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73:
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6285:
5347:
4470:
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2583:
6054:
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93:
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1798:
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64:
364:
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resources to Japan. In exchange, Japan promised not to launch any attacks in
Southeast Asia and to withdraw its forces from southern Indochina. The American counter-proposal of 26 November required that Japan evacuate all of China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with all Pacific powers. That meant Japan was essentially forced to choose between abandoning its ambitions in China, or seizing the natural resources it needed in the Dutch East Indies by force; the Japanese military did not consider the former an option, and many officers considered the oil embargo an unspoken declaration of war.
1952:
376:
11868:" The principal cause of Japan's surrender was the ability of the United States to increase the military vulnerability of Japan's home islands, persuading Japanese leaders that defense of the homeland was highly unlikely to succeed. The key military factor causing this effect was the sea blockade, which crippled Japan's ability to produce and equip the forces necessary to execute its strategy. The most important factor accounting for the timing of surrender was the Soviet attack against Manchuria, largely because it persuaded previously adamant Army leaders that the homeland could not be defended.".
424:
113:
3421:
104:
436:
448:
9984:, p. 5, calls attention to the fact that "the Allied struggle against Japan exposed the racist underpinnings of the European and American colonial structure. Japan did not invade independent countries in southern Asia. It invaded colonial outposts which the Westerners had dominated for generations, taking absolutely for granted their racial and cultural superiority over their Asian subjects." Dower goes on to note that, before the horrors of Japanese occupation made themselves felt, many Asians responded favourably to the victories of the Imperial Japanese forces.
3950:
400:
4339:
3575:
5511:
4763:
2888:
24477:
388:
4230:
5771:
6261:
2182:
6147:
6597:
2325:
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5735:. By contrast, the United Kingdom was in a state of economic ruin, and although receiving a quarter of the total Marshall Plan assistance, more than any other European country, it continued in relative economic decline for decades. The Soviet Union, despite enormous human and material losses, also experienced rapid increase in production in the immediate post-war era, having seized and transferred most of Germany's industrial plants and exacted
3683:
4625:
3889:, China, Australia, and several other states to formally declare war on Japan, whereas the Soviet Union, being heavily involved in large-scale hostilities with European Axis countries, maintained its neutrality agreement with Japan. Germany, followed by the other Axis states, declared war on the United States in solidarity with Japan, citing as justification the American attacks on German war vessels that had been ordered by Roosevelt.
6376:
2992:
8203:, p. 128, observes that, while it is true that Poland was far away, making it difficult for the French and British to provide support, "ew Western historians of World War II ... know that the British had committed to bomb Germany if it attacked Poland, but did not do so except for one raid on the base of Wilhelmshaven. The French, who committed to attacking Germany in the west, had no intention of doing so."
84:
7526:: "Although some Chinese troops in the Northeast managed to retreat south, others were trapped by the advancing Japanese Army and were faced with the choice of resistance in defiance of orders, or surrender. A few commanders submitted, receiving high office in the puppet government, but others took up arms against the invader. The forces they commanded were the first of the volunteer armies."
3775:, but negotiations for additional access to their resources ended in failure in June 1941. In July 1941 Japan sent troops to southern Indochina, thus threatening British and Dutch possessions in the Far East. The United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western governments reacted to this move with a freeze on Japanese assets and a total oil embargo. At the same time, Japan was
6408:
Axis powers (Germany and Italy); including colonies, the Allies had more than a 5:1 advantage in population and a nearly 2:1 advantage in GDP. In Asia at the same time, China had roughly six times the population of Japan but only an 89 percent higher GDP; this reduces to three times the population and only a 38 percent higher GDP if
Japanese colonies are included.
9493:, pp. 213–214, notes that "Zhukov had pushed the Germans back where they had launched Operation Typhoon two months before. ... Only Stalin's decision to attack all along the front instead of concentrating his forces in an all-out assault against the retreating German Army Group Centre prevented the disaster from being even worse."
2884:. On 6 October, Hitler made a public peace overture to the United Kingdom and France but said that the future of Poland was to be determined exclusively by Germany and the Soviet Union. The proposal was rejected and Hitler ordered an immediate offensive against France, which was postponed until the spring of 1940 due to bad weather.
4209:, though the latter failed disastrously. By early February 1943, the German Army had taken tremendous losses; German troops at Stalingrad had been defeated, and the front-line had been pushed back beyond its position before the summer offensive. In mid-February, after the Soviet push had tapered off, the Germans launched another
3291:, but the attack was repulsed with heavy Italian casualties; the campaign ended within months with minor territorial changes. To assist Italy and prevent Britain from gaining a foothold, Germany prepared to invade the Balkans, which would threaten Romanian oil fields and strike against British dominance of the Mediterranean.
5985:. The exact number of German women and girls raped by Soviet troops during the war and occupation is uncertain, but historians estimate their numbers are likely in the hundreds of thousands, and possibly as many as two million, while figures for women raped by German soldiers in the Soviet Union go as far as ten million.
5389:. In Austria, however, occupation continued until 1955, when a joint settlement between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union permitted the reunification of Austria as a democratic state officially non-aligned with any political bloc (although in practice having better relations with the Western Allies). A
6676:, short-ranged infantry antitank weapons, and other tanks were used. Even with large-scale mechanisation, infantry remained the backbone of all forces, and throughout the war, most infantry were equipped similarly to World War I. The portable machine gun spread, a notable example being the German
6893:
using Soviet-dominated joint enterprises. The USSR also instituted trading arrangements deliberately designed to favour the country. Moscow controlled the
Communist parties that ruled the satellite states, and they followed orders from the Kremlin. Historian Mark Kramer concludes: "The net outflow of
6407:
In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. In 1938, the
Western Allies (United Kingdom, France, Poland and the British Dominions) had a 30 percent larger population and a 30 percent higher gross domestic product than the European
5785:
The Soviet Union alone lost around 27 million people during the war, including 8.7 million military and 19 million civilian deaths. A quarter of the total people in the Soviet Union were wounded or killed. Germany sustained 5.3 million military losses, mostly on the
Eastern Front
4049:
in China, with the goal of inflicting retribution on the
Chinese who aided the surviving American airmen in the Doolittle Raid by destroying Chinese air bases and fighting against the Chinese 23rd and 32nd Army Groups. In early June, Japan put its operations into action, but the Americans had broken
3928:
on
Germany through France. The Soviets demanded a second front. The British argued that military operations should target peripheral areas to wear out German strength, leading to increasing demoralisation, and bolstering resistance forces; Germany itself would be subject to a heavy bombing campaign.
14061:
mineral raw materials are the basis of industrial power, and this in turn is the basis of military power. England and the United States of
America alone control economic proportions of nearly three-fourths of the world's production of minerals. Not less important, they control the seas over which
7297:
Subtitle: "Moscow, October 19. (UP) – Following are the texts of a Soviet–Japanese peace declaration and of a trade protocol between the two countries, signed here today, in unofficial translation from the
Russian". Quote: "The state of war between the U.S.S.R. and Japan ends on the day the present
3782:
Since early 1941, the United States and Japan had been engaged in negotiations in an attempt to improve their strained relations and end the war in China. During these negotiations, Japan advanced a number of proposals which were dismissed by the
Americans as inadequate. At the same time the United
11361:
The coup speeded the Red Army's advance, and the Soviet Union later awarded Michael the Order of Victory for his courage in overthrowing Antonescu and putting an end to Romania's war against the Allies. Western historians uniformly point out that the Communists played only a supporting role in the
3940:
of their enemies. The British and Americans agreed to continue to press the initiative in the Mediterranean by invading Sicily to fully secure the Mediterranean supply routes. Although the British argued for further operations in the Balkans to bring Turkey into the war, in May 1943, the Americans
3637:
was renewed; after two months of fierce battles in increasingly harsh weather, the German army almost reached the outer suburbs of Moscow, where the exhausted troops were forced to suspend the offensive. Large territorial gains were made by Axis forces, but their campaign had failed to achieve its
6655:
with increases in speed, armour and firepower. At the start of the war, most commanders thought enemy tanks should be met by tanks with superior specifications. This idea was challenged by the poor performance of the relatively light early tank guns against armour, and German doctrine of avoiding
6411:
The United States produced about two-thirds of all munitions used by the Allies in World War II, including warships, transports, warplanes, artillery, tanks, trucks, and ammunition. Although the Allies' economic and population advantages were largely mitigated during the initial rapid blitzkrieg
3837:
to the Emperor. On 5 November, Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for the war. On 20 November, the new government presented an interim proposal as its final offer. It called for the end of American aid to China and for lifting the embargo on the supply of oil and other
2546:
Although all of Germany's stated demands had been satisfied by the agreement, privately Hitler was furious that British interference had prevented him from seizing all of Czechoslovakia in one operation. In subsequent speeches Hitler attacked British and Jewish "war-mongers" and in January 1939
6348:
frequently turned local public opinion against them. During Japan's initial conquest, it captured 4,000,000 barrels (640,000 m) of oil (~550,000 tonnes) left behind by retreating Allied forces; and by 1943, was able to get production in the Dutch East Indies up to 50 million barrels
3841:
Japan planned to seize European colonies in Asia to create a large defensive perimeter stretching into the Central Pacific. The Japanese would then be free to exploit the resources of Southeast Asia while exhausting the over-stretched Allies by fighting a defensive war. To prevent American
3442:
With the situation in Europe and Asia relatively stable, Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union made preparations for war. With the Soviets wary of mounting tensions with Germany, and the Japanese planning to take advantage of the European War by seizing resource-rich European possessions in
3211:. Still, a large majority of the American public continued to oppose any direct military intervention in the conflict well into 1941. In December 1940, Roosevelt accused Hitler of planning world conquest and ruled out any negotiations as useless, calling for the United States to become an "
3471:
to determine if the Soviet Union would join the pact. The Soviets showed some interest but asked for concessions from Finland, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Japan that Germany considered unacceptable. On 18 December 1940, Hitler issued the directive to prepare for an invasion of the Soviet Union.
3454:
Hitler believed that the United Kingdom's refusal to end the war was based on the hope that the United States and the Soviet Union would enter the war against Germany sooner or later. On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of
13121:"Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherand) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators"
4423:, thereby dispelling any chance of German victory or even stalemate in the east. The Soviet victory at Kursk marked the end of German superiority, giving the Soviet Union the initiative on the Eastern Front. The Germans tried to stabilise their eastern front along the hastily fortified
4408:. Within a week, German forces had exhausted themselves against the Soviets' well-constructed defences, and for the first time in the war, Hitler cancelled an operation before it had achieved tactical or operational success. This decision was partially affected by the Western Allies'
5896:, civilian deaths are between 10 million and 20 million, whereas Chinese military casualties (killed and wounded) are estimated to be over five million. Other estimates say that up to 30 million people, most of them civilians, were killed. The most infamous Japanese atrocity was the
3929:
An offensive against Germany would then be launched primarily by Allied armour, without using large-scale armies. Eventually, the British persuaded the Americans that a landing in France was infeasible in 1942 and they should instead focus on driving the Axis out of North Africa.
15357:
7045:
9398:, p. 26: "By 1 November had lost fully 20% of its committed strength (686,000 men), up to 2/3 of its ½ million motor vehicles, and 65 percent of its tanks. The German Army High Command (OKH) rated its 136 divisions as equivalent to 83 full-strength divisions."
6280:
of industrial products, military equipment, raw materials and other goods. Thus, the income from occupied nations was over 40 percent of the income Germany collected from taxation, a figure which increased to nearly 40 percent of total German income as the war went on.
6200:
found the death rate of Western prisoners was 27 percent (for American POWs, 37 percent), seven times that of POWs under the Germans and Italians. While 37,583 prisoners from the UK, 28,500 from the Netherlands, and 14,473 from the United States were released after the
14120:
By producing nearly two thirds of the munitions used by Allied forces – including huge numbers of aircraft, ships, tanks, trucks, rifles, artillery shells, and bombs – American industry became what President Franklin D. Roosevelt once called 'the arsenal of democracy'
2670:
for the Soviet Union), and raised the question of continuing Polish independence. The pact neutralised the possibility of Soviet opposition to a campaign against Poland and assured that Germany would not have to face the prospect of a two-front war, as it had in World
1923:, was created. The interwar period saw strife between supporters of the new republic and hardline opponents on both the political right and left. Italy, as an Entente ally, had made some post-war territorial gains; however, Italian nationalists were angered that the
7285:
2675:
I. Immediately afterwards, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it.
2256:. The United Kingdom and France supported imposing sanctions on Italy for the invasion, but the sanctions were not fully enforced and failed to end the Italian invasion. Italy subsequently dropped its objections to Germany's goal of absorbing
6894:
resources from eastern Europe to the Soviet Union was approximately $ 15 billion to $ 20 billion in the first decade after World War II, an amount roughly equal to the total aid provided by the United States to western Europe under the
3728:
by both sides, by 1940 the war between China and Japan was at a stalemate. To increase pressure on China by blocking supply routes, and to better position Japanese forces in the event of a war with the Western powers, Japan invaded and
4028:
and thus sever communications and supply lines between the United States and Australia. The planned invasion was thwarted when an Allied task force, centred on two American fleet carriers, fought Japanese naval forces to a draw in the
11706:
1945: In the single deadliest air raid of World War II, 330 American B-29s rain incendiary bombs on Tokyo, touching off a firestorm that kills upwards of 100,000 people, burns a quarter of the city to the ground, and leaves a million
15371:
2649:
with Germany, after tripartite negotiations for a military alliance between France, the United Kingdom, and Soviet Union had stalled. This pact had a secret protocol that defined German and Soviet "spheres of influence" (western
2282:. Italy supported the Nationalists to a greater extent than the Nazis: Mussolini sent more than 70,000 ground troops, 6,000 aviation personnel, and 720 aircraft to Spain. The Soviet Union supported the existing government of the
4960:. By 16 January 1945, this offensive had been repulsed with no strategic objectives fulfilled. In Italy, the Western Allies remained stalemated at the German defensive line. In mid-January 1945, the Red Army attacked in Poland,
9936:, p. 26: "The United States cut off oil exports to Japan in the summer of 1941, forcing Japanese leaders to choose between going to war to seize the oil fields of the Netherlands East Indies or giving in to U.S. pressure."
6230:(Japanese: "manual labourers"), were forced to work by the Japanese military. About 270,000 of these Javanese labourers were sent to other Japanese-held areas in Southeast Asia, and only 52,000 were repatriated to Java.
1943:
agenda that abolished representative democracy, repressed socialist, left-wing, and liberal forces, and pursued an aggressive expansionist foreign policy aimed at making Italy a world power, promising the creation of a
6647:, which had been used predominantly for infantry support in the First World War, had evolved into the primary weapon. In the late 1930s, tank design was considerably more advanced than it had been during World War
7350:
1704:, who stated that the Sino-Japanese War and war in Europe and its colonies occurred simultaneously, and the two wars became World War II in 1941. Other proposed starting dates for World War II include the
6428:
contributed significantly. Additionally, neither Germany nor Japan planned to fight a protracted war, and had not equipped themselves to do so. To improve their production, Germany and Japan used millions of
27194:
7280:
2977:, with a course set towards the Axis in the hopes of a German guarantee. Meanwhile, German-Soviet political relations and economic co-operation gradually stalled, and both states began preparations for war.
3234:. The Tripartite Pact stipulated that any country—with the exception of the Soviet Union—that attacked any Axis Power would be forced to go to war against all three. The Axis expanded in November 1940 when
13425:
Kużniar-Plota, Małgorzata (30 November 2004). "Decision to commence investigation into Katyn Massacre". Departmental Commission for the Prosecution of Crimes against the Polish Nation. Retrieved 4 August
10050:, p. 155, Churchill stated: "Russian declaration of war on Japan would be greatly to our advantage, provided, but only provided, that Russians are confident that will not impair their Western Front."
3467:. However, other senior German officials like Ribbentrop saw an opportunity to create a Euro-Asian bloc against the British Empire by inviting the Soviet Union into the Tripartite Pact. In November 1940,
8374:
Blitzkrieg: From the Rise of Hitler to the Fall of Dunkirk, L Deighton, Jonathan Cape, 1993, pp. 186–87. Deighton states that "the offensive was postponed twenty-nine times before it finally took place."
1434:
World War II changed the political alignment and social structure of the world, and it set the foundation of international relations for the rest of the 20th century and into the 21st century. The
21211:
17806:
5263:
The call for unconditional surrender was rejected by the Japanese government, which believed it would be capable of negotiating for more favourable surrender terms. In early August, the United States
2769:. The United Kingdom responded with an ultimatum for Germany to cease military operations, and on 3 September, after the ultimatum was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany. followed by
5688:, and by 1950 its gross domestic product per person was much higher than that of any of the other powers, and it dominated the world economy. The Allied occupational authorities pursued a policy of
3783:
States, the United Kingdom, and the Netherlands engaged in secret discussions for the joint defence of their territories, in the event of a Japanese attack against any of them. Roosevelt reinforced
2695:
in which the German minority would vote on secession. The Poles refused to comply with the German demands, and on the night of 30–31 August in a confrontational meeting with the British ambassador
4104:. Guadalcanal soon became a focal point for both sides with heavy commitments of troops and ships in the battle for Guadalcanal. By the start of 1943, the Japanese were defeated on the island and
3076:
rapidly advanced to the Channel and cut off the Allied forces in Belgium, trapping the bulk of the Allied armies in a cauldron on the Franco-Belgian border near Lille. The United Kingdom was able
6276:) Germany established economic policies through which it collected roughly 69.5 billion reichsmarks (27.8 billion U.S. dollars) by the end of the war; this figure does not include the
3716:. In 1939, the United States notified Japan that it would not be extending its trade treaty and American public opinion opposing Japanese expansionism led to a series of economic sanctions—the
2679:
In response to British requests for direct negotiations to avoid war, Germany made demands on Poland, which served as a pretext to worsen relations. On 29 August, Hitler demanded that a Polish
2294:
as an opportunity to test in combat their most advanced weapons and tactics. The Nationalists won the civil war in April 1939; Franco, now dictator, remained officially neutral during World War
3846:
and the American military presence in the Philippines from the outset. On 7 December 1941 (8 December in Asian time zones), Japan attacked British and American holdings with near-simultaneous
18063:
Lee, En-han (2002). "The Nanking Massacre Reassessed: A Study of the Sino-Japanese Controversy over the Factual Number of Massacred Victims". In Robert Sabella; Fei Fei Li; David Liu (eds.).
5373:, both initially divided between western and eastern occupation zones controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union, respectively. However, their paths soon diverged. In Germany, the
7147:
27214:
11322:
3100:
2535:, which was made against the wishes of the Czechoslovak government, in exchange for a promise of no further territorial demands. Soon afterwards, Germany and Italy forced Czechoslovakia to
7317:
6656:
tank-versus-tank combat. This, along with Germany's use of combined arms, were among the key elements of their highly successful blitzkrieg tactics across Poland and France. Many means of
6934:
4554:
5646:
between 1945 and 1948. Separate republics emerged on both sides of the 38th parallel in 1948, each claiming to be the legitimate government for all of Korea, which led ultimately to the
4608:
of China aimed to destroy China's main fighting forces, secure railways between Japanese-held territory and capture Allied airfields. By June, the Japanese had conquered the province of
4577:, which were repulsed by the Axis troops. The Allied offensives in Italy had succeeded and, at the expense of allowing several German divisions to retreat, Rome was captured on 4 June.
2385:
1636:
4507:, while the latter included agreement that the Western Allies would invade Europe in 1944 and that the Soviet Union would declare war on Japan within three months of Germany's defeat.
5684:
The global economy suffered heavily from the war, although participating nations were affected differently. The United States emerged much richer than any other nation, leading to a
2923:
2033:
was required to go through the bureaucracy of the League of Nations, which rendered it essentially toothless. The United States, concerned with events in Europe and Asia, passed the
20364:
Steury, Donald P. (1987). "Naval Intelligence, the Atlantic Campaign and the Sinking of the Bismarck: A Study in the Integration of Intelligence into the Conduct of Naval Warfare".
10059:
6416:. While the Allies' ability to out-produce the Axis was partly due to more access to natural resources, other factors, such as Germany and Japan's reluctance to employ women in the
2456:, which emphasised Japan's expansion northward, was favoured by the Imperial Army during this time. This policy would prove difficult to maintain in light of the Japanese defeat at
7017:
2426:
by October. Japanese military victories did not bring about the collapse of Chinese resistance that Japan had hoped to achieve; instead, the Chinese government relocated inland to
13046:
5692:
from 1945 to 1948. Due to international trade interdependencies, this policy led to an economic stagnation in Europe and delayed European recovery from the war for several years.
13529:
Zur Debatte um die Ausstellung Vernichtungskrieg. Verbrechen der Wehrmacht 1941–1944 im Kieler Landeshaus (Debate on the War of Extermination. Crimes of the Wehrmacht, 1941–1944)
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5778:
Estimates for the total number of casualties in the war vary, because many deaths went unrecorded. Most suggest that some 60 million people died in the war, including about
13718:
1891:
had emerged in several European states. These sentiments were especially marked in Germany because of the significant territorial, colonial, and financial losses imposed by the
5287:, which was the largest Japanese fighting force. These two events persuaded previously adamant Imperial Army leaders to accept surrender terms. The Red Army also captured the
4252:, and reclaimed all the gains the Germans and Italians had made. The Germans also launched a North African offensive in January, pushing the British back to positions at the
3989:
was eventually captured in May 1942, forcing its government into exile. On 16 April, in Burma, 7,000 British soldiers were encircled by the Japanese 33rd Division during the
1631:
27179:
14755:
6554:
due to the relatively low cost of aircraft and because they are not required to be as heavily armoured. Submarines, which had proved to be an effective weapon during the
6185:. By the end of the war, most Soviet POWs liberated from Nazi camps and many repatriated civilians were detained in special filtration camps where they were subjected to
3219:
programmes of military and humanitarian aid to support the British war effort; Lend-Lease was later extended to the other Allies, including the Soviet Union after it was
23048:
6124:
6100:
3543:. During the summer, the Axis made significant gains into Soviet territory, inflicting immense losses in both personnel and materiel. By mid-August, however, the German
1439:
was established to foster international cooperation and prevent conflicts, with the victorious great powers—China, France, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US—becoming
22793:
12306:
7340:
25118:
22401:
13742:
J. Arch Getty, Gábor T. Rittersporn and Viktor N. Zemskov. Victims of the Soviet Penal System in the Pre-War Years: A First Approach on the Basisof Archival Evidence.
8341:
Nuremberg Documents C-62/GB86, a directive from Hitler in October 1939 which concludes: "The attack is to be launched this Autumn if conditions are at all possible."
5900:, in which fifty to three hundred thousand Chinese civilians were raped and murdered. Mitsuyoshi Himeta reported that 2.7 million casualties occurred during the
3720:—which banned U.S. exports of chemicals, minerals and military parts to Japan, and increased economic pressure on the Japanese regime. During 1939 Japan launched its
24686:
24399:
22417:
13163:
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by early February, followed by a temporary lull in combat which Germany used to prepare for their upcoming offensives. Concerns that the Japanese might use bases in
3318:. The offensives were successful; by early February 1941, Italy had lost control of eastern Libya, and large numbers of Italian troops had been taken prisoner. The
1739:
The exact date of the war's end also is not universally agreed upon. It was generally accepted at the time that the war ended with the armistice of 15 August 1945 (
5476:
4816:
against the occupation since 1941, controlled much of the territory of Yugoslavia and engaged in delaying efforts against German forces further south. In northern
1440:
22737:
7260:
6412:
attacks of Germany and Japan, they became the decisive factor by 1942, after the United States and Soviet Union joined the Allies and the war evolved into one of
4450:
that were in many places without superior orders, seizing military control of Italian areas, and creating a series of defensive lines. German special forces then
26377:
24871:
22340:
22312:
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The earliest fighting started at 0445 hours when marines from the battleship Schleswig-Holstein attempted to storm a small Polish fort in Danzig, the Westerplate
24896:
1767:
II issues. No formal peace treaty between Japan and the Soviet Union was ever signed, although the state of war between the two countries was terminated by the
24378:
23057:
22744:
21878:
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was among the first attacks in this campaign, inflicting significant casualties and considerable losses on infrastructure of this important industrial centre.
4280:, demonstrated the Western Allies' inability to launch an invasion of continental Europe without much better preparation, equipment, and operational security.
1756:
1351:, and Allied offensives in the Pacific—cost the Axis powers their initiative and forced them into strategic retreat on all fronts. In 1944, the Western Allies
16718:
Förster, Stig; Gessler, Myriam (2005). "The Ultimate Horror: Reflections on Total War and Genocide". In Roger Chickering; Stig Förster; Bernd Greiner (eds.).
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11232:, pp. 406–407: "Stalin always believed that Britain and America were delaying the second front so that the Soviet Union would bear the brunt of the war."
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which it claimed was for purposes of liberating colonised peoples. Although Japanese forces were sometimes welcomed as liberators from European domination,
26367:
24681:
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22319:
21505:
16695:(1998). "Hitler's Decision in Favour of War". In Horst Boog; Jürgen Förster; Joachim Hoffmann; Ernst Klink; Rolf-Dieter Muller; Gerd R. Ueberschar (eds.).
6692:, a late war development incorporating many features of the rifle and submachine gun, became the standard post-war infantry weapon for most armed forces.
6127:
were kept in especially unbearable conditions, and 3.6 million Soviet POWs out of 5.7 million died in Nazi camps during the war. In addition to
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21942:
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Klavans, Richard A.; Di Benedetto, C. Anthony; Prudom, Melanie J. (1997). "Understanding Competitive Interactions: The U.S. Commercial Aircraft Market".
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in Czechoslovakia. By the 1950s, one-fifth of West Germans were refugees from the east. The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the
4373:
After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to
2460:
in 1939, the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War and ally Nazi Germany pursuing neutrality with the Soviets. Japan and the Soviet Union eventually signed a
1681:
1324:
1214:
18575:(1993). "Reconstruction and the UK Postwar Welfare State: False Start and New Beginning". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.).
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about Germany, and the American, British and Chinese governments reiterated the demand for unconditional surrender of Japan, specifically stating that "
4910:, and provided the United States with air bases to launch intensive heavy bomber attacks on the Japanese home islands. In late October, American forces
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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East [6 volumes]: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East
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In the 1930s Britain and the United States of America together controlled almost 75% of world mineral output—essential for projecting military power.
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Major changes in leadership occurred on both sides during this period. On 12 April, President Roosevelt died and was succeeded by his vice president,
2005:
was legally reunited with Germany, and Hitler repudiated the Treaty of Versailles, accelerated his rearmament programme, and introduced conscription.
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25138:
22716:
22163:
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6247:
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system of deadly camps during 1942–43, when wartime privation and hunger caused numerous deaths of inmates, including foreign citizens of Poland and
5978:
5657:
in June 1946. Communist forces were victorious and established the People's Republic of China on the mainland, while nationalist forces retreated to
4377:. Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to
3941:
extracted a British commitment to limit Allied operations in the Mediterranean to an invasion of the Italian mainland, and to invade France in 1944.
3756:, effectively ending their co-operation. In March, the Japanese 11th army attacked the headquarters of the Chinese 19th army but was repulsed during
2873:
2655:
16188:(1993). "The Marshall Plan: History's Most Successful Structural Adjustment Program". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.).
12045:
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region, which was mistakenly perceived by the Allies as an impenetrable natural barrier against armoured vehicles. By successfully implementing new
2645:
The situation became a crisis in late August as German troops continued to mobilise against the Polish border. On 23 August the Soviet Union signed
27259:
24530:
22016:
21396:
11693:
8461:
7137:
6197:
5437:
4592:. In May 1944, British and Indian forces mounted a counter-offensive that drove Japanese troops back to Burma by July, and Chinese forces that had
2973:. The loss of one-third of Romania's 1939 territory caused a coup against King Carol II, turning Romania into a fascist dictatorship under Marshal
1159:
11314:
5888:
In Asia and the Pacific, the number of people killed by Japanese troops remains contested. According to R.J. Rummel, the Japanese killed between 3
3752:
in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists. Continued antipathy between Chinese communist and nationalist forces
3451:
in April 1941. By contrast, the Germans were steadily making preparations for an attack on the Soviet Union, massing forces on the Soviet border.
22453:
21765:
13799:
9708:
9626:
9202:, 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541, Director: Humphrey, Richard A., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, pp. 267–312 (
7309:
5484:
5417:
3790:
2639:
1058:
19453:
13604:
27445:
26382:
25203:
25009:
24979:
24962:
22272:
21574:
16115:
11744:
4558:
2858:
975:
24271:
17367:(2003). "The Nazi Extermination Camps and the Ally to the East. Could the Red Army and Air Force Have Stopped or Slowed the Final Solution?".
16965:
16840:
5186:
2926:
allowing the creation of Soviet military bases in these countries; in October 1939, significant Soviet military contingents were moved there.
936:
27690:
26407:
25004:
23064:
23027:
23004:
22525:
21447:
21417:
13857:
8241:
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1768:
1618:
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10756:
10078:, 78th Congress, 2d Session – House Document N. 541, Director: Humphrey, Richard A., Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office, p. 310 (
5397:
and the removal of ex-Nazis from power, although this policy moved towards amnesty and re-integration of ex-Nazis into West German society.
4956:, hoping to encircle large portions of Western Allied troops and prompt a political settlement after capturing their primary supply port at
4948:
On 16 December 1944, Germany made a last attempt to split the Allies on the Western Front by using most of its remaining reserves to launch
1927:
by the United Kingdom and France to secure Italian entrance into the war were not fulfilled in the peace settlement. From 1922 to 1925, the
72:
27234:
25752:
24937:
24802:
23157:
23013:
22997:
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22217:
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under the supposed pretext that the Polish state had ceased to exist. On 27 September, the Warsaw garrison surrendered to the Germans, and
2552:
18141:
8155:
7700:
6272:
In Europe, occupation came under two forms. In Western, Northern, and Central Europe (France, Norway, Denmark, the Low Countries, and the
27254:
25019:
23914:
22981:
22893:
22837:
22800:
22082:
13473:
13097:
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formed in most occupied territories, they did not significantly hamper German operations in either the East or the West until late 1943.
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6182:
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million and more than 10 million people, with the most probable case of almost 6,000,000 people. According to the British historian
5818:
5662:
5429:
4593:
3590:
The diversion of three-quarters of the Axis troops and the majority of their air forces from France and the central Mediterranean to the
2356:
1685:
1218:
24666:
16921:
14645:
13036:
13014:
9880:
6762:
Other technological and engineering feats achieved during, or as a result of, the war include the world's first programmable computers (
27700:
25198:
25178:
22886:
21618:
16019:
13963:
Institute of National Remembrance, Polska 1939–1945 Straty osobowe i ofiary represji pod dwiema okupacjami. Materski and Szarota. p. 9
13677:
13185:
5810:
5536:, which led to establishment of Communist-led regimes, with full or partial support of the Soviet occupation authorities. As a result,
5381:
controlled by the Western Allies and the Soviet Union officially ended in 1949, with the respective zones becoming separate countries,
3886:
1359:
and pushed Germany and its allies westward. In 1944 and 1945, Japan suffered reversals in mainland Asia, while the Allies crippled the
725:
653:
19756:
13708:
12091:
11986:
11963:
6284:
5346:
27705:
26322:
24392:
23020:
21410:
21368:
14607:
12563:
12193:
9917:
6008:
5561:
5264:
4538:
3882:
3821:, after initial hesitation about Japan's chances of victory, began to favour Japan's entry into the war. As a result, Prime Minister
2151:
2030:
1496:
1396:
1115:
148:
13531:
12781:
4514:, the Chinese awaited allied relief as they forced Japan to fight a costly war of attrition. In January 1944, the Allies launched a
27695:
26568:
25596:
25133:
24241:
22060:
21834:
21597:
21463:
21274:
16343:
16316:
Eastman, Lloyd E. (1986). "Nationalist China during the Sino-Japanese War 1937–1945". In John K. Fairbank; Denis Twitchett (eds.).
15804:
15333:
Borstelmann, Thomas (2005). "The United States, the Cold War, and the colour line". In Melvyn P. Leffler; David S. Painter (eds.).
12235:
5569:
4147:, keeping most territorial gains they had achieved during the previous year. In May, the Germans defeated Soviet offensives in the
1663:
1589:
1553:
1464:
985:
764:
737:
278:
238:
20719:
4488:, the resulting sizeable German submarine losses forced a temporary halt of the German Atlantic naval campaign. In November 1943,
4400:
In the Soviet Union, both the Germans and the Soviets spent the spring and early summer of 1943 preparing for large offensives in
3817:
Frustrated at the lack of progress and feeling the pinch of the American–British–Dutch sanctions, Japan prepared for war. Emperor
27685:
27680:
27209:
26915:
26465:
25236:
24988:
23136:
22933:
21970:
21470:
21382:
21318:
18742:
15237:
14695:
13549:
6358:
5970:
4712:
4304:
2275:
1576:
1508:
860:
14763:
13394:
7236:
5857:, with an estimated 50,000–68,000 victims (of which 41,000 were civilians). Also, more than 100,000 Poles were massacred by the
2468:, promoted by the Navy, which took its focus southward and eventually led to war with the United States and the Western Allies.
27435:
25684:
24558:
23339:
22851:
21701:
21239:
17732:
17707:
12846:
9948:, p. 9, listing various military and diplomatic developments, observes that "the threat to Japan was not purely economic."
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5615:
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3713:
3464:
3280:
1862:
1308:
566:
181:
20994:
Wolf, Holger C. (1993). "The Lucky Miracle: Germany 1945–1951". In Rudiger Dornbusch; Wilhelm Nölling; Richard Layard (eds.).
16440:
13287:
12401:
5136:, while on 5 June all German political and military institutions were transferred under the control of the Allies through the
2877:
27385:
26573:
26262:
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20255:
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20213:
20194:
20175:
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20043:
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19879:
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19507:
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19373:
19347:
19324:
19301:
19278:
19252:
19229:
19206:
19181:
19155:
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19010:
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18871:
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18794:
18771:
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18704:
18681:
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18562:
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18405:
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18353:
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18305:
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17863:
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17690:
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16954:
16910:
16885:
16826:
16802:
16779:
16756:
16731:
16708:
16682:
16663:
16616:
Farrell, Brian P. (1993). "Yes, Prime Minister: Barbarossa, Whipcord, and the Basis of British Grand Strategy, Autumn 1941".
16606:
16576:
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16472:
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14863:
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14101:
13633:
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13444:
13342:
13267:
13224:
13091:
12932:
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11999:
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11407:
10419:
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9681:
9471:
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8522:
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7559:
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6421:
6326:
6143:
from German-occupied countries were abducted and used as a slave work force in German industry, agriculture and war economy.
5507:
in 1991. The alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union had begun to deteriorate even before the war was over.
5464:
5441:
4382:
4366:
3730:
3660:
which established that a minimal number of Soviet troops in the East would be sufficient to deter any attack by the Japanese
2835:
2396:
in December 1937. After the fall of Nanking, tens or hundreds of thousands of Chinese civilians and disarmed combatants were
1503:
870:
720:
35:
16264:
de Grazia, Victoria; Paggi, Leonardo (Autumn 1991). "Story of an Ordinary Massacre: Civitella della Chiana, 29 June, 1944".
14107:
11637:
8528:
7565:
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24523:
24168:
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22093:
22089:
22067:
21671:
20088:
6605:
5253:
5234:
5148:
5089:
4295:
in Egypt, dislodging the Axis forces and beginning a drive west across Libya. This attack was followed up shortly after by
3982:
3855:
3315:
2865:
2439:
1261:
786:
757:
268:
14096:. American Business, Politics, and Society (reprint ed.). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2.
13155:
8869:
8104:
3563:
was overwhelmingly successful, resulting in encirclement and elimination of four Soviet armies, and made possible further
27460:
26770:
24812:
24083:
23547:
22879:
22865:
22078:
9800:
6273:
5468:
4744:
4413:
3630:
3456:
3448:
2794:
2607:
2556:
2461:
1051:
916:
19334:
Radtke, K.W. (1997). "'Strategic' concepts underlying the so-called Hirota foreign policy, 1933–7". In Aiko Ikeo (ed.).
6455:
6053:
5354:, where the Allied forces prosecuted prominent members of the political, military, judicial, and economic leadership of
4065:
With its capacity for aggressive action greatly diminished as a result of the Midway battle, Japan attempted to capture
27725:
27590:
27575:
27545:
27420:
27274:
27269:
26512:
25091:
24967:
24578:
24292:
24161:
24039:
23617:
23332:
23283:
23041:
22596:
21848:
21687:
21535:
21389:
19564:
12820:
10032:
5850:
5303:. On 15 August, the Emperor communicated this decision to the Japanese people through a speech broadcast on the radio (
4984:
4899:
4574:
4327:
4014:
3480:
3235:
3055:
2715:
2582:
2568:
1916:
1571:
1372:
877:
11348:
7257:
5475:
that were the victors of the war—France, China, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States—became the
3294:
3087:, declaring war on both France and the United Kingdom. The Germans turned south against the weakened French army, and
27715:
27665:
27605:
27570:
27520:
27495:
27360:
27264:
27239:
27159:
26427:
25188:
25113:
25059:
25039:
24807:
24749:
24716:
24640:
24573:
24408:
23290:
23262:
23079:
22661:
22380:
22347:
13774:
11146:
6251:
6208:
At least five million Chinese civilians from northern China and Manchukuo were enslaved between 1935 and 1941 by the
6060:(SS) female camp guards removing prisoners' bodies from lorries and carrying them to a mass grave, inside the German
5982:
5814:
5779:
5723:
economic aid (1948–1951) both directly and indirectly caused. The post-1948 West German recovery has been called the
5378:
5288:
5225:
that occurred between 6 April and 7 June 1945. American naval and amphibious forces also moved towards Japan, taking
4845:
4374:
4299:, which resulted in the region joining the Allies. Hitler responded to the French colony's defection by ordering the
3395:
3051:
3016:
2708:
2476:
2253:
2045:
1623:
1484:
1476:
1312:
996:
798:
559:
399:
162:
21563:
21183:
12257:
5739:
from its satellite states. Japan recovered much later. China returned to its pre-war industrial production by 1952.
4972:. They agreed on the occupation of post-war Germany, and on when the Soviet Union would join the war against Japan.
4096:
took priority for the Japanese, and troops in New Guinea were ordered to withdraw from the Port Moresby area to the
3901:—the Soviet Union, China, the United Kingdom, and the United States—and 22 smaller or exiled governments issued the
3383:
at the end of May completed the German conquest of the Balkans. Partisan warfare subsequently broke out against the
92:
27675:
27655:
27650:
27630:
27615:
27585:
27505:
27470:
27415:
27400:
27390:
26257:
25618:
25145:
24881:
24829:
24819:
24445:
23603:
23540:
22675:
22511:
21634:
12290:
10170:
7198:
6890:
6852:
have been proposed as the date on which World War II began or ended, this is the period most frequently cited.
6061:
5553:
5314:
5195:
4570:
4542:
4160:
4017:. These easy victories over the unprepared U.S. and European opponents left Japan overconfident, and overextended.
3847:
3779:, intending to take advantage of the German invasion in the west, but abandoned the operation after the sanctions.
3665:
3424:
3322:
also suffered significant defeats, with the Royal Navy putting three Italian battleships out of commission after a
2730:
1998:
1797:
1424:
595:
218:
17:
25079:
22188:
21197:
14048:
13132:
10230:
10200:
10140:
9733:
5007:. In early March, in an attempt to protect its last oil reserves in Hungary and retake Budapest, Germany launched
4756:
4530:
3668:
that started on 5 December all along the front and pushed German troops 100–250 kilometres (62–155 mi) west.
3254:
later made major contributions to the Axis war against the Soviet Union, in Romania's case partially to recapture
926:
27720:
27710:
27635:
27565:
27560:
27515:
27510:
27485:
27475:
27465:
27450:
27440:
27425:
27395:
27375:
27370:
27365:
27355:
26357:
26292:
25337:
24834:
24516:
23969:
23810:
23799:
23635:
23394:
23353:
23246:
23184:
22571:
21841:
21710:
21678:
20366:
19983:
19944:
19052:
17224:
17022:
15548:
14468:
10083:
9207:
6299:
at German hands totalled 13.7 million dead, twenty percent of the 68 million people in the occupied Soviet Union.
6178:
5974:
5699:
in July 1944, the Allied nations drew up an economic framework for the post-war world. The agreement created the
5557:
5504:
5480:
5144:
4773:
4736:
4684:
in western Europe during the latter part of the year. An attempt to advance into northern Germany spearheaded by
4109:
4054:
in late May and were fully aware of the plans and order of battle, and used this knowledge to achieve a decisive
3986:
3784:
3239:
2564:
2348:
1978:
1548:
1543:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1444:
1265:
1237:
1098:—participated, with many investing all available economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities in pursuit of
901:
845:
694:
677:
288:
25014:
22358:
21926:
11362:
coup; postwar Romanian historians, however, ascribe to the Communists the decisive role in Antonescu's overthrow
4752:
4580:
The Allies had mixed success in mainland Asia. In March 1944, the Japanese launched the first of two invasions,
3223:
by Germany. The United States started strategic planning to prepare for a full-scale offensive against Germany.
921:
27645:
27625:
27610:
27600:
27580:
27555:
27490:
27480:
27405:
27380:
25548:
25168:
25123:
24706:
24696:
24355:
24327:
24205:
23998:
23235:
22686:
22612:
22408:
21779:
21498:
21403:
21288:
20330:
19727:
19221:
18420:
15917:
15167:
8773:
6882:
6450:
6362:
6330:
6243:
5996:
5748:
5545:
5109:
5101:
5024:
4503:. The former conference determined the post-war return of Japanese territory and the military planning for the
3737:
3725:
2449:
2108:
1725:
1697:
1384:
1182:
1044:
1011:
850:
353:
7983:
Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939".
7365:
6740:
5179:
of strategic cities in Japan in an effort to destroy Japanese war industry and civilian morale. A devastating
4898:
In the Pacific, U.S. forces continued to push back the Japanese perimeter. In mid-June 1944, they began their
4446:
and the ensuing German occupation of Italy. Germany, with the help of fascists, responded to the armistice by
63:
27730:
27670:
27595:
27540:
27525:
27500:
27455:
27410:
27249:
25701:
24856:
24841:
24764:
24734:
24711:
24553:
24415:
24348:
24299:
24230:
24055:
23561:
23512:
23276:
23269:
22872:
22633:
22424:
21477:
20335:
18151:
14896:
Bacon, Edwin (1992). "Glasnost' and the Gulag: New Information on Soviet Forced Labour around World War II".
14397:
Burns, R. W. (September 1994). "Impact of technology on the defeat of the U-boat September 1939 – May 1943".
12971:
9511:
7818:
6886:
6314:
5790:
5587:
Post-war division of the world was formalised by two international military alliances, the United States-led
5549:
5292:
5172:
5132:
until 11 May. On 23 May all remaining members of the German government were arrested by the Allied Forces in
4785:
4708:
4148:
3902:
3871:
3787:
and warned Japan that the United States would react to Japanese attacks against any "neighboring countries".
