Eastern Front (World War II)

9669: 9661: 5546: 8403: 4447: 6632: 8318: 9704: 4945: 8360: 7666: 5845: 8285: 9303: 2962: 4899: 4626: 1435: 9311: 1675: 1663: 1651: 1639: 1627: 1615: 1595: 1583: 1570: 1557: 1545: 1533: 1521: 1509: 1497: 1485: 1473: 1453: 1423: 1411: 1399: 1387: 1375: 1363: 1351: 1339: 1327: 1315: 1303: 1291: 1279: 1267: 1253: 565: 1162: 1150: 1138: 1126: 466: 5707: 695: 523: 8491: 8348: 1047: 1035: 1023: 1011: 999: 987: 975: 963: 951: 939: 927: 915: 903: 891: 879: 867: 855: 843: 831: 819: 806: 793: 781: 759: 428: 538: 1719: 1707: 1695: 579: 1228: 1210: 501: 7029: 6952: 722: 19733: 8227: 8538:). The Soviets incrementally upgraded existing designs, and simplified and refined manufacturing processes to increase production, and were helped by a mass infusion of harder to produce goods such as aviation fuel, machine tools, trucks, and high-explosives from Lend-Lease, allowing them to concentrate on a few key industries. Meanwhile, Germany had been cut off from foreign trade for years by the time it invaded the USSR, was in the middle of two extended and costly theatres at air and sea that further limited production ( 7202: 6784: 6498: 6402: 6238: 6044: 5501: 5226: 14232: 7749: 11617: 10646:"We National Socialists consciously draw a line under the direction of our foreign policy war. We begin where we ended six centuries ago. We stop the perpetual Germanic march towards the south and west of Europe, and have the view on the country in the east. We finally put the colonial and commercial policy of the pre-war and go over to the territorial policy of the future. But if we speak today in Europe of new land, we can primarily only to Russia and the border states subjects him think." Charles Long, 1965: 18891: 7927: 10402:, in the Eastern Front, Axis countries and German co-belligerents sustained 1,468,145 irrecoverable losses (668,163 KIA/MIA), Germany itself– 7,181,100 (3,604,800 KIA/MIA), and 579,900 PoWs died in Soviet captivity. So the Axis KIA/MIA amounted to 4.8 million in the East during the period of 1941–1945. This is more than a half of all Axis losses (including the Asia/Pacific theatre). The USSR sustained 10.5 million military losses (including PoWs who died in German captivity, according to Vadim Erlikman. 593: 10426:, p. xix: "That conflict, which ended sixty years before this book's completion, was a decisive component – arguably the single most decisive component – of the Second World War. It was on the eastern front, between 1941 and 1945, that the greater part of the land and associated air forces of Nazi Germany and its Axis partners were ultimately destroyed by the Soviet Union in what, from 1944, its people – and those of the fifteen successor states – called, and still call, the Great Patriotic War" 15588: 3838: 5545: 708: 9810:

camps to be used as forced labourers or killed. Additionally, millions of Soviet civilians were captured as POWs and treated in the same manner. It is estimated that between 2.25 and 3.3 million Soviet POWs died in Nazi custody, out of 5.25–5.7 million. This figure represents a total of 45–57% of all Soviet POWs and may be contrasted with 8,300 deaths out of 231,000 British and U.S. prisoners, or 3.6%. About 5% of the Soviet prisoners who died were of Jewish ethnicity.

1445: 1220: 5240:, raw materials and production capacity required to entertain long-term goals (such as European control, German territorial expansion and the destruction of the USSR) were limited. Political demands necessitated the expansion of Germany's control of natural and human resources, industrial capacity and farmland beyond its borders (conquered territories). Germany's military production was tied to resources outside its area of control, a dynamic not found amongst the Allies. 150: 7411: 9261:

and 1.75 million tons of food. The British supplied aircraft including 3,000 Hurricanes and 4,000 other aircraft during the war. Five thousand tanks were provided by the British and Canada. Total British supplies were about four million tons. Germany on the other hand had the resources of conquered Europe at its disposal; those numbers are however not included into the tables above, such as production in France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Denmark, and so on.

7744:

divisions. Whenever the Allies open a second front on the Continent, it will be decidedly a secondary front to that of Russia; theirs will continue to be the main effort. Without Russia in the war, the Axis cannot be defeated in Europe, and the position of the United Nations becomes precarious. Similarly, Russia's post-war position in Europe will be a dominant one. With Germany crushed, there is no power in Europe to oppose her tremendous military forces.

8108:

desperately tried not to give Hitler any provocation that Berlin could use as an excuse for a German attack; Stalin refused to allow the military to go on the alert – even as German troops gathered on the borders and German reconnaissance planes overflew installations. This refusal to take necessary action was instrumental in the destruction of major portions of the Red Air Force, lined up on its airfields, in the first days of the German–Soviet war.

10568: 11523:

87,600 in the Northern Norway command (Bef. Fin.), and 238,700 in OKH Reserve units (some of which had not yet arrived in the East). It includes all personnel in the German Army (including the security units), Waffen SS, Luftwaffe ground forces and even naval coastal artillery (in the East). This figure compares very well with the figure in the table (around 3,119,000) derived from Earl Ziemke's book (which is used as the Axis source in the chart)

1767: 641: 15552: 15576: 1779: 1198: 1186: 1174: 662: 480: 8046: 1755: 1743: 1731: 1114: 1102: 1090: 1071: 1059: 618: 444: 7850: 34: 9668: 4895:, 150,000 of the Waffen-SS, and 1,200,000 of the Replacement Army (contained 450,400 active reservists, 550,000 new recruits and 204,000 in administrative services, vigiles and or in convalescence). The Wehrmacht had a total strength of 7,234,000 men by 1941. For Operation Barbarossa, Germany mobilised 3,300,000 troops of the Heer, 150,000 of the Waffen-SS and approximately 250,000 personnel of the Luftwaffe were actively earmarked. 7399: 15564: 9689:, states "these figures are undoubtedly too low". According to Soviet claims, the Germans lost 42,700 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns on the Eastern front. Overall, Germany produced 3,024 reconnaissance vehicles, 2,450 other armoured vehicles, 21,880 armoured personnel carriers, 36,703 semi-tracked tractors and 87,329 semi-tracked trucks, estimated 2/3 were lost on the Eastern Front. 7434:, the offensive was to be on a broad front and was to move as rapidly as possible to the west, to meet the Western Allies as far west as possible. But the over-riding objective was to capture Berlin. The two were complementary because possession of the zone could not be won quickly unless Berlin was taken. Another consideration was that Berlin itself held strategic assets, including Adolf Hitler and part of the 7657:, it had agreed to Allied pleas to terminate the neutrality pact with Japan and enter the Second World War's Pacific theatre within three months after the end of the war in Europe. While not a part of the Eastern Front operations, it is included here because the commanders and much of the forces used by the Red Army came from the European Theatre of operations and benefited from the experience gained there. 15616: 6707: 10303: 5334: 7445:. After several days of heavy fighting the Soviet 1BF and 1UF punched holes through the German front line and were fanning out across central Germany. By 24 April, elements of the 1BF and 1UF had completed the encirclement of the German capital and the Battle of Berlin entered its final stages. On 25 April the 2BF broke through the German 3rd Panzer Army's line south of 4396:. The populations of occupied Central Europe and the Soviet Union were to be partially deported to West Siberia, enslaved and eventually exterminated; the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanized" settlers. In addition, the Nazis also sought to rid themselves of the large Jewish population of Central and Eastern Europe as part of their 4911:, the Wehrmacht was up to 7,849,000 personnel in April 1944. 3,878,000 were deployed in eastern Europe, 311,000 in Norway/Denmark, 1,873,000 in western Europe, 961,000 in Italy, and 826,000 in the Balkans. About 15–20% of total German strength were foreign troops (from allied countries or conquered territories). The German high water mark was just before the 4983:, that ordered (as demanded by Stalin): "do not answer to any provocations" and "do not undertake any (offensive) actions without specific orders" – which meant that Soviet troops could open fire only on their soil and forbade counter-attack on German soil. The German invasion therefore caught the Soviet military and civilian leadership largely by surprise. 6828:. Hitler's insistence on holding the Dnieper line, even when facing the prospect of catastrophic defeat, was compounded by his conviction that the Cherkassy pocket could break out and even advance to Kiev, but Manstein was more concerned about being able to advance to the edge of the pocket and then implore the surrounded forces to break out. 5277:

70% of the total production of crude oil. In 1941, Germany only had 18% of the oil it had in peacetime. Romania supplied Germany and its allies with roughly 13 million barrels of oil (about 4 million per year) between 1941 and 1943. Germany's peak oil production in 1944 amounted to about 12 million barrels of oil per year.

10414:), so the number of military deaths (the USSR and the Axis) amounted to 15 million, far greater than in all other World War II theatres. According to the same source, total Soviet civilian deaths within post-war borders amounted to 15.7 million. The numbers for other Central European and German civilian casualties are not included here. 8519:

own. For example, while the USSR was able to produce fuel of octane numbers from 70 to 74, Soviet industry only met 4% of demand for fuel of octane numbers from 90+; all aircraft produced after 1939 required fuel of the latter category. To fulfill demands, the USSR depended on American assistance, both in finished products and TEL.

7828:

libraries; leaving 25 million homeless. Seven million horses, 17 million cattle, 20 million pigs, 27 million sheep were also slaughtered or driven off. Wild fauna were also affected. Wolves and foxes fleeing westward from the killing zone, as the Soviet army advanced between 1943 and 1945, were responsible for a

7520:, defence commandant of Berlin, surrendered the city to the Soviet forces on 2 May. Altogether, the Berlin operation (16 April – 2 May) cost the Red Army 361,367 casualties (dead, wounded, missing and sick) and 1,997 tanks and assault guns. German losses in this period of the war remain impossible to determine with any reliability. 8281:

Nazi pillaging of Soviet villages and hamlets and unprecedented harsh punishment and treatment of civilians in general were some of the primary reasons for Soviet resistance to Nazi Germany's invasion. Indeed, the Soviets viewed Germany's invasion as an act of aggression and an attempt to conquer and enslave the local population.

5189:

factory machinery. The aid of production-line equipment and machinery were crucial and helped to maintain adequate levels of Soviet armament production during the entire war. In addition, the USSR received wartime innovations including penicillin, radar, rocket, precision-bombing technology, the long-range navigation system

7326:, though often overshadowed by the Vistula–Oder operation and the later battle for Berlin, was in fact one of the largest and costliest operations fought by the Red Army throughout the war. During the period it lasted (13 January – 25 April), it cost the Red Army 584,788 casualties, and 3,525 tanks and assault guns. 7995:", which involved fortifying even the most unimportant or insignificant of cities and the holding of these "fortresses" at all costs. Many divisions became cut off in "fortress" cities, or wasted uselessly in secondary theatres, because Hitler would not sanction retreat or voluntarily abandon any of his conquests. 6839:, fought their way across the river to safety, although at the cost of half their number and all their equipment. They assumed the Red Army would not attack again, with the spring approaching, but on 3 March the Soviet Ukrainian Front went over to the offensive. Having already isolated the Crimea by severing the 9323:

half died in Soviet custody. Official OKW Casualty Figures list 65% of Heer killed/missing/captured as being lost on the Eastern Front from 1 September 1939, to 1 January 1945 (four months and a week before the conclusion of the war), with front not specified for losses of the Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe.

7349:. The 2BF moved into the positions being vacated by the 1BF north of the Seelow Heights. While this redeployment was in progress, gaps were left in the lines and the remnants of the German 2nd Army, which had been bottled up in a pocket near Danzig, managed to escape across the Oder. To the south General 7694:, all occurred on the Eastern Front. The distinctly brutal nature of warfare on the Eastern Front was exemplified by an often wilful disregard for human life by both sides. It was also reflected in the ideological premise for the war, which saw a momentous clash between two directly opposed ideologies. 6585:, just 8 km (5.0 mi) into the advance. The 9th Army blunted its spearhead against the Soviet minefields, frustratingly so considering that the high ground there was the only natural barrier between them and flat tank country all the way to Kursk. The direction of advance was then switched to 9260:

Soviet production and upkeep was assisted by the Lend-Lease program from the United States and the United Kingdom. In the course of the war the US supplied $ 11 billion of materiel through Lend-Lease. This included 400,000 trucks, 12,000 armoured vehicles (including 7,000 tanks), 11,400 aircraft

8542:

and Defence of the Reich), and was forced to devote a large segment of its expenditures to goods the Soviets could cut back on (such as trucks) or which would never even be used against the Soviets (such as ships). Naval vessels alone constituted 10–15% of Germany's war expenditures from 1940 to 1944

8526:

German production of explosives from 1940 to 1944 was 1.595 million tons, along with 829,970 tons of powder. Consumption on all fronts during the same period was 1.493 million tons of explosives and 626,887 tons of powder. From 1941 to 1945, the USSR produced only 505,000 tons of explosives

8502:

The Soviet victory owed a great deal to the ability of its war industry to outperform the German economy, despite the enormous loss of population and land. Stalin's five-year plans of the 1930s had resulted in the industrialisation of the Urals and central Asia. In 1941, thousands of trains evacuated

8477:

Soviet repressions also contributed into the Eastern Front's death toll. Mass repression occurred in the occupied portions of Poland as well as in the Baltic states and Bessarabia. Immediately after the start of the German invasion, the NKVD massacred large numbers of inmates in most of their prisons

8337:

as the Germans requisitioned food for their armies and fodder for their draft horses. As they retreated from Ukraine and Belarus in 1943–44, the German occupiers systematically applied a scorched earth policy, burning towns and cities, destroying infrastructure, and leaving civilians to starve or die

8280:

Instead, the Nazi ideologues saw the future of the East as one of settlement by German colonists, with the natives killed, expelled, or reduced to slave labour. The cruel and brutally inhumane treatment of Soviet civilians, women, children and elderly, the daily bombings of civilian cities and towns,

6655:

at Prochorovka was a Soviet defensive success, albeit at heavy cost. The Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army, with about 800 light and medium tanks, attacked elements of the II SS Panzer Corps. Tank losses on both sides have been the source of controversy ever since. Although the 5th Guards Tank Army did not

5276:

On 27 May 1940, Germany signed the "Oil Pact" with Romania, by which Germany would trade arms for oil. Romania's oil production amounted to approximately 6,000,000 tons annually. This production represents 35% of the total fuel production of the Axis, including synthetic products and substitutes, and

5204:

In the last year of war, Lend-Lease data show that about 5.1 million tons of foodstuff left the United States for the Soviet Union. It is estimated that all the food supplies sent to Russia could feed a 12,000,000-man strong army a half pound of concentrated food per day, for the entire duration

5196:

Of the 800,000 tons of nonferrous metals shipped, about 350,000 tons were aluminium. The shipment of aluminium not only represented double the amount of metal that Germany possessed, but also composed the bulk of aluminium that was used in manufacture of Soviet aircraft, that had fallen in critically

9684:

According to a report prepared by the General Staff of the Army issued in December 1944, materiel losses in the East from the period of 22 June 1941 until November 1944 stood at 33,324 armoured vehicles of all types (tanks, assault guns, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and others). Paul Winter,

8518:

supplies from the United Kingdom and the United States. The Germans, on the other hand, could rely on a large slave workforce from the conquered countries and Soviet POWs. American exports and technical expertise also enabled the Soviets to produce goods that they wouldn't have been able to on their

8370:

The Nazi ideology and the maltreatment of the local population and Soviet POWs encouraged partisans fighting behind the front; it motivated even anti-communists or non-Russian nationalists to ally with the Soviets and greatly delayed the formation of German-allied divisions consisting of Soviet POWs

8157:

As it became clear that the Soviet Union would win the war, Stalin ensured that propaganda always mentioned his leadership of the war; he sidelined the victorious generals and never allowed them to develop into political rivals. After the war the Soviets once again purged the Red Army (though not as

6722:

from Belgorod to Karachev could not counteract it, and the Wehrmacht began a withdrawal from Orel (retaken by the Red Army on 5 August 1943), falling back to the Hagen line in front of Bryansk. To the south, the Red Army broke through Army Group South's Belgorod positions and headed for Kharkov once

6659:

At the end of the day both sides had fought each other to a standstill, but regardless of the German failure in the north Manstein proposed he continue the attack with the 4th Panzer Army. The Red Army started the strong offensive operation in the northern Orel salient and achieved a breakthrough on

6455:

towards the Aksai river but became bogged down 65 km (40 mi) short of its goal. To divert the rescue attempt, the Red Army decided to smash the Italians and come down behind the relief attempt if they could; that operation starting on 16 December. What it did accomplish was to destroy many

5315:

turnover, about 15 million men and women were forced labourers at one point during the war. For example, 1.5 million French soldiers were kept in POW camps in Germany as hostages and forced workers and, in 1943, 600,000 French civilians were forced to move to Germany to work in war plants.

8107:

and of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina in 1939–1940, Stalin insisted on the occupation of every fold of the newly Sovietized territories; this move westward positioned troops far from their depots, in salients that left them vulnerable to encirclement. As tension heightened in spring, 1941, Stalin

7827:

The combined damage consisted of complete or partial destruction of 1,710 cities and towns, 70,000 villages/hamlets, 2,508 church buildings, 31,850 industrial establishments, 64,000 kilometres (40,000 mi) of railroad, 4,100 railroad stations, 40,000 hospitals, 84,000 schools, and 43,000 public

7677:

of World War II. It is generally accepted as being the deadliest conflict in human history, with over 30 million killed as a result. The German armed forces suffered 80% of its military deaths in the Eastern Front. It involved more land combat than all other World War II theatres combined. The

6876:

the keystone of the entire German defensive system. The 4th and 9th armies and 3rd Panzer Army still held their own east of the upper Dnieper, stifling Soviet attempts to reach Vitebsk. On Army Group North's front, there was barely any fighting at all until January 1944, when out of nowhere Volkhov

5200:

Stalin noted in 1944, that two-thirds of Soviet heavy industry had been built with the help of the United States, and the remaining one-third, with the help from other Western nations such as Great Britain and Canada. The massive transfer of equipment and skilled personnel from occupied territories

11522:

For example, my own extensive study of German forces in 1941 (Volume IIA and IIB of 'Operation Barbarossa: the complete Organisational and Statistical Analysis') shows the entire German force on the Eastern Front (up to 4 July 1941) had around 3,359,000 men (page 74, Vol IIB). This includes around

10280:

that "not a human being, not a single head of cattle, not a hundredweight of cereals and not a railway line remain behind; that not a house remains standing, not a mine is available which is not destroyed for years to come, that there is not a well which is not poisoned. The enemy must really find

9342:

The huge death toll was attributed to several factors, including brutal mistreatment of POWs and captured partisans, the large deficiency of food and medical supplies in Soviet territories, and atrocities committed mostly by the Germans against the civilian population. The multiple battles and the

8414:

Belarus lost a quarter of its pre-war population, including practically all its intellectual elite. Following bloody encirclement battles, all of the present-day Belarus territory was occupied by the Germans by the end of August 1941. The Nazis imposed a brutal regime, deporting some 380,000 young

7697:

Aside from the ideological conflict, the mindframe of the leaders of Germany and the Soviet Union, Hitler and Stalin, respectively, contributed to the escalation of terror and murder on an unprecedented scale. Stalin and Hitler both disregarded human life in order to achieve their goal of victory.

9322:

Included in this figure of German losses is the majority of the 2 million German military personnel listed as missing or unaccounted for after the war. Rüdiger Overmans states that it seems entirely plausible, while not provable, that one half of these men were killed in action and the other

7743:

In War II Russia occupies a dominant position and is the decisive factor looking toward the defeat of the Axis in Europe. While in Sicily the forces of Great Britain and the United States are being opposed by 2 German divisions, the Russian front is receiving attention of approximately 200 German

5557:

Operation Barbarossa began just before dawn on 22 June 1941. The Germans cut the wire network in all Soviet western military districts to undermine the Red Army's communications. Panicky transmissions from the Soviet front-line units to their command headquarters were picked up like this: "We are

5208:

The total Lend-Lease aid provided during the Second World War had been estimated between $ 42–50 billion. The Soviet Union received shipments in war materials, military equipment and other supplies worth of $ 12.5 billion, about a quarter of the American Lend-Lease aid provided to other

4046:

called the Eastern Front "the most atrocious war of conquest, enslavement, and annihilation known to modern history", while British historian Robin Cross expressed that "In the Second World War no theatre was more gruelling and destructive than the Eastern Front, and nowhere was the fighting more

9809:

called for Soviet political commissars, who were responsible for ensuring that Red Army units remained politically reliable, to be summarily shot when identified amongst captured troops. Axis troops who captured Red Army soldiers frequently shot them in the field or shipped them to concentration

9318:

The fighting involved millions of Axis and Soviet troops along the broadest land front in military history. It was by far the deadliest single theatre of the European portion of World War II with up to 8.7 to 10 million military deaths on the Soviet side (although, depending on the criteria

8442:

Some recent reports raise the number of Belarusians who perished in the war to "3 million 650 thousand people, unlike the former 2.2 million. That is to say not every fourth inhabitant but almost 40% of the pre-war Belarusian population perished (considering the present-day borders of Belarus)."

8153:

to clear Nazi minefields. The order stipulated to capture or shoot "cowards" and fleeing panicked troops at the rear where blocking detachments were ordered to be set up. In the first three months after Order No. 227 was promulgated 1,000 retreating troops were shot and 24,993 were sent to penal

6166:

attempted to seize Vyazma. This force was joined by additional paratroopers of the 8th Airborne Brigade at the end of January. However, in early February, the Germans managed to cut off this force, separating the Soviets from their main force in the rear of the Germans. They were supplied by air

5188:

Lend-Lease aid of military hardware, components and goods to the Soviet Union constituted to 20% percent of the assistance. The rest were foodstuff, nonferrous metals (e.g., copper, magnesium, nickel, zinc, lead, tin, aluminium), chemical substances, petroleum (high octane aviation gasoline) and

8248:

The enormous territorial gains of 1941 presented Germany with vast areas to pacify and administer. For the majority of people of the Soviet Union, the Nazi invasion was viewed as a brutal act of unprovoked aggression. While it is important to note that not all parts of Soviet society viewed the

6867:

near Kamenets-Podolskiy. After two weeks' of heavy fighting, the 1st Panzer managed to escape the pocket, at the cost of losing almost the entire heavy equipment. At this point, Hitler sacked several prominent generals, Manstein included. In April, the Red Army took back Odessa, followed by 4th

6750:

The main problem for the Wehrmacht was that these defences had not yet been built; by the time Army Group South had evacuated eastern Ukraine and begun withdrawing across the Dnieper during September, the Soviet forces were hard behind them. Tenaciously, small units paddled their way across the

5593:

began immediate attacks on Soviet airfields, destroying much of the forward-deployed Soviet Air Force airfield fleets consisting of largely obsolescent types before their pilots had a chance to leave the ground. For a month the offensive conducted on three axes was completely unstoppable as the

5006:

Soviet intelligence was fooled by German disinformation, so sent false alarms to Moscow about a German invasion in April, May and the beginning of June. Soviet intelligence reported that Germany would rather invade the USSR after the fall of the British Empire or after an unacceptable ultimatum

7071:

against the Finnish lines on 9 June 1944 (coordinated with the Western Allied Invasion of Normandy). Three armies were pitted there against the Finns, among them several experienced guards rifle formations. The attack breached the Finnish front line of defence in Valkeasaari on 10 June and the

7005:

By the end of August 1944, it had cost the Germans ~400,000 dead, wounded, missing and sick, from whom 160,000 were captured, as well as 2,000 tanks and 57,000 other vehicles. In the operation, the Red Army lost ~180,000 dead and missing (765,815 in total, including wounded and sick plus 5,073

6993:

They focused their massive attacks on Army Group Centre, not Army Group North Ukraine as the Germans had originally expected. More than 2.3 million Soviet troops went into action against German Army Group Centre, which had a strength of fewer than 800,000 men. At the points of attack, the

6459:

On 31 January 1943, the 90,000 survivors of the 300,000-man 6th Army surrendered. By that time the Hungarian 2nd Army had also been wiped out. The Red Army advanced from the Don 500 km (310 mi) to the west of Stalingrad, marching through Kursk (retaken on 8 February 1943) and Kharkov

8522:

Germany had far greater resources than did the USSR, and dwarfed its production in every matrix except for oil, having over five times the USSR's coal production, over three times its iron production, three times its steel production, twice its electricity production, and about 2/3 of its oil

7811:

The Soviet Union came out of World War II militarily victorious but economically and structurally devastated. Much of the combat took place in or close to populated areas, and the actions of both sides contributed to massive loss of civilian life and tremendous material damage. According to a

6529:

and reinstated Heinz Guderian to a prominent role, this time as Inspector of Panzer Troops. Debate among the General Staff was polarised, with even Hitler nervous about any attempt to pinch off the Kursk salient. He knew that in the intervening six months the Soviet position at Kursk had been

5314:

of conquered territories. It also contributed to the mass extermination of populations in German-occupied Europe. The Germans abducted approximately 12 million foreign people from almost twenty European countries; about two-thirds came from Central and Eastern Europe. Counting deaths and

4936:

British historians Alan S. Milward and M. Medlicott show that Nazi Germany—unlike Imperial Germany—was prepared for only a short-term war (Blitzkrieg). According to Edward Ericson, although Germany's own resources were sufficient for the victories in the West in 1940, massive Soviet shipments

9326:

Estimated civilian deaths range from about 14 to 17 million. Over 11.4 million Soviet civilians within pre-1939 Soviet borders were killed, and another estimated 3.5 million civilians were killed in the annexed territories. The Nazis exterminated one to two million Soviet Jews

8080:

who opposed the mechanisation of the army and the production of tanks, but on the other hand purged the older commanders who had held their positions since the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, and who had experience, but were deemed "politically unreliable". This opened up their places to the

5318:

The defeat of Germany in 1945 freed approximately 11 million foreigners (categorised as "displaced persons"), most of whom were forced labourers and POWs. In wartime, the German forces had brought into the Reich 6.5 million civilians in addition to Soviet POWs for unfree labour in

14319:, Italy: Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore dell'Esercito. Commissariato generale C.G.V. . Ministero della Difesa – Edizioni 1986, Romania: G. I. Krivosheev (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie. OLMA-Press. pp. Tables 200–203. 4986:

The extent of warnings received by Stalin about a German invasion is controversial, and the claim that there was a warning that "Germany will attack on 22 June without declaration of war" has been dismissed as a "popular myth". However, some sources quoted in the articles on Soviet spies

7986:

outside Moscow led Hitler to insist on the holding of territory when it made no military sense, and to sack generals who retreated without orders. Officers with initiative were replaced with yes-men or with fanatical Nazis. The disastrous encirclements later in the war – at Stalingrad,

9797:

in its rear areas and at the front as an auxiliary force of the Red Army and the Soviet partisans, although combat was not the was not their main purpose. In the Third Reich, members of the National Committee for a Free Germany were known as "Seydlitz Troops", under a name given after

8382:

Vadim Erlikman has detailed Soviet losses totalling 26.5 million war related deaths. Military losses of 10.6 million include six million killed or missing in action and 3.6 million POW dead, plus 400,000 paramilitary and Soviet partisan losses. Civilian deaths totalled

4890:

ground forces, personnel of the naval coastal artillery and security units. In the spring of 1940, Germany had mobilised 5,500,000 men. By the time of the invasion of the Soviet Union, the Wehrmacht consisted of c. 3,800,000 men of the Heer, 1,680,000 of the Luftwaffe, 404,000 of the

7764:

against civilians in German-occupied areas were routine, including those carried out as part of the Holocaust. German and German-allied forces treated civilian populations with exceptional brutality, massacring whole village populations and routinely killing civilian hostages (see

5319:

factories. In all, 5.2 million foreign workers and POWs were repatriated to the Soviet Union, 1.6 million to Poland, 1.5 million to France, and 900,000 to Italy, along with 300,000 to 400,000 each to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, Hungary, and Belgium.

