the construction of artificial ports (

3145: 2780: 2575:. With 22 ships sunk (12 of them German men-of-war) on 22 operational patrols, she achieved the highest kill number of the 1747: 1328: 12385: 4297:

in Normandy on 1 August 1944 together with other follow-on Free French forces, and eventually led the drive toward Paris.

4218:

Opening a "Second Front" was a top priority for the Allies, and especially for the Soviets to relieve their burden on the

15065: 14659: 14422: 14078: 14068: 13831: 13602: 13508: 10779: 10243: 9575: 9561: 8774: 4947: 4367: 3796:. The Allies discussed their general strategy for the war, and recognised joint leadership of North Africa by Giraud and 1809:. However, he was not personally popular; significantly, none of his immediate military subordinates joined him in 1940. 818: 12889: 11703: 7115: 6934:

Benjamin Stora, " L'Armée d'Afrique : les oubliés de la libération ", TDC, no 692, 15 mars 1995, Paris, CNDP, 1995.

5005:

as a major democratic, capitalist nation of Western Europe in holding back the influence of communism on the continent.

3088:

playing a key part in that, with him being firmly convinced that the general's aim was to create a South-American style

14507: 13343: 12485: 12447: 12292: 11992: 11720: 11456: 10988: 10857: 10735: 10313: 10028: 9979: 9737: 9292: 8544: 8383: 8231: 8085: 7826: 7478: 7430: 7066: 5482: 5457: 5380: 5159: 5059: 5020: 4786: 4763: 4522: 4290: 4118:" (Forces Françaises de l'Intérieur, or FFI). From October 1944 – March 1945, many FFI units were amalgamated into the 4050: 2228: 1612: 1043: 3785:. Democratic rule was restored in French Algeria, and the Communists and Jews liberated from the concentration camps. 2812:, a subsection of the overall colony. Boisson was soon promoted to "High Commissioner of Colonies" and transferred to 14479: 14464: 13789: 13720: 13571: 12771: 11463: 11104: 9986: 9958: 9775: 9357: 9076: 9043: 7249: 7185: 6953: 6576: 6461: 6309: 5405:

Alexander, Martin (2007). "After Dunkirk: The French Army's Performance Against 'Case Red', 25 May to 25 June 1940".

3694: 3380: 3362: 3264: 2975: 979: 13376: 12539: 12534: 12500: 8259: 6770: 4327:

The invasion was preceded by weeks of intense resistance activity. Coordinated with the massive bombardments of the

3344: 3165: 2411:, patron saint of France, whose symbol it had been, the province where she was born, and now partially annexed into 2324:

According to the tally of Henri Écochard, an ex-Free French Forces serviceman, there were at least 54,500 soldiers.

2235:

were made up of around 75% Europeans and 25% Mahgrebians, which is why the 2e Division Blindée was selected for the

1833:

on the 17th but returned to London the same day when he realised Pétain had already agreed to an armistice with the

14747: 14588: 14542: 13725: 13629: 12723: 12232: 11850: 11141: 10299: 10236: 9371: 9207: 8330: 7535: 4879:

made by its commanding officer General Leclerc almost four years earlier. The unit under his command, barely above

4550:

made up mainly of Spanish Republican exiles) would be there the following day. This party was commanded by Captain

4405: 4091:

back to France as his formal link to the irregulars throughout the occupied country to co-ordinate the eight major

3865: 3762:

successor in French Africa with Allied support. This occurred through a series of consultations between Giraud and

3518: 3399: 3011: 2866: 2713:

and Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu, played a role in the liberation of French colonies throughout the world including

1472:

or CNF)—formed to govern French territories in central Africa, Asia, and Oceania that had heeded the 18 June call.

1080: 932: 12529: 11712: 8884: 4699:'s GPRF. As a sign of protest over his forced move, Pétain refused to take office, and was eventually replaced by 2143: 13749: 13541: 13481: 13333: 12597: 12524: 11234: 11219: 10665: 10506: 10495: 10331: 10090: 10049: 9942: 9880: 9267: 8537: 8406: 8374: 7885: 6794:

Reconquérir: 1944-1945. Textes du maréchal Lattre de Tassigny réunis et présentés par Jean-Luc Barre (in French)

4946:

making it the fourth largest Allied army in Europe behind the Soviet Union, the US and Britain. The GPRF sent an

3968: 3935: 3687: 3672: 2209: 1488: 1001: 719: 11748: 9054: 8622: 4929:, and cleared and occupied south-western Germany. At the end of the war, the motto of the French First Army was 2453:, which also featured the cross of Lorraine. Modern ships that share the same name as ships of the FNFL—such as 2099:

to get on board ships." In the summer of 1940, around a dozen pilots made it to England and volunteered for the

14767: 14342: 13289: 13195: 12642: 12637: 12632: 11890: 11051: 11023: 10901: 10694: 9931: 9382: 9308: 9104: 8475: 8194: 8099: 7984: 7651: 7141:"AIDE IN U.S. LEAVES TO MEET DE GAULLE; Count de Sieyes Will Discuss How 'Free France' May Best Be Served Here" 6714: 6700:

Extraits de l'entretien d'Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer [1, avec Christian Makarian et Dominique Simonnet, publié dans

5676: 5095: 5055: 5028: 4704: 4263: 3953: 3683: 3340: 2651: 2561:

was potentially a quite substantial threat to British control of the sealanes were she to fall into Axis hands.

2267: 2263: 2259: 2076: 11905: 6137: 4898:, was the first Western Allied unit to reach the Rhône (25 August 1944), the Rhine (19 November 1944) and the 3080:

Mainly because of this and of the often very frosty relations between Free France and the USA (with President

1759: 69: 14690: 14310: 14251: 14246: 13348: 12611: 12592: 12478: 12393: 12218: 11897: 11677: 11668: 11362: 11111: 11044: 10995: 10926: 10751: 10257: 10208: 9972: 9965: 9568: 9329: 9120: 8173: 7689: 7471: 6045: 4939: 4876: 4857: 4773: 4115: 4017: 3873: 3173: 2749: 2645: 2619:

If you refuse these fair offers, I must with profound regret, require you to sink your ships within 6 hours.

2570: 2454: 2240: 2079:(on 23 June at the initiative of Georges Colin, honorary consul of the domains) and the Franco-British ruled 1912: 1420: 996: 989: 974: 962: 947: 749: 154: 14332: 13881: 4475:

against him, Hitler had given orders to have Paris destroyed should it fall to the Allies, similarly to the

1542:

Exile officially ended after the reconquest of North Africa, when the Free French government relocated from

15018: 14757: 14236: 14073: 13440: 13435: 11185: 11081: 10456: 10417: 9336: 9171: 9156: 9083: 9062: 8880: 8558: 8344: 8337: 8321: 8032: 7991: 7963: 7799: 6435:

Martin Thomas, "Deferring to Vichy in the Western Hemisphere: The St. Pierre and Miquelon Affair of 1941",

6138:

www.france-libre.net, Le site de la France-Libre, "Les origines des FNFL, par l'amiral Thierry d'Argenlieu"

4895: 4336: 4305: 4219: 4095:

groups into one organisation. Moulin got their agreement to form the "National Council of the Resistance" (

3861: 3741: 3336: 3250: 3007: 2556: 2232: 2032: 1738:

was only made possible by the resistance of these troops, particularly the French army divisions at Lille.

1452:) exhorting the French people to resist the Nazis and join the Free French Forces. On 27 October 1940, the 13406: 4517: 3097: 1670:

after the Franco-German armistice in 1940 and before 1 August 1943 may correctly be called "Free French".

672: 14875: 14595: 14469: 14459: 14207: 14048: 13996: 13294: 13185: 12605: 12377: 11660: 11327: 11313: 11148: 10472: 10424: 10042: 10014: 9867: 9482: 9461: 8982: 8645: 8551: 8041: 7509: 7019: 6998: 6977: 4935:, referring to the two great German rivers that it had reached and crossed during its combat operations. 4891: 4838: 4332: 3846: 3583: 2276: 1973: 1656: 969: 6304:. Contributions in military studies (illustrated ed.). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 23–26. 5837: 4722:

As the wartime government of France in 1944–1945, its main purposes were to handle the aftermath of the

2687:, mostly those in the colonies that had remained loyal to Vichy until the end of the regime through the 2441:, two days after assuming the post of chief of the naval and air forces of the Free French, created the 2195: 15045: 14786: 14707: 14474: 14384: 14363: 14063: 14053: 14043: 13970: 13826: 13474: 12996: 12825: 12728: 12437: 12225: 11643: 11634: 11292: 11212: 10946: 10442: 10361: 10306: 10194: 10150: 9800: 9426: 9350: 9252: 9129: 9001: 8994: 8954: 8927: 8659: 8592: 8187: 7998: 7928: 7772: 7760: 7751: 7370:

The RAF's French Foreign Legion: De Gaulle, the British and the Re-emergence of French Airpower 1940-45

5209: 5016: 4986: 4450: 4426:. Toulon and Marseille were soon providing supplies not only to the 6th Army Group but also to General 4423: 4375: 4286: 4006: 4002: 2546: 2114: 1280: 1137: 984: 952: 927: 487: 459: 6771:

Le corps expéditionnaire français en Italie. Violences des « libérateurs » durant l'été 1944

6226: 5291:. Histoire du temps présent (in French). Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe – IRPMF-CNRS, coll. p. 71. 2631: 15095: 14966: 14722: 14637: 14610: 14527: 14322: 14167: 13712: 13646: 12761: 12654: 11442: 10848: 10765: 10550: 10410: 10382: 10215: 10120: 9910: 9343: 8417: 8071: 7866: 7721: 7681: 7604: 5595: 5575: 4743: 3819: 3814:, CFLN), which unified the territories controlled by them and was officially founded on 3 June 1943. 3394: 3058: 3054: 2764: 1969: 1723: 1463: 1435: 1292: 1183: 553: 496: 332: 12010: 11965: 8615: 4692: 4270:) to make the Germans believe the invasion would take place where the Channel was at its narrowest. 3569:

n the whole course of the desert war, we never encountered a more heroic and well-sustained defence.

3513:. Here, fighting in the harsh Libyan desert, Free French soldiers distinguished themselves. General 2850:, also known as Operation Menace, an unsuccessful attempt to capture the strategic port of Dakar in 14547: 14517: 14122: 13886: 13455: 13230: 12627: 12320: 12253: 12046: 11587: 11580: 11536: 11383: 10587: 10564: 9816: 9617: 9610: 9274: 8934: 8906: 8899: 8286: 7701: 7196:

Historical Dictionary of World War II France: The Occupation, Vichy, and the Resistance, 1938-1946

6440: 4913:, the very last German major offensive on the western front in January 1945, and in collapsing the 3621: 3556: 3539:, proving that the FFF could be taken seriously by the Allies as a fighting force. British General 3325: 2801: 2657: 2528: 2504: 2395: 2272: 2176: 2139: 2088: 2001: 1480: 1275: 515: 11737: 11728: 8631: 8608: 4730:

as a major Ally. It also made several important reforms and political decisions, such as granting

3891:

comprised a group of French fighter pilots sent to aid Soviet forces at the suggestion of Charles

3290: 2880: 1802: 14803: 14685: 14632: 14578: 14532: 14221: 13338: 13118: 13011: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12557: 11983: 11651: 11529: 11009: 10953: 10823: 10683: 10368: 10021: 9917: 9823: 9391: 9259: 9229: 9193: 9178: 9050: 8942: 8920: 8866: 8852: 8834: 8498: 8279: 8007: 7956: 7765: 6080: 5533:

Shlaim, Avi (July 1974). "Prelude to Downfall: The British Offer of Union to France, June 1940".

4880: 4849:

offensive in November 1944, their German opponents believing they had entrenched for the winter.

4629: 4227: 3997: 3981: 3907: 3664: 3329: 2952: 2787:

With metropolitan France firmly under Germany's thumb and the Allies too weak to challenge this,

2699: 2675: 2087:'s call to arms. It was not until late August that Free France would gain significant support in 2055: 1561: 1251: 1195: 957: 937: 630: 13861: 13804: 11956: 11826: 4025: 2215:

The Free French forces also included 5,000 non-French Europeans, mainly serving in units of the

1988: 662: 19:"Fighting France" redirects here. For the collection of magazine articles by Edith Wharton, see 14908: 14870: 14828: 14813: 14605: 14427: 14327: 13989: 13929: 13767: 13732: 13663: 13641: 13430: 13394: 13164: 13001: 12945: 12751: 12616: 12572: 12204: 12110: 12089: 11543: 11522: 11515: 11435: 10701: 10594: 10396: 10347: 10250: 10143: 10113: 9896: 9784: 9510: 9301: 8892: 8873: 8843: 8390: 8360: 7878: 7807: 6165: 5038: 5008:

Approximately 58,000 men were killed fighting in the Free French forces between 1940 and 1945.

4747: 4434: 4223: 4021: 3876:

units) and the only one to fight together with the Soviets until the end of the war in Europe.

3531:

in June 1942, although they were eventually obliged to withdraw, as Allied forces retreated to

3506: 3443: 3214:

Despite this bleak picture, by the end of 1941, the United States had entered the war, and the

3152: 3042: 3034: 2940: 2900: 2722: 2489: 2400: 2184: 1825:. When this plan collapsed, he resigned on 16 June and Pétain became President of the Council. 1719: 1711: 1667: 1643: 1616: 1571: 1498: 1453: 1424: 1394: 1234: 1210: 942: 890: 769: 363: 318: 176: 5778: 5697: 5372: 5365: 4883:

size when it had captured the Italian fort, had grown into a full-strength armoured division.

4591: 2931:

In 1941–1942, the African FFF slowly grew in strength and even expanded operations north into

2286:(12 overall) began to be recruited from mainland France, including the 10th Infantry Division 2227:

mainly made up of colonial soldiers. Nearly all NCOs and officers were white French. Both the

1442:. Opposed to the idea of an armistice, de Gaulle fled to Britain and from there broadcast the 14833: 14823: 14615: 14439: 14347: 14282: 13891: 13684: 13658: 13369: 13353: 12519: 12096: 11874: 11348: 11192: 10915: 10758: 10654: 10624: 10580: 10320: 10285: 10278: 10201: 10099: 9540: 9517: 9364: 8975: 8512: 8252: 8238: 7921: 7794: 7040: 6808: 6470: 4918: 4661: 4572: 4476: 4344: 4194:

led to a very rapid German retreat, and by September 1944 most of France had been liberated.

4013: 3939: 3789: 3561: 3494: 2909: 2493: 2216: 2108: 2037: 1981: 1903:"France is not alone! She is not alone! She has a great empire behind her! Together with the 1781:

was known for his willingness to challenge accepted ideas; in 1912, he asked to be posted to

1755: 1731: 1368: 900: 827: 789: 729: 418: 13027: 12913: 8810: 7819: 4621:, preserving the sovereignty of France and freeing Allied troops for fighting on the front. 4612:

or GPRF) was officially created by the CNFL and succeeded it on 3 June 1944, the day before

1851: 1790: 1200: 15040: 14858: 14399: 14337: 14226: 14117: 13673: 13607: 13304: 13084: 13063: 13058: 12786: 12708: 12508: 12239: 12186: 11867: 11564: 11355: 11278: 11016: 10871: 10522: 10479: 10449: 10375: 10185: 10164: 9090: 8567: 8245: 7729: 7463: 6257: 4861: 4483: 4151: 4143: 4131: 3767: 3633: 3528: 3474: 3431: 3073:, despite this being the first French possession in the Americas to join the Allies, which 2753: 2584: 2205: 1977: 1822: 1806: 1727: 1589: 1149: 779: 505: 12870: 7840: 4695:) joined him. There they established a government in exile, challenging the legitimacy of 3450: 1578:

AFL). By June 1944, the AFL numbered more than 500,000, and the CFLN was succeeded by the

1304: 8: 14941: 14898: 14818: 14772: 14649: 14642: 14622: 14583: 14495: 14287: 14256: 14231: 14197: 14099: 14094: 13934: 13678: 13612: 13358: 13328: 13202: 13128: 13123: 13108: 13103: 13053: 12971: 12356: 12306: 12246: 11860: 11306: 11264: 11257: 11134: 10908: 10786: 10742: 10264: 9398: 9164: 8691: 8521: 8505: 8454: 7631: 7617: 7612: 6380: 5247: 5192: 5185: 4731: 4688: 4576: 4530: 4466: 4328: 4282: 4267: 4251: 3610: 3514: 3141: 2760: 2446: 2236: 1957: 1655:

In many sources, Free French describes any French individual or unit that fought against

1601: 1514: 1382: 1256: 1222: 739: 648: 587: 577: 232: 171: 135: 13006: 4035: 2905: 2888: 2805: 1997: 1785:'s regiment, whose maxim 'Firepower kills' was then in stark contrast to the prevailing 14853: 14798: 14752: 14600: 14566: 14150: 13784: 13411: 12981: 12966: 12961: 12929: 12698: 12299: 12117: 12076: 11947: 11841: 11812: 11611: 11390: 11271: 11127: 10960: 10885: 10839: 10809: 10717: 10557: 10222: 10106: 10000: 9951: 9889: 9645: 9596: 9405: 9029: 8684: 8482: 7902: 7833: 7812: 7779: 7734: 7624: 6671: 5558: 5550: 5430: 4951: 4910: 4822: 4239: 4163: 4155: 4083:

under his leadership. He changed the name of his movement to "Fighting French Forces" (

4029: 3823: 3682:

Admiral Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942 in Algiers by the young monarchist

3637: 3579: 3482: 3454: 3181: 3121: 3081: 2851: 2710: 2420: 2351: 2251: 2180: 1735: 1268: 1215: 13133: 11819: 11685: 4648: 3778: 3629: 3549:

military exploits that astonish the world like they are doing right now in Bir-Hakeim!

1782: 1431: 14999: 14981: 14976: 14961: 14946: 14885: 14848: 14762: 14695: 14673: 14654: 14522: 14449: 14272: 14172: 14058: 14038: 14015: 13944: 13924: 13849: 13556: 13497: 13400: 13174: 13169: 13113: 12908: 12865: 12713: 12693: 12683: 12649: 12567: 12278: 12211: 11881: 11488: 11419: 11401: 11245: 11118: 11002: 10892: 10832: 10793: 10726: 10708: 10674: 10617: 10571: 10515: 10340: 10078: 10070: 10007: 9860: 9454: 8986: 8447: 8426: 8136: 7599: 7574: 7453:

Fights of the population in Gers in the regular army from Nov.8, 1942 to Aug.31, 1944

7405: 7374: 7353: 7308: 7289: 7270: 7245: 7226: 7216: 7181: 7148: 7046: 6949: 6894: 6843: 6617: 6607: 6582: 6572: 6305: 5707: 5562: 5478: 5453: 5434: 5422: 5376: 5292: 5180: 5134:'s Appeal of 18 June 1940 remains one of the most famous speeches in French history. 4959: 4887: 4700: 4387: 4383: 4371: 4370:

which had been fighting there was withdrawn from the Italian front, and added to the

4360: 4356: 4352: 4274: 4187: 4072: 4046: 3961: 3931: 3919: 3735: 3668: 3540: 3435: 3192: 3023: 2884: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2641:. Such actions discouraged many French soldiers from joining the Free French forces. 2637: 2534: 2404: 2378: 2290:

The 3rd Armoured Division was also created in May 1945 but saw no combat in the war.