3607:
3276:
3196:
3059:
2938:
for this crime of aggression. Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the
1865:. The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military, and
1289:
821:
803:
39:
13547:
Pascale R . Bos, "Feminists Interpreting the Politics of Wartime Rape: Berlin, 1945"; Yugoslavia, 1992–1993
8744:
8038:
2146:
was signed in 1933. Thereafter, Chinese volunteer forces continued the resistance to Japanese aggression in
27620:
27550:
27535:
27530:
27430:
26312:
26297:
26192:
25183:
25064:
25054:
25044:
24932:
24780:
24754:
24744:
24630:
24489:
24385:
23760:
23721:
22640:
22475:
22460:
22387:
22366:
22184:
21862:
21648:
21641:
21625:
21336:
21295:
21267:
19434:
17802:
17609:
16298:
16246:
14787:
13858:"Japan's Atrocities of Conscripting and Abusing North China Draftees after the Outbreak of the Pacific War"
7849:
6695:
Most major belligerents attempted to solve the problems of complexity and security involved in using large
6546:
became a vital part of Allied convoys, increasing the effective protection radius and helping to close the
5304:
5280:
5213:, overrunning the oilfields there. British, American, and Chinese forces defeated the Japanese in northern
4903:
4892:
4801:
3606:, which outlined British and American goals for the post-war world. In late August the British and Soviets
3591:
3483:; they were joined shortly by Finland and Hungary. The primary targets of this surprise offensive were the
3468:
3415:
3192:
3104:
2986:
2635:
2307:
2034:
2022:
1656:
1584:
1416:
1301:
1028:
1006:
882:
689:
638:
413:
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130:
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Ch'i, Hsi-Sheng (1992). "The Military Dimension, 1942–1945". In James C. Hsiung; Steven I. Levine (eds.).
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17132:
16618:
16517:
16062:
15081:
15052:
14444:
12928:
12026:
8884:
8275:
Ginsburgs, George (1958). "A Case Study in the Soviet Use of International Law: Eastern Poland in 1939".
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were created in Nazi Germany to exterminate people on an industrial scale. Nazi Germany extensively used
5993:
5700:
5565:
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and lure American carriers into battle to be eliminated; as a diversion, Japan would also send forces to
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population. Soon the United Kingdom and France followed the appeasement policy of British Prime Minister
2392:, but after three months of fighting, Shanghai fell. The Japanese continued to push Chinese forces back,
2364:
2099:, which had long sought influence in China as the first step of what its government saw as the country's
2002:
1748:
1225:
1107:
865:
793:
18807:(2010). "The Sovietization of Eastern Europe, 1944–1953". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.).
13890:
13626:
The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum
11685:
8457:
7085:
6996:
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by the end of November and successfully linking up their forces in China and Indochina by mid-December.
2995:
German advance into Belgium and Northern France, 10 May – 4 June 1940, sweeping past the
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20333:(1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4".
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Brown-, Green- and Blue-Water Fleets: the Influence of Geography on Naval Warfare, 1861 to the Present
13891:"Indonesia: World War II and the Struggle For Independence, 1942–50; The Japanese Occupation, 1942–45"
13807:
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4139:
Despite considerable losses, in early 1942 Germany and its allies stopped a major Soviet offensive in
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which drove back Commonwealth forces. In less than a month, Axis forces advanced to western Egypt and
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1316:
906:
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27101:
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18907:
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11452:[The war criminals tries to be the first to see their ancestors] (in Chinese). Archived from
9463:
6495:(the bombing of enemy industrial and population centres to destroy the enemy's ability to wage war).
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5631:
5337:
5137:
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By the start of July 1944, Commonwealth forces in Southeast Asia had repelled the Japanese sieges in
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4613:
4409:
4319:
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4042:
3981:, inflicting severe losses on Allied troops and taking a large number of prisoners. Despite stubborn
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3548:
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3284:
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3115:, which, though officially neutral, was generally aligned with Germany. France kept its fleet, which
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2147:
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1677:
1344:
699:
665:
309:
177:
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19360:(2001). "The War in the Pacific". In Horst Boog; Werner Rahn; Reinhard Stumpf; Bernd Wegner (eds.).
14816:
Anderson, Irvine H. Jr. (1975). "The 1941 De Facto Embargo on Oil to Japan: A Bureaucratic Reflex".
13965:"Total Polish population losses under German occupation are currently calculated at about 2 770 000"
11748:
6558:, were expected by all combatants to be important in the second. The British focused development on
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established the carrier as the dominant capital ship (in place of the battleship). In the Atlantic,
6388:
5865:, between 1943 and 1945. At the same time, about 10,000–15,000 Ukrainians were killed by the Polish
3936:
in early 1943, the Allies reiterated the statements issued in the 1942 Declaration and demanded the
3191:
In November 1939, the United States was assisting China and the Western Allies, and had amended the
2093:
2001:, which Italy desired as a colonial possession. The situation was aggravated in early 1935 when the
1688:'s declaration of war on Germany two days later on 3 September 1939. Dates for the beginning of the
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There is also the viewpoint that both World War I and World War II are part of the same "
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and convoys, while Germany focused on improving its offensive capability, with designs such as the
6264:
Polish civilians wearing blindfolds photographed just before being massacred by German soldiers in
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5932:
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An estimated 11 to 17 million civilians died as a direct or as an indirect result of Hitler's
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4152:
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3753:
3379:, commencing on 6 April 1941; both nations were forced to surrender within the month. The airborne
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to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the
2319:
2257:
1873:
1693:
1456:
1348:
1190:
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of European Jews, and by massacres, starvation, and disease. Following the Allied powers' victory,
715:
243:
21935:
21912:
14671:
Macintyre, Ben (10 December 2010). "Bravery of thousands of Poles was vital in securing victory".
13865:
11453:
8233:
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5981:
annexed by the Red Army. Soviet soldiers committed mass rapes in occupied territories, especially
5724:
5483:. The five permanent members remain so to the present, although there have been two seat changes,
4124:
3657:
3050:
fortifications on the Franco-German border, Germany directed its attack at the neutral nations of
2798:
2126:
to stop the Japanese invasion of Manchuria. Japan withdrew from the League of Nations after being
1280:. By mid-1941, through a series of campaigns and treaties, Germany occupied or controlled much of
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Stalin and the Cold War in Europe: The Emergence and Development of East-West Conflict, 1939–1953
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19896:
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17004:
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was not broken, and the Soviet Union retained a considerable part of its military potential. The
3568:
3544:
3345:
3251:
3247:
3182:
2827:
2774:
2719:
2634:. Hitler accused the United Kingdom and Poland of trying to "encircle" Germany and renounced the
2457:
2415:
2371:
2347:, which culminated in the Japanese campaign to invade all of China. The Soviets quickly signed a
2283:
2085:
1985:
and the Reichstag appointed him. Following Hindenburg's death in 1934, Hitler proclaimed himself
1951:
1924:
1900:
1866:
1752:
1717:
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324:
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11292:, p. 7: "It was the most calamitous defeat of all the German armed forces in World War II."
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4170:, while maintaining positions on the northern and central areas of the front. The Germans split
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23651:
23554:
23447:
23417:
23200:
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22605:
22196:
22177:
22147:
21694:
21664:
20891:
20725:
20474:
20035:
19105:
18724:
18366:
The Fate of Nations: The Search for National Security in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
18145:
17975:
17532:
17204:
16562:
15440:
15315:
13399:
8139:
7684:
6609:
6559:
6535:
6491:(the capability to quickly move limited high-priority supplies, equipment, and personnel); and
6239:
6116:
5928:
5877:
5677:, their losses of prestige and resources during the war rendered this unsuccessful, leading to
5341:
5237:
was strangling Japan's economy and drastically reducing its ability to supply overseas forces.
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4443:
4424:
4352:
4253:
4116:
behind Japanese frontlines in February which, by the end of April, had achieved mixed results.
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3993:
and rescued by the Chinese 38th Division. Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the
3925:
3851:
3834:
3802:
3653:
3599:
3517:, and guarantee access to the strategic resources needed to defeat Germany's remaining rivals.
3428:
3372:
3327:
3170:
3154:, but largely ended in May 1941 after failing to significantly disrupt the British war effort.
2823:
2802:
2766:
2746:
2651:
2623:
2587:
2374:
2328:
2287:
2018:
1896:
1785:
1740:
1460:
1455:. In the wake of European devastation, the influence of its great powers waned, triggering the
1428:
1368:
1360:
1320:
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1257:
1166:
1083:
855:
781:
331:
305:
263:
228:
141:
20748:(2002). "Reclaiming and Rebuilding the History of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights".
14977:
Barber, John; Harrison, Mark (2006). "Patriotic War, 1941–1945". In Ronald Grigor Suny (ed.).
13649:
13457:
13081:
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12734:
12695:
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refused to sign a similar pact and rejected ceding part of its territory to the Soviet Union.
2735:
1323:, which resulted in the United States and the United Kingdom declaring war against Japan. The
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26998:
26820:
26609:
26558:
26397:
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25486:
25444:
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23505:
23403:
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22279:
21816:
21556:
21542:
21225:
20750:
19673:
19173:
17400:
The War Behind The Eastern Front: The Soviet Partisan Movement In North-West Russia 1941–1944
17176:
Harrison, Mark (1998). "The economics of World War II: an overview". In Mark Harrison (ed.).
16928:
16771:
16540:
16125:
16005:
15967:
15415:
14649:
14028:
13006:
12072:"The Curzon line as the eastern boundary of Poland. The origins and the political background"
10367:
9864:
8754:
8356:
7375:
6807:
6744:
6727:
enabled the countering process of decryption. Notable examples were the Allied decryption of
6652:
6562:
6496:
6088:
5988:
The mass bombing of cities in Europe and Asia has often been called a war crime, although no
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5113:
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4345:
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by pro-British nationalists. Germany and Italy responded with simultaneous invasions of both
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in the Soviet Union. Key setbacks in 1943—including German defeats on the Eastern Front, the
1103:
1023:
931:
380:
112:
31:
22114:
20672:
19746:
19569:
From World War to Cold War: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the International History of the 1940s
18203:
13685:
9457:
5420:
of the nine million Germans from these provinces, as well as three million Germans from the
2953:
the entire territories of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, as well as the Romanian regions of
2797:, which aimed to damage the country's economy and war effort. Germany responded by ordering
1869:, as well as settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration.
103:
27074:
26983:
26689:
26392:
26147:
26060:
26038:
25961:
25957:
25886:
25802:
25747:
25742:
25565:
25409:
25298:
24901:
24320:
24175:
23826:
23783:
23753:
23679:
23489:
23468:
22394:
21871:
21549:
20792:
20729:
19082:
18728:
17038:
17026:
16121:
15697:
15638:
15522:
13404:
12767:
12071:
12005:
11941:
6732:
6728:
6216:, for work in mines and war industries. After 1942, the number reached 10 million. In
6193:
5712:
5573:
5529:
5496:
5322:
5222:
5199:
5105:
5047:
4915:
4872:
4385:. By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also
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4194:
4132:
4093:
4051:
3476:
3220:
3212:
3080:
from the continent by early June, although they had to abandon almost all their equipment.
2765:
as a pretext to initiate the invasion. The first German attack of the war came against the
1892:
1854:
were created out of the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian Empires.
1760:
1340:
1297:
887:
155:
27132:
19634:
Roberts, Cynthia A. (1995). "Planning for War: The Red Army and the Catastrophe of 1941".
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14600:
12559:
12185:
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in the Netherlands failed. After that, the Western Allies slowly pushed into Germany, but
4248:. By November 1941, Commonwealth forces had launched a counter-offensive in North Africa,
3949:
3767:
German successes in Europe prompted Japan to increase pressure on European governments in
3503:. Hitler's objectives were to eliminate the Soviet Union as a military power, exterminate
8:
27300:
27204:
27037:
26850:
26810:
26723:
26553:
26417:
26282:
26152:
25942:
25871:
25628:
25601:
25584:
25572:
25394:
25350:
24438:
24212:
24090:
24046:
23568:
22702:
22468:
21995:
21825:
21809:
21758:
21158:
21045:
20964:
20692:
Umbreit, Hans (1991). "The Battle for Hegemony in Western Europe". In P. S. Falla (ed.).
20094:
19636:
19262:
18374:
18364:
18163:
18016:
17586:
16692:
16407:
16351:
13528:
12789:
11633:
The Axmann Conspiracy: The Nazi Plan for a Fourth Reich and How the U.S. Army Defeated It
11154:
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6756:
6752:
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was put down with Anglo-American support and the country remained aligned with the West.
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4976:
4949:
4700:
4665:
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purchases by the Allies. In 1940, following the German capture of Paris, the size of the
3139:
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2958:
2943:
2854:
2813:
2603:
2528:
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2237:
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that began in October 1935 and ended in May 1936. The war began with the invasion of the
2159:
2131:
2073:
2057:
1982:
1940:
1831:
1392:
1233:
1178:
1143:
941:
828:
20403:
Stueck, William (2010). "The Korean War". In Melvyn P. Leffler; Odd Arne Westad (eds.).
16384:
15642:
12227:
6743:, which had been decoding early versions of Enigma before the war. Another component of
6189:
evaluation, and 226,127 were sent to the Gulag as real or perceived Nazi collaborators.
4303:; although Vichy forces did not resist this violation of the armistice, they managed to
2484:
27164:
27086:
26860:
26830:
26805:
26797:
26782:
26632:
26137:
26053:
26043:
25876:
25839:
25769:
25708:
25691:
25645:
25555:
25469:
25283:
24431:
24264:
24189:
24143:
24113:
24021:
23861:
23526:
23410:
23304:
23255:
23193:
22949:
22900:
22709:
22333:
21988:
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20969:
20952:
20818:
20775:
20767:
20715:
20491:
20391:
20383:
20352:
20318:
20310:
20291:
Spring, D. W. (1986). "The Soviet Decision for War against Finland, 30 November 1939".
20114:
20072:
20012:
19992:
19969:
19961:
19915:
19890:
19871:
19835:
19695:
19653:
19384:
19270:
19267:
The Order Has Been Carried Out: History, Memory, and Meaning of a Nazi Massacre in Rome
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15872:
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15845:
Cienciala, Anna M. (2010). "Another look at the Poles and Poland during World War II".
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15186:
15161:
15157:
14952:
14915:
14833:
14796:
14539:
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The weeks after the fall of Rome saw a dramatic upswing in German atrocities in Italy (
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8300:
8292:
8008:
8000:
7292:
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for decoding Enigma that benefited from information given to the United Kingdom by the
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6132:
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Germany lost a quarter of its pre-war (1937) territory. Among the eastern territories,
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2029:, drafted a treaty of mutual assistance with France. Before taking effect, though, the
1990:
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1420:
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On 22 June 1941, Germany, supported by Italy and Romania, invaded the Soviet Union in
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19804:
19781:
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19677:
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19591:
19576:
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Moscow – The Turning Point: The Failure of Hitler's Strategy in the Winter of 1941–42
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18102:
18086:
18072:
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18026:
18004:
17973:
Koch, H.W. (1983). "Hitler's 'Programme' and the Genesis of Operation 'Barbarossa'".
17909:
17884:
17859:
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Factories of Death: Japanese Biological Warfare, 1932–1945, and the American Cover-up
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13338:
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13087:
12744:
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12035:
11995:
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Ward Wilson. "The Winning Weapon? Rethinking Nuclear Weapons in Light of Hiroshima".
11791:
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9870:
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6413:
6349:(7,900,000 m) of oil (~6.8 million tonnes), 76 percent of its 1940 output rate.
5901:
5822:
5732:
5654:
5635:
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5191:
4992:
4934:
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forced German troops from Western Ukraine and Eastern Poland. The Soviets formed the
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When civil war broke out in Spain, Hitler and Mussolini lent military support to the
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1994:
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launched on 9 July, which, combined with previous Italian failures, resulted in the
3842:
intervention while securing the perimeter, it was further planned to neutralise the
2290:, also fought against the Nationalists. Both Germany and the Soviet Union used this
1201:. World War II is generally considered to have begun on 1 September 1939, when
27008:
26964:
26910:
26900:
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26755:
26733:
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19953:
19827:
19665:
19645:
19192:
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18452:
18441:(1955). "The United States, the Soviet Union, and the Far Eastern War, 1941–1945".
17984:
17953:
17378:
17314:
17233:
16627:
16586:
16558:
16416:
16399:
16360:
16273:
15856:
15726:
15646:
15486:
15434:
15005:
14954:
Germany Under Direct Controls: Economic Aspects of Industrial Disarmament 1945–1948
14907:
14849:
14825:
14756:"Discovery and Development of Penicillin: International Historic Chemical Landmark"
14700:
Departments of Computer Science and Defense Analysis U.S. Naval Postgraduate School
14696:"Deception for Defense of Information Systems: Analogies from Conventional Warfare"
14521:
14511:
14406:
13283:
12393:
12083:
11953:
11942:"The Oder-Neisse Line as Poland's western border: As postulated and made a reality"
11779:
11125:, pp. 500–502). The period featured massacres with victims in the hundreds at
9082:
8284:
7992:
7182:
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6795:
6547:
6519:
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6288:
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and Yugoslavia to rescue them from being cut off. By this point, the communist-led
4589:
4585:
4550:
4534:
4496:
4485:
4390:
4265:
4234:
4202:
4171:
4108:. In Burma, Commonwealth forces mounted two operations. The first was a disastrous
4077:. The Americans planned a counterattack against Japanese positions in the southern
4055:
3966:
3906:
3867:
3709:
3656:
allowed the Soviets to achieve numerical parity with Axis troops. This, as well as
3634:
3611:
3603:
3583:
3564:
3043:
2966:
2895:
2696:
2532:
2515:
from other European powers. Encouraged, Hitler began pressing German claims on the
2507:
In Europe, Germany and Italy were becoming more aggressive. In March 1938, Germany
2500:
2492:
2411:
2397:
2367:
2279:
2213:
2205:
2185:
2041:
2026:
1974:
1945:
1932:
1843:
1376:
1332:
1249:
1198:
1155:
643:
621:
452:
170:
21521:
19593:
Hitler's War Aims, Volume I: Ideology, the Nazi State, and the Course of Expansion
16277:
13216:
9077:
Morrisey, Will (2019), "What Churchill and De Gaulle learned from the Great War",
8067:
7341:"Paris Peace Treaties failed to create a secure, peaceful and lasting world order"
7186:
6384:
6161:. Approximately 230,000 children were held prisoner and used in forced labour and
5719:, and was sped up by the liberalisation of European economic policy that the U.S.
5595:. The long period of political tensions and military competition between them—the
4454:, who then soon established a new client state in German-occupied Italy named the
4013:, Australia. In January 1942, the only Allied success against Japan was a Chinese
3618:, and preempt any Axis advances through Iran toward the Baku oil fields or India.
3574:
2130:
for its incursion into Manchuria. The two nations then fought several battles, in
2025:
with Germany, easing prior restrictions. The Soviet Union, concerned by Germany's
27091:
27047:
26880:
26875:
26855:
26835:
26777:
26743:
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26657:
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19293:
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18954:
18935:
18853:
18651:
18572:
18090:
17554:
17291:
16700:
15689:
15544:
15511:
15136:
Central and Eastern Europe, 1944–1993: Detour from the Periphery to the Periphery
15104:
14091:
13778:
13535:
12294:
11631:
10760:
9921:
9866:
Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan
8508:
7549:
7345:
7289:
7264:
6799:
6775:
6322:
6096:
5951:
5674:
5581:
5210:
5156:
5152:
5093:
5062:
4911:
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4777:
4762:
4728:
4689:
4526:
4519:
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4477:
4451:
4447:
4405:
4383:
breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands
4296:
4144:
4112:
in late 1942 that forced a retreat back to India by May 1943. The second was the
4078:
3698:
3578:
Russian civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the
3556:
3514:
3391:
3380:
3364:
3349:
3227:
2891:
2887:
2789:
period, the alliance provided no direct military support to Poland, outside of a
2692:
2680:
2423:
2381:
2225:
2104:
2096:
1936:
1928:
1920:
1903:
were imposed, and limits were placed on the size and capability of the country's
1895:. Under the treaty, Germany lost around 13 percent of its home territory and all
1850:, such as France, Belgium, Italy, Romania, and Greece, gained territory, and new
1823:
1721:
1701:
1293:
1285:
811:
732:
435:
404:
273:
27127:
24476:
19818:
Rotundo, Louis (1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign".
16720:
A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945
16364:
7721:
Yang Kuisong, "On the reconstruction of the facts of the Battle of Pingxingguan"
5510:
5078:
4824:, with limited support from Bulgarian forces, assisted the Partisans in a joint
2845:. Despite the military defeat, Poland never surrendered; instead, it formed the
27224:
27115:
27025:
26840:
26711:
26432:
26352:
26307:
26247:
26212:
26004:
25917:
25822:
25730:
25521:
25355:
25278:
24371:
23907:
23833:
21885:
21744:
20508:
20379:
20293:
20004:
19957:
19313:
The Heart of War: On Power, Conflict and Obligation in the Twenty-First Century
18804:
18605:
18345:
18342:
The United States and the Caribbean: Challenges of an Asymmetrical Relationship
18322:
17332:
17237:
17109:
16812:
16647:
16339:
16223:
15800:
Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and Post-Soviet Eras
15233:
14898:
14845:
13713:
13567:
10079:
9763:
9203:
8865:
8100:
7547:
7233:"German-American Relations – Treaty on the Final Settlement concerning Germany"
6787:
6736:
6708:
6681:
6673:
6624:
6586:
6543:
6504:
6329:
during the war in addition to Polish-Jewish victims of the Holocaust. Although
6310:
6000:
5958:
5905:
5678:
5619:
5515:
5460:
5445:
5390:
5257:
5214:
5039:
on 25 April, leaving unoccupied pockets in southern Germany and around Berlin.
4868:
4657:
4581:
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4401:
4206:
4140:
4034:
3917:
3910:
3898:
3822:
3768:
3646:
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3444:
3394:
which had been supported by German aircraft from bases within Vichy-controlled
2790:
2520:
2496:
2135:
1835:
1819:
1436:
1253:
747:
742:
387:
20763:
20487:
20306:
19649:
19336:
Economic Development in Twentieth Century East Asia: The International Context
18996:
18975:
17988:
17753:(1990). "The historical perspective". In Alex Pravda; Peter J. Duncan (eds.).
17079:
Grove, Eric J. (1995). "A Service Vindicated, 1939–1946". In J.R. Hill (ed.).
16420:
16037:
What Happened Where: A Guide to Places and Events in Twentieth-Century History
15914:
Chinese Capitalists in Japan's New Order: The Occupied Lower Yangzi, 1937–1945
14911:
14516:
14499:
14410:
13516:
The Russians in Germany: A History of the Soviet Zone of Occupation, 1945–1949
11783:
9792:
5085:
2100:
27289:
26944:
26760:
26718:
26662:
26548:
26507:
26474:
26387:
26272:
26187:
26132:
25992:
25912:
25807:
25657:
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25543:
25496:
25389:
25245:
24182:
22107:
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21795:
21082:
20348:
19719:
19701:
19491:
19147:
19002:
18925:
18482:
18438:
18012:
17880:
17750:
16852:
16744:
Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration
16590:
16568:
16211:
16155:
16151:
16111:
16093:
16058:
16010:
15884:
15603:
15498:
15359:
The Cambridge History of the Second World War Volume 2: Politics and Ideology
15243:
15023:
14878:
14855:
14535:
7138:"In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WWII'"
7041:
6895:
6829:
6763:
6724:
6689:
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6515:
6104:
6080:
6057:
6020:
5893:
5798:
5720:
5716:
5623:
5528:
Besides Germany, the rest of Europe was also divided into Western and Soviet
5433:
5284:
5082:
5015:. Within two weeks, the offensive had been repulsed, the Soviets advanced to
4942:
4307:
to prevent its capture by German forces. Axis forces in Africa withdrew into
4229:
4198:
3785:
the Philippines (an American protectorate scheduled for independence in 1946)
3661:
3484:
3460:
3024:
2974:
2919:
2631:
2591:
2378:
2303:
2127:
1827:
1709:
1131:
447:
375:
368:
126:
26443:
25214:
19066:
19047:
17509:
16977:
16654:
The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West
16143:
15715:
Cantril, Hadley (1940). "America Faces the War: A Study in Public Opinion".
15490:
14498:
Castaldi, Carolina; Fontana, Roberto; Nuvolari, Alessandro (1 August 2009).
12812:
10141:"The First Full Dress Debate over Strategic Deployment. Dec 1941 – Jan 1942"
9086:
6464:
5100:); Goebbels also committed suicide on the following day and was replaced by
4322:
against Germany with a goal to disrupt the war economy, reduce morale, and "
4201:. The Soviets began their second winter counter-offensive, starting with an
551:
27219:
27189:
27096:
27064:
26993:
26870:
26865:
26679:
26672:
26517:
26422:
26222:
26127:
25973:
25947:
25856:
25538:
25526:
25434:
25429:
25293:
25288:
24974:
24481:
24285:
22585:
22490:
22121:
21484:
20932:
20053:
Shepardson, Donald E. (1998). "The Fall of Berlin and the Rise of a Myth".
19751:. History of the Second World War. United Kingdom Military Series. London:
18472:
18022:
17784:
17364:
17178:
The Economics of World War II: Six Great Powers in International Comparison
16836:
16436:
15595:
15033:
12918:
11344:
6878:
6700:
6685:
6620:
6590:
6508:
6277:
6260:
6255:
6072:
6068:
5989:
5794:
5537:
5533:
5522:
5472:
5463:, which officially came into existence on 24 October 1945, and adopted the
5413:
5386:
5382:
5355:
5012:
5000:
4793:
4789:
4183:
4175:
4105:
4097:
4066:
4038:
4021:
3921:
3810:
3602:
and in August, the United Kingdom and the United States jointly issued the
3432:
3342:
3338:
3319:
3303:
3112:
3047:
2996:
2630:
pledge to Poland, Germany and Italy formalised their own alliance with the
2560:
2488:
2453:
2248:
as a force to preserve peace. Both Italy and Ethiopia were member nations,
2201:
2181:
2143:
2112:
2014:
1970:
1955:
1851:
1846:, which led to the founding of the Soviet Union. Meanwhile, the victorious
1729:
1229:
1206:
1202:
428:
423:
363:
18018:
The Politics of War: The World and United States Foreign Policy, 1943–1945
17382:
17335:(1994). "Labor as spoils of conquest, 1933–1945". In David F. Crew (ed.).
15460:
The Road to Oran: Anglo-French Naval Relations, September 1939 – July 1940
13772:
13731:
Kwoka was murdered with a phenol injection to the heart a few weeks later.
13628:(2nd ed.), 2006. Washington, DC: United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
13495:
Bird, Nicky (October 2002). "Berlin: The Downfall 1945 by Antony Beevor".
12813:"Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for the Twentieth Century Hemoclysm"
12087:
11736:
6313:
policies denied resources to the German invaders. Unlike in the West, the
6196:, many of which were used as labour camps, also had high death rates. The
6146:
6119:) as part of a program of deliberate extermination, in effect becoming a "
5770:
5275:. Between the two bombings, the Soviets, pursuant to the Yalta agreement,
3771:. The Dutch government agreed to provide Japan with oil supplies from the
2801:
against Allied merchant and warships, which would later escalate into the
2418:; this manoeuvre bought time for the Chinese to prepare their defences at
27169:
27052:
26949:
26684:
26590:
26563:
26362:
26110:
26105:
26097:
26082:
25907:
25812:
25623:
25459:
25424:
25404:
25384:
25362:
25327:
24120:
24106:
23768:
22444:
22265:
22250:
21604:
20745:
19939:
19357:
19100:
18669:
18500:
18068:
17849:
17776:
17550:
17426:
16791:
Chinese-Soviet Relations, 1937–1945: The Diplomacy of Chinese Nationalism
16461:
Rethinking International Organization: Deregulation and Global Governance
15827:
15756:
15192:
14159:
The Quest: Haywood Hansell and American Strategic Bombing in World War II
13862:
Joint Study of the Sino-Japanese War: Minutes of the June 2002 Conference
13186:"Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji Wisła. Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943–1947"
12261:
11770:
Zuberi, Matin (August 2001). "Atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki".
10020:
7033:
6949:
The Cambridge History of the Second World War, Volume I: Fighting the War
6824:
6596:
6578:
6555:
6527:
6511:
was pioneered and led to jets becoming standard in air forces worldwide.
6425:
6318:
6140:
6108:
5643:
5639:
5592:
5456:
5425:
5421:
5299:
announced his decision to accept the terms demanded by the Allies in the
5143:
In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the
5004:
4907:
4857:
4693:
4629:
4463:
4348:
4277:
4179:
4082:
3830:
3795:
3677:
3559:
to reinforce troops advancing towards central Ukraine and Leningrad. The
3496:
3436:
3403:
3231:
2516:
2512:
2465:
2249:
2077:
2053:
2049:
1888:
1881:
1815:
1689:
1328:
1095:
1087:
708:
626:
338:
223:
20694:
Germany and the Second World War – Germany's Initial Conquests in Europe
17936:
15868:
15481:
Buchanan, Andrew (7 February 2023). "Globalizing the Second World War".
14289:
Aircraft Carriers: The World's Greatest Naval Vessels and Their Aircraft
12288:
11745:"Results of the German and American Submarine Campaigns of World War II"
10763:
the United States Strategic Bombing Survey Summary Report (European War)
7551:
Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia
7194:
7170:
6931:
Historical Dictionary of World War II: The War against Germany and Italy
6336:
In Asia, Japan termed nations under its occupation as being part of the
4871:
while the Chinese captured Myitkyina. In September 1944, Chinese forces
4224:
2324:
2080:
and nominally unified China in the mid-1920s, but was soon embroiled in
1818:
had radically altered the political European map with the defeat of the
27057:
26502:
25893:
25881:
25851:
25817:
25757:
25439:
23475:
23228:
23207:
22100:
21433:
21361:
20956:
20771:
20674:
Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History
19839:
19386:
Delusions of Intelligence: Enigma, Ultra, and the End of Secure Ciphers
19126:
18541:
18508:
18464:
17996:
17965:
17808:
Freedom from Fear: The American People in Depression and War, 1929–1945
17501:
17403:
16877:
16639:
16537:
Kaigun: Strategy, Tactics, and Technology in the Imperial Japanese Navy
15746:
15738:
15463:
14837:
14526:
14093:
Destructive Creation: American Business and the Winning of World War II
14044:
13120:
12736:
China Business: The Portable Encyclopedia for Doing Business with China
8296:
7904:
7018:"'Goak here': A.J.P. Taylor and 'The Origins of the Second World War.'"
6803:
6779:
6613:
6551:
6460:
6305:
6112:
6092:
5838:
5647:
5393:
program in Germany led to the prosecution of Nazi war criminals in the
4906:. These defeats led to the resignation of the Japanese Prime Minister,
4876:
4562:
4300:
4246:
the German navy ravaged Allied shipping off the American Atlantic coast
3695:
3615:
3509:
3360:
3299:
3216:
3174:
3162:
3150:
offensive intensified with night attacks on London and other cities in
3131:
3108:
3068:
2939:
2899:
2786:
2688:
2667:
2540:
2233:
2069:
1904:
1885:
1448:
1241:
616:
606:
137:
20387:
20356:
20314:
20076:
19996:
19965:
19657:
17245:
16428:
16372:
16295:
Caught Between Roosevelt & Stalin: America's Ambassadors to Moscow
16285:
15651:
15622:
15436:
The Avoidable War: Pierre Laval and the Politics of Reality, 1935–1936
14919:
14032:
11958:
10073:
9197:
8552:
8004:
7996:
7282:
Texts of Soviet–Japanese Statements; Peace Declaration Trade Protocol.
6383:
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on
6226:
5872:
4914:; soon after, Allied naval forces scored another large victory in the
4190:. The Soviets decided to make their stand at Stalingrad on the Volga.
1296:, and other countries. In June 1941, Germany led the European Axis in
26932:
26922:
26538:
26497:
26327:
26164:
25899:
25861:
25454:
25268:
24922:
24795:
23738:
23143:
22940:
22751:
22549:
22504:
21019:
Japanese Military Strategy in the Pacific War: Was Defeat Inevitable?
20999:
20914:
20647:
A Constructed Peace: The Making of the European Settlement, 1945–1963
20228:
20167:
19777:
19499:
19339:
19316:
19244:
18883:
In the skies of Europe – Air Forces allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945
18580:
18274:
18228:
18181:
Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies
17342:
17158:
16464:
16193:
16040:
15860:
15554:
15363:
15338:
15292:
15269:
7142:
6952:
6748:
6628:
6523:
6417:
6158:
5866:
5604:
5600:
5519:
5409:
5318:
5268:
5133:
4840:
in February 1945. Unlike impressive Soviet victories in the Balkans,
4716:
4601:
4462:. The Western Allies fought through several lines until reaching the
4323:
4156:
3924:
was the primary objective. The Americans favoured a straightforward,
3776:
3682:
3638:
main objectives: two key cities remained in Soviet hands, the Soviet
3504:
3500:
3151:
2915:
2818:
2770:
2741:
2508:
2445:
2427:
2414:
in May. In June 1938, Chinese forces stalled the Japanese advance by
2291:
2116:
1963:
1400:
1331:, but its advances were halted in 1942 after its defeat in the naval
1273:
1194:
1127:
1099:
1079:
27122:
22025:
20948:
20568:
The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Struggle for Modern China
19831:
19118:
18456:
17957:
16631:
15539:
14829:
10512:
9359:
8288:
6503:
and surface-to-air artillery, in particular the introduction of the
5834:
5309:, literally "broadcast in the Emperor's voice"). On 15 August 1945,
4699:
On 22 June, the Soviets launched a strategic offensive in Belarus ("
4624:
2853:
in occupied Poland. A significant part of Polish military personnel
2684:
2339:
In July 1937, Japan captured the former Chinese imperial capital of
1315:. In December 1941, Japan attacked American and British territories
1102:, blurring the distinction between military and civilian resources.
27030:
27013:
26959:
26954:
26939:
26927:
26905:
26728:
26696:
26627:
26602:
26317:
26013:
25834:
25662:
25577:
25516:
25479:
22009:
21737:
20223:
Smith, David J.; Pabriks, Artis; Purs, Aldis; Lane, Thomas (2002).
20116:
What Hitler Knew: The Battle for Information in Nazi Foreign Policy
20068:
17129:
Containing Coexistence: America, Russia, and the "Finnish Solution"
16922:"The Soviet-German War 1941–45 Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay"
16318:
The Cambridge History of China - Republican China 1912–1949, Part 2
16243:
In the Service of the Emperor: Essays on the Imperial Japanese Army
15730:
14648:. History Department at the University of San Diego. Archived from
12764:
Quick Reference Handbook Set, Basic Knowledge and Modern Technology
11321:. Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs of the Slovak Republic.
10407:
The Encyclopedia of Warfare: From Earliest Times to the Present Day
10265:
9503:
8819:
8549:
Deletant, pp. 48–51, 66; Griffin (1993), p. 126; Ornea, pp. 325–327
6696:
6632:
6341:
6317:
encouraged extreme brutality against what it considered to be the "
6120:
5938:
5913:
5854:
5842:
5596:
5296:
5272:
5036:
4821:
4740:
4652:. After reassigning several Allied divisions from Italy, they also
4473:
4273:
4128:
3833:
instead. On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the
3818:
3521:
3492:
3356:
3135:
3063:
2699:, Ribbentrop declared that Germany considered its claims rejected.
2352:
2048:
in March 1936, encountering little opposition due to the policy of
1452:
1404:
440:
20187:
The World's Wasted Wealth 2: Save Our Wealth, Save Our Environment
19455:
Appeasement Reconsidered: Investigating the Mythology of the 1930s
17606:
Resisting Rebellion: The History And Politics of Counterinsurgency
15188:
Currents in American History: A Brief History of the United States
14037:
The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science
10097:
10004:
10002:
9793:"Diary: Hirohito prepared for U.S. war before Pearl Harbor attack"
8377:
6014:
4486:
May 1943, as Allied counter-measures became increasingly effective
4268:
forced an Allied retreat deep inside Egypt until Axis forces were
2991:
1391:. Following the refusal of Japan to surrender on the terms of the
1252:
in June 1940, the war continued primarily between Germany and the
27110:
26976:
26971:
26232:
26087:
25999:
24538:
21133:
Unconditional Defeat: Japan, America, and the End of World War II
21065:
Adolf Hitler and the Third Reich in American magazines, 1923–1939
19981:——— (1983). "Khalkhin-Gol: The Forgotten War".
19849:
Fortress Against the Sun: The B-17 Flying Fortress in the Pacific
16697:
Germany and the Second World War – The Attack on the Soviet Union
14500:"'Chariots of fire': the evolution of tank technology, 1915–1945"
14314:
Semper Fi: The Definitive Illustrated History of the U.S. Marines
13864:. Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Archived from
13564:
Terror from the Sky: The Bombing of German Cities in World War II
9046:
9010:
6636:
6488:
6430:
5673:. While European powers attempted to retain some or all of their
5416:
was divided between Poland and the Soviet Union, followed by the
5405:
5401:
5374:
4996:
4957:
4888:
4724:
4308:
4240:
bombing raid on the Focke-Wulf factory in Germany, 9 October 1943
2927:
2907:
2659:
2524:
2340:
2158:, the Kuomintang and CCP forces agreed on a ceasefire to present
1463:. Most countries whose industries had been damaged moved towards
20472:
Swain, Geoffrey (1992). "The Cominform: Tito's International?".
19496:
World War II Behind Closed Doors: Stalin, the Nazis and the West
19218:
Money and Conquest: Allied Occupation Currencies in World War II
18159:
17876:
Fateful Choices: Ten Decisions That Changed the World, 1940–1941
16090:
After Tamerlane: The Rise & Fall of Global Empires 1400–2000
8576:
6437:
about 12 million people, mostly from Eastern Europe, while
6321:" of Slavic descent; most German advances were thus followed by
5961:
of 22,000 Polish officers, and the imprisonment or execution of
3400:
invaded and occupied the French possessions of Syria and Lebanon
3279:, a British possession. From late summer to early autumn, Italy
27003:
26988:
26647:
26252:
22619:
21217:
20090:
The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
15672:
Communism in History and Theory: Asia, Africa, and the Americas
15577:
15504:
10778:
10253:
9999:
9676:. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. pp. 1046–1049.
9575:
9551:
8907:
8708:
6712:
6704:
6530:
warfare had relatively little success at the start of the war,
6480:
5846:
5658:
5500:
5488:
5218:
4921:
4167:
4086:
3536:
3166:
2911:
2809:
2782:
2663:
2548:
2408:
1959:
1806:
83:
20996:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
18625:
From Roosevelt to Truman: Potsdam, Hiroshima, and the Cold War
18577:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
16190:
Postwar Economic Reconstruction and Lessons for the East Today
15774:
Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006).
14212:
World Economic And Social Survey 2004: International Migration
12692:
Mark Kramer, "The Soviet Bloc and the Cold War in Europe", in
10926:
8404:
7171:"The Spanish Civil War and the Coming of the Second World War"
6751:, which the Allies used to great effect in operations such as
6577:
tactics. Gradually, improving Allied technologies such as the
5058:
was captured, signalling the military defeat of Nazi Germany.
4968:. On 4 February Soviet, British, and U.S. leaders met for the
4856:
on relatively mild conditions, although Finland was forced to
4656:. These landings were successful and led to the defeat of the
4100:, where they faced Australian and United States troops in the
2942:
was modest, and the Finno-Soviet war ended in March 1940 with
2602:
Greatly alarmed and with Hitler making further demands on the
2017:
in April 1935 in order to contain Germany, a key step towards
1771:, which also restored full diplomatic relations between them.
27174:
27139:
27042:
26765:
26652:
26637:
26217:
26207:
26202:
25674:
25669:
22807:
19917:
In a Sea of Bitterness, Refugees during the Sino-Japanese War
8889:
US Army in WWII – Chief of Staff: Prewar Plans and Operations
8344:
6771:
6677:
6566:
6500:
6487:, and each role developed considerably. Innovations included
6444:
6170:
5909:
5826:
5627:
5492:
4988:
4864:
4720:
4661:
4609:
4218:
4187:
4164:
2969:
from Romania with German and Italian support, leading to the
2419:
2302:. His greatest collaboration with Germany was the sending of
18859:
The Dieppe Raid: The Story of the Disastrous 1942 Expedition
18503:(1990). "The Battle of the Atlantic". In Gooch, John (ed.).
17944:
Kleinfeld, Gerald R. (1983). "Hitler's Strike for Tikhvin".
15773:
15752:
The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II
15212:
Endgame in NATO's Enlargement: The Baltic States and Ukraine
13988:
13678:"Final Compensation Pending for Former Nazi Forced Laborers"
9705:
US Army in WWII – Strategy, and Command: The First Two Years
9653:
9293:
8931:
8779:
8488:
7868:
7548:
Andrea L. Stanton; Edward Ramsamy; Peter J. Seybolt (2012).
4879:. In China, the Japanese had more successes, having finally
4648:), after three years of Soviet pressure, the Western Allies
4516:
series of attacks in Italy against the line at Monte Cassino
1700:, on 19 September 1931. Others follow the British historian
26642:
26347:
19942:(1978). ""Barbarossa": Surprise Attack and Communication".
19752:
19144:
Battle of the Bulge: Hitler's Ardennes Offensive, 1944–1945
19078:
War Beneath the Sea: Submarine Conflict During World War II
18648:
Rommel's Desert War: The Life and Death of the Afrika Korps
17222:
Hauner, Milan (1978). "Did Hitler Want a World Dominion?".
16966:"August Storm: The Soviet Strategic Offensive in Manchuria"
13395:"Japan tested chemical weapons on Aussie POW: new evidence"
11564:
10974:
10866:
10842:
10723:
10060:
Adolf Hitler's Declaration of War against the United States
9623:
US Army in WWII – Strategy and Command: The First Two Years
9539:
9034:
9022:
8684:
7750:
7505:
7493:
6963:
6644:
6604:
being raised to the top of the detonation "shot tower", at
6217:
6186:
5966:
5588:
3062:. The Germans carried out a flanking manoeuvre through the
2252:
when the former clearly violated Article X of the League's
1126:, more than half of which were civilians. Millions died in
13037:"Non-Jewish Holocaust Victims : The 5,000,000 others"
10950:
10692:
10620:
10584:
10548:
10524:
10325:
10235:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10205:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10175:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10145:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
10109:
9738:
US Army in WWII – Strategic Planning for Coalition Warfare
9174:
7928:
7880:
7652:
6309:
were never attained as fluctuating front-lines and Soviet
5233:
by the end of June. At the same time, a naval blockade by
4887:
by early August. Soon after, they invaded the province of
3625:
in Ukraine and the Baltic region, with only the sieges of
2683:
immediately travel to Berlin to negotiate the handover of
1899:, while German annexation of other states was prohibited,
1676:
World War II began in Europe on 1 September 1939 with the
1447:. The Soviet Union and the United States emerged as rival
1411:, the possibility of more atomic bombings, and the Soviet
18394:
The Pacific War Companion: From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima
17922:
16972:. Leavenworth Papers. Command and General Staff College.
15362:. The Cambridge History of the Second World War (3 vol).
14258:
13041:
10766:
10075:
Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History
9951:
9401:
9233:
9199:
Events leading up to World War II – Chronological History
8648:
8458:"The Winter War – When the Finns Humiliated the Russians"
8416:
7916:
7774:
7580:
7469:
7457:
6181:
occupied in 1939–40 by the Soviet Union, as well as Axis
5250:
the alternative for Japan is prompt and utter destruction
4759:, followed by those countries' shift to the Allied side.
4476:
troops in a counter-offensive on German positions at the
4289:
deliver desperately needed supplies to the besieged Malta
3916:
During 1942, Allied officials debated on the appropriate
3848:
offensives against Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific
3825:
resigned. Hirohito refused the recommendation to appoint
3409:
2934:
in November 1939, and was subsequently expelled from the
19611:
Ritchie, Ella (1992). "France". In Martin Harrop (ed.).
17524:
The Columbia History Of Twentieth-Century French Thought
16847:. CSI Report No. 11. Command and General Staff College.
13437:
Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe
12299:
10938:
10890:
10656:
10560:
10385:
10337:
10301:
9641:
9504:"Peace and War: United States Foreign Policy, 1931–1941"
9122:
8919:
8696:
8660:
8394:
8392:
8256:
7786:
7664:
7381:
5532:. Most eastern and central European countries fell into
5432:; north-east Romania, parts of eastern Finland, and the
5221:
by 3 May. Chinese forces started a counterattack in the
5183:
was the deadliest conventional bombing raid in history.