9676:

Based on Soviet sources Krivosheev put German losses on the Eastern Front from 1941 to 1945 at 6,923,700 men: including killed in action, died of wounds or disease and reported missing and presumed dead – 4,137,100, taken prisoner 2,571,600 and 215,000 dead among

9660: 4255:, June–July 1940), although Hitler, in announcing the invasion of the Soviet Union, cited the Soviet annexations of Baltic and Romanian territory as having violated Germany's understanding of the pact. Moscow partitioned the annexed Romanian territory between the Ukrainian and 6664:

on 10 July, Hitler made the decision to halt the offensive even as the German 9th Army was rapidly giving ground in the north. The Germans' final strategic offensive in the Soviet Union ended with their defence against a major Soviet counteroffensive that lasted into August.

5243:

During the war, as Germany acquired new territories (either by direct annexation or by installing puppet governments in defeated countries), these new territories were forced to sell raw materials and agricultural products to German buyers at extremely low prices. Overall,

6456:

of the aircraft that had been transporting relief supplies to Stalingrad. The fairly limited scope of the Soviet offensive, although still eventually targeted on Rostov, also allowed Hitler time to see sense and pull Army Group A out of the Caucasus and back over the Don.

4906:

By July 1943, the Wehrmacht numbered 6,815,000 troops. Of these, 3,900,000 were deployed in eastern Europe, 180,000 in Finland, 315,000 in Norway, 110,000 in Denmark, 1,370,000 in western Europe, 330,000 in Italy, and 610,000 in the Balkans. According to a presentation by

8304:

was appointed to the Ukrainian Commissariat. His opening speech was clear about German policy: "I am known as a brutal dog ... Our job is to suck from Ukraine all the goods we can get hold of ... I am expecting from you the utmost severity towards the native population."

8402: 7977:

I had to act ruthlessly. I had to send even my closest generals packing, two army generals, for example ... I could only tell these gentlemen, "Get yourself back to Germany as rapidly as you can – but leave the army in my charge. And the army is staying at the front."

7076:. The Soviet attack was supported by a heavy artillery barrage, air bombardments and armoured forces. The VT-line was breached on 14 June and after a failed counterattack in Kuuterselkä by the Finnish armoured division, the Finnish defence had to be pulled back to the 7777:, "The full demographic loss to the Soviet peoples was even greater: since a high proportion of those killed were young men of child-begetting age, the postwar Soviet population was 45 to 50 million smaller than post-1939 projections would have led one to expect." 4223:

among Germany, the Soviet Union and Lithuania. Soon after that, the Soviet Union demanded significant territorial concessions from Finland, and after Finland rejected Soviet demands, the Soviet Union attacked Finland on 30 November 1939 in what became known as the

9699:

Polish Armed Forces in the East, initially consisting of Poles from Eastern Poland or otherwise in the Soviet Union in 1939–1941, began fighting alongside the Red Army in 1943, and grew steadily as more Polish territory was liberated from the Nazis in 1944–1945.

4372:

officers told their troops to target people who were described as "Jewish Bolshevik subhumans", the "Mongol hordes", the "Asiatic flood" and the "red beast". The vast majority of German soldiers viewed the war in Nazi terms, seeing the Soviet enemy as sub-human.

7953:

In part because of the unexpected degree of German success in the Battle of France (despite the warnings of the professional military) Hitler believed himself a military genius, with a grasp of the total war-effort that eluded his generals. In August 1941, when

5345:

While German historians do not apply any specific periodisation to the conduct of operations on the Eastern Front, all Soviet and Russian historians divide the war against Germany and its allies into three periods, which are further subdivided into eight major

5212:

Prof. Dr. Albert L. Weeks concluded, "As to attempts to sum up the importance of those four-year-long shipments of Lend-Lease for the Russian victory on the Eastern Front in World War II, the jury is still out – that is, in any definitive sense of establishing

4599:. This, as well as the reluctance of the British and French governments to sign a full-scale anti-German political and military alliance with the USSR, led to the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact between the Soviet Union and Germany in late August 1939. The separate 8056:

Stalin bore the greatest responsibility for some of the disasters at the beginning of the war (for example, the Battle of Kiev in 1941), but equally deserves praise for the subsequent success of the Soviet Red Army, which depended on the unprecedentedly

6774:

during the middle of November, weakening the Soviet bridgehead by a daring outflanking strike mounted by the SS Panzer Corps along the river Teterev. This battle also enabled Army Group South to recapture Korosten and gain some time to rest. However, on

6755:

on 24 September, proved as disappointing as at Dorogobuzh eighteen months previously. The paratroopers were soon repelled – but not until still more Red Army troops had used the cover they provided to get themselves over the Dnieper and securely dug in.

5703:'s 2nd Panzer Group was ordered to move south in a giant pincer manoeuvre with Army Group South which was advancing into Ukraine. Army Group Centre's infantry divisions were left relatively unsupported by armour to continue their slow advance to Moscow. 6446:

The Germans rushed to transfer troops to the Soviet Union in a desperate attempt to relieve Stalingrad, but the offensive could not get going until 12 December, by which time the 6th Army in Stalingrad was starving and too weak to break out towards it.

6884:

was captured by Soviet forces. After a 120-kilometre (75 mi) advance in January and February, the Leningrad Front had reached the borders of Estonia. To Stalin, the Baltic Sea seemed the quickest way to take the battles to the German territory in

8299:

Regions closer to the front were managed by military powers of the region, in other areas such as the Baltic states annexed by the USSR in 1940, Reichscommissariats were established. As a rule, the maximum in loot was extracted. In September 1941,

7824:, the property damage in the Soviet Union inflicted by the Axis invasion was estimated to a value of 679 billion rubles. The largest number of civilian deaths in a single city was 1.2 million citizens dead during the Siege of Leningrad. 7962:) and Fedor von Bock appealed for an attack on Moscow, Hitler instead ordered the encirclement and capture of Ukraine, in order to acquire the farmland, industry, and natural resources of that country. Some historians like Bevin Alexander in 6831:

By 16 February the first stage was complete, with panzers separated from the contracting Cherkassy pocket only by the swollen Gniloy Tikich river. Under shellfire and pursued by Soviet tanks, the surrounded German troops, among whom were the

5201:

helped further to boost the economic base. Without Lend-Lease aid, Soviet Union's diminished post invasion economic base would not have produced adequate supplies of weaponry, other than focus on machine tool, foodstuff and consumer goods.

11860:(in Russian). "In 1944, we received about one third of the ammunition powder from the Lend-Lease. Almost half of TNT (the main explosive filler for most kinds of ammunition) or raw materials for its production came from abroad in 1942–44." 6779:

the retreat began anew when the First Ukrainian Front (renamed from the Voronezh Front) struck them in the same place. The Soviet advance continued along the railway line until the 1939 Polish–Soviet border was reached on 3 January 1944.

8450:

by the Western Allies) went to special NKVD "filtration" camps. By 1946, 80 per cent of civilians and 20 per cent of POWs were freed, others were re-drafted, or sent to labour battalions. Two per cent of civilians and 14 per cent of the

8272:

hoped in vain to establish the "independent state", relying on German armed force. However, Soviet society as a whole was hostile to the invading Nazis from the very start. The nascent national liberation movements among Ukrainians and

6823:

and continued westwards. In the second week of January 1944 they swung north, meeting Vatutin's tank forces which had swung south from their penetration into Poland and surrounding ten German divisions at Korsun–Shevchenkovsky, west of

6723:

again. Although intense battles of movement throughout late July and into August 1943 saw the Tigers blunting Soviet tank attacks on one axis, they were soon outflanked on another line to the west as the Soviet forces advanced down the

5873:

Hitler then decided to resume the advance on Moscow, re-designating the panzer groups as panzer armies for the occasion. Operation Typhoon, which was set in motion on 30 September, saw the 2nd Panzer Army rush along the paved road from

11481: 7310:

The OKW - Oberkommando der Wehrmacht or High Command of the German Army - claimed German losses of 77,000 killed, 334,000 wounded and 192,000 missing, with a total of 603,000 men, on the Eastern Front during January and February 1945.

6325:, for a long period unsupported by 4th Panzer Army, which had been diverted to help 1st Panzer Army cross the Don. By the time the 4th Panzer Army had rejoined the Stalingrad offensive Soviet resistance (comprising the 62nd Army under 8277:, and others were viewed by Hitler with suspicion; some, especially those from the Baltic States, were co-opted into the Axis armies and others brutally suppressed. None of the conquered territories gained any measure of self-rule. 5565:

and ten motorised, were deployed against the Soviet Union from the Baltic to the Black Sea. They were accompanied by ten Romanian divisions, three Italian divisions, two Slovakian divisions and nine Romanian and four Hungarian

15227:. Text by Georgii Drozdov and Evgenii Ryabko, introd. by Vladimir Karpov pref. by Harrison E. Salisbury, ed. by Carey Schofield. New York: Vendome Press, 1987. 256 p., copiously ill. with b&2 photos and occasional maps. 6306:, but operational considerations and Hitler's vanity made him order both objectives to be attempted simultaneously. Rostov was recaptured on 24 July when the 1st Panzer Army joined in, and then that group drove south towards 4166:. If the West is too stupid and blind to grasp this, then I shall be compelled to come to an agreement with the Russians, beat the West and then after their defeat turn against the Soviet Union with all my forces. I need the 9692:

The Soviets lost 96,500 tanks, tank destroyers, self-propelled guns and assault guns, as well as 37,600 other armoured vehicles (such as armoured cars and semi-tracked trucks) for a total of 134,100 armoured vehicles lost.

6224:

and drove a 100 km (62 mi) deep salient. The intent was to pin Army Group South against the Sea of Azov, but as the winter eased the Wehrmacht counter-attacked and cut off the over-extended Soviet troops in the

5819:

and south-eastern Siberia. Most civilians were left to make their own way east, with only industry-related workers evacuated with the equipment; much of the population was left behind to the mercy of the invading forces.

6871:

Along Army Group Centre's front, August 1943 saw this force pushed back from the Hagen line slowly, ceding comparatively little territory, but the loss of Bryansk, and more importantly Smolensk, on 25 September cost the

5248:

made the largest contribution to the German war effort. Two-thirds of all French trains in 1941 were used to carry goods to Germany. In 1943–44, French payments to Germany may have risen to as much as 55% of French GDP.

13971:

US Strategic Bombing Survey "Appendix D. Strategic Air Attack on the Powder and Explosives Industries", Table D7: German Monthly Production of Powders and Exploders (Including Extenders) and Consumption by German Armed

4196:

by dividing it between Germany and the Soviet Union. Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania would return to the Soviet control, while Poland and Romania would be divided. The Eastern Front was also made possible by the

6580:

In the north, the entire German 9th Army had been redeployed from the Rzhev salient into the Orel salient and was to advance from Maloarkhangelsk to Kursk. But its forces could not even get past the first objective at

4956:

flights over the border; the Soviet Union responded by assembling its divisions on its western border, although the Soviet mobilisation was slower than Germany's due to the country's less dense road network. As in the

4933:, and was reluctant to do anything to provoke Hitler. Another viewpoint is that Stalin expected war in 1942 (the time when all his preparations would be complete) and stubbornly refused to believe it would come early. 10660:

Gellately, Robert (June 1996). "Reviewed work(s): Vom Generalplan Ost zum Generalsiedlungsplan by Czeslaw Madajczyk; Der "Generalplan Ost." Hauptlinien der nationalsozialistischen Planungs- und Vernichtungspolitik by

7949:

in Berlin). At crucial periods in the war he held daily situation-conferences at which he used his remarkable talent for public speaking to overwhelm opposition from his generals and from the OKW staff with rhetoric.

7600:

until about 11 May. A small German garrison on the Danish island of Bornholm refused to surrender until they were bombed and invaded by the Soviets. The island was returned to the Danish government four months later.

7543:. Dönitz and Schwerin von Krosigk attempted to negotiate an armistice with the Western Allies while continuing to resist the Soviet Army, but were eventually forced to accept an unconditional surrender on all fronts. 6738:

industrial region to the Dnieper, losing half the farmland that Germany had invaded the Soviet Union to exploit. At this time Hitler agreed to a general withdrawal to the Dnieper line, along which was meant to be the

5953:, the gateway to the Caucasus. However, the German lines were over-extended and the Soviet defenders counterattacked the 1st Panzer Army's spearhead from the north, forcing them to pull out of the city and behind the 12412: 12275: 5964:

The onset of the winter freeze saw one last German lunge that opened on 15 November, when the Wehrmacht attempted to encircle Moscow. On 27 November, the 4th Panzer Army got to within 30 km (19 mi) of the

8503:

critical factories and workers from Belarus and Ukraine to safe areas far from the front lines. Once these facilities were reassembled east of the Urals, production could be resumed without fear of German bombing.

8462:

The official Polish government report of war losses prepared in 1947 reported 6,028,000 victims out of a population of 27,007,000 ethnic Poles and Jews; this report excluded ethnic Ukrainian and Belarusian losses.

8338:

of exposure. In many towns, the battles were fought within towns and cities with trapped civilians caught in the middle. Estimates of total civilian dead in the Soviet Union in the war range from seven million (

8019:

Hitler's direction of the war ultimately proved disastrous for the German Army, though the skill, loyalty, professionalism and endurance of officers and soldiers enabled him to keep Germany fighting to the end.

6994:

numerical and quality advantages of the Soviet forces were overwhelming. The Red Army achieved a ratio of ten to one in tanks and seven to one in aircraft over their enemy. The Germans crumbled. The capital of

6734:, now comprising the 1st Panzer Army and a reconstituted 6th Army, were by August too weak to repulse a Soviet attack on their own front, and when the Red Army hit them they retreated all the way through the 5831:

were formed in front-line areas, having the authority to summarily execute any suspicious person. The destruction battalions burned down villages, schools, and public buildings. As a part of this policy, the

5606:

armies while the panzers continued the offensive. Luftwaffe also dropped hundreds of Russian-speaking parachutists behind the offensive lines to bring back information of Soviet troops reserves' disposition.

8123:

shoulderboards had connotations as a symbol of the old Tsarist régime. Beginning in autumn 1941, units that had proved themselves by superior performance in combat were given the traditional "Guards" title.

20784: 5726:

area between Army Group Centre's southern flank and the bogged-down Army Group South's northern flank. This decision, Hitler's "summer pause", is believed to have had a severe impact on the outcome of the

7147:

on the Slovak–Polish border. Two months later, the Soviet forces won the battle and entered Slovakia. The toll was high: 20,000 Red Army soldiers died, plus several thousand Germans, Slovaks and Czechs.

14237: 14235: 10281:

completely burned and destroyed land". He ordered cooperation with Infantry general Staff, also someone named Stampf, and sent copies to the Chief of Regular Police, Chief of Security Police & SS,

13665: 6085:, "the success of the December counter-offensive in the central strategic direction was considerable. Having suffered a major defeat the German striking forces of Army Group Centre were retreating." 5197:

short supply. Soviet statistics show, that without these shipments of aluminium, aircraft production would have been less than one-half (or about 45,000 less) of the total 137,000 produced aircraft.

4304:("living space"): acquiring new territory for Germans in Eastern Europe, in particular Russia. He envisaged settling Germans there, as according to Nazi ideology the Germanic people constituted the " 12045: 8104: 7773:

tactics, but the loss of civilian lives in the case of Germany was incomparably smaller than that of the Soviet Union, in which at least 20 million were killed. According to British historian

12034: 8399:

deaths. Additional famine deaths, which totalled one million during 1946–47, are not included here. These losses are for the entire territory of the USSR including territories annexed in 1939–40.

7365:

River. The three Soviet fronts had altogether some 2.5 million men (including 78,556 soldiers of the 1st Polish Army); 6,250 tanks; 7,500 aircraft; 41,600 artillery pieces and mortars; 3,255

19854: 14403:

Kurenmaa, Pekka; Lentilä, Riitta (2005). "Sodan tappiot". In Leskinen, Jari; Juutilainen, Antti. Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen (in Finnish) (1st ed.). Werner Söderström Osakeyhtiö. pp. 1150–1162.

6172:"During the winter offensive, the forces of the Western Front had advanced from 70 to 100 km, which somewhat improved the overall operational and strategic situation on the Western sector." 7337:(2BF) to move west to the east bank of the Oder. During the first two weeks of April, the Red Army performed their fastest front redeployment of the war. General Georgy Zhukov concentrated his 11487: 4050:

The two principal belligerent powers in the Eastern Front were Germany and the Soviet Union, along with their respective allies. Though they never sent ground troops to the Eastern Front, the

10118:

A battalion composed of Czechs and Slovaks in the Soviet Union (refugees, defectors, part of the ethnic minority in the USSR) was established early in the war and would eventually grow to a

7249:. During the full course of the Vistula–Oder operation (23 days), the Red Army forces sustained 194,191 total casualties (killed, wounded and missing) and lost 1,267 tanks and assault guns. 19303: 314: 6990:

in December 1943 and launched on 22 June 1944, was a massive Soviet attack, consisting of four Soviet army groups totalling over 120 divisions that smashed into a thinly held German line.

4507:

that officially began in 1928, although it was only towards the end of the second five-year plan in the mid-1930s that military power became the primary focus of Soviet industrialisation.

13962:

Walter Dunn, "The Soviet Economy and the Red Army", Praeger (30 August 1995), page 50. Citing K.F. Skorobogatkin, et al., "50 Let Voorezhennyk sil SSR" (Moscow: Voyenizdat, 1968), p. 457.

6767:. Finally, early in November the Red Army broke out of its bridgeheads on either side of Kiev and captured the Ukrainian capital, at that time the third largest city in the Soviet Union. 6577:

to the south. Both wings would converge on the area east of Kursk, and by that means restore the lines of Army Group South to the exact points that it held over the winter of 1941–1942.

6167:

until April when they were given permission to regain the Soviet main lines. Only part of Belov's Cavalry Corps made it to safety however, while Yefremov's men fought "a losing battle."

11883: 8096:. Larger units had military councils consisting of the commander, commissar and chief of staff – commissars ensured the loyalty of the commanding officers and implemented Party orders. 5209:

Allied countries. However, post-war negotiations to settle all the debt were never concluded, and as of date, the debt issues is still on in future American-Russian summits and talks.

7713:: "By measure of manpower, duration, territorial reach and casualties, the Eastern Front was as much as four times the scale of the conflict on the Western Front that opened with the 6290:

Although plans were made to attack Moscow again, on 28 June 1942, the offensive re-opened in a different direction. Army Group South took the initiative, anchoring the front with the

9696:

The Soviets also lost 102,600 aircraft (combat and non-combat causes), including 46,100 in combat. According to Soviet claims, the Germans lost 75,700 aircraft on the Eastern front.

6340:. At the end of August Romanian mountain troops joined the Caucasian spearhead, while the Romanian 3rd and 4th armies were redeployed from their successful task of clearing the Azov 3945:

attributed to World War II, around 30 million occurred on the Eastern Front, including 9 million children. The Eastern Front was decisive in determining the outcome in the

19254: 6344:. They took up position on either side of Stalingrad to free German troops for the main offensive. Mindful of the continuing antagonism between Axis allies Romania and Hungary over 5288:

may have amounted to 43% during the period of 1933–43. It may also be likely that "Swedish ore formed the raw material of four out of every ten German guns" during the Hitler era'.

4999:

in Switzerland also sent warnings, possibly deriving from Ultra codebreaking in Britain. Sweden had access to internal German communications through breaking the crypto used in the

6978:. Accordingly, they stripped troops from Army Group Centre, whose front still protruded deep into the Soviet Union. The Germans had transferred some units to France to counter the 3993:

terminated the German offensive strength and cleared the way for Soviet offensives. Its setbacks caused many countries friendly with Germany to defect and join the Allies, such as

19721: 19700: 19625: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19590: 19585: 9978: 6850:

One final move in the south completed the 1943–44 campaigning season, which had wrapped up a Soviet advance of over 800 kilometres (500 mi). In March, 20 German divisions of

9750:. The other main group of men joining the German army were citizens of the Baltic countries annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940 or from Western Ukraine. They fought in their own 13850:Земское В.Н. К вопросу о репатриации советских граждан. 1944–1951 годы // История СССР. 1990. No. 4 (Zemskov V.N. On repatriation of Soviet citizens. Istoriya SSSR., 1990, No.4) 9264:

After the defeat at Stalingrad, Germany geared completely towards a war economy, as expounded in a speech given by Joseph Goebbels (the Nazi propaganda minister), in the Berlin

6131:, the 22nd Tank Brigade and five ski battalions launched their attack on 10 January 1942. By 17 January, the Soviets had captured Lotoshino and Shakhovskaya. By 20 January, the 11597:

Materialien zum Vortrag des Chefs des Wehrmachtführungsstabes vom 7.11.1943 "Die strategische Lage am Anfang des fünften Kriegsjahres", (referenced to KTB OKW, IV, S. 1534 ff.)

5236:

Germany's economic, scientific, research and industrial capabilities were among the most technically advanced in the world at the time. However, access to (and control of) the

8535: 8531: 8085:

politics. Many of these newly promoted commanders proved terribly inexperienced, but some later became very successful. Soviet tank-output remained the largest in the world.

6208:. Initially this made some progress; however, it was unsupported, and by June a German counterattack cut off and destroyed the army. The Soviet commander, Lieutenant General 8065:

of the Red Army in the late 1930s involved the legal prosecution of many of the senior command, many of whom the courts convicted and sentenced to death or to imprisonment.