2281: 2220: 2041: 2017: 1961: 1920: 1860: 1846: 1774: 1715: 1687: 1597: 1593: 1443: 1412: 1377: 1309: 1263: 1244: 1239: 1166: 709: 608: 468: 305: 278: 89: 27: 11804: 11694: 6946:

The Fog of Peace and War Planning: Military and Strategic Planning Under Uncertainty

4978: 4803: 4666:(legal purge or cleansing). Some were executed without trial, in "wild cleansings" ( 4654:

who hunted the Resistance with the Gestapo—were made prisoners in a post-liberation

4526: 4138:

Military history of France during World War II § Campaign of France (1944–1945)

3617: 2702:. This did not stop the Germans from torpedoing the ship, and 400 men were drowned. 2438: 1539:) to mark the struggle against the Axis both externally and within occupied France. 14913: 14865: 14737: 14712: 14202: 13938: 13762: 13592: 13561: 13548: 13283: 13259: 13225: 13179: 13073: 13068: 12733: 12718: 12370: 11571: 11557: 11320: 11299: 11285: 11037: 11030: 10974: 10638: 10403: 10389: 10292: 10229: 10180: 9993: 9846: 9793: 9603: 9554: 9468: 8698: 8675: 8208: 7694: 6866:, Vingtième Siècle, Revue d'histoire, Année 1998, Volume 58, Numéro 58, pp. 144–146 5703: 5542: 5414: 5123: 4994: 4826: 4807: 4716: 4673: 4554:, and was given the honour to be the first Allied unit to enter Paris ahead of the 4348: 3993: 3992:

in one of the worst mass atrocities committed by Allied troops during the war, the

3985: 3853: 3447: 3256: 3219: 3003: 2996: 2980: 2627: 2516: 2298: 2095: 2094:

Unlike the troops at Dunkirk or naval forces at sea, relatively few members of the

1794: 1710:, rapidly defeating the Dutch and Belgians, while armoured units attacking through 1695: 1522: 1506: 1502: 1229: 1178: 1144: 682: 14375: 14214: 12664: 12001: 8217: 4719:, was also condemned to death but his sentence was commuted to life imprisonment. 4339:, partisans systematically sabotaged railway lines, destroyed bridges, cut German 3489: 849: 654: 15008: 14971: 14956: 14951: 14893: 14808: 14368: 14109: 13854: 13037: 12976: 12860: 12806: 12168: 12145: 12124: 12064: 11060: 10772: 10687: 10645: 10543: 10486: 10354: 10136: 10127: 9656: 9238: 9214: 8468: 7549: 7368: 7343: 7328: 7321: 7210: 7026: 7007: 6986: 6710: 6465: 6447: 6299: 6264: 6233: 6145: 6087: 5944: 5844: 5680: 4795: 4503: 4446: 4442: 4317: 4313: 4247: 4243: 4191: 4175: 3716: 3606: 3598: 3188: 3137: 3117: 3074: 2862: 2847: 2836: 2817: 2714: 2424: 2412: 2408: 2294: 1856: 1518: 1356: 1159: 1132: 1127: 1122: 838: 228: 160: 108: 50: 14354: 11172: 7544: 7402:

The French Army 1939–45: Free French, Fighting French and the Army of Liberation

7305:

Rock of Contention: Free French and Americans at War in New Caledonia, 1940–1945

6699: 6568:

Panzer battles : a study of the employment of armor in the Second World War

5074: 4852: 4300: 3022:

by the beginning of May. Japanese rule in Indochina lasted until the successful

2650:, whose crew voted almost unanimously to fight alongside Britain, the destroyer 2468: 2279:

brigades. The 1st Free French Division also contained a mixed brigade of French

800: 14931: 14926: 14918: 14742: 14700: 14277: 13901: 13251: 12986: 12900: 12881: 12852: 12817: 12798: 11773: 11067: 10603: 10529: 8581: 8440: 7530: 7518: 7103:

Representations of the Second World War: Ideological Currents in French History

6418: 5546: 5243: 5175: 4970: 4922: 4921:. Operations by the First Army in April 1945 encircled and captured the German 4830: 4651: 4551: 4487: 4415: 4321: 4259: 3944: 3089: 2662:. The first loss of the FNFL occurred on 7 November 1940, when the patrol boat 2485: 1904: 1813: 1386: 1033: 619: 75: 13299: 13079: 7230: 6621: 3636:

finally accepted his self-nomination as high commissioner of North Africa and

3469: 3438:, hoping to prevent its falling into Japanese hands and especially the use of 2509:. Locally, it is also associated with the memory of the loss of the destroyer 2407:

as a symbol of the Free French. This was chosen to recall the perseverance of

1895:, urging French soldiers, sailors and airmen to join in the fight against the 15034: 15013: 14843: 14627: 14315: 13707: 13235: 12431: 12334: 11603: 10878: 8803: 8652: 8491: 7664: 7349: 7152: 7100: 6891:

La Nueve, 24 août 1944 : ces Républicains espagnols qui ont libéré Paris

6100: 5426: 5418: 5312:

légende gaulliste, enjeux stratégiques mondiaux et rivalités Londres/Vichy",

5151: 4966: 4914: 4815: 4586: 4419: 4235: 3911: 3709: 3625: 3187:

The British did not themselves occupy Syria; rather, the Free French General

3116:

to the Allies, late June 1941. A car carrying Free French commanders General

2992: 2964: 2932: 2431: 2142:(FFNF; in French: FNFL). France's surrender found her only aircraft carrier, 1888: 1707: 1604:

in August 1944, which ushered in the provisional government on French soil.

1287: 1205: 1154: 1018: 759: 254: 242: 7020:"France Excluded from the German Capitulation Signing by the Western Allies" 6586: 5794: 4092: 3446:. Once again the Allied landings faced resistance from Vichy forces, led by 3184:

were eventually defeated by the largely British allied forces in July 1941.

2861:

There was better news in November 1940 when the FFF achieved victory at the

2767:. The French merchant marine siding with the Allies counted over 170 ships. 2363: 1868: 14727: 14432: 14389: 14189: 14160: 13774: 13757: 13265: 13190: 12703: 12313: 12175: 12138: 12131: 11177: 10981: 9281: 9186: 8817: 8180: 7944: 7579: 7388: 7237: 6601: 5919: 5580: 5103: 4926: 4903: 4846: 4680: 4592:

Re-establishment of a provisional French Republic and its government (GPRF)

4472: 4427: 4340: 4064: 3989: 3896: 3869: 3731: 3686:. Although de la Chapelle had been a member of the resistance group led by 3647: 3594: 3553: 3536: 3523: 3439: 3215: 3062: 3038: 2988: 2960: 2821: 2599:(a) Sail with us and continue the fight until victory against the Germans. 2435: 2416: 2080: 2005: 1770: 1703: 1691: 1494: 1476: 1439: 1390: 1372: 867: 598: 292: 6458: 6301:

Tricolor Over the Sahara: The Desert Battles of the Free French, 1940–1942

4355:. For instance, a large number of German units were required to clear the 3952:' (1ere Compagnie de Chasseurs Parachutistes) in the Gabès–Tozeur area of 2827: 14297: 14142: 13450: 13383: 12688: 12503: 12285: 12103: 11237: 10816: 10802: 10464: 9140: 8946: 8300: 7676: 7561: 6566: 6370:

Keegan, John. Six Armies in Normandy. New York: Penguin Books, 1994. p300

5063: 4974: 4842: 4811: 4565: 4379: 4278: 4277:, the Free French forces numbered around 500,000 strong. 900 Free French 4250:), intensive bombardment of railways and German logistics in France (the 4231: 4119: 4088: 4060: 3977: 3915: 3860:, was a fighter regiment of the Free French Air Force that served on the 3774: 3705: 3393:

Reflecting the growing strength of Free France was the foundation of the

3177: 3125: 2809: 2775: 2738: 2609: 2127: 1834: 1773:

appointed him Under Secretary of State for Defence, a junior post in the

1526: 1398: 209: 4099:). Moulin was eventually captured, and died under brutal torture by the 3277: 2301:, and British SAS were mainly composed of men from metropolitan France. 1072: 14903: 14132: 11780: 10171: 9924: 9903: 8796: 8129: 8057: 7646: 6553: 5287:

quel hymne pour le régime de Vichy ?". In Chimènes, Myriam (ed.).

4865: 4400: 4395: 4294: 4159: 3843: 3701: 3532: 3510: 3498: 3458: 3419: 3093: 2874: 2688: 2613: 2552: 2442: 2368: 2317: 2157: 2135: 2059: 1510: 535: 7441: 6675: 5554: 4917:

in January–February 1945, capturing and destroying most of the German

4568:

were also amongst the first of the Free French forces to enter Paris.

4494:

and his Free French government put General Eisenhower under pressure.

3834: 3727: 14241: 10434: 9839: 9636: 9447: 9245: 9200: 6773:, Vingtième Siècle. Revue d'histoire Numéro 2007/1 (no 93), pp 47―61. 6042:"Liste des volontaires des Forces françaises libres d'Henri Écochard" 5099: 5079: 4955: 4942:, the Free French forces comprised 1,300,000 personnel, and included 4708: 4564:

formed from the Free French Navy Fusiliers-Marins that had landed on

4255: 4211: 4179: 3973: 3069:

and a submarine of the FNFL. The action at Saint-Pierre and Miquelon

3027: 3019: 2936: 2745: 2477: 2465:—are entitled to fly the Free French naval jack as a mark of honour. 2119: 2104: 1892: 1798: 1786: 1751: 1363:) was a political entity claiming to be the legitimate government of 13466: 8721: 7269:. Que sais-je (in French). Paris: Presses universitaires de France. 5673: 4486:

was planning to by-pass the city. At this time, Parisians started a

3314: 3061:) joined the Free French after an "invasion" on 24 December 1941 by 2275:

and 9th Colonial Infantry Division contained a strong contingent of

1875: 1867:

as pamphlets and plastered on walls as posters by supporters of the

1631: 1475:

Initially, with the exception of French possessions in the Pacific,

1430:

Following the defeat of the Third Republic by Nazi Germany, Marshal

13896: 8705: 8433: 7897: 6373: 5107: 5083: 5002: 4790: 4625: 4183: 4171: 4108: 3777:

to counsel Giraud and to press him into repeal the Vichy laws. The

3195:

of the Levant, and from this point, Free France would control both

3113: 3066: 2481: 1830: 203: 26:"Les Français Libres" redirects here. For the political party, see 4411: 4202: 3226: 2835:

With these colonies came vital manpower—a large number of African

2794: 2193:

Charles de Gaulle inspecting sailors on the Free French destroyer

16:

1940–1944 government-in-exile led by Charles de Gaulle during WWII

14155: 14023: 7873: 7861: 7504: 7042:

Scotland's Cruel Sea: Heroism and Disaster off the Scottish Coast

5338: 5113:

The memorial is also associated, locally, with the memory of the

5087: 4990: 4950:

to the Pacific to retake French Indochina from the Japanese, but

4712: 4684: 4454: 4293:(2nd Armoured Division or 2e DB)—under General Leclerc—landed at 4107:

occupation forces, building networks of propagandists, spies and

4100: 3200: 2718: 2706: 2450: 1547: 562: 249: 213: 192: 13981: 7258:

Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada, 1939–1945

3693:

On 28 December, after a prolonged blockade, the Vichy forces in

3578:

From 23 October to 4 November 1942, Allied forces under general

2596:

shall act in accordance with one of the following alternatives;

2522: 1683: 14444: 14012: 13794: 9315: 7913: 7746: 7716: 7000:

1940–1944 : La France Libre et la France Combattante pt. 1

6979:

1940–1944 : La France Libre et la France Combattante pt. 2

6022: 4998: 4899: 4711:. Laval, Vichy's prime minister in 1942–1944, was executed for 4644: 4499: 4391: 4167: 3744:

in January 1943. Churchill and Roosevelt are in the background.

3478: 3156: 2956: 2541: 2386: 2374: 2219:. There were also escaped Spanish Republicans, veterans of the 1896: 1543: 1364: 566: 198: 179:

over unoccupied and liberated territories (after November 1942)

7446: 5924:

Exils et migration: Italiens et Espagnols en France, 1938–1946

5633: 3717:

Creation of the French Committee of National Liberation (CFLN)

2928:"; Vichy France was a "pseudo government", an illegal entity. 2770: 2737:

in Provence for the liberation of mainland France, and in the

1652:, and all subsequent enlistments were in this combined force. 9503: 4982: 4834: 4691:

in southern Germany, where 1,000 of his followers (including

4655: 4147: 4055: 3196: 3108: 3065:

Emile Muselier and the forces he was able to load onto three

2948: 2944: 2813: 2472:

The Free French Memorial, looking out over the Firth of Clyde

2382: 2266:

were made up of 60% Mahgrebians and 40% Europeans, while the

2009: 1769:

was promoted to brigadier general; on 5 June, Prime Minister

1483:, all the territories of the French colonial empire rejected 187: 7493: 7426:

Composition and situation of the Free French Force in combat

4753: 4636:. This was assured through a large military contribution on 4482:

Mindful of this and other strategic considerations, General

4320:

breakthrough in late July they caught 50,000 Germans in the

4166:. At first hampered by very stiff German resistance and the 4114:

Later, the Resistance was more formally referred to as the "

4005:, claimed that such cases were isolated events exploited by 3071:

created a serious diplomatic incident with the United States

2683:

Most ships that had remained on the Vichy side and were not

2122:

inspecting the Free French forces in England, 24 August 1940

14717: 14127: 13951: 7404:. Men-at-arms Series No. 318. Vol. 2. London: Osprey. 7010:(in French). Charles de Gaulle foundation official website. 6989:(in French). Charles de Gaulle foundation official website. 6323: 6321: 6010: 5623: 5621: 5498: 5496: 5494: 4993:, as he was the commander of the French First Army. At the 4799: 4437:

was covering Alsace-Lorraine (and the Alpine front against

4207: 4063:

and his iconic scarf. He was probably tortured to death by

3403:, CNF) in September 1941 and the official name change from 3207:, just 5,668 men volunteered to join the forces of General 3014:

under nominal Vichy control. On 9 March 1945, the Japanese

2593: 2576: 525: 159:

sky blue = colonies under the control of Free France after

7288:. Histoires D'aujourd'hui (in French). Paris: Tallandier. 7203:

Normandy '44: D-Day and the Epic 77-Day Battle for France

6425:, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, pp. 349–350 6366: 6364: 6362: 6360: 4587:

Provisional republic and the war against Germany and Japan

2951:. In 1942, Leclerc's forces and soldiers from the British 5969: 5967: 5882: 5880: 3497:"leap up from the desert to rush an enemy strong point", 2963:

to join British Commonwealth and other FFF forces in the

2865:(or Battle of Libreville) under the very skilled General 2846:

In September 1940 an Anglo French naval force fought the

2100: 1690:

was an armoured division commander and a minister in the

6944:

Talbot, C. Imlay; Duffy Toft, Monica (24 January 2007).

6916: 6399: 6345: 6318: 6279: 6061: 5653:

France and Britain 1900–1940: Entente & Estrangement

5618: 5491: 3758:

After Admiral Darlan's assassination, Giraud became his

3136:

In 1941, the FFF fought alongside British Empire troops

2565: 1636:

Commemorative medal for voluntary service in Free France

6644: 6642: 6640: 6357: 6180: 5765: 5763: 5761: 5450:

A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle

5171:

List of networks and movements of the French Resistance

4821:

Also in September 1944, the Allies having outrun their

2922:

claimed to represent, or rather, as he put it simply, "

2791:

turned his attention to France's vast overseas empire.

2027: 1497:

troops and served in almost every major campaign, from

8575:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

7458: 6666:

Arthur L. Funk, "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan,'"

6333: 5964: 5915: 5913: 5877: 5751: 5749: 5747: 3605:

Soon afterwards in November 1942, the Allies launched

2804:, was a staunch supporter of the Vichy regime, unlike 1588:, GPRF), which was established in anticipation of the 4441:), the centre was made up of US forces in the south ( 4404:

volunteers, and with a single armoured division, the

3628:, chief commander in North Africa, and Vichy admiral 2858:'s sense of failure that he even considered suicide. 1923:, despite his own concerns, agreed to the broadcast. 6637: 6628: 6381:"The Second World War in the French Overseas Empire" 5758: 5319: 5141: 4750:

on 14 October 1946, preparing its new constitution.

4445:) and British and Commonwealth forces in the north ( 4024:, with the landing of elements of the reconstituted 2959:. At the end of 1942, Leclerc moved his forces into 2258:

Records for the Italian campaign show that both the

1840: 6928: 6800: 6498: 6190:. Inverclyde Council. 9 August 2017. Archived from 5910: 5890:

Le bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique

5744: 4190:on 14 August 1944, the threat of being caught in a 3211:; the remainder chose to be repatriated to France. 2979:

Insigna of the Free French Forces in the Far East (

1968:and his followers were revolutionaries, unlike the 1741:From 27 May to 4 June, over 200,000 members of the 6162:"The Cross of Lorraine from charles-de-gaulle.org" 5988:Algérie, une mémoire à vif: Ou le caméléon albinos 5934: 5932: 5364: 4715:. Pétain, "Chief of the French State" and hero of 4647:(a paramilitary militia)—which was established by 4609:gouvernement provisoire de la République Française 4182:on 25–31 July 1944. Combined with the landings in 2779:African unit of the Free French forces during the 2445:displaying the French colours with a red cross of 1585:Gouvernement Provisoire de la République française 15056:World War II governments in exile based in London 7455:(1992– O.N.A.C.- S.D. GERS translated in English) 5023:in 1946 after territorial annexations in the East 4197: 3690:, it is believed he was acting as an individual. 3632:). However, Darlan was released and U.S. General 2533:After the fall of France, British Prime Minister 2083:condominium in the Pacific (on 20 July) answered 1793:. He was also a long-time advocate of the modern 15032: 7399: 7175: 6943: 6028: 4643:Several alleged Vichy loyalists involved in the 4583:conducted a now iconic parade through the city. 3752:Commandement en chef français civil et militaire 2820:) had joined Free France, with the exception of 2243:was almost entirely made up of white Frenchmen. 1619:in October 1946, having preempted the country's 848: 7341: 6877:Du capitaine de Hautecloque au général Leclerc? 6864:Du capitaine de Hauteclocque au Général Leclerc 6837: 6482: 6480: 6001:"Le retrait des troupes noires de la 1re Armée" 5929: 3227:Creation of the French National Committee (CNF) 3030:, and the entry of British and Chinese forces. 2935:. In February 1941, Free French Forces invaded 2795:African campaign and the Empire Defence Council 2673:Charles de Gaulle on board the French corvette 2656:, and the then-largest submarine in the world, 2492:. It has plaques commemorating the loss of the 1438:and established a German puppet state known as 15061:Military history of France during World War II 7038: 6693: 5695: 5691: 5689: 5316:, vol. 49, No. 4 (Oct. – Dec., 2002), p. 84–86 5200:Military history of France during World War II 4540:) requested the Free French force in question 4214:from the city hall's balcony on 20 August 1944 3792:in January 1943 with Roosevelt, Churchill and 2316:French commando troops undergoing training at 15086:States and territories disestablished in 1944 13997: 13482: 12486: 11220: 7929: 7479: 7325:The Second World War – an Illustrated History 6423:Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism 5737: 5735: 5339:"VRID Mémorial – Un site utilisant WordPress" 5215:Wallis and Futuna during the Second World War 4604:Provisional Government of the French Republic 4598:Provisional Government of the French Republic 4009:to smear allies, particularly French troops. 3925: 3609:in the west, an invasion of Vichy-controlled 2685:scuttled with the main French fleet in Toulon 2523:Mers El Kébir and the fate of the French Navy 1952:This would form the essential legal basis of 1823:the proposed union between France and Britain 1580:Provisional Government of the French Republic 1088: 1051: 432:Provisional Government of the French Republic 14373: 14352: 14212: 7393:All Hell Let Loose, The World at War 1939–45 7045:. Black & White Publishing. p. 21. 7032: 6477: 5986:Brahim Senouci, Préface de Stéphane Hessel. 5831: 5526: 5282: 5276: 5190: 5165:Bureau Central de Renseignements et d'Action 4930: 4833:and then in the early months of 1945 to the 4746:, and lasted until the establishment of the 4735: 4667: 4659: 4607: 4555: 4545: 4036: 3901: 3886: 3880: 3809: 3750: 3620:by the French resistance that prevented the 3410: 3404: 2923: 2913: 2748:of naval infantry and commandos, as well as 2393: 1986: 1931: 1754:on 2 June to reform the BEF, along with the 1663:instruction ministérielle du 29 juillet 1953 1661: 1647: 1583: 1565: 1555: 1534: 1467: 1457: 1447: 1423:, and gained strategic footholds in several 1406: 133: 105: 42: 7431:Bibliography about 1st Free French Division 6806: 6791: 5975:Le Corps expéditionnaire français en Italie 5686: 4818:until the German capitulation in May 1945. 4562:1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos 3960:The Free French forces participated in the 3343:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3265:Learn how and when to remove these messages 3045:invaded and occupied the leased territory. 2908:of Chad. Its creation was announced by the 2771:Struggle for control of the French colonies 2587:was provided an ultimatum by the British: 1993:stamping out France's republican heritage. 15091:States and territories established in 1940 14004: 13990: 13489: 13475: 12493: 12479: 11227: 11213: 7936: 7922: 7486: 7472: 7400:Sumner, Ian; Vauvillier, François (1998). 7283: 7264: 7255: 6922: 6723: 6606:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. p. 417. 6564: 6405: 6351: 6327: 6285: 6067: 6016: 5732: 5627: 5502: 2831:A Chadian soldier fighting for Free France 2130:was better able to immediately respond to 1996:On 22 June 1940, Marshal Pétain signed an 1095: 1081: 1058: 1044: 147: 21:Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort 7342:Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007). 6838:Axelrod, Alan; Kingston, Jack A. (2007). 5894:. Museum of the Order of the Liberation. 5593: 5404: 5314:Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine 4875:on 23 November 1944, thus fulfilling the 4754:Campaigns in France and Germany 1944–1945 4206:Charles de Gaulle speaks as president of 3381:Learn how and when to remove this message 3363:Learn how and when to remove this message 2991:and the French South Pacific colonies of 2223:. In August 1944, they numbered 350 men. 1623:and secured its status as a major power. 1102: 7495:Governments in exile during World War II 7387: 6888: 6729: 5274: 5268: 5073: 5046:recognised the GPRF on 23 October 1944. 5015: 4851: 4767: 4516: 4299: 4242:) and an underwater pipeline across the 4201: 4054: 3976:. They took part in the fighting on the 3943: 3833: 3726: 3593: 3488: 3468: 3107: 3103: 2974: 2879: 2826: 2774: 2668: 2564: 2540: 2467: 2362: 2311: 2245: 2188: 2113: 2031: 1874: 1850: 1682: 1630: 12767:French Committee of National Liberation 11450:French Committee of National Liberation 7585:French Committee of National Liberation 7366: 7208: 6831: 6807:deRochemont, Richard (24 August 1942). 6599: 6452: 6339: 6297: 6227:Mers-el-Kebir: A Battle Between Friends 5940:"Liberation of Paris: The hidden truth" 5781:The Travellers' Dictionary of Quotation 5639: 5477:(1993 ed.). Penguin. p. 150. 5447: 5205:List of French possessions and colonies 5033:A point of strong disagreement between 5011: 4989:led the French delegation at Berlin on 4810:in ports along the Atlantic coast like 4125: 3856:, founded at the suggestion of Charles 3811:Comité Français de Libération Nationale 3806:French Committee of National Liberation 3723:French Committee of National Liberation 3644:, who refused to recognise his status. 3464: 2970: 2679:at Greenock, Scotland, 24 December 1942 1557:Comité français de Libération nationale 1552:French Committee of National Liberation 1517:. Free French units also served in the 15033: 12757:French Civil and Military High Command 9783: 9761:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 7302: 7121:from the original on 10 September 2017 7067:"Sarkozy Marks Anniversary of General 6840:Encyclopedia of World War II, Volume 1 6603:Case Red: The Collapse of France, 1940 6459:When the US wanted to take over France 6212:Jordan, John and Robert Dumas (2009), 5977:. Histoire et collections, 2003. p. 31 5795:"Le Domaine français de Sainte-Hélène" 5532: 5325: 4802:, and besieging the heavily fortified 4760:Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine 4460: 4449:). On the left flank, Canadian forces 4041:and National Council of the Resistance 2666:struck a mine in the English Channel. 2343:Free French Forces committees: 1,900. 1509:operated as an auxiliary force to the 13985: 13496: 13470: 12474: 11766:Organisation de résistance de l'armée 11413:Charles de Gaulle during World War II 11208: 10632:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 10064:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 9710:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 9666:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8771:Rape during the occupation of Germany 7917: 7853:Unrecognised or non-autonomous bodies 7467: 7176:Crémieux-Brilhac, Jean-Louis (1996). 6734:. Harper & Brothers. p. 348. 6417: 6387:from the original on 11 February 2007 5655:, London, New York, 1996, p. 249 5472: 5362: 4962:before they could arrive in theatre. 4804:French Atlantic coast submarine bases 4529:on 26 August 1944, the day after the 3026:which was led by communist-dominated 2419:, and as a response to the symbol of 1871:. This could be a dangerous activity. 1859:during the war, reproductions of the 1493:The Free French fought both Axis and 1076: 13909:Things named after Charles de Gaulle 12842:Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11429:Departmental Committee of Liberation 9754:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 8786:Rape during the liberation of France 7081:from the original on 19 October 2017 6792:De Tassigny, Jean de Lattre (1985). 6571:. New York: Ballantine. p. 79. 5594:de Gaulle, Charles (28 April 2007). 4890:that had landed in Provence was the 4728:continue to wage war against Germany 4386:. That was the force that conducted 4075:gradually grew in strength. General 3457:was appointed High Commissioner for 3432:attacked the strategically important 3341:adding citations to reliable sources 3308: 3271: 3230: 3124:enters the city, escorted by French 3033:From June 1940 until February 1943, 2691:Axis invasion and occupation of the 2358: 2028:Beginnings of the Free French forces 15071:Armies in exile during World War II 13832:Union of Democrats for the Republic 5898:from the original on 29 August 2018 5696:Pierre Goubert (20 November 1991). 5667: 5606:from the original on 31 August 2013 5049:In his liberation of Paris speech, 4571:The military governor of the city, 4368:French Expeditionary Corps in Italy 4230:in northern Italy. However, as the 4111:to harass and discomfit the enemy. 3988:. In what came to be known as the 3677:French Expeditionary Corps in Italy 3671:until April 1943, when they joined 3422:support to the CNF on 24 November. 3220:stopping the Germans outside Moscow 3012:most of the war the colony remained 2729:in non-Free French territories, in 2288:and many Alpine Infantry Divisions. 1513:and, in the North Atlantic, to the 1381:, Free France was established as a 13: 12663: 11487: 11457:National Council of the Resistance 9980:German invasion of the Netherlands 8260:Weather events during World War II 7335: 7284:Muracciole, Jean-François (2009). 7265:Muracciole, Jean-François (1996). 7039:Robert Jeffrey (6 November 2014). 6842:. Facts on File Inc. p. 363. 6474:, May 2003 (English, French, etc.) 6105:www.marinettes-et-rochambelles.com 5952:from the original on 21 April 2009 5817:Free French Africa in World War II 5371:(2007 ed.). Penguin. p. 5275:Dompnier, Nathalie (2001). "Entre 5160:France during the Second World War 5021:Allied Occupation Zones in Germany 4764:Western Allied invasion of Germany 4394:(France's largest naval port) and 4051:National Council of the Resistance 3589: 3573: 2955:captured parts of the province of 2717:in French north Africa, escorting 1666:), only those who served with the 14: 15107: 14011: 13572:French Military Mission to Poland 12772:Provisional Consultative Assembly 12409:Musée de l'Ordre de la Libération 12386:Mémorial de la France combattante 11464:Provisional Consultative Assembly 10611:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 7419: 7212:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 6968:Sumner and Vauvillier 1998, p. 38 4958:took advantage by the successful 4837:in increments. For instance, the 4630:French occupation zone in Germany 4514:in support of the French attack. 4097:Conseil National de la Résistance 3804:then became co-presidents of the 3650:, a general who had escaped from 3246:This section has multiple issues. 3218:had also joined the Allied side, 2695:and Tunisia, changed sides then. 2630:attacked French ships during the 2340:Communications in France: 5,700; 1841:De Gaulle rallies the Free French 1576:Armée française de la Libération, 1385:in London in June 1940 after the 1367:following the dissolution of the 15081:1944 disestablishments in France 13966: 13965: 12502: 11851:Organisation civile et militaire 11236: 11171: 7943: 7896: 7884: 7872: 7860: 7793: 7745: 7715: 7675: 7645: 7598: 7560: 7529: 7503: 7442:Flags and Ensigns of Free France 7242:The Armed Forces of World War II 7133: 7093: 7059: 6948:. Routledge, 2007. p. 227. 6879:, Editions Complexe, 2000, p.243 6796:. Éditions Plon. pp. 32–33. 5720:from the original on 27 May 2013 5596:"The flame of French resistance" 5452:. Allen Lane. pp. 110–111. 5144: 4738:École nationale d'administration 4672:). Women accused of "horizontal 4351:that provided ideal terrain for 4144:liberation of continental France 3866:European Theatre of World War II 3829: 3669:fought in Tunisia for six months 3519:1st Free French Infantry Brigade 3313: 3276: 3235: 3048: 3010:in September 1940, although for 2867:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque 2839:, who would form the nucleus of 1649:Armée française de la Libération 1607:The AFL took part in the Allied 1027: 1012: 478: 436: 411: 119: 82: 68: 15051:France–United Kingdom relations 7449:(Free French Forces foundation) 7373:. London; New York: Continuum. 7180:(in French). Paris: Gallimard. 7013: 6992: 6971: 6962: 6937: 6907: 6882: 6869: 6856: 6819:from the original on 3 May 2016 6785: 6776: 6763: 6738: 6680: 6668:Journal of Contemporary History 6660: 6651: 6593: 6558: 6538: 6525: 6516: 6507: 6489: 6429: 6411: 6291: 6270: 6248: 6239: 6219: 6206: 6154: 6131: 6118: 6093: 6081:différentes évaluations des FFL 6073: 6034: 5993: 5980: 5868: 5859: 5850: 5822: 5809: 5787: 5772: 5741:Axelrod & Kingston, p. 362. 5664:Axelrod & Kingston, p. 373. 5658: 5645: 5587: 5569: 5535:Journal of Contemporary History 5517: 5508: 5475:The Price of Glory; Verdun 1916 5466: 5441: 3980:, distinguishing themselves at 3936:Italian campaign (World War II) 3601:landings in Morocco and Algeria 3473:The FFF's tenacious defence at 3254:or discuss these issues on the 14343:Government of National Defense 10858:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 8568:Territorial changes of Germany 8476:Indonesian National Revolution 7169: 6565:Mellenthin, F. W. von (1971). 5398: 5389: 5367:To Lose a Battle; France, 1940 5356: 5331: 5305: 5236: 5227: 5029:German Instrument of Surrender 4909:They participated in stopping 4806:that remained Hitler-mandated 4705:3rd Algerian Infantry Division 4619:allied military administration 4281:landed as part of the British 4198:Normandy and Provence landings 4085:Forces Françaises Combattantes 4038:Forces Françaises Combattantes 3485:at El Alamein from succeeding. 2403:suggested the adoption of the 2268:4th Moroccan Infantry Division 2264:2nd Moroccan Infantry Division 2260:3rd Algerian Infantry Division 2170: 2138:and formed the nucleus of the 2077:French domains of Saint Helena 2012:being the seat of government. 1592:. The AFL participated in the 1459:Conseil de défense de l'Empire 261:Chairman of National Committee 1: 15076:1940 establishments in France 14252:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 14247:War of the Spanish Succession 13446:Mediterranean and Middle East 13349:End of World War II in Europe 12612:French Forces of the Interior 12394:Museum of National Resistance 11678:French Forces of the Interior 10258:Japanese invasion of Thailand 10209:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 9973:German invasion of Luxembourg 8354:Mediterranean and Middle East 6535:, édition La Pléiade, p. 260. 5797:(in French). 13 November 2009 5257: 4477:planned destruction of Warsaw 4433:While on the right flank the 4116:French Forces of the Interior 4079:set a plan to bring together 3918:for its participation in the 3842:Yak-3 preserved at the Paris 3695:French Somaliland were ousted 3667:joined the Allied side. They 3652:military captivity in Germany 3582:, including the FFI, won the 3442:'s harbour as a base for the 3425: 3205:Vichy French prisoners of war 3174:6th Foreign Infantry Regiment 2705:The FNFL, commanded first by 2371:and French naval honour jack. 2293:The Free French units in the 1626: 1421:French Forces of the Interior 350:National Liberation Committee 10165:Invasion of the Soviet Union 9854:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 9172:Independent State of Croatia 7345:Encyclopedia of World War II 7260:. Queens Printer for Canada. 6439:(1997) 19#4 pp 809–835. 6437:International History Review 6214:French Battleships 1922–1956 6126:Une vie pas comme les autres 5990:. L'Harmattan, 2008, page 84 5699:The Course of French History 5262: 5246:was long considered part of 5078:The Free French memorial on 4896:French 1st Armoured Division 4742:, and laying the grounds of 3688:Henri d'Astier de La Vigerie 3170:13th Demi-Brigade (D.B.L.E.) 2036:Émile Fayolle, pilot of the 1939: 7: 12606:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 12458:Righteous Among the Nations 11906:Union des femmes françaises 11661:Francs-Tireurs et Partisans 11149:End of World War II in Asia 10989:Western invasion of Germany 10496:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 10473:Second Battle of El Alamein 10043:Hundred Regiments Offensive 10015:Battle of the Mediterranean 9868:Italian invasion of Albania 8042:Air warfare of World War II 7267:Histoire de la France libre 7215:. Oxford University Press. 6298:Bimberg, Edward L. (2002). 6005:Revue historique des armées 5926:, L'Harmattan, 1994, p. 590 5137: 5060:occupation zones in Germany 4856:A plaque commemorating the 4774:2nd French Armored Division 4547:Régiment de Marche du Tchad 3978:Winter Line and Gustav Line 3800:. Henri Giraud and Charles 3584:Second battle of El Alamein 2709:Emile Muselier and then by 2118:General de Gaulle and King 1743:British Expeditionary Force 1621:occupation by Allied forces 1598:invasion of southern France 10: 15112: 15066:National liberation armies 14733:French subdivisions by GDP 14480:2022 presidential election 14465:2017 presidential election 13882:Mémorial Charles-de-Gaulle 13827:Rally of the French People 13790:1965 presidential election 13514:Names and terms of address 12997:Oradour-sur-Glane massacre 12729:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 12622:French Expeditionary Corps 11898:Housewives' demonstrations 11075:Naval bombardment of Japan 10443:First Battle of El Alamein 10362:Battle of Christmas Island 10307:Japanese invasion of Burma 10071:Italian invasion of Greece 9987:German invasion of Belgium 9959:German invasion of Denmark 9932:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 9801:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 8065:Comparative military ranks 7459:First Free French Division 5779:Yapp, Peter, p. 235. 5547:10.1177/002200947400900302 5289:La vie musicale sous Vichy 5210:Danish collaborator trials 5167:, the intelligence service 5026: 4987:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 4981:who represented France at 4886:The spearhead of the Free 4757: 4595: 4525:(2e DB) parading down the 4464: 4376:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 4234:had shown, assaulting the 4135: 4129: 4044: 4003:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 3929: 3926:Tunisia, Italy and Corsica 3920:Battle of the Niemen River 3914:awarded the unit the name 3773:Later, the Americans sent 3720: 3430:In June 1942, the British 3418:The United States granted 2941:capturing the Italian fort 2526: 2350:The following anecdote by 2174: 2156:instead sought harbour in 1844: 1678: 1673: 25: 18: 14994: 14884: 14794: 14785: 14681: 14672: 14574: 14565: 14503: 14494: 14415: 14296: 14265: 14237:Second Hundred Years' War 14188: 14141: 14108: 14087: 14079:Liberalism and radicalism 14031: 14022: 13961: 13917: 13872: 13840: 13817: 13748: 13700: 13623: 13591: 13582: 13531: 13522: 13504: 13420: 13390:1946 legislative election 13319: 13276: 13249: 13216: 13157: 13046: 13020: 12954: 12938: 12922: 12898: 12879: 12850: 12834: 12815: 12796: 12785: 12762:French National Committee 12742: 12674: 12661: 12655:French Forces of the West 12548: 12515: 12426: 12344: 12270: 12185: 12075: 11916: 11621: 11498: 11485: 11443:French National Committee 11400: 11252: 11164: 10996:Bratislava–Brno offensive 10936: 10927:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 10664: 10551:Allied invasion of Sicily 10505: 10411:Aleutian Islands campaign 10383:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 10330: 10321:Greek famine of 1941–1944 10216:Second Battle of Changsha 10121:German invasion of Greece 10089: 9966:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 9941: 9879: 9774: 9655: 9381: 9291: 9139: 8842: 8833: 8591: 8416: 8308:North and Central Pacific 8269: 8031: 8024: 7951: 7852: 7791: 7743: 7713: 7673: 7643: 7596: 7558: 7527: 7501: 7256:Munholland, Kim (2007) . 