4828:
on 20 October. A few days later, the Soviets launched a
4561:. This delay slowed subsequent Soviet operations in the
26332:
19797:
World War II Pacific Island Guide: A Geo-Military Study
19022:
Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945
17828:
Stalin's Cold War: Soviet Strategies in Europe, 1943–56
17556:
Power and Culture: The Japanese-American War, 1941–1945
17311:
Poland in World War II: An Illustrated Military History
15078:
War, Massacre, and Recovery in Central Italy: 1943–1948
14979:
The Cambridge History of Russia – The Twentieth Century
14497:
13503:(4). Royal Institute of International Affairs: 914–916.
12540:
11822:
11416:
10914:
10854:
10830:
10802:
10790:
10596:
10464:
9599:
9587:
8998:
8986:
8974:
8843:
8720:
8564:
8476:
8323:
8019:
7940:
6154:
5661:
in 1949. In the Middle East, the Arab rejection of the
5019:, and captured the city. In early April, Soviet troops
3671:
2906:
After the outbreak of war in Poland, Stalin threatened
2876:; small shares of Polish territory were transferred to
2724:
1991:
radical, racially motivated revision of the world order
1975:
unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the German government
21879:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
20451:
A Chronology of Australian Armed Forces at War 1939–45
18693:
Desert Raiders: Axis and Allied Special Forces 1940–43
17199:
Hart, Stephen; Hart, Russell; Hughes, Matthew (2000).
16673:
Forrest, Glen; Evans, Anthony; Gibbons, David (2012).
13771:. Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No. 4, (in Russian). See also
12788:. John Jay College of Criminal Justice. Archived from
12028:
Political Migrations On Polish Territories (1939–1950)
11587:
10998:
10735:
10713:
10711:
10709:
10707:
10668:
10644:
10608:
10277:
10121:
9987:
9365:
9341:
9245:
9110:
8866:"Major international events of 1940, with explanation"
8831:
8636:
8101:"Major international events of 1939, with explanation"
7892:
7762:
7481:
7445:
7417:
7310:"Historical Context: The Global Effect of World War I"
6075:
of Adolf Hitler, was responsible for murdering about 6
6003:
existed before or during World War II. The USAAF
5821:(including Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians), and
4991:
river. By March, the Western Allies crossed the Rhine
4891:, winning major engagements against Chinese forces at
4852:
denied the Soviets occupation of Finland and led to a
4788:
and forced the rapid withdrawal of German Army Groups
3123:
July in an attempt to prevent its seizure by Germany.
2614:
in April 1939, the same guarantee was extended to the
2471:
2448:
had sporadic border clashes with the Soviet Union and
2244:, or AOI); in addition it exposed the weakness of the
2170:
20592:
German Army 1939–1945 (2): North Africa & Balkans
20162:
Russia and the World Economy: Problems of Integration
17370:
Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History
15937:
The Second World War (4): The Mediterranean 1940–1945
15776:
France During World War II: From Defeat to Liberation
14399:
IEE Proceedings – Science, Measurement and Technology
12782:"World War II: Combatants and Casualties (1937–1945)"
12562:. United States Department of State. 7 January 2008.
12416:
12338:
10572:
10536:
10488:
10476:
10440:
10313:
10289:
9437:
9377:
9329:
9221:
9058:
8943:
8732:
8672:
8624:
8600:
8588:
8389:
7952:
7798:
7604:
7592:
7258:
Why Japan and Russia never signed a WWII peace treaty
5705:
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
5365:
The Allies established occupation administrations in
4715:
to control territory in Poland and combat the Polish
4582:
an operation against Allied positions in Assam, India
4225:
Western Europe/Atlantic and Mediterranean (1942–1943)
3306:
advancing across the North African desert, April 1941
3268:
Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II
3207:. In September the United States further agreed to a
2808:
On 8 September, German troops reached the suburbs of
2551:
to challenge British naval supremacy. In March 1939,
1997:. France, seeking to secure its alliance with Italy,
1367:. The war in Europe concluded with the liberation of
21149:
21087:
Bagration 1944: The Destruction of Army Group Centre
20222:
19670:
Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953
18830:
Neary, Ian (1992). "Japan". In Martin Harrop (ed.).
17471:
Workers at War: Labor in China's Arsenals, 1937–1953
17447:
Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union
16898:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
16218:
War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War
14875:
Iron Curtain: The Crushing of Eastern Europe 1944–56
14730:
Insights Ias – Simplifying Upsc Ias Exam Preparation
14378:
14366:
12919:
Florida Center for Instructional Technology (2005).
11082:
11070:
11022:
10878:
10632:
10500:
10452:
9563:
9425:
9413:
9317:
9305:
9269:
8813:
8383:
8311:
8119:
7964:
7640:
7628:
7616:
7118:
6911:
5715:
lasted until 1973. Recovery began with the mid-1948
4484:
German operations in the Atlantic also suffered. By
4283:
In August 1942, the Allies succeeded in repelling a
2955:
Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region
2549:
secretly ordered a major build-up of the German navy
2403:
In March 1938, Nationalist Chinese forces won their
2359:. From September to November, the Japanese attacked
2313:
2286:. More than 30,000 foreign volunteers, known as the
20859:; comprehensive overview with emphasis on diplomacy
20815:
Tricolor and Crescent: France and the Islamic World
20505:
Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II
19170:
Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II
18758:———; Millett, Allan Reed (2001).
18526:Milward, A.S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg".
16672:
15101:
Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War
13654:
12590:
12516:
12476:
11909:
11810:
11686:"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy"
11277:
11160:
10704:
10171:"The Elimination of the Alternatives. Jul–Aug 1942"
9257:
7529:
7213:
6441:more than 18 million people in Far East Asia.
6033:
Forced labour under German rule during World War II
5653:In China, nationalist and communist forces resumed
4333:
3764:again and clashed with Chinese nationalist forces.
3157:Using newly captured French ports, the German Navy
2433:
20968:
20911:Liberalism and War: The Victors and the Vanquished
20159:
20113:
19290:Pacific Asia in the Global System: An Introduction
18995:———; Wheatcroft, Andrew (1999).
17629:The Italian Army 1940–45, Volume 2: Africa 1940–43
16651:
16400:"Soviet Deaths in the Great Patriotic War: A Note"
16215:
15959:
14951:
12970:
12440:
12154:
12020:
12018:
11337:
11235:
11094:
11046:
10680:
7816:
7405:
7393:
7073:, p. 124; Yisreelit, Hevrah Mizrahit (1965).
6627:of World War I, which had relied on improved
6327:killed an estimated 2.77 million ethnic Poles
5825:. Between 1941 and 1945, more than 200,000 ethnic
5618:in the Western Pacific, while the Soviets annexed
4244:Exploiting poor American naval command decisions,
4092:Both plans started in July, but by mid-September,
3953:Map of Japanese military advances through mid-1942
3892:
3736:Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale
2836:the last large operational unit of the Polish Army
1919:, and a democratic government, later known as the
30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
24877:Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo
21155:: The Final Days of Germany's Greatest Battleship
20841:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II
20721:The German Campaigns in the Balkans (Spring 1941)
19774:American War Plans, 1941–1945: The Test of Battle
19748:The War at Sea 1939–1945, Volume 1: The Defensive
19362:Germany and the Second World War – The Global War
16874:Soviet Military Deception in the Second World War
16768:The Eclipse of the Big Gun: The Warship 1906–1945
16180:
15335:Origins of the Cold War: An International History
14601:"The AK-47: the worlds favourite killing machine"
14469:"The Vital Role Of Tanks In The Second World War"
13933:
13921:
13257:
12876:
12584:
12464:
12326:
11798:
11428:
10231:"The Trident Conference – New Patterns: May 1943"
9281:
7168:
6248:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
5950:such weapons against civilians, and sometimes on
5167:, and other islands of the Philippines until the
4727:and watched passively as the Germans quelled the
4692:. In Italy, the Allied advance slowed due to the
4020:In early May 1942, Japan initiated operations to
3230:formally united Japan, Italy, and Germany as the
3078:to evacuate a significant number of Allied troops
2965:to Hungary. In September 1940, Bulgaria demanded
2826:. On 17 September 1939, two days after signing a
2464:in April 1941, and Japan adopted the doctrine of
2021:; however, that June, the United Kingdom made an
27287:
21150:Zetterling, Niklas; Tamelander, Michael (2009).
20225:The Baltic States: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania
18977:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia
18885:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, UK: The Crowood Press.
17081:The Oxford Illustrated History of the Royal Navy
16766:Gardiner, Robert; Brown, David K., eds. (2004).
15412:The Strategic Air War Against Germany, 1939–1945
15389:The British Army 1939–45, Volume 3: The Far East
14598:
13885:
13883:
13709:"Color photo of girl at Auschwitz strikes chord"
13671:
13669:
11921:
11897:
11576:
10201:"Casablanca – Beginning of an Era: January 1943"
9869:. University of Hawai'i Press. pp. 29, 35.
8882:
8860:
8858:
8137:
7314:The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History
6198:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
5037:American and Soviet forces met at the Elbe river
4419:On 12 July 1943, the Soviets launched their own
4393:. In April, the Allies launched an operation to
4276:on strategic targets, culminating in the failed
3598:. In July, the UK and the Soviet Union formed a
3567:and industrially-developed Eastern Ukraine (the
3326:, and neutralising several more warships at the
2608:guaranteed their support for Polish independence
2571:on 20 March 1939, forcing the concession of the
2263:
2052:. In October 1936, Germany and Italy formed the
2013:The United Kingdom, France and Italy formed the
1989:of Germany and abolished democracy, espousing a
1329:Japan soon conquered much of the western Pacific
20620:Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies
20612:
20405:The Cambridge History of the Cold War – Origins
18994:
18809:The Cambridge History of the Cold War – Origins
18674:Forgotten Ally: China's World War II, 1937–1945
17650:———; Andrew, Stephen (2002).
16585:
15824:China's Bitter Victory: War with Japan, 1937–45
15184:
14555:
14553:
14422:
14420:
14311:
14291:. Wigston, Leics: Silverdale Books. p. 7.
12350:
12063:
12015:
11978:
11933:
11611:
11599:
11367:
10986:
10784:
10368:Chevrier & Chomiczewski & Garrigue 2004
9619:"Japanese Policy and Strategy 1931 – July 1941"
9581:
9557:
8913:
8825:
8714:
6707:machines, the most well-known being the German
6015:Genocide, concentration camps, and slave labour
4918:, one of the largest naval battles in history.
4902:and decisively defeated Japanese forces in the
4900:offensive against the Mariana and Palau islands
4784:In September 1944, Soviet troops advanced into
4379:isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands
3701:in 1931, the Japanese shelling of the American
3390:In the Middle East in May, Commonwealth forces
2822:. Remnants of the Polish army broke through to
2553:Germany invaded the remainder of Czechoslovakia
2027:goals of capturing vast areas of Eastern Europe
20935:(1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941".
18760:A War to Be Won: Fighting the Second World War
17198:
16841:"Soviet Defensive Tactics at Kursk, July 1943"
16717:
16397:
16263:
15355:
14976:
14670:
14639:
14637:
13951:
13851:
13849:
13083:Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War
12882:
12773:
12674:
12208:
12118:
12106:
11345:"Armistice Negotiations and Soviet Occupation"
11283:
11130:
10932:
10103:
9728:
9726:
9695:
9693:
9191:
9189:
8765:
8763:
8189:
8095:
8093:
6969:
6946:
6399:Allies to Axis GDP ratio between 1938 and 1945
6205:, the number of Chinese released was only 56.
5495:in 1971, and between the Soviet Union and its
5252:". During this conference, the United Kingdom
4584:, and soon besieged Commonwealth positions at
4318:In June 1943, the British and Americans began
4297:Anglo-American landings in French North Africa
4217:in their front line around the Soviet city of
4033:. Japan's next plan, motivated by the earlier
3724:, but was repulsed by late September. Despite
3594:prompted the United Kingdom to reconsider its
3310:In December 1940, British Empire forces began
3209:trade of American destroyers for British bases
3025:British discontent over the Norwegian campaign
2531:and conceded this territory to Germany in the
2056:. A month later, Germany and Japan signed the
1763:to take place and resolved most post–World War
1236:" across Eastern Europe; in 1940, the Soviets
1181:, and it was preceded by events including the
26473:
26459:
25244:
25230:
24540:History of World War II by region and country
24524:
21233:
21044:(3rd ed.). London & Washington, DC:
20667:
20245:
18899:
18757:
18720:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945
18598:Mingst, Karen A.; Karns, Margaret P. (2007).
18478:Hitler's Empire: Nazi Rule in Occupied Europe
18085:
16765:
16344:"Soviet Repression Statistics: Some Comments"
15957:
15620:
15185:Bilhartz, Terry D.; Elliott, Alan C. (2007).
14571:
14559:
14426:
14384:
14372:
14360:
14274:
14234:
14011:
14009:
13880:
13666:
13357:
13258:Carmichael, Cathie; Maguire, Richard (2015).
12956:
12434:
12362:
11712:
11661:The Encyclopedia of Codenames of World War II
11492:
9016:
8855:
8618:
8410:
8365:, pp. 563–64, 566, 568–69, 574–75 (1983 ed.).
7874:
7511:
6514:Advances were made in nearly every aspect of
6352:
6151:Prisoner identity photograph of a Polish girl
5869:and other Polish units, in reprisal attacks.
5217:in March, and the British pushed on to reach
5054:capitulated two days later. On 30 April, the
4406:attacked Soviet forces around the Kursk Bulge
4182:and struck south-east to the Caucasus, while
3957:By the end of April 1942, Japan and its ally
3852:attack on the American fleets at Pearl Harbor
2980:
2444:In the mid-to-late 1930s, Japanese forces in
1657:
1052:
581:
567:
20885:
20641:
20589:
20270:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
19411:The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle
19019:
18900:Niewyk, Donald L.; Nicosia, Francis (2000).
18780:
18245:
18201:
17901:Germany 1858–1990: Hope, Terror, and Revival
17825:
17649:
17494:History of The Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945)
17027:"The greatest military armada ever launched"
16675:The Illustrated Timeline of Military History
16534:
16458:
16398:———; Maksudov, S. (1994).
16057:
15309:
14586:
14582:
14580:
14565:
14550:
14417:
14312:Chenoweth, H. Avery; Nihart, Brooke (2005).
14268:
14197:
13086:. New York: Tylor and Francis. p. 155.
12952:
12950:
12668:
12344:
12166:
12148:
11730:
11593:
11474:
11385:
10872:
10848:
10729:
10698:
9659:
9545:
8690:
8350:
8062:
8060:
7499:
6593:proved effective against German submarines.
5963:hundreds of thousands of political prisoners
5753:
5295:. On the night of 9–10 August 1945, Emperor
4922:Axis collapse and Allied victory (1944–1945)
4739:was also quelled by the Germans. The Soviet
4375:eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians
4155:, and then in June 1942 launched their main
4119:
4089:, the main Japanese base in Southeast Asia.
3398:. Between June and July, British-led forces
3387:, which continued until the end of the war.
3261:
3138:started in August but its failure to defeat
1732:from May to September 1939. Others view the
1078:(1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a
20963:
20425:
18597:
18268:
18119:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945
17583:The British Empire and the Second World War
17058:The Holocaust in Italian Culture, 1944–2010
16535:Evans, David C.; Peattie, Mark R. (2012) .
15332:
14929:Normandy 1944: Allied Landings and Breakout
14794:
14634:
14336:
14286:
14228:
13846:
13013:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum.
12739:. Petaluma, CA: World Trade Press. p.
12422:
12374:
12276:
11844:, Vol. 31, No. 4 (Spring 2007), pp. 162–79.
11663:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 118.
11516:
10115:
10008:
9924:. Investigation of the Pearl Harbor attack.
9826:. p. 126, citing Kenji Tomita's diary.
9723:
9690:
9526:
9186:
8760:
8500:
8131:
8090:
7934:
7819:"The Forgotten Soviet-Japanese War of 1939"
7463:
6007:, killing 393,000 civilians, including the
5663:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
5027:and swept across western Germany capturing
4950:a massive counter-offensive in the Ardennes
4387:neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk
4203:encirclement of German forces at Stalingrad
3777:planning an invasion of the Soviet Far East
3754:culminated in armed clashes in January 1941
3337:to North Africa; at the end of March 1941,
2640:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression
1790:
1325:European Axis powers declared war on the US
26466:
26452:
25237:
25223:
24531:
24517:
21240:
21226:
21067:. Bowling Green University Popular Press.
21042:The Evolution of the United Nations System
20052:
19428:
18601:United Nations in the Twenty-First Century
18505:Decisive Campaigns of the Second World War
18417:Japanese Relations with Vietnam, 1951–1987
18362:
18225:The Second World War: Ambitions to Nemesis
16117:Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory
16067:The Reader's Companion to Military History
15572:Bull, Martin J.; Newell, James L. (2005).
15571:
15543:; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.;
15356:Bosworth, Richard; Maiolo, Joseph (2015).
14643:
14072:
14070:
14039:. 204, Democracy and the Americas: 42–48.
14006:
13590:
12900:
12732:
12620:
12130:
11859:
11743:Poirier, Michel Thomas (20 October 1999).
11582:
11177:
11175:
11153:, pp. 10–11), and is capped with the
11010:
10956:
10071:
9195:
7676:
7435:
7083:, p. vii; Kellogg, William O (2003).
6550:. Carriers were also more economical than
6499:also advanced, including defences such as
6445:Advances in technology and its application
5931:used a variety of such weapons during its
5876:Bodies of Chinese civilians killed by the
5599:—would be accompanied by an unprecedented
4826:liberation of the capital city of Belgrade
4814:increasingly successful guerrilla campaign
4565:region. By late May 1944, the Soviets had
4510:From November 1943, during the seven-week
3142:forced the indefinite postponement of the
3132:Luftwaffe attacks on shipping and harbours
3023:, Norway was conquered within two months.
2918:with military invasion, forcing the three
2555:and subsequently split it into the German
2355:support, effectively ending China's prior
1935:seized power in Italy with a nationalist,
1664:
1650:
1353:invaded German-occupied France at Normandy
1114:of population centres and delivery of the
1059:
1045:
574:
560:
20329:
19851:. Conshohocken, PA: Combined Publishing.
19537:
19065:
18852:
18622:
18222:
17943:
17724:
17699:
17492:Hsu, Long-hsuen; Chang, Ming-kai (1971).
17126:
16996:
16034:
16006:"The Volunteer Armies of Northeast China"
15844:
15650:
15574:Italian Politics: Adjustment Under Duress
15337:(2nd ed.). Abingdon & New York:
15291:(3rd ed.). Abingdon & New York:
15286:
15156:
15121:
14949:
14872:
14844:
14693:
14599:Sprague, Oliver; Griffiths, Hugh (2006).
14577:
14525:
14515:
14144:
13755:
13746:, Vol. 98, No. 4 (Oct. 1993), pp. 1017–49
13131:(1). Croatian Institute of History: 117.
12947:
12817:Historical Atlas of the Twentieth Century
12596:
12546:
12522:
12356:
12332:
12069:
12024:
11984:
11957:
11939:
11828:
11816:
11510:
11402:. Kluwer Law International. p. 426.
11166:
10944:
10662:
9957:
9407:
9371:
9251:
9162:
9150:
8797:
8482:
8277:The American Journal of International Law
8274:
8200:
8057:
7850:"Nomonhan: The Second Russo-Japanese War"
7847:
7387:
7066:
6009:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
5957:The Soviet Union was responsible for the
5786:and during the final battles in Germany.
5690:industrial disarmament in Western Germany
4619:
4571:largely expelled Axis forces from Ukraine
4131:soldiers on the counterattack during the
4045:in Alaska. In mid-May, Japan started the
3027:led to the resignation of Prime Minister
2060:, which Italy joined the following year.
1769:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956
1753:peace treaty between Japan and the Allies
1736:as the start or prelude to World War II.
1708:on 3 October 1935. The British historian
1375:and the Soviet Union, culminating in the
1373:invasion of Germany by the Western Allies
1317:in Southeast Asia and the Central Pacific
21198:West Point Maps of the Asian-Pacific War
21062:
20908:
20835:
20246:Smith, Winston; Steadman, Ralph (2004).
19846:
19563:
19382:
19261:
19074:
18690:
18246:Lindberg, Michael; Todd, Daniel (2001).
18178:
17755:Soviet-British Relations Since the 1970s
17673:Jukes, Geoffrey (2001). "Kuznetzov". In
17491:
17175:
16677:. New York: The Rosen Publishing Group.
16646:
16511:
16481:
16150:
15984:
15958:Collier, Martin; Pedley, Philip (2000).
15821:
15796:
15516:
15480:
15209:
14815:
14628:
14156:
14132:
14076:
13989:Christofferson & Christofferson 2006
13915:
13800:"Japanese Atrocities in the Philippines"
13245:
13156:"The Effects of the Volhynian Massacres"
12510:
12506:
12446:
11988:Political Migrations in Poland 1939–1948
11804:
11558:
11525:, pp. xiii–xiv, 6–8, 68–70, 329–330
11400:Multilateral Treaty Calendar – 1648–1995
11265:
11241:
11223:
11205:
11142:
11100:
11064:
11052:
11040:
10968:
10602:
10566:
10391:
10343:
10307:
9969:
9821:
9647:
9605:
9593:
9455:
9299:
9128:
9076:
8937:
8925:
8785:
8642:
8630:
8558:
8510:Romanian policy towards Germany, 1936–40
8494:
8398:
8216:
8025:
7946:
7756:
7670:
7423:
6917:
6849:
6595:
6454:
6283:
6259:
6145:
6052:
6011:, and destroying 65% of built-up areas.
5871:
5769:
5509:
5345:
5185:
4925:
4761:
4623:
4468:
4438:On 3 September 1943, the Western Allies
4337:
4228:
4123:
3948:
3789:
3714:Japanese-American relations deteriorated
3681:
3573:
3431:and the Soviet Union after 1941; Green:
3419:
3293:
2990:
2961:on Romania which led to the transfer of
2886:
2734:
2581:
2475:
2323:
2180:
1950:
1796:
21135:. Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources.
20714:
20691:
20590:Thomas, Nigel; Andrew, Stephen (1998).
20248:All Riot on the Western Front, Volume 3
19913:
19888:
19817:
19794:
19744:
19690:
19664:
19633:
19613:Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies
19610:
19520:The Brassey's Book of Military Blunders
19287:
19042:
18832:Power and Policy in Liberal Democracies
18803:
18783:The Japanese Colonial Empire, 1895–1945
18645:
18571:
18548:
18525:
18471:
18391:
18339:
18039:
17872:
17848:
17801:
17577:
17443:
17420:
17331:
17157:(2nd ed.). London & New York:
16811:
16691:
16615:
16315:
15934:
15714:
15688:
15594:
15386:
15239:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
15098:
14259:Klavans, Di Benedetto & Prudom 1997
14126:
14067:
13939:
13927:
13706:
13645:
13550:Journal of Women in Culture and Society
13518:. Cambridge: Belknap Press. p. 70.
13513:
13112:
12867:
12779:
12693:
12644:
12632:
12482:
12368:
12142:
12124:
12112:
11892:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
11879:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
11742:
11570:
11434:
11172:
11122:
11112:
10920:
10860:
10836:
10808:
10796:
10741:
10614:
10482:
10470:
10403:
10355:
9933:
9903:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
9862:
9851:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
9838:Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
9768:Hirohito and the making of modern Japan
9431:
9419:
9323:
9275:
9239:
9168:
9156:
9052:
9040:
9028:
9004:
8992:
8965:
8849:
8837:
8726:
8606:
8594:
8455:
8438:. Frank Cass Publishers, Portland, OR.
8362:
8220:
8141:World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia
7898:
7886:
7768:
7658:
7487:
7451:
7235:. usa.usembassy.de. 12 September 1990.
7108:
7016:Hett, Benjamin Carter (1 August 1996).
6997:World War II: America at war, 1941–1945
6994:Polmar, Norman; Thomas B. Allen (1991)
6800:oil pipelines under the English Channel
6359:Military production during World War II
5707:(IBRD), which later became part of the
5321:on the deck of the American battleship
5163:in March. Fighting continued on Luzon,
4713:Polish Committee of National Liberation
3479:, with Germany accusing the Soviets of
3367:; however, the Yugoslav government was
3097:France signed an armistice with Germany
2791:cautious French probe into the Saarland
1915:The German Empire was dissolved in the
1309:dominate East Asia and the Asia-Pacific
1232:had partitioned Poland and marked out "
1224:on Germany on 3 September. Under their
1118:ever used in war. World War II was the
14:
27288:
23087:
23065:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
21130:
21107:
21081:
20888:Strategy and Tactics: Infantry Warfare
20862:
20809:
20564:
20541:
20525:
20502:
20402:
20363:
20290:
20264:
20083:
19865:
19451:
19429:Read, Anthony; Fisher, David (2002) .
19333:
19238:
19215:
19141:
18880:
18713:
18668:
18499:
18414:
18314:
18142:"Japanese Plans and American Defenses"
18116:
17897:
17775:
17749:
17733:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
17708:William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company
17626:
17517:Ingram, Norman (2006). "Pacifism". In
17516:
17468:
17308:
17287:Carriers in Combat: The Air War at Sea
17263:Kursk 1943: The Tide Turns in the East
17221:
17149:
17055:
17021:
16963:
16938:
16919:
16894:
16871:
16835:
16788:
16338:
16110:
16087:
16003:
15130:
15124:The Middle East: Crossroads of History
15050:
15022:
14999:
14926:
14316:. New York: Main Street. p. 180.
14246:
14209:
14089:
14000:
13828:
13804:American Experience: the Bataan Rescue
13786:
13369:
13118:
13079:
12968:
12849:from the original on 22 September 2008
12656:
12534:
12494:
12458:
12160:
12136:
12034:. Warsaw: Polish Academy of Sciences.
11915:
11903:
11853:
11769:
11617:
11546:
11534:
11522:
11486:
11422:
11397:
11319:Museum of the Slovak National Uprising
11301:
11289:
11253:
11193:
11181:
11150:
11116:
11088:
11076:
11028:
11016:
11004:
10896:
10824:
10820:
10674:
10650:
10626:
10590:
10578:
10554:
10530:
10518:
10494:
10331:
10259:
10127:
9790:
9734:"The Showdown With Japan Aug–Dec 1941"
9486:
9443:
9395:
9347:
9335:
9311:
9263:
9180:
9140:
9116:
9064:
8980:
8809:
8769:
8750:
8702:
8666:
8570:
8506:
8422:
8329:
8317:
8262:
8212:
8195:
8039:"The German Campaign In Poland (1939)"
7982:
7958:
7922:
7910:
7804:
7780:
7682:
7622:
7610:
7598:
7586:
7523:
7475:
7439:
7371:
7219:
7124:
7089:. Barron's Educational Series. p. 236
7080:
7070:
6623:changed from the static frontlines of
6338:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
6037:Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany
5260:replaced Churchill as Prime Minister.
5104:, in what would later be known as the
4985:Western Allies entered western Germany
4745:strategic offensive in eastern Romania
4719:; the Soviet Red Army remained in the
4680:, and the Western Allies continued to
4427:, but the Soviets broke through it at
4159:against southern Russia, to seize the
3983:resistance by Filipino and U.S. forces
3944:
3410:Axis attack on the Soviet Union (1941)
2745:tearing down the border crossing into
1761:reunification of East and West Germany
1747:on 2 September 1945, which officially
1470:
27446:Wars involving the Dominican Republic
26447:
25218:
24512:
23936:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
23368:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
23014:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
22970:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
22075:Rape during the occupation of Germany
21221:
21039:
20886:Wiest, Andrew; Barbier, M.K. (2002).
20744:
20471:
20448:
20208:(5th ed.). Manchester: Goodall.
20206:Pedestal: The Convoy That Saved Malta
20203:
20184:
20157:
20111:
20009:Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above
19980:
19938:
19516:
19310:
19190:
19164:
18973:
18952:
18924:
18829:
18291:
18144:. In Greenfield, Kent Roberts (ed.).
18139:
18095:The Cambridge History of the Cold War
18011:
17672:
17549:
17496:(2nd ed.). Chung Wu Publishers.
17423:Italy's Sorrow: A Year of War 1944–45
17283:
17260:
17078:
16557:
16446:from the original on 13 February 2022
16266:Cardozo Studies in Law and Literature
16210:
15911:
15883:
15745:
15669:
15457:
15432:
15310:Bonner, Kit; Bonner, Carolyn (2001).
15260:
15075:
14895:
14610:from the original on 28 December 2018
14438:
14396:
14348:
14181:
14027:
13782:
13675:
13660:
13488:
13308:
13135:from the original on 17 November 2015
13067:
12894:
12720:
12680:
12470:
12380:
12282:
12238:from the original on 15 December 2021
12214:
11658:
11629:
11605:
11373:
11217:
11134:
11034:
10992:
10980:
10908:
10884:
10772:
10686:
10542:
10446:
10319:
10295:
10271:
10086:from the original on 14 December 2013
9981:
9770:. HarperPerennial. pp. 399–414.
9490:
9383:
9227:
9210:from the original on 14 December 2013
8961:
8949:
8738:
8678:
8654:
8464:from the original on 19 December 2021
8125:
7970:
7856:from the original on 24 November 2005
7817:Goldman, Stuart D. (28 August 2012).
7792:
7646:
7634:
7535:
7411:
7112:
6947:Ferris, John; Mawdsley, Evan (2015).
6653:advances continued throughout the war
6079:million Jews in what is now known as
6045:Soviet war crimes § World War II
5971:mass civilian deportations to Siberia
5467:in 1948 as a common standard for all
5465:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
5328:on 2 September 1945, ending the war.
4547:halted on the pre-war Estonian border
4533:that expelled German forces from the
4367:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
3652:By early December, freshly mobilised
3621:By October, Axis powers had achieved
3491:of ending the 1941 campaign near the
3425:European theatre of World War II
3381:invasion of the Greek island of Crete
2957:. In August 1940, Hitler imposed the
2944:some Finnish concessions of territory
1999:allowed Italy a free hand in Ethiopia
555:
36:The Second World War (disambiguation)
27691:Wars involving the Republic of China
26544:Post-classical history (Middle Ages)
23058:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
22090:Rape during the liberation of France
21110:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg
21016:
20993:
20931:
20786:
20189:. Institute for Economic Democracy.
20138:
20029:
20003:
19892:Henry L. Stimson: The First Wise Man
19771:
19718:
19589:
19490:
19407:
19356:
19099:
18781:Myers, Ramon; Peattie, Mark (1987).
18745:from the original on 24 January 2022
18551:War, Economy, and Society, 1939–1945
17972:
17603:
17397:
17363:
17338:Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945
17101:
16740:
16292:
16240:
16160:The Oxford Companion to World War II
15674:. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers.
15621:Burcher, Roy; Rydill, Louis (1995).
15410:British Bombing Survey Unit (1998).
15409:
15163:Recreating Japanese Women, 1600–1945
14851:Gulag: A History of the Soviet Camps
14441:The Evolution of Weapons and Warfare
14287:Bishop, Chris; Chant, Chris (2004).
14262:
14214:. United Nations Pubns. p. 23.
14193:
14051:from the original on 26 January 2024
14033:"The Struggle for Mineral Resources"
14015:
13976:
13897:from the original on 30 October 2004
13707:Pearson, Alexander (19 March 2018).
13607:from the original on 17 January 2011
13553:, 2006, vol. 31, no. 4, pp. 996–1025
13494:
13332:
13153:
12987:from the original on 10 October 2017
12906:
12608:
12560:"The Bretton Woods Conference, 1944"
12172:
11927:
11865:
11718:
11683:
11498:
11229:
10717:
10638:
10506:
10458:
10379:
10283:
10151:from the original on 9 November 2012
10072:Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944),
10043:
9993:
9945:
9744:from the original on 9 November 2012
9674:Nomonhan: Japan against Russia, 1939
9671:
9569:
9514:from the original on 14 January 2022
9508:U.S. Department of State Publication
9287:
9196:Klooz, Marle; Wiley, Evelyn (1944),
8582:
7715:
7399:
7338:
7201:from the original on 1 February 2022
7015:
6369:
6297:civilian victims in the Soviet Union
6083:. They also murdered an additional 4
6005:bombed a total of 67 Japanese cities
4962:pushing from the Vistula to the Oder
4912:invaded the Filipino island of Leyte
4731:initiated by the Armia Krajowa. The
4703:") that nearly destroyed the German
4272:. On the Continent, raids of Allied
4085:, as a first step towards capturing
3829:in his place, choosing War Minister
3672:War breaks out in the Pacific (1941)
3333:Italian defeats prompted Germany to
3314:against Italian forces in Egypt and
3044:launched an offensive against France
2851:clandestine state apparatus remained
2725:War breaks out in Europe (1939–1940)
2702:
2008:
1409:invasion of the Japanese archipelago
1365:captured key western Pacific islands
1169:included unresolved tensions in the
199:1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945
21184:West Point Maps of the European War
20531:The Origins of the Second World War
19868:The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later
19759:from the original on 4 January 2022
19726:(Revised ed.). Baltimore, MD:
18903:The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust
18437:
18062:
16942:The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944
16821:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
16035:Cook, Chris; Bewes, Diccon (1997).
15232:
13840:
13507:
13381:
13320:
13223:. The University of Hawaii System.
13214:
12196:from the original on 5 October 2023
10047:
9791:Kitano, Ryuichi (6 December 2021).
9762:
9629:from the original on 6 January 2013
7737:
7353:from the original on 14 August 2021
7274:
6935:Rowman & Littlefield Publishing
6303:In the East, the intended gains of
5944:early conflicts against the Soviets
5813:, at least 1.9 million ethnic
5616:administered Japan's former islands
5610:In Asia, the United States led the
5181:bombing raid on Tokyo of 9–10 March
5023:, while the Western Allies finally
4867:, pushing the Japanese back to the
4753:a successful coup d'état in Romania
3760:. In September, Japan attempted to
3748:; in retaliation, Japan instituted
3515:dispossessing the native population
3256:territory ceded to the Soviet Union
3144:proposed German invasion of Britain
3136:German campaign for air superiority
3017:Denmark capitulated after six hours
2557:Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia
2539:to Hungary, and Poland annexed the
2472:European occupations and agreements
2171:Italian invasion of Ethiopia (1935)
1857:To prevent a future world war, the
1431:, marking the end of the conflict.
121:From top to bottom, left to right:
24:
26513:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism
23284:German invasion of the Netherlands
21564:Weather events during World War II
20971:Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision
20671:; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2004).
19241:An A–Z of Modern Europe Since 1789
18931:War and Economy in the Third Reich
18318:The United States and World War II
18042:Tobruk 1941: Rommel's Opening Move
17201:The German Soldier in World War II
15519:Europe's Troubled Peace, 1945–2000
15370:. pp. 313–314. Archived from
14798:The Making of the Second World War
14479:from the original on 25 March 2022
13855:
13769:On repatriation of Soviet citizens
13721:from the original on 19 March 2018
13676:Marek, Michael (27 October 2005).
13227:from the original on 23 March 2010
12925:A Teacher's Guide to the Holocaust
12566:from the original on 17 April 2022
12404:from the original on 24 March 2023
11696:from the original on 23 March 2017
11351:from the original on 30 April 2011
10181:from the original on 30 April 2013
9883:from the original on 15 March 2024
9803:from the original on 17 April 2022
9534:Pearl Harbor: The First Energy War
8895:from the original on 30 April 2013
8107:from the original on 10 March 2013
7150:from the original on 16 April 2021
6808:developed, mass-produced, and used
6688:in urban and jungle settings. The
6631:that outmatched the speed of both
6274:annexed portions of Czechoslovakia
5717:currency reform in Western Germany
5190:Japanese foreign affairs minister
5005:encircling the German Army Group B
4723:district on the other side of the
4709:another Soviet strategic offensive
4644:On 6 June 1944 (commonly known as
4559:re-establish national independence
3226:At the end of September 1940, the
3177:scored a significant victory on 27
3005:Germany invaded Denmark and Norway
2793:. The Western Allies also began a
2716:Diplomatic history of World War II
2405:first major victory at Taierzhuang
1872:Despite strong pacifist sentiment
1311:, and by 1937 was at war with the
25:
27742:
27701:Wars involving the United Kingdom
26428:Western European and Others Group
23915:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
21177:
20426:Sumner, Ian; Baker, Alix (2001).
19103:(1993). "Why Japan Surrendered".
17105:Modern Japan: A Historical Survey
15987:The Story of the Second World War
15266:World War Two: A Military History
14736:from the original on 11 July 2022
14504:Journal of Evolutionary Economics
14161:. Diane Publishing. p. 203.
14110:from the original on 7 March 2023
13462:. ABC-CLIO. 2006. pp. 480–.
13260:The Routledge History of Genocide
13196:from the original on 24 June 2018
13166:from the original on 21 June 2018
13100:from the original on 7 March 2023
13049:from the original on 3 March 2013
12823:from the original on 7 March 2011
12810:
11636:. Scott Andrew Selby. p. 8.
11278:Forrest, Evans & Gibbons 2012
10428:from the original on 19 July 2019
10027:. New York: Viking. pp. 256–257.
8872:from the original on 25 May 2013.
8531:from the original on 7 March 2023
8456:Massari, Ivano (18 August 2015).
8158:from the original on 7 March 2023
7829:from the original on 29 June 2015
7730:Levene, Mark and Roberts, Penny.
7703:from the original on 7 March 2023
7568:from the original on 7 March 2023
7320:from the original on 4 March 2024
7307:
7048:from the original on 7 March 2023
6252:Collaboration with Imperial Japan
5829:, along with Roma and Jews, were
5110:Total and unconditional surrender
4444:Italy's armistice with the Allies
4291:. A few months later, the Allies
4193:By mid-November, the Germans had
3664:, allowed the Soviets to begin a
3600:military alliance against Germany
3285:incursion into British-held Egypt
2709:List of timelines of World War II
2499:pictured just before signing the
2314:Japanese invasion of China (1937)
2236:into the newly created colony of
2165:
2040:Hitler defied the Versailles and
1757:treaty regarding Germany's future
1477:List of timelines of World War II
1407:on 9 August. Faced with imminent
27706:Wars involving the United States
24475:
21247:
21212:Atlas of the World Battle Fronts
19461:. Diane Publishing. p. 50.
18271:Italian Foreign Policy 1870–1940
18269:Lowe, C.J.; Marzari, F. (2002).
18065:Nanking 1937: Memory and Healing
16022:from the original on 11 May 2012
14795:Adamthwaite, Anthony P. (1992).
14748:
14718:
14702:. Air University. Archived from
14687:
14664:
14622:
14592:
14491:
14461:
14432:
14390:
14354:
14342:
14330:
14305:
14280:
14252:
14240:
14203:
14187:
14175:
14150:
14138:
14082:
14021:
13994:
13982:
13970:
13957:
13945:
13909:
13834:
13822:
13792:
13761:
13749:
13736:
13700:
13684:. Deutsche Welle. Archived from
13639:
13619:
13584:
13556:
13541:
13522:
13450:
13429:
13419:
13387:
13375:
13363:
13351:
13326:
13314:
13302:
13276:
13251:
13239:
13208:
13178:
13147:
13073:
13061:
13029:
12999:
12972:"Holocaust: The Ignored Reality"
12969:Snyder, Timothy (16 July 2009).
12962:
12935:from the original on 16 May 2016
12912:
12888:
12861:
12835:
12804:
12757:
12726:
12714:
12697:A Companion to Europe Since 1945
12686:
12662:
12650:
12638:
12626:
12614:
12602:
12578:
12552:
12528:
12500:
12488:
12452:
12428:
12386:
12260:. United Nations. Archived from
12250:
12220:
12178:
12051:from the original on 20 May 2014
11884:
11871:
11847:
11834:
11763:
11724:
11677:
11652:
11630:Selby, Scott A. (28 July 2021).
11623:
11552:
11540:
11528:
11504:
11480:
11468:
11440:
11391:
11379:
11325:from the original on 19 May 2020
11307:
11295:
11271:
11259:
11247:
11211:
11199:
11187:
11106:
11058:
10962:
10902:
10814:
10747:
10397:
10373:
10361:
10349:
10241:from the original on 25 May 2013
10223:
10211:from the original on 25 May 2013
10193:
10163:
10133:
10065:
10053:
10037:
10014:
9975:
9963:
9939:
9927:
9908:
9895:
9856:
9843:
9830:
9815:
9784:
9756:
9711:from the original on 25 May 2013
9665:
9611:
9496:
9480:
9449:
9389:
9070:
8955:
8876:
8814:Zetterling & Tamelander 2009
8803:
8791:
8244:from the original on 20 May 2022
8045:from the original on 24 May 2014
7175:The International History Review
6985:Transaction Publishers pp. 7, 30
6871:
6424:, and Germany's late shift to a
6374:
6087:million others who were deemed "
6062:Bergen-Belsen concentration camp
5933:invasion and occupation of China
5823:other ethnic and minority groups
5289:southern part of Sakhalin Island
5196:Japanese Instrument of Surrender
5124:, to be effective by the end of
4858:fight their former German allies
4749:considerable German troops there
4694:last major German defensive line
4334:Allies gain momentum (1943–1944)
4293:commenced an attack of their own
4287:and, at a high cost, managed to
4285:second attack against El Alamein
4110:offensive into the Arakan region
3649:of the war in Europe had ended.
3427:animation map, 1939–1945 – Red:
3272:In early June 1940, the Italian
2932:The Soviet Union invaded Finland
2731:European theatre of World War II
2606:, the United Kingdom and France
2440:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2434:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2072:(KMT) party in China launched a
1979:became the Chancellor of Germany
1712:views the beginning of World War
1092:Nearly all the world's countries
446:
434:
422:
398:
386:
374:
362:
111:
102:
91:
82:
71:
62:
27696:Wars involving the Soviet Union
20367:Journal of Contemporary History
19984:Journal of Contemporary History
19945:Journal of Contemporary History
19866:Schain, Martin A., ed. (2001).
19146:(New ed.). Cambridge, MA:
19053:The Journal of American History
18549:——— (1992) .
18205:History of the Second World War
17826:Kennedy-Pipe, Caroline (1995).
17225:Journal of Contemporary History
16997:Goldstein, Margaret J. (2004).
15985:Commager, Henry Steele (2004).
15550:The Logic of Political Survival
13476:from the original on 4 May 2024
13290:from the original on 7 May 2022
13286:. HistoryNet. 6 November 2017.
13017:from the original on 7 May 2016
12094:from the original on 3 May 2018
11966:from the original on 3 May 2018
11640:from the original on 4 May 2024
11315:"Slovak National Uprising 1944"
9081:, Routledge, pp. 119–126,
8612:
8543:
8449:
8428:
8368:
8335:
8268:
8226:
8206:
8173:
8078:from the original on 5 May 2016
8031:
7976:
7841:
7810:
7724:
7541:
7517:
7429:
7332:
7301:
7298:declaration enters into force "
7251:
7239:from the original on 7 May 2012
7225:
7162:
7130:
7060:
6291:hanged by the German army. The
5782:and 40 million civilians.
5412:were taken over by Poland, and
5281:invaded Japanese-held Manchuria
5209:In May 1945, Australian troops
5155:by the end of April 1945. They
4492:and Winston Churchill met with
4414:ousting and arrest of Mussolini
4326:" the civilian population. The
3893:Axis advance stalls (1942–1943)
3487:, Moscow and Ukraine, with the
3449:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
2949:In June 1940, the Soviet Union
2857:and Latvia; many of them later
2767:Polish defenses at Westerplatte
2707:For a chronological guide, see
1861:was established in 1920 by the
1743:), rather than with the formal
1696:on 7 July 1937, or the earlier
1611:Battle of Europe air operations
1465:economic recovery and expansion
1357:regained its territorial losses
1298:an invasion of the Soviet Union
1110:, with the latter enabling the
27686:Wars involving the Philippines
27681:Wars involving the Netherlands
24162:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
21872:Territorial changes of Germany
21780:Indonesian National Revolution
21108:——— (2002).