6089:'s objective in January 1942 was "to deny the Germans any breathing space, to drive them westward without let-up, to make them use up their reserves before spring comes..." 3031: 8419:

were burned with their entire population. More than 209 cities and towns (out of 270 total) and 9,000 villages were destroyed. Himmler pronounced a plan according to which

6759:

As September ended and October started, the Germans found the Dnieper line impossible to hold as the Soviet bridgeheads grew. Important Dnieper towns started to fall, with

6427:

While the German 6th and 4th Panzer Armies had been fighting their way into Stalingrad, Soviet armies had congregated on either side of the city, specifically into the Don

6158:

by two battalions of the 201st Airborne Brigade and the 250th Airborne Regiment on 18 and 22 January was designed to "cut off enemy communications with the rear." Lt.-Gen.

5803:(high command) turned its attention to evacuating as much of the western regions' industry as it could. Factories were dismantled and transported on flatcars away from the 4671:

The states that provided forces and other resources for the German war effort included the Axis Powers – primarily Romania, Hungary, Italy, pro-Nazi Slovakia, and Croatia.

3555: 343: 5789:

in 16 September, cutting off large numbers of Red Army troops in the pocket east of Kiev. 400,000 Soviet prisoners were captured as Kiev was surrendered on 19 September.

4420:

on 3 October, he announced, "We have only to kick in the door and the whole rotten structure will come crashing down." Thus the German authorities expected another short

19359: 17462: 8474:. A month after the German invasion in 1941, an offer was made for a reciprocal adherence to Hague convention. This 'note' was left unanswered by Third Reich officials. 8179: 17207: 6460:(retaken 16 February 1943). To save the position in the south, the Germans decided to abandon the Rzhev salient in February, freeing enough troops to make a successful 4446: 20779: 18944: 16815: 9909: 8111:

At the crisis of the war, in the autumn of 1942, Stalin made many concessions to the army: the government restored unitary command by removing the Commissars from the

4055: 2996: 4595:(1938–1939) demonstrated the impossibility of establishing a collective security system in Europe, a policy advocated by the Soviet ministry of foreign affairs under 19786: 18813: 16831: 9335:

of Defence order (No. 023, 4 February 1944), the irretrievable casualties include killed, missing, those who died due to war-time or subsequent wounds, maladies and

7969:

In the winter of 1941–1942 Hitler believed that his obstinate refusal to allow the German armies to retreat had saved Army Group Centre from collapse. He later told

5030:, being done to facilitate specific Soviet operational goals. In addition to Germany, hundreds of thousands of tons of bombs were dropped on their eastern allies of 4051: 2385: 12062:

Panayi, Panikos (2005). "Exploitation, Criminality, Resistance. The Everyday Life of Foreign Workers and Prisoners of War in the German Town of Osnabrck, 1939-49".

14355:) Pages 1508 to 1511. German prisoners: G. I. Krivosheev Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie OLMA-Press, 2001 12274:

Peeter Kaasik; Mika Raudvassar (2006). "Estonia from June to October, 1941: Forest Brothers and Summer War". In Toomas Hiio; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.).

17151: 9319:

used, casualties in the Far East theatre may have been similar in number). Axis military deaths were 5 million of which around 4,000,000 were German deaths.

8036:

From experience we had learned that when Hitler started refusing to do what the generals recommended, things started to go wrong, and this was to be no exception.

6620:. Stiff resistance caused a change of direction from east to west of the front, but the tanks got 25 km (16 mi) before encountering the reserves of the 6589:, to the west of Olkhovatka, but the 9th Army could not break through here either and went over to the defensive. The Red Army then launched a counter-offensive, 20141: 16754: 16726: 15870: 14482: 10041: 9759: 5035: 6348:, the Romanian army in the Don bend was separated from the Hungarian 2nd army by the Italian 8th Army. Thus, all of Hitler's allies were involved – including a 19262: 19258: 18792: 17471: 17158: 16292: 10045: 7044:

The rapid progress of Operation Bagration threatened to cut off and isolate the German units of Army Group North bitterly resisting the Soviet advance towards

7013:

was launched on 17 July 1944, with the Red Army routing the German forces in Western Ukraine and retaking Lviv. The Soviet advance in the south continued into

15405: 14327:, Hungary: G. I. Krivosheev (2001). Rossiia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil; statisticheskoe issledovanie. OLMA-Press. pp. Tables 200–203. 8446:

Sixty percent of Soviet POWs died during the war. By its end, large numbers of Soviet POWs, forced labourers and Nazi collaborators (including those who were

6770:

130 kilometres (80 mi) west of Kiev, the 4th Panzer Army, still convinced that the Red Army was a spent force, was able to mount a successful riposte at

20833: 17774: 17137: 16446: 16071: 15417: 11707: 4244: 3866: 3543: 3477: 3176: 2175: 13673: 6100:

and the Western Front. The overall objective according to Zhukov was the "subsequent encirclement and destruction of the enemy's main forces in the area of

5003:

crypto machine also known as the Geheimschreiber and informed Stalin about the forthcoming invasion well ahead of June 22, but did not reveal its sources.

19207: 16787: 16733: 15919: 12349:

Stolfi, Russel H. S. (March 1982). "Barbarossa Revisited: A Critical Reappraisal of the Opening Stages of the Russo–German Campaign (June–December 1941)".

12042: 12031: 9983: 5328: 15347: 12110: 8088:

From the foundation of the Red Army in 1918, political distrust of the military had led to a system of "dual command", with every commander paired with a

7314:

On 9 April 1945, Königsberg in East Prussia finally fell to the Red Army, although the shattered remnants of Army Group Centre continued to resist on the

20882: 19776: 19732: 17244: 16740: 16356: 5297: 5273:

benefited from Germany's net imports. Overall, Germany imported 20% of its food and 33% of its raw materials from conquered territories and Axis allies.

374: 19320: 15766: 13280: 8452: 8183: 7527:

as new "Leading Minister" of the German Reich. Rapidly advancing Allied forces limited the jurisdiction of the new German government to an area around

1977: 9105:

Summary of German and Soviet industrial labour (including those classified as handworkers), and summary of foreign, voluntary, coerced and POW labour

4243:(Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact ostensibly provided security to the Soviets in the occupation both of the Baltics and of 21131: 17130: 16577: 16453: 9678: 8100: 7604:

The final battle of the Second World War on the Eastern Front, the Battle of Slivice, broke out on 11 May and ended in a Soviet victory on the 12th.

7233:

across the Narew River and from Warsaw. The Soviets outnumbered the Germans on average by 5–6:1 in troops, 6:1 in artillery, 6:1 in tanks and 4:1 in

4268: 4198: 7006:

Poles), as well as 2,957 tanks and assault guns. The offensive at Estonia claimed another 480,000 Soviet soldiers, 100,000 of them classed as dead.

5886:, while the 4th Panzer Army (transferred from Army Group North to Centre) and 3rd Panzer armies surrounded the Soviet forces in two huge pockets at 20848: 20178: 19448: 16430: 15810: 13298: 10106: 8333:

were only a part of the deaths from the Nazi occupation. Many hundreds of thousands of Soviet civilians were executed, and millions more died from

1075: 363: 339: 8154:

battalions. By October 1942 the idea of regular blocking detachments was quietly dropped, By 29 October 1944 the units were officially disbanded.

6573:. Certainly, the peace negotiations in April had gone nowhere. The advance would be executed from the Orel salient to the north of Kursk and from 5699:

advance by the North and South Army Groups forced Hitler to halt a central thrust at Moscow and to divert the 3rd Panzer Group north. Critically,

20967: 19926: 19517: 16867: 16179: 10119: 10074: 7797: 3270: 369: 8268:

This was particularly true for the territories of Western Ukraine, recently rejoined to the Soviet Union, where the anti-Polish and anti-Soviet

4228:– a bitter conflict that resulted in a peace treaty on 13 March 1940, with Finland maintaining its independence but losing its eastern parts in 4030:, wanton destruction, mass deportations, forced starvations, wholesale terrorism, and massacres. These also included the genocidal campaigns of 2961: 21045: 20712: 20404: 18937: 16686: 15988: 12428: 12291: 9914: 5026:

played a significant part in damaging German industry and tying up German air force and air defence resources, with some bombings, such as the

3293: 377: 18685: 7053: 2347: 20821: 17478: 17441: 17418: 16939: 15861: 15831: 10049: 9944: 9939: 9820: 7867: 6902: 6751:

3 km (1.9 mi) wide river and established bridgeheads. A second attempt by the Red Army to gain land using parachutists, mounted at

6612:, with three Tank Corps made more headway. Advancing on either side of the upper Donets on a narrow corridor, the II SS Panzer Corps and the 6367:. Instead, they switched the direction of their advance to approach it from the south, crossing the Malka at the end of October and entering 4938: 2378: 51: 17193: 21062: 17571: 17427: 17411: 17383: 16631: 15838: 13479: 8467: 7577:

In the Soviet Union the end of the war is considered to be 9 May, when the surrender took effect Moscow time. This date is celebrated as a

297: 6170:

By April 1942, the Soviet Supreme Command agreed to assume the defensive so as to "consolidate the captured ground." According to Zhukov,

5754: 5718:

This decision caused a severe leadership crisis. The German field commanders argued for an immediate offensive towards Moscow, but Hitler

4926:. Hitler had always intended to renege on his pact with the Soviet Union, eventually making the decision to invade in the spring of 1941. 20774: 20769: 20029: 18328: 17395: 17307: 17251: 17214: 16496: 15530: 9743: 9293: 8058: 7702:

of entire populations. All these factors resulted in tremendous brutality both to combatants and civilians that found no parallel on the

7225:

on 17 January 1945, after the city was destroyed and abandoned by the Germans. Over three days, on a broad front incorporating four army

3495: 3331: 3236: 3092: 98: 14061: 10086: 9302: 8317: 6631: 6525:

After the failure of the attempt to capture Stalingrad, Hitler had delegated planning authority for the upcoming campaign season to the

5184:

16% of all explosives (From 1941 to 1945, the USSR produced 505,000 tons of explosives and received 105,000 tons of Lend-Lease imports.)

20690: 20090: 17300: 16032: 14999: 9924: 4702: 3482: 2552: 2129: 2057: 70: 21136: 19888: 19469: 18930: 18806: 17434: 15824: 15782: 9708: 8284: 6681: 6189: 5722:, citing the importance of Ukrainian agricultural, mining and industrial resources, as well as the massing of Soviet reserves in the 4578: 3859: 3079: 3074: 19495: 15454: 11510: 9765:

The Soviet Union also used defectors from the Axis countries in combat. The Red Army had two divisions formed of Romanian POWs, the

20316: 18969: 18655: 16474: 16248: 16011: 15877: 15688: 14347:, 9780786474707. p. 527. Soviet volunteer deaths: Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940–1945: 8 Bde. ( 13761: 13072: 9954: 7991:

and many other places – resulted directly from Hitler's orders. This idea of holding territory led to another failed plan, dubbed "

7725: 4495:

from 1929 onwards. This represented an ideological shift in Soviet policy, away from its commitment to the international communist

3223: 2712: 2707: 2371: 2168: 2141: 20007: 9781:

of the Red Army. The USSR did not have a full analogue of the Vlasov Army which would consist of Germans, however, members of the

9770: 4388:) which was both an ideological and racial war. The Nazi vision for the future of Eastern Europe was codified most clearly in the 4120:

in Petrograd conceded to German demands and ceded control of Poland, Lithuania, Estonia, Latvia, Finland, and other areas, to the

4042:, which aimed to the extermination and ethnic cleansing of more than a hundred million Eastern European natives. German historian 77: 20171: 20156: 17550: 17347: 16384: 15884: 15796: 15732: 15473: 14122: 10102: 9894: 5558:

being fired upon. What shall we do?" The answer was just as confusing: "You must be insane. And why is your signal not in code?"

3193: 3134: 2422: 2271: 10856:

Steinberg, Jonathan (June 1995). "The Third Reich Reflected: German Civil Administration in the Occupied Soviet Union, 1941–4".

10746:

Whether nations live in prosperity or starve to death … interests me only in so far as we need them as slaves for our Kultur ...

7295:

failed and the city fell on 13 February. On 6 March, the Germans launched what would be their final major offensive of the war,

20922: 20853: 20146: 20080: 17753: 17265: 16115: 15653: 13794: 12851: 10181: 10008: 8269: 6970:

planners were convinced that the Red Army would attack again in the south, where the front was 80 kilometres (50 mi) from

4012:

The battles on the Eastern Front of World War II constituted the largest military confrontation in history. In pursuit of its "

3679: 3674: 3401: 2991: 2702: 1970: 15182: 9703: 6483:

in the third week of March, when the spring thaw intervened. This left a glaring Soviet bulge in the front centered on Kursk.

21126: 20450: 19876: 19483: 18349: 18254: 17781: 17527: 17402: 16488: 16462: 16319: 16025: 15942: 15164: 15054: 14976: 14876: 14857: 14812: 14789: 14690: 13862: 13743: 13625: 13559: 13462: 13406: 13264: 13137: 13052: 12937: 12891: 12817: 12715: 12456: 12206: 11903: 11835: 11654: 11627: 11582: 11434: 11407: 11184: 11157: 11127: 11100: 11070: 11043: 10822: 10716: 10578: 10548: 10380: 9782: 9277: 7937:

Hitler exercised tight control over the German war-effort, spending much of his time in his command bunkers (most notably at

7760:

The war inflicted huge losses and suffering upon the civilian populations of the affected countries. Behind the front lines,

5731:

later in the year, by slowing down the advance on Moscow in favour of encircling large numbers of Soviet troops around Kiev.

5311: 4944: 3548: 3303: 3129: 2690: 2281: 2124: 14584:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. Micheal Clodfelter

14337:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015, 4th ed. Micheal Clodfelter

9715:

When the Axis countries of Central Europe were occupied by the Soviets, they changed sides and declared war on Germany (see

8359: 7665: 5045:

British and Commonwealth forces also contributed directly to the fighting on the Eastern Front through their service in the

3964:

on 22 June 1941, the opening date of the Eastern Front. Initially, Soviet forces were unable to halt the Axis forces, which

3664: 84: 20801: 20791: 20085: 18582: 17989: 17875: 17040: 16507: 16503: 16481: 16085: 11958: 7497: 6998:, Minsk, was taken on 3 July, trapping some 100,000 Germans. Ten days later the Red Army reached the prewar Polish border. 6718:

The Soviet multi-stage summer offensive started with the advance into the Orel salient. The diversion of the well-equipped

6081:

The Soviet counter-offensive during the Battle of Moscow had removed the immediate German threat to the city. According to

6012:, for them to try their luck on the battlefield rather than just sit and wait while their opponent gathered more strength. 4653: 3852: 3105: 2945: 2547: 2412: 2190: 2161: 14387:

Rüdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein., 2000 Page 246

11334:

Carley, Michael Jabara (1993). "End of the 'Low, Dishonest Decade': Failure of the Anglo–Franco–Soviet Alliance in 1939".

6443:

was supposed to advance to Smolensk, but was a costly failure, with German tactical defences preventing any breakthrough.

20826: 19898: 19510: 19152: 19147: 19142: 19127: 19122: 19112: 19107: 19102: 19097: 19092: 18497: 17961: 17293: 17279: 16492: 15604: 8288: 8093: 7415: 6825: 6329:) had stiffened. A leap across the Don brought German troops to the Volga on 23 August but for the next three months the 5946: 5844: 4592: 4492: 4256: 4167: 3799: 3001: 2803: 2513: 2417: 2327: 646: 178: 18922: 14750: 7237:. After four days the Red Army broke out and started moving thirty to forty kilometres a day, taking the Baltic states, 6868:

Ukrainian Front's campaign to restore control over the Crimea, which culminated in the capture of Sevastopol on 10 May.

21040: 20872: 20759: 20238: 19064: 18706: 18575: 18453: 18031: 17746: 17697: 17455: 17010: 16262: 16101: 15949: 15803: 14453: 13434: 10733: 10448: 10037: 8527:

and received 105,000 tons of Lend-Lease imports. Germany outproduced the Soviet Union 3.16 to 1 in explosives tonnage.

7403: 5031: 5027: 3669: 3587: 3523: 3069: 2773: 2288: 471: 334: 66: 14490: 14290: 14152: 10932:"The Wannsee Conference, the Fate of German Jews, and Hitler's Decision in Principle to Exterminate All European Jews" 8249:

German advance in this way, the majority of the Soviet population viewed German forces as occupiers. In areas such as

8201:

drove him to endorse plans for the total extermination of the Jews, and almost simultaneously to openly intensify the

3982:— the bloodiest battle in the war — costing the Axis powers their morale and becoming the turning point of the front. 20982: 20601: 20547: 20542: 20490: 20485: 20475: 20440: 20435: 20425: 20415: 20393: 20388: 20365: 20360: 20335: 20311: 20306: 20291: 20151: 19893: 18822: 17704: 17676: 17493: 17075: 16794: 16761: 15622: 15283: 15250: 15236: 15213: 15195: 15145: 15128: 15102: 15082: 15039: 15021: 14991: 14961: 14937: 14922: 14904: 14838: 14738: 14715: 14665: 14613: 14441: 14429: 14408: 14392: 14360: 14352: 14332: 14324: 14316: 14285: 14265: 14207: 14186: 13937: 13913: 13710: 13649: 13045:

Estonia, 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity

13023: 12770: 12681: 12621: 12596: 12571: 12530: 12490: 10988: 10631: 10603: 10521: 10464: 10411: 10342: 10090: 9297: 8471: 7889: 7571: 7068: 6946: 6151: 5579: 5338: 4710: 4538:

from different countries on the side of the predominantly socialist and communist-led Second Spanish Republic; while

4328:, who were, in Hitler's opinion, incapable of ruling themselves and had thus ended up being ruled by Jewish masters. 3503: 2778: 2668: 2569: 2202: 1963: 117: 15977: 12414:

Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity

12277:

Estonia 1940–1945: Reports of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity

6318:

troops to destabilise Maikop's defences and allow the 1st Panzer Army to enter the oil town with little opposition.

4915:, in early July 1943: 3,403,000 German troops and 650,000 Finnish, Hungarian, Romanian and other countries' troops. 20584: 20520: 20345: 20258: 19813: 18859: 18017: 17954: 17089: 16925: 16048: 15362: 10123: 7780:

When the Red Army invaded Germany in 1944, many German civilians suffered from reprisals by Red Army soldiers (see

7607:

On 13 May 1945, all Soviet offensives ceased and the fighting on the Eastern Front of World War II came to an end.

6697: 6303: 6112:

and the right wing forces of the Northwestern Front were to rout the Army Group North." The Southwestern Front and

6076: 5785:

in a huge encirclement. Advancing armoured divisions of Army Group South met with Guderian's 2nd Panzer Group near

3946: 3533: 2758: 2753: 2523: 1999: 598: 251: 141: 16602: 13527:"The Executive of the Presidents Soviet Protocol Committee (Burns) to the President's Special Assistant (Hopkins)" 10313: 4686:

in places like Western Ukraine, and the Baltic states. Among the most prominent volunteer army formations was the

2446: 2337: 652: 359: 20977: 20737: 20722: 20663: 20022: 19570: 18383: 18224: 18213: 18049: 17808: 17767: 17660: 17598: 16985: 16255: 16124: 16092: 13455:

Germany and the Second World War: The Eastern Front 1943–1944: The War in the East and on the Neighbouring Fronts

12314: 10370: 10078: 7260:

became Army Group Centre. Army Group North (old Army Group Centre) was driven into an ever-smaller pocket around

7140:

In the Autumn of 1944, the Soviets paused their offensive towards Berlin to first gain control over the Balkans.

6396: 6349: 4966: 4923: 4706: 4236: 3914: 3604: 3171: 2312: 2249: 2098: 2081: 583: 528: 20877: 19008: 16772: 16340: 7376:, (nicknamed "Stalin Organs"); and 95,383 motor vehicles, many of which were manufactured in the United States. 6439:

on 23 November, trapping 300,000 Axis troops behind them. A simultaneous offensive on the Rzhev sector known as

4562:

to experiment with equipment and tactics that they would later employ on a wider scale in the Second World War.

4201:

in which the Soviet Union gave Germany the resources necessary to launch military operations in Eastern Europe.

2332: 20445: 20409: 19715: 19710: 19705: 19695: 19690: 19685: 19680: 19675: 19670: 19665: 19660: 19655: 19650: 19645: 19640: 19635: 19630: 19620: 19600: 19595: 19580: 19575: 19565: 19560: 19555: 19503: 19308: 19132: 18769: 18741: 18619: 18412: 17649: 17100: 17026: 16822: 16193: 15912: 15817: 15702: 14591: 14344: 13829: 12761: 12159: 12114: 10156: 10144: 9825: 9802:

who had defected to the USSR because of the widespread myth that he had his own pro-Soviet military formation.

8308:

Atrocities against the Jewish population in the conquered areas began almost immediately, with the dispatch of

7871: 7551: 7524: 6833: 6117: 6072: 5046: 4006: 3751: 3460: 3423: 2829: 2673: 2261: 221: 190: 55: 13981:

Military Analysis Division, U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey- European War, Volume 3, page 144. Washington, 1947.

11853: 11361:

Watson, Derek (2000). "Molotov's Apprenticeship in Foreign Policy: The Triple Alliance Negotiations in 1939".

8510:

were achieved at the expense of civilian living standards – the most thorough application of the principle of

8213:

meant further suffering and murders inflicted on millions. Millions of people perished heirless and nameless."

4543: 4426:

and made no serious preparations for prolonged warfare. However, following the decisive Soviet victory at the

20860: 20611: 20340: 20166: 20161: 20116: 19984: 19869: 19781: 19462: 19084: 18829: 18762: 18713: 18644: 18469: 17975: 17926: 17690: 17683: 17286: 17047: 16838: 15891: 12756: 12351: 10939: 10858: 10082: 9799: 9735: 7590: 7442: 7435: 7010: 6922: 6159: 6113: 4898: 4733:, leader of the Free French, who thought that it was important for French servicemen to serve on all fronts. 4511: 4466: 4283: 4125: 3819: 3789: 3784: 2910: 2900: 2790: 2542: 2225: 2207: 14629: 13010: 7560:

All forces under German control to cease active operations at 2301 hours Central European time on 8 May 1945

6744: 6672:

was able to launch; subsequent offensives would represent only a shadow of previous German offensive might.

5642: 4416:

in 1941, Hitler saw the Soviet Union as militarily weak and ripe for immediate conquest. In a speech at the

21141: 20937: 20907: 20902: 20732: 20727: 20695: 20636: 20557: 20515: 20398: 19354: 18903: 18799: 18174: 18135: 17054: 16889: 16874: 16801: 16780: 16598: 16276: 16055: 16039: 15750: 15709: 15681: 15357: 11932:"Employment and living standards - Life in Nazi Germany, 1933-1939 - OCR B - GCSE History Revision - OCR B" 10140: 9949: 9884: 8383:

15.9 million, which included 1.5 million from military actions; 7.1 million victims of Nazi

7703: 7626: 7582: 6693: 6596:

On 12 July, the Red Army battled through the demarcation line between the 211th and 293rd divisions on the

6570: 5575: 5266: 5019: 4133: 3968:. Despite their many attempts, the Axis failed to capture Moscow and soon focused on the oil fields in the 3804: 3654: 3470: 3465: 3445: 3288: 3283: 3244: 3198: 3186: 3151: 3120: 3110: 2863: 2618: 2581: 2486: 2293: 2042: 955: 543: 394: 353: 348: 326: 276: 15491:; session by the Robert Citino and Jonathan Parshall at the 2013 International Conference on World War II. 15396: 10893: 8439:

of the racially 'cleaner' population (blue eyes, light hair) would be allowed to serve Germans as slaves.

7484:

On 29 and 30 April, as the Soviet forces fought their way into the centre of Berlin, Adolf Hitler married

6144: 4503:(Third International) organisation in 1943. The Soviet Union started a process of militarisation with the 2322: 21072: 21055: 20927: 20796: 20764: 20700: 20589: 20480: 20465: 20301: 19455: 19431: 19426: 19341: 19170: 19162: 18982: 18866: 18190: 18142: 17760: 17732: 17585: 17200: 17179: 16700: 16363: 16269: 15759: 14221: 14078: 13299:"Foreign Minister Bids Reich to Hope; Schwerin von Krosigk Begins Campaign to Regain Freedom for Germany" 11672: 10916:. The Holocaust: Selected Documents in Eighteen Volumes. Vol. 11. New York: Garland. pp. 18–32. 9889: 9766: 9310: 8415:

people for slave labour, and killing hundreds of thousands (civilians) more. More than 600 villages like

7988: 7052:, Estonia, the Soviet Leningrad Front failed to break through the defence of the smaller, well-fortified 6621: 4970: 4958: 4175: 4144:

and the Allies did not recognise the Bolshevik government, so no Soviet Russian representation attended.