7025:29 September 2011 at the 6893:. Le Cherche Midi, 2011. 6889:Mesquida, Evelyn (2011). 6276:Hastings, Max, p. 125-126 6267:on ordredelaliberation.fr 6236:, Military History Online 5679:27 September 2011 at the 5069: 4744:social security in France 4536:The Allied High Command ( 4451:cleared the Channel coast 4361:eventually succeeded with 4122:to regularise the units. 3854:Normandie-Niemen Regiment 3395:French National Committee 3151:In June 1941, during the 3122:Paul Louis Le Gentilhomme 3055:Saint-Pierre and Miquelon 3018:and took full control of 2320:in Scotland, 17 July 1943 1883:On 18 June 1940, General 1863:were distributed through 1812:The new French commander 1600:, ultimately leading the 1464:French National Committee 1425:French colonies in Africa 1329:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 1113: 390: 386: 373: 360: 345: 333:French National Committee 328: 315: 302: 298: 288: 284: 272: 268: 260: 248: 238: 224: 183: 167: 146: 142:("Song of the Partisans") 100: 64: 59: 37: 14508:Administrative divisions 13887:Adenauer-de Gaulle Prize 13407:Trial of Philippe Pétain 13334:1945 municipal elections 13231:Liberation of Strasbourg 12321:Marie-Madeleine Fourcade 12254:Liberation of Strasbourg 11669:FTP–Foreign Labour Force 11588:Companions of Liberation 11581:1st Free French Division 10588:Allied invasion of Italy 10565:Solomon Islands campaign 10314:Third Battle of Changsha 9911:First Battle of Changsha 9817:Second Sino-Japanese War 8757:German military brothels 8623:United States war crimes 7702:Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy 7209:Jackson, Julian (2001). 7006:16 December 2008 at the 6985:16 December 2008 at the 6809:"The French Underground" 6600:Forczyk, Robert (2017). 6468:, Annie Lacroix-Riz, in 6464:27 November 2010 at the 6446:4 September 2015 at the 6225:Kappes, Irwin J. (2003) 5847:. Retrieved October 2012 5784:. Retrieved October 2012 5683:. Retrieved October 2012 5473:Horne, Alistair (1962). 5448:Jackson, Julian (2018). 5419:10.1177/0968344507075873 5363:Horne, Alistair (1969). 5220: 5066:cemented this ambition. 4985:on 7 May, while General 4940:end of the war in Europe 4894:. Its leading unit, the 4808:stay-behind "fortresses" 4794:forces were fighting in 4512:4th US Infantry Division 4258:such as creating entire 4254:), and the wide-ranging 4158:aimed at establishing a 4150:, 6 June 1944, with the 3788:Giraud took part in the 3557:Friedrich von Mellenthin 3400:Comité national français 3176:near Damascus). General 3084:'s profound distrust of 2939:, again led by Leclerc, 2802:French Equatorial Africa 2750:naval aviation squadrons 2583:On 3 July 1940, Admiral 2529:Free French Naval Forces 2309:headquarters in London. 2273:1st Free French Division 2177:French Equatorial Africa 2140:Free French Naval Forces 2089:French Equatorial Africa 2002:a similar one with Italy 1930:'s "Appeal of 18 June" ( 1469:Comité national français 1408:Forces françaises libres 837: 799: 629: 618: 597: 14728:Franc (former currency) 14333:Coup of 2 December 1851 14306:Long nineteenth century 13124:Liberation of Marseille 11010:Second Guangxi campaign 10865:Philippines (1944–1945) 10369:Battle of the Coral Sea 10272:Fall of the Philippines 9918:Battle of South Guangxi 9824:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 9230:Italian Social Republic 7660:Grand Duchess Charlotte 7395:. London: Harper Press. 7367:Bennett, G. H. (2011). 6750:Monte Cassino Belvédère 6746:"General Mark W. Clark" 6730:W. Clark, Mark (1950). 6670:(1973) 8#2 pp. 81–117. 6263:12 January 2014 at the 6128:, éd. Flammarion, 2005. 6029:Crémieux-Brilhac (1996) 6007:, no 2, 1993, p. 34-46. 5576:"A Mesmerising Oratory" 4732:women the right to vote 4222:. While Italy had been 4012:In September 1943, the 3908:Order of the Red Banner 3700:After these successes, 3223:until the end of 1942. 2953:Long Range Desert Group 2899:On 27 October 1940 the 2700:International Red Cross 2632:attack on Mers-el-Kébir 2503:, and of the submarine 2167:'s Free French Forces. 1915:had reservations about 1706:invaded France and the 220:) (after November 1942) 207:) (until November 1942) 157:for color descriptions; 14748:Science and technology 14405:Provisional Government 14374: 14353: 14213: 13930:Operation Resurrection 13768:Algiers putsch of 1961 13669:Provisional Government 13664:Brazzaville Conference 13642:Empire Defense Council 13364:Provisional Government 13028:Liberation of Saint-Lô 13002:Maquis de Saint-Marcel 12982:Liberation of Limousin 12946:Battle of Mont Mouchet 12930:Liberation of Limousin 12826:Syria–Lebanon campaign 12777:Provisional Government 12752:Empire Defense Council 12668: 12617:French Liberation Army 12453:Networks and movements 12417:Free France Foundation 12378:Medal of the Righteous 12261:Provisional Government 12205:French Liberation Army 12111:Empire Defense Council 12090:Brazzaville Conference 12011:Les Lettres Françaises 11966:Les Éditions de Minuit 11544:French Liberation Army 11492: 11436:Empire Defense Council 10595:Armistice of Cassibile 10397:Battle of Dutch Harbor 10348:Battle of the Java Sea 10251:Attack on Pearl Harbor 10151:Syria–Lebanon campaign 10144:Battle of South Shanxi 10114:Invasion of Yugoslavia 9897:Battle of the Atlantic 9511:Korean Liberation Army 9224:(until September 1943) 9181:(until September 1944) 9159:(until September 1944) 7303:Stacey, C.P. (2007) . 6709:1 October 2013 at the 6513:Hastings, Max, p. 403. 5843:3 October 2012 at the 5642:, p. 31, 134–135. 5283: 5277: 5191: 5115:French destroyer 5091: 5024: 4965:At that time, General 4944:around forty divisions 4931: 4868: 4777: 4772:French tankers of the 4736: 4693:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 4668: 4660: 4608: 4556: 4546: 4533: 4435:French liberation army 4309: 4224:knocked out of the war 4215: 4068: 4037: 3957: 3902: 3887: 3881: 3879:The unit was the GC3 ( 3849: 3810: 3751: 3745: 3704:and Martinique in the 3684:Bonnier de La Chapelle 3640:, a move that enraged 3616:After 8 November 1942 3602: 3571: 3551: 3502: 3486: 3444:Imperial Japanese Navy 3411: 3405: 3153:Syria-Lebanon campaign 3133: 3043:Imperial Japanese Army 2984: 2924: 2914: 2901:Empire Defence Council 2892: 2832: 2784: 2723:Battle of the Atlantic 2680: 2624: 2580: 2562: 2555:commissioned in 1937, 2494:Flower-class corvettes 2490:Battle of the Atlantic 2473: 2434:No. 2 of 3 July 1940, 2394: 2390: 2321: 2277:Tirailleurs Sénégalais 2255: 2200: 2185:French colonial empire 2123: 2044: 1998:armistice with Germany 1987: 1932: 1880: 1872: 1699: 1694:government during the 1662: 1648: 1644:French Liberation Army 1638: 1609:advance through France 1584: 1572:French Liberation Army 1566: 1556: 1535: 1468: 1458: 1454:Empire Defense Council 1448: 1436:negotiate an armistice 1407: 1360: 1117:Africa and Middle East 673:Valois-Angoulême kings 377:Provisional Government 364:Brazzaville Conference 319:Empire Defense Council 177:Provisional government 134: 106: 43: 13892:Fifth French Republic 13659:Casablanca Conference 13354:Victory in Europe Day 13033:Battle of Mont Gargan 12890:Liberation of Corsica 12667: 12643:4th Moroccan Mountain 12638:3rd Algerian Infantry 12633:2nd Moroccan Infantry 12401:Museums and memorials 12097:Brazzaville manifesto 11738:Ceux de la Résistance 11729:Ceux de la Libération 11491: 10759:Second Battle of Guam 10655:Bengal famine of 1943 10625:Second Battle of Kiev 10581:Battle of the Dnieper 10286:Battle of Wake Island 10158:East African campaign 10100:Battle of South Henan 9745:atrocities by Germans 9518:Korean Volunteer Army 8499:Occupation of Germany 8253:Music in World War II 7773:Stanisław Mikołajczyk 7761:Władysław Raczkiewicz 6688:The Politics of Torch 6504:Hastings, Max, p. 81. 6471:Le Monde diplomatique 6232:12 March 2016 at the 6144:13 April 2016 at the 6101:"Les Filles de la DB" 5838:History Learning Site 5343:www.vrid-memorial.com 5233:August–September 1940 5130:To this day, General 5077: 5027:Further information: 5019: 4977:, but it was General 4855: 4771: 4596:Further information: 4573:Dietrich von Choltitz 4523:2nd Armoured Division 4520: 4457:on 4 September 1944. 4439:German-occupied Italy 4331:and supported by the 4303: 4210:to the population of 4205: 4176:broke out of Normandy 4081:the fragmented groups 4058: 4014:liberation of Corsica 3947: 3940:Liberation of Corsica 3930:Further information: 3837: 3790:Casablanca conference 3742:Casablanca Conference 3730: 3721:Further information: 3673:the campaign in Italy 3597: 3567: 3559:wrote in his mémoirs 3546: 3492: 3472: 3146:East African Campaign 3111: 3104:Syria and East Africa 2978: 2910:Brazzaville Manifesto 2883: 2830: 2781:East African campaign 2778: 2672: 2589: 2568: 2544: 2515:which blew up at the 2471: 2396:Capitaine de corvette 2366: 2315: 2249: 2192: 2117: 2109:Free French Air Force 2038:Free French Air Force 2035: 1878: 1854: 1803:4th Armoured Division 1797:ideas applied by the 1756:1st Canadian Division 1686: 1634: 1299:Indian Ocean and Asia 419:French Third Republic 225:Common languages 174:(until November 1942) 14553:World Heritage Sites 14470:Coronavirus pandemic 13862:Vive le Québec libre 13805:Later life and death 13674:Liberation of France 13608:Battle of Montcornet 13603:4th Armored Division 13339:Advance to the Rhine 13144:Battle of Montélimar 13139:Liberation of Guéret 13119:Liberation of Toulon 12992:Liberation of Guéret 12709:Dwight D. Eisenhower 12509:Liberation of France 12240:Liberation of France 11957:Défense de la France 11827:Confrérie Notre-Dame 11045:Surrender of Germany 10523:Battle of West Hubei 10480:Guadalcanal campaign 10450:Battle of Stalingrad 10376:Battle of Madagascar 9150:Albania protectorate 8937:(formerly Swaziland) 8646:Wehrmacht war crimes 8462:Expulsion of Germans 8246:Art and World War II 8144:British contribution 8093:Governments in exile 7194:Gordon, Bertram M. 7147:. 20 February 1941. 6648:Hastings, Max, p.376 6634:Hastings, Max, p.375 6522:Hastings, Max, p.136 6245:Hastings, Max, p.125 6124:Pierre Clostermann, 6086:4 March 2016 at the 5874:Hastings, Max, p. 74 5769:Hastings, Max, p.126 5096:Free French Memorial 5012:World War II victory 4938:In May 1945, by the 4783:advance to the Rhine 4724:occupation of France 4579:. French forces and 4484:Dwight D. Eisenhower 4347:so-called after the 4152:invasion of Normandy 4132:Liberation of France 4126:Liberation of France 3824:German Atlantic wall 3634:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3529:Battle of Bir Hakeim 3495:Foreign Legionnaires 3465:Battle of Bir Hakeim 3337:improve this section 3168:fratricide when the 3166:Foreign Legionnaires 3138:against the Italians 3075:doctrinally objected 2971:Asia and the Pacific 2725:, in supporting the 2585:Marcel-Bruno Gensoul 2488:to take part in the 2385:Lorraine cross, the 2233:1er Division Blindée 2206:Battle of Bir Hakeim 1989:Révolution nationale 1978:governments in exile 1911:Some members of the 1807:Battle of Montcornet 1801:, and commanded the 1728:Saint-Valery-en-Caux 1590:liberation of France 1417:Nazi-occupied France 881:Provisional Republic 663:Valois-Orléans kings 14691:Automotive industry 14475:2021 labor protests 14232:Peace of Westphalia 14100:History of Normandy 14095:History of Brittany 13935:Order of Liberation 13613:Battle of Abbeville 13344:Invasion of Germany 13208:Battle of Meximieux 13203:Battle of Arracourt 13165:Liberation of Nancy 13129:Liberation of Paris 13109:Battle of La Ciotat 13104:Battle of Port Cros 13069:Liberation of Brest 13054:Battle for Brittany 12972:Battle of Cherbourg 12357:Order of Liberation 12307:Charles Delestraint 12247:Liberation of Paris 12056:La Vérité française 12047:Témoignage chrétien 11135:Potsdam Declaration 11024:Italy (Spring 1945) 10787:Liberation of Paris 10244:Siege of Sevastopol 9262:(until August 1944) 9165:Wang Jingwei regime 8987:from September 1943 8947:from September 1944 8885:from September 1944 8745:Romanian war crimes 8736:Persecution of Jews 8722:Croatian war crimes 8692:Japanese war crimes 8506:Occupation of Japan 8455:First Indochina War 8167:Military production 8079:Declarations of war 7632:Georgios Papandreou 7618:Emmanouil Tsouderos 7286:Les Français libres 6531:Charles de Gaulle, 5948:. 31 January 2007. 5865:Bennett, pp. 13–18. 5755:Hastings, Max, p.80 5284:Chant des Partisans 5248:Metropolitan France 5193:Chant des Partisans 5186:Roger E. Brunschwig 4948:expeditionary force 4873:liberate Strasbourg 4789:, using the FFI as 4787:invasion of Germany 4689:Sigmaringen enclave 4634:permanent UNSC seat 4577:Liberation of Paris 4557:2e Division Blindée 4531:Liberation of Paris 4467:Liberation of Paris 4461:Liberation of Paris 4407:11. Panzer-Division 4329:Transportation Plan 4291:2e Division Blindée 4283:Special Air Service 4273:By the time of the 4268:Operation Bodyguard 4252:Transportation Plan 3950:French Squadron SAS 3611:French North Africa 3515:Marie Pierre Koenig 3505:Throughout 1942 in 3142:Italian East Africa 2983:), Langlade Mission 2869:(General Leclerc). 2401:Thierry d'Argenlieu 2389:of the Free French. 2241:5e Division Blindée 2237:Liberation of Paris 2229:2e Division Blindée 1958:government in exile 1765:On 1 June, Charles 1613:invasion of Germany 1602:liberation of Paris 1515:Royal Canadian Navy 1383:government-in-exile 172:Government-in-exile 136:Chant des Partisans 14758:Telecommunications 14460:2015 Paris attacks 14323:Revolution of 1848 14151:Visigothic Kingdom 13412:Klaus Barbie trial 13149:Liberation of Nice 12967:Battle of Carentan 12962:Operation Overlord 12699:Bernard Montgomery 12669: 12300:Pierre Brossolette 12118:Free French Africa 11612:Free French Africa 11516:Free French Forces 11493: 11128:Surrender of Japan 10961:Battle of Iwo Jima 10810:Belgrade offensive 10223:Siege of Leningrad 10107:Battle of Shanggao 10036:British Somaliland 10001:Dunkirk evacuation 9952:Norwegian campaign 9890:Invasion of Poland 9717:Japanese prisoners 8685:Italian war crimes 8616:British war crimes 8531:Soviet occupations 8315:South-West Pacific 8202:Allied cooperation 8160:Military equipment 7820:Slobodan Jovanović 7780:Tomasz Arciszewski 7766:Władysław Sikorski 7735:Johan Nygaardsvold 7625:Sofoklis Venizelos 7438:(France-Libre.net) 7436:FFF fighting units 7307:. Berghahn Books. 7145:The New York Times 6913:Hastings, Max, 557 6533:Mémoires de guerre 6194:on 9 November 2017 5815:Jennings, Eric T. 5121:which sank at the 5092: 5025: 4911:Operation Nordwind 4869: 4778: 4534: 4310: 4256:military deception 4240:Operation Mulberry 4216: 4208:interim government 4164:Operation Overlord 4162:for the forces of 4156:amphibious assault 4069: 4030:Operation Vesuvius 4018:Italian occupation 3958: 3882:Groupe de Chasse 3 3850: 3746: 3638:French West Africa 3603: 3580:Bernard Montgomery 3503: 3487: 3483:flanking manoeuvre 3455:Paul Legentilhomme 3412:France combattante 3289:. You can help by 3182:Army of the Levant 3134: 3053:In North America, 2985: 2893: 2852:French West Africa 2833: 2808:, the governor of 2785: 2763:of anti-submarine 2711:Philippe Auboyneau 2681: 2581: 2563: 2474: 2421:national-socialism 2391: 2352:Pierre Clostermann 2322: 2256: 2252:1st Spahi Regiment 2201: 2181:French West Africa 2124: 2103:to help fight the 2056:René-Émile Godfroy 2045: 1881: 1873: 1791:Attaque à outrance 1736:Dunkirk evacuation 1700: 1639: 1550:. From there, the 1536:France combattante 1403:Free French Forces 1034:History portal 530: until 50 BC 306:de Gaulle's appeal 15046:Charles de Gaulle 15028: 15027: 14990: 14989: 14781: 14780: 14668: 14667: 14660:Political parties 14596:Foreign relations 14561: 14560: 14490: 14489: 14273:French Revolution 14227:Thirty Years' War 14208:Absolute monarchy 14173:Kingdom of France 14069:Foreign relations 14049:Political history 13979: 13978: 13945:Trente Glorieuses 13925:French Resistance 13850:Appeal of 18 June 13820:political parties 13813: 13812: 13733:1958 constitution 13696: 13695: 13498:Charles de Gaulle 13464: 13463: 13401:Trente Glorieuses 13377:Épuration sauvage 13315: 13314: 13175:Operation Undergo 13170:Operation Astonia 13114:Provence landings 12914:Battle of Glières 12909:Battle of Vercors 12871:Battle of Réunion 12866:Tunisian campaign 12714:Raymond O. Barton 12694:Winston Churchill 12684:Charles de Gaulle 12468: 12467: 12438:French Resistance 12293:Emmanuel d'Astier 12279:Charles de Gaulle 12226:General de Lattre 12198:Kieffer commandos 12020:Libération (nord) 11420:Appeal of 18 June 11246:French Resistance 11202: 11201: 11160: 11159: 11003:Battle of Okinawa 10902:Burma (1944–1945) 10736:Mariana and Palau 10516:Tunisian campaign 10341:Fall of Singapore 10265:Fall of Hong Kong 10008:Battle of Britain 9861:Operation Himmler 9770: 9769: 9434:Dutch East Indies 9077:Southern Rhodesia 8829: 8828: 8729:Genocide of Serbs 8632:German war crimes 8609:Soviet war crimes 8602:Allied war crimes 8448:Division of Korea 8427:Chinese Civil War 8225:Strategic bombing 8137:Manhattan Project 7911: 7910: 7575:Charles de Gaulle 7411:978-1-8553-2707-8 7380:978-1-4411-8978-3 7359:978-0-8160-6022-1 7314:978-1-8454-5300-8 7295:978-2-8473-4596-4 7276:978-2-1304-7520-0 7222:978-0-1982-0706-1 7071:'s BBC Broadcast" 7052:978-1-84502-887-9 6923:Muracciole (1996) 6900:978-2-7491-2046-1 6862:Olivier Forcade, 6849:978-0-8160-6022-1 6613:978-1-4728-2442-4 6068:Muracciole (2009) 6019:, pp. 34–35. 6017:Muracciole (2009) 5999:Gilles Aubagnac. 