20542:——— (1979).
19728:Johns Hopkins University Press
19269:. Basingstoke & New York:
19222:Johns Hopkins University Press
19048:"Oil and the American Century"
18974:——— (2004).
18953:——— (1995).
17873:——— (2007).
17725:——— (2000).
16970:Combined Arms Research Library
16964:——— (2005).
16939:——— (2002).
16920:——— (2001).
16895:——— (1998).
16872:——— (1989).
16845:Combined Arms Research Library
16512:——— (2003).
16459:Emadi-Coffin, Barbara (2002).
15918:University of California Press
15916:. Berkeley & Los Angeles:
15694:Democracy in Europe: A History
15623:"Concepts in Submarine Design"
15168:University of California Press
15166:. Berkeley & Los Angeles:
15051:——— (2012).
14873:——— (2012).
14694:Rowe, Neil C.; Rothstein, Hy.
14646:"Code Breaking in World War I"
14606:. controlarms.org. p. 1.
13744:The American Historical Review
13403:. 27 July 2004. Archived from
12733:Genzberger, Christine (1994).
9536:. History Today. December 2000
8561:, pp. 367, 376, 379, 417.
8436:The Soviet Invasion of Finland
8180:The UK declared war on Germany
7009:
6988:
6983:Imperial Japan's World War Two
6975:
6940:
6923:
6877:Reparations were exacted from
6855:
6842:
6463:launched from a fixed site in
6451:Technology during World War II
6363:Home front during World War II
6323:mass atrocities and war crimes
6244:Resistance during World War II
5997:international humanitarian law
5749:Historiography of World War II
5177:a massive firebombing campaign
5102:Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk
4954:along the French-German border
4518:and tried to outflank it with
3183:sinking the German battleship
2861:in other theatres of the war.
2590:(right) and the Soviet leader
2349:non-aggression pact with China
1917:German Revolution of 1918–1919
1698:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
1397:dropped the first atomic bombs
1385:German unconditional surrender
1183:Japanese invasion of Manchuria
13:
1:
27436:Wars involving Czechoslovakia
23562:Japanese invasion of Thailand
23513:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
23277:German invasion of Luxembourg
21658:Mediterranean and Middle East
20336:The English Historical Review
19697:The Penguin History of Europe
19020:O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001).
18623:Miscamble, Wilson D. (2007).
18604:(3rd ed.). Boulder, CO:
18315:Maddox, Robert James (1992).
18294:The Chinese Civil War 1945–49
18208:(4th ed.). London: Pan.
18152:US Government Printing Office
17728:Coming Apart, Coming Together
17700:Kantowicz, Edward R. (1999).
17444:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2006).
17108:(3rd ed.). Boulder, CO:
16278:10.1525/lal.1991.3.2.02a00030
15414:. London & Portland, OR:
14818:The Pacific Historical Review
14781:
14439:Dupuy, Trevor Nevitt (1982).
13893:. Library of Congress. 1992.
12585:DeLong & Eichengreen 1993
10983:, pp. 211, 235, 267–268.
9824:Shōwa tennō no jūgo-nen sensō
9360:Bueno de Mesquita et al. 2003
8184:France followed 6 hours later
7852:. MilitaryHistoryOnline.com.
7187:10.1080/07075332.1987.9640449
7086:American History the Easy Way
6233:
5833:by the Axis-aligned Croatian
5780:20 million military personnel
5669:marked the escalation of the
5642:and the United States in the
5578:tension with the Soviet Union
5438:annexed into the Soviet Union
5430:2 million Poles were expelled
5173:United States Army Air Forces
4690:failed to cross the Rur river
4114:insertion of irregular forces
3903:Declaration by United Nations
3722:first attack against Changsha
3385:Axis occupation of Yugoslavia
3335:deploy an expeditionary force
2753:On 1 September 1939, Germany
2394:capturing the capital Nanking
2264:Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)
2212:) by the armed forces of the
2188:inspecting troops during the
1779:
1706:Italian invasion of Abyssinia
772:Mediterranean and Middle East
40:World War II (disambiguation)
27386:Wars involving British India
23469:Invasion of the Soviet Union
23158:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
22476:Independent State of Croatia
20789:Aerospace Propulsion Systems
20623:(4th ed.). Athens, GA:
20011:. Amsterdam & New York:
19847:Salecker, Gene Eric (2001).
18881:Neulen, Hans Werner (2000).
18646:Mitcham, Samuel W. (2007) .
18363:Mandelbaum, Michael (1988).
18340:Maingot, Anthony P. (1994).
18202:Liddell Hart, Basil (1977).
17925:Journal of Managerial Issues
17610:University Press of Kentucky
17604:Joes, Anthony James (2004).
17127:Hanhimäki, Jussi M. (1997).
17056:Gordon, Robert S.C. (2012).
16299:University Press of Kentucky
16247:University of Nebraska Press
15797:Chubarov, Alexander (2001).
15627:Journal of Applied Mechanics
14981:. Vol. III. Cambridge:
14950:Balabkins, Nicholas (1964).
14788:Bibliography of World War II
13806:. PBS Online. Archived from
13070:, pp. 158–160, 234–236.
12977:The New York Review of Books
12819:. Matthew White's Homepage.
12694:Larresm, Klaus, ed. (2014).
11398:Wiktor, Christian L (1998).
10933:Hart, Hart & Hughes 2000
10046:, p. 157. According to
8585:, pp. 912–914, 917–920.
6905:
6639:, to increased mobility and
5727:. Italy also experienced an
5632:under Japanese colonial rule
5582:Communist uprising in Greece
5331:
5246:confirmed earlier agreements
4933:held in February 1945, with
4904:Battle of the Philippine Sea
4883:in mid-June and the city of
4628:American troops approaching
4539:most lethal siege in history
4499:and then with Joseph Stalin
4440:invaded the Italian mainland
4320:a strategic bombing campaign
4007:bombed the Allied naval base
3803:Japanese surprise air attack
3524:was preparing for strategic
3447:, the two powers signed the
3416:Eastern Front (World War II)
3281:conquered British Somaliland
2987:Western Front (World War II)
2636:Anglo-German Naval Agreement
2046:remilitarising the Rhineland
2037:in August of the same year.
1637:Surrender of the Axis armies
1451:, setting the stage for the
1082:between two coalitions: the
753:Manchuria and Northern Korea
7:
27661:Wars involving South Africa
27641:Wars involving Saudi Arabia
24453:End of World War II in Asia
24293:Western invasion of Germany
23800:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
23777:Second Battle of El Alamein
23347:Hundred Regiments Offensive
23319:Battle of the Mediterranean
23172:Italian invasion of Albania
21346:Air warfare of World War II
20913:. Abingdon & New York:
20843:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
20625:University of Georgia Press
20056:Journal of Military History
19795:Rottman, Gordon L. (2002).
19776:. Abingdon & New York:
19292:. Oxford & Malden, MA:
18529:The Economic History Review
18223:Lightbody, Bradley (2004).
18147:The Fall of the Philippines
17832:Manchester University Press
17811:. Oxford University Press.
17133:Kent State University Press
16876:. Abingdon & New York:
16619:Journal of Military History
16597:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
16365:10.1080/0966813022000017177
16320:. Vol. 13. Cambridge:
15893:(2nd ed.). Cambridge:
15890:A Concise History of Greece
15521:. Oxford & Malden, MA:
15387:Brayley, Martin J. (2002).
15289:Mussolini and Fascist Italy
15287:Blinkhorn, Martin (2006) .
15268:. Abingdon & New York:
15210:Bilinsky, Yaroslav (1999).
15082:University of Toronto Press
14644:Schoenherr, Steven (2007).
12929:University of South Florida
12497:, pp. 441–443, 464–68.
11747:. U.S. Navy. Archived from
11684:Long, Tony (9 March 2011).
11659:Chant, Christopher (1986).
10785:Thompson & Randall 2008
9582:Fairbank & Goldman 2006
9558:Overy & Wheatcroft 1999
9462:. London: Pimlico. p.
8914:Bilhartz & Elliott 2007
8885:"Coordination With Britain"
8826:Overy & Wheatcroft 1999
8715:Overy & Wheatcroft 1999
8144:. Routledge. p. 1663.
7683:Tucker, Spencer C. (2009).
7022:Canadian Journal of History
6813:
6293:Russian Academy of Sciences
6210:East Asia Development Board
5946:. Both the Germans and the
5701:International Monetary Fund
5638:by the Soviet Union in the
5514:Post-war border changes in
5240:On 11 July, Allied leaders
5128:. German Army Group Centre
5044:stormed and captured Berlin
5011:against Soviet troops near
4658:German Army units in France
4264:in early May 1942. An Axis
4238:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
4098:northern part of the island
4043:occupy the Aleutian Islands
3920:to pursue. All agreed that
3909:and agreeing not to sign a
3844:United States Pacific Fleet
3827:Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni
3731:occupied northern Indochina
3708:in 1937, and the 1937–1938
3551:of a considerably depleted
3392:quashed an uprising in Iraq
3350:besieged the port of Tobruk
3277:attacked and besieged Malta
3117:the United Kingdom attacked
3046:. To circumvent the strong
2832:Soviet Union invaded Poland
2763:false flag border incidents
2654:and Lithuania for Germany;
2567:. Hitler also delivered an
2452:. The Japanese doctrine of
2300:generally favoured the Axis
2220:), which was launched from
2023:independent naval agreement
2003:Territory of the Saar Basin
1993:, and soon began a massive
1755:was signed in 1951. A 1990
1421:its unconditional surrender
1369:German-occupied territories
1124:70 to 85 million fatalities
1108:aircraft played major roles
10:
27747:
27461:Wars involving El Salvador
27180:Asia and the Pacific Group
24379:Naval bombardment of Japan
23747:First Battle of El Alamein
23666:Battle of Christmas Island
23611:Japanese invasion of Burma
23375:Italian invasion of Greece
23291:German invasion of Belgium
23263:German invasion of Denmark
23236:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
23105:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
21369:Comparative military ranks
21131:Zeiler, Thomas W. (2004).
21063:Zalampas, Michael (1989).
20845:Cambridge University Press
20651:Princeton University Press
20409:Cambridge University Press
20407:. Vol. I. Cambridge:
20380:10.1177/002200948702200202
19958:10.1177/002200947801300308
19914:Schoppa, R. Keith (2011).
19889:Schmitz, David F. (2000).
19617:Cambridge University Press
19391:Cambridge University Press
19199:Greenwood Publishing Group
18836:Cambridge University Press
18813:Cambridge University Press
18811:. Vol. I. Cambridge:
18787:Princeton University Press
18629:Cambridge University Press
18415:Masaya, Shiraishi (1990).
18371:Cambridge University Press
18185:Princeton University Press
18099:Cambridge University Press
17855:Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis
17759:Cambridge University Press
17652:The Japanese Army, 1931–45
17627:Jowett, Philip S. (2001).
17521:; Brian J. Reilly (eds.).
17469:Howard, Joshua H. (2004).
17284:Hearn, Chester G. (2007).
17238:10.1177/002200947801300102
17182:Cambridge University Press
16947:University Press of Kansas
16903:University Press of Kansas
16724:Cambridge University Press
16322:Cambridge University Press
15895:Cambridge University Press
15696:. Oxford & Malden MA:
15635:Cambridge University Press
15600:Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
15433:Brody, J. Kenneth (1999).
15368:Cambridge University Press
15216:Greenwood Publishing Group
15140:Cambridge University Press
15122:Ben-Horin, Eliahu (1943).
15099:Bellamy, Chris T. (2007).
14983:Cambridge University Press
14785:
14157:Griffith, Charles (1999).
13952:Barber & Harrison 2006
13337:. Tuttle. pp. 75–77.
13262:. Routledge. p. 105.
13125:Review of Croatian History
12883:Ellman & Maksudov 1994
12287:The UDHR is viewable here
11347:. US Library of Congress.
11131:de Grazia & Paggi 1991
11055:, pp. 412–416, Map 38
10104:Bosworth & Maiolo 2015
7295:, page 2, 20 October 1956.
7169:Frank, Willard C. (1987).
6970:Förster & Gessler 2005
6957:Cambridge University Press
6820:Opposition to World War II
6448:
6356:
6353:Home fronts and production
6237:
6041:Nazi human experimentation
6018:
5969:secret police, along with
5908:implemented the policy in
5766:War crimes in World War II
5763:
5757:
5746:
5493:People's Republic of China
5335:
5267:on the Japanese cities of
5073:on 28 April. On 30 April,
4836:Hungary that lasted until
4747:cut off and destroyed the
4686:a major airborne operation
4543:following Soviet offensive
4464:main German defensive line
4404:. On 5 July 1943, Germany
4301:occupation of Vichy France
4161:oil fields of the Caucasus
4094:the Battle for Guadalcanal
3858:, as well as invasions of
3746:offensive in Central China
3740:in early 1940. In August,
3675:
3493:Arkhangelsk-Astrakhan line
3413:
3265:
2984:
2981:Western Europe (1940–1941)
2847:Polish government-in-exile
2728:
2713:
2706:
2543:region of Czechoslovakia.
2437:
2345:Marco Polo Bridge incident
2317:
2267:
2228:. The war resulted in the
2198:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2177:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
2174:
1910:
1840:Bolshevik seizure of power
1783:
1774:
1474:
1345:Allied invasions of Sicily
201:(6 years, 1 day)
149:atomic bombing of Nagasaki
29:
27726:Wars involving Yugoslavia
27591:Wars involving Montenegro
27576:Wars involving Luxembourg
27546:Wars involving Kazakhstan
27421:Wars involving Costa Rica
27185:Asia Cooperation Dialogue
27150:
26916:Southern/Eastern/Northern
26891:
26796:
26618:
26569:Asian and Pacific Theatre
26526:
26485:
26198:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance
26178:
26096:
25933:
25768:
25639:Standard Average European
25507:
25336:
25256:
25159:
24910:
24773:
24727:
24649:
24546:
24468:
24300:Bratislava–Brno offensive
24240:
24231:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
23968:
23855:Allied invasion of Sicily
23809:
23715:Aleutian Islands campaign
23687:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
23634:
23625:Greek famine of 1941–1944
23520:Second Battle of Changsha
23425:German invasion of Greece
23393:
23270:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
23245:
23183:
23078:
22959:
22685:
22595:
22443:
22146:
22137:
21895:
21720:
21612:North and Central Pacific
21573:
21335:
21328:
21255:
21214:(July 1943 – August 1945)
20977:Stanford University Press
20909:Williams, Andrew (2006).
20764:10.1080/01436590220138378
20488:10.1017/S0018246X00026017
20307:10.1080/09668138608411636
20204:Smith, Peter C. (2002) .
19650:10.1080/09668139508412322
19596:. New York: W.W. Norton.
19414:. New York: W.W. Norton.
19338:. London & New York:
19315:. London & New York:
19243:. London & New York:
19216:Petrov, Vladimir (1967).
19142:Parker, Danny S. (2004).
18980:. New York: W.W. Norton.
18908:Columbia University Press
18691:Molinari, Andrea (2007).
18444:Pacific Historical Review
18227:. London & New York:
17989:10.1017/S0018246X00012747
17858:. New York: W.W. Norton.
17585:. London & New York:
17529:Columbia University Press
17475:Stanford University Press
17402:. London & New York:
17341:. London & New York:
17062:Stanford University Press
17029:. In Jane Penrose (ed.).
16749:Columbia University Press
16485:(2001). "Moskalenko". In
16463:. London & New York:
16421:10.1080/09668139408412190
15803:. London & New York:
15670:Busky, Donald F. (2002).
15462:. London & New York:
15059:Weidenfeld & Nicolson
15002:The Rape of Ethiopia 1936
14912:10.1080/09668139208412066
14760:American Chemical Society
14572:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14560:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14517:10.1007/s00191-009-0141-0
14427:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14385:Burcher & Rydill 1995
14373:Burcher & Rydill 1995
14361:Gardiner & Brown 2004
14275:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14235:Tucker & Roberts 2004
14210:Unidas, Naciones (2005).
13358:Tucker & Roberts 2004
13119:Geiger, Vladimir (2012).
12957:Niewyk & Nicosia 2000
12843:"World War II Fatalities"
12435:Leffler & Westad 2010
12070:Eberhardt, Piotr (2012).
12025:Eberhardt, Piotr (2011).
11985:Eberhardt, Piotr (2006).
11940:Eberhardt, Piotr (2015).
11784:10.1080/09700160108458986
9915:The United States Replies
9055:, pp. 208, 575, 604.
9017:Murray & Millett 2001
8619:Murray & Millett 2001
8411:Murray & Millett 2001
8138:David T. Zabecki (2015).
7875:Collier & Pedley 2000
7711:– via Google Books.
7512:Smith & Steadman 2004
7075:Asian and African Studies
6929:Wells, Anne Sharp (2014)
6340:, essentially a Japanese
5754:Casualties and war crimes
5742:
5455:In an effort to maintain
5338:Aftermath of World War II
5283:and quickly defeated the
5254:held its general election
5048:German forces surrendered
5046:in late April. In Italy,
4975:In February, the Soviets
4842:bitter Finnish resistance
4395:retake Western New Guinea
4207:Rzhev salient near Moscow
4120:Eastern Front (1942–1943)
4047:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
3813:, Sunday 7 December 1941.
3762:take the city of Changsha
3666:massive counter-offensive
3369:overthrown two days later
3324:carrier attack at Taranto
3262:Mediterranean (1940–1941)
3169:against British shipping
3161:against an over-extended
3130:began in early July with
3042:On the same day, Germany
2795:naval blockade of Germany
2537:cede additional territory
2416:flooding the Yellow River
2412:was taken by the Japanese
2250:but the League did little
2242:Africa Orientale Italiana
2094:increasingly militaristic
1692:include the start of the
1678:German invasion of Poland
1632:United Kingdom home front
1485:Timelines of World War II
1355:, while the Soviet Union
1335:; Germany and Italy were
1276:of the UK, and the naval
1238:annexed the Baltic states
1154:tribunals were conducted
1122:in history, resulting in
592:
461:
346:
323:
310:aftermath of World War II
191:
56:
51:
27:1939–1945 global conflict
27716:Wars involving Venezuela
27666:Wars involving Sri Lanka
27606:Wars involving Nicaragua
27571:Wars involving Lithuania
27521:Wars involving Indonesia
27496:Wars involving Guatemala
27361:Wars involving Australia
26338:Lancaster House Treaties
25828:Christian existentialism
25788:Ancient Roman philosophy
25778:Ancient Greek philosophy
23892:Allied invasion of Italy
23869:Solomon Islands campaign
23618:Third Battle of Changsha
23215:First Battle of Changsha
23121:Second Sino-Japanese War
22061:German military brothels
21927:United States war crimes
21023:Rowman & Littlefield
20869:Rowman & Littlefield
20863:Wettig, Gerhard (2008).
20787:Ward, Thomas A. (2010).
20573:Harvard University Press
20032:World War II: Day by Day
19922:Harvard University Press
19897:Rowman & Littlefield
19772:Ross, Steven T. (1997).
19517:Regan, Geoffrey (2004).
19452:Record, Jeffery (2005).
19364:. Vol. VI. Oxford:
19191:Perez, Louis G. (1998).
19075:Padfield, Peter (1998).
19001:(2nd ed.). London:
18864:Indiana University Press
18764:Harvard University Press
18555:University of California
18392:Marston, Daniel (2005).
18179:Liberman, Peter (1996).
18117:Levine, Alan J. (1992).
17561:Harvard University Press
17452:Harvard University Press
17398:Hill, Alexander (2005).
16789:Garver, John W. (1988).
16699:. Vol. IV. Oxford:
16599:Harvard University Press
16293:Dunn, Dennis J. (1998).
16241:Drea, Edward J. (2003).
16071:Houghton Mifflin Company
16004:Coogan, Anthony (1993).
15912:Coble, Parks M. (2003).
15780:Fordham University Press
15718:Public Opinion Quarterly
15541:Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce
15126:. New York: W.W. Norton.
15076:Belco, Victoria (2010).
14960:Rutgers University Press
14927:Badsey, Stephen (1990).
14587:Cowley & Parker 2001
14445:Jane's Information Group
14198:Lindberg & Todd 2001
14090:Wilson, Mark R. (2016).
13856:Ju, Zhifen (June 2002).
13514:Naimark, Norman (1995).
13435:Robert Gellately (2007).
12845:. secondworldwar.co.uk.
11731:Jowett & Andrew 2002
11475:Jowett & Andrew 2002
11448:
11386:Wiest & Barbier 2002
10730:Bonner & Bonner 2001
10699:Thomas & Andrew 1998
10410:. Globe Pequot. p.
10404:Gilbert, Adrian (2003).
10262:, pp. 247–267, 345.
9822:Fujiwara, Akira (1991).
9660:Evans & Peattie 2012
9546:Jowett & Andrew 2002
8507:Haynes, Rebecca (2000).
8234:"Battle of the Atlantic"
7913:, pp. 143–44 (2008 ed.).
7500:Myers & Peattie 1987
7105:Second Thirty Years' War
6835:
6606:Alamogordo Bombing Range
6163:Nazi medical experiments
6139:; about 12 million
6025:Nazi concentration camps
5859:Ukrainian Insurgent Army
5774:World War II deaths
5733:French economy rebounded
5697:Bretton Woods Conference
5459:, the Allies formed the
5379:eastern occupation zones
5075:Hitler committed suicide
5009:its last major offensive
4854:Soviet-Finnish armistice
4654:attacked southern France
4606:second Japanese invasion
4598:besieged Japanese troops
4448:disarming Italian forces
4205:, and an assault on the
3905:, thereby affirming the
3801:was a total loss in the
3635:offensive against Moscow
3105:Italian occupation zones
3011:, which the Allies were
3007:to protect shipments of
2586:German Foreign Minister
2398:murdered by the Japanese
2357:cooperation with Germany
2320:Second Sino-Japanese War
1897:its overseas possessions
1791:Aftermath of World War I
1694:Second Sino-Japanese War
1457:decolonisation of Africa
1423:on 15 August and signed
1337:defeated in North Africa
1286:formed the Axis alliance
1191:Second Sino-Japanese War
1171:aftermath of World War I
1116:only two nuclear weapons
758:pre-war border conflicts
27676:Wars involving Thailand
27656:Wars involving Slovenia
27651:Wars involving Slovakia
27631:Wars involving Rhodesia
27616:Wars involving Paraguay
27586:Wars involving Mongolia
27506:Wars involving Honduras
27471:Wars involving Ethiopia
27416:Wars involving Colombia
27401:Wars involving Cambodia
27391:Wars involving Bulgaria
26116:Equality before the law
25323:Romano-Germanic culture
24314:Second Guangxi campaign
24169:Philippines (1944–1945)
23673:Battle of the Coral Sea
23576:Fall of the Philippines
23222:Battle of South Guangxi
23128:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
22534:Italian Social Republic
21017:Wood, James B. (2007).
20698:Oxford University Press
20696:. Vol. 2. Oxford:
20122:Oxford University Press
20112:Shore, Zachary (2003).
19724:War in the Modern World
19573:Oxford University Press
19383:Ratcliff, R.A. (2006).
19288:Preston, P. W. (1998).
19239:Polley, Martin (2000).
18292:Lynch, Michael (2010).
17906:Oxford University Press
17898:Kitson, Alison (2001).
17421:Holland, James (2008).
17309:Hempel, Andrew (2005).
17085:Oxford University Press
16795:Oxford University Press
16164:Oxford University Press
14801:. New York: Routledge.
14411:10.1049/ip-smt:19949918
14337:Sumner & Baker 2001
14062:the products must pass.
13777:14 October 2011 at the
13593:"Lessons from Iwo Jima"
12398:Encyclopedia Britannica
12308:The UN Security Council
12190:Encyclopedia Britannica
10759:5 November 2013 at the
10116:Mingst & Karns 2007
9863:Wetzler, Peter (1998).
9087:10.4324/9780429027642-6
7935:Lowe & Marzari 2002
7732:The Massacre in History
7288:9 December 2021 at the
6471:Aircraft were used for
6101:Soviet prisoners of war
5831:persecuted and murdered
5819:millions of other Slavs
5760:World War II casualties
5725:German economic miracle
5505:dissolution of the USSR
5360:crimes against humanity
5242:met in Potsdam, Germany
5145:Philippine Commonwealth
5098:Chancellor of the Reich
5081:, and was succeeded by
5052:Italian Social Republic
5050:on 29 April, while the
5025:pushed forward in Italy
4682:push back German forces
4650:invaded northern France
4575:incursions into Romania
4456:Italian Social Republic
4433:Lower Dnieper Offensive
4313:conquered by the Allies
4195:nearly taken Stalingrad
4031:Battle of the Coral Sea
3987:Philippine Commonwealth
3938:unconditional surrender
3897:On 1 January 1942, the
3694:Following the Japanese
3569:First Battle of Kharkov
3469:negotiations took place
3205:significantly increased
3095:June. Eight days later
2898:on the last day of the
2870:occupied central Poland
2859:fought against the Axis
2739:Soldiers of the German
2720:World War II by country
2612:Italy conquered Albania
2596:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
2430:and continued the war.
2407:, but then the city of
2086:Chinese Communist Party
2063:
1718:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
1226:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact
289:North and South America
27721:Wars involving Vietnam
27711:Wars involving Uruguay
27636:Wars involving Romania
27566:Wars involving Liberia
27561:Wars involving Lebanon
27516:Wars involving Iceland
27511:Wars involving Hungary
27486:Wars involving Germany
27476:Wars involving Finland
27466:Wars involving Estonia
27451:Wars involving Ecuador
27441:Wars involving Denmark
27426:Wars involving Croatia
27396:Wars involving Myanmar
27376:Wars involving Bolivia
27371:Wars involving Belgium
27366:Wars involving Austria
27356:Wars involving Albania
26596:Middle Eastern Theatre
26574:Middle Eastern Theatre
26493:Cradle of civilization
26278:Eastern European Group
25867:Continental philosophy
25798:Judeo-Christian ethics
25783:Hellenistic philosophy
25264:Cradle of civilization
23899:Armistice of Cassibile
23701:Battle of Dutch Harbor
23652:Battle of the Java Sea
23555:Attack on Pearl Harbor
23455:Syria–Lebanon campaign
23448:Battle of South Shanxi
23418:Invasion of Yugoslavia
23201:Battle of the Atlantic
22815:Korean Liberation Army
22528:(until September 1943)
22485:(until September 1944)
22463:(until September 1944)
20892:MBI Publishing Company
20726:Department of the Army
20475:The Historical Journal
20428:The Royal Navy 1939–45
20349:10.1093/ehr/cx.437.620
20139:Slim, William (1956).
20036:MBI Publishing Company
20030:Shaw, Anthony (2000).
19745:Roskill, S.W. (1954).
19590:Rich, Norman (1992) .
19408:Read, Anthony (2004).
19106:International Security
18725:Maxwell Air Force Base
18140:Lewis, Morton (1953).
17976:The Historical Journal
17205:MBI Publishing Company
16741:Frei, Norbert (2002).
16564:The Third Reich at War
16514:The Road to Stalingrad
15935:Collier, Paul (2003).
15517:Buchanan, Tom (2006).
15441:Transaction Publishers
15316:MBI Publishing Company
14675:. London. p. 27.
13781:(online version), and
13400:The Japan Times Online
13284:"A Culture of Cruelty"
13221:Freedom, Democide, War
13080:Redžić, Enver (2005).
13011:Holocaust Encyclopedia
12621:Bull & Newell 2005
11842:International Security
10957:Read & Fisher 2002
9701:"The decision for War"
9459:Blood, Tears and Folly
9456:Deighton, Len (1993).
8883:Skinner Watson, Mark.
8460:. War History Online.
8238:Sky HISTORY TV channel
7745:Dictionary of Genocide
7146:. NPR. 10 March 2017.
6617:
6497:Anti-aircraft weaponry
6468:
6300:
6295:reported in 1995 that
6269:
6240:German-occupied Europe
6166:
6065:
5929:Imperial Japanese Army
5885:
5878:Imperial Japanese Army
5775:
5607:throughout the world.
5525:
5362:
5342:Consequences of Nazism
5206:
5090:President of the Reich
4964:river in Germany, and
4945:
4781:
4676:, both led by General
4641:
4620:Allies close in (1944)
4614:new attack on Changsha
4594:invaded northern Burma
4481:
4370:
4328:firebombing of Hamburg
4260:caused the British to
4241:
4178:advanced to the lower
4136:
4060:Imperial Japanese Navy
3954:
3913:with the Axis powers.
3881:These attacks led the
3835:attack on Pearl Harbor
3814:
3807:American Pacific Fleet
3691:
3623:operational objectives
3587:
3537:Soviet supreme command
3439:
3328:Battle of Cape Matapan
3307:
3099:; it was divided into
3031:, who was replaced by
3021:despite Allied support
3000:
2903:
2874:annexed eastern Poland
2803:Battle of the Atlantic
2750:
2599:
2588:Joachim von Ribbentrop
2575:, formerly the German
2569:ultimatum to Lithuania
2504:
2343:after instigating the
2336:
2329:Imperial Japanese Army
2288:International Brigades
2193:
2122:China appealed to the
2019:military globalisation
1967:
1941:class collaborationist
1863:Paris Peace Conference
1810:
1786:Causes of World War II
1415:against Japan and its
1321:attack on Pearl Harbor
1278:Battle of the Atlantic
1195:annexations of Austria
1167:causes of World War II
347:Commanders and leaders
142:North African campaign
27646:Wars involving Serbia
27626:Wars involving Poland
27611:Wars involving Panama
27601:Wars involving Norway
27581:Wars involving Mexico
27556:Wars involving Latvia
27491:Wars involving Greece
27481:Wars involving France
27406:Wars involving Canada
27381:Wars involving Brazil
26821:Vietnamese philosophy
26559:Industrial Revolution
26398:Three Seas Initiative
26373:Pacific Islands Forum
26238:British–Irish Council
25986:Greek Orthodox Church
25445:Industrial Revolution
25415:Scientific Revolution
24063:Second Battle of Guam
23959:Bengal famine of 1943
23929:Second Battle of Kiev
23885:Battle of the Dnieper
23590:Battle of Wake Island
23462:East African campaign
23404:Battle of South Henan
23049:atrocities by Germans
22822:Korean Volunteer Army
21803:Occupation of Germany
21557:Music in World War II
21204:23 March 2019 at the
21190:23 March 2019 at the
20793:John Wiley & Sons
20751:Third World Quarterly
20613:Thompson, John Herd;
20503:Tanaka, Yuki (1996).
20449:Swain, Bruce (2001).
19674:Yale University Press
19174:Yale University Press
19067:10.1093/jahist/jas073
18650:. Mechanicsburg, PA:
18040:Laurier, Jim (2001).
17383:10.1353/kri.2003.0059
17290:. Mechanicsburg, PA:
17102:Hane, Mikiso (2001).
16772:Conway Maritime Press
16541:Naval Institute Press
16088:Darwin, John (2007).
15491:10.1093/pastj/gtab042
15458:Brown, David (2004).
15439:. New Brunswick, NJ:
15416:Frank Cass Publishers
15000:Barker, A.J. (1971).
14958:. New Brunswick, NJ:
13570:. 2010. p. 167.
13497:International Affairs
12700:. Wiley. p. 79.
12088:10.7163/GPol.2012.1.1
11994:. Warsaw: Didactica.
11511:Cook & Bewes 1997
11147:Sant'Anna di Stazzema
9920:29 April 2013 at the
9510:(1983): 87–97. 1983.
8964:, pp. 146, 152;
8774:The Battle of Britain
6981:Ghuhl, Wernar (2007)
6861:Often abbreviated as
6794:, the development of
6745:military intelligence
6684:which were suited to
6599:
6565:and tactics, such as
6458:
6287:
6263:
6194:prisoner-of-war camps
6149:
6056:
5919:Axis forces employed
5875:
5851:persecuted and killed
5773:
5764:Further information:
5671:Arab–Israeli conflict
5513:
5349:
5277:declared war on Japan
5189:
5112:in Europe was signed
4939:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4929:
4765:
4627:
4537:, thereby ending the
4490:Franklin D. Roosevelt
4472:
4341:
4270:stopped at El Alamein
4258:Vichy-held Madagascar
4232:
4127:
4106:withdrew their troops
3991:Battle of Yenangyaung
3971:the Dutch East Indies
3961:had almost conquered
3952:
3934:Casablanca Conference
3793:
3685:
3577:
3549:suspend the offensive
3481:plotting against them
3423:
3346:launched an offensive
3297:
3289:Italy attacked Greece
3013:attempting to cut off
2994:
2963:Northern Transylvania
2890:
2828:cease-fire with Japan
2738:
2647:a non-aggression pact
2585:
2523:with a predominantly
2479:
2327:
2184:
2090:new regional warlords
1954:
1848:Allies of World War I
1800:
1749:ended the war in Asia
1441:the permanent members
1417:invasion of Manchuria
683:Yugoslavian Partisans
462:Casualties and losses
381:Franklin D. Roosevelt
154:Soviet troops at the
32:WWII (disambiguation)
27731:Wars involving India
27671:Wars involving Syria
27596:Wars involving Nepal
27541:Wars involving Japan
27526:Wars involving Italy
27501:Wars involving Haiti
27456:Wars involving Egypt
27411:Wars involving Chile
26393:Special Relationship
25803:Christian philosophy
25748:Western Christianity
25410:Age of Enlightenment
25284:Hellenistic Kingdoms
24349:Surrender of Germany
23827:Battle of West Hubei
23784:Guadalcanal campaign
23754:Battle of Stalingrad
23680:Battle of Madagascar
22454:Albania protectorate
22241:(formerly Swaziland)
21950:Wehrmacht war crimes
21766:Expulsion of Germans
21550:Art and World War II
21448:British contribution
21397:Governments in exile
21046:Taylor & Francis
21040:Yoder, Amos (1997).
20965:Wohlstetter, Roberta
20837:Weinberg, Gerhard L.
20700:. pp. 227–326.
20565:Taylor, Jay (2009).
20411:. pp. 266–287.
20185:Smith, J.W. (1994).
20158:Smith, Alan (1993).
20095:Simon & Schuster
19368:. pp. 191–298.
19342:. pp. 100–120.
19311:Prins, Gwyn (2002).
19294:Blackwell Publishers
19263:Portelli, Alessandro
19194:The History of Japan
18815:. pp. 175–197.
18729:Air University Press
18583:. pp. 115–138.
17781:The Second World War
17731:. Grand Rapids, MI:
17706:. Grand Rapids, MI:
17685:. pp. 109–116.
17519:Lawrence D. Kritzman
17261:Healy, Mark (1992).
17087:. pp. 348–380.
17000:World War II: Europe
16595:China: A New History
16497:. pp. 137–154.
16390:on 22 November 2012.
16196:. pp. 189–230.
15830:. pp. 157–184.
15698:Blackwell Publishing
15523:Blackwell Publishing
15341:. pp. 317–332.
15054:The Second World War
14985:. pp. 217–242.
14473:Imperial War Museums
13534:18 July 2011 at the
13246:Dear & Foot 2001
13154:Massacre, Volhynia.
12768:Edward H. Litchfield
12611:, pp. 29–30, 32
12507:Dear & Foot 2001
11266:Dear & Foot 2001
11115:, pp. 169–184;
11053:Hsu & Chang 1971
10521:, p. 100 (2008 ed.).
10274:, p. 529 (Table 11).
10237:. pp. 126–145.
10177:. pp. 266–292.
10025:The Second World War
9707:. pp. 113–127.
9672:Coox, Alvin (1985).
9606:Hsu & Chang 1971
9594:Hsu & Chang 1971
9532:Maechling, Charles.
8938:Dear & Foot 2001
8926:Dear & Foot 2001
8786:Dear & Foot 2001
8497:, pp. 745, 975.
8495:Dear & Foot 2001
8219:, pp. 248–249;
8217:Dear & Foot 2001
8026:Dear & Foot 2001
7947:Dear & Foot 2001
7757:Hsu & Chang 1971
7671:Hsu & Chang 1971
7034:10.3138/cjh.31.2.257
6741:Polish Cipher Bureau
6729:Japanese naval codes
6610:Trinity nuclear test
6518:, most notably with
6224:and 10 million
6153:taken by the German
5853:by Serb nationalist
5713:Bretton Woods system
5636:divided and occupied
5530:spheres of influence
5518:and creation of the
5450:European territories
5418:expulsion to Germany
5265:dropped atomic bombs
5223:Battle of West Hunan
5159:in January 1945 and
5106:Flensburg Government
4966:overran East Prussia
4916:Battle of Leyte Gulf
4838:the fall of Budapest
4668:on 25 August by the
4634:invasion of Normandy
4525:On 27 January 1944,
4133:Battle of Stalingrad
4052:Japanese naval codes
4022:capture Port Moresby
3850:. These included an
3640:capability to resist
3633:continuing. A major
3608:invaded neutral Iran
3555:, and to divert the
3513:("living space") by
3477:Operation Barbarossa
3355:By late March 1941,
3213:arsenal of democracy
3107:, and an unoccupied
3085:Italy invaded France
3009:iron ore from Sweden
2855:evacuated to Romania
2622:. Shortly after the
2594:, after signing the
2331:soldiers during the
2232:of Ethiopia and its
2074:unification campaign
1977:in 1923, eventually
1893:Treaty of Versailles
1809:, Switzerland (1930)
1445:its security council
1425:a surrender document
1256:, with campaigns in
1234:spheres of influence
156:Battle of Stalingrad
129:dive bombers on the
27621:Wars involving Peru
27551:Wars involving Laos
27536:Wars involving Iraq
27531:Wars involving Iran
27431:Wars involving Cuba
26851:Buddhist philosophy
26811:Japanese philosophy
26554:Early modern period
26418:West Nordic Council
26283:Eastern Partnership
25872:Analytic philosophy
25573:Classical tradition
25395:Early modern period
25351:Classical antiquity
25346:European Bronze Age
24989:Carpathian Ruthenia
24439:Potsdam Declaration
24328:Italy (Spring 1945)
24091:Liberation of Paris
23548:Siege of Sevastopol
22566:(until August 1944)
22469:Wang Jingwei regime
22291:from September 1943
22251:from September 1944
22189:from September 1944
22049:Romanian war crimes
22040:Persecution of Jews
22026:Croatian war crimes
21996:Japanese war crimes
21810:Occupation of Japan
21759:First Indochina War
21471:Military production
21383:Declarations of war
21157:. Drexel Hill, PA:
20615:Randall, Stephen J.
20331:Steinberg, Jonathan
20143:. London: Cassell.
20141:Defeat into Victory
19637:Europe-Asia Studies
18959:. London: Pimlico.
18862:. Bloomington, IN:
17703:The Rage of Nations
17587:Hambledon Continuum
17031:The D-Day Companion
17005:Lerner Publications
16587:Fairbank, John King
16408:Europe-Asia Studies
16352:Europe-Asia Studies
16182:DeLong, J. Bradford
15643:1995JAM....62R.268B
15158:Bernstein, Gail Lee
14706:on 23 November 2010
14265:, pp. 247–251.
13758:, pp. 389–396.
13663:, pp. 568–569.
13591:John Dower (2007).
12792:on 25 December 2010
12786:Obee's History Page
12780:O'Brien, Joseph V.
12770:, Ph.D 1984 p. 195
12549:, pp. 208–209.
12293:3 July 2017 at the
12264:on 18 February 2010
12258:"History of the UN"
12228:"History of the UN"
12076:Geographia Polonica
11946:Geographia Polonica
11831:, pp. 203–204.
11573:, pp. 793–829.
11549:, pp. 709–722.
11196:, pp. 555–560.
11155:Marzabotto massacre
11119:, pp. 568–573.
11091:, pp. 367–414.
11079:, pp. 327–366.
11067:, pp. 660–661.
11031:, pp. 268–274.
10971:, pp. 335–336.
10827:, pp. 149–159.
10775:, pp. 119–120.
10629:, pp. 380–381.
10593:, pp. 224–228.
10557:, pp. 383–391.
10533:, pp. 239–265.
10334:, pp. 111–112.
10147:. pp. 97–119.
10106:, pp. 313–314.
10011:, pp. 341–343.
9766:(3 November 2016).
9302:, pp. 114–137.
9183:, pp. 810–812.
9043:, pp. 184–187.
9031:, pp. 174–175.
9019:, pp. 263–276.
8940:, pp. 745–746.
8828:, pp. 328–330.
8788:, pp. 108–109.
8657:, pp. 122–123.
8425:, pp. 207–226.
8068:"The Danzig Crisis"
7985:Europe-Asia Studies
7925:, pp. 461–462.
7889:, pp. 121–122.
7795:, pp. 651–687.
7783:, pp. 150–152.
7759:, pp. 221–230.
7734:. 1999, pp. 223–224
7673:, pp. 195–200.
7661:, pp. 547–551.
7589:, pp. 131–132.
7478:, pp. 298–299.
7263:4 June 2018 at the
6850:various other dates
6796:artificial harbours
6792:operations research
6346:Japanese war crimes
6129:concentration camps
6117:Jehovah's Witnesses
6049:Japanese war crimes
5612:occupation of Japan
5591:and the Soviet-led
5315:surrender documents
5301:Potsdam Declaration
5205:, 2 September 1945.
5065:. Benito Mussolini
5021:captured Königsberg
4873:captured Mount Song
4707:. Soon after that,
4701:Operation Bagration
4351:flying patrol over
4305:scuttle their fleet
4186:headed towards the
4102:Battle of Buna–Gona
4015:victory at Changsha
3945:Pacific (1942–1943)
3733:in September 1940.
3718:Export Control Acts
3586:), 10 December 1942
3565:advance into Crimea
3435:before 1941; Blue:
3316:Italian East Africa
3140:RAF Fighter Command
3029:Neville Chamberlain
2999:(shown in dark red)
2959:Second Vienna Award
2872:; the Soviet Union
2616:Kingdoms of Romania
2604:Free City of Danzig
2529:Neville Chamberlain
2503:, 29 September 1938
2238:Italian East Africa
2230:military occupation
2190:Italo-Ethiopian War
2084:against its former
2058:Anti-Comintern Pact
1995:rearmament campaign
1983:Paul von Hindenburg
1962:political rally in
1577:Declarations of war
1471:Start and end dates
1393:Potsdam Declaration
1179:militarism in Japan
1150:were occupied, and
1094:—including all the
354:Main Allied leaders
27346:Late modern Europe
27235:EAEU Customs Union
27165:Arab Customs Union
27087:Oriental Orthodoxy
26861:Islamic philosophy
26831:Iranian philosophy
26806:Chinese philosophy
25877:Post-structuralism
25840:Christian humanism
25470:Universal suffrage
24579:French West Africa
24559:British Somaliland
24432:Surrender of Japan
24265:Battle of Iwo Jima
24114:Belgrade offensive
23527:Siege of Leningrad
23411:Battle of Shanggao
23340:British Somaliland
23305:Dunkirk evacuation
23256:Norwegian campaign
23194:Invasion of Poland
23021:Japanese prisoners
21989:Italian war crimes
21920:British war crimes
21835:Soviet occupations
21619:South-West Pacific
21506:Allied cooperation
21464:Military equipment
21002:. pp. 29–56.
20811:Watson, William E.
20732:on 17 January 2022
20724:. Washington, DC:
20716:United States Army
20669:Tucker, Spencer C.
20643:Trachtenberg, Marc
20085:Shirer, William L.