4091: 3794: 3779: 3774: 3413: 3408: 3349: 3156: 2953: 2276: 2254: 2197: 1783: 1355: 1190: 979: 390: 10511: 7017:

and, following a coup against the Axis-allied government of Romania on 23 August, the Red Army occupied

5827:

to deny the Germans and their allies basic supplies as they advanced eastward. To carry out that order,

5769:

Romanian Armies, aided by elements of the German 11th Army, fought their way through Bessarabia towards

5683:

in just six days, 650 km (400 mi) from their start lines. The next objective was to cross the

4995:, say they had sent warnings of an attack on 20 or 22 June, which were treated as "disinformation". The 91: 20972: 20510: 20500: 20470: 20460: 20075: 20015: 19969: 19550: 18987: 18977: 18664: 18160: 18079: 18024: 17912: 17868: 17518: 17144: 17068: 16970: 16847: 16719: 16712: 16672: 16645: 16377: 16310: 15905: 15716: 15646: 15542: 15534: 15526: 15499: 15484: 15465: 15438: 12752: 10624:

Illegal Annexation and State Continuity: The Case of the Incorporation of the Baltic States by the USSR

10070: 9964: 9778: 8219: 8120: 7458: 7296: 7230: 7180: 7160: 7085: 7057: 4977: 4625: 4431: 4220: 3957:

that "More than 80 percent of all combat during the Second World War took place on the Eastern Front".

3885: 3644: 3614: 2895: 2857: 2623: 2220: 2086: 2064: 1711: 319: 243: 20: 12929:

Battle in the Baltics, 1944–45: The Fighting for Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia: a Photographic History

11721:

Ericson, Edward E. III (1998). "Karl Schnurre and the Evolution of Nazi–Soviet Relations, 1936–1941".

10085:. After diplomatic relations between the Polish government and the Soviet Union broke down in 1943, a 8340: 5773:. The 1st Panzer Group turned away from Kiev for the moment, advancing into the Dnieper bend (western 4929:

Some historians say Stalin was fearful of war with Germany, or just did not expect Germany to start a

4434:

began to portray the war as a German defence of Western civilisation against destruction by the vast "

4403:

Psychologically, the German surge to the east in 1941 marked a high point in some Germans' feeling of

2317: 20811: 20705: 20505: 19761: 19527: 19525: 18566: 18483: 18268: 18128: 18100: 17933: 17838: 17628: 17061: 16135: 15789: 14112: 10250: 9731: 9331:. Soviet and Russian historiography often uses the term "irretrievable casualties". According to the 7466: 7184: 7049: 6926: 6685: 6613: 6291: 6277: 5692: 4523: 4213: 2890: 2498: 2466: 2441: 2103: 2069: 1747: 16333: 9672:

Red Army soldiers in a trench near the corpse of a German soldier, still wearing an Iron Cross, 1942

7426:

The Soviet offensive had two objectives. Because of Stalin's suspicions about the intentions of the

20952: 20658: 20233: 20037: 19954: 19864: 19849: 19839: 19801: 18305: 18282: 17534: 17335: 17328: 16992: 16652: 16624: 16617: 16004: 15488: 10760: 10667: 10320: 10025: 8230: 7370: 7234: 7144: 7014: 6938: 6934: 6914: 6864: 6711: 6526: 6448: 6368: 6226: 6140: 6136: 6068: 5571: 5163:

53% of USSR domestic production of expended ordnance (artillery shells, mines, assorted explosives)

4698: 4488: 4097: 3960:

The Axis forces, led by Nazi Germany, began their advance into the Soviet Union under the codename

3433: 3100: 2809: 2601: 2119: 16349: 16326: 15064: 13068: 13008: 11959:"China today is foreign oil dependent like Germany in WW2 | Peak Oil News and Message Boards" 7621:

After the German defeat, Stalin promised his allies Truman and Churchill that he would attack the

7107:. Whether Stalin was unable or unwilling to come to the aid of the Polish resistance is disputed. 6032: 5757:

and into Ukraine. Their progress, however, was rather slow, and they took heavy casualties in the

4675:

Finland, which had fought the Winter War against the Soviet Union, also joined the offensive. The

20865: 20594: 20213: 19921: 19903: 19829: 19819: 19282: 19277: 19190: 19137: 18727: 18671: 18541: 18401: 18086: 17739: 17635: 17541: 17109: 16977: 16947: 16911: 16896: 16768: 16660: 16638: 16584: 16570: 16552: 16216: 15997: 15725: 15674: 13534: 12153: 10215: 9934: 9929: 9919: 9904: 9899: 9830: 9727: 9289: 8322: 8146: 7955: 7860: 7718: 7650: 7616: 7505: 7450: 7323: 7192: 7152: 7127: 7081: 6689: 6502: 6480: 6392: 6384: 6213: 5986: 5950: 5894:. Army Group North positioned itself in front of Leningrad and attempted to cut the rail link at 5868: 5833: 4962: 4879: 4657: 4519: 4474: 4113: 3942: 3577: 3254: 3049: 2868: 2685: 2647: 2635: 2518: 2503: 2156: 2015: 1439: 871: 810: 330: 44: 19180: 13702: 13696: 13489: 10282: 10277: 8131:, issued on 28 July 1942, threatened commanders who retreated without orders with punishment by 6843:, Malinovsky's forces advanced across the mud to the Romanian border, not stopping on the river 2037: 21067: 20742: 20263: 20198: 19844: 19824: 19766: 19476: 19218: 19069: 18419: 18312: 18114: 18065: 17968: 17861: 17831: 17614: 17502: 17228: 17019: 16610: 16591: 16561: 16108: 16078: 14117: 11486:. Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs, Clemson University. Archived from 9849: 8539: 7441:

The offensive to capture central Germany and Berlin started on 16 April with an assault on the

7427: 7330: 6890: 6701: 6605: 6311: 6132: 6028: 5828: 5758: 5706: 5602:

hundreds of thousands of Soviet troops in huge pockets that were then reduced by slower-moving

5307: 5000: 4952:

Germany had been assembling very large numbers of troops in eastern Poland and making repeated

4547: 4535: 4191: 4027: 4026:) throughout Eastern Europe. Nazi military operations were characterised by vicious brutality, 3906: 2763: 2736: 2613: 2456: 2266: 2185: 1655: 1574: 629: 553: 512: 455: 20455: 15267: 14583: 14336: 13549: 13526: 13512: 13394: 13009:

Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression (2005). Salo, Vello (ed.).

12833: 12563: 12482: 12476: 12446: 12255:

Rõngelep, Riho; Clemmesen, Michael Hesselholt (January 2003). "Tartu in the 1941 Summer War".

12245:

Helen Fry, "'The Walls Have Ears'", Yale University Press, ISBN 978-0-300-23860-0, 2019, p. 81

12196: 11606:"Strategische Lage im Frühjahr 1944", Jodl, Vortrag 5 May 1944. (referenced to BA-MA, N69/18.) 11572: 11555: 11424: 11397: 11174: 11147: 11060: 9664:

Corpses of German soldiers at a collection point after the Battle of Stalingrad, February 1943

6435:

started on 19 November. Two Soviet fronts punched through the Romanian lines and converged at

4717:

Polish armies, were armed and trained, and would eventually fight alongside the Red Army. The

4656:, thereby invading the Soviet Union. The war ended on 9 May 1945, when Germany's armed forces 20997: 20957: 20717: 20646: 20095: 19908: 19791: 19331: 19236: 19213: 18960: 18910: 18633: 18476: 18372: 18342: 18298: 18038: 18003: 17996: 17919: 17817: 17258: 17235: 17082: 16693: 16230: 15970: 15956: 15639: 14946:

volume 2 of "Decisive and Indecisive Military Operations" (University Press of Kansas, 2016)

14056: 12877: 11723: 11701: 11644: 11119:

Vietnam: The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict

11117: 10812: 10538: 10066: 10012: 9959: 9347:, infrastructure, and whole towns, leaving much of the population homeless and without food. 8490: 8407: 8352: 8347: 7567: 7342: 7338: 7334: 6636: 6625: 5958: 5911: 5824: 5774: 5766: 5750: 5746: 5622: 5618: 4515: 4413: 4151: 4129: 3986: 3450: 3249: 2741: 2730: 2481: 2342: 943: 769: 16528: 15371: 15174: 13504: 13127: 13040: 12927: 12881: 12807: 12555: 11825: 11090: 10734:"Speech of the Reichsfuehrer-SS at the meeting of SS Major-Generals at Posen 4 October 1943" 10706: 10494: 8061:, which Stalin's internal policy had made the first priority throughout the 1930s. Stalin's 7523:

Upon learning of Hitler and Goebbels's death, Dönitz (now President of the Reich) appointed

6569:

offensive could be mounted, then attention could then be turned to the Allied threat to the

4821:

2,460,000 Germans, 60,000 (northern Norway); 300,000 Finns, 550,000 Romanians and Hungarians

4799:

3,403,000 Germans, 80,000 (northern Norway); 400,000 Finns, 150,000 Romanians and Hungarians

1027: 20530: 20203: 20100: 20070: 19809: 19266: 19248: 19244: 19230: 19226: 19222: 19116: 18956: 18734: 18589: 18240: 18197: 18167: 18093: 17903: 17882: 16808: 16285: 15963: 15012: 14489:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, Washington, D.C. 15 January 2009. Archived from 11931: 11557:

Das Heer 1933–1945: Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues. Die Blitzfeldzüge 1939–1941

10647: 10168: 10094: 10004: 9836: 8069: 7801: 7683: 7679: 7540: 6979: 6380: 6359:

The advance into the Caucasus bogged down, with the Germans unable to fight their way past

6285: 5907: 5762: 5742: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5540: 5504: 5039: 5015: 4645: 4630: 4551: 4504: 4427: 4317: 4063: 3979: 3961: 3741: 3597: 3455: 3428: 3318: 3313: 3298: 3166: 2796: 2678: 2629: 2435: 2298: 1735: 1295: 210: 194: 10024:

Slovakia voluntarily participated in the conflict until August 1944, when it submitted to

7028: 6951: 5792:

On 26 September, the Soviet forces east of Kiev surrendered and the Battle of Kiev ended.

2461: 919: 907: 8: 21105: 21035: 20892: 20420: 20355: 20126: 19998: 19979: 19959: 19535: 19421: 19240: 18952: 18852: 18626: 18504: 18460: 17982: 17116: 16882: 16409: 16239: 16223: 16172: 15592: 15410: 15312:

Lak, Martijn (2015). "Contemporary Historiography on the Eastern Front in World War II".

15152: 13422: 11248: 10838: 10540:

The Supreme Control at the Paris Peace Conference 1919 (Routledge Revivals): A Commentary

10164: 9785:, formed mostly of German POWs, were allowed to form small units known as Combat Groups ( 8089: 8029: 7431: 7354: 7253: 7226: 7188: 6983: 6918: 6031:, as well as some well-trained Far-Eastern divisions transferred from the east following 5270: 4683: 4570: 4377: 4179: 4019: 3998: 3978:("Case Blue") plan on 28 June 1942. The Soviets successfully halted further Axis advance 3842: 3639: 3592: 3572: 3567: 3562: 3379: 3218: 3064: 3018: 2873: 2839: 2784: 2352: 2232: 1679: 1525: 1154: 19074: 13758: 13012:

The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes, 1940–1991

12637:

Rotundo, Louis (January 1986). "The Creation of Soviet Reserves and the 1941 Campaign".

10662: 10003:

Hungary voluntarily participated in the conflict until March 1944, when it submitted to

9746:

were primarily used in the Eastern Front but some were assigned to guard the beaches of

7653:, it marked the only military action of the Soviet Union against Imperial Japan; at the 4777:

2,600,000 Germans, 90,000 (northern Norway); 600,000 Romanians, Hungarians, and Italians

21095: 21077: 21030: 21012: 20992: 20631: 20383: 20281: 20253: 20136: 20121: 19375: 19326: 19272: 19049: 18845: 18678: 18603: 18557: 18527: 18435: 18275: 17940: 17824: 17718: 17669: 17607: 17363: 17314: 17123: 16747: 16402: 16200: 15329: 15272: 15091: 14896:

The Eastern Front: Barbarossa, Stalingrad, Kursk and Berlin (Campaigns of World War II)

14655: 13887: 13879: 13578: 13450: 13375: 13101: 12782: 12654: 12422: 12386: 12378: 12331: 12285: 12087: 12079: 11740: 11689: 11685: 11378: 11316: 11308: 11265: 11200: 10956: 10914:

The Wannsee Protocol and a 1944 Report on Auschwitz by the Office of Strategic Services

10875: 10814:

In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past

10793: 10777: 10684: 10241: 9265: 8530:

Soviet armoured fighting vehicle production was greater than the Germans (in 1943, the

8447: 8025: 8021: 7753: 7687: 7272: 7268: 7135: 7131: 6942: 6856: 6840: 6652: 6469: 6465: 6281: 6020: 5899: 5860: 5583: 5550: 5262: 5254: 4902:

German soldiers in a Panzer III tank; Kalmyk steppe north of Stalingrad, September 1942

4714: 4417: 4316:. Hitler as early as 1917 had referred to the Russians as inferior, believing that the 4205: 4132:(November 1918) and these territories became independent states under the terms of the 3994: 3824: 3528: 3518: 3438: 3039: 2883: 2844: 2824: 2819: 2717: 2492: 2005: 1319: 1283: 1003: 967: 895: 623: 449: 386: 14708:

Churchill's German Special Forces: The Elite Refugee Troops Who Took the War to Hitler

12840:. Royal Institute of International Affairs. Information Department. 1944. p. 825. 11429:. Modern War Studies (second ed.). University Press of Kansas. pp. 301–303. 7278: 7115: 7110:

In Slovakia, the Slovak National Uprising started as an armed struggle between German

5719: 1759: 1699: 21002: 20942: 20749: 20675: 20653: 20552: 20430: 20243: 20223: 20218: 20208: 20043: 19805: 19312: 19175: 19018: 18836: 18720: 18610: 18550: 18511: 18444: 18426: 18392: 18335: 18289: 18233: 18058: 17796: 17788: 17725: 17578: 17172: 16704: 16165: 16144: 15854: 15333: 15279: 15256: 15246: 15232: 15209: 15191: 15160: 15141: 15124: 15098: 15078: 15050: 15035: 15017: 14987: 14972: 14957: 14933: 14918: 14900: 14872: 14853: 14834: 14808: 14801: 14785: 14734: 14711: 14686: 14661: 14609: 14587: 14437: 14425: 14404: 14388: 14356: 14348: 14340: 14328: 14320: 14312: 14281: 14261: 14203: 14182: 13933: 13909: 13891: 13739: 13716: 13706: 13645: 13621: 13555: 13505: 13458: 13430: 13402: 13260: 13133: 13048: 13019: 12933: 12887: 12813: 12711: 12677: 12617: 12592: 12567: 12556: 12536: 12526: 12486: 12452: 12390: 12202: 12091: 11899: 11831: 11650: 11623: 11578: 11430: 11403: 11382: 11320: 11269: 11180: 11153: 11123: 11096: 11066: 11039: 10984: 10960: 10927: 10818: 10785: 10738:

Source: Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Vol. IV. USGPO, Washington, 1946, pp. 616–634

10712: 10702: 10627: 10599: 10574: 10544: 10517: 10444: 10407: 10376: 9859: 9774: 9716: 9385: 9374: 8159: 8081:

promotion of many younger officers that Stalin and the NKVD regarded as in line with

7946: 7781: 7766: 7714: 7674: 7513: 7489: 7156: 7096: 6987: 6960: 6590: 6295: 6002: 5977:, the last Soviet city that stood in its way to the capital. After a meeting held in 5710:

Soviet children during a German air raid in the first days of the war, June 1941, by

5648: 5347: 5310:

during World War II took place on an unprecedented scale. It was a vital part of the

4973: 4730: 4616: 4527: 4480: 4470: 4450: 4344: 4183: 4155: 4141: 3894: 3814: 3746: 3726: 3691: 3686: 3582: 3418: 3369: 3344: 3339: 3308: 3044: 2768: 2596: 2237: 2076: 2052: 1631: 1537: 1391: 1331: 1080: 15179: 14947: 14019:

Soviet numbers for 1945 are for the whole of 1945, including after the war was over.

13841:("Военно-исторический журнал" ("Military-Historical Magazine"), 1997, No.5. page 32) 13738:. Translated by French, David. Warsaw, Poland: Polskiej Akademii Nauk. p. 176. 13457:. Vol. VIII (1st ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 83, 200. 13358:

Garthoff, Raymond L. (October 1969). "The Soviet Manchurian Campaign, August 1945".

11246:(2000). "The Fall of Litvinov: Harbinger of the German–Soviet Non-Aggression Pact". 10797: 9681:. Deaths of POW were 450,600 including 356,700 in NKVD camps and 93,900 in transit. 8470:, it is generally accepted that it considered itself bound by the provisions of the 7669:

Soviet soldiers celebrating the surrender of the German forces in Berlin, 2 May 1945

7287:

and cleared the right bank of the Oder River. In the south, the German attempts, in

1166: 1142: 847: 20987: 20932: 20838: 20579: 20350: 20320: 20286: 20131: 19881: 19859: 19054: 19023: 19013: 18755: 18748: 18692: 18356: 18121: 18107: 18010: 17947: 17898: 17711: 17564: 17511: 17321: 17272: 17186: 16416: 16393: 15926: 15321: 13871: 13367: 12986: 12958: 12855: 12774: 12646: 12523:

Hitler's arctic war: the German campaigns in Norway, Finland and the USSR 1940–1945

12442: 12404: 12368: 12360: 12323: 12137:

The Bitter Road to Freedom: The Human Cost of Allied Victory in World War II Europe

12071: 11994: 11989: 11977: 11891: 11732: 11681: 11370: 11343: 11298: 11257: 11225: 11143: 11022: 10948: 10867: 10769: 10676: 10269: 10206: 10160: 9366: 8363: 8198: 8112: 7983: 7914:. The character of the war was thus determined by the political leaders and their 7903: 7817: 7805: 7785: 7774: 7699: 7654: 7597: 7517: 7393: 7385: 7288: 7201: 7196: 7114:

forces and rebel Slovak troops between August and October 1944. It was centered at

7092: 7064: 6783: 6497: 6432: 6401: 6336:

Towards the south, the 1st Panzer Army had reached the Caucasian foothills and the

6237: 6163: 6064: 6043: 5864: 5738: 5734: 5728: 5656: 5652: 5626: 5614: 5610: 5500: 5484: 5473: 5462: 5449: 5433: 5422: 5409: 5393: 5382: 5371: 5358: 5258: 5050: 4919: 4918:

For nearly two years the border was quiet while Germany conquered Denmark, Norway,

4722: 4665: 4661: 4555: 4496: 4336: 4163: 4087: 4071: 4002: 3965: 3954: 3934: 3659: 3629: 3278: 3264: 3181: 2986: 2922: 2916: 2905: 2878: 2814: 2722: 2575: 2564: 2537: 2529: 2508: 2451: 2047: 2025: 1683: 1643: 1603: 1489: 1461: 1457: 1427: 1403: 1214: 1118: 1106: 1051: 19044: 15935: 15503: 15388: 15325: 15119: 14542: 13860:

Robinson, Jacob (April 1945). "Transfer of Property in Enemy Occupied Territory".

13812: 12010:

Hitler's Foreign Workers: Enforced Foreign Labour in Germany under the Third Reich

11017: 8210: 8158:

brutally as in the 1930s) and demoted many successful officers (including Zhukov,

7748: 1130: 21007: 20754: 20606: 20574: 20248: 20228: 19931: 19916: 19385: 19316: 19059: 19039: 18778: 18490: 18405: 18363: 18261: 18204: 18072: 17854: 17845: 17374: 16956: 16932: 16186: 15400: 15186: 14895: 14065: 13929: 13765: 13484: 13254: 13077: 13047:. Tallinn: Estonian Foundation for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity. 12049: 12038: 11895: 11857: 10978: 10758:

Connelly, John (1999). "Nazis and Slavs: From Racial Theory to Racist Practice".

10233: 10062: 9864: 9806: 9786: 8479: 8330: 8226: 8187: 8175: 8142: 8010:

Hitler considered the army and its officer corps suspect and came to rely on the

7911: 7833: 7721: 7707: 7691: 7622: 7589:(as part of a two-day 8–9 May holiday) and some other post-Soviet countries. The 7501: 7470: 7462: 7389: 7373: 7168: 7164: 7100: 6930: 6860: 6661: 6640: 6559: 6506: 6492: 6185: 6121: 6105: 6093: 5638: 5634: 5562: 5023: 4912: 4690:, sent by Spanish dictator Francisco Franco to keep his ties to the Axis intact. 4600: 4574: 4391: 4381: 4287: 4067: 4033: 3990: 3926: 3731: 3721: 3619: 3259: 3208: 2927: 2834: 2696: 2661: 2586: 2476: 2215: 2136: 1723: 1619: 1599: 1549: 1501: 1343: 1307: 1232: 1039: 1015: 859: 170: 18890: 15114: 11149:

The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933–36

10319:

The references used may be made clearer with a different or consistent style of

7926: 6616:

battled their way through minefields and over comparatively high ground towards

4009:

on 8 May, a day that marked the end of the Eastern Front and the War in Europe.

3985:

Seeing the Axis setback from Stalingrad, the Soviet Union routed its forces and

1094: 21090: 20917: 20680: 20670: 20047: 19756: 19751: 19203: 18785: 18321: 18247: 16299: 16158: 15580: 15556: 15007: 14826: 14253: 12472: 12408: 11216: 11176:

World Without Civilization: Mass Murder and the Holocaust, History and Analysis

10324: 9854: 9755: 9370: 8482:

and Western Ukraine, while the remainder was to be evacuated in death marches.

8310: 8003: 7770: 7642: 7578: 7563: 7509: 7419: 7346: 6764: 6547: 6440: 6436: 6388: 6326: 6241: 6201: 6128: 6024: 6009: 5966: 5808: 5782: 5700: 5680: 5225: 4953: 4680: 4620: 4596: 4582: 4569:

régime, formalised its ideological position on 25 November 1936 by signing the

4566: 4339:, saw the war against the Soviet Union as a struggle between the ideologies of 4187: 4121: 4109: 3922: 3918: 3711: 3649: 3391: 3384: 3374: 3008: 2640: 2471: 2151: 2146: 1771: 1667: 1587: 1561: 1379: 883: 785: 713: 186: 19:"Great Patriotic War" redirects here. For a discussion of the term itself, see 15522: 15495: 15480: 15461: 15434: 13317: 12163: 11347: 11229: 10773: 10680: 8265:

was tolerated by a relatively more significant part of the native population.

7493: 7252:

On 25 January 1945, Hitler renamed three army groups. Army Group North became

5007:

demanding German occupation of Ukraine during the German invasion of Britain.

4878:

The above figures includes all personnel in the German Army, i.e. active-duty

4058:

both provided substantial material aid to the Soviet Union in the form of the

21120: 21050: 20887: 20525: 19416: 19380: 19194: 18596: 16521: 16370: 16209: 15568: 15469: 15201: 15134: 14910: 14730: 14308: 14044: 12981: 12953: 12075: 11537:

Blitzkrieg-Legende: Der Westfeldzug 1940, Operationen des Zweiten Weltkrieges

11289: 10871: 10496:

Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism

9723: 9328: 8543:

depending on the year, while armoured vehicles by comparison were only 5–8%.

8388: 8235: 8132: 8128: 8119:

for all ranks; this represented a significant symbolic step, since after the

8116: 8077: 8049: 8012: 7813: 7789: 7736: 7729: 7646: 7596:

The German Army Group Centre initially refused to surrender and continued to

7358: 7319: 7104: 6956: 6852: 6776: 6628:. Battle was joined on 12 July, with about one thousand tanks being engaged. 6597: 6209: 6205: 6109: 6097: 6006: 5903: 5796: 5778: 5684: 5660: 5303: 5253:

lost 20% of its national income in 1940 and 40% in 1943. Axis allies such as

4996: 4992: 4988: 4980: 4930: 4756:

3,050,000 Germans, 67,000 (northern Norway); 500,000 Finns, 150,000 Romanians

4687: 4484: 4454: 4364: 4240: 4105: 3930: 3809: 3736: 3716: 3624: 3396: 3144: 3059: 1477: 1444: 1415: 1271: 1258: 1219: 1063: 835: 700: 506: 174: 14754: 14457: 13720: 12540: 10741: 7902:

The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany were both ideologically driven states (by

7761: 7261: 6897:

port, were stopped in February 1944. The German army group "Narwa" included

6604:, right behind them and behind Orel. The southern offensive, spearheaded by 6310:. As part of this, Operation Shamil was executed, a plan whereby a group of 5169:

93% of railway equipment (locomotives, freight cars, wide gauge rails, etc.)