5713:978-0-415-06671-6 5298:978-2-87027-864-2 5181:Jacques de Sieyes 4960:August Revolution 4952:Japan surrendered 4888:French First Army 4701:Fernand de Brinon 4669:épuration sauvage 4638:the western front 4471:After the failed 4388:Operation Dragoon 4384:US 6th Army Group 4372:French First Army 4366:The main part of 4357:maquis du Vercors 4353:guerrilla warfare 4275:Normandy Invasion 4188:Operation Dragoon 4073:French Resistance 4047:French Resistance 4022:Italian armistice 4020:began, after the 4007:German propaganda 3994:Moroccan Goumiers 3969:campaign in Italy 3962:Tunisian Campaign 3932:Tunisian campaign 3541:Claude Auchinleck 3517:and his unit—the 3451:Armand Léon Annet 3436:French Madagascar 3391: 3390: 3383: 3373: 3372: 3365: 3307: 3306: 3269: 3193:High Commissioner 3172:clashed with the 3024:August Revolution 2735:Operation Dragoon 2731:Operation Neptune 2727:French Resistance 2535:Winston Churchill 2405:Cross of Lorraine 2359:Cross of Lorraine 2337:Aviation: 3,200; 2282:Troupes de marine 2221:Spanish Civil War 2042:Battle of Britain 1962:Julian T. Jackson 1921:Winston Churchill 1865:underground means 1847:Appeal of 18 June 1688:Charles de Gaulle 1594:Normandy landings 1567:L'Armée d'Afrique 1481:Equatorial Africa 1444:Appeal of 18 June 1411:), supported the 1378:Charles de Gaulle 1375:. Led by General 1349: 1348: 1341:Wallis and Futuna 1068: 1067: 1019:France portal 912: 911: 809: 808: 720:Kingdom of France 710:French Revolution 701:Long 19th century 691: 690: 639: 638: 609:Kingdom of France 544: 543: 452: 451: 448: 447: 444: 443: 424: 423: 340:24 September 1941 279:Charles de Gaulle 274:• 1940–1944 128: 116: 90:Cross of Lorraine 28:Aymeric Chauprade 15103: 15096:Former republics 14792: 14791: 14708:Economic history 14679: 14678: 14572: 14571: 14501: 14500: 14379: 14358: 14257:Seven Years' War 14222:Wars of Religion 14218: 14203:House of Bourbon 14198:Early modern era 14178:Fundamental laws 14054:Military history 14029: 14028: 14006: 13999: 13992: 13983: 13982: 13969: 13968: 13939:Resistance Medal 13763:Constantine Plan 13685:Épuration légale 13638:Administrations 13589: 13588: 13568:Interwar period 13562:Battle of Dinant 13529: 13528: 13491: 13484: 13477: 13468: 13467: 13370:Épuration légale 13322: 13284:Atlantic pockets 13260:Atlantic pockets 13226:Battle of Alsace 13180:Atlantic pockets 13074:Atlantic pockets 13012:Battle of Ushant 13007:Maquis de Saffré 12794: 12793: 12745: 12734:Philippe Kieffer 12724:Philippe Leclerc 12719:George S. Patton 12677: 12563:Commando Kieffer 12551: 12507: 12506: 12495: 12488: 12481: 12472: 12471: 12419: 12412: 12403: 12396: 12389: 12380: 12373: 12371:Resistance Medal 12366: 12359: 12337: 12330: 12328:Jean-Pierre Lévy 12323: 12316: 12309: 12302: 12295: 12288: 12281: 12263: 12256: 12249: 12242: 12235: 12228: 12221: 12214: 12207: 12200: 12178: 12171: 12162: 12155: 12148: 12146:March battalions 12141: 12134: 12127: 12120: 12113: 12106: 12099: 12092: 12068: 12059: 12050: 12041: 12032: 12029:Libération (sud) 12023: 12014: 12005: 11996: 11987: 11978: 11969: 11960: 11951: 11942: 11933: 11909: 11900: 11893: 11884: 11877: 11870: 11863: 11854: 11845: 11836: 11829: 11822: 11815: 11808: 11799: 11792: 11783: 11776: 11769: 11760: 11753: 11750: 11741: 11732: 11723: 11716: 11713:Musée de l'Homme 11707: 11698: 11689: 11680: 11671: 11664: 11655: 11646: 11639: 11636: 11614: 11607: 11598: 11592: 11583: 11574: 11567: 11560: 11553: 11546: 11539: 11532: 11525: 11518: 11511: 11480: 11473: 11466: 11459: 11452: 11445: 11438: 11431: 11422: 11415: 11393: 11386: 11379: 11372: 11365: 11358: 11351: 11344: 11337: 11330: 11323: 11316: 11309: 11302: 11295: 11288: 11281: 11274: 11267: 11260: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11229: 11222: 11215: 11206: 11205: 11195: 11188: 11181: 11178:World portal 11176: 11175: 11151: 11144: 11137: 11130: 11121: 11114: 11107: 11098: 11091: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11063: 11054: 11047: 11040: 11038:Prague offensive 11033: 11031:Battle of Berlin 11026: 11019: 11012: 11005: 10998: 10991: 10984: 10977: 10975:Vienna offensive 10970: 10963: 10956: 10954:Battle of Manila 10949: 10929: 10920: 10911: 10904: 10895: 10888: 10881: 10874: 10867: 10860: 10853: 10844: 10835: 10828: 10819: 10812: 10805: 10798: 10789: 10782: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10754: 10747: 10738: 10731: 10722: 10713: 10704: 10697: 10695:Korsun–Cherkassy 10690: 10679: 10657: 10648: 10641: 10634: 10627: 10620: 10613: 10606: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10537:Bombing of Gorky 10532: 10525: 10518: 10498: 10491: 10482: 10475: 10468: 10459: 10452: 10445: 10438: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10404:Battle of Midway 10399: 10392: 10390:Battle of Gazala 10385: 10378: 10371: 10364: 10357: 10350: 10343: 10323: 10316: 10309: 10302: 10300:Battle of Borneo 10295: 10293:Malayan campaign 10288: 10281: 10274: 10267: 10260: 10253: 10246: 10239: 10237:Bombing of Gorky 10232: 10230:Battle of Moscow 10225: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10174: 10167: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10139: 10130: 10123: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10082: 10073: 10066: 10059: 10052: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10024: 10017: 10010: 10003: 9996: 9994:Battle of France 9989: 9982: 9975: 9968: 9961: 9954: 9934: 9927: 9920: 9913: 9906: 9899: 9892: 9870: 9863: 9856: 9849: 9847:Munich Agreement 9842: 9835: 9826: 9819: 9812: 9803: 9796: 9781: 9780: 9763: 9756: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9732:Soviet prisoners 9726: 9719: 9712: 9703: 9696: 9687: 9680: 9673: 9672:German prisoners 9668: 9648: 9639: 9632: 9625: 9620: 9613: 9606: 9599: 9592: 9585: 9578: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9529: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9492: 9485: 9478: 9471: 9464: 9457: 9450: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9415: 9408: 9401: 9394: 9374: 9367: 9360: 9353: 9346: 9339: 9332: 9325: 9318: 9311: 9304: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9263: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9232: 9225: 9217: 9210: 9208:French Indochina 9203: 9196: 9189: 9182: 9174: 9167: 9160: 9152: 9132: 9123: 9116: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9058: 9055:from August 1944 9046: 9039: 9032: 9025: 9018: 9011: 9004: 8997: 8990: 8978: 8971: 8964: 8957: 8950: 8938: 8930: 8923: 8916: 8909: 8902: 8895: 8888: 8876: 8869: 8862: 8855: 8840: 8839: 8820: 8813: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8781: 8766: 8759: 8752: 8747: 8738: 8731: 8724: 8715: 8708: 8701: 8699:Nanjing Massacre 8694: 8687: 8678: 8676:Nuremberg trials 8669: 8662: 8655: 8648: 8641: 8634: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8604: 8584: 8577: 8570: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8526: 8517: 8508: 8501: 8494: 8487: 8478: 8471: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8443: 8436: 8429: 8409: 8400: 8393: 8386: 8377: 8370: 8363: 8356: 8347: 8340: 8333: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8280:Asia and Pacific 8262: 8255: 8248: 8241: 8234: 8227: 8220: 8211: 8209:Mulberry harbour 8204: 8197: 8190: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8162: 8155: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8123: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8060: 8051: 8044: 8029: 8028: 8017: 8010: 8001: 7994: 7987: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7938: 7931: 7924: 7915: 7914: 7901: 7900: 7889: 7888: 7877: 7876: 7865: 7864: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7827:Miloš Trifunović 7824: 7817: 7811:Prime Minister: 7798: 7797: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7764:Prime Minister: 7750: 7749: 7733:Prime Minister: 7720: 7719: 7706: 7699: 7695:Dirk Jan de Geer 7693:Prime Minister: 7690:Queen Wilhelmina 7680: 7679: 7663:Prime Minister: 7650: 7649: 7636: 7629: 7622: 7616:Prime Minister: 7603: 7602: 7589: 7565: 7564: 7548:Prime Minister: 7534: 7533: 7517:Prime Minister: 7508: 7507: 7488: 7481: 7474: 7465: 7464: 7447:France-Libre.net 7415: 7396: 7384: 7363: 7322:Taylor, A. J. P. 7318: 7299: 7280: 7261: 7234: 7201:Holland, James. 7191: 7164: 7163: 7161: 7159: 7137: 7131: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7120: 7113: 7097: 7091: 7090: 7088: 7086: 7077:. 17 June 2010. 7070: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7036: 7030: 7029:. Reims Academy. 7017: 7011: 6996: 6990: 6975: 6969: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6941: 6935: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6911: 6905: 6904: 6886: 6880: 6873: 6867: 6860: 6854: 6853: 6835: 6829: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6804: 6798: 6797: 6789: 6783: 6780: 6774: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6758: 6756: 6742: 6736: 6735: 6727: 6721: 6720: 6697: 6691: 6686:Arthur L. Funk, 6684: 6678: 6664: 6658: 6655: 6649: 6646: 6635: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6597: 6591: 6590: 6562: 6556: 6542: 6536: 6529: 6523: 6520: 6514: 6511: 6505: 6502: 6496: 6493: 6487: 6484: 6475: 6456: 6450: 6433: 6427: 6426: 6415: 6409: 6403: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6377: 6371: 6368: 6355: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6316: 6315: 6295: 6289: 6283: 6277: 6274: 6268: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6237: 6223: 6217: 6210: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6199: 6184: 6178: 6177: 6175: 6173: 6164:. Archived from 6158: 6152: 6151: 6135: 6129: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6097: 6091: 6077: 6071: 6065: 6059: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6044:. Archived from 6038: 6032: 6026: 6020: 6014: 6008: 5997: 5991: 5984: 5978: 5971: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5936: 5927: 5917: 5908: 5907: 5905: 5903: 5884: 5875: 5872: 5866: 5863: 5857: 5854: 5848: 5835: 5829: 5826: 5820: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5791: 5785: 5776: 5770: 5767: 5756: 5753: 5742: 5739: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5704:Psychology Press 5693: 5684: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5637: 5631: 5625: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5611: 5591: 5585: 5584:, 29 April 2007. 5573: 5567: 5566: 5530: 5524: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5489: 5488: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5370: 5360: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5286: 5280: 5272: 5251: 5240: 5234: 5231: 5196: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5133: 5124:Tail of the Bank 5052: 5044: 5036: 4995:Yalta Conference 4934: 4827:Red Ball Express 4741: 4698: 4671: 4665: 4662:épuration légale 4615: 4611: 4582: 4559: 4549: 4509: 4497: 4493: 4378:—and joined the 4349:maquis shrubland 4228:new puppet state 4078: 4040: 3998:raped and killed 3986:Operation Diadem 3948:Members of the ' 3905: 3903:Légion d'Honneur 3894: 3890: 3884: 3859: 3840:Normandie-Niemen 3813: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3784: 3765: 3754: 3738: 3643: 3448:Governor-General 3414: 3408: 3386: 3379: 3368: 3361: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3317: 3309: 3302: 3299: 3280: 3272: 3261: 3239: 3238: 3231: 3210: 3162: 3130:Gardes Tcherkess 3087: 3008:invaded by Japan 3004:French Indochina 2997:French Polynesia 2981:French Indochina 2927: 2921: 2917: 2872: 2857: 2842: 2790: 2783:in February 1941 2733:in Normandy and 2628:James Somerville 2517:Tail of the Bank 2399: 2367:The Free French 2355:want to fight!" 2318:Achnacarry House 2299:Soviet Air Force 2289: 2210:Italian Campaign 2166: 2151: 2133: 2096:French Air Force 2086: 2065: 2062:harbour to join 2050: 2015: 1992: 1967: 1955: 1947: 1935: 1933:Appel du 18 juin 1929: 1918: 1886: 1828: 1820: 1795:armoured warfare 1780: 1768: 1702:On 10 May 1940, 1696:Battle of France 1665: 1651: 1587: 1569: 1559: 1538: 1523:Soviet Air Force 1507:Free French Navy 1486: 1471: 1461: 1451: 1449:Appel du 18 juin 1410: 1401:forces with the 1393:. It joined the 1380: 1108: 1097: 1090: 1083: 1074: 1073: 1060: 1053: 1046: 1032: 1031: 1030: 1017: 1016: 1015: 908: 824: 823: 706: 705: 659: 658: 620:Direct Capetians 559: 558: 502: 501: 482: 472: 454: 453: 440: 439: 428: 427: 415: 414: 408: 407: 392: 391: 352: 341: 335: 151: 139: 130: 129: 114: 113: 86: 72: 54: 46: 35: 34: 15111: 15110: 15106: 15105: 15104: 15102: 15101: 15100: 15031: 15030: 15029: 15024: 15023: 15004: 14986: 14967:Public holidays 14880: 14839:Life expectancy 14777: 14664: 14557: 14486: 14455:Great Recession 14428:Fourth Republic 14423:1900 to present 14411: 14328:Second Republic 14292: 14261: 14184: 14137: 14104: 14083: 14018: 14010: 13980: 13975: 13957: 13913: 13874: 13868: 13855:Bayeux speeches 13842: 13836: 13819: 13818:Governments and 13809: 13800:1969 referendum 13780:1962 referendum 13744: 13717:1958 elections 13713:May 1958 crisis 13692: 13627: 13619: 13594: 13578: 13524: 13518: 13500: 13495: 13465: 13460: 13416: 13395:Fourth Republic 13320: 13311: 13272: 13245: 13218: 13212: 13153: 13134:Maillé massacre 13042: 13038:Operation Cobra 13016: 12977:Battle for Caen 12950: 12934: 12918: 12894: 12875: 12861:Operation Torch 12846: 12830: 12811: 12807:Battle of Gabon 12788: 12781: 12743: 12738: 12675: 12670: 12659: 12628:1st Free French 12549: 12544: 12511: 12501: 12499: 12469: 12464: 12463: 12422: 12415: 12406: 12399: 12392: 12383: 12376: 12369: 12362: 12355: 12347: 12340: 12333: 12326: 12319: 12312: 12305: 12298: 12291: 12284: 12277: 12266: 12259: 12252: 12245: 12238: 12233:General Leclerc 12231: 12224: 12217: 12210: 12203: 12196: 12188: 12181: 12174: 12169:Operation Marie 12167: 12158: 12151: 12144: 12137: 12130: 12125:French Cameroon 12123: 12116: 12109: 12102: 12095: 12088: 12080: 12078: 12071: 12065:La Voix du Nord 12062: 12053: 12044: 12035: 12026: 12017: 12008: 11999: 11990: 11981: 11972: 11963: 11954: 11945: 11936: 11927: 11919: 11912: 11903: 11896: 11889: 11880: 11873: 11866: 11859: 11848: 11839: 11834: 11825: 11818: 11811: 11802: 11795: 11786: 11779: 11772: 11763: 11756: 11746: 11735: 11726: 11719: 11710: 11704:Mouvements unis 11701: 11692: 11686:Libération-Nord 11683: 11676: 11667: 11658: 11649: 11642: 11632: 11624: 11617: 11610: 11601: 11590: 11586: 11579: 11570: 11563: 11556: 11551: 11542: 11535: 11528: 11521: 11514: 11507: 11494: 11483: 11476: 11469: 11462: 11455: 11448: 11441: 11434: 11427: 11418: 11411: 11403: 11396: 11389: 11382: 11375: 11368: 11361: 11354: 11347: 11340: 11333: 11326: 11319: 11312: 11305: 11298: 11291: 11284: 11277: 11270: 11263: 11256: 11248: 11242: 11235: 11233: 11203: 11198: 11191: 11184: 11170: 11168: 11156: 11147: 11140: 11133: 11126: 11117: 11110: 11103: 11094: 11089:Atomic bombings 11087: 11080: 11073: 11066: 11059: 11050: 11043: 11036: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11008: 11001: 10994: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10952: 10945: 10932: 10925: 10914: 10907: 10900: 10891: 10884: 10877: 10870: 10863: 10856: 10847: 10838: 10831: 10822: 10815: 10808: 10801: 10792: 10785: 10780:Eastern Romania 10778: 10773:Warsaw Uprising 10771: 10766:Tannenberg Line 10764: 10757: 10752:Western Ukraine 10750: 10741: 10734: 10725: 10716: 10707: 10700: 10693: 10682: 10673: 10660: 10653: 10644: 10637: 10630: 10623: 10616: 10609: 10602: 10593: 10586: 10579: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10549: 10544:Battle of Kursk 10542: 10535: 10528: 10521: 10514: 10501: 10494: 10485: 10478: 10471: 10462: 10455: 10448: 10441: 10432: 10423: 10416: 10409: 10402: 10395: 10388: 10381: 10374: 10367: 10360: 10355:St Nazaire Raid 10353: 10346: 10339: 10326: 10319: 10312: 10305: 10298: 10291: 10284: 10277: 10270: 10263: 10256: 10249: 10242: 10235: 10228: 10221: 10214: 10207: 10200: 10193: 10179: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10137:Anglo-Iraqi War 10135: 10128:Battle of Crete 10126: 10119: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10085: 10076: 10069: 10062: 10057:Eastern Romania 10055: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9992: 9985: 9978: 9971: 9964: 9957: 9950: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9916: 9909: 9902: 9895: 9888: 9875: 9866: 9859: 9852: 9845: 9838: 9831: 9822: 9815: 9808: 9799: 9792: 9766: 9759: 9752: 9743: 9736: 9731: 9722: 9715: 9708: 9699: 9692: 9683: 9676: 9671: 9664: 9651: 9644: 9635: 9628: 9623: 9618:Western Ukraine 9616: 9609: 9602: 9595: 9588: 9581: 9574: 9567: 9562:Northeast China 9560: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9495: 9488: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9460: 9453: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9418: 9411: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9377: 9370: 9363: 9356: 9349: 9342: 9335: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9307: 9300: 9287: 9280: 9273: 9268:Slovak Republic 9266: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9239:Empire of Japan 9237: 9228: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9177: 9170: 9163: 9155: 9148: 9135: 9128: 9119: 9112: 9103: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9068: 9061: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9028: 9021: 9014: 9007: 9000: 8993: 8981: 8974: 8967: 8960: 8953: 8941: 8933: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8905: 8898: 8891: 8879: 8872: 8865: 8858: 8851: 8825: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8795: 8784: 8769: 8762: 8755: 8751:Sexual violence 8750: 8743: 8734: 8727: 8720: 8711: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8674: 8665: 8658: 8651: 8644: 8637: 8630: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8600: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8520: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8481: 8474: 8469:Greek Civil War 8467: 8460: 8453: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8412: 8405: 8396: 8389: 8382: 8373: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8343: 8336: 8329: 8320: 8313: 8306: 8299: 8294:South-East Asia 8292: 8285: 8278: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8207: 8200: 8193: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8165: 8158: 8153:Military awards 8151: 8142: 8135: 8128: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8091: 8084: 8077: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8047: 8040: 8020: 8013: 8006: 7997: 7990: 7983: 7978: 7969: 7962: 7955: 7947: 7942: 7912: 7907: 7895: 7883: 7871: 7859: 7848: 7843: 7836: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7810: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7744: 7739: 7732: 7730:King Haakon VII 7714: 7709: 7704: 7697: 7692: 7674: 7669: 7662: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7627: 7620: 7615: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7559: 7554: 7547: 7528: 7523: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7422: 7412: 7381: 7360: 7348:. Vol. 1. 7338: 7336:Further reading 7331:, London, 1975. 7329:Hamish Hamilton 7315: 7296: 7277: 7223: 7188: 7178:La France libre 7172: 7167: 7157: 7155: 7139: 7138: 7134: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7111: 7099: 7098: 7094: 7084: 7082: 7068: 7065: 7064: 7060: 7053: 7037: 7033: 7027:Wayback Machine 7018: 7014: 7008:Wayback Machine 6997: 6993: 6987:Wayback Machine 6976: 6972: 6967: 6963: 6956: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6912: 6908: 6901: 6887: 6883: 6874: 6870: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6836: 6832: 6822: 6820: 6805: 6801: 6790: 6786: 6781: 6777: 6768: 6764: 6754: 6752: 6744: 6743: 6739: 6732:Calculated Risk 6728: 6724: 6718: 6711:Wayback Machine 6704:du 14 mars 2002 6698: 6694: 6685: 6681: 6665: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6614: 6598: 6594: 6579: 6563: 6559: 6543: 6539: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6508: 6503: 6499: 6494: 6490: 6485: 6478: 6466:Wayback Machine 6457: 6453: 6448:Wayback Machine 6434: 6430: 6419:Olson, James S. 6416: 6412: 6406:Munholland 2007 6404: 6400: 6390: 6388: 6379: 6378: 6374: 6369: 6358: 6352:Munholland 2007 6350: 6346: 6338: 6334: 6328:Munholland 2007 6326: 6319: 6312: 6296: 6292: 6286:Munholland 2007 6284: 6280: 6275: 6271: 6265:Wayback Machine 6254: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6234:Wayback Machine 6224: 6220: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6195: 6188:"War Memorials" 6186: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6149: 6146:Wayback Machine 6136: 6132: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6099: 6098: 6094: 6088:Wayback Machine 6078: 6074: 6066: 6062: 6051: 6049: 6048:on 16 June 2011 6040: 6039: 6035: 6027: 6023: 6015: 6011: 5998: 5994: 5985: 5981: 5972: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5945:The Independent 5938: 5937: 5930: 5918: 5911: 5901: 5899: 5886: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5856:Bennett, p. 13. 5855: 5851: 5845:Wayback Machine 5836: 5832: 5828:Bennett, p. 16. 5827: 5823: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5777: 5773: 5768: 5759: 5754: 5745: 5740: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5714: 5706:. p. 298. 5694: 5687: 5681:Wayback Machine 5672: 5668: 5663: 5659: 5651:P. M. H. Bell, 5650: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5628:Munholland 2007 5626: 5619: 5609: 5607: 5592: 5588: 5574: 5570: 5531: 5527: 5523:Jackson, p. 112 5522: 5518: 5514:Jackson, p. 110 5513: 5509: 5503:Munholland 2007 5501: 5492: 5485: 5471: 5467: 5460: 5446: 5442: 5403: 5399: 5394: 5390: 5383: 5361: 5357: 5347: 5345: 5337: 5336: 5332: 5324: 5320: 5310: 5306: 5299: 5278:La Marseillaise 5273: 5269: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5254: 5241: 5237: 5232: 5228: 5223: 5150: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5131: 5072: 5050: 5042: 5034: 5031: 5014: 4796:Alsace-Lorraine 4791:military cadres 4766: 4758:Main articles: 4756: 4734:, founding the 4696: 4649:Sturmbannführer 4613: 4600: 4594: 4589: 4580: 4542:to be all-white 4507: 4504:Warsaw uprising 4495: 4491: 4469: 4463: 4447:21st Army Group 4443:12th Army Group 4414:valley and the 4374:—under General 4318:Operation Cobra 4314:battle for Caen 4248:Operation Pluto 4244:English Channel 4200: 4192:pincer movement 4140: 4134: 4128: 4076: 4053: 4045:Main articles: 4043: 3942: 3928: 3906:and the Soviet 3892: 3857: 3832: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3782: 3779:Cremieux decree 3763: 3736: 3725: 3719: 3675:as part of the 3641: 3630:François Darlan 3607:Operation Torch 3599:Operation Torch 3592: 3590:Operation Torch 3576: 3574:First successes 3501:, 12 June 1942. 