20005:Senn, Alfred Erich
19872:Palgrave Macmillan
19619:. pp. 23–48.
19431:The Fall Of Berlin
19271:Palgrave Macmillan
18956:Why the Allies Won
18838:. pp. 49–70.
18715:Murray, Williamson
18511:. pp. 45–66.
18150:. Washington, DC:
18087:Leffler, Melvyn P.
18071:. pp. 47–74.
17151:Harris, Sheldon H.
16726:. pp. 53–68.
16703:. pp. 13–52.
16186:Eichengreen, Barry
15510:4 May 2024 at the
15483:Past & Present
14758:. Washington, DC:
13538:(PDF). Kiel. 1999.
13335:Unit 731 testimony
13333:Gold, Hal (1996).
12587:, pp. 190–191
12186:"Italy since 1945"
11918:, pp. 96–100.
11772:Strategic Analysis
11692:. Wired Magazine.
10207:. pp. 18–42.
9740:. pp. 63–96.
9625:. pp. 45–66.
9489:, pp. 41–42;
8515:Palgrave Macmillan
8265:, pp. 80, 83.
7339:Gerwarth, Robert.
7293:The New York Times
7209:– via JSTOR.
7101:European Civil War
6786:'s development of
6662:indirect artillery
6618:
6571:Type VII submarine
6532:actions at Taranto
6469:
6315:Nazi racial policy
6301:
6270:
6203:surrender of Japan
6167:
6066:
6029:Extermination camp
5886:
5863:Volhynia massacres
5776:
5667:creation of Israel
5574:independent policy
5572:conducted a fully
5526:
5501:Russian Federation
5363:
5350:Defendants at the
5317:finally signed at
5207:
5149:in the Philippines
5138:Berlin Declaration
5130:resisted in Prague
4987:and closed to the
4946:
4893:Guilin and Liuzhou
4782:
4780:, 20 October 1944.
4674:Free French Forces
4642:
4482:
4425:Panther–Wotan line
4421:counter-offensives
4416:later that month.
4410:invasion of Sicily
4371:
4266:offensive in Libya
4250:Operation Crusader
4242:
4137:
4075:Territory of Papua
4026:amphibious assault
3955:
3926:large-scale attack
3815:
3758:Battle of Shanggao
3742:Chinese communists
3726:several offensives
3692:
3688:entering Hong Kong
3686:Japanese soldiers
3588:
3580:siege of Leningrad
3526:counter-offensives
3440:
3402:, assisted by the
3312:counter-offensives
3308:
3201:United States Navy
3091:fell to them on 14
3001:
2904:
2751:
2749:, 1 September 1939
2600:
2511:, again provoking
2505:
2337:
2333:Battle of Shanghai
2276:Nationalist rebels
2222:Italian Somaliland
2194:
2152:Chahar and Suiyuan
2111:and establish the
2101:right to rule Asia
2031:Franco-Soviet pact
1968:
1811:
1805:assembly, held in
1745:surrender of Japan
1724:and the forces of
1419:, Japan announced
1413:declaration of war
1379:to Soviet troops;
1282:continental Europe
1228:, Germany and the
1189:, outbreak of the
1120:deadliest conflict
878:French West Africa
726:South West Pacific
634:Denmark and Norway
308:victory (see also
38:, and
27336:Conflicts in 1945
27331:Conflicts in 1944
27326:Conflicts in 1943
27321:Conflicts in 1942
27316:Conflicts in 1941
27311:Conflicts in 1940
27306:Conflicts in 1939
27283:
27282:
27082:Eastern Orthodoxy
26826:Indian philosophy
26816:Korean philosophy
26610:Post–Cold War era
26441:
26440:
26268:Council of Europe
26170:International law
26123:Constitutionalism
25981:Eastern Orthodoxy
25487:Post–Cold War era
25420:Age of Revolution
25274:Greco-Roman world
25212:
25211:
24803:Dutch East Indies
24641:Southern Rhodesia
24574:French Somaliland
24506:
24505:
24464:
24463:
24307:Battle of Okinawa
24206:Burma (1944–1945)
24040:Mariana and Palau
23820:Tunisian campaign
23645:Fall of Singapore
23569:Fall of Hong Kong
23312:Battle of Britain
23165:Operation Himmler
23074:
23073:
22738:Dutch East Indies
22381:Southern Rhodesia
22133:
22132:
22033:Genocide of Serbs
21936:German war crimes
21913:Soviet war crimes
21906:Allied war crimes
21752:Division of Korea
21731:Chinese Civil War
21529:Strategic bombing
21441:Manhattan Project
21168:978-1-935149-04-0
21142:978-0-8420-2991-9
21123:978-1-84176-408-5
21114:Osprey Publishing
21100:978-1-85532-478-7
21091:Osprey Publishing
21083:Zaloga, Steven J.
21074:978-0-87972-462-7
21055:978-1-56032-546-8
21032:978-0-7425-5339-2
21009:978-0-262-04136-2
20986:978-0-8047-0597-4
20975:. Palo Alto, CA:
20924:978-0-415-35980-1
20901:978-0-7603-1401-2
20878:978-0-7425-5542-6
20854:978-0-521-85316-3
20828:978-0-275-97470-1
20802:978-0-470-82497-9
20707:978-0-19-822885-1
20684:978-1-57607-999-7
20660:978-0-691-00273-6
20649:. Princeton, NJ:
20634:978-0-8203-3113-3
20605:978-1-85532-640-8
20596:Osprey Publishing
20582:978-0-674-03338-2
20571:. Cambridge, MA:
20557:978-0-241-10017-2
20518:978-0-8133-2717-4
20464:978-1-86508-352-0
20455:Allen & Unwin
20441:978-1-84176-195-4
20432:Osprey Publishing
20418:978-0-521-83719-4
20283:978-0-224-08141-2
20257:978-0-86719-616-0
20238:978-0-415-28580-3
20215:978-0-907579-19-9
20196:978-0-9624423-2-2
20177:978-0-415-08924-1
20150:978-0-304-29114-4
20131:978-0-19-518261-3
20104:978-0-671-72868-7
20045:978-0-7603-0939-1
20022:978-90-420-2225-6
19931:978-0-674-05988-7
19906:978-0-8420-2632-1
19881:978-0-333-92983-4
19858:978-1-58097-049-5
19810:978-0-313-31395-0
19787:978-0-7146-4634-3
19737:978-0-8018-6445-2
19711:978-0-14-026561-3
19683:978-0-300-11204-7
19672:. New Haven, CT:
19666:Roberts, Geoffrey
19626:978-0-521-34579-8
19603:978-0-393-00802-9
19582:978-0-19-928411-5
19556:978-0-85496-695-0
19530:978-1-57488-252-0
19509:978-0-563-49335-8
19468:978-1-58487-216-0
19444:978-0-7126-0695-0
19421:978-0-393-04800-1
19400:978-0-521-85522-8
19375:978-0-19-822888-2
19349:978-0-415-14900-6
19326:978-0-415-36960-2
19303:978-0-631-20238-7
19280:978-1-4039-8008-3
19254:978-0-415-18597-4
19231:978-0-8018-0530-1
19220:. Baltimore, MD:
19208:978-0-313-30296-1
19183:978-0-300-12282-4
19172:. New Haven, CT:
19166:Payne, Stanley G.
19157:978-0-306-81391-7
19092:978-0-471-24945-0
19044:Painter, David S.
19035:978-0-7391-0195-7
19012:978-0-14-028530-7
18987:978-0-393-02030-4
18966:978-0-7126-7453-9
18945:978-0-19-820290-5
18917:978-0-231-11200-0
18892:978-1-86126-799-3
18873:978-0-253-34781-7
18845:978-0-521-34579-8
18822:978-0-521-83719-4
18796:978-0-691-10222-1
18785:. Princeton, NJ:
18773:978-0-674-00680-5
18762:. Cambridge, MA:
18738:978-1-4294-9235-5
18706:978-1-84603-006-2
18697:Osprey Publishing
18683:978-0-544-33450-2
18676:. Mariner Books.
18661:978-0-8117-3413-4
18638:978-0-521-86244-8
18615:978-0-8133-4346-4
18590:978-0-262-04136-2
18579:. Cambridge, MA:
18564:978-0-520-03942-1
18518:978-0-7146-3369-5
18492:978-1-59420-188-2
18430:978-0-87727-122-2
18421:SEAP Publications
18407:978-1-84176-882-3
18398:Osprey Publishing
18384:978-0-521-35790-6
18355:978-0-8133-2241-4
18332:978-0-8133-0437-3
18307:978-1-84176-671-3
18298:Osprey Publishing
18284:978-0-415-26681-9
18261:978-0-275-96486-3
18238:978-0-415-22404-8
18215:978-0-330-23770-3
18194:978-0-691-02986-3
18183:. Princeton, NJ:
18166:on 8 January 2012
18132:978-0-275-94319-6
18108:978-0-521-83938-9
18078:978-0-7656-0816-1
18055:978-1-84176-092-6
18046:Osprey Publishing
18032:978-0-679-72757-6
17915:978-0-19-913417-5
17890:978-0-7139-9712-5
17865:978-0-393-04994-7
17841:978-0-7190-4201-0
17818:978-0-19-514403-1
17803:Kennedy, David M.
17794:978-0-7126-7348-8
17768:978-0-521-37494-1
17742:978-0-8028-4456-9
17717:978-0-8028-4455-2
17692:978-1-84212-513-7
17679:Stalin's Generals
17665:978-1-84176-353-8
17656:Osprey Publishing
17642:978-1-85532-865-5
17633:Osprey Publishing
17619:978-0-8131-2339-4
17596:978-1-85285-417-1
17570:978-0-674-69580-1
17559:. Cambridge, MA:
17542:978-0-231-10791-4
17484:978-0-8047-4896-4
17461:978-0-674-02178-5
17436:978-0-00-717645-8
17413:978-0-7146-5711-0
17356:978-0-415-08239-6
17324:978-0-7818-1004-3
17301:978-0-8117-3398-4
17276:978-1-85532-211-0
17267:Osprey Publishing
17214:978-1-86227-073-2
17191:978-0-521-62046-8
17184:. pp. 1–42.
17168:978-0-415-93214-1
17142:978-0-87338-558-9
17119:978-0-8133-3756-2
17094:978-0-19-211675-8
17071:978-0-8047-6346-2
17048:978-1-84176-779-6
17035:Osprey Publishing
17014:978-0-8225-0139-8
16956:978-0-7006-1208-6
16912:978-0-7006-0899-7
16887:978-0-7146-3347-3
16828:978-0-297-79616-9
16804:978-0-19-505432-3
16781:978-0-85177-953-9
16758:978-0-231-11882-8
16733:978-0-521-83432-2
16710:978-0-19-822886-8
16684:978-1-4488-4794-5
16665:978-0-14-311239-6
16608:978-0-674-01828-0
16578:978-0-7139-9742-2
16559:Evans, Richard J.
16550:978-1-59114-244-7
16539:. Annapolis, MD:
16527:978-0-304-36541-8
16504:978-1-84212-513-7
16491:Stalin's Generals
16474:978-0-415-19540-9
16331:978-0-521-24338-4
16308:978-0-8131-2023-2
16297:. Lexington, KY:
16256:978-0-8032-6638-4
16233:978-0-394-50030-0
16203:978-0-262-04136-2
16192:. Cambridge, MA:
16173:978-0-19-860446-4
16135:978-0-333-69285-1
16103:978-0-14-101022-9
16080:978-0-618-12742-9
16050:978-1-85728-532-1
15996:978-1-57488-741-9
15977:978-0-435-32721-7
15950:978-1-84176-539-6
15941:Osprey Publishing
15927:978-0-520-23268-6
15904:978-0-521-80872-9
15848:The Polish Review
15837:978-1-56324-246-5
15814:978-0-8264-1350-5
15789:978-0-8232-2562-0
15766:978-0-465-06835-7
15707:978-1-4051-1131-7
15681:978-0-275-97733-7
15662:978-0-521-55926-3
15652:10.1115/1.2895927
15613:978-0-14-013564-0
15587:978-0-7456-1298-0
15564:978-0-262-02546-1
15553:. Cambridge, MA:
15532:978-0-631-22162-3
15473:978-0-7146-5461-4
15450:978-0-7658-0622-2
15425:978-0-7146-4722-7
15402:978-1-84176-238-8
15393:Osprey Publishing
15374:on 20 August 2016
15348:978-0-415-34109-7
15325:978-0-7603-0870-7
15312:Warship Boneyards
15302:978-0-415-26206-4
15279:978-0-415-30534-1
15253:978-0-06-019314-0
15225:978-0-275-96363-7
15202:978-0-7656-1821-4
15177:978-0-520-07017-2
15149:978-0-521-55066-6
15114:978-0-375-41086-4
15091:978-0-8020-9314-1
15068:978-0-297-84497-6
15043:978-0-670-87095-0
15015:978-0-345-02462-6
14992:978-0-521-81144-6
14969:978-0-8135-0449-0
14942:978-0-85045-921-0
14933:Osprey Publishing
14888:978-0-7139-9868-9
14865:978-0-7139-9322-6
14808:978-0-415-90716-3
14454:978-0-7106-0123-0
14323:978-1-4027-3099-3
14298:978-1-84509-079-1
14221:978-92-1-109147-2
14168:978-1-58566-069-8
14103:978-0-8122-9354-8
13634:978-0-8018-8358-3
13577:978-1-84545-844-7
13469:978-1-85109-770-8
13445:978-1-4000-4005-6
13344:978-0-8048-3565-7
13269:978-0-367-86706-5
13160:Volhynia Massacre
13093:978-0-7146-5625-0
12959:, pp. 45–52.
12750:978-0-9631864-3-0
12707:978-1-118-89024-0
12669:Emadi-Coffin 2002
12513:, pp. 34–55.
12473:, pp. 12–13.
12394:"Greek Civil War"
12345:Trachtenberg 1999
12163:, pp. 20–21.
12149:Kennedy-Pipe 1995
12041:978-83-61590-46-0
12001:978-1-5361-1035-7
11959:10.7163/GPol.0007
11930:, pp. 41–66.
11670:978-0-7102-0718-0
11409:978-90-411-0584-4
11388:, pp. 65–66.
10899:, pp. 50–55.
10421:978-1-59228-027-8
10286:, pp. 71–74.
9996:, pp. 11–12.
9876:978-0-8248-1925-5
9797:The Asahi Shimbun
9777:978-0-06-256051-3
9683:978-0-8047-1835-6
9473:978-0-7126-6226-0
9242:, pp. 66–69.
9171:, pp. 38–42.
9096:978-0-429-02764-2
9079:Winston Churchill
8705:, pp. 66–67.
8691:Liddell Hart 1977
8669:, pp. 59–60.
8621:, pp. 57–63.
8573:, pp. 118ff.
8524:978-0-312-23260-3
8444:978-0-7146-4753-1
8413:, pp. 55–56.
8384:Smith et al. 2002
8353:, pp. 39–40.
8351:Liddell Hart 1977
8332:, pp. 88–89.
8151:978-1-135-81242-3
7997:10.1080/713663077
7696:978-1-85109-672-5
7561:978-1-4129-8176-7
7095:978-0-7641-1973-6
7005:978-0-394-58530-7
6784:Manhattan Project
6737:pioneering method
6711:. Development of
6520:aircraft carriers
6507:. The use of the
6493:strategic bombing
6422:strategic bombing
6396:
6395:
6331:resistance groups
6091:" (including the
5902:Three Alls policy
5534:the Soviet sphere
5489:Republic of China
5477:permanent members
5442:lost its monarchy
5311:Japan surrendered
5192:Mamoru Shigemitsu
5171:. Meanwhile, the
5161:recaptured Manila
5071:Italian partisans
4935:Winston Churchill
4881:captured Changsha
4875:and reopened the
4812:, who had led an
4770:Douglas MacArthur
4733:national uprising
4705:Army Group Centre
4678:Charles de Gaulle
4531:a major offensive
4520:landings at Anzio
4512:Battle of Changde
4466:in mid-November.
4460:Italian civil war
4452:rescued Mussolini
4262:invade the island
4211:attack on Kharkov
4174:into two groups:
4071:overland campaign
4056:victory at Midway
3922:defeating Germany
3773:Dutch East Indies
3738:counter-offensive
3690:, 8 December 1941
3658:intelligence data
3553:Army Group Centre
3545:Army High Command
3541:strategic defence
3274:Regia Aeronautica
3148:strategic bombing
3128:Battle of Britain
3033:Winston Churchill
2971:Treaty of Craiova
2936:League of Nations
2814:counter-offensive
2703:Course of the war
2687:, and to allow a
2559:and a pro-German
2278:, led by General
2270:Spanish Civil War
2246:League of Nations
2162:to oppose Japan.
2154:. After the 1936
2124:League of Nations
2088:(CCP) allies and
2078:regional warlords
2009:European treaties
1867:naval disarmament
1859:League of Nations
1803:League of Nations
1734:Spanish Civil War
1674:
1673:
1624:Manhattan Project
1313:Republic of China
1270:Battle of Britain
1187:Spanish Civil War
1175:fascism in Europe
1173:and the rises of
1112:strategic bombing
1072:World War II
1069:
1068:
950:
949:
871:Strategic bombing
794:Mediterranean Sea
550:
549:
414:Main Axis leaders
393:Winston Churchill
319:
318:
176:U.S. warships in
140:tanks during the
52:World War II
16:(Redirected from
27738:
27341:Global conflicts
27102:Eastern Churches
26846:Hindu philosophy
26468:
26461:
26454:
26445:
26444:
26313:EU Customs Union
25845:Secular humanism
25793:Christian ethics
25743:East–West Schism
25726:Physical culture
25450:Great Divergence
25400:Age of Discovery
25239:
25232:
25225:
25216:
25215:
24963:Military history
24717:Native Americans
24533:
24526:
24519:
24510:
24509:
24499:
24492:
24485:
24482:World portal
24480:
24479:
24455:
24448:
24441:
24434:
24425:
24418:
24411:
24402:
24395:
24388:
24381:
24374:
24367:
24358:
24351:
24344:
24342:Prague offensive
24337:
24335:Battle of Berlin
24330:
24323:
24316:
24309:
24302:
24295:
24288:
24281:
24279:Vienna offensive
24274:
24267:
24260:
24258:Battle of Manila
24253:
24233:
24224:
24215:
24208:
24199:
24192:
24185:
24178:
24171:
24164:
24157:
24148:
24139:
24132:
24123:
24116:
24109:
24102:
24093:
24086:
24079:
24072:
24065:
24058:
24051:
24042:
24035:
24026:
24017:
24008:
24001:
23999:Korsun–Cherkassy
23994:
23983:
23961:
23952:
23945:
23938:
23931:
23924:
23917:
23910:
23901:
23894:
23887:
23880:
23871:
23864:
23857:
23850:
23843:
23841:Bombing of Gorky
23836:
23829:
23822:
23802:
23795:
23786:
23779:
23772:
23763:
23756:
23749:
23742:
23731:
23724:
23717:
23710:
23708:Battle of Midway
23703:
23696:
23694:Battle of Gazala
23689:
23682:
23675:
23668:
23661:
23654:
23647:
23627:
23620:
23613:
23606:
23604:Battle of Borneo
23599:
23597:Malayan campaign
23592:
23585:
23578:
23571:
23564:
23557:
23550:
23543:
23541:Bombing of Gorky
23536:
23534:Battle of Moscow
23529:
23522:
23515:
23508:
23501:
23494:
23478:
23471:
23464:
23457:
23450:
23443:
23434:
23427:
23420:
23413:
23406:
23386:
23377:
23370:
23363:
23356:
23349:
23342:
23335:
23328:
23321:
23314:
23307:
23300:
23298:Battle of France
23293:
23286:
23279:
23272:
23265:
23258:
23238:
23231:
23224:
23217:
23210:
23203:
23196:
23174:
23167:
23160:
23153:
23151:Munich Agreement
23146:
23139:
23130:
23123:
23116:
23107:
23100:
23085:
23084:
23067:
23060:
23051:
23044:
23037:
23036:Soviet prisoners
23030:
23023:
23016:
23007:
23000:
22991:
22984:
22977:
22976:German prisoners
22972:
22952:
22943:
22936:
22929:
22924:
22917:
22910:
22903:
22896:
22889:
22882:
22875:
22868:
22861:
22854:
22847:
22840:
22833:
22824:
22817:
22810:
22803:
22796:
22789:
22782:
22775:
22768:
22761:
22754:
22747:
22740:
22733:
22726:
22719:
22712:
22705:
22698:
22678:
22671:
22664:
22657:
22650:
22643:
22636:
22629:
22622:
22615:
22608:
22588:
22581:
22574:
22567:
22559:
22552:
22545:
22536:
22529:
22521:
22514:
22512:French Indochina
22507:
22500:
22493:
22486:
22478:
22471:
22464:
22456:
22436:
22427:
22420:
22411:
22404:
22397:
22390:
22383:
22376:
22369:
22362:
22359:from August 1944
22350:
22343:
22336:
22329:
22322:
22315:
22308:
22301:
22294:
22282:
22275:
22268:
22261:
22254:
22242:
22234:
22227:
22220:
22213:
22206:
22199:
22192:
22180:
22173:
22166:
22159:
22144:
22143:
22124:
22117:
22110:
22103:
22096:
22085:
22070:
22063:
22056:
22051:
22042:
22035:
22028:
22019:
22012:
22005:
22003:Nanjing Massacre
21998:
21991:
21982:
21980:Nuremberg trials
21973:
21966:
21959:
21952:
21945:
21938:
21929:
21922:
21915:
21908:
21888:
21881:
21874:
21865:
21858:
21851:
21844:
21837:
21830:
21821:
21812:
21805:
21798:
21791:
21782:
21775:
21768:
21761:
21754:
21747:
21740:
21733:
21713:
21704:
21697:
21690:
21681:
21674:
21667:
21660:
21651:
21644:
21637:
21628:
21621:
21614:
21607:
21600:
21593:
21586:
21584:Asia and Pacific
21566:
21559:
21552:
21545:
21538:
21531:
21524:
21515:
21513:Mulberry harbour
21508:
21501:
21494:
21487:
21480:
21473:
21466:
21459:
21450:
21443:
21436:
21427:
21420:
21413:
21406:
21399:
21392:
21385:
21378:
21371:
21364:
21355:
21348:
21333:
21332:
21321:
21314:
21305:
21298:
21291:
21284:
21277:
21270:
21263:
21242:
21235:
21228:
21219:
21218:
21172:
21146:
21127:
21104:
21078:
21059:
21036:
21013:
20990:
20974:
20960:
20937:Military Affairs
20928:
20905:
20882:
20858:
20832:
20817:. Westport, CT:
20806:
20783:
20741:
20739:
20737:
20728:. Archived from
20711:
20688:
20664:
20638:
20609:
20586:
20561:
20538:
20522:
20499:
20468:
20445:
20422:
20399:
20360:
20343:(437): 620–651.
20326:
20287:
20261:
20242:
20219:
20200:
20181:
20165:
20154:
20135:
20119:
20108:
20080:
20049:
20026:
20000:
19977:
19935:
19910:
19885:
19862:
19843:
19820:Military Affairs
19814:
19799:. Westport, CT:
19791:
19768:
19766:
19764:
19741:
19715:
19687:
19661:
19644:(8): 1293–1326.
19630:
19607:
19586:
19560:
19539:Reinhardt, Klaus
19534:
19513:
19487:
19485:
19483:
19478:on 11 April 2010
19477:
19471:. Archived from
19460:
19448:
19425:
19404:
19379:
19353:
19330:
19307:
19284:
19258:
19235:
19212:
19197:. Westport, CT:
19187:
19161:
19138:
19096:
19071:
19069:
19039:
19016:
18991:
18970:
18949:
18921:
18896:
18877:
18854:Neillands, Robin
18849:
18826:
18800:
18777:
18754:
18752:
18750:
18710:
18687:
18665:
18642:
18619:
18594:
18573:Minford, Patrick
18568:
18553:. Berkeley, CA:
18545:
18522:
18496:
18468:
18434:
18411:
18388:
18359:
18336:
18311:
18288:
18265:
18250:. Westport, CT:
18242:
18219:
18198:
18175:
18173:
18171:
18162:. Archived from
18136:
18121:. Westport, CT:
18112:
18091:Westad, Odd Arne
18082:
18059:
18036:
18008:
17969:
17946:Military Affairs
17940:
17919:
17894:
17869:
17845:
17822:
17798:
17772:
17746:
17721:
17696:
17669:
17646:
17623:
17600:
17574:
17546:
17513:
17488:
17473:. Stanford, CA:
17465:
17440:
17417:
17394:
17360:
17328:
17315:Hippocrene Books
17305:
17280:
17257:
17218:
17195:
17172:
17146:
17123:
17098:
17075:
17060:. Stanford, CA:
17052:
17018:
16993:
16991:
16989:
16980:. Archived from
16960:
16945:. Lawrence, KS:
16935:
16933:
16927:. Archived from
16926:
16916:
16901:. Lawrence, KS:
16891:
16868:
16866:
16864:
16855:. Archived from
16837:Glantz, David M.
16832:
16818:Second World War
16808:
16785:
16762:
16737:
16714:
16688:
16669:
16657:
16643:
16612:
16582:
16554:
16531:
16518:Cassell Military
16508:
16478:
16455:
16453:
16451:
16445:
16404:
16391:
16389:
16383:. Archived from
16359:(7): 1151–1172.
16348:
16335:
16312:
16289:
16260:
16237:
16221:
16207:
16177:
16158:, eds. (2001) .
16147:
16107:
16084:
16063:Parker, Geoffrey
16054:
16031:
16029:
16027:
16000:
15981:
15965:
15954:
15931:
15908:
15880:
15861:10.2307/25779864
15841:
15818:
15793:
15770:
15742:
15711:
15690:Canfora, Luciano
15685:
15666:
15654:
15633:(1). Cambridge:
15617:
15591:
15568:
15545:Morrow, James D.
15536:
15502:
15485:(258): 246–281.
15477:
15454:
15429:
15406:
15383:
15381:
15379:
15352:
15329:
15306:
15283:
15257:
15229:
15214:. Westport, CT:
15206:
15181:
15153:
15127:
15118:
15095:
15072:
15047:
15019:
15006:Ballantine Books
14996:
14973:
14957:
14946:
14923:
14906:(6): 1069–1086.
14892:
14869:
14841:
14812:
14776:
14775:
14773:
14771:
14762:. Archived from
14752:
14746:
14745:
14743:
14741:
14726:"World War – II"
14722:
14716:
14715:
14713:
14711:
14691:
14685:
14684:
14668:
14662:
14661:
14659:
14657:
14641:
14632:
14626:
14620:
14619:
14617:
14615:
14605:
14596:
14590:
14584:
14575:
14569:
14563:
14557:
14548:
14547:
14529:
14519:
14495:
14489:
14488:
14486:
14484:
14465:
14459:
14458:
14436:
14430:
14424:
14415:
14414:
14394:
14388:
14382:
14376:
14370:
14364:
14358:
14352:
14346:
14340:
14334:
14328:
14327:
14309:
14303:
14302:
14284:
14278:
14272:
14266:
14256:
14250:
14244:
14238:
14232:
14226:
14225:
14207:
14201:
14191:
14185:
14179:
14173:
14172:
14154:
14148:
14142:
14136:
14130:
14124:
14123:
14117:
14115:
14086:
14080:
14074:
14065:
14064:
14058:
14056:
14025:
14019:
14013:
14004:
13998:
13992:
13986:
13980:
13974:
13968:
13961:
13955:
13949:
13943:
13937:
13931:
13925:
13919:
13913:
13907:
13906:
13904:
13902:
13887:
13878:
13877:
13875:
13873:
13853:
13844:
13838:
13832:
13826:
13820:
13819:
13817:
13815:
13796:
13790:
13765:
13759:
13753:
13747:
13740:
13734:
13733:
13728:
13726:
13704:
13698:
13697:
13695:
13693:
13673:
13664:
13658:
13652:
13643:
13637:
13623:
13617:
13616:
13614:
13612:
13588:
13582:
13581:
13560:
13554:
13545:
13539:
13526:
13520:
13519:
13511:
13505:
13504:
13492:
13486:
13485:
13483:
13481:
13454:
13448:
13433:
13427:
13423:
13417:
13416:
13414:
13412:
13391:
13385:
13379:
13373:
13367:
13361:
13355:
13349:
13348:
13330:
13324:
13318:
13312:
13306:
13300:
13299:
13297:
13295:
13280:
13274:
13273:
13255:
13249:
13243:
13237:
13236:
13234:
13232:
13212:
13206:
13205:
13203:
13201:
13182:
13176:
13175:
13173:
13171:
13151:
13145:
13144:
13142:
13140:
13116:
13110:
13109:
13107:
13105:
13077:
13071:
13065:
13059:
13058:
13056:
13054:
13033:
13027:
13026:
13024:
13022:
13007:"Polish Victims"
13003:
12997:
12996:
12994:
12992:
12974:
12966:
12960:
12954:
12945:
12944:
12942:
12940:
12916:
12910:
12904:
12898:
12892:
12886:
12880:
12874:
12865:
12859:
12858:
12856:
12854:
12839:
12833:
12832:
12830:
12828:
12811:White, Matthew.
12808:
12802:
12801:
12799:
12797:
12777:
12771:
12761:
12755:
12754:
12730:
12724:
12718:
12712:
12711:
12690:
12684:
12678:
12672:
12666:
12660:
12654:
12648:
12642:
12636:
12630:
12624:
12623:, pp. 20–21
12618:
12612:
12606:
12600:
12594:
12588:
12582:
12576:
12575:
12573:
12571:
12556:
12550:
12544:
12538:
12532:
12526:
12520:
12514:
12509:, p. 1006;
12504:
12498:
12492:
12486:
12480:
12474:
12468:
12462:
12456:
12450:
12444:
12438:
12432:
12426:
12423:Borstelmann 2005
12420:
12414:
12413:
12411:
12409:
12390:
12384:
12378:
12372:
12366:
12360:
12354:
12348:
12342:
12336:
12330:
12324:
12323:
12322:
12320:
12311:, archived from
12303:
12297:
12280:
12274:
12273:
12271:
12269:
12254:
12248:
12247:
12245:
12243:
12224:
12218:
12212:
12206:
12205:
12203:
12201:
12182:
12176:
12170:
12164:
12158:
12152:
12146:
12140:
12134:
12128:
12122:
12116:
12110:
12104:
12103:
12101:
12099:
12067:
12061:
12060:
12058:
12056:
12050:
12033:
12022:
12013:
12012:
12011:on 26 June 2015.
12010:
12004:. Archived from
11993:
11982:
11976:
11975:
11973:
11971:
11961:
11937:
11931:
11925:
11919:
11913:
11907:
11901:
11895:
11888:
11882:
11875:
11869:
11863:
11857:
11851:
11845:
11838:
11832:
11826:
11820:
11814:
11808:
11802:
11796:
11795:
11767:
11761:
11760:
11758:
11756:
11740:
11734:
11728:
11722:
11716:
11710:
11709:
11703:
11701:
11681:
11675:
11674:
11656:
11650:
11649:
11647:
11645:
11627:
11621:
11615:
11609:
11603:
11597:
11591:
11585:
11580:
11574:
11568:
11562:
11556:
11550:
11544:
11538:
11532:
11526:
11520:
11514:
11508:
11502:
11496:
11490:
11484:
11478:
11472:
11466:
11465:
11463:
11461:
11444:
11438:
11432:
11426:
11420:
11414:
11413:
11395:
11389:
11383:
11377:
11371:
11365:
11364:
11358:
11356:
11341:
11335:
11334:
11332:
11330:
11311:
11305:
11299:
11293:
11287:
11281:
11275:
11269:
11263:
11257:
11251:
11245:
11239:
11233:
11227:
11221:
11215:
11209:
11203:
11197:
11191:
11185:
11179:
11170:
11164:
11158:
11110:
11104:
11098:
11092:
11086:
11080:
11074:
11068:
11062:
11056:
11050:
11044:
11038:
11032:
11026:
11020:
11014:
11008:
11002:
10996:
10990:
10984:
10978:
10972:
10966:
10960:
10954:
10948:
10942:
10936:
10930:
10924:
10918:
10912:
10906:
10900:
10894:
10888:
10882:
10876:
10870:
10864:
10858:
10852:
10846:
10840:
10834:
10828:
10818:
10812:
10806:
10800:
10794:
10788:
10782:
10776:
10770:
10764:
10751:
10745:
10739:
10733:
10727:
10721:
10715:
10702:
10696:
10690:
10684:
10678:
10672:
10666:
10660:
10654:
10648:
10642:
10636:
10630:
10624:
10618:
10612:
10606:
10600:
10594:
10588:
10582:
10576:
10570:
10564:
10558:
10552:
10546:
10540:
10534:
10528:
10522:
10516:
10510:
10504:
10498:
10492:
10486:
10480:
10474:
10468:
10462:
10456:
10450:
10444:
10438:
10437:
10435:
10433:
10401:
10395:
10389:
10383:
10377:
10371:
10365:
10359:
10353:
10347:
10341:
10335:
10329:
10323:
10317:
10311:
10305:
10299:
10293:
10287:
10281:
10275:
10269:
10263:
10257:
10251:
10250:
10248:
10246:
10227:
10221:
10220:
10218:
10216:
10197:
10191:
10190:
10188:
10186:
10167:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10156:
10137:
10131:
10125:
10119:
10113:
10107:
10101:
10095:
10094:
10093:
10091:
10069:
10063:
10057:
10051:
10041:
10035:
10018:
10012:
10009:Wohlstetter 1962
10006:
9997:
9991:
9985:
9979:
9973:
9967:
9961:
9955:
9949:
9943:
9937:
9931:
9925:
9912:
9906:
9899:
9893:
9892:
9890:
9888:
9860:
9854:
9847:
9841:
9834:
9828:
9827:
9819:
9813:
9812:
9810:
9808:
9788:
9782:
9781:
9760:
9754:
9753:
9751:
9749:
9730:
9721:
9720:
9718:
9716:
9697:
9688:
9687:
9669:
9663:
9657:
9651:
9645:
9639:
9638:
9636:
9634:
9615:
9609:
9603:
9597:
9591:
9585:
9579:
9573:
9567:
9561:
9555:
9549:
9543:
9537:
9530:
9524:
9523:
9521:
9519:
9500:
9494:
9484:
9478:
9477:
9453:
9447:
9441:
9435:
9429:
9423:
9417:
9411:
9405:
9399:
9393:
9387:
9381:
9375:
9369:
9363:
9357:
9351:
9345:
9339:
9333:
9327:
9321:
9315:
9309:
9303:
9297:
9291:
9285:
9279:
9273:
9267:
9261:
9255:
9249:
9243:
9237:
9231:
9225:
9219:
9218:
9217:
9215:
9193:
9184:
9178:
9172:
9166:
9160:
9154:
9148:
9138:
9132:
9126:
9120:
9114:
9108:
9107:
9074:
9068:
9062:
9056:
9050:
9044:
9038:
9032:
9026:
9020:
9014:
9008:
9002:
8996:
8990:
8984:
8983:, pp. 9–10.
8978:
8972:
8959:
8953:
8947:
8941:
8935:
8929:
8923:
8917:
8911:
8905:
8904:
8902:
8900:
8880:
8874:
8873:
8862:
8853:
8847:
8841:
8835:
8829:
8823:
8817:
8807:
8801:
8795:
8789:
8783:
8777:
8767:
8758:
8748:
8742:
8736:
8730:
8724:
8718:
8712:
8706:
8700:
8694:
8688:
8682:
8676:
8670:
8664:
8658:
8652:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8628:
8622:
8616:
8610:
8604:
8598:
8592:
8586:
8580:
8574:
8568:
8562:
8556:
8550:
8547:
8541:
8540:
8538:
8536:
8504:
8498:
8492:
8486:
8480:
8474:
8473:
8471:
8469:
8453:
8447:
8432:
8426:
8420:
8414:
8408:
8402:
8396:
8387:
8381:
8375:
8372:
8366:
8360:
8354:
8348:
8342:
8339:
8333:
8327:
8321:
8315:
8309:
8308:
8272:
8266:
8260:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8249:
8230:
8224:
8210:
8204:
8193:
8187:
8177:
8171:
8170:
8165:
8163:
8135:
8129:
8123:
8117:
8116:
8114:
8112:
8097:
8088:
8087:
8085:
8083:
8064:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8050:
8035:
8029:
8023:
8017:
8016:
7980:
7974:
7968:
7962:
7956:
7950:
7944:
7938:
7932:
7926:
7920:
7914:
7908:
7902:
7896:
7890:
7884:
7878:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7861:
7845:
7839:
7838:
7836:
7834:
7814:
7808:
7802:
7796:
7790:
7784:
7778:
7772:
7766:
7760:
7754:
7748:
7747:. 2008, 298–299.
7743:Totten, Samuel.
7741:
7735:
7728:
7722:
7719:
7713:
7712:
7710:
7708:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7638:
7632:
7626:
7620:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7545:
7539:
7533:
7527:
7521:
7515:
7509:
7503:
7497:
7491:
7485:
7479:
7473:
7467:
7464:Adamthwaite 1992
7461:
7455:
7449:
7443:
7433:
7427:
7421:
7415:
7409:
7403:
7397:
7391:
7385:
7379:
7369:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7358:
7336:
7330:
7329:
7327:
7325:
7305:
7299:
7278:
7272:
7255:
7249:
7248:
7246:
7244:
7229:
7223:
7217:
7211:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7134:
7128:
7122:
7116:
7064:
7058:
7057:
7055:
7053:
7013:
7007:
6992:
6986:
6979:
6973:
6967:
6961:
6960:
6944:
6938:
6927:
6921:
6915:
6899:
6875:
6869:
6859:
6853:
6846:
6810:during the war.
6668:(both towed and
6658:destroying tanks
6650:
6591:homing torpedoes
6548:Mid-Atlantic gap
6435:Germany enslaved
6378:
6377:
6370:
6289:Soviet partisans
6223:
6137:forced labourers
6089:unworthy of life
6086:
6078:
5999:with respect to
5952:prisoners of war
5925:chemical weapons
5898:Nanjing Massacre
5891:
5884:in December 1937
5882:Nanjing Massacre
5841:. Concurrently,
5802:
5709:World Bank Group
5675:colonial empires
5566:satellite states
5503:, following the
5481:Security Council
5395:Nuremberg trials
5352:Nuremberg trials
5211:landed in Borneo
5121:
5117:
4970:Yalta Conference
4931:Yalta Conference
4850:Karelian Isthmus
4846:Soviet offensive
4672:assisted by the
4670:local resistance
4567:liberated Crimea
4551:Army Group North
4535:Leningrad region
4529:troops launched
4391:Caroline Islands
4235:Eighth Air Force
4172:Army Group South
4157:summer offensive
3907:Atlantic Charter
3710:Nanjing Massacre
3612:Persian Corridor
3604:Atlantic Charter
3584:Saint Petersburg
3557:2nd Panzer Group
3528:before the war,
3215:" and promoting
3197:"cash and carry"
3180:
3122:
3094:
3038:
2967:Southern Dobruja
2920:Baltic countries
2896:Karelian Isthmus
2842:
2839:surrendered on 6
2697:Nevile Henderson
2674:
2598:, 23 August 1939
2533:Munich Agreement
2501:Munich Agreement
2372:Communist forces
2306:to fight on the
2297:
2284:Spanish Republic
2280:Francisco Franco
2214:Kingdom of Italy
2206:Ethiopian Empire
2186:Benito Mussolini
2109:invade Manchuria
2107:as a pretext to
2054:Rome–Berlin Axis
2042:Locarno Treaties
1946:New Roman Empire
1933:Benito Mussolini
1931:movement led by
1877:
1766:
1715:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1481:
1480:
1429:2 September 1945
1403:on 6 August and
1381:Hitler's suicide
1349:Italian mainland
1333:Battle of Midway
1242:parts of Finland
1160:Japanese leaders
1076:Second World War
1061:
1054:
1047:
955:
954:
937:French Indochina
587:
576:
569:
562:
553:
552:
453:Benito Mussolini
451:
450:
439:
438:
427:
426:
403:
402:
391:
390:
379:
378:
367:
366:
193:
192:
171:Battle of Berlin
115:
106:
95:
86:
75:
66:
49:
48:
21:
18:Second World War
27746:
27745:
27741:
27740:
27739:
27737:
27736:
27735:
27351:Nuclear warfare
27286:
27285:
27284:
27279:
27152:
27146:
26887:
26856:Jain philosophy
26836:Buddhist ethics
26792:
26614:
26581:Interwar period
26534:Ancient history
26522:
26481:
26472:
26442:
26437:
26403:UKUSA Agreement
26343:Lublin Triangle
26228:Baltic Assembly
26180:
26174:
26092:
25929:
25764:
25634:Eurolinguistics
25503:
25492:Information age
25465:Interwar period
25332:
25252:
25243:
25213:
25208:
25204:Pacific Islands
25199:Solomon Islands
25179:Gilbert Islands
25161:
25155:
25134:Channel Islands
24906:
24769:
24723:
24645:
24542:
24537:
24507:
24502:
24495:
24488:
24474:
24472:
24460:
24451:
24444:
24437:
24430:
24421:
24414:
24407:
24398:
24393:Atomic bombings
24391:
24384:
24377:
24370:
24363:
24354:
24347:
24340:
24333:
24326:
24319:
24312:
24305:
24298:
24291:
24284:
24277:
24270:
24263:
24256:
24249:
24236:
24229:
24218:
24211:
24204:
24195:
24188:
24181:
24174:
24167:
24160:
24151:
24142:
24135:
24126:
24119:
24112:
24105:
24096:
24089:
24084:Eastern Romania
24082:
24077:Warsaw Uprising
24075:
24070:Tannenberg Line
24068:
24061:
24056:Western Ukraine
24054:
24045:
24038:
24029:
24020:
24011:
24004:
23997:
23986:
23977:
23964:
23957:
23948:
23941:
23934:
23927:
23920:
23913:
23906:
23897:
23890:
23883:
23874:
23867:
23860:
23853:
23848:Battle of Kursk
23846:
23839:
23832:
23825:
23818:
23805:
23798:
23789:
23782:
23775:
23766:
23759:
23752:
23745:
23736:
23727:
23720:
23713:
23706:
23699:
23692:
23685:
23678:
23671:
23664:
23659:St Nazaire Raid
23657:
23650:
23643:
23630:
23623:
23616:
23609:
23602:
23595:
23588:
23581:
23574:
23567:
23560:
23553:
23546:
23539:
23532:
23525:
23518:
23511:
23504:
23497:
23483:
23474:
23467:
23460:
23453:
23446:
23441:Anglo-Iraqi War
23439:
23432:Battle of Crete
23430:
23423:
23416:
23409:
23402:
23389:
23380:
23373:
23366:
23361:Eastern Romania
23359:
23352:
23345:
23338:
23331:
23324:
23317:
23310:
23303:
23296:
23289:
23282:
23275:
23268:
23261:
23254:
23241:
23234:
23227:
23220:
23213:
23206:
23199:
23192:
23179:
23170:
23163:
23156:
23149:
23142:
23135:
23126:
23119:
23112:
23103:
23096:
23070:
23063:
23056:
23047:
23040:
23035:
23026:
23019:
23012:
23003:
22996:
22987:
22980:
22975:
22968:
22955:
22948:
22939:
22932:
22927:
22922:Western Ukraine
22920:
22913:
22906:
22899:
22892:
22885:
22878:
22871:
22866:Northeast China
22864:
22857:
22850:
22843:
22836:
22829:
22820:
22813:
22806:
22799:
22792:
22785:
22778:
22771:
22764:
22757:
22750:
22743:
22736:
22729:
22722:
22715:
22708:
22701:
22694:
22681:
22674:
22667:
22660:
22653:
22646:
22639:
22632:
22625:
22618:
22611:
22604:
22591:
22584:
22577:
22572:Slovak Republic
22570:
22562:
22555:
22548:
22543:Empire of Japan
22541:
22532:
22524:
22517:
22510:
22503:
22496:
22489:
22481:
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22055:Sexual violence
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22015:
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21994:
21987:
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20890:. St Paul, MN:
20879:
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20708:
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20548:Hamish Hamilton
20535:Hamish Hamilton
20519:
20507:. Boulder, CO:
20465:
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20274:The Bodley Head
20266:Snyder, Timothy
20258:
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20216:
20197:
20178:
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20046:
20034:. Osceola, WI:
20023:
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19907:
19882:
19859:
19832:10.2307/1988530
19811:
19801:Greenwood Press
19788:
19762:
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19684:
19627:
19604:
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19565:Reynolds, David
19557:
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19366:Clarendon Press
19350:
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19281:
19255:
19232:
19209:
19184:
19158:
19119:10.2307/2539100
19101:Pape, Robert A.