4348: 1955: 20806: 20330: 20296: 20051: 19796: 18895: 18699: 16999: 16904: 16535: 15898: 15662: 15442: 15027: 14822: 14294: 14156: 12803: 12149: 11261: 11243: 10931: 10789: 10185: 9842: 9269: 8375:). These results and missed opportunities contributed to the defeat of the 8206: 8073: 8007: 7970: 7930: 7315: 7257: 7245:, and drawing up on a line sixty kilometres east of Berlin along the River 6886: 6816: 6609: 6345: 6217: 6197: 6019:

did not have the strength to capture Moscow, and the attack was suspended.

5990: 5974: 5816: 5630: 5599: 5508: 5245: 4892: 4641: 4539: 4313: 4209: 4150:

had declared his intention to invade the Soviet Union on 11 August 1939 to

4147: 3950: 3910: 3898: 2591: 1988: 1434: 991: 931: 823: 764: 570: 433: 382: 291: 287: 272: 247: 20567: 15383: 15380:(photos, video, interviews, memorials. Written from a Russian perspective) 7732:

would have had to double the number of its soldiers on the Western Front.

7566:

repeated the signing in Berlin at Zhukov's headquarters, now known as the

7398: 7283:

Heinrich Himmler, had failed by 24 February, and the Red Army drove on to

6747:(Siegfried Line) of fortifications along the German frontier in the west. 6639:

was one of the largest tank battles ever fought. It was part of the wider

5053:, as well as in the provision of early material and intelligence support. 4577:. Fascist Italy joined the Pact a year later. The Soviet Union negotiated 4070:

are considered part of the Eastern Front. In addition, the Soviet–Finnish

20912: 20641: 20562: 20495: 20325: 19974: 19531: 19390: 19298: 18534: 18520: 18182: 16858: 16679: 16664: 16018: 12854:. Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 22 September 2006. Archived from 12407:, Peeter Kaasik (2006). "Destruction battalions in Estonia in 1941". In 10974: 10490: 9344: 8372: 8202: 8191: 8163: 8062: 7629:

began on 8 August 1945, with an assault on the Japanese puppet states of

6880:

In a lightning campaign, the Germans were pushed back from Leningrad and

6543: 6452: 6337: 6155: 5918: 5711: 5561:

At 03:15 on 22 June 1941, 99 of 190 German divisions, including fourteen

4908: 4718: 4672: 4649: 4607:

would not be signed until some four years after the Anti-Comintern Pact.

4604: 4462: 4305: 4101: 4043: 4039: 3949:

in World War II, eventually serving as the main reason for the defeat of

3902: 3634: 3513: 3364: 3354: 3139: 3013: 2112: 2030: 1367: 797: 727: 672: 490: 415: 149: 13736:

A ridiculous hundred million Slavs: Concerning Adolf Hitler's world-view

12083: 10596:

Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Military Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941

6668:

The Kursk offensive was the last on the scale of 1940 and 1941 that the

5641:

seized the moment and controlled most of Lithuania, northern Latvia and

4308:", while exterminating or deporting most of the existing inhabitants to 20947: 20897: 20816: 20685: 19771: 19395: 17889: 17642: 17621: 16514: 15847: 15775: 15511: 15421: 15358:

Prof Richard Overy writes a summary about the eastern front for the BBC

15351: 13883: 13769: 13427:

The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won

13379: 12786: 12658: 12382: 12373: 12335: 11744: 11693: 11312: 10781: 10688: 10028:, which ensured Slovakia's participation until the end of the conflict. 8515: 8334: 8301: 7999: 7938: 7874: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 7410: 7350: 6894: 6820: 6760: 6582: 6551: 6428: 6322: 5994: 5954: 5942: 5852: 5804: 5786: 5777:). When it joined up with the southern elements of Army Group South at 4435: 4422: 4358: 4354: 4332: 4300: 4294: 4279: 4252: 4225: 4137: 4059: 4014: 3538: 3213: 3054: 2981: 2020: 2010: 1513: 1202: 1178: 11574:

Unternehmen Barbarossa: deutsche und sowjetische Angriffspläne 1940/41

11374: 10879: 10015:, which ensured Hungary's participation until the end of the conflict. 7002:

was, by any measure, one of the largest single operations of the war.

6405:

Soviet advances on the Eastern Front, 18 November 1942 to March 1943:

4969:, Soviet troops on the western border received a directive, signed by 4558:. It served as a useful testing ground for both the Wehrmacht and the 4074:

is generally also considered the northern flank of the Eastern Front.

3359: 20535: 18953: 18152: 17557: 17354: 17165: 16963: 16918: 15515: 12312:

Wilt, Alan F. (December 1981). "Hitler's Late Summer Pause in 1941".

10197:

As part of the Allied victory in the European theatre of World War II

9869: 9751: 9336: 8511: 8292: 8258: 8082: 7821: 7634: 7630: 7528: 7485: 7454: 7284: 7022: 7018: 6648: 6555: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6273: 5938: 5879: 5848: 5629:, this formation advanced through the Baltic states, and the Russian 4887: 4883: 4587: 4531: 4500: 4397: 4369: 4117: 4083: 3974: 3609: 3115: 2976: 2607: 16439: 13953:

Oil of Russia. Russian Academy of Natural Sciences. 2 November 2011.

13875: 13371: 12778: 12650: 12327: 11736: 11303: 11284: 8547:

Summary of German and Soviet raw material production during the war

8045: 7918:

to a much greater extent than in any other theatre of World War II.

7849: 7536: 7242: 6139:

Armies had captured Ruza, Dorokhovo, Mozhaisk and Vereya, while the

4693:

The Soviet Union offered support to the anti-Axis partisans in many

162: 33: 21100: 20962: 19400: 19349: 16423: 16151: 15372:

Rarities of the USSR photochronicles. Great Patriotic War 1941–1945

13950: 12364: 11850: 11827:

Russia's Life-Saver: Lend-Lease Aid to the U.S.S.R. in World War II

10952: 10708:

War of Annihilation: Combat and Genocide on the Eastern Front, 1941

10127: 10098: 9747: 9332: 8507: 8384: 8241: 8137: 7942: 7915: 7550:

headquarters, German Chief-of-Staff General Alfred Jodl signed the

7292: 7077: 6881: 6771: 6724: 6647:

After the war, the battle near Prochorovka was idealised by Soviet

6601: 6574: 6360: 6353: 6341: 6181: 6177: 6047:

The Soviet winter counter-offensive, 5 December 1941 to 7 May 1942:

5812: 5688: 5603: 5237: 4559: 4248: 3969: 3508: 3203: 283: 15120:

At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North

11214:

Beloff, Max (1950). "Soviet Foreign Policy, 1929–41: Some Notes".

8429:

of the Belarusian population was designated for "eradication" and

8169: 8149:

which carried out especially hazardous duties, such as serving as

6451:, with three transferred panzer divisions, got going briskly from 4530:

of 1936–1939. This conflict soon took on the characteristics of a

19936: 14371: 14369: 13429:(Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 3, 257, 308. 12913:

Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia

10740:. Stuart Stein, University of the West of England. Archived from 10372:

The Eastern Front: The Germans and Soviets at War in World War II

8396: 8274: 8250: 7832:

epidemic that spread slowly westwards, reaching the coast of the

7793: 7532: 7446: 7300: 7073: 7045: 7033: 6995: 6477: 6473: 6461: 5930: 5922: 5891: 5567: 4737:

Comparative strengths of combat forces, Eastern Front, 1941–1945

4637: 4309: 4229: 3938: 667: 485: 166: 15377: 15016:, Da Capo Press Reissue edition. New York: Da Capo Press, 2001. 9979:

List of military operations on the Eastern Front of World War II

8557:(million tonnes, Germany includes lignite and bituminous types) 7698:

This included the terrorisation of their own people, as well as

7508:; however, Goebbels also committed suicide, along with his wife 4721:

forces also contributed to the Red Army by the formation of the

3941:), and lasted from 22 June 1941 to 9 May 1945. Of the estimated 2363: 20039: 17033: 15631: 15261:

The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany

14086: 10069:), composed of Poles in the USSR and loyal to the London-based 8416: 8392: 8254: 7907: 7829: 7586: 7474: 7430:

to hand over territory occupied by them in the post-war Soviet

7402:

14,933,000 Soviet and Soviet-allied personnel were awarded the

7362: 7304: 7238: 7222: 7037: 6975: 6735: 6706: 6617: 6586: 6364: 6307: 6193: 6086: 6082: 5998: 5970: 5934: 5887: 5883: 5800: 5770: 5595: 5281: 5250: 5229: 4340: 4170:

so that they can't starve us out, as happened in the last war.

15393: 14683:

Family Punishment in Nazi Germany: Sippenhaft, Terror and Myth

14565: 14553: 14366: 12757:"Stalin and the Prospects of a Separate Peace in World War II" 8967:

Summary of Axis and Soviet aircraft production during the war

8532:

Soviet Union manufactured 24,089 tanks and self-propelled guns

8321:

Viktor Cherevihkin, a Soviet teenager killed by German troops

7906:

and by Nazism, respectively), in which the foremost political

7072:

Finnish forces retreated to their secondary defence line, the

6660:

the flank of the German 9th Army. Also worried by the Allies'

17221: 15598: 15406:

Don't forget how the Soviet Union saved the world from Hitler

13322:. Washington D.C.: US Government Printing Office. p. 258 12990:. Northern Territory, Australia. 15 September 1944. p. 1 12962:. Northern Territory, Australia. 14 September 1944. p. 1 12024: 10273: 8456: 7966:

regard this decision as a missed opportunity to win the war.

7638: 7555: 7547: 7535:

border, where Dönitz's headquarters were located, along with

7366: 7299:, which failed by 16 March. On 30 March the Red Army entered 6898: 6752: 6727:, and Kharkov was abandoned for the final time on 22 August. 6333:

would be fighting the Battle of Stalingrad street-by-street.

6299: 6221: 6101: 5978: 5926: 5875: 5723: 5664: 5190: 5181:

50% of TNT (1942–1944) and 33% of ammunition powder (in 1944)

4325: 4216: 15075:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

14733:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004),

14311:

The Dictators: Hitler's Germany and Stalin's Russia (2004),

12883:

Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century

12403: 12273: 11463: 11461: 8240:

murders a Jew who is kneeling before a filled mass grave in

7088:, Finnish troops finally managed to halt the Soviet attack. 5839: 5333: 5175:

43% of garage facilities (building materials and blueprints)

4644:

and its allies. The conflict began on 22 June 1941 with the

4182:

between Germany and the Soviet Union. It contained a secret

232:(3 years, 10 months, 2 weeks and 2 days) 19834: 14657:

The Free Germany Movement: A Case of Patriotism Or Treason?

13666:"ПРИКАЗ О РАСФОРМИРОВАНИИ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ЗАГРАДИТЕЛЬНЫХ ОТРЯДОВ" 13043:. In Hiio, Toomas; Maripuu, Meelis; Paavle, Indrek (eds.). 11890:. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–55. 8495: 8180:

German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war

8072:, a proponent of armoured blitzkrieg. Stalin promoted some 7478: 7246: 6971: 6844: 6731: 6656:

attain its objectives, the German advance had been halted.

6431:, and it was from these that they struck in November 1942. 6315: 5687:, which was accomplished by 11 July. Their next target was 5285: 4939:

during a short period of Nazi–Soviet economic collaboration

4585:

with the aim of containing Germany's expansion. The German

4491:", manifested itself as a series of nationwide centralised 4376:

Hitler referred to the war in radical terms, calling it a "

4321: 158: 15231:.: This is mostly a photo-history, with connecting texts. 15180:

Hitler's War in the East, 1941–1945: A Critical Assessment

10499:(1st ed.). Holt, Rinehart & Winston. p. 358. 9910:

German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II

9722:

Some Soviet citizens would side with the Germans and join

8127:

These concessions were combined with ruthless discipline:

7637:; the greater offensive would eventually include northern 7539:. Accordingly, this administration was referred to as the 4941:

were critical for Germany to launch Operation Barbarossa.

4430:

in 1943 and the resulting dire German military situation,

19003: 14505: 14093: 13927:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe.

13256:

After Hitler: The Last Ten Days of World War II in Europe

12562:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 11777:

1939–1945, Der Zweite Weltkrieg in Chronik und Dokumenten

11511:"The Myth of German Superiority on the WW2 Eastern Front" 11458: 11092:

The Condor Legion: German Troops in the Spanish Civil War

9533:

Military losses on the Eastern Front during World War II

9351:

Military losses on the Eastern Front during World War II

8261:(which had been annexed by the Soviet Union in 1940) the 7345:

in the south to the Baltic, into an area in front of the

7341:(1BF), which had been deployed along the Oder river from 7329:

The fall of Königsberg allowed Stavka to free up General

6468:'s counteroffensive, strengthened by a specially trained 6298:

southeastwards. The grand plan was to secure the Don and

6162:'s 33rd Army aided by Gen. Belov's 1st Cavalry Corps and 5933:. The combined German and Romanian forces moved into the 5895: 4629:

Situation in Europe by May/June 1941, immediately before

4066:

across the northernmost Finnish–Soviet border and in the

14850:

Stumbling colossus: the Red Army on the eve of World War

12448:

Lenin, Stalin, and Hitler: The Age of Social Catastrophe

12104:

Ulrich Herbert, "Forced Laborers in the 'Third Reich'",

11448: 11446: 9742:

units. Most of those who joined were Soviet POWs. These

9276:

armaments minister) direction, despite the intensifying

8387:

and reprisals; 1.8 million deported to Germany for

7490:

committed suicide by taking cyanide and shooting himself

7143:

On 8 September 1944 the Red Army began an attack on the

6787:

Soviet advances from 1 August 1943 to 31 December 1944:

6371:

and entered the suburbs of Ordzhonikidze on 2 November.

6232: 6038: 5969:

when it reached the last tramstop of the Moscow line at

4479:

Throughout the 1930s the Soviet Union underwent massive

4409:- an intoxication with the idea of colonising the East. 4353:(superhumans) - who according to Nazi ideology were the 19477:

Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust

15521:"How the Red Army Defeated Germany: The Three Alibis": 15418:

Images depicting conditions in the camps for Soviet POW

15293:, NY:Ballantine Books, London:Macdomald & Co, 1969. 15206:

Russia's War: A History of the Soviet Effort: 1941–1945

14532:

Micheal Clodfelter, Warfare and Armed Conflicts, p. 449

14027: 14025: 11062:

The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution

10255: 9314:

World War II military deaths in Europe by theatre, year

6982:

two weeks before. The Belorussian Offensive (codenamed

6244:: German advances from 7 May 1942 to 18 November 1942: 4729:

or 3rd Fighter Group) unit to fulfil the commitment of

4096:

Germany and the Soviet Union remained unsatisfied with

16293:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

15063:

International Military Tribunal at Nurnberg, Germany.

14944:

From Defeat to Victory: The Eastern Front, Summer 1944

13597: 12525:. Jörgensen, Christer. Surrey: Allan. pp. 81–86. 11543:] (in German). München: R. Oldenbourg. p. 43. 11084: 11082: 10285:

Berger, and the chief of the partisan combating units.

8209:

propaganda. Then in 1943 came the call for total war.

7562:. The next day shortly before midnight, Field Marshal 4765:

2,680,000 active in Western Military Districts out of

3889:

in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the

16:

Theatre of war of European Axis and Soviet Union blocs

20834:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

15540: 15157:

Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945

14869:

Colossus reborn : the Red Army at war: 1941-1943

13067: 12155:

The Soviet–German War, 1941–1945: Myths and Realities

11766:

Source: L. E. Reshin, "Year of 1941", vol. 2, p. 152.

11757:

Source: L. E. Reshin, "Year of 1941", vol. 1, p. 508.

11483:

The Soviet-German War, 1941–1945: Myths and Realities

11443: 10404:

Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke : spravochnik.

10220: 9872:– Japanese plan to invade the Soviet Far East in 1941 8498:

tanks being transported from the factory to the front

7021:

on 31 August. Romania and the Soviet Union signed an

6476:, opened on 20 February 1943 and fought its way from 5917:

Army Group South pushed down from the Dnieper to the

5823:

Stalin ordered the retreating Red Army to initiate a

4697:-occupied countries in Central Europe, notably those 4062:

program, along with naval and air support. The joint

3177:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

15298:

The U.S. Army in the occupation of Germany 1944–1946

14954:

The Road to Stalingrad. Stalin's War against Germany

14831:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army stopped Hitler

14031:

German figures for 1941 and 1942 include tanks only.

14022: 13991: 13989: 13987: 13642:

Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939–1953

13551:

Rulers and Victims: The Russians in the Soviet Union

13319:

THE U.S. ARMY IN THE OCCUPATION OF GERMANY 1944-1946

13234: 12747: 12745: 12111:"Forced Laborers in the "Third Reich" - an Overview" 11912: 11670:

Milward, A. S. (1964). "The End of the Blitzkrieg".

11646:

Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945

11426:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

9984:

Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II

9877: 7205:

Soviet advances from 1 January 1945 to 11 May 1945:

6889:

and seize control of Finland. The Leningrad Front's

5553:'s announcement of the German invasion, 22 June 1941 5495: 5329:

Strategic operations of the Red Army in World War II

15208:, New Edition. New York: Penguin Books Ltd., 1998. 15138:

Thunder in the East: the Nazi–Soviet War, 1941–1945

14782:

Absolute War: Soviet Russia in the Second World War

14278:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

14200:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

14179:

Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg

12909:

Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis

11079: 11065:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 483. 11005:(a colonizing high or intoxication with the East) . 10570:

Hitler's Shadow War: The Holocaust and World War II

8002:in the war was one of the factors in the attempted 6352:contingent with the 1st Panzer Army and a Croatian 5298:

Forced labour under German rule during World War II

4872:(450,000 Poles, Romanians, Bulgarians, and Czechs) 4852:(360,000 Poles, Romanians, Bulgarians, and Czechs) 4668:), a strategic operation executed by the Red Army. 4636:The war was fought between Germany, its allies and 4499:, and eventually leading to the dissolution of the 58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 19321:Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia 15278:, New Edition. Orion Publishing Group Ltd., 2000. 14800: 14015: 14013: 14011: 14009: 13830:Partisan Resistance in Belarus during World War II 13395:"The Crisis Deepens: The Outbreak of World War II" 12852:"The Otto Tief government and the fall of Tallinn" 12435: 11038:. UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34–44. 11021:is available for free viewing and download at the 10983:. University of North Carolina Press. p. 71. 9268:, increasing production in subsequent years under 8184:World War II German war crimes in the Soviet Union 8016:(SS) and Nazi party members to prosecute the war. 6212:, later defected to Germany and formed the ROA or 5949:until 3 July 1942). On 21 November, the Wehrmacht 5172:50–80% of rolled steel, cable, lead, and aluminium 4347:, ensuring territorial expansion for the Germanic 3350:50th anniversary of the Armenian Genocide protests 15374:Borodulin Collection. Excellent set of war photos 15097:. United States of America: Da Capo Press, 1999. 13984: 13401:(sixth ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 138. 12742: 12254: 12020: 12018: 11706:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 11619:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 11553: 10980:Nazi Empire-Building and the Holocaust in Ukraine 9574:2,250,000–3,300,000 of which 1,283,200 confirmed 7735:Memorandum for the President's Special Assistant 7728:, calculated that without the Eastern Front, the 7554:documents for all German forces to the Allies at 7379: 5834:NKVD massacred thousands of anti-Soviet prisoners 5807:for re-establishment in more remote areas of the 21118: 20849:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 20179:List of battles involving the Russian Federation 15460:"Fighting a Lost War: The German Army in 1943": 14971:. New York: Orion Publishing Group, Ltd., 2007. 14969:The Road to Berlin. Stalin's War against Germany 14833:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 14220:Göttingen, Percy E. Schramm (21 November 2012). 14041:The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia 13018:. Estonian Encyclopedia Publishers. p. 19. 12505: 11872:Ivan Ivanovich Vernidub, Boepripasy pobedy, 1998 11395: 10052:pilots operated as part of the German Air Force. 7690:, and the single largest battle in the history, 7673:The Eastern Front was the largest and bloodiest 7443:German front lines on the Oder and Neisse rivers 7256:; Army Group Centre became Army Group North and 6015:However, by 6 December it became clear that the 5973:. Meanwhile, the 2nd Panzer Army failed to take 5795:As the Red Army withdrew behind the Dnieper and 5586:, Western and Southwestern Fronts respectively. 5549:Moscovites gather by a loudspeaker to listen to 5232:at the height of German military expansion, 1942 4018:" settler-colonial agenda, Nazi Germany waged a 589: 20968:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts 20883:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953) 14986:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1995. 14068:, US Army Center of Military History, page 158. 14006: 13701:. New York : Metropolitan Books. pp. 12870: 12701: 12699: 12697: 12695: 12693: 12510:. Harmandsworth, England: Penguin. p. 179. 12226:. Moscow: Izdatelstvo politicheskoi literatury. 11560:. Vol. 2. Mittler & Sohn. p. 102. 9327:(including the annexed territories) as part of 8314:(task groups) to round up Jews and shoot them. 8170:Repression and genocide in occupied territories 7610: 7058:terrain not suitable for large-scale operations 7032:Soviet soldiers advance through the streets of 6302:first and then drive into the Caucasus towards 6176:To the north, the Red Army surrounded a German 5851:soldiers pulling a car from the mud during the 5010: 4398:program aiming to exterminate all European Jews 4362:("master race") - at the expense of the Slavic 3972:. German forces invaded the Caucasus under the 3953:and the Axis nations. It is noted by historian 14852:. Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. 14705: 14653: 14630:"Nazi Foreign Legions – History Learning Site" 14422:Poteri narodonaseleniia v XX veke: spravochnik 14177:German losses according to: Rüdiger Overmans, 14058:World War II The War Against Germany And Italy 14003:, by Chris Bishop and Chris McNab, pp. 244–52. 13573: 13571: 13183: 12481:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 12015: 11978:"Swedish iron ore exports to Germany, 1933–44" 11882:Tooze, Adam; Martin, Jamie (26 October 2015). 11018:Adolf Hitler's Speech on Operation Barbarossa 10621: 10598:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 34–35. 9571:4,059,000 (military personnel only)–5,700,000 8028:to continue the attack to the west during the 7492:. In his will, Hitler appointed Grand Admiral 7449:. They were now free to move west towards the 6001:since it was better, as argued by the head of 5997:groups and armies, decided to push forward to 20822:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 20023: 19511: 18938: 15647: 15032:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–1945 14222:"Die deutschen Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg" 14113:"Nazi Persecution of Soviet Prisoners of War" 12106:International Labor and Working-Class History 11888:The Cambridge History of the Second World War 11868: 11866: 11649:. Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 16. 11423:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (2015). 11402:. University of Wisconsin Pres. p. 282. 11203:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 27 December 2023. 10536: 9945:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1944) 9940:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940) 9821:Timeline of the Eastern Front of World War II 8466:Although the Soviet Union had not signed the 6815:To the south, the Second Ukrainian Front (ex 5693:fierce Soviet resistance in the Smolensk area 5040:an attempt to cripple Romanian oil production 5028:bombing of the eastern German city of Dresden 4245:the north and northeastern regions of Romania 4199:German–Soviet Border and Commercial Agreement 3860: 2379: 1985: 1971: 19449:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 15066:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Supplement A 14608:. London: Simon & Schuster. p. 34. 13795:"The Nazi struggle against Soviet partisans" 13781:Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression, Supplement A 13496: 13287:. Vol. 94, no. 31888. 15 May 1945. 13151: 13149: 12690: 12586: 11884:"The economics of the war with Nazi Germany" 11179:. University Press of America. p. 257. 11152:. University of Chicago Press. p. 346. 10731: 10695: 7625:within 90 days of the German surrender. The 7276: 6675: 6651:as the largest tank battle of all time. The 6321:Meanwhile, the 6th Army was driving towards 6216:. In the south the Red Army lunged over the 6096:orchestrated by the Northwestern Front, the 6033:intelligence that Japan would remain neutral 4652:forces crossed the borders described in the 4483:and economic growth under the leadership of 4404: 4389: 4031: 20775:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930) 20770:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929) 15531:U.S. Army Command and General Staff College 15447:Operation Typhoon. Hitler's March on Moscow 14821: 14803:The German Economy in the Twentieth Century 13582:, 9 February 1946, Volume 95, Number 32158. 13568: 13334: 13305:. Vol. 94, no. 31881. 8 May 1945. 13217: 13129:Armageddon: The Battle for Germany, 1944–45 12710:. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. pp. 52–53. 11881: 11779:. Darmstadt 1961, p. 568. (German Language) 11622:. Cambridge University Press. p. 199. 11467: 11422: 10648:The term 'habitat' in Hitler's 'Mein Kampf' 10513:The Battle of Kursk: Operation Citadel 1943 9294:World War II casualties of the Soviet Union 8059:rapid industrialisation of the Soviet Union 7756:, in which about one million civilians died 7103:, the Red Army were ordered to halt at the 7091:In Poland, as the Red Army approached, the 5645:prior to the arrival of the German forces. 5157:58% of the USSR's high octane aviation fuel 4769:(overall); 12,000,000 mobilizable reserves 1920:6.5–6.7 million killed or missing in action 20091:Military history of the Russian Federation 20030: 20016: 19518: 19504: 18945: 18931: 15654: 15640: 15394:World War II Eastern Front Order Of Battle 14956:. New York: Orion Publishing Group, 2007. 14606:D-Day: the Battle for the Normandy Beaches 14571: 14559: 14511: 14375: 14241: 14099: 13698:Ivan's War: Life and Death in the Red Army 13240: 12876: 12798: 12796: 12427:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 12290:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 11948:A History of Romanian Oil, Vol. II, p. 245 11863: 10911: 10617: 10615: 10530: 10399: 9925:Italian participation on the Eastern Front 8355:, hanged by German forces in November 1941 6986:), which was agreed upon by Allies at the 6863:were encircled in what was to be known as 6374: 4554:, the military rebel group led by General 3867: 3853: 2386: 2372: 1978: 1964: 637: 519: 20341:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689) 15378:Pobediteli: Eastern Front flash animation 15291:Battle For Berlin: End of the Third Reich 15245:, Reprint edition. Presidio Press, 1993. 15151: 14291:"German military deaths to all causes EF" 14219: 14153:"German military deaths to all causes EF" 13694: 13554:. Harvard University Press. p. 242. 13200: 13146: 12441: 12372: 11993: 11886:. In Tooze, Adam; Geyer, Michael (eds.). 11819: 11817: 11815: 11813: 11811: 11809: 11807: 11805: 11389: 11302: 10855: 10845:. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 127. 10659: 10343:Learn how and when to remove this message 8822:Summary of Axis and Soviet tank and self- 8115:. Order 25 of 15 January 1943 introduced 8052:led the Soviet Union during World War II. 7890:Learn how and when to remove this message 7812:summary, presented by Lieutenant General 7080:. After heavy fighting in the battles of 6903:re-establishment of Estonian independence 6614:Großdeutschland Panzergrenadier divisions 6188:, and established themselves in front of 5840:Leningrad, Moscow and Rostov: Autumn 1941 5454:Третий период Великой Отечественной войны 5414:Второй период Великой Отечественной войны 5363:Первый период Великой Отечественной войны 4579:treaties of mutual assistance with France 4269:Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941 4124:. Subsequently, when Germany in its turn 614: 534: 462: 440: 424: 177:dive bombers on the Eastern Front, 1943; 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 21132:Eastern European theatre of World War II 15508:Soldaten: On Fighting, Killing and Dying 15348:Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa 15268:Svensk knäckte nazisternas hemliga koder 14915:Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege: 1942–1943 14577: 14477: 14475: 14247: 13859: 13759:Marking 70 Years to Operation Barbarossa 13733: 13477: 13357: 13125: 12671: 12411:; Meelis Maripuu; Indrek Paavle (eds.). 11803: 11801: 11799: 11797: 11795: 11793: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11785: 11642: 11615: 11282: 11142: 11136: 11058: 10757: 10701: 10573:. Taylor Trade Publishing. p. 124. 10438: 9955:Women in the Russian and Soviet military 9793:) which participated in combat with the 9702: 9667: 9659: 9413:Soviet residents who joined German army 9343:use of scorched earth tactics destroyed 9309: 9301: 8824:propelled gun production during the war 8489: 8401: 8358: 8346: 8344:) to seventeen million (Richard Overy). 8316: 8283: 8225: 8044: 7945:in Ukraine, and under the garden of the 7925: 7747: 7664: 7409: 7397: 7322:until the end of the war in Europe. The 7200: 7027: 6950: 6782: 6705: 6630: 6496: 6400: 6236: 6186:held out with air supply for four months 6042: 5843: 5705: 5679:. The combined panzer force reached the 5544: 5499: 5332: 5322: 5284:share of Germany's total consumption of 5224: 5153:Among other goods, Lend-Lease supplied: 4943: 4897: 4624: 4514:brought many communist leaders into the 4445: 20302:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747) 20172:List of wars involving the Soviet Union 15518:, a Canadian public television station. 15474:U.S. Army Heritage and Education Center 14779: 14680: 14603: 14123:United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 13639: 13591: 13547: 13502: 13449: 12982:"Terms Of Rumanian Armistice Announced" 12919: 12793: 12636: 12553: 12506:Calvocoressi, Peter; Wint, Guy (1972). 12471: 12307: 12305: 12303: 12301: 12166:on 28 October 2021 – via YouTube. 11975: 11851:"Interview with Historian Alexei Isaev" 11720: 11669: 11534: 11172: 11095:. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 5–6. 10926: 10837: 10711:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 4. 10612: 10593: 10423: 10368: 10126:in London, which fought as part of the 10103:Polish Committee of National Liberation 9895:Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II 8366:hanged by German forces in January 1943 7678:largest military operation in history, 7291:, to relieve the encircled garrison at 6422: to March 1943 (Soviet gains only) 6092:The main blow was to be delivered by a 5783:captured about 100,000 Soviet prisoners 5416:) (19 November 1942 – 31 December 1943) 4438:hordes" that were pouring into Europe. 4412:After Germany's initial success at the 4292:Hitler had argued in his autobiography 4001:. The Eastern Front concluded with the 1895:4.5 million killed or missing in action 497: 21119: 20923:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 20854:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944 20713:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920) 20691:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919 20405:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739) 20081:Military history of the Russian Empire 19840:Missile Forces of Strategic Importance 19360:Persecution of Soviet prisoners of war 17501: 17479:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 15479:"Kursk, The Epic Armored Engagement": 14871:. Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 14866: 14847: 13644:. Yale University Press. p. 132. 13603: 13421: 13392: 13315: 13061: 13002: 12925: 12802: 12751: 12705: 12520: 12397: 12348: 12267: 12221: 12179: 12175: 12173: 12148: 12061: 11479: 11452: 11396:Stanley G. Payne (27 September 2011). 11360: 11333: 11327: 11213: 11088: 10566: 10443:(1st ed.). Routledge. p. 9. 10394: 10392: 10182:Fighter Squadron 2/30 Normandie-Niemen 10089:was formed, which would grow into the 9538:Forces fighting with the Soviet Union 8006:of 1944, but after the failure of the 5659:), advanced to the north and south of 5617:via the Baltic states. Comprising the 5306:and slavery in Germany and throughout 4808:6,724,000 (front); 446,445 (hospital); 3402:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 2992:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party 21073:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020) 20451:Russian colonization of North America 20011: 19499: 19484:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality 18926: 18350:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 17782:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 17428:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 17384:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16489:Rape during the occupation of Germany 15635: 15529:—lecture by Jonathan M. House of the 15047:The Red Army and the Second World War 15002:: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay 14798: 14523:Paul Winter, Defeating Hitler, p. 234 14472: 13863:American Journal of International Law 13615: 13281:"Regime of Doenitz Urges Recognition" 13252: 13099: 13032: 12915:] (in Estonian). Tallinn: Varrak. 12900: 12616:. London: Cassell. pp. 172–180. 12611: 12194: 12025:John C. Beyer; Stephen A. Schneider. 11918: 11823: 11782: 11616:Weinberg, Gerhard L. (11 July 2013). 11508: 11242: 11036:The Red Army and the Second World War 10973: 10810: 10562: 10560: 10516:. Penguin Publishing. pp. viii. 10509: 10489: 10434: 10432: 10101:. Political leadership came from the 10075:formed in the early stages of the war 9783:National Committee for a Free Germany 7453:and north towards the Baltic port of 7174: 6974:and offered the most direct route to 6682:Battle of the Korsun–Cherkassy Pocket 6509:, 19 February 1943 to 1 August 1943: 6486: 6233:Don, Volga, and Caucasus: Summer 1942 6116:were to defeat Army Group South. The 6039:Soviet counter-offensive: Winter 1941 5057:Allied shipments to the Soviet Union 4840:2,230,000 Germans, 100,000 Hungarians 4786:5,313,000 (front); 383,000 (hospital) 3893:in modern Germany and Ukraine, was a 3304:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 2367: 1959: 183:death squad murdering Jews in Ukraine 20086:Military history of the Soviet Union 17472:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 16504:Rape during the liberation of France 15605: 15453:(2015); via the official channel of 15044: 14001:Campaigns of World War II Day By Day 13415: 13038: 12906: 12311: 12298: 11982:Scandinavian Economic History Review 11570: 11554:Muller-Hillebrand, Burkhart (1956). 11480:Glantz, David M. (11 October 2001). 11115: 11033: 10296: 10180:Support provided by the presence of 9306:Soviets bury their fallen, July 1944 8485: 7872:adding citations to reliable sources 7843: 7804:, in what became one of the largest 7739:, Washington, D.C., 10 August 1943: 7686:, the most lethal siege in history, 7267:A limited counter-attack (codenamed 5898:to the east. This began the 900-day 5753:, was tasked with advancing through 4948:German infantry in Russia, June 1943 4846:in the east (60% of the German Army) 4827:in the east (62% of the German Army) 4805:in the east (63% of the German Army) 4783:in the east (80% of the German Army) 4762:in the east (80% of the German Army) 4603:between what became the three prime 4257:Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republics 4140:, Soviet Russia was in the midst of 56:adding citations to reliable sources 27: 20827:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940 15494:"Mindset of WWII German Soldiers": 15389:Armchair General maps, year by year 15311: 14984:Barbarossa, the Axis and the Allies 12844: 12809:The Battle for Leningrad: 1941–1944 12184:. Moscow: Agenstvo pechati Novosti. 12170: 10567:McKale, Donald M. (17 March 2006). 10389: 9744:foreign volunteers in the Wehrmacht 8197:"... Hitler's first defeats on the 8101:Soviet occupation of eastern Poland 8094:Communist Party of the Soviet Union 7788:agreements between the Allies, the 7769:). Both sides practised widespread 7682:, the bloodiest battle in history, 6743:, a line of defence similar to the 6150:The Wehrmacht rallied, retaining a 5511:, 21 June 1941 to 5 December 1941: 5429:) (19 November 1942 – 3 March 1943) 5389:) (5 December 1941 – 30 April 1942) 5365:) (22 June 1941 – 18 November 1942) 4441: 370:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltics 13: 20873:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 20239:1993 Russian constitutional crisis 19470:Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945 17698:German invasion of the Netherlands 15978:Weather events during World War II 15472:, via the official channel of the 15314:Journal of Slavic Military Studies 15049:. UK: Cambridge University Press. 14899:. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2001. 14886: 13511:. Harper & Brothers. pp. 12838:The Bulletin of International News 11686:10.1111/j.1468-0289.1964.tb01744.x 11122:. Simon and Schuster. p. 59. 10817:. Pantheon Books. pp. 59–60. 10557: 10429: 10369:Edwards, Robert (15 August 2018). 10097:that fought as part of the Soviet 9679:Soviet volunteers in the Wehrmacht 8141:were punished with transferral to 7558:in France. It included the phrase 7525:Johann Ludwig Schwerin von Krosigk 5910:but could get no further than the 4273: 4108:had lost substantial territory in 3524:Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan 3070:Treaty on the Creation of the USSR 14: 21153: 20738:Red Army intervention in Mongolia 19894:Investigative Committee of Russia 18329:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 15341: 15305: 14982:Erickson, John, and David Dilks. 14932:. New York: Penguin Books, 2002, 14917:. New York: Penguin Books, 1998. 13253:Jones, Michael (6 October 2015). 11089:Jurado, Carlos Caballero (2013). 10465:"World War II: The Eastern Front" 9878:National and regional experiences 9298:German casualties in World War II 8270:Ukrainian nationalist underground 7752:Citizens of Leningrad during the 7221:The Soviet Union finally entered 7151:Under the pressure of the Soviet 6877:and Second Baltic Fronts struck. 5691:, which fell on 16 July, but the 5496:Operation Barbarossa: Summer 1941 4005:, followed by the signing of the 2393: 1923:2.2–3.3 million died in captivity 67:"Eastern Front" World War II 21137:European theatre of World War II 20792:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 20585:Russian conquest of Central Asia 20521:Russian conquest of the Caucasus 20317:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618) 20259:Insurgency in the North Caucasus 19889:Ministry of Emergency Situations 19814:Russian Aerospace Defence Forces 19731: 19304:Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941 18889: 15661: 15614: 15586: 15574: 15562: 15550: 15123:, Philadelphia: Casemate, 2006. 14743: 14724: 14699: 14674: 14647: 14622: 14597: 14535: 14526: 14517: 14483:"Gross-Rosen Timeline 1940–1945" 14446: 14436:. Arms and Armour 1995, p. 216. 14414: 14397: 14381: 14270: 14213: 14192: 14171: 14145: 14136: 14105: 14071: 14050: 14034: 13975: 13965: 13956: 13951:A High Octane Weapon of Victory. 13943: 13919: 13898: 13853: 13844: 13835: 13823: 13813:"Khatyn WWI Memorial in Belarus" 13805: 13787: 13775: 13752: 13727: 13688: 13658: 13633: 13609: 13585: 13541: 13519: 13478:Bonfante, Jordan (23 May 2008). 13471: 13443: 13386: 13351: 13309: 13291: 13273: 13246: 13166: 13119: 13093: 12974: 12946: 12826: 12733: 12724: 12676:. London: Pimlico. p. 479. 12591:. London: Cassell. p. 176. 12451:. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 391. 11509:Askey, Nigel (30 October 2017). 10301: 10262: 10159:, as well as by the presence of 10124:Czechoslovak government-in-exile 9771:Horea, Cloșca și Crișan Division 9554:Prisoners who died in captivity 9382:Prisoners who died in Captivity 8410:executing Soviet civilians, 1943 8329:The massacres of Jews and other 8040: 7933:led Germany during World War II. 7848: 7784:). After the war, following the 6077:Bombing of Gorky in World War II 5761:. At the beginning of July, the 5589:To establish air supremacy, the 5483:Campaign in Europe during 1945 ( 5472:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1944 ( 5432:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1943 ( 5392:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1942 ( 5370:Summer–Autumn Campaign of 1941 ( 5291: 4967:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts 4654:German–Soviet Nonaggression Pact 3989:at its expense. The Axis defeat 3836: 3588:End of communist rule in Hungary 3534:Estonian Sovereignty Declaration 2960: 2462:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina 1777: 1765: 1753: 1741: 1729: 1717: 1705: 1693: 1673: 1661: 1649: 1637: 1625: 1613: 1593: 1581: 1568: 1555: 1543: 1531: 1519: 1507: 1495: 1483: 1471: 1451: 1443: 1433: 1421: 1409: 1397: 1385: 1373: 1361: 1349: 1337: 1325: 1313: 1301: 1289: 1277: 1265: 1251: 1226: 1218: 1208: 1196: 1184: 1172: 1160: 1148: 1136: 1124: 1112: 1100: 1088: 1069: 1057: 1045: 1033: 1021: 1009: 997: 985: 973: 961: 949: 937: 925: 913: 901: 889: 877: 865: 853: 841: 829: 817: 804: 791: 779: 757: 720: 706: 693: 660: 639: 616: 591: 577: 563: 536: 521: 499: 478: 464: 442: 426: 385:split between the Soviet Union ( 148: 142:European theatre of World War II 32: 21078:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022) 20723:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan 20664:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine 19255:Police Regiment Special Purpose 15363:World War II: The Eastern Front 15263:New York: Simon & Schuster. 15243:The Russo-German War, 1941–1945 15095:History of the Second World War 13345: 13228: 13211: 13194: 13177: 13160: 12665: 12630: 12605: 12589:History of the Second World War 12580: 12547: 12514: 12499: 12465: 12342: 12248: 12239: 12230: 12215: 12188: 12142: 12129: 12098: 12064:Journal of Contemporary History 12055: 12027:Forced Labour under Third Reich 12002: 11969: 11951: 11942: 11924: 11875: 11844: 11769: 11760: 11751: 11714: 11663: 11636: 11609: 11600: 11591: 11564: 11547: 11528: 11502: 11473: 11416: 11354: 11276: 11236: 11207: 11193: 11173:Spector, Robert Melvin (2005). 