3467: 3428: 3387: 3376: 3375: 3374: 3369: 3358: 3352: 3349: 3334: 3318: 3303: 3297: 3294: 3287:needs expansion 3281: 3240: 3236: 3229: 3208: 3189:Georges Catroux 3160: 3118:Georges Catroux 3106: 3098:until July 1943 3085: 3051: 3016:launched a coup 2973: 2919: 2915:La France libre 2870: 2863:Battle of Gabon 2855: 2848:Battle of Dakar 2840: 2837:colonial troops 2818:French Cameroun 2797: 2788: 2773: 2715:Operation Torch 2531: 2525: 2413:Alsace-Lorraine 2377:rhomboid field 2372: 2361: 2334:Naval: 12,500; 2295:Royal Air Force 2287: 2187: 2173: 2164: 2149: 2131: 2084: 2063: 2048: 2030: 2013: 1965: 1953: 1945: 1942: 1927: 1916: 1913:British Cabinet 1884: 1857:Occupied France 1849: 1843: 1826: 1818: 1778: 1766: 1681: 1676: 1629: 1617:Fourth Republic 1611:and subsequent 1531:Fighting France 1519:Royal Air Force 1484: 1434:led efforts to 1432:Philippe Pétain 1419:, known as the 1376: 1350: 1345: 1109: 1103: 1101: 1070: 1064: 1028: 1026: 1013: 1011: 1006: 914: 913: 906: 891:Fourth Republic 872: 839:Interwar period 821: 811: 810: 770:Second Republic 703: 693: 692: 651: 641: 640: 556: 546: 545: 499: 470: 463: 437: 412: 379: 369:8 February 1944 366: 353: 348: 339: 336: 331: 321: 308: 275: 212: 208: 197: 175: 163: 161:Operation Torch 158: 141: 131: 120: 117: 109:La Marseillaise 96: 95: 94: 91: 87: 79: 78: 73: 55: 48: 40: 31: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15109: 15099: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15026: 15025: 15022: 15021: 15016: 15011: 15005: 15003: 15002: 14996: 14995: 14992: 14991: 14988: 14987: 14985: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14944: 14939: 14934: 14929: 14924: 14923:Cultural icons 14921: 14916: 14911: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14890: 14888: 14882: 14881: 14879: 14878: 14873: 14868: 14863: 14862: 14861: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14795: 14789: 14783: 14782: 14779: 14778: 14776: 14775: 14770: 14765: 14760: 14755: 14750: 14745: 14743:Stock exchange 14740: 14735: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14710: 14705: 14704: 14703: 14693: 14688: 14682: 14676: 14670: 14669: 14666: 14665: 14663: 14662: 14657: 14652: 14647: 14646: 14645: 14640: 14635: 14625: 14620: 14619: 14618: 14613: 14603: 14598: 14593: 14592: 14591: 14581: 14575: 14569: 14563: 14562: 14559: 14558: 14556: 14555: 14550: 14545: 14543:National parks 14540: 14535: 14530: 14525: 14520: 14518:Climate change 14515: 14510: 14504: 14498: 14492: 14491: 14488: 14487: 14485: 14484: 14483: 14482: 14477: 14472: 14467: 14462: 14457: 14452: 14447: 14440:Fifth Republic 14437: 14436: 14435: 14425: 14419: 14417: 14413: 14412: 14410: 14409: 14408: 14407: 14402: 14397: 14392: 14382: 14381: 14380: 14366: 14361: 14360: 14359: 14348:Third Republic 14345: 14340: 14335: 14330: 14325: 14319: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14302: 14300: 14294: 14293: 14291: 14290: 14285: 14283:First Republic 14280: 14278:Napoleonic era 14275: 14269: 14267: 14263: 14262: 14260: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14234: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14210: 14205: 14200: 14194: 14192: 14186: 14185: 14183: 14182: 14181: 14180: 14170: 14165: 14164: 14163: 14153: 14147: 14145: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14123:Greek colonies 14120: 14114: 14112: 14106: 14105: 14103: 14102: 14097: 14091: 14089: 14085: 14084: 14082: 14081: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14056: 14051: 14046: 14041: 14035: 14033: 14026: 14020: 14019: 14009: 14008: 14001: 13994: 13986: 13977: 13976: 13974: 13973: 13962: 13959: 13958: 13956: 13955: 13948: 13941: 13932: 13927: 13921: 13919: 13915: 13914: 13912: 13911: 13906: 13905: 13904: 13902:Gaullist Party 13894: 13889: 13884: 13878: 13876: 13870: 13869: 13867: 13866: 13857: 13852: 13846: 13844: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13823: 13821: 13815: 13814: 13811: 13810: 13808: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13787: 13782: 13777: 13772: 13771: 13770: 13765: 13754: 13752: 13746: 13745: 13743: 13742: 13741: 13740: 13730: 13729: 13728: 13723: 13715: 13710: 13704: 13702: 13698: 13697: 13694: 13693: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13688: 13681: 13671: 13666: 13661: 13656: 13655: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13635: 13633: 13621: 13620: 13618: 13617: 13616: 13615: 13610: 13599: 13597: 13586: 13580: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13575: 13574: 13566: 13565: 13564: 13559: 13551: 13546: 13545: 13544: 13535: 13533: 13526: 13520: 13519: 13517: 13516: 13511: 13509:Foreign policy 13505: 13502: 13501: 13494: 13493: 13486: 13479: 13471: 13462: 13461: 13459: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13425:WW II theatres 13421: 13418: 13417: 13415: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13380: 13373: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13325: 13323: 13317: 13316: 13313: 13312: 13310: 13309: 13308: 13307: 13302: 13297: 13292: 13280: 13278: 13274: 13273: 13271: 13270: 13269: 13268: 13256: 13254: 13247: 13246: 13244: 13243: 13238: 13233: 13228: 13222: 13220: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13199: 13198: 13193: 13188: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13161: 13159: 13155: 13154: 13152: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13111: 13106: 13101: 13096: 13091: 13090: 13089: 13088: 13087: 13082: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13050: 13048: 13044: 13043: 13041: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13024: 13022: 13018: 13017: 13015: 13014: 13009: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12987:Tulle massacre 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12958: 12956: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12948: 12942: 12940: 12936: 12935: 12933: 12932: 12926: 12924: 12920: 12919: 12917: 12916: 12911: 12905: 12903: 12896: 12895: 12893: 12892: 12886: 12884: 12877: 12876: 12874: 12873: 12868: 12863: 12857: 12855: 12848: 12847: 12845: 12844: 12838: 12836: 12832: 12831: 12829: 12828: 12822: 12820: 12813: 12812: 12810: 12809: 12803: 12801: 12791: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12779: 12774: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12748: 12746: 12744:Administration 12740: 12739: 12737: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12686: 12680: 12678: 12672: 12671: 12662: 12660: 12658: 12657: 12652: 12647: 12646: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12602: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12578:3rd Army Corps 12575: 12565: 12560: 12558:Army of Africa 12554: 12552: 12546: 12545: 12543: 12542: 12537: 12532: 12527: 12522: 12516: 12513: 12512: 12498: 12497: 12490: 12483: 12475: 12466: 12465: 12462: 12461: 12455: 12450: 12445: 12440: 12434: 12428: 12427: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12420: 12413: 12404: 12397: 12390: 12381: 12374: 12367: 12360: 12352: 12350: 12342: 12341: 12339: 12338: 12331: 12324: 12317: 12310: 12303: 12296: 12289: 12282: 12274: 12272: 12268: 12267: 12265: 12264: 12257: 12250: 12243: 12236: 12229: 12222: 12215: 12208: 12201: 12193: 12191: 12183: 12182: 12180: 12179: 12172: 12165: 12164: 12163: 12156: 12142: 12135: 12128: 12121: 12114: 12107: 12100: 12093: 12085: 12083: 12073: 12072: 12070: 12069: 12060: 12051: 12042: 12033: 12024: 12015: 12006: 11997: 11993:Front National 11988: 11979: 11970: 11961: 11952: 11943: 11934: 11924: 11922: 11914: 11913: 11911: 11910: 11901: 11894: 11887: 11886: 11885: 11878: 11871: 11864: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11832: 11831: 11830: 11823: 11816: 11809: 11800: 11793: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11761: 11744: 11743: 11742: 11733: 11724: 11721:National Front 11717: 11708: 11699: 11695:Libération-Sud 11690: 11681: 11674: 11673: 11672: 11656: 11647: 11629: 11627: 11619: 11618: 11616: 11615: 11608: 11599: 11584: 11577: 11576: 11575: 11568: 11561: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11540: 11533: 11530:Army of Africa 11526: 11512: 11504: 11502: 11496: 11495: 11486: 11484: 11482: 11481: 11474: 11467: 11460: 11453: 11446: 11439: 11432: 11425: 11424: 11423: 11408: 11406: 11398: 11397: 11395: 11394: 11387: 11380: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11345: 11338: 11331: 11324: 11317: 11310: 11303: 11296: 11289: 11282: 11275: 11268: 11261: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11232: 11231: 11224: 11217: 11209: 11200: 11199: 11197: 11196: 11189: 11182: 11165: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11145: 11138: 11124: 11123: 11122: 11108: 11105:South Sakhalin 11101: 11100: 11099: 11085: 11078: 11071: 11064: 11057: 11056: 11055: 11041: 11034: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11006: 10999: 10992: 10985: 10978: 10971: 10964: 10957: 10950: 10942: 10940: 10934: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10905: 10898: 10897: 10896: 10882: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10845: 10836: 10829: 10820: 10813: 10806: 10799: 10790: 10783: 10776: 10769: 10762: 10755: 10748: 10739: 10732: 10723: 10714: 10705: 10698: 10691: 10680: 10670: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10642: 10628: 10621: 10614: 10607: 10600: 10599: 10598: 10584: 10577: 10568: 10561: 10554: 10547: 10540: 10533: 10530:Battle of Attu 10526: 10519: 10511: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10492: 10483: 10476: 10469: 10460: 10453: 10446: 10439: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10421: 10407: 10400: 10393: 10386: 10379: 10372: 10365: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10336: 10334: 10328: 10327: 10325: 10324: 10317: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10279:Battle of Guam 10275: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10240: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10202:Battle of Kiev 10198: 10191: 10177: 10176: 10175: 10161: 10154: 10147: 10140: 10133: 10132: 10131: 10117: 10110: 10103: 10095: 10093: 10087: 10086: 10084: 10083: 10074: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9955: 9947: 9945: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9893: 9885: 9883: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9873: 9872: 9871: 9864: 9857: 9850: 9843: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9820: 9806: 9805: 9804: 9789: 9787: 9778: 9772: 9771: 9768: 9767: 9765: 9764: 9757: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9741: 9729: 9728: 9727: 9713: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9701:United Kingdom 9697: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9669: 9661: 9659: 9653: 9652: 9650: 9649: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9633: 9621: 9614: 9607: 9600: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9572: 9565: 9558: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9522: 9521: 9514: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9479: 9472: 9465: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9416: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9387: 9385: 9379: 9378: 9376: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9354: 9347: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9297: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9286: 9285: 9278: 9271: 9264: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9235: 9234: 9233: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9190: 9183: 9175: 9168: 9161: 9153: 9145: 9143: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9126: 9125: 9124: 9110: 9109: 9108: 9105:British Empire 9098:United Kingdom 9094: 9087: 9080: 9073: 9066: 9059: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9026: 9019: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8979: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8951: 8939: 8931: 8924: 8917: 8914:Czechoslovakia 8910: 8903: 8896: 8889: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8856: 8848: 8846: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8814: 8811:Rape of Manila 8807: 8800: 8793: 8782: 8767: 8760: 8748: 8741: 8740: 8739: 8732: 8718: 8717: 8716: 8709: 8702: 8688: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8672: 8671: 8670: 8663: 8649: 8642: 8628: 8627: 8626: 8619: 8612: 8597: 8595: 8589: 8588: 8586: 8585: 8582:United Nations 8578: 8571: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8527: 8518: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8479: 8472: 8465: 8458: 8451: 8444: 8441:Decolonization 8437: 8430: 8422: 8420: 8414: 8413: 8411: 8410: 8403: 8402: 8401: 8387: 8380: 8379: 8378: 8371: 8364: 8350: 8349: 8348: 8341: 8327: 8326: 8325: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8297: 8290: 8275: 8273: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8242: 8235: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8205: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8170: 8163: 8156: 8149: 8148: 8147: 8133: 8126: 8125: 8124: 8117: 8114:United Kingdom 8110: 8096: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8061: 8054: 8053: 8052: 8037: 8035: 8026: 8022: 8021: 8019: 8018: 8011: 8004: 8003: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7976: 7975: 7974: 7960: 7952: 7949: 7948: 7941: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7918: 7909: 7908: 7906: 7905: 7893: 7881: 7869: 7856: 7854: 7850: 7849: 7847: 7846: 7804: 7802: 7789: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7756: 7754: 7741: 7740: 7738: 7737: 7726: 7724: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7707: 7686: 7684: 7671: 7670: 7668: 7667: 7656: 7654: 7641: 7640: 7638: 7637: 7613:King George II 7609: 7607: 7594: 7593: 7591: 7590: 7582: 7577: 7571: 7569: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7540: 7538: 7536:Czechoslovakia 7525: 7524: 7522: 7521: 7519:Hubert Pierlot 7514: 7512: 7499: 7498: 7491: 7490: 7483: 7476: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7439: 7433: 7428: 7421: 7420:External links 7418: 7417: 7416: 7410: 7397: 7385: 7379: 7364: 7358: 7337: 7334: 7333: 7332: 7319: 7313: 7300: 7294: 7281: 7275: 7262: 7253: 7235: 7221: 7206: 7199: 7192: 7186: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7132: 7092: 7058: 7051: 7031: 7012: 6991: 6970: 6961: 6954: 6936: 6927: 6915: 6906: 6899: 6881: 6868: 6855: 6848: 6830: 6815:. p. 86. 6799: 6784: 6775: 6762: 6737: 6722: 6692: 6679: 6659: 6650: 6636: 6627: 6612: 6592: 6577: 6557: 6537: 6524: 6515: 6506: 6497: 6488: 6476: 6451: 6428: 6421:, ed. (1991), 6410: 6398: 6372: 6356: 6344: 6342:, p. 391. 6332: 6317: 6310: 6290: 6278: 6269: 6247: 6238: 6218: 6205: 6179: 6153: 6130: 6117: 6092: 6072: 6060: 6033: 6031:, p. 548. 6021: 6009: 5992: 5979: 5963: 5928: 5909: 5876: 5867: 5858: 5849: 5830: 5821: 5808: 5786: 5771: 5757: 5743: 5731: 5712: 5685: 5666: 5657: 5644: 5632: 5617: 5586: 5568: 5525: 5516: 5507: 5490: 5484:978-0140170412 5483: 5465: 5459:978-1846143519 5458: 5440: 5413:(2): 226–227. 5407:War in History 5397: 5388: 5382:978-0141030654 5381: 5355: 5330: 5328:, p. 373. 5318: 5304: 5297: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5252: 5244:French Algeria 5235: 5225: 5224: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5176:France Forever 5173: 5168: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5139: 5136: 5071: 5068: 5013: 5010: 4979:François Sevez 4971:chief of staff 4932:Rhin et Danube 4923:XVIII SS Corps 4831:Siegfried Line 4776:in August 1944 4755: 4752: 4679:On 17 August, 4652:Joseph Darnand 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4552:Raymond Dronne 4527:Champs Elysées 4488:general strike 4465:Main article: 4462: 4459: 4416:Route Napoleon 4322:Falaise pocket 4199: 4196: 4130:Main article: 4127: 4124: 4042: 4034: 4026:French I Corps 3927: 3924: 3831: 3828: 3718: 3715: 3665:Army of Africa 3591: 3588: 3575: 3572: 3562:Panzer Battles 3521:—resisted the 3466: 3463: 3427: 3424: 3415:in July 1942. 3389: 3388: 3371: 3370: 3321: 3319: 3312: 3305: 3304: 3284: 3282: 3275: 3270: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3234: 3228: 3225: 3191:was appointed 3180:and his Vichy 3105: 3102: 3050: 3047: 3035:the concession 2972: 2969: 2796: 2793: 2772: 2769: 2638:perfide Albion 2545:A very modern 2524: 2521: 2486:Firth of Clyde 2476:A monument on 2439:Émile Muselier 2360: 2357: 2331:Army: 50,000; 2254:in Egypt, 1941 2250:North African 2217:Foreign Legion 2172: 2169: 2072: 2071: 2029: 2026: 2008:, the town of 2000:, followed by 1982:Third Republic 1941: 1938: 1909: 1908: 1905:British Empire 1861:18 June appeal 1845:Main article: 1842: 1839: 1814:Maxime Weygand 1775:French cabinet 1680: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1628: 1625: 1570:) to form the 1562:Army of Africa 1489:November 1942. 1395:Allied nations 1387:Fall of France 1369:Third Republic 1347: 1346: 1344: 1343: 1337: 1336: 1332: 1331: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1319: 1314: 1307: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1278: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1261: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1226: 1225: 1213: 1208: 1203: 1198: 1193: 1188: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1169: 1164: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1100: 1099: 1092: 1085: 1077: 1066: 1065: 1063: 1062: 1055: 1048: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1008: 1007: 1005: 1004: 999: 994: 993: 992: 987: 982: 972: 967: 966: 965: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 924: 921: 920: 916: 915: 910: 909: 903: 901:Fifth Republic 897: 896: 893: 887: 886: 883: 877: 876: 873: 871: 870: 865: 859: 856: 855: 852: 845: 844: 841: 834: 833: 830: 828:Third Republic 822: 817: 816: 813: 812: 807: 806: 803: 796: 795: 792: 790:Third Republic 786: 785: 782: 776: 775: 772: 766: 765: 762: 756: 755: 752: 746: 745: 742: 736: 735: 732: 730:First Republic 726: 725: 722: 716: 715: 712: 704: 699: 698: 695: 694: 689: 688: 685: 679: 678: 675: 669: 668: 665: 652: 647: 646: 643: 642: 637: 636: 633: 626: 625: 622: 615: 614: 611: 605: 604: 601: 594: 593: 590: 584: 583: 580: 574: 573: 570: 557: 552: 551: 548: 547: 542: 541: 540:50 BC – 486 AD 538: 532: 531: 528: 522: 521: 520:600 BC – 49 BC 518: 516:Greek colonies 512: 511: 508: 500: 495: 494: 491: 490: 484: 483: 475: 474: 465: 464: 457: 450: 449: 446: 445: 442: 441: 434: 425: 422: 421: 416: 404: 403: 398: 388: 387: 384: 383: 380: 374: 371: 370: 367: 361: 358: 357: 354: 346: 343: 342: 337: 329: 326: 325: 322: 316: 313: 312: 309: 303: 300: 299: 296: 295: 290: 289:Historical era 286: 285: 282: 281: 276: 273: 270: 269: 266: 265: 262: 258: 257: 252: 246: 245: 240: 236: 235: 226: 222: 221: 185: 181: 180: 169: 165: 164: 152: 144: 143: 140:" (unofficial) 118: 98: 97: 88: 81: 80: 74: 67: 66: 65: 62: 61: 57: 56: 41: 38: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15108: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15039: 15038: 15036: 15020: 15017: 15015: 15012: 15010: 15007: 15006: 15001: 14998: 14997: 14993: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14943: 14940: 14938: 14935: 14933: 14930: 14928: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14891: 14889: 14887: 14883: 14877: 14874: 14872: 14869: 14867: 14864: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14804:Birth control 14802: 14800: 14797: 14796: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14784: 14774: 14771: 14769: 14766: 14764: 14761: 14759: 14756: 14754: 14751: 14749: 14746: 14744: 14741: 14739: 14736: 14734: 14731: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14719: 14716: 14714: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14702: 14699: 14698: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14684: 14683: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14671: 14661: 14658: 14656: 14653: 14651: 14648: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14630: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14617: 14614: 14612: 14609: 14608: 14607: 14604: 14602: 14599: 14597: 14594: 14590: 14587: 14586: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14579:Constitutions 14577: 14576: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14564: 14554: 14551: 14549: 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14534: 14531: 14529: 14526: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14505: 14502: 14499: 14497: 14493: 14481: 14478: 14476: 14473: 14471: 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14456: 14453: 14451: 14448: 14446: 14443: 14442: 14441: 14438: 14434: 14431: 14430: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14420: 14418: 14414: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14396: 14393: 14391: 14388: 14387: 14386: 14383: 14378: 14377: 14376:Années folles 14372: 14371: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14357: 14356: 14351: 14350: 14349: 14346: 14344: 14341: 14339: 14338:Second Empire 14336: 14334: 14331: 14329: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14320: 14317: 14316:July Monarchy 14314: 14312: 14309: 14307: 14304: 14303: 14301: 14299: 14295: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14270: 14268: 14264: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14235: 14233: 14230: 14228: 14225: 14223: 14220: 14217: 14216: 14215:Ancien Régime 14211: 14209: 14206: 14204: 14201: 14199: 14196: 14195: 14193: 14191: 14187: 14179: 14176: 14175: 14174: 14171: 14169: 14166: 14162: 14159: 14158: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14148: 14146: 14144: 14140: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14115: 14113: 14111: 14107: 14101: 14098: 14096: 14093: 14092: 14090: 14086: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14055: 14052: 14050: 14047: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14021: 14017: 14014: 14007: 14002: 14000: 13995: 13993: 13988: 13987: 13984: 13972: 13964: 13963: 13960: 13954: 13953: 13949: 13947: 13946: 13942: 13940: 13936: 13933: 13931: 13928: 13926: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13916: 13910: 13907: 13903: 13900: 13899: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13879: 13877: 13871: 13865: 13863: 13858: 13856: 13853: 13851: 13848: 13847: 13845: 13839: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13824: 13822: 13816: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13791: 13788: 13786: 13785:Élysée Treaty 13783: 13781: 