19093:
19036:
19026:Lexington Books
19013:
18998:The Road to War
18988:
18967:
18946:
18936:Clarendon Press
18918:
18893:
18874:
18846:
18823:
18805:Naimark, Norman
18797:
18774:
18748:
18746:
18739:
18707:
18684:
18662:
18652:Stackpole Books
18639:
18616:
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18493:
18457:10.2307/3634575
18431:
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18385:
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18344:. Boulder, CO:
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18321:. Boulder, CO:
18308:
18285:
18262:
18239:
18216:
18195:
18169:
18167:
18133:
18109:
18093:, eds. (2010).
18079:
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17571:
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17414:
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17333:Herbert, Ulrich
17325:
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17292:Stackpole Books
17277:
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17203:. Osceola, WI:
17192:
17169:
17143:
17120:
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17072:
17049:
17015:
17003:. Minneapolis:
16987:
16985:
16984:on 2 March 2008
16957:
16934:on 9 July 2011.
16931:
16924:
16913:
16888:
16862:
16860:
16859:on 6 March 2008
16829:
16813:Gilbert, Martin
16805:
16782:
16759:
16734:
16711:
16701:Clarendon Press
16693:Förster, Jürgen
16685:
16666:
16648:Ferguson, Niall
16632:10.2307/2944096
16609:
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16528:
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16487:Shukman, Harold
16475:
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16340:Ellman, Michael
16332:
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16257:
16245:. Lincoln, NE:
16234:
16204:
16174:
16136:
16104:
16081:
16065:, eds. (2001).
16051:
16025:
16023:
15997:
15978:
15962:Germany 1919–45
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15314:. Osceola, WI:
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15280:
15254:
15234:Bix, Herbert P.
15226:
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15178:
15150:
15132:Berend, Ivan T.
15115:
15105:Alfred A. Knopf
15092:
15069:
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15016:
14993:
14970:
14943:
14889:
14866:
14846:Applebaum, Anne
14830:10.2307/3638003
14809:
14790:
14784:
14779:
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14766:on 28 June 2019
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14447:. p. 231.
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13831:, pp. 2–3.
13827:
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13810:on 27 July 2003
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12400:. 28 May 2023.
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12331:
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12315:on 20 June 2012
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11751:on 9 April 2008
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11583:Shepardson 1998
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11459:
11457:
11456:on 3 March 2016
11450:
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11139:Fosse Ardeatine
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10761:Wayback Machine
10754:"The Civilians"
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9778:
9764:Bix, Herbert P.
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9059:
9051:
9047:
9039:
9035:
9027:
9023:
9015:
9011:
9007:, pp. 7–8.
9003:
8999:
8991:
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8979:
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8956:
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8944:
8936:
8932:
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8908:
8898:
8896:
8881:
8877:
8868:. Ibiblio.org.
8864:
8863:
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8848:
8844:
8836:
8832:
8824:
8820:
8812:, p. 209;
8808:
8804:
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8605:
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8589:
8581:
8577:
8569:
8565:
8557:
8553:
8548:
8544:
8534:
8532:
8525:
8517:. p. 205.
8505:
8501:
8493:
8489:
8481:
8477:
8467:
8465:
8454:
8450:
8434:Carl van Dyke.
8433:
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8417:
8409:
8405:
8397:
8390:
8382:
8378:
8373:
8369:
8361:
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8328:
8324:
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8312:
8289:10.2307/2195670
8273:
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8211:
8207:
8199:
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8178:
8174:
8161:
8159:
8152:
8136:
8132:
8128:, pp. 1–2.
8124:
8120:
8110:
8108:
8103:. Ibiblio.org.
8099:
8098:
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8081:
8079:
8066:
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7873:
7869:
7859:
7857:
7848:Timothy Neeno.
7846:
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7554:. p. 308.
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7450:
7446:
7436:Mandelbaum 1988
7434:
7430:
7422:
7418:
7410:
7406:
7398:
7394:
7386:
7382:
7370:
7366:
7356:
7354:
7346:The Irish Times
7337:
7333:
7323:
7321:
7308:Mintz, Steven.
7306:
7302:
7296:
7290:Wayback Machine
7279:
7275:
7265:Wayback Machine
7256:
7252:
7242:
7240:
7231:
7230:
7226:
7218:
7214:
7204:
7202:
7167:
7163:
7153:
7151:
7136:
7135:
7131:
7123:
7119:
7111:, p. 155;
7098:
7078:
7069:, p. 169;
7065:
7061:
7051:
7049:
7014:
7010:
6993:
6989:
6980:
6976:
6968:
6964:
6945:
6941:
6928:
6924:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6903:
6902:
6876:
6872:
6860:
6856:
6847:
6843:
6838:
6816:
6788:nuclear weapons
6776:guided missiles
6723:elligence) and
6682:submachine guns
6648:
6556:First World War
6544:escort carriers
6453:
6447:
6431:slave labourers
6402:
6401:
6400:
6397:
6392:
6379:
6375:
6365:
6357:Main articles:
6355:
6319:inferior people
6258:
6238:Main articles:
6236:
6221:
6179:other countries
6084:
6076:
6051:
6019:Main articles:
6017:
5948:Japanese tested
5889:
5800:
5791:racist policies
5768:
5762:
5756:
5751:
5745:
5737:war reparations
5497:successor state
5446:colonial empire
5344:
5336:Main articles:
5334:
5157:landed on Luzon
5119:
5115:
5094:Joseph Goebbels
5063:Harry S. Truman
4977:entered Silesia
4924:
4834:German-occupied
4830:massive assault
4810:Josip Broz Tito
4778:Battle of Leyte
4772:returns to the
4729:Warsaw Uprising
4622:
4494:Chiang Kai-shek
4478:Battle of Kursk
4336:
4227:
4199:street fighting
4163:and occupy the
4149:Kerch Peninsula
4145:southern Russia
4135:, February 1943
4122:
4079:Solomon Islands
4037:, was to seize
3995:South China Sea
3947:
3899:Allied Big Four
3895:
3856:the Philippines
3699:Mukden incident
3680:
3674:
3418:
3412:
3365:Tripartite Pact
3270:
3264:
3228:Tripartite Pact
3178:
3171:in the Atlantic
3159:enjoyed success
3120:
3092:
3056:the Netherlands
3036:
3003:In April 1940,
2989:
2983:
2902:, 13 March 1940
2892:Mannerheim Line
2866:annexed western
2840:
2824:besieged Warsaw
2733:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2705:
2693:Polish Corridor
2681:plenipotentiary
2672:
2573:Klaipėda Region
2565:Slovak Republic
2513:little response
2509:annexed Austria
2474:
2462:Neutrality Pact
2442:
2436:
2390:defend Shanghai
2382:Chiang Kai-shek
2375:in Pingxingguan
2365:Kuomintang Army
2322:
2316:
2295:
2272:
2266:
2208:(also known as
2179:
2173:
2168:
2105:Mukden incident
2097:Empire of Japan
2066:
2011:
1921:Weimar Republic
1913:
1875:
1874:after World War
1824:Austria-Hungary
1813:
1812:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1777:
1764:
1720:fought between
1713:
1702:A. J. P. Taylor
1670:
1641:
1628:
1597:
1594:
1558:
1542:
1514:
1479:
1473:
1327:in solidarity.
1319:, including an
1307:Japan aimed to
1199:the Sudetenland
1080:global conflict
1065:
1033:
1016:
990:
953:
952:
951:
946:
840:Other campaigns
834:Southern France
743:Burma and India
738:South-East Asia
733:Franco-Thai War
588:
582:
580:
546:
541:further details
532:Over 12,000,000
505:
500:further details
491:Over 61,000,000
483:Over 45,000,000
475:Over 16,000,000
457:
445:
433:
421:
409:
405:Chiang Kai-shek
397:
385:
373:
361:
315:
294:
293:
239:South-East Asia
200:
187:
161:Soviet soldier
120:
119:
118:
117:
116:
108:
107:
98:
97:
96:
88:
87:
78:
77:
76:
68:
67:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
27744:
27734:
27733:
27728:
27723:
27718:
27713:
27708:
27703:
27698:
27693:
27688:
27683:
27678:
27673:
27668:
27663:
27658:
27653:
27648:
27643:
27638:
27633:
27628:
27623:
27618:
27613:
27608:
27603:
27598:
27593:
27588:
27583:
27578:
27573:
27568:
27563:
27558:
27553:
27548:
27543:
27538:
27533:
27528:
27523:
27518:
27513:
27508:
27503:
27498:
27493:
27488:
27483:
27478:
27473:
27468:
27463:
27458:
27453:
27448:
27443:
27438:
27433:
27428:
27423:
27418:
27413:
27408:
27403:
27398:
27393:
27388:
27383:
27378:
27373:
27368:
27363:
27358:
27353:
27348:
27343:
27338:
27333:
27328:
27323:
27318:
27313:
27308:
27303:
27298:
27281:
27280:
27278:
27277:
27272:
27267:
27262:
27257:
27252:
27247:
27242:
27237:
27232:
27227:
27225:Easternization
27222:
27217:
27212:
27207:
27202:
27197:
27192:
27187:
27182:
27177:
27172:
27167:
27162:
27156:
27154:
27148:
27147:
27145:
27144:
27143:
27142:
27137:
27136:
27135:
27130:
27120:
27119:
27118:
27108:
27107:
27106:
27105:
27104:
27099:
27089:
27084:
27079:
27078:
27077:
27062:
27061:
27060:
27055:
27050:
27035:
27034:
27033:
27028:
27026:Zoroastrianism
27018:
27017:
27016:
27011:
27006:
27001:
26996:
26991:
26981:
26980:
26979:
26974:
26969:
26968:
26967:
26962:
26957:
26952:
26947:
26937:
26936:
26935:
26930:
26925:
26920:
26919:
26918:
26897:
26895:
26889:
26888:
26886:
26885:
26884:
26883:
26878:
26868:
26863:
26858:
26853:
26848:
26843:
26841:Islamic ethics
26838:
26833:
26828:
26823:
26818:
26813:
26808:
26802:
26800:
26794:
26793:
26791:
26790:
26785:
26780:
26775:
26774:
26773:
26768:
26758:
26753:
26748:
26747:
26746:
26741:
26736:
26726:
26721:
26716:
26715:
26714:
26709:
26704:
26694:
26693:
26692:
26682:
26677:
26676:
26675:
26670:
26665:
26660:
26655:
26650:
26645:
26640:
26635:
26624:
26622:
26616:
26615:
26613:
26612:
26607:
26606:
26605:
26600:
26599:
26598:
26593:
26583:
26578:
26577:
26576:
26571:
26561:
26556:
26546:
26541:
26536:
26530:
26528:
26524:
26523:
26521:
26520:
26515:
26510:
26505:
26500:
26495:
26489:
26487:
26483:
26482:
26471:
26470:
26463:
26456:
26448:
26439:
26438:
26436:
26435:
26433:Westernization
26430:
26425:
26420:
26415:
26413:Visegrád Group
26410:
26405:
26400:
26395:
26390:
26385:
26380:
26375:
26370:
26365:
26360:
26355:
26353:Nordic Council
26350:
26345:
26340:
26335:
26330:
26325:
26320:
26315:
26310:
26305:
26300:
26295:
26290:
26285:
26280:
26275:
26270:
26265:
26260:
26255:
26250:
26248:Bucharest Nine
26245:
26240:
26235:
26230:
26225:
26220:
26215:
26213:Arctic Council
26210:
26205:
26200:
26195:
26190:
26184:
26182:
26176:
26175:
26173:
26172:
26167:
26162:
26161:
26160:
26155:
26150:
26145:
26140:
26135:
26125:
26120:
26119:
26118:
26108:
26102:
26100:
26094:
26093:
26091:
26090:
26085:
26080:
26079:
26078:
26073:
26068:
26063:
26058:
26057:
26056:
26051:
26046:
26041:
26031:
26026:
26021:
26011:
26010:
26009:
26008:
26007:
25997:
25996:
25995:
25990:
25989:
25988:
25978:
25977:
25976:
25966:
25965:
25964:
25939:
25937:
25931:
25930:
25928:
25927:
25926:
25925:
25915:
25910:
25905:
25904:
25903:
25891:
25890:
25889:
25879:
25874:
25869:
25864:
25859:
25854:
25849:
25848:
25847:
25842:
25832:
25831:
25830:
25823:Existentialism
25820:
25815:
25810:
25805:
25800:
25795:
25790:
25785:
25780:
25774:
25772:
25766:
25765:
25763:
25762:
25761:
25760:
25755:
25750:
25745:
25735:
25734:
25733:
25723:
25722:
25721:
25716:
25706:
25705:
25704:
25694:
25689:
25688:
25687:
25682:
25677:
25667:
25666:
25665:
25655:
25654:
25653:
25643:
25642:
25641:
25636:
25626:
25621:
25616:
25611:
25610:
25609:
25599:
25594:
25593:
25592:
25582:
25581:
25580:
25570:
25569:
25568:
25558:
25553:
25552:
25551:
25541:
25536:
25535:
25534:
25529:
25524:
25513:
25511:
25505:
25504:
25502:
25501:
25500:
25499:
25494:
25484:
25483:
25482:
25477:
25472:
25467:
25462:
25457:
25452:
25447:
25442:
25437:
25432:
25427:
25422:
25417:
25412:
25407:
25402:
25397:
25387:
25382:
25381:
25380:
25375:
25370:
25360:
25359:
25358:
25356:Late antiquity
25348:
25342:
25340:
25334:
25333:
25331:
25330:
25325:
25320:
25315:
25310:
25309:
25308:
25307:
25306:
25301:
25291:
25286:
25281:
25271:
25266:
25260:
25258:
25254:
25253:
25242:
25241:
25234:
25227:
25219:
25210:
25209:
25207:
25206:
25201:
25196:
25191:
25186:
25181:
25176:
25171:
25165:
25163:
25157:
25156:
25154:
25153:
25148:
25143:
25142:
25141:
25136:
25131:
25126:
25124:British Empire
25119:United Kingdom
25116:
25111:
25106:
25105:
25104:
25099:
25094:
25092:Basque Country
25084:
25083:
25082:
25077:
25072:
25062:
25057:
25052:
25047:
25042:
25037:
25032:
25027:
25022:
25017:
25012:
25007:
25002:
24997:
24992:
24982:
24977:
24972:
24971:
24970:
24968:Basque Country
24965:
24955:
24950:
24945:
24940:
24938:Czechoslovakia
24935:
24930:
24925:
24920:
24914:
24912:
24908:
24907:
24905:
24904:
24899:
24894:
24889:
24884:
24879:
24874:
24869:
24864:
24859:
24854:
24849:
24844:
24839:
24838:
24837:
24827:
24822:
24817:
24816:
24815:
24810:
24800:
24799:
24798:
24788:
24783:
24777:
24775:
24771:
24770:
24768:
24767:
24762:
24757:
24752:
24747:
24742:
24737:
24731:
24729:
24725:
24724:
24722:
24721:
24720:
24719:
24714:
24709:
24704:
24699:
24694:
24684:
24679:
24674:
24669:
24664:
24659:
24653:
24651:
24647:
24646:
24644:
24643:
24638:
24633:
24628:
24623:
24622:
24621:
24616:
24606:
24601:
24596:
24591:
24586:
24581:
24576:
24571:
24566:
24561:
24556:
24550:
24548:
24544:
24543:
24536:
24535:
24528:
24521:
24513:
24504:
24503:
24501:
24500:
24493:
24486:
24469:
24466:
24465:
24462:
24461:
24459:
24458:
24457:
24456:
24449:
24442:
24428:
24427:
24426:
24412:
24409:South Sakhalin
24405:
24404:
24403:
24389:
24382:
24375:
24368:
24361:
24360:
24359:
24345:
24338:
24331:
24324:
24317:
24310:
24303:
24296:
24289:
24282:
24275:
24268:
24261:
24254:
24246:
24244:
24238:
24237:
24235:
24234:
24227:
24226:
24225:
24209:
24202:
24201:
24200:
24186:
24179:
24172:
24165:
24158:
24149:
24140:
24133:
24124:
24117:
24110:
24103:
24094:
24087:
24080:
24073:
24066:
24059:
24052:
24043:
24036:
24027:
24018:
24009:
24002:
23995:
23984:
23974:
23972:
23966:
23965:
23963:
23962:
23955:
23954:
23953:
23946:
23932:
23925:
23918:
23911:
23904:
23903:
23902:
23888:
23881:
23872:
23865:
23858:
23851:
23844:
23837:
23834:Battle of Attu
23830:
23823:
23815:
23813:
23807:
23806:
23804:
23803:
23796:
23787:
23780:
23773:
23764:
23757:
23750:
23743:
23734:
23733:
23732:
23725:
23711:
23704:
23697:
23690:
23683:
23676:
23669:
23662:
23655:
23648:
23640:
23638:
23632:
23631:
23629:
23628:
23621:
23614:
23607:
23600:
23593:
23586:
23583:Battle of Guam
23579:
23572:
23565:
23558:
23551:
23544:
23537:
23530:
23523:
23516:
23509:
23506:Battle of Kiev
23502:
23495:
23481:
23480:
23479:
23465:
23458:
23451:
23444:
23437:
23436:
23435:
23421:
23414:
23407:
23399:
23397:
23391:
23390:
23388:
23387:
23378:
23371:
23364:
23357:
23350:
23343:
23336:
23329:
23322:
23315:
23308:
23301:
23294:
23287:
23280:
23273:
23266:
23259:
23251:
23249:
23243:
23242:
23240:
23239:
23232:
23225:
23218:
23211:
23204:
23197:
23189:
23187:
23181:
23180:
23178:
23177:
23176:
23175:
23168:
23161:
23154:
23147:
23133:
23132:
23131:
23124:
23110:
23109:
23108:
23093:
23091:
23082:
23076:
23075:
23072:
23071:
23069:
23068:
23061:
23054:
23053:
23052:
23045:
23033:
23032:
23031:
23017:
23010:
23009:
23008:
23005:United Kingdom
23001:
22994:
22993:
22992:
22973:
22965:
22963:
22957:
22956:
22954:
22953:
22946:
22945:
22944:
22937:
22925:
22918:
22911:
22904:
22897:
22890:
22883:
22876:
22869:
22862:
22855:
22848:
22841:
22834:
22827:
22826:
22825:
22818:
22804:
22797:
22790:
22783:
22776:
22769:
22762:
22755:
22748:
22741:
22734:
22727:
22720:
22713:
22706:
22699:
22691:
22689:
22683:
22682:
22680:
22679:
22672:
22665:
22658:
22651:
22644:
22637:
22630:
22623:
22616:
22609:
22601:
22599:
22593:
22592:
22590:
22589:
22582:
22575:
22568:
22560:
22553:
22546:
22539:
22538:
22537:
22522:
22515:
22508:
22501:
22494:
22487:
22479:
22472:
22465:
22457:
22449:
22447:
22441:
22440:
22438:
22437:
22430:
22429:
22428:
22414:
22413:
22412:
22409:British Empire
22402:United Kingdom
22398:
22391:
22384:
22377:
22370:
22363:
22351:
22344:
22337:
22330:
22323:
22316:
22309:
22302:
22295:
22283:
22276:
22269:
22262:
22255:
22243:
22235:
22228:
22221:
22218:Czechoslovakia
22214:
22207:
22200:
22193:
22181:
22174:
22167:
22160:
22152:
22150:
22141:
22135:
22134:
22131:
22130:
22128:
22127:
22126:
22125:
22118:
22115:Rape of Manila
22111:
22104:
22097:
22086:
22071:
22064:
22052:
22045:
22044:
22043:
22036:
22022:
22021:
22020:
22013:
22006:
21992:
21985:
21984:
21983:
21976:
21975:
21974:
21967:
21953:
21946:
21932:
21931:
21930:
21923:
21916:
21901:
21899:
21893:
21892:
21890:
21889:
21886:United Nations
21882:
21875:
21868:
21867:
21866:
21859:
21852:
21845:
21831:
21822:
21813:
21806:
21799:
21792:
21783:
21776:
21769:
21762:
21755:
21748:
21745:Decolonization
21741:
21734:
21726:
21724:
21718:
21717:
21715:
21714:
21707:
21706:
21705:
21691:
21684:
21683:
21682:
21675:
21668:
21654:
21653:
21652:
21645:
21631:
21630:
21629:
21622:
21615:
21608:
21601:
21594:
21579:
21577:
21571:
21570:
21568:
21567:
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20453:. Crows Nest:
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20294:Soviet Studies
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18523:
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18451:(2): 153–174.
18439:May, Ernest R.
18435:
18429:
18419:. Ithaca, NY:
18412:
18406:
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18346:Westview Press
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18083:
18077:
18067:. Armonk, NY:
18060:
18054:
18037:
18031:
18013:Kolko, Gabriel
18009:
17983:(4): 891–920.
17970:
17952:(3): 122–128.
17941:
17920:
17914:
17895:
17889:
17870:
17864:
17846:
17840:
17830:. Manchester:
17823:
17817:
17799:
17793:
17773:
17767:
17751:Keeble, Curtis
17747:
17741:
17722:
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17697:
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17675:Harold Shukman
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16626:(4): 599–625.
16613:
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16591:Goldman, Merle
16583:
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16532:
16526:
16509:
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16483:Erickson, John
16479:
16473:
16456:
16415:(4): 671–680.
16395:
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16330:
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16290:
16272:(2): 153–169.
16261:
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16232:
16224:Pantheon Books
16212:Dower, John W.
16208:
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16112:Davies, Norman
16108:
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16085:
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16059:Cowley, Robert
16055:
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15982:
15976:
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15949:
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15926:
15909:
15903:
15885:Clogg, Richard
15881:
15855:(1): 123–143.
15842:
15836:
15826:. Armonk, NY:
15819:
15813:
15794:
15788:
15771:
15765:
15743:
15731:10.1086/265420
15725:(3): 387–407.
15712:
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15252:
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15224:
15207:
15201:
15191:. Armonk, NY:
15182:
15176:
15154:
15148:
15128:
15119:
15113:
15096:
15090:
15073:
15067:
15048:
15042:
15024:Beevor, Antony
15020:
15014:
14997:
14991:
14974:
14968:
14947:
14941:
14924:
14899:Soviet Studies
14893:
14887:
14870:
14864:
14842:
14824:(2): 201–231.
14813:
14807:
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14783:
14780:
14778:
14777:
14747:
14717:
14686:
14663:
14633:
14621:
14591:
14589:, p. 221.
14576:
14574:, p. 734.
14564:
14562:, p. 108.
14549:
14510:(4): 545–566.
14490:
14460:
14453:
14431:
14429:, p. 125.
14416:
14405:(5): 343–355.
14389:
14377:
14365:
14353:
14341:
14329:
14322:
14304:
14297:
14279:
14277:, p. 163.
14267:
14251:
14249:, p. 227.
14239:
14227:
14220:
14202:
14200:, p. 126.
14196:, p. 84;
14186:
14174:
14167:
14149:
14147:, p. 267.
14145:Bernstein 1991
14137:
14125:
14102:
14081:
14066:
14020:
14018:, p. 266.
14005:
14003:, p. 107.
13993:
13981:
13969:
13956:
13954:, p. 232.
13944:
13942:, p. 148.
13932:
13930:, p. 138.
13920:
13908:
13879:
13868:on 21 May 2012
13845:
13843:, p. 360.
13833:
13821:
13791:
13760:
13756:Applebaum 2003
13748:
13735:
13714:Deutsche Welle
13699:
13665:
13653:
13638:
13618:
13583:
13576:
13568:Berghahn Books
13555:
13540:
13521:
13506:
13487:
13468:
13449:
13428:
13418:
13407:on 29 May 2012
13386:
13374:
13362:
13360:, p. 320.
13350:
13343:
13325:
13313:
13311:, p. 102.
13301:
13275:
13268:
13250:
13248:, p. 182.
13238:
13215:Rummell, R.J.
13207:
13177:
13146:
13111:
13092:
13072:
13060:
13045:. April 2006.
13028:
12998:
12961:
12946:
12911:
12899:
12897:, p. 204.
12887:
12875:
12860:
12834:
12803:
12772:
12756:
12749:
12725:
12713:
12706:
12685:
12673:
12661:
12649:
12647:, p. 117.
12637:
12625:
12613:
12601:
12599:, p. 212.
12597:Balabkins 1964
12589:
12577:
12551:
12547:Balabkins 1964
12539:
12537:, p. 263.
12527:
12525:, p. 207.
12523:Balabkins 1964
12515:
12499:
12487:
12485:, p. 589.
12475:
12463:
12451:
12449:, p. 911.
12439:
12427:
12425:, p. 318.
12415:
12385:
12373:
12361:
12357:Applebaum 2012
12349:
12337:
12333:Kantowicz 2000
12325:
12298:
12275:
12249:
12232:United Nations
12219:
12207:
12177:
12165:
12153:
12141:
12139:, p. 794.
12129:
12117:
12105:
12062:
12040:
12014:
12000:
11977:
11932:
11920:
11908:
11906:, p. 776.
11896:
11883:
11870:
11858:
11846:
11833:
11829:Miscamble 2007
11821:
11819:, p. 201.
11817:Miscamble 2007
11809:
11797:
11778:(5): 623–662.
11762:
11735:
11723:
11711:
11676:
11669:
11651:
11622:
11610:
11608:, p. 737.
11598:
11596:, p. 244.
11586:
11575:
11563:
11551:
11539:
11527:
11515:
11513:, p. 305.
11503:
11491:
11489:, p. 140.
11479:
11467:
11449:全面抗战,战犯前仆后继见阎王
11439:
11437:, p. 120.
11427:
11415:
11408:
11390:
11378:
11376:, p. 653.
11366:
11336:
11306:
11294:
11282:
11270:
11268:, p. 562.
11258:
11246:
11244:, p. 695.
11234:
11222:
11210:
11208:, p. 163.
11198:
11186:
11171:
11169:, p. 224.
11167:Lightbody 2004
11159:
11105:
11103:, p. 122.
11093:
11081:
11069:
11057:
11045:
11043:, p. 161.
11033:
11021:
11019:, p. 148.
11009:
11007:, p. 286.
10997:
10995:, p. 154.
10985:
10973:
10961:
10959:, p. 129.
10949:
10945:Blinkhorn 2006
10937:
10935:, p. 151.
10925:
10923:, p. 362.
10913:
10901:
10889:
10877:
10865:
10863:, p. 595.
10853:
10841:
10839:, p. 592.
10829:
10813:
10811:, p. 228.
10801:
10799:, p. 610.
10789:
10787:, p. 164.
10777:
10765:
10746:
10734:
10722:
10703:
10691:
10679:
10677:, p. 277.
10667:
10663:Neillands 2005
10655:
10653:, p. 129.
10643:
10641:, p. 178.
10631:
10619:
10607:
10595:
10583:
10571:
10569:, p. 142.
10559:
10547:
10545:, p. 119.
10535:
10523:
10511:
10509:, p. 764.
10499:
10487:
10475:
10473:, p. 111.
10463:
10461:, p. 340.
10451:
10449:, p. 197.
10439:
10420:
10396:
10394:, p. 339.
10384:
10382:, p. 368.
10372:
10360:
10348:
10346:, p. 186.
10336:
10324:
10322:, p. 145.
10312:
10310:, p. 158.
10300:
10298:, p. 362.
10288:
10276:
10264:
10252:
10222:
10192:
10162:
10132:
10130:, p. 904.
10120:
10108:
10096:
10064:
10062:in Wikisource.
10052:
10036:
10033:978-0399504341
10013:
9998:
9986:
9974:
9962:
9960:, p. 125.
9958:Lightbody 2004
9950:
9938:
9926:
9907:
9894:
9875:
9855:
9842:
9829:
9814:
9783:
9776:
9755:
9722:
9689:
9682:
9664:
9662:, p. 456.
9652:
9650:, p. 201.
9640:
9610:
9598:
9586:
9584:, p. 320.
9574:
9572:, p. 224.
9562:
9560:, p. 289.
9550:
9538:
9525:
9495:
9479:
9472:
9448:
9436:
9424:
9412:
9410:, p. 227.
9408:Reinhardt 1992
9400:
9388:
9386:, p. 113.
9376:
9372:Kleinfeld 1983
9364:
9362:, p. 425.
9352:
9350:, p. 220.
9340:
9328:
9316:
9304:
9292:
9280:
9268:
9256:
9252:Steinberg 1995
9244:
9232:
9230:, p. 555.
9220:
9185:
9173:
9161:
9149:
9133:
9131:, p. 195.
9121:
9119:, p. 114.
9109:
9095:
9069:
9057:
9045:
9033:
9021:
9009:
8997:
8995:, p. 106.
8985:
8973:
8954:
8952:, p. 118.
8942:
8930:
8928:, p. 877.
8918:
8916:, p. 179.
8906:
8875:
8854:
8852:, p. 390.
8842:
8830:
8818:
8816:, p. 282.
8802:
8798:Goldstein 2004
8790:
8778:
8759:
8743:
8741:, p. 198.
8731:
8729:, p. 311.
8719:
8717:, p. 207.
8707:
8695:
8683:
8681:, p. 152.
8671:
8659:
8647:
8635:
8623:
8611:
8599:
8587:
8575:
8563:
8551:
8542:
8523:
8499:
8487:
8483:Hanhimäki 1997
8475:
8448:
8427:
8415:
8403:
8388:
8376:
8367:
8355:
8343:
8334:
8322:
8310:
8267:
8255:
8225:
8215:, p. 32;
8205:
8201:Cienciala 2010
8188:
8172:
8150:
8130:
8118:
8089:
8056:
8030:
8028:, p. 608.
8018:
7991:(4): 695–722.
7975:
7973:, p. 108.
7963:
7961:, p. 471.
7951:
7949:, p. 234.
7939:
7937:, p. 330.
7927:
7915:
7903:
7901:, p. 157.
7891:
7879:
7877:, p. 144.
7867:
7840:
7809:
7807:, p. 342.
7797:
7785:
7773:
7771:, p. 566.
7761:
7749:
7736:
7723:
7714:
7695:
7675:
7663:
7651:
7649:, p. 146.
7639:
7637:, p. 271.
7627:
7615:
7613:, p. 231.
7603:
7601:, p. 289.
7591:
7579:
7560:
7540:
7528:
7516:
7504:
7502:, p. 458.
7492:
7490:, p. 104.
7480:
7468:
7456:
7454:, p. 124.
7444:
7438:, p. 96;
7428:
7416:
7404:
7392:
7390:, p. 149.
7388:Kantowicz 1999
7380:
7364:
7331:
7300:
7273:
7250:
7224:
7212:
7181:(3): 368–409.
7161:
7129:
7117:
7067:Ben-Horin 1943
7059:
7028:(2): 257–281.
7008:
6987:
6974:
6962:
6939:
6922:
6909:
6907:
6904:
6901:
6900:
6870:
6854:
6840:
6839:
6837:
6834:
6833:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6815:
6812:
6780:modern rockets
6709:Enigma machine
6680:, and various
6670:self-propelled
6666:anti-tank guns
6625:trench warfare
6560:anti-submarine
6505:proximity fuze
6485:ground-support
6473:reconnaissance
6467:, 21 June 1943
6449:Main article:
6446:
6443:
6398:
6394:
6393:
6382:
6380:
6373:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6354:
6351:
6311:scorched earth
6266:Palmiry forest
6235:
6232:
6016:
6013:
6001:aerial warfare
5979:eastern Poland
5959:Katyn massacre
5906:Yasuji Okamura
5758:Main article:
5755:
5752:
5747:Main article:
5744:
5741:
5703:(IMF) and the
5679:decolonisation
5620:South Sakhalin
5603:and number of
5564:became Soviet
5558:Czechoslovakia
5516:Central Europe
5469:member nations
5461:United Nations
5391:denazification
5333:
5330:
5258:Clement Attlee
5229:by March, and
5169:end of the war
5153:clearing Leyte
5042:Soviet troops
4923:
4920:
4869:Chindwin River
4808:under Marshal
4751:and triggered
4621:
4618:
4549:by the German
4505:Burma campaign
4402:central Russia
4335:
4332:
4226:
4223:
4121:
4118:
4035:Doolittle Raid
3946:
3943:
3918:grand strategy
3911:separate peace
3894:
3891:
3887:United Kingdom
3823:Fumimaro Konoe
3769:Southeast Asia
3750:harsh measures
3676:Main article:
3673:
3670:
3610:to secure the
3596:grand strategy
3561:Kiev offensive
3445:Southeast Asia
3429:Western Allies
3414:Main article:
3411:
3408:
3287:. In October,
3266:Main article:
3263:
3260:
3193:Neutrality Act
3173:. The British
2985:Main article:
2982:
2979:
2799:U-boat warfare
2755:invaded Poland
2729:Main article:
2726:
2723:
2704:
2701:
2656:eastern Poland
2521:Czechoslovakia
2473:
2470:
2438:Main article:
2435:
2432:
2424:city was taken
2363:, engaged the
2318:Main article:
2315:
2312:
2268:Main article:
2265:
2262:
2218:Regno d'Italia
2175:Main article:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2166:Pre-war events
2164:
2160:a united front
2156:Xi'an Incident
2092:. In 1931, an
2065:
2062:
2035:Neutrality Act
2010:
2007:
1912:
1909:
1838:—and the 1917
1836:Ottoman Empire
1820:Central Powers
1795:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1784:Main article:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1682:United Kingdom
1672:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1661:
1654:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1640:
1639:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1621:
1615:
1613:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1599:
1598:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1592:
1587:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1560:
1559:
1557:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1488:
1487:
1472:
1469:
1437:United Nations
1377:fall of Berlin
1300:, opening the
1254:British Empire
1250:fall of France
1215:United Kingdom
1211:invaded Poland
1156:against German
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1026:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:
1012:Historiography
1009:
1004:
999:
993:
991:
989:
988:
983:
978:
972:
967:
966:
962:
961:
948:
947:
945:
944:
939:
934:
929:
924:
919:
914:
909:
904:
902:Baltic Nations
893:
892:
891:
890:
880:
875:
874:
873:
863:
858:
853:
848:
837:
836:
831:
826:
825:
824:
819:
814:
806:
801:
796:
791:
790:
789:
784:
768:
767:
762:
761:
760:
750:
745:
740:
735:
730:
729:
728:
718:
705:
704:
703:
702:
692:
687:
686:
685:
675:
670:
669:
668:
658:
657:
656:
651:
646:
636:
631:
630:
629:
624:
619:
609:
604:
593:
590:
589:
579:
578:
571:
564:
556:
548:
547:
545:
544:
536:
533:
530:
525:
524:Over 4,000,000
522:
520:Civilian dead:
517:
516:Over 8,000,000
514:
512:Military dead:
508:
506:
504:
503:
495:
492:
489:
484:
481:
479:Civilian dead:
476:
473:
471:Military dead:
467:
464:
463:
459:
458:
456:
455:
443:
431:
418:
410:
408:
407:
395:
383:
371:
358:
349:
348:
344:
343:
336:
328:
327:
321:
320:
317:
316:
314:
313:
302:
300:
296:
295:
292:
291:
286:
281:
276:
274:Central Africa
271:
269:Horn of Africa
266:
261:
256:
251:
246:
241:
236:
231:
226:
221:
215:
209:
207:
203:
202:
197:
189:
188:
186:
185:
174:
163:raising a flag
159:
152:
151:in Japan, 1945
145:
134:
122:
110:
109:
101:
100:
99:
90:
89:
81:
80:
79:
70:
69:
61:
60:
59:
58:
57:
54:
53:
47:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
27743:
27732:
27729:
27727:
27724:
27722:
27719:
27717:
27714:
27712:
27709:
27707:
27704:
27702:
27699:
27697:
27694:
27692:
27689:
27687:
27684:
27682:
27679:
27677:
27674:
27672:
27669:
27667:
27664:
27662:
27659:
27657:
27654:
27652:
27649:
27647:
27644:
27642:
27639:
27637:
27634:
27632:
27629:
27627:
27624:
27622:
27619:
27617:
27614:
27612:
27609:
27607:
27604:
27602:
27599:
27597:
27594:
27592:
27589:
27587:
27584:
27582:
27579:
27577:
27574:
27572:
27569:
27567:
27564:
27562:
27559:
27557:
27554:
27552:
27549:
27547:
27544:
27542:
27539:
27537:
27534:
27532:
27529:
27527:
27524:
27522:
27519:
27517:
27514:
27512:
27509:
27507:
27504:
27502:
27499:
27497:
27494:
27492:
27489:
27487:
27484:
27482:
27479:
27477:
27474:
27472:
27469:
27467:
27464:
27462:
27459:
27457:
27454:
27452:
27449:
27447:
27444:
27442:
27439:
27437:
27434:
27432:
27429:
27427:
27424:
27422:
27419:
27417:
27414:
27412:
27409:
27407:
27404:
27402:
27399:
27397:
27394:
27392:
27389:
27387:
27384:
27382:
27379:
27377:
27374:
27372:
27369:
27367:
27364:
27362:
27359:
27357:
27354:
27352:
27349:
27347:
27344:
27342:
27339:
27337:
27334:
27332:
27329:
27327:
27324:
27322:
27319:
27317:
27314:
27312:
27309:
27307:
27304:
27302:
27299:
27297:
27294:
27293:
27291:
27276:
27273:
27271:
27268:
27266:
27263:
27261:
27258:
27256:
27253:
27251:
27248:
27246:
27243:
27241:
27238:
27236:
27233:
27231:
27228:
27226:
27223:
27221:
27218:
27216:
27213:
27211:
27208:
27206:
27203:
27201:
27198:
27196:
27193:
27191:
27188:
27186:
27183:
27181:
27178:
27176:
27173:
27171:
27168:
27166:
27163:
27161:
27158:
27157:
27155:
27149:
27141:
27138:
27134:
27131:
27129:
27126:
27125:
27124:
27121:
27117:
27114:
27113:
27112:
27109:
27103:
27100:
27098:
27095:
27094:
27093:
27090:
27088:
27085:
27083:
27080:
27076:
27073:
27072:
27071:
27068:
27067:
27066:
27063:
27059:
27056:
27054:
27051:
27049:
27046:
27045:
27044:
27041:
27040:
27039:
27036:
27032:
27029:
27027:
27024:
27023:
27022:
27019:
27015:
27012:
27010:
27007:
27005:
27002:
27000:
26997:
26995:
26992:
26990:
26987:
26986:
26985:
26982:
26978:
26975:
26973:
26970:
26966:
26963:
26961:
26958:
26956:
26953:
26951:
26948:
26946:
26943:
26942:
26941:
26938:
26934:
26931:
26929:
26926:
26924:
26921:
26917:
26914:
26913:
26912:
26909:
26908:
26907:
26904:
26903:
26902:
26899:
26898:
26896:
26894:
26890:
26882:
26879:
26877:
26874:
26873:
26872:
26869:
26867:
26864:
26862:
26859:
26857:
26854:
26852:
26849:
26847:
26844:
26842:
26839:
26837:
26834:
26832:
26829:
26827:
26824:
26822:
26819:
26817:
26814:
26812:
26809:
26807:
26804:
26803:
26801:
26799:
26795:
26789:
26786:
26784:
26781:
26779:
26776:
26772:
26769:
26767:
26764:
26763:
26762:
26759:
26757:
26754:
26752:
26749:
26745:
26742:
26740:
26737:
26735:
26732:
26731:
26730:
26727:
26725:
26722:
26720:
26717:
26713:
26710:
26708:
26705:
26703:
26700:
26699:
26698:
26695:
26691:
26688:
26687:
26686:
26683:
26681:
26678:
26674:
26671:
26669:
26666:
26664:
26661:
26659:
26656:
26654:
26651:
26649:
26646:
26644:
26641:
26639:
26636:
26634:
26631:
26630:
26629:
26626:
26625:
26623:
26621:
26617:
26611:
26608:
26604:
26601:
26597:
26594:
26592:
26589:
26588:
26587:
26584:
26582:
26579:
26575:
26572:
26570:
26567:
26566:
26565:
26562:
26560:
26557:
26555:
26552:
26551:
26550:
26549:Modern period
26547:
26545:
26542:
26540:
26537:
26535:
26532:
26531:
26529:
26525:
26519:
26516:
26514:
26511:
26509:
26506:
26504:
26501:
26499:
26496:
26494:
26491:
26490:
26488:
26484:
26480:
26476:
26475:Eastern world
26469:
26464:
26462:
26457:
26455:
26450:
26449:
26446:
26434:
26431:
26429:
26426:
26424:
26421:
26419:
26416:
26414:
26411:
26409:
26406:
26404:
26401:
26399:
26396:
26394:
26391:
26389:
26386:
26384:
26381:
26379:
26378:PROSUR/PROSUL
26376:
26374:
26371:
26369:
26366:
26364:
26361:
26359:
26356:
26354:
26351:
26349:
26346:
26344:
26341:
26339:
26336:
26334:
26331:
26329:
26326:
26324:
26321:
26319:
26316:
26314:
26311:
26309:
26306:
26304:
26301:
26299:
26296:
26294:
26291:
26289:
26286:
26284:
26281:
26279:
26276:
26274:
26273:Craiova Group
26271:
26269:
26266:
26264:
26261:
26259:
26256:
26254:
26251:
26249:
26246:
26244:
26241:
26239:
26236:
26234:
26231:
26229:
26226:
26224:
26221:
26219:
26216:
26214:
26211:
26209:
26206:
26204:
26201:
26199:
26196:
26194:
26191:
26189:
26188:ABCANZ Armies
26186:
26185:
26183:
26177:
26171:
26168:
26166:
26163:
26159:
26156:
26154:
26151:
26149:
26146:
26144:
26141:
26139:
26136:
26134:
26131:
26130:
26129:
26126:
26124:
26121:
26117:
26114:
26113:
26112:
26109:
26107:
26104:
26103:
26101:
26099:
26095:
26089:
26086:
26084:
26081:
26077:
26074:
26072:
26069:
26067:
26064:
26062:
26059:
26055:
26052:
26050:
26047:
26045:
26042:
26040:
26037:
26036:
26035:
26032:
26030:
26027:
26025:
26022:
26020:
26017:
26016:
26015:
26012:
26006:
26003:
26002:
26001:
25998:
25994:
25993:Protestantism
25991:
25987:
25984:
25983:
25982:
25979:
25975:
25972:
25971:
25970:
25967:
25963:
25959:
25956:
25955:
25954:
25951:
25950:
25949:
25946:
25945:
25944:
25941:
25940:
25938:
25936:
25932:
25924:
25921:
25920:
25919:
25916:
25914:
25913:Sovereigntism
25911:
25909:
25906:
25902:
25901:
25897:
25896:
25895:
25892:
25888:
25885:
25884:
25883:
25880:
25878:
25875:
25873:
25870:
25868:
25865:
25863:
25860:
25858:
25855:
25853:
25850:
25846:
25843:
25841:
25838:
25837:
25836:
25833:
25829:
25826:
25825:
25824:
25821:
25819:
25816:
25814:
25811:
25809:
25808:Scholasticism
25806:
25804:
25801:
25799:
25796:
25794:
25791:
25789:
25786:
25784:
25781:
25779:
25776:
25775:
25773:
25771:
25767:
25759:
25756:
25754:
25751:
25749:
25746:
25744:
25741:
25740:
25739:
25736:
25732:
25729:
25728:
25727:
25724:
25720:
25717:
25715:
25712:
25711:
25710:
25707:
25703:
25700:
25699:
25698:
25695:
25693:
25690:
25686:
25683:
25681:
25678:
25676:
25673:
25672:
25671:
25668:
25664:
25661:
25660:
25659:
25656:
25652:
25649:
25648:
25647:
25644:
25640:
25637:
25635:
25632:
25631:
25630:
25627:
25625:
25622:
25620:
25617:
25615:
25612:
25608:
25605:
25604:
25603:
25600:
25598:
25595:
25591:
25588:
25587:
25586:
25583:
25579:
25576:
25575:
25574:
25571:
25567:
25564:
25563:
25562:
25559:
25557:
25554:
25550:
25547:
25546:
25545:
25542:
25540:
25537:
25533:
25530:
25528:
25525:
25523:
25520:
25519:
25518:
25515:
25514:
25512:
25510:
25506:
25498:
25497:War on terror
25495:
25493:
25490:
25489:
25488:
25485:
25481:
25478:
25476:
25473:
25471:
25468:
25466:
25463:
25461:
25458:
25456:
25453:
25451:
25448:
25446:
25443:
25441:
25438:
25436:
25433:
25431:
25428:
25426:
25423:
25421:
25418:
25416:
25413:
25411:
25408:
25406:
25403:
25401:
25398:
25396:
25393:
25392:
25391:
25390:Modern period
25388:
25386:
25383:
25379:
25376:
25374:
25371:
25369:
25366:
25365:
25364:
25361:
25357:
25354:
25353:
25352:
25349:
25347:
25344:
25343:
25341:
25339:
25335:
25329:
25326:
25324:
25321:
25319:
25316:
25314:
25311:
25305:
25302:
25300:
25297:
25296:
25295:
25292:
25290:
25287:
25285:
25282:
25280:
25277:
25276:
25275:
25272:
25270:
25267:
25265:
25262:
25261:
25259:
25255:
25251:
25247:
25246:Western world
25240:
25235:
25233:
25228:
25226:
25221:
25220:
25217:
25205:
25202:
25200:
25197:
25195:
25192:
25190:
25187:
25185:
25182:
25180:
25177:
25175:
25172:
25170:
25167:
25166:
25164:
25158:
25152:
25149:
25147:
25144:
25140:
25137:
25135:
25132:
25130:
25127:
25125:
25122:
25121:
25120:
25117:
25115:
25112:
25110:
25107:
25103:
25100:
25098:
25095:
25093:
25090:
25089:
25088:
25085:
25081:
25078:
25076:
25073:
25071:
25068:
25067:
25066:
25063:
25061:
25058:
25056:
25053:
25051:
25048:
25046:
25043:
25041:
25038:
25036:
25033:
25031:
25028:
25026:
25023:
25021:
25018:
25016:
25015:Liechtenstein
25013:
25011:
25008:
25006:
25003:
25001:
24998:
24996:
24993:
24990:
24986:
24983:
24981:
24978:
24976:
24973:
24969:
24966:
24964:
24961:
24960:
24959:
24956:
24954:
24951:
24949:
24946:
24944:
24941:
24939:
24936:
24934:
24931:
24929:
24926:
24924:
24921:
24919:
24916:
24915:
24913:
24909:
24903:
24900:
24898:
24895:
24893:
24890:
24888:
24885:
24883:
24880:
24878:
24875:
24873:
24870:
24868:
24865:
24863:
24860:
24858:
24855:
24853:
24850:
24848:
24845:
24843:
24840:
24836:
24833:
24832:
24831:
24828:
24826:
24823:
24821:
24818:
24814:
24811:
24809:
24806:
24805:
24804:
24801:
24797:
24794:
24793:
24792:
24789:
24787:
24784:
24782:
24779:
24778:
24776:
24772:
24766:
24763:
24761:
24758:
24756:
24753:
24751:
24750:Latin America
24748:
24746:
24743:
24741:
24738:
24736:
24733:
24732:
24730:
24728:South America
24726:
24718:
24715:
24713:
24710:
24708:
24705:
24703:
24700:
24698:
24695:
24693:
24690:
24689:
24688:
24687:United States
24685:
24683:
24680:
24678:
24675:
24673:
24670:
24668:
24665:
24663:
24660:
24658:
24655:
24654:
24652:
24650:North America
24648:
24642:
24639:
24637:
24634:
24632:
24629:
24627:
24624:
24620:
24617:
24615:
24612:
24611:
24610:
24607:
24605:
24602:
24600:
24597:
24595:
24592:
24590:
24587:
24585:
24582:
24580:
24577:
24575:
24572:
24570:
24567:
24565:
24562:
24560:
24557:
24555:
24554:Belgian Congo
24552:
24551:
24549:
24545:
24541:
24534:
24529:
24527:
24522:
24520:
24515:
24514:
24511:
24498:
24494:
24491:
24487:
24484:
24483:
24478:
24471:
24470:
24467:
24454:
24450:
24447:
24443:
24440:
24436:
24435:
24433:
24429:
24424:
24420:
24419:
24417:
24416:Kuril Islands
24413:
24410:
24406:
24401:
24397:
24396:
24394:
24390:
24387:
24383:
24380:
24376:
24373:
24369:
24366:
24362:
24357:
24353:
24352:
24350:
24346:
24343:
24339:
24336:
24332:
24329:
24325:
24322:
24318:
24315:
24311:
24308:
24304:
24301:
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24269:
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24217:
24216:
24214:
24210:
24207:
24203:
24198:
24194:
24193:
24191:
24187:
24184:
24183:Syrmian Front
24180:
24177:
24173:
24170:
24166:
24163:
24159:
24156:
24155:
24150:
24147:
24146:
24141:
24138:
24134:
24131:
24130:
24129:Market Garden
24125:
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24118:
24115:
24111:
24108:
24104:
24101:
24100:
24095:
24092:
24088:
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24010:
24007:
24003:
24000:
23996:
23993:
23989:
23988:Monte Cassino
23985:
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23392:
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23369:
23365:
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23355:
23354:Baltic states
23351:
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23344:
23341:
23337:
23334:
23330:
23327:
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23316:
23313:
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23006:
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22999:
22998:United States
22995:
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22986:
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22979:
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22974:
22971:
22967:
22966:
22964:
22962:
22958:
22951:
22947:
22942:
22938:
22935:
22934:Quốc dân Đảng
22931:
22930:
22926:
22923:
22919:
22916:
22912:
22909:
22905:
22902:
22898:
22895:
22891:
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22670:
22666:
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22638:
22635:
22634:Liechtenstein
22631:
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22624:
22621:
22617:
22614:
22610:
22607:
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22600:
22598:
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22431:
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22422:
22421:
22419:
22418:United States
22415:
22410:
22406:
22405:
22403:
22399:
22396:
22392:
22389:
22385:
22382:
22378:
22375:
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22149:
22145:
22142:
22140:
22136:
22123:
22119:
22116:
22112:
22109:
22108:Comfort women
22105:
22102:
22098:
22095:
22092: /
22091:
22087:
22084:
22081: /
22080:
22077: /
22076:
22072:
22069:
22068:Camp brothels
22065:
22062:
22058:
22057:
22053:
22050:
22046:
22041:
22037:
22034:
22030:
22029:
22027:
22023:
22018:
22014:
22011:
22007:
22004:
22000:
21999:
21997:
21993:
21990:
21986:
21981:
21977:
21972:
21968:
21965:
21961:
21960:
21958:
21957:The Holocaust
21954:
21951:
21947:
21944:
21943:forced labour
21940:
21939:
21937:
21933:
21928:
21924:
21921:
21917:
21914:
21910:
21909:
21907:
21903:
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21898:
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21864:
21860:
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21853:
21850:
21846:
21843:
21839:
21838:
21836:
21832:
21829:
21828:
21823:
21820:
21819:
21814:
21811:
21807:
21804:
21800:
21797:
21796:Marshall Plan
21793:
21790:
21789:
21784:
21781:
21777:
21774:
21770:
21767:
21763:
21760:
21756:
21753:
21749:
21746:
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21739:
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21732:
21728:
21727:
21725:
21723:
21719:
21712:
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21703:
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21689:
21685:
21680:
21676:
21673:
21669:
21666:
21662:
21661:
21659:
21655:
21650:
21649:Eastern Front
21646:
21643:
21642:Western Front
21639:
21638:
21636:
21632:
21627:
21623:
21620:
21616:
21613:
21609:
21606:
21602:
21599:
21595:
21592:
21588:
21587:
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21581:
21580:
21578:
21576:
21572:
21565:
21561:
21558:
21554:
21551:
21547:
21544:
21540:
21537:
21536:Puppet states
21533:
21530:
21526:
21523:
21519:
21514:
21510:
21507:
21503:
21502:
21500:
21496:
21493:
21489:
21486:
21482:
21479:
21478:Naval history
21475:
21472:
21468:
21465:
21461:
21458:
21454:
21449:
21445:
21444:
21442:
21438:
21435:
21431:
21426:
21425:United States
21422:
21419:
21415:
21412:
21408:
21407:
21405:
21401:
21398:
21394:
21391:
21387:
21384:
21380:
21377:
21373:
21370:
21366:
21363:
21359:
21354:
21350:
21349:
21347:
21343:
21342:
21340:
21338:
21334:
21331:
21327:
21320:
21316:
21313:
21309:
21304:
21300:
21297:
21293:
21290:
21286:
21285:
21281:
21276:
21272:
21271:
21269:
21265:
21262:
21258:
21257:
21254:
21250:
21243:
21238:
21236:
21231:
21229:
21224:
21223:
21220:
21213:
21210:
21207:
21203:
21199:
21196:
21193:
21189:
21185:
21182:
21181:
21170:
21164:
21160:
21156:
21152:
21148:
21144:
21138:
21134:
21129:
21125:
21119:
21115:
21111:
21106:
21102:
21096:
21092:
21088:
21084:
21080:
21076:
21070:
21066:
21061:
21057:
21051:
21047:
21043:
21038:
21034:
21028:
21024:
21020:
21015:
21011:
21005:
21001:
20998:. Cambridge:
20997:
20992:
20988:
20982:
20978:
20973:
20972:
20966:
20962:
20958:
20954:
20950:
20946:
20942:
20938:
20934:
20933:Wilt, Alan F.