11166: 11109: 11052: 11027: 11010: 10967: 10920: 10886: 10849: 10843:Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy 10831: 10804: 10751: 10725: 10653: 10640: 10587: 10503: 10483: 10457: 10417: 10362: 10227: 10200: 9379:Prisoners taken by the Soviets 8506:The increases in production of 8205:slogans of anti-Bolshevist and 7921: 7859:needs additional citations for 7818:International Military Tribunal 7593:was held in Moscow on 24 June. 7418:raised over the Reichstag (the 7353:shifted the main weight of the 6397:Battle for Velikiye Luki (1943) 5957:; the first significant German 5937:and took control of all of the 5580:Kiev Special military districts 5467:Зимне-весенняя кампания 1944 г. 5456:) (1 January 1944 – 9 May 1945) 5339:South Western Front (Ukrainian) 5220: 5148: 4707:Polish Armed Forces in the East 4593:dismemberment of Czechoslovakia 4534:involving the Soviet Union and 3605:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 3172:Occupation of the Baltic states 1947: 1931: 1906: 43:needs additional citations for 20760:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926) 20410:War of the Austrian Succession 18576:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 16286:Territorial changes of Germany 16194:Indonesian National Revolution 15533:, via the official channel of 15510:, via the official channel of 15502:—interview with the historian 15487:, via the official channel of 13316:Ziemke, Earl F. (1975). "15". 13132:. Vintage Books. p. 260. 13102:"The Slovak National Uprising" 12812:. University Press of Kansas. 12762:The American Historical Review 12224:Velikaya Otechestvennaya voyna 12201:. Andre Deutsch. p. 210. 12160:United States Army War College 11995:10.1080/03585522.1968.10411499 10912:Mendelsohn, John, ed. (1982). 10222:Velíkaya Otéchestvennaya voyná 10211:Вели́кая Оте́чественная война́ 10191: 10174: 10149: 10133: 10112: 10055: 10031: 10018: 10007:. In October the same year, a 9997: 9826:Historiography of World War II 9642:Up to ~8,719,000 – 10,000,000 9356:Forces fighting with the Axis 8135:. Infractions by military and 7404:Medal for Victory over Germany 7380:End of the war: April–May 1945 7155:, the German Army Group North 7121: 6908: 6124:were to take back the Crimea. 6027:, employing freshly mobilised 5921:coast, also advancing through 5478:Летне-осенняя кампания 1944 г. 5438:Летне-осенняя кампания 1943 г. 5398:Летне-осенняя кампания 1942 г. 5376:Летне-осенняя кампания 1941 г. 5193:, and many other innovations. 4237:occupied and illegally annexed 4235:In June 1940 the Soviet Union 4134:Paris Peace Conference of 1919 4007:German Instrument of Surrender 3947:European theatre of operations 3424:Mozambican War of Independence 3121:Kazakhstan famine of 1932–1933 191:German Instrument of Surrender 1: 20983:South Ossetia war (1991–1992) 20861:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 20612:Russian invasion of Manchuria 20602:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) 20548:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) 20543:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828) 20486:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812) 20476:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813) 20441:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790) 20436:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792) 20426:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) 20416:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743) 20394:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723) 20389:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711) 20366:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700) 20361:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681) 20336:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653) 20312:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595) 20307:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570) 20292:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557) 20167:List of wars involving Russia 20162:Sino-Russian border conflicts 19985:Victory Banner (Soviet Union) 19870:National Guard Forces Command 19782:Moscow Military Music College 17976:Japanese invasion of Thailand 17927:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 17691:German invasion of Luxembourg 16072:Mediterranean and Middle East 15326:10.1080/13518046.2015.1061828 15073:Krivosheev, Grigoriy (1997). 15000:The Soviet‐German War 1941–45 13695:Merridale, Catherine (2006). 13548:Hosking, Geoffrey A. (2006). 13073:"Białe plamy wokół Powstania" 12708:Marshal of Victory, Volume II 12352:The Journal of Modern History 12182:Vospominaniya i razmyshleniya 11688:(inactive 3 September 2024). 11577:. E.S. Mittler. p. 249. 10940:The Journal of Modern History 10859:The English Historical Review 10650:(pdf, 12 Seiten; 695 kB) 10537:Donald Hankey (3 June 2015). 10292: 10087:pro-communist Polish division 9800:Walther von Seydlitz-Kurzbach 9777:, some Hungarians joined the 9339:and those who were captured. 9283: 8289:Einsatzgruppen murdering Jews 7839: 7546:At 2:41 am on 7 May 1945, at 7069:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive 6947:Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive 6819:) had crossed the Dnieper at 6763:the first to go, followed by 6160:Mikhail Grigoryevich Yefremov 5507:: the German invasion of the 5480:) (1 June – 31 December 1944) 5440:) (1 July – 31 December 1943) 5427:Зимняя кампания 1942–1943 гг. 5378:) (22 June – 4 December 1941) 5051:training Red Air Force pilots 4679:forces were also assisted by 4467:Purge of the Red Army in 1941 4284:Racial policy of Nazi Germany 4262: 4164:directed against the Russians 4077: 3483:Death and funeral of Brezhnev 2176:Mediterranean and Middle East 193:, 1945; Soviet troops at the 21127:Eastern Front (World War II) 20938:Eritrean War of Independence 20908:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 20903:East German uprising of 1953 20844:Eastern Front (World War II) 20733:Red Army invasion of Georgia 20728:Red Army invasion of Armenia 20696:Estonian War of Independence 20637:Russian occupation of Tabriz 20558:Hungarian Revolution of 1848 20516:War of the Seventh Coalition 20399:War of the Polish Succession 20346:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667) 19877:Ministry of Internal Affairs 19355:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre 19009:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS 18970:Army Group Rear Area Command 17883:Invasion of the Soviet Union 17572:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 16890:Independent State of Croatia 15601:Eastern Front (World War II) 14799:Braun, Hans-Joachim (1990). 14142:Richard Overy, The Dictators 13480:"Remembering a Red Flag Day" 12954:"Armistice Agreement Signed" 12587:Liddell Hart, B. H. (1970). 12417:. Tallinn. pp. 469–493. 12280:. Tallinn. pp. 495–517. 11896:10.1017/CHO9781139626859.003 11535:Frieser, Karl-Heinz (1995). 11399:The Franco Regime, 1936–1975 10900:. University of Pennsylvania 10665:and Sabine Schleiermacher". 10375:. Rowman & Littlefield. 10355: 9950:Soviet Union in World War II 9885:Bulgaria during World War II 9551:Prisoners taken by the Axis 8166:) to unimportant positions. 8024:wrote of Hitler's signal to 7808:of people in world history. 7627:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 7611:Soviet Far East: August 1945 7229:, the Red Army launched the 7050:attack at the Sinimäed Hills 6698:Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive 6694:Dnieper-Carpathian Offensive 5878:(captured 5 October) to the 5421:Winter Campaign of 1942–43 ( 5400:) (1 May – 18 November 1942) 5381:Winter Campaign of 1941–42 ( 5312:German economic exploitation 5280:Rolf Karlbom estimated that 5020:United States Army Air Force 5011:Foreign support and measures 4522:, but in a matter of months 4298:(1925) for the necessity of 4178:signed in August 1939 was a 3901:fought between the European 3289:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 3284:1956 Georgian demonstrations 3245:East German uprising of 1953 3187:Soviet invasion of Manchuria 2157:Manchuria and Northern Korea 1944:18–24 million civilians dead 395:Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship 354:Soviet occupation of Hungary 349:Soviet occupation of Romania 327:Allied occupation of Germany 7: 20978:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993) 20928:Sino-Soviet border conflict 20797:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang 20765:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929) 20701:Latvian War of Independence 20590:Russian conquest of Bukhara 20481:War of the Fourth Coalition 20466:War of the Second Coalition 19432:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht 19427:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 19171:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski 18867:End of World War II in Asia 18707:Western invasion of Germany 18214:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 18191:Second Battle of El Alamein 17761:Hundred Regiments Offensive 17733:Battle of the Mediterranean 17586:Italian invasion of Albania 15760:Air warfare of World War II 15034:. Vintage Books USA, 2005. 13734:Borejsza, Jerzy W. (2017). 13393:Duiker, William J. (2015). 13041:"Combat in Estonia in 1944" 11673:The Economic History Review 11283:Uldricks, Teddy J. (1977). 11059:Bolloten, Burnett (2015) . 10898:Literature of the Holocaust 10256: 10246:Німе́цько-радя́нська війна́ 10221: 10109:rivaling the one in London. 9890:Byelorussia in World War II 9813: 9767:Tudor Vladimirescu Division 7958:(commander-in-chief of the 7416:Soviet 150th Rifle Division 6622:Soviet 5th Guards Tank Army 6565:However, if one last great 6200:. Further north still, the 6127:The 20th Army, part of the 6104:, Vyazma and Smolensk. The 5914:, where they settled down. 5469:) (1 January – 31 May 1944) 5217:how crucial this aid was." 5166:30% of fighters and bombers 5160:33% of their motor vehicles 5139: 5134: 5124: 5121: 5113: 5110: 5102: 5099: 5091: 5088: 5080: 5077: 4658:surrendered unconditionally 4591:of Austria in 1938 and the 4565:Nazi Germany, which was an 4487:. Stalin's central tenet, " 4312:and using the remainder as 3414:Angolan War of Independence 3271:"On the Cult of Personality 3224:Death and funeral of Stalin 2954:History of the Soviet Union 298:anti-communist insurgencies 10: 21158: 20973:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 20511:War of the Sixth Coalition 20501:War of the Fifth Coalition 20471:War of the Third Coalition 20076:Military history of Russia 20038:Armed conflicts involving 19463:Hitler's Generals on Trial 18793:Naval bombardment of Japan 18161:First Battle of El Alamein 18080:Battle of Christmas Island 18025:Japanese invasion of Burma 17789:Italian invasion of Greece 17705:German invasion of Belgium 17677:German invasion of Denmark 17650:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 17519:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 15783:Comparative military ranks 15535:Dole Institute of Politics 14773: 14710:. Pen and Sword Military. 13640:Roberts, Geoffrey (2006). 13399:Contemporary World History 12222:Zhilin, P.A., ed. (1973). 10811:Evans, Richard J. (1989). 10439:Geoffrey, Roberts (2002). 10257:Niméts'ko-radiáns'ka viiná 10238:Deutsch-Sowjetischer Krieg 10071:Polish government-in-exile 9965:World War II in Yugoslavia 9915:Greece during World War II 9779:Volunteer Regiment of Buda 9287: 8325:Rostov for keeping pigeons 8173: 8121:Russian Revolution of 1917 7660: 7614: 7572:The war in Europe was over 7459:58th Guards Rifle Division 7383: 7297:Operation Spring Awakening 7178: 7159:to fight in the sieges of 7125: 7067:, the Red Army launched a 6912: 6891:offensives towards Tallinn 6679: 6490: 6378: 6271: 6073:Winter Campaign of 1941–42 6062: 5858: 5651:'s two panzer groups (the 5538: 5491:) (1 January – 8 May 1945) 5387:Зимняя кампания 1941/42 г. 5326: 5295: 5129: 5118: 5107: 5096: 5085: 5074: 4614: 4524:a right-wing military coup 4460: 4324:in power over the mass of 4277: 4266: 4162:Everything I undertake is 4081: 3615:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 3199:Soviet famine of 1946–1947 3111:Soviet famine of 1932–1933 3080:Death and funeral of Lenin 320:Central and Eastern Europe 244:Central and Eastern Europe 21:Great Patriotic War (term) 18: 21086: 21021: 20812:Soviet invasion of Poland 20622: 20506:French invasion of Russia 20374: 20272: 20191: 20117:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars 20109: 20066: 20059: 19993: 19947: 19762:National anthem of Russia 19740: 19729: 19543: 19440: 19409: 19368: 19340: 19291: 19189: 19161: 19117:Police Battalion (PB) 309 19083: 19032: 18996: 18968: 18882: 18714:Bratislava–Brno offensive 18654: 18645:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 18382: 18269:Allied invasion of Sicily 18223: 18129:Aleutian Islands campaign 18101:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 18048: 18039:Greek famine of 1941–1944 17934:Second Battle of Changsha 17839:German invasion of Greece 17807: 17684:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 17659: 17597: 17492: 17373: 17099: 17009: 16857: 16560: 16551: 16309: 16134: 16026:North and Central Pacific 15987: 15749: 15742: 15669: 15427: 15225:Russian at War, 1941–1945 14930:Berlin: The Downfall 1945 14893:Anderson, Dunkan, et al. 14867:Glantz, David M. (2005). 14848:Glantz, David M. (1998). 14604:Ambrose, Stephen (1997). 13764:16 September 2012 at the 11856:23 September 2017 at the 11824:Weeks, Albert L. (2004). 11348:10.1080/09668139308412091 11285:"Stalin and Nazi Germany" 11230:10.1080/09668135008409773 10774:10.1017/S0008938900020628 10681:10.1017/S0008938900013170 10626:. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 10543:. Routledge. p. 50. 10385:– via Google Books. 10245: 10210: 10155:Support provided through 10139:Support provided through 10077:, but shortly thereafter 9732:Ukrainian Liberation Army 9537: 9355: 9118: 9115: 9112: 9109: 9014: 8974: 8971: 8916: 8893: 8831: 8828: 8569: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8551: 7964:How Hitler Could Have Won 7591:ceremonial Victory parade 7467:US 69th Infantry Division 7185:East Pomeranian Offensive 7011:Lvov–Sandomierz operation 6927:Battle of Tannenberg Line 6923:Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive 6810: to 31 December 1944 6730:The German forces on the 6686:Battle of Smolensk (1943) 6676:Autumn and winter 1943–44 6416: to 18 February 1943 6410: to 12 December 1942 6363:and to the main prize of 6278:Battle of Voronezh (1942) 6267: to 18 November 1942 6147:Armies were at Domanovo. 5906:, a German–Finnish force 5528: to 9 September 1941 5522: to 1 September 1941 5489:Кампания в Европе 1945 г. 5488: 5477: 5466: 5453: 5437: 5426: 5413: 5397: 5386: 5375: 5362: 5016:A strategic air offensive 4920:France, the Low Countries 4610: 4158:Commissioner, by saying: 4064:German–Finnish operations 2403: 1996: 1938: 1898:600,000 died in captivity 1881: 1792: 740: 408: 242:Europe, east of Germany: 201: 147: 139: 134: 20953:South African Border War 20878:Guerrilla war in Ukraine 20780:Chechen uprising of 1932 20461:Russo-Persian War (1796) 19955:1992 Moscow peace parade 19865:National Guard of Russia 19850:Federal Security Service 19802:Russian Aerospace Forces 18997:Commanding organisations 18306:Allied invasion of Italy 18283:Solomon Islands campaign 18032:Third Battle of Changsha 17629:First Battle of Changsha 17535:Second Sino-Japanese War 16475:German military brothels 16341:United States war crimes 15489:The National WWII Museum 15190:. Berghahn Books, 1997. 15173:Müller, Rolf-Dieter and 15045:Hill, Alexander (2016). 14681:Loeffel, Robert (2012). 14543:"German arms production" 14487:Internet Wayback Machine 12739:Shirer (1990), p.927–928 12730:Shirer (1990), p.925–926 12195:Regan, Geoffrey (1992). 12076:10.1177/0022009405054568 11518:operationbarbarossa.net/ 11034:Hill, Alexander (2016). 10761:Central European History 10668:Central European History 10594:Ericson, Edward (1999). 10040:units fought as part of 9990: 9971: 9707:Dead Soviet soldiers in 9557:WIA (not including DOW) 8468:Geneva Convention (1929) 8231:The Last Jew in Vinnitsa 8199:frontline outside Moscow 7998:Frustration at Hitler's 7726:U.S. Army Chief of Staff 7500:and Propaganda Minister 7235:self-propelled artillery 6939:Battle of Romania (1944) 6935:Slovak National Uprising 6915:Crimean Offensive (1944) 6792: to 1 December 1943 6720:Großdeutschland Division 6530:reinforced heavily with 6527:German Army High Command 6227:Second Battle of Kharkov 6069:Second Battle of Kharkov 5981:between the head of the 5534: to 5 December 1941 5461:Winter–Spring Campaign ( 4866:(66% of the German Army) 4512:Spanish general election 4489:Socialism in One Country 4180:non-aggression agreement 4116:(March 1918), where the 3675:independence declaration 3446:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 3434:South African Border War 3101:Socialism in one country 2162:pre-war border conflicts 1860:(Front) 6,724,000 troops 1853:(Front) 5,313,000 troops 1846:(Front) 2,680,000 troops 360:Bulgarian communist coup 20595:Khivan campaign of 1873 20446:Russo-Polish War (1792) 19904:Suvorov Military School 19820:Russian Airborne Forces 19787:Preobrazhensky Regiment 19456:Hitler’s Bandit Hunters 19283:2nd SS Infantry Brigade 19278:1st SS Infantry Brigade 18728:Second Guangxi campaign 18583:Philippines (1944–1945) 18087:Battle of the Coral Sea 17990:Fall of the Philippines 17636:Battle of South Guangxi 17542:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 16948:Italian Social Republic 15159:, New York: Macmillan, 15110:Svenska Kryptobedrifter 14780:Bellamy, Chris (2007). 14706:Paul Moorcraft (2023). 14660:. Bloomsbury Academic. 14654:Kai Schoenhals (1989). 14594:, 9780786474707. P. 449 13799:Holocaust Controversies 13535:Office of the Historian 13507:Roosevelt in Retrospect 12706:Zhukov, Georgy (1974). 12180:Zhukov, Georgy (1972). 11468:Glantz & House 1995 10622:Mälksoo, Lauri (2003). 10171:) on the Eastern Front. 10120:Czechoslovak Army Corps 10105:, which evolved into a 9930:Romania in World War II 9920:Hungary in World War II 9905:Finland in World War II 9900:Estonia in World War II 9831:Outline of World War II 9728:Russian Liberation Army 9290:World War II casualties 9278:Allied bombing campaign 8514:– and with the help of 8406:German officers of the 8391:; and 5.5 million 8341:Encyclopædia Britannica 7956:Walther von Brauchitsch 7651:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 7598:fight in Czechoslovakia 7552:unconditional surrender 7506:Chancellor of the Reich 7451:British 21st Army Group 7324:East Prussian operation 7275:, under the command of 7271:) by the newly created 7193:East Prussian Offensive 7128:Baltic Offensive (1944) 7054:army detachment "Narwa" 6834:5th SS Panzer Division 6804: to 19 August 1944 6690:Lower Dnieper Offensive 6393:Third Battle of Kharkov 6385:Operation Little Saturn 6375:Stalingrad: Winter 1942 6312:Brandenburger commandos 6294:and then following the 6214:Russian Liberation Army 5993:and the heads of three 5869:Battle of Rostov (1941) 5570:. On the same day, the 5350:of the Theatre of war: 4963:Chinese Eastern Railway 4520:Second Spanish Republic 4475:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 4212:. On 17 September, the 4190:to the pre–World War I 4176:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 4114:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4092:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3843:Soviet Union portal 3578:Fall of the Berlin Wall 3544:Lithuanian independence 3255:1954 transfer of Crimea 3157:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3050:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 811:Walther von Brauchitsch 275:(concurrently with the 155:Clockwise from top left 21068:Western Libya campaign 20743:East Karelian uprising 20264:Wagner Group rebellion 20199:Uprising of Bolotnikov 19845:Russian Railway Troops 19830:Russian Naval Infantry 19825:Russian Naval Aviation 19767:Ribbon of Saint George 19528:Moscow military parade 19219:Police Regiment Centre 19070:Max von Schenckendorff 18313:Armistice of Cassibile 18115:Battle of Dutch Harbor 18066:Battle of the Java Sea 17969:Attack on Pearl Harbor 17869:Syria–Lebanon campaign 17862:Battle of South Shanxi 17832:Invasion of Yugoslavia 17615:Battle of the Atlantic 17229:Korean Liberation Army 16942:(until September 1943) 16899:(until September 1944) 16877:(until September 1944) 15455:USS Silversides Museum 14685:. Palgrave Macmillan. 14434:Third Axis Fourth Ally 14258:Atlas of the Holocaust 14118:Holocaust Encyclopedia 13949:Alexander Matveichuk. 13616:Toppe, Alfred (1998), 13503:Gunther, John (1950). 13126:Hastings, Max (2005). 12674:Blood, Tears and Folly 12672:Deighton, Len (1993). 12554:Hayward, Joel (1998). 12135:William I. Hitchcock, 12037:24 August 2015 at the 11976:Karlbom, Rolf (1968). 11643:Hardesty, Von (1982). 11262:10.1080/09668130098253 11116:Lind, Michael (2002). 10894:"The Wannsee Protocol" 10872:10.1093/ehr/CX.437.620 10237: 10107:Provisional Government 9850:Horses in World War II 9846:propaganda film series 9790: 9712: 9673: 9665: 9315: 9307: 8540:Battle of the Atlantic 8499: 8448:forcefully repatriated 8411: 8367: 8356: 8326: 8296: 8245: 8224: 8068:The executed included 8053: 8038: 7980: 7934: 7757: 7746: 7670: 7498:President of the Reich 7465:made contact with the 7423: 7407: 7331:Konstantin Rokossovsky 7277: 7231:Vistula–Oder Offensive 7218: 7210: to 30 March 1945 7181:Vistula–Oder Offensive 7048:. Despite a ferocious 7041: 6964: 6812: 6798: to 30 April 1944 6715: 6702:Battle of Narva (1944) 6644: 6522: 6520: to 1 August 1943 6514: to 18 March 1943 6449:Operation Winter Storm 6424: 6356:attached to 6th Army. 6269: 6261: to 1 August 1942 6060: 5856: 5829:destruction battalions 5715: 5663:and converged east of 5554: 5536: 5342: 5308:German-occupied Europe 5233: 5001:Siemens and Halske T52 4949: 4903: 4633: 4548:Portugal's Estado Novo 4458: 4405: 4390: 4385: 4221:Poland was partitioned 4206:Germany invaded Poland 4172: 4032: 4028:scorched-earth tactics 3498:: Decline and collapse 1575:Konstantin Rokossovsky 741:Commanders and leaders 211:22 June 1941 21063:Intervention in Syria 20998:Tajikistani Civil War 20706:Lithuanian–Soviet War 20647:Battle of Robat Karim 20096:Post-Soviet conflicts 19909:Nakhimov Naval School 19792:Russian Ground Forces 19777:Military Band Service 19332:Nazi security warfare 19237:Police Regiment South 19214:Police Regiment North 18957:Army Group Rear Areas 18477:Second Battle of Guam 18373:Bengal famine of 1943 18343:Second Battle of Kiev 18299:Battle of the Dnieper 18004:Battle of Wake Island 17876:East African campaign 17818:Battle of South Henan 17463:atrocities by Germans 17236:Korean Volunteer Army 16217:Occupation of Germany 15971:Music in World War II 15451:The Battle for Moscow 15433:"Operation Typhoon": 15399:31 March 2012 at the 14634:History Learning Site 14335:. Hungarian wounded: 13620:, Diane, p. 28, 13531:www.history.state.gov 13081:(in Polish) (177): 13 13069:Jan Nowak-Jeziorański 13039:Hiio, Toomas (2006). 12558:Stopped at Stalingrad 12521:Chris., Mann (2002). 12257:Baltic Defence Review 12236:Shirer (1990), p. 852 11775:Hans-Adolf Jacobsen: 11724:German Studies Review 11571:Post, Walter (2001). 11541:The Blitzkrieg Legend 10703:Megargee, Geoffrey P. 10510:Cross, Robin (2002). 10441:Victory at Stalingrad 10268:On 7 September 1943, 10188:on the Eastern Front. 9960:Women in World War II 9754:units, including the 9706: 9671: 9663: 9565:8,668,400–10,000,000 9313: 9305: 9288:Further information: 8493: 8405: 8362: 8353:Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya 8350: 8320: 8287: 8229: 8195: 8048: 8034: 7993:Heaven-bound Missions 7975: 7929: 7798:displaced to the west 7751: 7741: 7668: 7568:German-Russian Museum 7413: 7401: 7339:1st Belorussian Front 7335:2nd Belorussian Front 7204: 7031: 6954: 6786: 6709: 6637:Battle of Prokhorovka 6634: 6500: 6404: 6314:dressed up as Soviet 6255: to 22 July 1942 6240: 6204:was unleashed on the 6202:Soviet 2nd Shock Army 6129:Soviet 1st Shock Army 6046: 5912:Zapadnaya Litsa River 5855:period, November 1941 5847: 5825:scorched-earth policy 5775:Dnipropetrovsk Oblast 5709: 5548: 5503: 5336: 5323:Conduct of operations 5228: 5178:12% of tanks and SPGs 4947: 4901: 4688:Spanish Blue Division 4628: 4510:In February 1936 the 4449: 4160: 4152:Carl Jacob Burckhardt 3250:Virgin Lands campaign 3075:National delimitation 2087:Yugoslavian Partisans 1882:Casualties and losses 1712:Michał Rola-Żymierski 944:Maximilian von Weichs 21046:Annexation of Crimea 20750:Central Asian Revolt 20659:Ukrainian–Soviet War 20531:Russo-Circassian War 20214:Pugachev's Rebellion 20157:Russo-Ukrainian Wars 20101:Russian Armed Forces 20071:Early modern warfare 19810:Russian Space Forces 19181:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 18763:Surrender of Germany 18241:Battle of West Hubei 18198:Guadalcanal campaign 18168:Battle of Stalingrad 18094:Battle of Madagascar 16868:Albania protectorate 16655:(formerly Swaziland) 16364:Wehrmacht war crimes 16180:Expulsion of Germans 15964:Art and World War II 15862:British contribution 15811:Governments in exile 15506:discussing his book 15384:RKKA in World War II 15185:16 July 2012 at the 15153:Merridale, Catherine 14089:on 19 December 2000. 13817:www.belarusguide.com 13423:Hanson, Victor Davis 13243:, pp. 219, 220. 13231:pp. 259–357, 380–381 12926:Baxter, Ian (2009). 12612:Clark, Alan (1965). 12048:3 April 2017 at the 12029:. Nathan Associates. 11144:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10283:SS-Obergruppenführer 10278:Hans-Adolf Prützmann 10169:No. 134 Squadron RAF 10095:Second Polish Armies 9837:The Battle of Russia 9651:2,250,000–3,300,000 9648:4,139,000–5,780,000 9520:4,264,497–4,530,818 9402:2,733,739–3,000,060 9388:(not including DOW) 8070:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 7982:The success of this 7941:in East Prussia, at 7868:improve this article 7792:of East Prussia and 7680:Operation Barbarossa 7541:Flensburg government 7216: to 11 May 1945 6980:invasion of Normandy 6600:and steamed towards 6464:in eastern Ukraine. 