13778: 13776: 13773: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13760: 13759: 13756: 13755: 13753: 13751: 13747: 13739: 13736: 13735: 13734: 13731: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13708:Levant Crisis 13706: 13705: 13703: 13699: 13687: 13686: 13682: 13680: 13677: 13676: 13675: 13672: 13670: 13667: 13665: 13662: 13660: 13657: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13639: 13637: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13626: 13622: 13614: 13611: 13609: 13606: 13605: 13604: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13596: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13581: 13573: 13570: 13569: 13567: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13554: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13543: 13540: 13539: 13537: 13536: 13534: 13530: 13527: 13521: 13515: 13512: 13510: 13507: 13506: 13503: 13499: 13492: 13487: 13485: 13480: 13478: 13473: 13472: 13469: 13457: 13456:Sino Japanese 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13441:Eastern Front 13439: 13437: 13436:Western Front 13434: 13432: 13429: 13426: 13423: 13422: 13419: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13402: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13385: 13381: 13379: 13378: 13374: 13372: 13371: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13326: 13324: 13318: 13306: 13305:Saint-Nazaire 13303: 13301: 13298: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13287: 13285: 13282: 13281: 13279: 13275: 13267: 13264: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13257: 13255: 13253: 13248: 13242: 13239: 13237: 13236:Colmar Pocket 13234: 13232: 13229: 13227: 13224: 13223: 13221: 13215: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13197: 13194: 13192: 13189: 13187: 13184: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13162: 13160: 13156: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13110: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13097: 13095: 13092: 13086: 13085:Saint-Nazaire 13083: 13081: 13078: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13056: 13055: 13052: 13051: 13049: 13045: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13023: 13019: 13013: 13010: 13008: 13005: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12959: 12957: 12953: 12947: 12944: 12943: 12941: 12937: 12931: 12928: 12927: 12925: 12921: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12906: 12904: 12902: 12897: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12883: 12878: 12872: 12869: 12867: 12864: 12862: 12859: 12858: 12856: 12854: 12849: 12843: 12840: 12839: 12837: 12833: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12819: 12814: 12808: 12805: 12804: 12802: 12800: 12795: 12792: 12790: 12784: 12778: 12775: 12773: 12770: 12768: 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12749: 12747: 12741: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12681: 12679: 12673: 12666: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12629: 12626: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12607: 12603: 12599: 12598:32nd Infantry 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12573:Cavalry Corps 12571: 12570: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12555: 12553: 12547: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12531: 12528: 12526: 12523: 12521: 12518: 12517: 12514: 12510: 12505: 12496: 12491: 12489: 12484: 12482: 12477: 12476: 12473: 12459: 12456: 12454: 12451: 12449: 12446: 12444: 12441: 12439: 12436:Categories: ( 12435: 12433: 12430: 12429: 12425: 12418: 12414: 12411: 12410: 12405: 12402: 12398: 12395: 12391: 12388: 12387: 12382: 12379: 12375: 12372: 12368: 12365: 12361: 12358: 12354: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12343: 12336: 12335:Pierre Villon 12332: 12329: 12325: 12322: 12318: 12315: 12311: 12308: 12304: 12301: 12297: 12294: 12290: 12287: 12283: 12280: 12276: 12275: 12273: 12269: 12262: 12258: 12255: 12251: 12248: 12244: 12241: 12237: 12234: 12230: 12227: 12223: 12220: 12216: 12213: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12190: 12184: 12177: 12173: 12170: 12166: 12161: 12157: 12154: 12150: 12149: 12147: 12143: 12140: 12136: 12133: 12129: 12126: 12122: 12119: 12115: 12112: 12108: 12105: 12101: 12098: 12094: 12091: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12082: 12074: 12067: 12066: 12061: 12058: 12057: 12052: 12049: 12048: 12043: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12031: 12030: 12025: 12022: 12021: 12016: 12013: 12012: 12007: 12004: 12003: 11998: 11995: 11994: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11980: 11977: 11976: 11971: 11968: 11967: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11953: 11950: 11949: 11944: 11941: 11940: 11935: 11932: 11931: 11926: 11925: 11923: 11921: 11915: 11908: 11907: 11902: 11899: 11895: 11892: 11888: 11883: 11879: 11876: 11872: 11869: 11865: 11862: 11858: 11853: 11852: 11847: 11846: 11844: 11843: 11842:Armée secrète 11838: 11837: 11833: 11828: 11824: 11821: 11817: 11814: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11801: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11790: 11785: 11782: 11778: 11775: 11771: 11768: 11767: 11762: 11759: 11755: 11754: 11751: 11745: 11740: 11739: 11734: 11731: 11730: 11725: 11722: 11718: 11715: 11714: 11709: 11706: 11705: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11682: 11679: 11675: 11670: 11666: 11665: 11663: 11662: 11657: 11654: 11653: 11648: 11645: 11641: 11640: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11620: 11613: 11609: 11606: 11605: 11604:Radio Londres 11600: 11596: 11589: 11585: 11582: 11578: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11562: 11559: 11555: 11554: 11550: 11545: 11541: 11538: 11534: 11531: 11527: 11524: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11506: 11505: 11503: 11501: 11497: 11490: 11479: 11475: 11472: 11468: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11447: 11444: 11440: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11426: 11421: 11417: 11416: 11414: 11410: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11399: 11392: 11388: 11385: 11381: 11378: 11374: 11371: 11367: 11364: 11360: 11357: 11353: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11339: 11336: 11332: 11329: 11325: 11322: 11318: 11315: 11311: 11308: 11304: 11301: 11297: 11294: 11290: 11287: 11283: 11280: 11276: 11273: 11269: 11266: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11254: 11251: 11247: 11239: 11230: 11225: 11223: 11218: 11216: 11211: 11210: 11207: 11194: 11190: 11187: 11183: 11180: 11179: 11174: 11167: 11166: 11163: 11150: 11146: 11143: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11131: 11129: 11125: 11120: 11116: 11115: 11113: 11112:Kuril Islands 11109: 11106: 11102: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11090: 11086: 11083: 11079: 11076: 11072: 11069: 11065: 11062: 11058: 11053: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11035: 11032: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10993: 10990: 10986: 10983: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10955: 10951: 10948: 10944: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10924: 10919: 10918: 10913: 10912: 10910: 10906: 10903: 10899: 10894: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10883: 10880: 10879:Syrmian Front 10876: 10873: 10869: 10866: 10862: 10859: 10855: 10852: 10851: 10846: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10826: 10825:Market Garden 10821: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10807: 10804: 10800: 10797: 10796: 10791: 10788: 10784: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10760: 10756: 10753: 10749: 10746: 10745: 10740: 10737: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10724: 10721: 10720: 10715: 10712: 10711: 10706: 10703: 10699: 10696: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10684:Monte Cassino 10681: 10678: 10677: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10663: 10656: 10652: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10636: 10635: 10633: 10629: 10626: 10622: 10619: 10615: 10612: 10608: 10605: 10601: 10596: 10592: 10591: 10589: 10585: 10582: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10569: 10566: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10534: 10531: 10527: 10524: 10520: 10517: 10513: 10512: 10510: 10508: 10504: 10497: 10493: 10490: 10489: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10470: 10467: 10466: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10440: 10437: 10436: 10431: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10415: 10414: 10412: 10408: 10405: 10401: 10398: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10377: 10373: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10359: 10356: 10352: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10333: 10329: 10322: 10318: 10315: 10311: 10308: 10304: 10301: 10297: 10294: 10290: 10287: 10283: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10269: 10266: 10262: 10259: 10255: 10252: 10248: 10245: 10241: 10238: 10234: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10213: 10210: 10206: 10203: 10199: 10196: 10192: 10188: 10187: 10182: 10178: 10173: 10169: 10168: 10166: 10162: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10141: 10138: 10134: 10129: 10125: 10124: 10122: 10118: 10115: 10111: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10096: 10094: 10092: 10088: 10081: 10080: 10075: 10072: 10068: 10065: 10061: 10058: 10054: 10051: 10050:Baltic states 10047: 10044: 10040: 10037: 10033: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10019: 10016: 10012: 10009: 10005: 10002: 9998: 9995: 9991: 9988: 9984: 9981: 9977: 9974: 9970: 9967: 9963: 9960: 9956: 9953: 9949: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9940: 9933: 9929: 9926: 9922: 9919: 9915: 9912: 9908: 9905: 9901: 9898: 9894: 9891: 9887: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9878: 9869: 9865: 9862: 9858: 9855: 9851: 9848: 9844: 9841: 9837: 9836: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9814: 9813: 9811: 9807: 9802: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9773: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9730: 9725: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9714: 9711: 9707: 9702: 9698: 9695: 9694:United States 9691: 9686: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9662: 9660: 9658: 9654: 9647: 9643: 9638: 9634: 9631: 9630:Quốc dân Đảng 9627: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9612: 9608: 9605: 9601: 9598: 9594: 9591: 9587: 9584: 9580: 9577: 9573: 9570: 9566: 9563: 9559: 9556: 9552: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9515: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9498: 9494: 9491: 9487: 9484: 9480: 9477: 9473: 9470: 9466: 9463: 9459: 9456: 9452: 9449: 9445: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9396: 9393: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9384: 9380: 9373: 9369: 9366: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9352: 9348: 9345: 9341: 9338: 9334: 9331: 9330:Liechtenstein 9327: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9313: 9310: 9306: 9303: 9299: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9290: 9283: 9279: 9276: 9272: 9269: 9265: 9261: 9257: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9231: 9227: 9226: 9223: 9219: 9216: 9212: 9209: 9205: 9202: 9198: 9195: 9191: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9173: 9169: 9166: 9162: 9158: 9154: 9151: 9147: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9138: 9131: 9127: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114:United States 9111: 9106: 9102: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9092: 9088: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9074: 9071: 9067: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9038: 9034: 9031: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8980: 8977: 8973: 8970: 8966: 8963: 8959: 8956: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8929: 8925: 8922: 8918: 8915: 8911: 8908: 8904: 8901: 8897: 8894: 8890: 8886: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8864: 8861: 8857: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8845: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8832: 8819: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8804:Comfort women 8801: 8798: 8794: 8791: 8788: / 8787: 8783: 8780: 8777: / 8776: 8773: / 8772: 8768: 8765: 8764:Camp brothels 8761: 8758: 8754: 8753: 8749: 8746: 8742: 8737: 8733: 8730: 8726: 8725: 8723: 8719: 8714: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8682: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8656: 8654: 8653:The Holocaust 8650: 8647: 8643: 8640: 8639:forced labour 8636: 8635: 8633: 8629: 8624: 8620: 8617: 8613: 8610: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8572: 8569: 8565: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8525: 8524: 8519: 8516: 8515: 8510: 8507: 8503: 8500: 8496: 8493: 8492:Marshall Plan 8489: 8486: 8485: 8480: 8477: 8473: 8470: 8466: 8463: 8459: 8456: 8452: 8449: 8445: 8442: 8438: 8435: 8431: 8428: 8424: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8395: 8394: 8392: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8376: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8362: 8358: 8357: 8355: 8351: 8346: 8345:Eastern Front 8342: 8339: 8338:Western Front 8335: 8334: 8332: 8328: 8323: 8319: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8305: 8302: 8298: 8295: 8291: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8274: 8272: 8268: 8261: 8257: 8254: 8250: 8247: 8243: 8240: 8236: 8233: 8232:Puppet states 8229: 8226: 8222: 8219: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8178: 8175: 8174:Naval history 8171: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8154: 8150: 8145: 8141: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8121:United States 8118: 8115: 8111: 8108: 8104: 8103: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8083: 8080: 8076: 8073: 8069: 8066: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8050: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8039: 8038: 8036: 8034: 8030: 8027: 8023: 8016: 8012: 8009: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7993: 7989: 7986: 7982: 7981: 7977: 7972: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7958: 7954: 7953: 7950: 7946: 7939: 7934: 7932: 7927: 7925: 7920: 7919: 7916: 7904: 7899: 7894: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7857: 7855: 7851: 7842: 7835: 7834:Božidar Purić 7828: 7821: 7814: 7813:Dušan Simović 7809: 7808:King Peter II 7806: 7805: 7803: 7801: 7796: 7790: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7762: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7753: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7723: 7718: 7712: 7703: 7696: 7691: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7683: 7678: 7672: 7666: 7665:Pierre Dupong 7661: 7658: 7657: 7655: 7653: 7648: 7642: 7633: 7626: 7619: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7608: 7606: 7601: 7595: 7586: 7583: 7581: 7578: 7576: 7573: 7572: 7570: 7568: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7546: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7513: 7511: 7506: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7484: 7482: 7477: 7475: 7470: 7469: 7466: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7413: 7407: 7403: 7398: 7394: 7390: 7389:Hastings, Max 7386: 7382: 7376: 7372: 7371: 7365: 7361: 7355: 7351: 7350:Facts on File 7347: 7346: 7340: 7339: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7320: 7316: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7297: 7291: 7287: 7282: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7263: 7259: 7254: 7251: 7250:0-5175-4478-4 7247: 7243: 7239: 7238:Mollo, Andrew 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7218: 7214: 7213: 7207: 7204: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7187:2-0707-3032-8 7183: 7179: 7174: 7173: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7136: 7117: 7110: 7108: 7104: 7096: 7080: 7076: 7072: 7062: 7054: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7035: 7028: 7024: 7021: 7016: 7009: 7005: 7002: 7001: 6995: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6980: 6974: 6965: 6957: 6955:9781134210886 6951: 6947: 6940: 6931: 6925:, p. 67. 6924: 6919: 6910: 6902: 6896: 6892: 6885: 6878: 6872: 6865: 6859: 6851: 6845: 6841: 6834: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6803: 6795: 6788: 6779: 6772: 6766: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6733: 6726: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6696: 6689: 6683: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6654: 6645: 6643: 6641: 6631: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6609: 6605: 6604: 6596: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6578:0-345-32158-8 6574: 6570: 6569: 6561: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6541: 6534: 6528: 6519: 6510: 6501: 6492: 6483: 6481: 6473: 6472: 6467: 6463: 6460: 6455: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6438: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6414: 6408:, p. 19. 6407: 6402: 6386: 6382: 6376: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 6354:, p. 17. 6353: 6348: 6341: 6336: 6330:, p. 15. 6329: 6324: 6322: 6313: 6311:9780313316548 6307: 6303: 6302: 6294: 6288:, p. 14. 6287: 6282: 6273: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6251: 6242: 6235: 6231: 6228: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6193: 6189: 6183: 6168:on 2 May 2006 6167: 6163: 6157: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6134: 6127: 6121: 6106: 6102: 6096: 6089: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6070:, p. 36. 6069: 6064: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6030: 6025: 6018: 6013: 6006: 6002: 5996: 5989: 5983: 5976: 5973:Paul Gaujac. 5970: 5968: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5935: 5933: 5925: 5921: 5916: 5914: 5897: 5893: 5891: 5883: 5881: 5871: 5862: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5834: 5825: 5819:. p. 66. 5818: 5812: 5796: 5790: 5783: 5782: 5775: 5766: 5764: 5762: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5738: 5736: 5719: 5715: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5692: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5670: 5661: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5636: 5630:, p. 11. 5629: 5624: 5622: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5590: 5583: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5529: 5520: 5511: 5505:, p. 10. 