20930:
20926:
20920:
20916:
20912:
20907:
20903:
20897:
20893:
20889:
20884:
20880:
20874:
20870:
20866:
20861:
20856:
20850:
20846:
20842:
20838:
20834:
20830:
20824:
20820:
20816:
20812:
20808:
20804:
20798:
20794:
20791:. Singapore:
20790:
20785:
20781:
20777:
20773:
20769:
20765:
20761:
20757:
20753:
20752:
20747:
20743:
20731:
20727:
20723:
20722:
20717:
20713:
20709:
20703:
20699:
20695:
20690:
20686:
20680:
20676:
20675:
20670:
20666:
20662:
20656:
20652:
20648:
20644:
20640:
20636:
20630:
20626:
20622:
20621:
20616:
20611:
20607:
20601:
20597:
20593:
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20578:
20574:
20570:
20569:
20563:
20559:
20553:
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20528:
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20501:
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20476:
20470:
20466:
20460:
20456:
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20443:
20437:
20433:
20429:
20424:
20420:
20414:
20410:
20406:
20401:
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20389:
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20373:
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20368:
20362:
20358:
20354:
20350:
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20342:
20338:
20337:
20332:
20328:
20324:
20320:
20316:
20312:
20308:
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20300:
20296:
20295:
20289:
20285:
20279:
20275:
20271:
20267:
20263:
20259:
20253:
20250:. Last Gasp.
20249:
20244:
20240:
20234:
20230:
20226:
20221:
20217:
20211:
20207:
20202:
20198:
20192:
20188:
20183:
20179:
20173:
20169:
20164:
20163:
20156:
20152:
20146:
20142:
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20127:
20123:
20118:
20117:
20110:
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20100:
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20028:
20024:
20018:
20014:
20010:
20006:
20002:
19998:
19994:
19990:
19986:
19985:
19979:
19975:
19971:
19967:
19963:
19959:
19955:
19951:
19947:
19946:
19941:
19937:
19933:
19927:
19923:
19919:
19918:
19912:
19908:
19902:
19898:
19894:
19893:
19887:
19883:
19877:
19873:
19869:
19864:
19860:
19854:
19850:
19845:
19841:
19837:
19833:
19829:
19825:
19821:
19816:
19812:
19806:
19802:
19798:
19793:
19789:
19783:
19779:
19775:
19770:
19758:
19754:
19750:
19749:
19743:
19739:
19733:
19729:
19725:
19721:
19717:
19713:
19707:
19703:
19702:Penguin Books
19699:
19698:
19693:
19692:Roberts, J.M.
19689:
19685:
19679:
19675:
19671:
19667:
19663:
19659:
19655:
19651:
19647:
19643:
19639:
19638:
19632:
19628:
19622:
19618:
19615:. Cambridge:
19614:
19609:
19605:
19599:
19595:
19594:
19588:
19584:
19578:
19574:
19570:
19566:
19562:
19558:
19552:
19548:
19544:
19540:
19536:
19532:
19526:
19523:. Brassey's.
19522:
19521:
19515:
19511:
19505:
19501:
19497:
19493:
19489:
19474:
19470:
19464:
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19332:
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19268:
19264:
19260:
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19223:
19219:
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19210:
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19200:
19196:
19195:
19189:
19185:
19179:
19175:
19171:
19167:
19163:
19159:
19153:
19149:
19148:Da Capo Press
19145:
19140:
19136:
19132:
19128:
19124:
19120:
19116:
19112:
19108:
19107:
19102:
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19054:
19049:
19045:
19041:
19037:
19031:
19027:
19023:
19018:
19014:
19008:
19004:
19003:Penguin Books
19000:
18999:
18993:
18989:
18983:
18979:
18978:
18972:
18968:
18962:
18958:
18957:
18951:
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18927:
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18884:
18879:
18875:
18869:
18865:
18861:
18860:
18855:
18851:
18847:
18841:
18837:
18834:. Cambridge:
18833:
18828:
18824:
18818:
18814:
18810:
18806:
18802:
18798:
18792:
18788:
18784:
18779:
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18611:
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18520:
18514:
18510:
18506:
18502:
18498:
18494:
18488:
18484:
18480:
18479:
18474:
18473:Mazower, Mark
18470:
18466:
18462:
18458:
18454:
18450:
18446:
18445:
18440:
18436:
18432:
18426:
18422:
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18399:
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18313:
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18299:
18295:
18290:
18286:
18280:
18276:
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18157:
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18149:
18148:
18143:
18138:
18134:
18128:
18124:
18120:
18115:
18113:in 3 volumes.
18110:
18104:
18100:
18097:. Cambridge:
18096:
18092:
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18084:
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18070:
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17977:
17971:
17967:
17963:
17959:
17955:
17951:
17947:
17942:
17938:
17934:
17931:(1): 13–361.
17930:
17926:
17921:
17917:
17911:
17907:
17903:
17902:
17896:
17892:
17886:
17882:
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17757:. Cambridge:
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17683:Phoenix Press
17680:
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17608:. Lexington:
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17450:. Cambridge:
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17365:Herf, Jeffrey
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17180:. Cambridge:
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16754:
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16746:
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16722:. Cambridge:
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16495:Phoenix Press
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16137:
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16127:
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16099:
16095:
16094:Penguin Books
16091:
16086:
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16068:
16064:
16060:
16056:
16052:
16046:
16042:
16038:
16033:
16021:
16017:
16013:
16012:
16011:History Today
16007:
16002:
15998:
15992:
15989:. Brassey's.
15988:
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15644:
15640:
15636:
15632:
15628:
15624:
15619:
15615:
15609:
15605:
15604:Penguin Books
15601:
15597:
15596:Bullock, Alan
15593:
15589:
15583:
15579:
15575:
15570:
15566:
15560:
15556:
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15528:
15524:
15520:
15515:
15513:
15509:
15506:
15505:online review
15500:
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15294:
15290:
15285:
15281:
15275:
15271:
15267:
15263:
15262:Black, Jeremy
15259:
15255:
15249:
15245:
15244:HarperCollins
15241:
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15217:
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15159:
15155:
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15145:
15141:
15138:. Cambridge:
15137:
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14761:
14757:
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14735:
14731:
14727:
14721:
14705:
14701:
14697:
14690:
14682:
14678:
14674:
14667:
14652:on 9 May 2008
14651:
14647:
14640:
14638:
14631:, p. 11.
14630:
14629:Ratcliff 2006
14625:
14609:
14602:
14595:
14588:
14583:
14581:
14573:
14568:
14561:
14556:
14554:
14545:
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14513:
14509:
14505:
14501:
14494:
14478:
14474:
14470:
14464:
14456:
14450:
14446:
14442:
14435:
14428:
14423:
14421:
14412:
14408:
14404:
14400:
14393:
14387:, p. 16.
14386:
14381:
14375:, p. 15.
14374:
14369:
14363:, p. 52.
14362:
14357:
14351:, p. 14.
14350:
14345:
14339:, p. 25.
14338:
14333:
14325:
14319:
14315:
14308:
14300:
14294:
14290:
14283:
14276:
14271:
14264:
14260:
14255:
14248:
14243:
14237:, p. 76.
14236:
14231:
14223:
14217:
14213:
14206:
14199:
14195:
14190:
14184:, p. 26.
14183:
14178:
14170:
14164:
14160:
14153:
14146:
14141:
14134:
14133:Harrison 1998
14129:
14122:
14109:
14105:
14099:
14095:
14094:
14085:
14078:
14077:Harrison 1998
14073:
14071:
14063:
14050:
14046:
14042:
14038:
14034:
14031:(July 1939).
14030:
14024:
14017:
14012:
14010:
14002:
13997:
13991:, p. 156
13990:
13985:
13978:
13973:
13966:
13960:
13953:
13948:
13941:
13936:
13929:
13924:
13918:, p. 42.
13917:
13916:Liberman 1996
13912:
13896:
13892:
13886:
13884:
13867:
13863:
13859:
13852:
13850:
13842:
13837:
13830:
13825:
13809:
13805:
13801:
13795:
13788:
13784:
13780:
13776:
13773:
13770:
13767:Zemskov V.N.
13764:
13757:
13752:
13745:
13739:
13732:
13720:
13716:
13715:
13710:
13703:
13688:on 2 May 2006
13687:
13683:
13679:
13672:
13670:
13662:
13657:
13651:
13647:
13642:
13635:
13631:
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13530:
13525:
13517:
13510:
13502:
13498:
13491:
13475:
13471:
13465:
13461:
13460:
13459:Women and War
13453:
13446:
13442:
13438:
13432:
13422:
13406:
13402:
13401:
13396:
13390:
13384:, p. 69.
13383:
13378:
13372:, p. 74.
13371:
13366:
13359:
13354:
13346:
13340:
13336:
13329:
13322:
13317:
13310:
13305:
13289:
13285:
13279:
13271:
13265:
13261:
13254:
13247:
13242:
13226:
13222:
13218:
13211:
13195:
13192:(in Polish).
13191:
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13157:
13150:
13134:
13130:
13126:
13122:
13115:
13099:
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13012:
13008:
13002:
12986:
12982:
12978:
12973:
12965:
12958:
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12951:
12934:
12930:
12926:
12922:
12915:
12908:
12903:
12896:
12891:
12884:
12879:
12873:
12869:
12864:
12848:
12844:
12838:
12822:
12818:
12814:
12807:
12791:
12787:
12783:
12776:
12769:
12766:(revised) by
12765:
12760:
12752:
12746:
12742:
12738:
12737:
12729:
12723:, p. 49.
12722:
12717:
12709:
12703:
12699:
12698:
12689:
12683:, p. 32.
12682:
12677:
12671:, p. 64.
12670:
12665:
12658:
12653:
12646:
12641:
12635:, p. 23.
12634:
12629:
12622:
12617:
12610:
12605:
12598:
12593:
12586:
12581:
12565:
12561:
12555:
12548:
12543:
12536:
12531:
12524:
12519:
12512:
12511:Harrison 1998
12508:
12503:
12496:
12491:
12484:
12479:
12472:
12467:
12461:, p. 71.
12460:
12455:
12448:
12447:Weinberg 2005
12443:
12436:
12431:
12424:
12419:
12403:
12399:
12395:
12389:
12382:
12377:
12370:
12365:
12358:
12353:
12347:, p. 33.
12346:
12341:
12334:
12329:
12314:
12310:
12309:
12302:
12296:
12292:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12263:
12259:
12253:
12237:
12233:
12229:
12223:
12217:, p. 39.
12216:
12211:
12195:
12191:
12187:
12181:
12174:
12169:
12162:
12157:
12150:
12145:
12138:
12133:
12127:, p. 55.
12126:
12121:
12115:, p. 43.
12114:
12109:
12093:
12089:
12085:
12081:
12077:
12073:
12066:
12047:
12043:
12037:
12030:
12029:
12021:
12019:
12007:
12003:
11997:
11990:
11989:
11981:
11965:
11960:
11955:
11952:(1): 77–105.
11951:
11947:
11943:
11936:
11929:
11924:
11917:
11912:
11905:
11900:
11894:, pp. 526–528
11893:
11887:
11880:
11874:
11867:
11862:
11855:
11850:
11843:
11837:
11830:
11825:
11818:
11813:
11807:, p. 90.
11806:
11805:Williams 2006
11801:
11793:
11789:
11785:
11781:
11777:
11773:
11766:
11750:
11746:
11739:
11732:
11727:
11721:, p. 57.
11720:
11715:
11708:
11695:
11691:
11687:
11680:
11672:
11666:
11662:
11655:
11639:
11635:
11634:
11626:
11620:, p. 24.
11619:
11614:
11607:
11602:
11595:
11594:O'Reilly 2001
11590:
11584:
11579:
11572:
11567:
11561:, p. 21.
11560:
11559:Buchanan 2006
11555:
11548:
11543:
11537:, p. 85.
11536:
11531:
11524:
11519:
11512:
11507:
11501:, p. 54.
11500:
11495:
11488:
11483:
11476:
11471:
11455:
11451:
11443:
11436:
11431:
11424:
11419:
11411:
11405:
11401:
11394:
11387:
11382:
11375:
11370:
11363:
11350:
11346:
11340:
11324:
11320:
11316:
11310:
11303:
11298:
11291:
11286:
11280:, p. 191
11279:
11274:
11267:
11262:
11256:, p. 91.
11255:
11250:
11243:
11242:Weinberg 2005
11238:
11231:
11226:
11220:, p. 85.
11219:
11214:
11207:
11202:
11195:
11190:
11184:, p. 60.
11183:
11178:
11176:
11168:
11163:
11156:
11152:
11148:
11144:
11143:Portelli 2003
11140:
11136:
11132:
11128:
11124:
11118:
11114:
11109:
11102:
11101:Chubarov 2001
11097:
11090:
11085:
11078:
11073:
11066:
11065:Weinberg 2005
11061:
11054:
11049:
11042:
11037:
11030:
11025:
11018:
11013:
11006:
11001:
10994:
10989:
10982:
10977:
10970:
10969:Padfield 1998
10965:
10958:
10953:
10947:, p. 52.
10946:
10941:
10934:
10929:
10922:
10917:
10910:
10905:
10898:
10893:
10887:, p. 90.
10886:
10881:
10875:, p. 35.
10874:
10873:O'Reilly 2001
10869:
10862:
10857:
10851:, p. 32.
10850:
10849:O'Reilly 2001
10845:
10838:
10833:
10826:
10822:
10817:
10810:
10805:
10798:
10793:
10786:
10781:
10774:
10769:
10762:
10758:
10755:
10750:
10744:, p. 11.
10743:
10738:
10732:, p. 24.
10731:
10726:
10720:, p. 38.
10719:
10714:
10712:
10710:
10708:
10700:
10695:
10688:
10683:
10676:
10671:
10665:, p. 60.
10664:
10659:
10652:
10647:
10640:
10635:
10628:
10623:
10617:, p. 31.
10616:
10611:
10605:, p. 91.
10604:
10603:Molinari 2007
10599:
10592:
10587:
10581:, p. 52.
10580:
10575:
10568:
10567:Erickson 2001
10563:
10556:
10551:
10544:
10539:
10532:
10527:
10520:
10515:
10508:
10503:
10497:, p. 31.
10496:
10491:
10484:
10479:
10472:
10467:
10460:
10455:
10448:
10443:
10427:
10423:
10417:
10413:
10409:
10408:
10400:
10393:
10392:Weinberg 2005
10388:
10381:
10376:
10369:
10364:
10358:, p. 28.
10357:
10352:
10345:
10344:Salecker 2001
10340:
10333:
10328:
10321:
10316:
10309:
10304:
10297:
10292:
10285:
10280:
10273:
10268:
10261:
10256:
10240:
10236:
10232:
10226:
10210:
10206:
10202:
10196:
10180:
10176:
10172:
10166:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10136:
10129:
10124:
10118:, p. 22.
10117:
10112:
10105:
10100:
10085:
10081:
10077:
10076:
10068:
10061:
10056:
10049:
10045:
10040:
10034:
10030:
10026:
10022:
10017:
10010:
10005:
10003:
9995:
9990:
9983:
9978:
9972:, p. 310
9971:
9970:Weinberg 2005
9966:
9959:
9954:
9947:
9942:
9935:
9930:
9923:
9919:
9916:
9911:
9904:
9898:
9882:
9878:
9872:
9868:
9867:
9859:
9852:
9846:
9840:, pp. 417–420
9839:
9833:
9825:
9818:
9802:
9798:
9794:
9787:
9779:
9773:
9769:
9765:
9759:
9743:
9739:
9735:
9729:
9727:
9710:
9706:
9702:
9696:
9694:
9685:
9679:
9675:
9668:
9661:
9656:
9649:
9648:Anderson 1975
9644:
9628:
9624:
9620:
9614:
9608:, p. 33.
9607:
9602:
9596:, p. 30.
9595:
9590:
9583:
9578:
9571:
9566:
9559:
9554:
9548:, p. 14.
9547:
9542:
9535:
9529:
9513:
9509:
9505:
9499:
9492:
9488:
9483:
9475:
9469:
9465:
9461:
9460:
9452:
9446:, p. 26.
9445:
9440:
9433:
9428:
9421:
9416:
9409:
9404:
9397:
9392:
9385:
9380:
9373:
9368:
9361:
9356:
9349:
9344:
9338:, p. 29.
9337:
9332:
9325:
9320:
9313:
9308:
9301:
9300:Erickson 2003
9296:
9289:
9284:
9277:
9272:
9265:
9260:
9253:
9248:
9241:
9236:
9229:
9224:
9209:
9205:
9201:
9200:
9192:
9190:
9182:
9177:
9170:
9165:
9159:, p. 26.
9158:
9153:
9146:
9142:
9137:
9130:
9129:Weinberg 2005
9125:
9118:
9113:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9092:
9088:
9084:
9080:
9073:
9067:, p. 80.
9066:
9061:
9054:
9049:
9042:
9037:
9030:
9025:
9018:
9013:
9006:
9001:
8994:
8989:
8982:
8977:
8971:
8967:
8963:
8958:
8951:
8946:
8939:
8934:
8927:
8922:
8915:
8910:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8879:
8871:
8867:
8861:
8859:
8851:
8846:
8840:, p. 52.
8839:
8834:
8827:
8822:
8815:
8811:
8806:
8799:
8794:
8787:
8782:
8775:
8771:
8766:
8764:
8756:
8752:
8747:
8740:
8735:
8728:
8723:
8716:
8711:
8704:
8699:
8693:, p. 48.
8692:
8687:
8680:
8675:
8668:
8663:
8656:
8651:
8645:, p. 76.
8644:
8643:Reynolds 2006
8639:
8632:
8631:Commager 2004
8627:
8620:
8615:
8609:, p. 59.
8608:
8603:
8597:, p. 56.
8596:
8591:
8584:
8579:
8572:
8567:
8560:
8559:Ferguson 2006
8555:
8546:
8530:
8526:
8520:
8516:
8512:
8511:
8503:
8496:
8491:
8485:, p. 12.
8484:
8479:
8463:
8459:
8452:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8431:
8424:
8419:
8412:
8407:
8400:
8399:Bilinsky 1999
8395:
8393:
8386:, p. 24.
8385:
8380:
8371:
8364:
8359:
8352:
8347:
8338:
8331:
8326:
8320:, p. 24.
8319:
8314:
8306:
8302:
8298:
8294:
8290:
8286:
8282:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8259:
8243:
8239:
8235:
8229:
8223:, p. 64.
8222:
8218:
8214:
8209:
8202:
8198:, p. 35.
8197:
8192:
8185:
8181:
8176:
8169:
8157:
8153:
8147:
8143:
8142:
8134:
8127:
8122:
8106:
8102:
8096:
8094:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8063:
8061:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8027:
8022:
8014:
8010:
8006:
8002:
7998:
7994:
7990:
7986:
7979:
7972:
7967:
7960:
7955:
7948:
7943:
7936:
7931:
7924:
7919:
7912:
7907:
7900:
7895:
7888:
7883:
7876:
7871:
7855:
7851:
7844:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7813:
7806:
7801:
7794:
7789:
7782:
7777:
7770:
7765:
7758:
7753:
7746:
7740:
7733:
7727:
7718:
7702:
7698:
7692:
7688:
7687:
7679:
7672:
7667:
7660:
7655:
7648:
7643:
7636:
7631:
7625:, p. 25.
7624:
7619:
7612:
7607:
7600:
7595:
7588:
7583:
7567:
7563:
7557:
7553:
7552:
7544:
7538:, p. 10.
7537:
7532:
7525:
7520:
7514:, p. 28.
7513:
7508:
7501:
7496:
7489:
7484:
7477:
7472:
7466:, p. 52.
7465:
7460:
7453:
7448:
7442:, p. 50.
7441:
7437:
7432:
7426:, p. 62.
7425:
7424:Zalampas 1989
7420:
7413:
7408:
7402:, p. 35.
7401:
7396:
7389:
7384:
7377:
7373:
7368:
7352:
7348:
7347:
7342:
7335:
7319:
7315:
7311:
7304:
7294:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7283:
7277:
7270:
7266:
7262:
7259:
7254:
7238:
7234:
7228:
7221:
7216:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7188:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7149:
7145:
7144:
7139:
7133:
7127:, p. 10.
7126:
7121:
7115:, p. 11.
7114:
7110:
7106:
7102:
7096:
7092:
7088:
7087:
7082:
7079:For 1941 see
7076:
7072:
7068:
7063:
7047:
7043:
7039:
7035:
7031:
7027:
7023:
7019:
7012:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6998:
6991:
6984:
6978:
6972:, p. 64.
6971:
6966:
6958:
6954:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6932:
6926:
6919:
6918:Weinberg 2005
6914:
6910:
6897:
6896:Marshall Plan
6892:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6874:
6868:
6864:
6858:
6851:
6845:
6841:
6831:
6830:World War III
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6818:
6817:
6811:
6809:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6793:
6789:
6785:
6781:
6777:
6773:
6769:
6765:
6760:
6758:
6754:
6750:
6746:
6742:
6738:
6734:
6730:
6726:
6725:cryptanalysis
6722:
6718:
6714:
6710:
6706:
6703:by designing
6702:
6698:
6693:
6691:
6690:assault rifle
6687:
6683:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6663:
6659:
6654:
6646:
6642:
6641:combined arms
6638:
6634:
6630:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6603:
6598:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6584:
6580:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6564:
6561:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6533:
6529:
6525:
6521:
6517:
6516:naval warfare
6512:
6510:
6506:
6502:
6498:
6494:
6490:
6486:
6482:
6478:
6474:
6466:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6442:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6390:
6389:MediaWiki.org
6386:
6381:
6372:
6371:
6364:
6360:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6339:
6334:
6332:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6308:
6307:
6298:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6282:
6279:
6275:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6219:
6215:
6211:
6206:
6204:
6199:
6195:
6190:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6172:
6164:
6160:
6156:
6152:
6148:
6144:
6142:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6122:
6118:
6114:
6110:
6106:
6102:
6098:
6094:
6090:
6082:
6081:the Holocaust
6074:
6070:
6063:
6059:
6058:Schutzstaffel
6055:
6050:
6046:
6042:
6038:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6022:
6021:The Holocaust
6012:
6010:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5986:
5984:
5980:
5976:
5975:Baltic states
5972:
5968:
5964:
5960:
5955:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5917:
5915:
5911:
5907:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5894:M. R. D. Foot
5883:
5879:
5874:
5870:
5868:
5864:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5816:
5812:
5808:
5805:, along with
5804:
5796:
5792:
5787:
5783:
5781:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5750:
5740:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5729:economic boom
5726:
5722:
5721:Marshall Plan
5718:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5691:
5687:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5672:
5668:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5655:the civil war
5651:
5649:
5645:
5641:
5637:
5633:
5629:
5625:
5624:Kuril Islands
5621:
5617:
5613:
5608:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5585:
5583:
5579:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5563:
5559:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5512:
5508:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5494:
5490:
5486:
5482:
5478:
5474:
5470:
5466:
5462:
5458:
5453:
5451:
5447:
5443:
5439:
5435:
5434:Baltic states
5431:
5428:, from which
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5398:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5361:
5357:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5339:
5329:
5327:
5326:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5307:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5293:Kuril Islands
5290:
5286:
5285:Kwantung Army
5282:
5278:
5274:
5270:
5266:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5251:
5247:
5243:
5238:
5236:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5197:
5193:
5188:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5174:
5170:
5166:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5150:
5146:
5141:
5139:
5135:
5131:
5127:
5123:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5087:
5084:
5083:Grand Admiral
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5064:
5059:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5018:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4986:
4982:
4978:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4943:Joseph Stalin
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4919:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4896:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4855:
4851:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4827:
4823:
4820:, the Soviet
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4779:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4746:
4742:
4738:
4734:
4730:
4726:
4722:
4718:
4717:Armia Krajowa
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4697:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4663:
4659:
4655:
4651:
4647:
4640:, 6 June 1944
4639:
4635:
4631:
4626:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4596:in late 1943
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4578:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4479:
4475:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4461:
4458:, causing an
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4436:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4407:
4403:
4398:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4368:
4364:
4363:
4357:
4356:
4350:
4347:
4344:
4340:
4331:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4316:
4315:in May 1943.
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4281:
4279:
4275:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4251:
4247:
4239:
4236:
4231:
4222:
4220:
4216:
4213:, creating a
4212:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4191:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4117:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4016:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3951:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3930:
3927:
3923:
3919:
3914:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3890:
3888:
3884:
3883:United States
3879:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3839:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3792:
3788:
3786:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3734:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3711:
3707:
3706:
3700:
3697:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3669:
3667:
3663:
3662:Kwantung Army
3659:
3655:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3641:
3636:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3619:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3592:Eastern Front
3585:
3581:
3576:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3520:Although the
3518:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3489:ultimate goal
3486:
3485:Baltic region
3482:
3478:
3473:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3461:Baltic states
3458:
3452:
3450:
3446:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3407:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3393:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3351:
3347:
3344:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3305:
3301:
3296:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3275:
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3155:
3153:
3149:
3146:. The German
3145:
3141:
3137:
3133:
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3124:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3090:
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3072:tactics, the
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2975:Ion Antonescu
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2829:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2815:
2812:. The Polish
2811:
2806:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:. During the
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2759:having staged
2756:
2748:
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2633:
2632:Pact of Steel
2629:
2625:
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2613:
2609:
2605:
2597:
2593:
2592:Joseph Stalin
2589:
2584:
2580:
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2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2526:
2525:ethnic German
2522:
2519:, an area of
2518:
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2401:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2384:deployed his
2383:
2380:
2379:Generalissimo
2376:
2373:
2370:, and fought
2369:
2368:around Xinkou
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2334:
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2326:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2308:Eastern Front
2305:
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2149:
2145:
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2129:
2125:
2120:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2103:, staged the
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2098:
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2079:
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2061:
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2055:
2051:
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2043:
2038:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1981:in 1933 when
1980:
1976:
1972:
1966:, August 1933
1965:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1925:promises made
1922:
1918:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1853:
1852:nation-states
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1787:
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1754:
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1735:
1731:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1710:Antony Beevor
1707:
1703:
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1667:
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1655:
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1622:
1620:
1619:Eastern Front
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1494:
1491:Chronological
1490:
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1478:
1468:
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1462:
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1402:
1398:
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1382:
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1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1361:Japanese Navy
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1302:Eastern Front
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1268:, the aerial
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
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1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1193:, and German
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1132:the Holocaust
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
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1021:
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844:
843:
842:
841:
835:
832:
830:
827:
823:
820:
818:
817:Syria–Lebanon
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
788:
785:
783:
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779:
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773:
766:
763:
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749:
746:
744:
741:
739:
736:
734:
731:
727:
724:
723:
722:
721:Pacific Ocean
719:
717:
714:
713:
712:
711:
710:
701:
698:
697:
696:
693:
691:
690:Eastern Front
688:
684:
681:
680:
679:
676:
674:
671:
667:
664:
663:
662:
659:
655:
652:
650:
647:
645:
642:
641:
640:
639:Western Front
637:
635:
632:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
615:
614:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
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598:
597:
591:
586:
583:Campaigns of
577:
572:
570:
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563:
558:
557:
554:
543:
542:
537:
534:
531:
529:
526:
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419:
417:
415:
411:
406:
401:
396:
394:
389:
384:
382:
377:
372:
370:
369:Joseph Stalin
365:
360:
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350:
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342:
341:
337:
335:
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329:
326:
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287:
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262:
260:
259:Mediterranean
257:
255:
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247:
245:
242:
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237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
213:
208:
205:
204:
198:
195:
194:
190:
183:
179:
178:Lingayen Gulf
175:
172:
168:
164:
160:
157:
153:
150:
146:
143:
139:
135:
132:
131:Eastern Front
128:
124:
123:
114:
105:
94:
85:
74:
65:
55:
50:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
27296:World War II
27220:Eastern Bloc
27190:Asia Council
27151:Contemporary
27097:Latin Church
27065:Christianity
26994:Confucianism
26866:Collectivism
26680:Architecture
26586:World War II
26585:
26423:Western Bloc
26223:AUSCANNZUKUS
26179:Contemporary
26128:Human rights
25974:Latin Church
25948:Christianity
25898:
25857:Conservatism
25702:contemporary
25539:Architecture
25475:World War II
25474:
25435:Emancipation
25430:Abolitionism
25318:Romanization
25313:Roman legacy
25294:Roman Empire
25146:Vatican City
25065:Soviet Union
24813:West Sumatra
24682:Newfoundland
24636:South Africa
24631:Sierra Leone
24609:North Africa
24490:Bibliography
24473:
24286:Project Hula
24251:Vistula–Oder
24220:
24153:
24144:
24128:
24098:
24047:
24031:
24022:
24013:
23979:
23876:
23791:
23767:
23737:
23488:
23381:
23326:North Africa
23028:Soviet Union
22982:Soviet Union
22908:Soviet Union
22676:Vatican City
22586:Vichy France
22491:German Reich
22388:Soviet Union
22374:South Africa
22367:Sierra Leone
22320:Newfoundland
22139:Participants
22122:Marocchinate
21826:
21817:
21787:
21665:North Africa
21626:Indian Ocean
21485:Nazi plunder
21376:Cryptography
21249:World War II
21248:
21154:
21151:
21132:
21109:
21086:
21064:
21041:
21018:
20995:
20970:
20940:
20936:
20910:
20887:
20864:
20840:
20814:
20788:
20755:
20749:
20746:Waltz, Susan
20734:. Retrieved
20730:the original
20720:
20693:
20673:
20646:
20619:
20591:
20567:
20543:
20530:
20504:
20479:
20473:
20450:
20427:
20404:
20371:
20365:
20340:
20334:
20298:
20292:
20269:
20247:
20224:
20205:
20186:
20161:
20140:
20120:. New York:
20115:
20093:. New York:
20089:
20060:
20054:
20031:
20008:
19988:
19982:
19949:
19943:
19940:Sella, Amnon
19916:
19891:
19867:
19848:
19826:(1): 21–28.
19823:
19819:
19796:
19773:
19761:. Retrieved
19747:
19723:
19696:
19669:
19641:
19635:
19612:
19592:
19568:
19542:
19519:
19495:
19480:. Retrieved
19473:the original
19454:
19430:
19410:
19389:. New York:
19385:
19361:
19358:Rahn, Werner
19335:
19312:
19289:
19266:
19240:
19217:
19193:
19169:
19143:
19110:
19104:
19081:. New York:
19077:
19060:(1): 24–39.
19057:
19051:
19021:
18997:
18976:
18955:
18934:. New York:
18930:
18906:. New York:
18902:
18882:
18858:
18831:
18808:
18782:
18759:
18747:. Retrieved
18719:
18692:
18673:
18670:Mitter, Rana
18647:
18627:. New York:
18624:
18600:
18576:
18550:
18533:
18527:
18507:. Abingdon:
18504:
18501:Milner, Marc
18477:
18448:
18442:
18416:
18393:
18365:
18341:
18317:
18293:
18270:
18247:
18224:
18204:
18180:
18168:. Retrieved
18164:the original
18146:
18118:
18094:
18064:
18041:
18023:Random House
18021:. New York:
18017:
17980:
17974:
17949:
17945:
17928:
17924:
17900:
17875:
17854:
17850:Kershaw, Ian
17827:
17807:
17780:
17777:Keegan, John
17754:
17727:
17702:
17678:
17651:
17628:
17605:
17582:
17555:
17551:Iriye, Akira
17527:. New York:
17523:
17493:
17470:
17446:
17422:
17399:
17374:
17368:
17337:
17313:. New York:
17310:
17286:
17262:
17232:(1): 15–32.
17229:
17223:
17200:
17177:
17154:
17131:. Kent, OH:
17128:
17104:
17080:
17057:
17030:
16999:
16986:. Retrieved
16982:the original
16969:
16941:
16929:the original
16897:
16873:
16861:. Retrieved
16857:the original
16844:
16817:
16793:. New York:
16790:
16767:
16747:. New York:
16743:
16719:
16696:
16674:
16653:
16623:
16617:
16594:
16563:
16536:
16513:
16490:
16460:
16448:. Retrieved
16412:
16406:
16385:the original
16356:
16350:
16317:
16294:
16269:
16265:
16242:
16222:. New York:
16217:
16189:
16159:
16156:Foot, M.R.D.
16152:Dear, I.C.B.
16126:ix+544 pages
16116:
16089:
16066:
16036:
16024:. Retrieved
16015:
16009:
15986:
15961:
15936:
15913:
15889:
15852:
15846:
15823:
15799:
15778:. New York:
15775:
15755:. New York:
15751:
15722:
15716:
15693:
15671:
15630:
15626:
15599:
15573:
15549:
15518:
15482:
15459:
15435:
15411:
15388:
15376:. Retrieved
15372:the original
15358:
15334:
15311:
15288:
15265:
15242:. New York:
15238:
15211:
15187:
15162:
15135:
15123:
15103:. New York:
15100:
15077:
15053:
15032:. New York:
15028:
15004:. New York:
15001:
14978:
14953:
14928:
14903:
14897:
14874:
14850:
14821:
14817:
14797:
14768:. Retrieved
14764:the original
14750:
14740:17 September
14738:. Retrieved
14729:
14720:
14708:. Retrieved
14704:the original
14699:
14689:
14681:IF0504159516
14672:
14666:
14654:. Retrieved
14650:the original
14624:
14612:. Retrieved
14594:
14567:
14507:
14503:
14493:
14481:. Retrieved
14472:
14463:
14440:
14434:
14402:
14398:
14392:
14380:
14368:
14356:
14344:
14332:
14313:
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14254:
14242:
14230:
14211:
14205:
14189:
14177:
14158:
14152:
14140:
14135:, p. 2.
14128:
14119:
14112:. Retrieved
14092:
14084:
14079:, p. 3.
14060:
14053:. Retrieved
14036:
14029:Leith, C. K.
14023:
13996:
13984:
13979:, p. 5.
13972:
13964:
13959:
13947:
13940:Milward 1992
13935:
13928:Milward 1992
13923:
13911:
13899:. Retrieved
13870:. Retrieved
13866:the original
13861:
13836:
13824:
13812:. Retrieved
13808:the original
13803:
13794:
13768:
13763:
13751:
13743:
13738:
13730:
13723:. Retrieved
13712:
13702:
13690:. Retrieved
13686:the original
13681:
13656:
13646:Herbert 1994
13641:
13625:
13621:
13609:. Retrieved
13603:(6): 54–56.
13600:
13597:Perspectives
13596:
13586:
13563:
13558:
13548:
13543:
13524:
13515:
13509:
13500:
13496:
13490:
13478:. Retrieved
13458:
13452:
13436:
13431:
13421:
13409:. Retrieved
13405:the original
13398:
13389:
13377:
13365:
13353:
13334:
13328:
13323:, p. ?.
13316:
13304:
13292:. Retrieved
13278:
13259:
13253:
13241:
13229:. Retrieved
13220:
13217:"Statistics"
13210:
13198:. Retrieved
13189:
13180:
13168:. Retrieved
13159:
13149:
13137:. Retrieved
13128:
13124:
13114:
13102:. Retrieved
13082:
13075:
13063:
13051:. Retrieved
13040:
13031:
13019:. Retrieved
13010:
13001:
12989:. Retrieved
12980:
12976:
12964:
12937:. Retrieved
12924:
12914:
12902:
12890:
12878:
12868:Hosking 2006
12863:
12851:. Retrieved
12837:
12825:. Retrieved
12816:
12806:
12794:. Retrieved
12790:the original
12785:
12775:
12763:
12759:
12735:
12728:
12716:
12696:
12688:
12676:
12664:
12652:
12645:Minford 1993
12640:
12633:Ritchie 1992
12628:
12616:
12604:
12592:
12580:
12568:. Retrieved
12554:
12542:
12530:
12518:
12502:
12490:
12483:Roberts 1997
12478:
12466:
12454:
12442:
12430:
12418:
12406:. Retrieved
12397:
12388:
12376:
12369:Naimark 2010
12364:
12352:
12340:
12335:, p. 6.
12328:
12317:, retrieved
12313:the original
12307:
12301:
12278:
12266:. Retrieved
12262:the original
12252:
12240:. Retrieved
12231:
12222:
12210:
12198:. Retrieved
12189:
12180:
12175:, p. ?.
12168:
12156:
12144:
12132:
12125:Roberts 2006
12120:
12113:Roberts 2006
12108:
12096:. Retrieved
12079:
12075:
12065:
12053:. Retrieved
12027:
12006:the original
11987:
11980:
11968:. Retrieved
11949:
11945:
11935:
11923:
11911:
11899:
11891:
11886:
11878:
11873:
11861:
11849:
11841:
11836:
11824:
11812:
11800:
11775:
11771:
11765:
11753:. Retrieved
11749:the original
11738:
11733:, p. 6.
11726:
11714:
11705:
11698:. Retrieved
11689:
11679:
11660:
11654:
11642:. Retrieved
11632:
11625:
11613:
11601:
11589:
11578:
11571:Kershaw 2001
11566:
11554:
11542:
11530:
11518:
11506:
11494:
11482:
11477:, p. 8.
11470:
11458:. Retrieved
11454:the original
11442:
11435:Marston 2005
11430:
11418:
11399:
11393:
11381:
11369:
11360:
11353:. Retrieved
11339:
11327:. Retrieved
11318:
11309:
11304:, p. 8.
11297:
11285:
11273:
11261:
11249:
11237:
11225:
11213:
11201:
11189:
11162:
11123:Mazower 2008
11113:Holland 2008
11108:
11096:
11084:
11072:
11060:
11048:
11036:
11024:
11012:
11000:
10988:
10976:
10964:
10952:
10940:
10928:
10921:Mazower 2008
10916:
10911:, p. 45
10904:
10892:
10880:
10868:
10861:Bellamy 2007
10856:
10844:
10837:Kershaw 2001
10832:
10816:
10809:Rottman 2002
10804:
10797:Kennedy 2001
10792:
10780:
10768:
10749:
10742:Collier 2003
10737:
10725:
10701:, p. 8.
10694:
10682:
10670:
10658:
10646:
10634:
10622:
10615:Mitcham 2007
10610:
10598:
10586:
10574:
10562:
10550:
10538:
10526:
10514:
10502:
10490:
10485:, p. 9.
10483:Brayley 2002
10478:
10471:Marston 2005
10466:
10454:
10442:
10430:. Retrieved
10406:
10399:
10387:
10375:
10363:
10356:Schoppa 2011
10351:
10339:
10327:
10315:
10303:
10291:
10279:
10267:
10255:
10243:. Retrieved
10234:
10225:
10213:. Retrieved
10204:
10195:
10183:. Retrieved
10174:
10165:
10153:. Retrieved
10144:
10135:
10123:
10111:
10099:
10088:, retrieved
10074:
10067:
10055:
10039:
10024:
10021:Keegan, John
10016:
9989:
9977:
9965:
9953:
9941:
9934:Painter 2012
9929:
9910:
9902:
9897:
9885:. Retrieved
9865:
9858:
9850:
9845:
9837:
9832:
9823:
9817:
9805:. Retrieved
9796:
9786:
9767:
9758:
9746:. Retrieved
9737:
9713:. Retrieved
9704:
9673:
9667:
9655:
9643:
9631:. Retrieved
9622:
9613:
9601:
9589:
9577:
9565:
9553:
9541:
9533:
9528:
9516:. Retrieved
9507:
9498:
9482:
9458:
9451:
9439:
9432:Rotundo 1986
9427:
9420:Milward 1964
9415:
9403:
9391:
9379:
9367:
9355:
9343:
9331:
9324:Farrell 1993
9319:
9314:, p. 9.
9307:
9295:
9283:
9276:Roberts 1995
9271:
9259:
9247:
9240:Kershaw 2007
9235:
9223:
9212:, retrieved
9198:
9176:
9169:Förster 1998
9164:
9157:Förster 1998
9152:
9136:
9124:
9112:
9078:
9072:
9060:
9053:Gilbert 1989
9048:
9041:Gilbert 1989
9036:
9029:Gilbert 1989
9024:
9012:
9005:Laurier 2001
9000:
8993:Jackson 2006
8988:
8976:
8966:US Army 1986
8957:
8945:
8933:
8921:
8909:
8897:. Retrieved
8888:
8878:
8850:Cantril 1940
8845:
8838:Maingot 1994
8833:
8821:
8805:
8800:, p. 35
8793:
8781:
8746:
8734:
8727:Umbreit 1991
8722:
8710:
8698:
8686:
8674:
8662:
8650:
8638:
8633:, p. 9.
8626:
8614:
8607:Roberts 2006
8602:
8595:Roberts 2006
8590:
8578:
8566:
8554:
8545:
8533:. Retrieved
8509:
8502:
8490:
8478:
8466:. Retrieved
8451:
8435:
8430:
8418:
8406:
8401:, p. 9.
8379:
8370:
8363:Bullock 1990
8358:
8346:
8337:
8325:
8313:
8283:(1): 69–84.
8280:
8276:
8270:
8258:
8246:. Retrieved
8237:
8228:
8221:Roskill 1954
8208:
8191:
8175:
8167:
8160:. Retrieved
8140:
8133:
8121:
8109:. Retrieved
8080:. Retrieved
8071:
8047:. Retrieved
8033:
8021:
7988:
7984:
7978:
7966:
7954:
7942:
7930:
7918:
7906:
7899:Kershaw 2001
7894:
7887:Kershaw 2001
7882:
7870:
7858:. Retrieved
7843:
7831:. Retrieved
7823:The Diplomat
7822:
7812:
7800:
7788:
7776:
7769:Eastman 1986
7764:
7752:
7744:
7739:
7731:
7726:
7717:
7705:. Retrieved
7689:. ABC-CLIO.
7685:
7678:
7666:
7659:Eastman 1986
7654:
7642:
7630:
7618:
7606:
7594:
7582:
7570:. Retrieved
7550:
7543:
7531:
7519:
7507:
7495:
7488:Preston 1998
7483:
7471:
7459:
7452:Schmitz 2000
7447:
7431:
7419:
7414:, p. 4.
7407:
7395:
7383:
7367:
7355:. Retrieved
7344:
7334:
7322:. Retrieved
7313:
7303:
7281:
7276:
7268:
7253:
7241:. Retrieved
7227:
7222:, p. 4.
7215:
7203:. Retrieved
7178:
7174:
7164:
7152:. Retrieved
7141:
7132:
7120:
7109:Canfora 2006
7084:
7074:
7062:
7052:14 September
7050:. Retrieved
7025:
7021:
7011:
6995:
6990:
6982:
6977:
6965:
6948:
6942:
6930:
6925:
6920:, p. 6.
6913:
6879:East Germany
6873:
6866:
6862:
6857:
6844:
6761:
6731:and British
6720:
6716:
6701:cryptography
6694:
6686:close combat
6660:, including
6621:Land warfare
6619:
6601:
6536:Pearl Harbor
6528:aeronautical
6513:
6509:jet aircraft
6470:
6418:labour force
6410:
6406:
6403:
6335:
6325:. The Nazis
6304:
6302:
6271:
6256:Nazi plunder
6225:
6213:
6207:
6191:
6174:
6168:
6097:mentally ill
6073:dictatorship
6071:, under the
6069:Nazi Germany
6067:
5992:or specific
5987:
5956:
5936:
5918:
5887:
5803:million Jews
5795:mass killing
5793:, including
5788:
5784:
5777:
5694:
5683:
5652:
5609:
5586:
5568:. Communist
5538:East Germany
5527:
5523:Eastern Bloc
5479:of the UN's
5473:great powers
5454:
5414:East Prussia
5408:and most of
5399:
5387:East Germany
5383:West Germany
5364:
5356:Nazi Germany
5324:
5306:Gyokuon-hōsō
5305:
5262:
5239:
5208:
5201:
5142:
5079:headquarters
5060:
5041:
5013:Lake Balaton
4983:, while the
4974:
4947:
4897:
4862:
4783:
4698:
4643:
4612:and begun a
4579:
4524:
4509:
4483:
4442:, following
4437:
4418:
4399:
4372:
4361:
4354:
4317:
4311:, which was
4282:
4243:
4192:
4184:Army Group B
4176:Army Group A
4138:
4091:
4081:, primarily
4067:Port Moresby
4064:
4039:Midway Atoll
4019:
4003:Indian Ocean
3956:
3931:
3915:
3896:
3880:
3840:
3816:
3811:Pearl Harbor
3797:
3781:
3766:
3744:launched an
3735:
3704:
3693:
3651:
3643:
3620:
3589:
3532:
3529:
3519:
3508:
3474:
3453:
3441:
3433:Soviet Union
3389:
3354:
3343:Afrika Korps
3332:
3320:Italian Navy
3309:
3304:Afrika Korps
3283:and made an
3273:
3271:
3225:
3190:
3184:
3181:May 1941 by
3156:
3125:
3113:Vichy Regime
3083:On 10 June,
3082:
3073:
3067:
3048:Maginot Line
3041:
3002:
2997:Maginot Line
2948:
2905:
2863:
2817:
2807:
2779:South Africa
2752:
2740:
2678:
2644:
2601:
2576:
2561:client state
2545:
2506:
2454:Hokushin-ron
2443:
2402:
2338:
2273:
2241:
2217:
2202:colonial war
2200:was a brief
2195:
2144:Tanggu Truce
2142:, until the
2121:
2113:puppet state
2067:
2039:
2015:Stresa Front
2012:
1986:
1971:Adolf Hitler
1969:
1958:at a German
1956:Adolf Hitler
1937:totalitarian
1914:
1905:armed forces
1871:
1856:
1814:
1759:allowed the
1738:
1730:Soviet Union
1675:
1554:1945 onwards
1433:
1306:
1248:. After the
1230:Soviet Union
1222:declared war
1207:Adolf Hitler
1203:Nazi Germany
1164:
1130:, including
1096:great powers
1075:
1071:
1070:
1029:Bibliography
1019:
959:World War II
958:
895:
894:
883:Indian Ocean
839:
838:
808:Middle East
782:North Africa
770:
769:
709:Asia-Pacific
707:
706:
594:
585:World War II
584:
540:
527:
519:
511:
499:
486:
478:
470:
429:Adolf Hitler
412:
352:
339:
332:
325:Participants
264:North Africa
234:Indian Ocean
44:
27170:Arab League
27153:integration
27092:Catholicism
26950:Vaishnavism
26724:Esotericism
26591:Pacific War
26564:World War I
26508:Indic world
26503:Sinic world
26486:Foundations
26363:Open Balkan
26181:integration
26111:Rule of law
26106:Natural law
26083:Agnosticism
26061:Hellenistic
26039:Anglo-Saxon
25969:Catholicism
25908:Atlanticism
25813:Rationalism
25619:Immigration
25602:Esotericism
25460:World War I
25425:Romanticism
25405:Reformation
25385:Renaissance
25363:Middle Ages
25328:Christendom
25257:Foundations
25194:New Zealand
25160:Oceania and
25114:Switzerland
25075:Byelorussia
25030:Netherlands
24872:Philippines
24712:Puerto Rico
24667:El Salvador
24221:Bodenplatte
24107:Gothic Line
23333:West Africa
22880:Philippines
22859:Netherlands
22724:Czech lands
22662:Switzerland
22606:Afghanistan
22557:Philippines
22425:Puerto Rico
22341:Philippines
22327:New Zealand
22313:Netherlands
22266:Free France
22017:Prosecution
21818:Osoaviakhim
21688:West Africa
21672:East Africa
21319:Conferences
20736:17 February
20677:. ABC-CIO.
19763:17 February
19482:15 November
18749:17 February
18069:M.E. Sharpe
17531:. pp.
17427:HarperPress
17345:. pp.
17037:. pp.
16658:. Penguin.
16450:17 February
15828:M.E. Sharpe
15757:Basic Books
15747:Chang, Iris
15378:17 February
15193:M.E. Sharpe
15080:. Toronto:
14710:15 November
14656:15 November
14614:14 November
14527:10419/89322
14247:Levine 1992
14114:19 December
14001:Radtke 1997
13872:28 December
13829:Tanaka 1996
13787:Ellman 2002
13682:dw-world.de
13370:Harris 2002
12796:28 December
12657:Schain 2001
12535:Petrov 1967
12495:Darwin 2007
12459:Stueck 2010
12161:Wettig 2008
12137:Shirer 1990
12082:(1): 5–21.
11916:Wettig 2008
11904:Beevor 2012
11881:pp. 525–526
11854:Glantz 2005
11618:Glantz 1998
11547:Beevor 2012
11535:Glantz 2001
11523:Parker 2004
11487:Howard 2004
11423:Shirer 1990
11355:14 November
11302:Berend 1996
11290:Zaloga 1996
11254:Badsey 1990
11194:Beevor 2012
11182:Zeiler 2004
11151:Gordon 2012
11117:Beevor 2012
11089:Glantz 2002
11077:Glantz 2002
11029:Beevor 2012
11017:Polley 2000
11005:Mitter 2014
10897:Glantz 2001
10825:Glantz 1989
10821:Glantz 1986
10675:Keegan 1997
10651:Gordon 2004
10627:Beevor 2012
10591:Beevor 2012
10579:Milner 1990
10555:Beevor 1998
10531:Beevor 1998
10519:Davies 2006
10495:Glantz 2001
10332:Maddox 1992
10260:Beevor 2012
10128:Shirer 1990
9518:17 February
9487:Beevor 1998
9444:Glantz 2001
9396:Glantz 2001
9348:Beevor 2012
9336:Keeble 1990
9312:Glantz 2001
9264:Hauner 1978
9181:Shirer 1990
9141:Murray 1983
9117:Garver 1988
9065:Watson 2003
8981:Jowett 2001
8968:, pp.
8810:Steury 1987
8770:Murray 1983
8751:Keegan 1997
8703:Keegan 1997
8667:Keegan 1997
8571:Snyder 2010
8468:19 December
8423:Spring 1986
8330:Zaloga 2002
8318:Hempel 2005
8263:Zaloga 2002
8213:Beevor 2012
8196:Keegan 1997
7959:Shirer 1990
7923:Shirer 1990
7911:Davies 2006
7805:Beevor 2012
7781:Taylor 2009
7623:Neulen 2000
7611:Kitson 2001
7599:Shirer 1990
7587:Barker 1971
7524:Coogan 1993
7476:Shirer 1990
7440:Record 2005
7374:, pp.
7372:Ingram 2006
7220:Masaya 1990
7205:17 February
7125:Beevor 2012
7081:Taylor 1961
7071:Taylor 1979
6825:World War I
6616:, July 1945
6579:Leigh Light
6552:battleships
6526:. Although
6426:war economy
6385:Phabricator
6220:, between 4
6169:The Soviet
6133:death camps
6125:Soviet POWs
6109:homosexuals
5880:during the
5811:homosexuals
5630:, formerly
5593:Warsaw Pact
5457:world peace
5426:Curzon Line
5422:Sudetenland
5313:, with the
5086:Karl Dönitz
4908:Hideki Tojo
4776:during the
4774:Philippines
4757:in Bulgaria
4632:during the
4630:Omaha Beach
4573:, and made
4480:, July 1943
4365:during the
4349:scout plane
4278:Dieppe Raid
4254:Gazala line
4188:Volga River
4083:Guadalcanal
3864:Wake Island
3831:Hideki Tojo
3678:Pacific War
3547:decided to
3535:forced the
3507:, generate
3465:Byelorussia
3437:Axis powers
3404:Free French
3363:signed the
3232:Axis powers
2868:Poland and
2775:New Zealand
2658:, Finland,
2517:Sudetenland
2481:Chamberlain
2466:Nanshin-ron
2458:Khalkin Gol
2082:a civil war
2050:appeasement
1973:, after an
1901:reparations
1889:nationalism
1882:irredentist
1822:—including
1816:World War I
1690:Pacific War
1449:superpowers
1262:East Africa
1088:Axis powers
866:Air Warfare
787:East Africa
535:(1937–1945)
528:Total dead:
494:(1937–1945)
487:Total dead:
254:Middle East
182:Philippines
27301:World Wars
27290:Categories
26881:Philippine
26798:Philosophy
26783:Philosophy
26756:Literature
26383:Rio Treaty
25894:Relativism
25852:Liberalism
25818:Empiricism
25770:Philosophy
25758:Secularism
25709:Philosophy
25646:Literature
25440:Capitalism
25189:New Guinea
25169:Antarctica
25162:Antarctica
25151:Yugoslavia
25070:Azerbaijan
25025:Luxembourg
24808:New Guinea
24707:New Mexico
24697:California
24604:Madagascar
24589:Gold Coast
24584:The Gambia
24321:West Hunan
24154:Pointblank
23490:Silver Fox
23476:Summer War
23229:Winter War
23208:Phoney War
22989:Azerbaijan
22950:Yugoslavia
22845:Luxembourg
22687:Resistance
22434:Yugoslavia
22299:Luxembourg
22101:Sook Ching
21897:War crimes
21499:Technology
21492:Opposition
21434:Lend-Lease
21411:Australian
21404:Home front
21362:Blitzkrieg
21312:Casualties
21303:Commanders
21275:Operations
21112:. Oxford:
21089:. Oxford:
20594:. Oxford:
20546:. London:
20533:. London:
20430:. Oxford:
20272:. London:
20227:. London:
20166:. London:
19870:. London:
19700:. London:
19545:. Oxford:
19498:. London:
19433:. London:
19083:John Wiley
18695:. Oxford:
18509:Frank Cass
18483:Allen Lane
18481:. London:
18396:. Oxford:
18373:. p.
18296:. Oxford:
18273:. London:
18044:. Oxford:
17904:. Oxford:
17881:Allen Lane
17879:. London:
17783:. London:
17681:. London:
17654:. Oxford:
17631:. Oxford:
17502:B00005W210
17425:. London:
17404:Frank Cass
17265:. Oxford:
17083:. Oxford:
17033:. Oxford:
16878:Frank Cass
16770:. London:
16569:Allen Lane
16567:. London:
16516:. London:
16493:. London:
16162:. Oxford:
16120:. London:
16092:. London:
16069:. Boston:
16039:. London:
15966:. Oxford:
15939:. Oxford:
15602:. London:
15464:Frank Cass
15391:. Oxford:
15057:. London:
15029:Stalingrad
14931:. Oxford:
14879:Allen Lane
14877:. London:
14856:Allen Lane
14854:. London:
14786:See also:
14782:References
14349:Hearn 2007
14182:Overy 1994
14055:26 January
13901:9 February
13814:18 January
13783:Bacon 1992
13692:19 January
13661:Overy 2004
13648:, p.
13411:25 January
13309:Chang 1997
13231:25 January
13139:25 October
13068:Evans 2008
12939:2 February
12895:Smith 1994
12870:, p.
12721:Neary 1992
12681:Smith 1993
12471:Lynch 2010
12381:Swain 1992
12283:Waltz 2002
12268:25 January
12242:17 January
12215:Yoder 1997
11606:Evans 2008
11374:Evans 2008
11218:Coble 2003
11135:Belco 2010
10993:Iriye 1981
10981:Kolko 1990
10909:Kolko 1990
10885:Healy 1992
10773:Overy 1995
10687:Smith 2002
10543:Black 2003
10447:Swain 2001
10320:Perez 1998
10296:Grove 1995
10272:Lewis 1953
9982:Dower 1986
9887:15 January
9491:Evans 2008
9384:Jukes 2001
9228:Sella 1978
9143:, p.
8962:Evans 2008
8950:Clogg 2002
8753:, p.
8739:Brown 2004
8679:Regan 2004
8655:Evans 2008
8535:3 February
8182:at 11 am.
8126:Evans 2008
8049:29 October
7971:Shore 2003
7793:Sella 1983
7647:Payne 2008
7635:Payne 2008
7536:Busky 2002
7412:Brody 1999
7357:29 October
7269:Asia Times
7113:Prins 2002
6806:was first
6804:Penicillin
6614:New Mexico
6538:, and the
6524:submarines
6465:Peenemünde
6461:V-2 rocket
6439:Japan used
6306:Lebensraum
6234:Occupation
6113:Freemasons
5983:in Germany
5921:biological
5904:. General
5839:Yugoslavia
5648:Korean War
5605:proxy wars
5576:, causing
5570:Yugoslavia
5235:submarines
5194:signs the
5067:was killed
4877:Burma Road
4786:Yugoslavia
4563:Baltic Sea
4557:hoping to
4355:Washington
4197:in bitter
3696:false flag
3644:blitzkrieg
3631:Sevastopol
3616:oil fields
3533:Barbarossa
3510:Lebensraum
3501:White Seas
3495:—from the
3373:Yugoslavia
3361:Yugoslavia
3300:Panzer III
3217:Lend-Lease
3175:Home Fleet
3163:Royal Navy
3111:under the
3109:rump state
3069:Blitzkrieg
3060:Luxembourg
3039:May 1940.
2940:Winter War
2900:Winter War
2787:Phoney War
2714:See also:
2689:plebiscite
2668:Bessarabia
2541:Trans-Olza
2422:, but the
2304:volunteers
2234:annexation
2070:Kuomintang
1886:revanchist
1834:, and the
1780:Background
1716:II as the
1602:By theatre
1590:Operations
1475:See also:
1389:8 May 1945
1383:; and the
1341:Stalingrad
1152:war crimes
965:Navigation
907:Yugoslavia
888:Madagascar
851:Antarctica
829:Dodecanese
649:Resistance
617:Winter War
607:Phoney War
169:after the
138:Matilda II
27038:Abrahamic
26933:Vajrayana
26923:Theravada
26778:Mythology
26751:Languages
26539:Silk Road
26498:Old World
26328:Five Eyes
26323:EU–UK TCA
26165:Democracy
26054:Old Norse
25943:Abrahamic
25900:Peritrope
25882:Tolerance
25862:Socialism
25692:Mythology
25680:Classical
25629:Languages
25607:Astrology
25455:Modernism
25269:Old World
25174:Australia
25139:Gibraltar
25097:Catalonia
25020:Lithuania
24882:Singapore
24830:Indochina
24820:Hong Kong
24796:Manchuria
24765:Venezuela
24735:Argentina
24672:Greenland
24626:Nyasaland
24386:Manchuria
24272:Indochina
24048:Bagration
23499:Lithuania
23144:Anschluss
22941:Viet Minh
22838:Lithuania
22780:Hong Kong
22550:Manchukuo
22505:Azad Hind
22164:Australia
21964:Aftermath
21827:Paperclip
21722:Aftermath
21522:Total war
21390:Diplomacy
21353:In Europe
21000:MIT Press
20915:Routledge
20780:145398136
20718:(1986) .
20496:163152235
20396:159943895
20323:154270850
20229:Routledge
20168:Routledge
20087:(1990) .
19974:220880174
19778:Routledge
19500:BBC Books
19340:Routledge
19317:Routledge
19245:Routledge
19135:153741180
18581:MIT Press
18275:Routledge
18229:Routledge
18170:1 October
18015:(1990) .
18005:159671713
17391:159958616
17343:Routledge
17254:154865385
17159:Routledge
16853:278029256
16593:(2006) .
16465:Routledge
16194:MIT Press
16122:Macmillan
16041:UCL Press
15968:Heinemann
15877:159445902
15805:Continuum
15692:(2006) .
15555:MIT Press
15503:also see
15499:0031-2746
15364:Cambridge
15339:Routledge
15293:Routledge
15270:Routledge
14673:The Times
14536:1432-1386
14263:Ward 2010
14194:BBSU 1998
14088:Compare:
14016:Rahn 2001
13977:Hill 2005
13480:14 August
13439:. Knopf,
13190:dzieje.pl
13104:18 August
13021:27 August
12991:27 August
12921:"Victims"
12907:Herf 2003
12609:Wolf 1993
12200:2 October
12173:Senn 2007
11928:Frei 2002
11866:Pape 1993
11792:154800868
11719:Drea 2003
11707:homeless.
11499:Drea 2003
11230:Rees 2008
11206:Ch'i 1992
11127:Civitella
11041:Ch'i 1992
10718:Ross 1997
10639:Rich 1992
10507:Read 2004
10459:Hane 2001
10380:Ropp 2000
10308:Ch'i 1992
10284:Slim 1956
10044:Dunn 1998
9994:Wood 2007
9946:Wood 2007
9570:Joes 2004
9288:Wilt 1981
9105:189257503
8583:Koch 1983
8305:146904066
8072:ww2db.com
8013:144385167
7707:27 August
7400:Shaw 2000
7143:Fresh Air
7077:, p. 191.
7042:0008-4107
6953:Cambridge
6906:Citations
6757:Bodyguard
6753:Mincemeat
6749:deception
6705:ciphering
6697:codebooks
6629:artillery
6540:Coral Sea
6420:, Allied
6414:attrition
6192:Japanese
6173:became a
6159:Auschwitz
6141:Europeans
6121:genocidal
5994:customary
5973:, in the
5942:) and in
5867:Home Army
5686:baby boom
5601:arms race
5520:Communist
5448:and some
5410:Pomerania
5332:Aftermath
5323:USS
5319:Tokyo Bay
5269:Hiroshima
5200:USS
5198:on board
5175:launched
5147:advanced
5134:Flensburg
5056:Reichstag
5033:Nuremberg
4981:Pomerania
4806:Partisans
4666:liberated
4602:Myitkyina
4555:Estonians
4553:aided by
4501:in Tehran
4362:Lexington
4360:USS
4353:USS
4343:U.S. Navy
4274:commandos
4233:American
4180:Don River
4058:over the
3975:Singapore
3876:Hong Kong
3796:USS
3705:USS Panay
3627:Leningrad
3614:, Iran's
3539:to adopt
3530:Operation
3505:Communism
3195:to allow
3152:the Blitz
3074:Wehrmacht
2916:Lithuania
2878:Lithuania
2819:Wehrmacht
2771:Australia
2742:Wehrmacht
2577:Memelland
2493:Mussolini
2446:Manchukuo
2428:Chongqing
2386:best army
2292:proxy war
2210:Abyssinia
2148:Manchuria
2128:condemned
2117:Manchukuo
1964:Nuremberg
1572:Diplomacy
1509:in Europe
1401:Hiroshima
1395:, the US
1274:the Blitz
1128:genocides
1100:total war
986:Equipment
981:Countries
976:Campaigns
765:Australia
661:Alps 1940
654:1944–1945
284:Caribbean
279:Australia
167:Reichstag
165:over the
27031:Yazidism
27014:Tengrism
26965:Smartism
26960:Shaktism
26955:Shaivism
26940:Hinduism
26928:Mahayana
26906:Buddhism
26893:Religion
26876:Japanese
26788:Religion
26739:Japanese
26729:Folklore
26707:Buddhist
26697:Calendar
26668:Cyrillic
26628:Alphabet
26603:Cold War
26518:Islamdom
26388:Schengen
26318:Eurozone
26158:Property
26153:Religion
26044:Frankish
26034:Germanic
26014:Paganism
25935:Religion
25923:European
25835:Humanism
25738:Religion
25697:Painting
25663:Internet
25614:Folklore
25585:Clothing
25556:Calendar
25532:Cyrillic
25517:Alphabet
25480:Cold War
25060:Slovenia
25055:Slovakia
25045:Portugal
24933:Bulgaria
24887:Thailand
24862:Mongolia
24835:Cambodia
24755:Suriname
24745:Colombia
24569:Ethiopia
24497:Category
24446:document
24356:document
24213:Ardennes
24197:Budapest
24145:Crossbow
24023:Overlord
23862:Smolensk
23080:Timeline
22915:Slovakia
22901:Thailand
22752:Ethiopia
22717:Bulgaria
22641:Portugal
22579:Thailand
22461:Bulgaria
22239:Eswatini
22232:Ethiopia
22185:Bulgaria
22010:Unit 731
21971:Response
21788:Keelhaul
21738:Cold War
21711:Americas
21702:timeline
21695:Atlantic
21575:Theaters
21202:Archived
21188:Archived
21159:Casemate
21153:Bismarck
21085:(1996).
20967:(1962).
20839:(2005).
20813:(2003).
20645:(1999).
20617:(2008).
20529:(1961).
20268:(2010).
20007:(2007).
19757:Archived
19722:(2000).
19694:(1997).
19668:(2006).
19567:(2006).
19541:(1992).
19494:(2008).
19265:(2003).
19168:(2008).
19046:(2012).
18928:(1994).
18856:(2005).
18743:Archived
18717:(1983).
18672:(2014).
18475:(2008).
18160:53-63678
17937:40604127
17852:(2001).
17805:(2001).
17779:(1997).
17581:(2006).
17553:(1981).
17510:12828898
17153:(2002).
17025:(2004).
16978:78918907
16839:(1986).
16815:(1989).
16650:(2006).
16561:(2008).
16441:Archived
16437:12288331
16381:43510161
16342:(2002).
16214:(1986).
16144:70401618
16114:(2006).
16020:Archived
15887:(2002).
15869:25779864
15749:(1997).
15598:(1990).
15547:(2003).
15508:Archived
15264:(2003).
15236:(2000).
15160:(1991).
15134:(1996).
15026:(1998).
14848:(2003).
14734:Archived
14608:Archived
14544:36789517
14477:Archived
14108:Archived
14049:Archived
13895:Archived
13841:Bix 2000
13775:Archived
13719:Archived
13611:17 April
13605:Archived
13532:Archived
13474:Archived
13382:Lee 2002
13321:Bix 2000
13288:Archived
13225:Archived
13200:10 March
13194:Archived
13164:Archived
13133:Archived
13098:Archived
13053:4 August
13047:Archived
13015:Archived
12985:Archived
12933:Archived
12853:20 April
12847:Archived
12827:20 April
12821:Archived
12570:18 April
12564:Archived
12402:Archived
12291:Archived
12236:Archived
12194:Archived
12092:Archived
12046:Archived
11964:Archived
11755:13 April
11694:Archived
11638:Archived
11460:16 March
11349:Archived
11329:27 April
11323:Archived
10757:Archived
10426:Archived
10370:, p. 19.
10239:Archived
10209:Archived
10179:Archived
10149:Archived
10084:archived
10048:May 1955
9918:Archived
9905:, p. 424
9881:Archived
9853:, p. 418
9801:Archived
9742:Archived
9709:Archived
9627:Archived
9512:Archived
9208:archived
8893:Archived
8870:Archived
8529:Archived
8462:Archived
8446:, p. 71.
8242:Archived
8186:at 5 pm.
8156:Archived
8105:Archived
8082:29 April
8076:Archived
8043:Archived
7854:Archived
7827:Archived
7701:Archived
7566:Archived
7351:Archived
7318:Archived
7286:Archived
7261:Archived
7237:Archived
7199:Archived
7195:40105814
7154:16 April
7148:Archived
7046:Archived
6891:Bulgaria
6814:See also
6768:Colossus
6633:infantry
6600:Nuclear
6583:Hedgehog
6575:wolfpack
6563:weaponry
6477:fighters
6342:hegemony
6175:de facto
6123:state".
6093:disabled
5990:positive
5939:Unit 731
5914:Shandong
5855:Chetniks
5799:around 6
5731:and the
5665:and the
5622:and the
5597:Cold War
5554:Bulgaria
5491:and the
5440:. Italy
5325:Missouri
5297:Hirohito
5291:and the
5273:Nagasaki
5227:Iwo Jima
5202:Missouri
5165:Mindanao
4885:Hengyang
4832:against
4822:Red Army
4741:Red Army
4737:Slovakia
4497:in Cairo
4474:Red Army
4431:and the
4429:Smolensk
4324:de-house
4129:Red Army
3999:Java Sea
3959:Thailand
3872:Thailand
3819:Hirohito
3703:gunboat
3654:reserves
3522:Red Army
3357:Bulgaria
3246:joined.
3240:Slovakia
3185:Bismarck
3165:, using
3126:The air
3064:Ardennes
2951:occupied
2922:to sign
2882:Slovakia
2864:Germany
2761:several
2638:and the
2485:Daladier
2450:Mongolia
2353:materiel
2351:to lend
2254:Covenant
2132:Shanghai
2076:against
1832:Bulgaria
1728:and the
1726:Mongolia
1680:and the
1563:By topic
1453:Cold War
1405:Nagasaki
1347:and the
1284:and had
1264:and the
1205:, under
1086:and the
1024:Category
997:Timeline
927:Bulgaria
856:Atlantic
846:Americas
799:Adriatic
441:Hirohito
229:Atlantic
212:theatres
206:Location
136:British
27195:BIMSTEC
27116:Culture
27111:Judaism
27075:Eastern
27070:Culture
27048:Culture
27021:Iranian
26999:Shenism
26977:Jainism
26972:Sikhism
26945:Culture
26911:Culture
26901:Dharmic
26734:Chinese
26719:Cuisine
26702:Chinese
26690:History
26658:Brahmic
26620:Culture
26527:History
26479:culture
26233:Benelux
26138:Thought
26088:Atheism
26029:Finnish
26005:Culture
26000:Judaism
25962:Eastern
25958:Western
25953:Culture
25887:Paradox
25753:Decline
25714:Science
25590:History
25578:Studies
25561:Cuisine
25549:Periods
25509:Culture
25338:History
25304:Eastern
25299:Western
25250:culture
25102:Galicia
25080:Ukraine
25050:Romania
25000:Ireland
24995:Iceland
24985:Hungary
24975:Germany
24953:Finland
24948:Estonia
24943:Denmark
24928:Belgium
24923:Austria
24918:Albania
24760:Uruguay
24692:Arizona
24619:Morocco
24614:Tunisia
24599:Liberia
24423:Shumshu
24190:Hungary
24137:Estonia
24121:Lapland
24099:Dragoon
24032:Neptune
24014:Ichi-Go
23980:Tempest
23922:Changde
23877:Cottage
23769:Jubilee
23485:Finland
23383:Compass
23089:Prelude
23042:Finland
22928:Vietnam
22894:Romania
22766:Germany
22745:Estonia
22731:Denmark
22710:Belgium
22703:Austria
22696:Albania
22627:Ireland
22613:Andorra
22597:Neutral
22564:Romania
22498:Hungary
22483:Finland
22355:Romania
22247:Finland
22225:Denmark
22171:Belgium
22157:Algeria
21863:Romania
21849:Hungary
21605:Pacific
21329:General
21283:Leaders
21268:Battles
21261:Outline
20957:1987464
20819:Praeger
20772:3993535
19840:1988530
19435:Pimlico
19127:2539100
18557:Press.
18542:2592851
18465:3634575
18252:Praeger
18123:Praeger
17997:2639289
17966:1988082
17785:Pimlico
17677:(ed.).
17347:219–273
17039:127–144
16988:15 July
16863:15 July
16640:2944096
16489:(ed.).
15739:2745078
15639:Bibcode
15637:: 268.
14838:3638003
14770:15 July
14483:5 April
14045:1021443
13725:12 July
11700:22 June
11644:4 March
11145:), and
10432:26 June
10023:(1989)
8297:2195670
8248:11 July
8162:17 June
7860:26 June
7833:26 June
7572:6 April
7324:4 March
6937:. p. 7.
6887:Romania
6883:Hungary
6651:I, and
6637:cavalry
6489:airlift
6481:bombers
6387:and on
6278:plunder
6227:rōmusha
5965:by the
5861:in the
5843:Muslims
5695:At the
5562:Albania
5550:Romania
5546:Hungary
5485:between
5406:Neumark
5402:Silesia
5375:western
5371:Germany
5367:Austria
5244:. They
5231:Okinawa
5219:Rangoon
5077:in his
5029:Hamburg
4999:of the
4958:Antwerp
4889:Guangxi
4848:in the
4844:to the
4802:Albania
4767:General
4725:Vistula
4389:in the
4309:Tunisia
4215:salient
4153:Kharkov
4151:and at
4141:central
4073:in the
3932:At the
3805:on the
3798:Arizona
3499:to the
3497:Caspian
3457:Ukraine
3302:of the
3298:German
3252:Hungary
3248:Romania
3244:Romania
3236:Hungary
3221:invaded
3167:U-boats
3052:Belgium
2928:Finland
2908:Estonia
2843:October
2691:in the
2660:Estonia
2628:British
2610:; when
2361:Taiyuan
2298:II but
2258:Austria
2226:Eritrea
1929:Fascist
1911:Germany
1828:Germany
1775:History
1741:V-J Day
1585:Battles
1504:in Asia
1497:Prelude
1339:and at
1266:Balkans
1246:Romania
1140:Austria
1136:Germany
1074:or the
1002:Outline
932:Hungary
922:Romania
778:Africa
678:Balkans
673:Britain
627:Lapland
622:Karelia
612:Finland
224:Pacific
180:in the
125:German
27133:Baháʼí
27123:Bábism
27004:Shinto
26989:Taoism
26871:Values
26744:Korean
26663:Arabic
26648:Hangul
26253:CANZUK
26143:Speech
26071:Slavic
26049:Gothic
26024:Celtic
26019:Baltic
25918:Values
25719:Values
25279:Greece
25109:Sweden
25040:Poland
25035:Norway
25010:Latvia
24980:Greece
24958:France
24911:Europe
24897:Turkey
24857:Malaya
24786:Ceylon
24740:Brazil
24702:Nevada
24677:Mexico
24657:Canada
24547:Africa
24400:Debate
24372:Taipei
24365:Borneo
23943:Tarawa
23137:Europe
23098:Africa
22887:Poland
22873:Norway
22852:Malaya
22831:Latvia
22773:Greece
22759:France
22655:Sweden
22620:Bhutan
22348:Poland
22334:Norway
22306:Mexico
22273:Greece
22259:France
22197:Canada
22178:Brazil
22148:Allies
22094:Serbia
22083:Poland
21856:Poland
21842:Baltic
21635:Europe
21337:Topics
21289:Allied
21165:
21139:
21120:
21097:
21071:
21052:
21029:
21006:
20983:
20955:
20921:
20898:
20875:
20851:
20825:
20799:
20778:
20770:
20704:
20681:
20657:
20631:
20602:
20579:
20554:
20515:
20494:
20461:
20438:
20415:
20394:
20388:260931
20386:
20357:578338
20355:
20321:
20315:151203
20313:
20280:
20254:
20235:
20212:
20193:
20174:
20147:
20128:
20101:
20077:120398
20075:
20042:
20019:
20013:Rodopi
19997:260307
19995:
19972:
19966:260209
19964:
19928:
19903:
19878:
19855:
19838:
19807:
19784:
19734:
19708:
19680:
19658:153299
19656:
19623:
19600:
19579:
19553:
19527:
19506:
19465:
19441:
19418:
19397:
19372:
19346:
19323:
19300:
19277:
19251:
19228:
19205:
19180:
19154:
19133:
19125:
19089:
19032:
19009:
18984:
18963:
18942:
18914:
18889:
18870:
18842:
18819:
18793:
18770:
18735:
18727:, AL:
18703:
18680:
18658:
18635:
18612:
18587:
18561:
18540:
18515:
18489:
18463:
18427:
18404:
18381:
18352:
18329:
18304:
18281:
18258:
18235:
18212:
18191:
18158:
18129:
18105:
18075:
18052:
18029:
18003:
17995:
17964:
17935:
17912:
17887:
17862:
17838:
17815:
17791:
17765:
17739:
17714:
17689:
17662:
17639:
17616:
17593:
17567:
17539:
17508:
17500:
17481:
17458:
17433:
17410:
17389:
17353:
17321:
17298:
17273:
17252:
17246:260090
17244:
17211:
17188:
17165:
17139:
17116:
17091:
17068:
17045:
17011:
16976:
16953:
16909:
16884:
16851:
16825:
16801:
16778:
16755:
16730:
16707:
16681:
16662:
16638:
16605:
16575:
16547:
16524:
16501:
16471:
16435:
16429:152934
16427:
16379:
16373:826310
16371:
16328:
16305:
16286:743479
16284:
16253:
16230:
16200:
16170:
16142:
16132:
16100:
16077:
16047:
15993:
15974:
15947:
15924:
15901:
15875:
15867:
15834:
15811:
15786:
15763:
15737:
15704:
15678:
15659:
15610:
15584:
15578:Polity
15561:
15529:
15497:
15470:
15447:
15422:
15399:
15345:
15322:
15299:
15276:
15250:
15222:
15199:
15174:
15146:
15111:
15088:
15065:
15040:
15034:Viking
15012:
14989:
14966:
14939:
14920:152330
14918:
14885:
14862:
14836:
14805:
14679:
14542:
14534:
14451:
14320:
14295:
14218:
14165:
14100:
14043:
13632:
13574:
13466:
13447:p. 391
13443:
13341:
13266:
13170:9 July
13090:
12983:(12).
12747:
12704:
12408:15 May
12319:15 May
12038:
11998:
11790:
11667:
11406:
10418:
10245:16 May
10215:16 May
10185:16 May
10155:16 May
10031:
9873:
9807:8 June
9774:
9748:15 May
9715:15 May
9680:
9633:15 May
9470:
9103:
9093:
8899:13 May
8521:
8442:
8303:
8295:
8148:
8011:
8005:153322
8003:
7693:
7558:
7193:
7103:" or "
7093:
7040:
7003:
6889:, and
6848:While
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