5504: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5486: 5480: 5476: 5469: 5461: 5455: 5451: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5401: 5392: 5384: 5378: 5374: 5369: 5368: 5359: 5344: 5340: 5334: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5308: 5300: 5294: 5290: 5285: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5249: 5245: 5239: 5230: 5226: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5194: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5152:France portal 5142: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5118: 5111: 5109: 5106:, in western 5105: 5101: 5097: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5076: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5058:. The French 5057: 5047: 5040: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4967:Alphonse Juin 4963: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941: 4936: 4933: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4916: 4915:Colmar Pocket 4912: 4907: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4877:Oath of Kufra 4874: 4867: 4863: 4862:the cathedral 4859: 4858:Oath of Kufra 4854: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4817: 4816:Saint-Nazaire 4813: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4797: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4761: 4751: 4749: 4748:IVth Republic 4745: 4740: 4739: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4683:was taken to 4682: 4677: 4675: 4674:collaboration 4670: 4664: 4663: 4658:known as the 4657: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4622: 4620: 4610: 4605: 4599: 4584: 4578: 4574: 4569: 4567: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4539: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4515: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4468: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4436: 4431: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4420:George Patton 4417: 4413: 4409: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4364: 4362: 4359:, which they 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4325: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4307: 4306:Western Front 4302: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4236:Atlantic Wall 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4220:Eastern Front 4213: 4209: 4204: 4195: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4174:, the Allies 4173: 4169: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4139: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4112: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4074: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4048: 4039: 4033: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4008: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3982:Monte Cassino 3979: 3975: 3970: 3965: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3913: 3912:Joseph Stalin 3909: 3904: 3898: 3889: 3883: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3862:Eastern Front 3855: 3848: 3845: 3841: 3836: 3830:Eastern Front 3827: 3825: 3821: 3820:against Italy 3815: 3812: 3807: 3791: 3786: 3780: 3776: 3771: 3769: 3768:Robert Murphy 3761: 3756: 3753: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3729: 3724: 3714: 3711: 3710:French Guiana 3707: 3703: 3698: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3680: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3626:Alphonse Juin 3623: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3608: 3600: 3596: 3587: 3585: 3581: 3570: 3566: 3564: 3563: 3558: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3481:'s attempted 3480: 3476: 3471: 3462: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3423: 3421: 3416: 3413: 3407: 3402: 3401: 3396: 3385: 3382: 3367: 3364: 3356: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3327: 3322:This section 3320: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3301: 3292: 3288: 3285:This section 3283: 3279: 3274: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3252: 3247: 3242: 3233: 3232: 3224: 3221: 3217: 3212: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3185: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3123: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3101: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049:North America 3046: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2993:New Caledonia 2990: 2982: 2977: 2968: 2966: 2965:Run for Tunis 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2933:Italian Libya 2929: 2926: 2916: 2911: 2907: 2902: 2897: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2844: 2838: 2829: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2803: 2792: 2782: 2777: 2768: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2757: 2752:, one aboard 2751: 2747: 2742: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2703: 2701: 2696: 2694: 2690: 2686: 2678: 2677: 2671: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2655: 2654: 2653:Le Triomphant 2649: 2648: 2642: 2640: 2639: 2633: 2629: 2623: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2588: 2586: 2578: 2574: 2573: 2567: 2560: 2559: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2463: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2432:general order 2428: 2426: 2425:Nazi swastika 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2397: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2370: 2365: 2356: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2325: 2319: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2283: 2278: 2274: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2253: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2213: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2197: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2155: 2147: 2146: 2141: 2137: 2129: 2121: 2116: 2112: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2082: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2043: 2040:, during the 2039: 2034: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1964:have argued, 1963: 1959: 1950: 1937: 1934: 1924: 1922: 1914: 1906: 1902: 1901: 1900: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1889:French people 1887:spoke to the 1877: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1838: 1836: 1832: 1824: 1815: 1810: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1776: 1772: 1763: 1761: 1760:Fascist Italy 1757: 1753: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1708:Low Countries 1705: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1671: 1669: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1650: 1645: 1637: 1633: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1540: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1491: 1490: 1482: 1478: 1473: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1455: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1409: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1323:North America 1322: 1321: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1298: 1297: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1288:Colmar Pocket 1286: 1284: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1274: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1253: 1250: 1249: 1248: 1247: 1243: 1241: 1238: 1236: 1233: 1231: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1207: 1204: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1196:Monte Cassino 1194: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1186: 1182: 1180: 1179:Eastern Front 1177: 1176: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1162: 1158: 1156: 1155:Run for Tunis 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1140: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1120: 1116: 1115: 1112: 1106: 1098: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1047: 1042: 1041: 1039: 1038: 1035: 1024: 1020: 1010: 1009: 1003: 1000: 998: 995: 991: 988: 986: 983: 981: 978: 977: 976: 973: 971: 968: 964: 961: 960: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 925: 923: 922: 918: 917: 904: 902: 899: 898: 894: 892: 889: 888: 884: 882: 879: 878: 874: 869: 866: 864: 861: 860: 858: 857: 853: 851: 850:Années folles 847: 846: 842: 840: 836: 835: 831: 829: 826: 825: 820: 815: 814: 804: 802: 798: 797: 793: 791: 788: 787: 783: 781: 780:Second Empire 778: 777: 773: 771: 768: 767: 763: 761: 760:July Monarchy 758: 757: 753: 751: 748: 747: 743: 741: 738: 737: 733: 731: 728: 727: 723: 721: 718: 717: 713: 711: 708: 707: 702: 697: 696: 686: 684: 683:Bourbon kings 681: 680: 676: 674: 671: 670: 666: 664: 661: 660: 657: 656: 655:Ancien Régime 650: 645: 644: 634: 632: 628: 627: 623: 621: 617: 616: 612: 610: 607: 606: 602: 600: 596: 595: 591: 589: 586: 585: 581: 579: 576: 575: 571: 568: 564: 561: 560: 555: 550: 549: 539: 537: 534: 533: 529: 527: 524: 523: 519: 517: 514: 513: 509: 507: 504: 503: 498: 493: 492: 489: 486: 485: 481: 477: 476: 473: 467: 466: 461: 456: 455: 435: 433: 430: 429: 426: 420: 417: 410: 409: 406: 405: 402: 399: 397: 394: 393: 389: 385: 381: 378: 372: 368: 365: 359: 355: 351: 344: 338: 334: 327: 323: 320: 314: 310: 307: 301: 297: 294: 291: 287: 283: 280: 277: 271: 267: 263: 259: 256: 253: 251: 247: 244: 243:Secular state 241: 237: 234: 230: 227: 223: 219: 215: 211: 206: 205: 200: 195: 194: 189: 186: 182: 178: 173: 170: 166: 162: 156: 150: 145: 138: 137: 112: 110: 103: 99: 93: 85: 77: 71: 63: 58: 52: 45: 36: 33: 29: 22: 14909:Coat of arms 14899:Architecture 14871:Social class 14829:Homelessness 14814:Demographics 14768:Trade unions 14701:Central bank 14643:criminal law 14606:Human rights 14589:presidential 14433:Algerian War 14416:Contemporary 14394: 14390:Vichy France 14385:World War II 14355:Belle Époque 14288:First Empire 14190:Early Modern 14161:West Francia 13950: 13943: 13859: 13841:Speeches and 13775:Fouchet Plan 13758:Algerian War 13721:presidential 13683: 13624: 13584:World War II 13553:World War I 13399: 13382: 13375: 13368: 13329:End of Vichy 12704:Henri Giraud 12604: 12407: 12384: 12314:Henri Frenay 12176:Ubangi-Shari 12139:French Gabon 12132:French Congo 12063: 12054: 12045: 12036: 12027: 12018: 12009: 12000: 11991: 11984:Franc-Tireur 11982: 11973: 11964: 11955: 11946: 11937: 11928: 11904: 11868:Jade-Fitzroy 11849: 11840: 11803: 11787: 11764: 11736: 11727: 11711: 11702: 11693: 11684: 11659: 11652:Franc-Tireur 11650: 11602: 11508: 11499: 11243: 11186:Bibliography 11169: 10982:Project Hula 10947:Vistula–Oder 10916: 10849: 10840: 10824: 10794: 10743: 10727: 10718: 10709: 10675: 10572: 10487: 10463: 10433: 10184: 10077: 10022:North Africa 9724:Soviet Union 9678:Soviet Union 9604:Soviet Union 9372:Vatican City 9282:Vichy France 9187:German Reich 9084:Soviet Union 9070:South Africa 9063:Sierra Leone 9016:Newfoundland 8961: 8835:Participants 8818:Marocchinate 8522: 8513: 8483: 8361:North Africa 8322:Indian Ocean 8181:Nazi plunder 8072:Cryptography 7945:World War II 7841:Ivan Šubašić 7580:Henri Giraud 7566: 7545:Edvard Beneš 7401: 7392: 7369: 7344: 7324: 7304: 7285: 7266: 7257: 7241: 7211: 7205:(2019) 720pp 7202: 7195: 7177: 7156:. 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Retrieved 5789: 5780: 5774: 5722:. Retrieved 5698: 5669: 5660: 5652: 5647: 5640:Jackson 2001 5635: 5608:. Retrieved 5600:The Guardian 5599: 5589: 5581:The Guardian 5579: 5571: 5541:(3): 27–63. 5538: 5534: 5528: 5519: 5510: 5474: 5468: 5449: 5443: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5395:Taylor, p.58 5391: 5366: 5358: 5346:. Retrieved 5342: 5333: 5321: 5313: 5307: 5288: 5270: 5238: 5229: 5129: 5122: 5119: (1931) 5117:Maillé Brézé 5116: 5112: 5093: 5086:, overlooks 5048: 5032: 5007: 4964: 4937: 4927:Black Forest 4908: 4904:Hohenzollern 4885: 4870: 4847:coup de main 4820: 4779: 4721: 4681:Pierre Laval 4678: 4642: 4623: 4601: 4570: 4535: 4481: 4473:20 July plot 4470: 4432: 4428:Omar Bradley 4406: 4399: 4382:to form the 4365: 4341:supply lines 4326: 4311: 4279:paratroopers 4272: 4262:armies like 4217: 4141: 4113: 4105: 4096: 4084: 4070: 4065:Klaus Barbie 4011: 3990:Marocchinate 3966: 3959: 3897:Soviet Union 3878: 3870:1st Air Army 3851: 3839: 3816: 3787: 3772: 3759: 3757: 3747: 3732:Henri Giraud 3708:—as well as 3699: 3692: 3681: 3661: 3657: 3648:Henri Giraud 3646: 3615: 3604: 3577: 3568: 3560: 3554:Generalmajor 3552: 3547: 3537:Erwin Rommel 3524:Afrika Korps 3522: 3507:North Africa 3504: 3493:Free French 3440:Diego-Suarez 3429: 3417: 3406:France Libre 3398: 3392: 3377: 3359: 3350: 3335:Please help 3323: 3295: 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1575: 1541: 1530: 1499:North Africa 1492: 1474: 1462:)—later the 1440:Vichy France 1429: 1402: 1397:in fighting 1391:Nazi Germany 1373:World War II 1361:France libre 1352: 1351: 1310: 1281: 1245: 1235:Saint-Marcel 1216: 1211:Mont Mouchet 1184: 1160: 1138: 1104: 1069: 1022: 980:Christianity 868:Vichy France 862: 819:20th century 801:Belle Époque 740:First Empire 653: 649:Early modern 599:West Francia 588:Carolingians 578:Merovingians 401:Succeeded by 400: 395: 324:11 July 1940 311:18 June 1940 293:World War II 217: 202: 191: 101: 44:France libre 32: 15041:Free France 15019:WikiProject 14834:Immigration 14824:Health care 14686:Agriculture 14638:enforcement 14395:Free France 14364:World War I 14311:Restoration 14298:Late Modern 14168:Middle Ages 14143:Middle Ages 14128:Celtic Gaul 13726:legislative 13625:Free France 13538:Early life 13532:Before WWII 13384:Tripartisme 13359:Victory Day 13295:La Rochelle 13186:La Rochelle 12689:Jean Moulin 12650:Second Army 12624:Divisions: 12593:1st Armored 12535:Netherlands 12346:Museums and 12286:Jean Moulin 12104:French Chad 11918:Underground 11861:Jade-Amicol 11509:Free France 11500:Free France 11404:and control 11300:Netherlands 10917:Bodenplatte 10803:Gothic Line 10029:West Africa 9576:Philippines 9555:Netherlands 9420:Czech lands 9358:Switzerland 9302:Afghanistan 9253:Philippines 9121:Puerto Rico 9037:Philippines 9023:New Zealand 9009:Netherlands 8962:Free France 8713:Prosecution 8514:Osoaviakhim 8384:West Africa 8368:East Africa 8015:Conferences 7891:Philippines 7844:(1944–1945) 7837:(1943–1944) 7823:(1942–1943) 7816:(1941–1942) 7783:(1944–1945) 7776:(1943–1944) 7769:(1939–1943) 7759:President: 7705:(1940–1945) 7682:Netherlands 7635:(1944–1945) 7621:(1941–1944) 7588:(1943–1945) 7543:President: 7170:Works cited 7125:9 September 7085:9 September 6823:20 November 6719:(in French) 6391:27 February 6258:Paul Vibert 6255:(in French) 6150:(in French) 5326:Stacey 2007 5090:, Scotland. 5064:West Berlin 4975:French army 4843:Belfort Gap 4841:seized the 4825:tail (the " 4812:La Rochelle 4566:Sword Beach 4502:during the 4380:US 7th Army 4287:SAS Brigade 4232:Dieppe raid 4170:terrain of 4120:French Army 4089:Jean Moulin 4087:) and sent 4067:personally. 4061:Jean Moulin 4059:Picture of 3967:During the 3775:Jean Monnet 3740:during the 3706:West Indies 3499:Bir Hacheim 3178:Henri Dentz 3144:during the 2906:Félix Éboué 2889:Félix Éboué 2810:French Chad 2806:Félix Éboué 2756:Indomitable 2739:Pacific War 2721:during the 2610:West Indies 2409:Joan of Arc 2171:Composition 2128:French Navy 2020:in absentia 1926:In France, 1835:Axis Powers 1748:Alan Brooke 1527:British SAS 1353:Free France 1105:Free French 933:Health care 863:Free France 750:Restoration 554:Middle Ages 526:Celtic Gaul 469:History of 396:Preceded by 382:3 June 1944 356:3 June 1943 210:Brazzaville 92:(1940–1944) 39:Free France 15035:Categories 14962:Philosophy 14947:Literature 14859:secularism 14655:Parliament 14450:2005 riots 14400:Liberation 14266:Revolution 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December 5956:31 January 5602:. London. 5258:References 4919:XIXth Army 4866:Strasbourg 4521:Leclerc's 4424:Third Army 4401:Osttruppen 4396:Marseilles 4345:maquisards 4295:Utah Beach 4160:bridgehead 4136:See also: 4093:Résistance 3974:Pied-Noirs 3844:Le Bourget 3702:Guadeloupe 3622:19th Corps 3533:El Alamein 3511:Suez canal 3477:prevented 3475:Bir Hakeim 3459:Madagascar 3434:colony of 3426:Madagascar 3420:Lend-Lease 3251:improve it 3126:Circassian 3094:Martinique 2912:that day. 2875:Libreville 2746:battalions 2693:zone libre 2689:Case Anton 2614:Martinique 2569:Submarine 2558:Strasbourg 2553:battleship 2527:See also: 2462:Triomphant 2443:naval jack 2379:is defaced 2369:naval jack 2175:See also: 2158:Martinique 2136:Royal Navy 2060:Alexandria 1869:Résistance 1750:landed in 1627:Definition 1511:Royal Navy 1503:Indochina. 1413:resistance 1276:Strasbourg 1257:Marseilles 1150:Bir Hakeim 569:settlement 536:Roman Gaul 506:Prehistory 250:Demonym(s) 155:map legend 115:(official) 14819:Education 14773:Transport 14623:Judiciary 14584:Elections 14538:Mountains 14496:Geography 14242:Louis XIV 14032:Overviews 13701:1945–1958 13630:Campaigns 13593:Battle of 13321:Aftermath 13158:Sept 1944 13021:July 1944 12348:Memorials 12189:of France 11635:Movements 11523:Air Force 11356:Macedonia 11342:Lithuania 11082:Manchuria 10968:Indochina 10744:Bagration 10195:Lithuania 9840:Anschluss 9637:Viet Minh 9534:Lithuania 9476:Hong Kong 9246:Manchukuo 9201:Azad Hind 8860:Australia 8660:Aftermath 8523:Paperclip 8418:Aftermath 8218:Total war 8086:Diplomacy 8049:In Europe 7244:. Crown. 7158:2 October 7153:0362-4331 7069:de Gaulle 6713:, on the 6702:l'Express 6548:, (1950) 6079:Voir les 5902:28 August 5563:159722519 5435:153751513 5427:1477-0385 5263:Citations 5132:de Gaulle 5100:Lyle Hill 5080:Lyle Hill 5056:First Act 5051:de Gaulle 5043:de Gaulle 5039:Big Three 5035:de Gaulle 4956:Viet Minh 4906:dynasty. 4892:Ist Corps 4839:Ist Corps 4709:Stuttgart 4697:de Gaulle 4626:Gaullists 4614:de Gaulle 4581:de Gaulle 4508:De Gaulle 4496:De Gaulle 4492:de Gaulle 4453:, taking 4285:'s (SAS) 4212:Cherbourg 4180:Avranches 4146:began on 4109:saboteurs 4077:de Gaulle 3893:de Gaulle 3868:with the 3858:de Gaulle 3802:de Gaulle 3798:de Gaulle 3794:de Gaulle 3783:de Gaulle 3764:de Gaulle 3737:de Gaulle 3642:de Gaulle 3397:(French: 3353:June 2020 3324:does not 3298:June 2014 3257:talk page 3209:de Gaulle 3161:De Gaulle 3128:cavalry ( 3086:de Gaulle 3082:Roosevelt 3067:corvettes 3028:Viet Minh 3020:Indochina 2937:Cyrenaica 2925:La France 2920:de Gaulle 2918:was what 2885:De Gaulle 2877:, Gabon. 2871:De Gaulle 2856:de Gaulle 2841:de Gaulle 2789:de Gaulle 2765:Catalinas 2754:HMS 2548:Dunkerque 2478:Lyle Hill 2165:de Gaulle 2150:de Gaulle 2132:de Gaulle 2120:George VI 2105:Luftwaffe 2085:de Gaulle 2064:de Gaulle 2049:de Gaulle 2014:De Gaulle 1966:de Gaulle 1954:de Gaulle 1946:de Gaulle 1940:Armistice 1928:de Gaulle 1917:de Gaulle 1893:BBC radio 1885:de Gaulle 1827:De Gaulle 1819:De Gaulle 1799:Wehrmacht 1787:orthodoxy 1779:De Gaulle 1767:de Gaulle 1752:Cherbourg 1485:de Gaulle 1317:Indochina 1107:campaigns 1002:Territory 895:1946–1958 885:1944–1946 875:1940–1944 854:1920–1929 843:1919–1939 832:1870–1940 805:1871–1914 794:1870–1940 784:1852–1870 774:1848–1852 764:1830–1848 754:1814–1830 744:1804–1814 734:1792–1804 724:1791–1792 714:1789–1799 687:1589–1792 677:1515–1589 667:1498–1515 635:1328–1498 239:Religion 60:1940–1944 15009:Category 14942:Language 14854:Religion 14799:Abortion 14753:Taxation 14650:Military 14611:Intersex 14601:Politics 14567:Politics 14369:Interwar 14064:Economic 14059:Language 14044:Timeline 13971:Category 13897:Gaullism 13864: !" 13557:5th Army 13523:Life and 13431:Atlantic 13277:May 1945 13099:Égletons 13047:Aug 1944 12955:Jun 1944 12939:May 1944 12835:Dec 1941 12789:campaign 12212:1st Army 11975:L'Espoir 11939:Bulletin 11820:Morhange 11758:Alliance 11749:Networks 11623:Domestic 11402:Creation 11384:Slovakia 11279:Bulgaria 11193:Category 11142:document 11052:document 10909:Ardennes 10893:Budapest 10841:Crossbow 10719:Overlord 10558:Smolensk 9776:Timeline 9611:Slovakia 9597:Thailand 9448:Ethiopia 9413:Bulgaria 9337:Portugal 9275:Thailand 9157:Bulgaria 8935:Eswatini 8928:Ethiopia 8881:Bulgaria 8706:Unit 731 8667:Response 8484:Keelhaul 8434:Cold War 8407:Americas 8398:timeline 8391:Atlantic 8271:Theaters 7903:Thailand 7391:(2011). 7240:(1981). 7116:Archived 7079:Archived 7023:Archived 7004:Archived 6983:Archived 6817:Archived 6755:29 March 6717:website 6707:Archived 6587:14816982 6462:Archived 6444:Archived 6385:Archived 6261:Archived 6230:Archived 6142:Archived 6084:Archived 5950:Archived 5896:Archived 5841:Archived 5718:Archived 5677:Archived 5610:27 March 5604:Archived 5242:Because 5138:See also 5108:Scotland 5104:Greenock 5084:Greenock 5037:and the 5003:Cold War 4969:was the 4860:in near 4823:logistic 4785:and the 4335:and the 4184:Provence 4172:Normandy 3822:and the 3760:de facto 3114:Damascus 2887:meeting 2761:squadron 2759:and one 2482:Greenock 2449:, and a 2447:Lorraine 2047:Despite 1831:Bordeaux 1829:flew to 1724:Boulogne 1596:and the 1282:Nordwind 1269:Dompaire 1264:Lorraine 1217:Overlord 1139:Exporter 997:Taxation 975:Religion 970:Politics 963:Consorts 958:Monarchs 953:Military 948:Medicine 624:987–1328 613:987–1792 567:Frankish 565:and the 488:Timeline 460:a series 458:Part of 218:de facto 204:de facto 15000:Outline 14982:Theatre 14977:Symbols 14937:Gardens 14927:Fashion 14919:Cuisine 14886:Culture 14876:Welfare 14849:Poverty 14787:Society 14763:Tourism 14723:Exports 14696:Banking 14674:Economy 14633:history 14528:Islands 14523:Borders 14156:Francia 14110:Ancient 14088:Regions 14039:History 14024:History 13918:Related 13451:Pacific 13300:Lorient 13290:Dunkirk 13196:Dunkirk 13080:Lorient 12676:Leaders 12520:Belgium 12448:Members 12271:Leaders 11882:Vercors 11835:Others: 11591: 11552:Battles 11377:Romania 11314:Germany 11307:Estonia 11293:Denmark 11272:Belgium 11265:Austria 11258:Albania 11119:Shumshu 10886:Hungary 10833:Estonia 10817:Lapland 10795:Dragoon 10728:Neptune 10710:Ichi-Go 10676:Tempest 10618:Changde 10573:Cottage 10465:Jubilee 10181:Finland 10079:Compass 9785:Prelude 9738:Finland 9624:Vietnam 9590:Romania 9462:Germany 9441:Estonia 9427:Denmark 9406:Belgium 9399:Austria 9392:Albania 9323:Ireland 9309:Andorra 9293:Neutral 9260:Romania 9194:Hungary 9179:Finland 9051:Romania 8943:Finland 8921:Denmark 8867:Belgium 8853:Algeria 8559:Romania 8545:Hungary 8301:Pacific 8025:General 7979:Leaders 7964:Battles 7957:Outline 7879:Denmark 7867:Austria 7510:Belgium 6216:, p 77. 5724:6 March 5674:bbm.org 5088:Gourock 5062:and in 4991:V-E day 4973:of the 4925:in the 4881:company 4713:treason 4685:Belfort 4455:Antwerp 4312:In the 4308:in 1944 4101:Gestapo 3954:Tunisia 3864:of the 3679:(FEC). 3527:at the 3345:removed 3330:sources 3201:Lebanon 2943:at the 2891:in Chad 2719:convoys 2707:Admiral 2676:Roselys 2664:Poulmic 2659:Surcouf 2506:Surcouf 2451:cockade 2430:In his 2381:with a 2208:), the 2196:Léopard 1974:Belgian 1805:at the 1716:Dunkirk 1692:Reynaud 1679:Prelude 1674:History 1548:Algiers 1371:during 1335:Oceania 1311:Crimson 1305:Réunion 1246:Dragoon 1240:Vercors 1201:Glières 1191:Corsica 1167:Tunisia 990:Judaism 928:Economy 907:present 603:843–987 592:751–987 582:481–751 563:Francia 497:Ancient 375:• 362:• 347:• 330:• 317:• 304:• 214:Algiers 193:de jure 184:Capital 102:Anthem: 15014:Portal 14914:Cinema 14894:Anthem 14866:Racism 14844:People 14738:Mining 14713:Energy 14548:Rivers 14513:Cities 14445:May 68 14016:topics 14013:France 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