6381:Battle of Stalingrad 6286:Battle of Stalingrad 6249: to 7 July 1942 6021:Marshal Shaposhnikov 5908:set out for Murmansk 5541:Operation Barbarossa 5516: to 9 July 1941 5505:Operation Barbarossa 4959:Sino-Soviet conflict 4646:Operation Barbarossa 4631:Operation Barbarossa 4552:Spanish Nationalists 4536:left wing volunteers 4505:first five-year plan 4428:Battle of Stalingrad 4318:Bolshevik Revolution 4219:, and, as a result, 4214:Soviet Union invaded 4204:On 1 September 1939 3987:regained territories 3966:came close to Moscow 3962:Operation Barbarossa 3943:70–85 million deaths 3883:, also known as the 3670:Ukrainian revolution 3598:German reunification 3556:Latvian independence 3471:1984 Olympic boycott 3466:1980 Olympic boycott 3456:1980 Summer Olympics 3429:Mozambican Civil War 3319:Cuban Missile Crisis 3299:Peaceful coexistence 3167:Operation Barbarossa 1928:4.1 million captured 1916:8.7–10 million dead 1903:4.5 million captured 1748:Constantin Sănătescu 1296:Aleksandr Vasilevsky 375:Czechoslovakia cedes 335:Partition of Germany 286:and creation of the 222:8 May 1945 195:Battle of Stalingrad 52:improve this article 21142:Invasions of Russia 21106:Sphere of influence 21036:Russo-Ukrainian War 20893:First Indochina War 20866:Soviet–Japanese War 20802:Xinjiang War (1937) 20671:Kazakhstan Campaign 20456:Kościuszko Uprising 20356:Second Northern War 20234:Coup attempt (1991) 20127:Soviet-Finnish wars 19999:Victory Day Parades 19980:Z (military symbol) 19970:Great Patriotic War 19960:Victory Day (9 May) 19743:and prominent parts 19741:Participating units 19536:Great Patriotic War 19422:War of annihilation 19065:Edwin von Rothkirch 18853:Potsdam Declaration 18742:Italy (Spring 1945) 18505:Liberation of Paris 17962:Siege of Sevastopol 16980:(until August 1944) 16883:Wang Jingwei regime 16705:from September 1943 16665:from September 1944 16603:from September 1944 16463:Romanian war crimes 16454:Persecution of Jews 16440:Croatian war crimes 16410:Japanese war crimes 16224:Occupation of Japan 16173:First Indochina War 15885:Military production 15797:Declarations of war 15411:The Washington Post 15117:and David B. Hurt. 15077:. Greenhill Books. 14574:, pp. 359–360. 14562:, pp. 253–258. 14549:. 5 September 2020. 14378:, pp. 276–278. 14280:. Oldenbourg 2000. 14202:. Oldenbourg 2000. 14181:. Oldenbourg 2000. 13676:on 20 December 2018 13451:Frieser, Karl-Heinz 12907:Laar, Mart (2006). 12886:. Greenhill Books. 11830:. Lexington Books. 11363:Europe-Asia Studies 11336:Europe-Asia Studies 11249:Europe-Asia Studies 10471:. 18 September 2011 10165:No. 81 Squadron RAF 9935:Soviet–Japanese War 9805:Hitler's notorious 9534: 9352: 9106: 8968: 8825: 8548: 8090:political commissar 8030:Battle of the Bulge 7912:near-absolute power 7617:Soviet–Japanese War 7432:sphere of influence 7355:1st Ukrainian Front 7254:Army Group Courland 7189:Silesian Offensives 6984:Operation Bagration 6919:Operation Bagration 6899:Estonian conscripts 6608:, led by Gen. Col. 6501:German advances at 6154:at Rzhev. A Soviet 5799:rivers, the Soviet 5695:and slowing of the 5302:The use of foreign 5058: 4978:General of the Army 4738: 4709:, particularly the 4705:. In addition, the 4664:(also known as the 4571:Anti-Comintern Pact 4378:war of annihilation 4112:as a result of the 4020:war of annihilation 3886:Great Patriotic War 3593:Romanian Revolution 3573:Peaceful Revolution 3568:Pan-European Picnic 3563:Revolutions of 1989 3504:Invasion of Grenada 3380:Cambodian Civil War 3334:: Era of Stagnation 3219:First Indochina War 3194:Soviet deportations 3162:Great Patriotic War 3135:Cultural Revolution 3065:New Economic Policy 3019:February Revolution 2669:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh 2570:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya 1940:Civilian casualties 1680:Ivan Chernyakhovsky 1526:Yakov Cherevichenko 1155:Ferenc Szombathelyi 378:Carpathian Ruthenia 340:Polish puppet state 246:, in later stages: 21096:Russian Revolution 21031:Russo-Georgian War 21013:Second Chechen War 20993:Georgian Civil War 20632:Russo-Japanese War 20384:Great Northern War 20282:Russo-Crimean Wars 20254:Second Chechen War 20152:Russo-Turkish wars 20147:Russo-Swedish wars 20137:Russo-Persian Wars 20122:Russo-Crimean Wars 19376:High Command Trial 19327:Mogilev conference 19273:SS Cavalry Brigade 19085:Security Divisions 19050:Kuno-Hans von Both 18846:Surrender of Japan 18679:Battle of Iwo Jima 18528:Belgrade offensive 17941:Siege of Leningrad 17825:Battle of Shanggao 17754:British Somaliland 17719:Dunkirk evacuation 17670:Norwegian campaign 17608:Invasion of Poland 17435:Japanese prisoners 16403:Italian war crimes 16334:British war crimes 16249:Soviet occupations 16033:South-West Pacific 15920:Allied cooperation 15878:Military equipment 15273:Winterbotham, F.W. 15219:Schofield, Carey, 15175:Gerd R. Ueberschär 15092:Liddell Hart, B.H. 14493:on 15 January 2009 14276:Rüdiger Overmans, 14198:Rüdiger Overmans. 14064:6 May 2017 at the 13925:Robert Gellately. 13579:The New York Times 13303:The New York Times 13285:The New York Times 13100:Czarnecka, Daria. 12998:– via Trove. 12970:– via Trove. 12198:Military Anecdotes 10928:Gerlach, Christian 10732:Heinrich Himmler. 10050:Croatian Air Force 9840:– a film from the 9717:Allied Commissions 9713: 9674: 9666: 9532: 9350: 9316: 9308: 9113:Industrial labour 9104: 8966: 8821: 8567:(thousand tonnes) 8546: 8500: 8412: 8368: 8357: 8327: 8297: 8246: 8092:, a member of the 8054: 8026:Gerd von Rundstedt 8022:F. W. Winterbotham 7935: 7790:German populations 7758: 7671: 7436:German atomic bomb 7424: 7408: 7361:north-west to the 7273:Army Group Vistula 7269:Operation Solstice 7219: 7175:January–March 1945 7136:Budapest Offensive 7132:Belgrade Offensive 7042: 6965: 6955:Soviet and Polish 6943:Battle of Debrecen 6857:Hans-Valentin Hube 6813: 6716: 6710:Loading a Soviet " 6653:meeting engagement 6645: 6523: 6487:Kursk: Summer 1943 6425: 6292:Battle of Voronezh 6282:Battle of Caucasus 6270: 6094:double envelopment 6061: 6058: German gains 6052: Soviet gains 5987:Army General Staff 5941:by autumn (except 5900:Siege of Leningrad 5861:Siege of Leningrad 5857: 5716: 5667:, followed by the 5555: 5551:Vyacheslav Molotov 5537: 5343: 5234: 5056: 4950: 4904: 4736: 4727:Groupe de Chasse 3 4634: 4518:government in the 4459: 4418:Berlin Sportpalast 3825:Post-Soviet states 3529:Singing Revolution 3519:Chernobyl disaster 3439:Rhodesian Bush War 3040:October Revolution 2864:Western Carpathian 2804:2nd Jassy–Kishinev 2774:1st Jassy–Kishinev 2759:Leningrad–Novgorod 2754:Dnieper–Carpathian 2289:French West Africa 2130:South West Pacific 2038:Denmark and Norway 1320:Kliment Voroshilov 1284:Boris Shaposhnikov 1028:Ferdinand Schörner 1004:Johannes Friessner 968:Erich von Manstein 896:Gerd von Rundstedt 607:Former Axis powers 387:Kaliningrad Oblast 21114: 21113: 21003:First Chechen War 20958:Soviet–Afghan War 20943:Angolan Civil War 20718:Polish–Soviet War 20676:Finnish Civil War 20654:Russian Civil War 20553:November Uprising 20491:Anglo-Russian War 20431:Bar Confederation 20244:First Chechen War 20224:Russian Civil War 20219:Decembrist revolt 20209:Bulavin Rebellion 20204:Razin's Rebellion 20187: 20186: 20142:Russo-Polish Wars 20110:Lists by opponent 20005: 20004: 19806:Russian Air Force 19493: 19492: 19369:War crimes trials 19313:Barbarossa Decree 19176:Friedrich Jeckeln 19019:Army Group Centre 19004:Army High Command 18961:German–Soviet War 18920: 18919: 18878: 18877: 18721:Battle of Okinawa 18620:Burma (1944–1945) 18454:Mariana and Palau 18234:Tunisian campaign 18059:Fall of Singapore 17983:Fall of Hong Kong 17726:Battle of Britain 17579:Operation Himmler 17488: 17487: 17152:Dutch East Indies 16795:Southern Rhodesia 16547: 16546: 16447:Genocide of Serbs 16350:German war crimes 16327:Soviet war crimes 16320:Allied war crimes 16166:Division of Korea 16145:Chinese Civil War 15943:Strategic bombing 15855:Manhattan Project 15514:, a programme of 15257:Shirer, William L 15166:978-0-312-42652-1 15056:978-1-107-02079-5 14977:978-0-304-36540-1 14878:978-0-7006-1353-3 14859:978-0-7006-1789-0 14814:978-0-415-02101-2 14791:978-0-375-41086-4 14692:978-0-230-34305-4 14454:"Non-Soviet POWs" 14432:; Mark Axworthy, 13745:978-83-63352-88-2 13627:978-0-7881-7080-5 13561:978-0-674-02178-5 13464:978-0-19-872346-2 13408:978-1-285-44790-2 13266:978-0-451-47701-9 13139:978-0-375-71422-1 13054:978-9949-13-040-5 12939:978-1-906033-33-0 12893:978-1-85367-280-4 12878:Krivosheev, G. F. 12819:978-0-7006-1208-6 12755:(December 1972). 12717:978-1-78159-291-5 12458:978-1-4000-4005-6 12443:Gellately, Robert 12208:978-0-233-05077-5 12152:(25 March 2010). 12139:(2008), pp 250–56 11905:978-1-139-62685-9 11837:978-0-7391-6054-1 11656:978-0-87474-510-8 11629:978-0-511-25293-8 11584:978-3-8132-0772-9 11436:978-0-7006-2121-7 11409:978-0-299-11073-4 11375:10.1080/713663077 11201:"Maksim Litvinov" 11186:978-0-7618-2963-8 11159:978-0-391-03825-7 11129:978-0-684-87027-4 11102:978-1-4728-0716-8 11072:978-1-4696-2447-1 11045:978-1-107-02079-5 10930:(December 1998). 10824:978-0-394-57686-2 10744:on 2 March 2009. 10718:978-0-7425-4482-6 10580:978-1-4616-3547-5 10550:978-1-317-56756-1 10382:978-0-8117-6784-2 10353: 10352: 10345: 10254: 10219: 10079:moved to the West 10026:German occupation 10009:puppet government 10005:German occupation 9860:Barbarossa decree 9775:Siege of Budapest 9658: 9657: 9530: 9529: 9345:agricultural land 9258: 9257: 9102: 9101: 8964: 8963: 8819: 8818: 8572:(million tonnes) 8562:(million tonnes) 8486:Industrial output 8455:were sent to the 8331:ethnic minorities 8220:Jerzy W. Borejsze 8218:Polish historian 8160:Rodion Malinovsky 7947:Reich Chancellery 7900: 7899: 7892: 7806:forced migrations 7782:Soviet war crimes 7767:German war crimes 7715:Normandy invasion 7700:mass deportations 7649:. Apart from the 7643:southern Sakhalin 7633:and neighbouring 7516:, on 1 May 1945. 7477:, Germany at the 7264:in East Prussia. 7097:Operation Tempest 7025:on 12 September. 7009:The neighbouring 6988:Tehran Conference 6714:" rocket launcher 6662:landing in Sicily 6591:Operation Kutuzov 6481:back into Kharkov 6003:Army Group Center 5649:Army Group Centre 5613:'s objective was 5582:were renamed the 5146: 5145: 4974:Semyon Timoshenko 4876: 4875: 4860:1,960,000 Germans 4731:Charles de Gaulle 4617:Aufbau Ost (1940) 4550:took the side of 4528:Spanish Civil War 4481:industrialisation 4471:Spanish Civil War 4451:Semyon Timoshenko 4386:Vernichtungskrieg 4345:Jewish Bolshevism 4186:aiming to return 4156:League of Nations 4024:Vernichtungskrieg 4003:capture of Berlin 3917:. It encompassed 3891:German–Soviet War 3877: 3876: 3706:Soviet leadership 3692:Alma-Ata Protocol 3687:Belovezha Accords 3583:Velvet Revolution 3549:Economic blockade 3451:Soviet–Afghan War 3419:Angolan Civil War 3370:Laotian Civil War 3345:Era of Stagnation 3340:Brezhnev Doctrine 3309:Sino-Soviet split 3239:: Khrushchev Thaw 3130:Industrialization 3045:Russian Civil War 2938: 2937: 2361: 2360: 2282:Strategic bombing 2198:Mediterranean Sea 1954: 1953: 1891:5.1 million dead 1784:C.G.E. Mannerheim 1632:Vasily Sokolovsky 1538:Rodion Malinovsky 1392:Alexander Novikov 1356:Nikolai Kuznetsov 1332:Semyon Timoshenko 1191:C.G.E. Mannerheim 920:Georg von Küchler 908:Günther von Kluge 404: 403: 364:Soviet occupation 344:change of borders 315:Soviet occupation 282:Beginning of the 169:tanks during the 128: 127: 120: 102: 21149: 20988:Transnistria War 20933:War of Attrition 20839:Continuation War 20788: 20580:January Uprising 20421:Seven Years' War 20321:Time of Troubles 20287:Russo-Kazan Wars 20132:Russo-Kazan Wars 20064: 20063: 20032: 20025: 20018: 20009: 20008: 19913:Aerobatic teams 19882:Police of Russia 19860:Kremlin Regiment 19735: 19520: 19513: 19506: 19497: 19496: 19410:Related articles 19075:Joachim Witthöft 19055:Franz von Roques 19024:Army Group South 19014:Army Group North 18947: 18940: 18933: 18924: 18923: 18913: 18906: 18899: 18896:World portal 18894: 18893: 18869: 18862: 18855: 18848: 18839: 18832: 18825: 18816: 18809: 18802: 18795: 18788: 18781: 18772: 18765: 18758: 18756:Prague offensive 18751: 18749:Battle of Berlin 18744: 18737: 18730: 18723: 18716: 18709: 18702: 18695: 18693:Vienna offensive 18688: 18681: 18674: 18672:Battle of Manila 18667: 18647: 18638: 18629: 18622: 18613: 18606: 18599: 18592: 18585: 18578: 18571: 18562: 18553: 18546: 18537: 18530: 18523: 18516: 18507: 18500: 18493: 18486: 18479: 18472: 18465: 18456: 18449: 18440: 18431: 18422: 18415: 18413:Korsun–Cherkassy 18408: 18397: 18375: 18366: 18359: 18352: 18345: 18338: 18331: 18324: 18315: 18308: 18301: 18294: 18285: 18278: 18271: 18264: 18257: 18255:Bombing of Gorky 18250: 18243: 18236: 18216: 18209: 18200: 18193: 18186: 18177: 18170: 18163: 18156: 18145: 18138: 18131: 18124: 18122:Battle of Midway 18117: 18110: 18108:Battle of Gazala 18103: 18096: 18089: 18082: 18075: 18068: 18061: 18041: 18034: 18027: 18020: 18018:Battle of Borneo 18013: 18011:Malayan campaign 18006: 17999: 17992: 17985: 17978: 17971: 17964: 17957: 17955:Bombing of Gorky 17950: 17948:Battle of Moscow 17943: 17936: 17929: 17922: 17915: 17908: 17892: 17885: 17878: 17871: 17864: 17857: 17848: 17841: 17834: 17827: 17820: 17800: 17791: 17784: 17777: 17770: 17763: 17756: 17749: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17721: 17714: 17712:Battle of France 17707: 17700: 17693: 17686: 17679: 17672: 17652: 17645: 17638: 17631: 17624: 17617: 17610: 17588: 17581: 17574: 17567: 17565:Munich Agreement 17560: 17553: 17544: 17537: 17530: 17521: 17514: 17499: 17498: 17481: 17474: 17465: 17458: 17451: 17450:Soviet prisoners 17444: 17437: 17430: 17421: 17414: 17405: 17398: 17391: 17390:German prisoners 17386: 17366: 17357: 17350: 17343: 17338: 17331: 17324: 17317: 17310: 17303: 17296: 17289: 17282: 17275: 17268: 17261: 17254: 17247: 17238: 17231: 17224: 17217: 17210: 17203: 17196: 17189: 17182: 17175: 17168: 17161: 17154: 17147: 17140: 17133: 17126: 17119: 17112: 17092: 17085: 17078: 17071: 17064: 17057: 17050: 17043: 17036: 17029: 17022: 17002: 16995: 16988: 16981: 16973: 16966: 16959: 16950: 16943: 16935: 16928: 16926:French Indochina 16921: 16914: 16907: 16900: 16892: 16885: 16878: 16870: 16850: 16841: 16834: 16825: 16818: 16811: 16804: 16797: 16790: 16783: 16776: 16773:from August 1944 16764: 16757: 16750: 16743: 16736: 16729: 16722: 16715: 16708: 16696: 16689: 16682: 16675: 16668: 16656: 16648: 16641: 16634: 16627: 16620: 16613: 16606: 16594: 16587: 16580: 16573: 16558: 16557: 16538: 16531: 16524: 16517: 16510: 16499: 16484: 16477: 16470: 16465: 16456: 16449: 16442: 16433: 16426: 16419: 16417:Nanjing Massacre 16412: 16405: 16396: 16394:Nuremberg trials 16387: 16380: 16373: 16366: 16359: 16352: 16343: 16336: 16329: 16322: 16302: 16295: 16288: 16279: 16272: 16265: 16258: 16251: 16244: 16235: 16226: 16219: 16212: 16205: 16196: 16189: 16182: 16175: 16168: 16161: 16154: 16147: 16127: 16118: 16111: 16104: 16095: 16088: 16081: 16074: 16065: 16058: 16051: 16042: 16035: 16028: 16021: 16014: 16007: 16000: 15998:Asia and Pacific 15980: 15973: 15966: 15959: 15952: 15945: 15938: 15929: 15927:Mulberry harbour 15922: 15915: 15908: 15901: 15894: 15887: 15880: 15873: 15864: 15857: 15850: 15841: 15834: 15827: 15820: 15813: 15806: 15799: 15792: 15785: 15778: 15769: 15762: 15747: 15746: 15735: 15728: 15719: 15712: 15705: 15698: 15691: 15684: 15677: 15656: 15649: 15642: 15633: 15632: 15627: 15619: 15618: 15617: 15607: 15591: 15590: 15589: 15579: 15578: 15577: 15567: 15566: 15565: 15555: 15554: 15553: 15546: 15365:by Alan Taylor, 15337: 15296:Ziemke, Earl F. 15289:Ziemke, Earl F. 15276:The Ultra Secret 15241:Seaton, Albert. 15169: 15115:Lubbeck, William 15088: 15060: 14967:Erickson, John. 14952:Erickson, John. 14928:Beevor, Antony. 14882: 14863: 14844: 14818: 14806: 14795: 14767: 14766: 14764: 14762: 14757:on 22 April 2013 14753:. Archived from 14747: 14741: 14728: 14722: 14721: 14703: 14697: 14696: 14678: 14672: 14671: 14651: 14645: 14644: 14642: 14640: 14626: 14620: 14619: 14601: 14595: 14581: 14575: 14569: 14563: 14557: 14551: 14550: 14539: 14533: 14530: 14524: 14521: 14515: 14509: 14503: 14502: 14500: 14498: 14479: 14470: 14469: 14467: 14465: 14460:on 22 April 2013 14456:. Archived from 14450: 14444: 14420:Vadim Erlikman, 14418: 14412: 14401: 14395: 14385: 14379: 14373: 14364: 14306: 14304: 14302: 14293:. Archived from 14274: 14268: 14251: 14245: 14239: 14230: 14229: 14217: 14211: 14196: 14190: 14175: 14169: 14168: 14166: 14164: 14155:. Archived from 14149: 14143: 14140: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14129: 14109: 14103: 14097: 14091: 14090: 14085:. Archived from 14075: 14069: 14054: 14048: 14038: 14032: 14029: 14020: 14017: 14004: 13993: 13982: 13979: 13973: 13969: 13963: 13960: 13954: 13947: 13941: 13923: 13917: 13902: 13896: 13895: 13857: 13851: 13848: 13842: 13839: 13833: 13832:belarusguide.com 13827: 13821: 13820: 13809: 13803: 13802: 13801:. 17 March 2012. 13791: 13785: 13779: 13773: 13756: 13750: 13749: 13731: 13725: 13724: 13692: 13686: 13685: 13683: 13681: 13672:. Archived from 13662: 13656: 13655: 13637: 13631: 13630: 13613: 13607: 13601: 13595: 13589: 13583: 13575: 13566: 13565: 13545: 13539: 13538: 13523: 13517: 13516: 13510: 13500: 13494: 13493: 13488:. Archived from 13475: 13469: 13468: 13447: 13441: 13440: 13419: 13413: 13412: 13390: 13384: 13383: 13360:Military Affairs 13355: 13349: 13338: 13332: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13313: 13307: 13306: 13295: 13289: 13288: 13277: 13271: 13270: 13250: 13244: 13238: 13232: 13221: 13215: 13204: 13198: 13187: 13181: 13170: 13164: 13153: 13144: 13143: 13123: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13112: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13088: 13086: 13071:(31 July 1993). 13065: 13059: 13058: 13036: 13030: 13029: 13017: 13006: 13000: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12978: 12972: 12971: 12969: 12967: 12950: 12944: 12943: 12923: 12917: 12916: 12904: 12898: 12897: 12874: 12868: 12867: 12865: 12863: 12848: 12842: 12841: 12830: 12824: 12823: 12804:Glantz, David M. 12800: 12791: 12790: 12749: 12740: 12737: 12731: 12728: 12722: 12721: 12703: 12688: 12687: 12669: 12663: 12662: 12639:Military Affairs 12634: 12628: 12627: 12609: 12603: 12602: 12584: 12578: 12577: 12561: 12551: 12545: 12544: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12503: 12497: 12496: 12478:Second World War 12469: 12463: 12462: 12439: 12433: 12432: 12426: 12418: 12401: 12395: 12394: 12376: 12346: 12340: 12339: 12315:Military Affairs 12309: 12296: 12295: 12289: 12281: 12271: 12265: 12264: 12252: 12246: 12243: 12237: 12234: 12228: 12227: 12219: 12213: 12212: 12192: 12186: 12185: 12177: 12168: 12167: 12162:. Archived from 12150:Glantz, David M. 12146: 12140: 12133: 12127: 12126: 12124: 12122: 12117:on 15 April 2008 12113:. Archived from 12102: 12096: 12095: 12059: 12053: 12030: 12022: 12013: 12008:Ulrich Herbert, 12006: 12000: 11999: 11997: 11973: 11967: 11966: 11955: 11949: 11946: 11940: 11939: 11928: 11922: 11916: 11910: 11909: 11879: 11873: 11870: 11861: 11848: 11842: 11841: 11821: 11780: 11773: 11767: 11764: 11758: 11755: 11749: 11748: 11718: 11712: 11711: 11705: 11697: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11613: 11607: 11604: 11598: 11595: 11589: 11588: 11568: 11562: 11561: 11551: 11545: 11544: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11515: 11506: 11500: 11499: 11497: 11495: 11477: 11471: 11465: 11456: 11450: 11441: 11440: 11420: 11414: 11413: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11358: 11352: 11351: 11331: 11325: 11324: 11306: 11280: 11274: 11273: 11240: 11234: 11233: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11197: 11191: 11190: 11170: 11164: 11163: 11140: 11134: 11133: 11113: 11107: 11106: 11086: 11077: 11076: 11056: 11050: 11049: 11031: 11025: 11023:Internet Archive 11014: 11008: 11007: 10999: 10997: 10971: 10965: 10964: 10936: 10924: 10918: 10917: 10909: 10907: 10905: 10890: 10884: 10883: 10866:(437): 620–651. 10853: 10847: 10846: 10835: 10829: 10828: 10808: 10802: 10801: 10755: 10749: 10748: 10729: 10723: 10722: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10663:Mechtild Rössler 10657: 10651: 10644: 10638: 10637: 10619: 10610: 10609: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10564: 10555: 10554: 10534: 10528: 10527: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10487: 10481: 10480: 10478: 10476: 10461: 10455: 10454: 10436: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10396: 10387: 10386: 10366: 10348: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10328: 10305: 10304: 10297: 10286: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10249: 10247: 10231: 10225: 10224: 10214: 10212: 10204: 10198: 10195: 10189: 10178: 10172: 10161:No. 151 Wing RAF 10153: 10147: 10137: 10131: 10116: 10110: 10067:Władysław Anders 10059: 10053: 10035: 10029: 10022: 10016: 10001: 9760:Galicia Division 9687:Defeating Hitler 9535: 9531: 9393:Greater Germany 9353: 9349: 9107: 9103: 8969: 8965: 8826: 8820: 8549: 8545: 8536:Germany's 19,800 8472:Hague convention 8438: 8437: 8433: 8428: 8427: 8423: 8364:Soviet partisans 8351:Soviet partisan 8222: 8143:penal battalions 8113:chain of command 7984:hedgehog defence 7904:Soviet communism 7895: 7888: 7884: 7881: 7875: 7852: 7844: 7802:Oder–Neisse line 7786:Yalta conference 7775:Geoffrey Hosking 7655:Yalta Conference 7579:national holiday 7518:Helmuth Weidling 7394:Prague Offensive 7386:Battle of Berlin 7374:rocket launchers 7289:Operation Konrad 7282: 7241:, East Prussia, 7215: 7209: 7197:Vienna Offensive 7153:Baltic Offensive 7093:Polish Home Army 7065:Karelian Isthmus 6901:, defending the 6809: 6803: 6797: 6791: 6519: 6513: 6433:Operation Uranus 6421: 6415: 6409: 6266: 6260: 6254: 6248: 6164:Soviet partisans 6065:Battle of Moscow 6057: 6051: 5865:Battle of Moscow 5739:1st Panzer Group 5735:Army Group South 5729:Battle of Moscow 5643:southern Estonia 5639:Local insurgents 5627:4th Panzer Group 5611:Army Group North 5563:panzer divisions 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5490: 5479: 5468: 5455: 5439: 5428: 5415: 5399: 5388: 5377: 5364: 5341:on 22 June 1941. 5059: 5055: 4739: 4735: 4666:Berlin Offensive 4662:Battle of Berlin 4648:offensive, when 4556:Francisco Franco 4442:Soviet situation 4408: 4395: 4337:Heinrich Himmler 4088:Munich Agreement 4072:Continuation War 4037: 3955:Geoffrey Roberts 3935:Southeast Europe 3927:Northeast Europe 3909:, including the 3869: 3862: 3855: 3841: 3840: 3839: 3820:Soviet republics 3660:New Union Treaty 3461:Olympic boycotts 3279:We will bury you 3265:De-Stalinization 3182:Battle of Berlin 3106:Collectivization 2987:World revolution 2964: 2941: 2940: 2830:Petsamo–Kirkenes 2708:Belgorod-Kharkov 2674:Voronezh–Kharkov 2398: 2388: 2381: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2348:French Indochina 1991: 1980: 1973: 1966: 1957: 1956: 1874:6,410,000 troops 1867:6,800,000 troops 1833:1,960,000 troops 1826:3,370,000 troops 1819:3,933,000 troops 1812:3,720,000 troops 1805:3,767,000 troops 1782: 1781: 1780: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1746: 1745: 1744: 1734: 1733: 1732: 1722: 1721: 1720: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1698: 1697: 1696: 1688: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1644:Fyodor Tolbukhin 1642: 1641: 1640: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1618: 1617: 1616: 1608: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1560: 1559: 1558: 1548: 1547: 1546: 1536: 1535: 1534: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1512: 1511: 1510: 1500: 1499: 1498: 1490:Andrey Yeremenko 1488: 1487: 1486: 1476: 1475: 1474: 1466: 1458:Mikhail Kirponos 1456: 1455: 1454: 1447: 1438: 1437: 1428:Fyodor Kuznetsov 1426: 1425: 1424: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1404:Sergei Khudyakov 1402: 1401: 1400: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1366: 1365: 1364: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1342: 1341: 1340: 1330: 1329: 1328: 1318: 1317: 1316: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1294: 1293: 1292: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1256: 1255: 1254: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1222: 1215:Benito Mussolini 1213: 1212: 1211: 1201: 1200: 1199: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1177: 1176: 1175: 1165: 1164: 1163: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1129: 1128: 1127: 1119:Horia Macellariu 1117: 1116: 1115: 1107:Petre Dumitrescu 1105: 1104: 1103: 1093: 1092: 1091: 1084: 1074: 1073: 1072: 1062: 1061: 1060: 1052:Heinrich Himmler 1050: 1049: 1048: 1038: 1037: 1036: 1026: 1025: 1024: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1002: 1001: 1000: 990: 989: 988: 978: 977: 976: 966: 965: 964: 956:Ewald von Kleist 954: 953: 952: 942: 941: 940: 930: 929: 928: 918: 917: 916: 906: 905: 904: 894: 893: 892: 882: 881: 880: 872:Wilhelm von Leeb 870: 869: 868: 858: 857: 856: 846: 845: 844: 834: 833: 832: 822: 821: 820: 813: 809: 808: 807: 796: 795: 794: 784: 783: 782: 774: 762: 761: 760: 733: 732: 726: 724: 723: 712: 710: 709: 699: 697: 696: 687: 676: 666: 664: 663: 656: 649: 645: 643: 642: 634: 633: 626: 622: 620: 619: 602: 601: 597: 595: 594: 582: 581: 580: 569: 567: 566: 546: 542: 540: 539: 531: 527: 525: 524: 516: 509: 505: 503: 502: 494: 484: 482: 481: 474: 470: 468: 467: 459: 452: 448: 446: 445: 436: 432: 430: 429: 366: 233: 229: 227: 218: 216: 203: 202: 152: 132: 131: 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 21157: 21156: 21152: 21151: 21150: 21148: 21147: 21146: 21117: 21116: 21115: 21110: 21082: 21023: 21017: 21008:War of Dagestan 20782: 20755:August Uprising 20624: 20618: 20607:Boxer Rebellion 20575:Amur Annexation 20376: 20370: 20274: 20268: 20249:War of Dagestan 20229:August Uprising 20183: 20105: 20055: 20036: 20006: 20001: 19989: 19943: 19932:Russian Falcons 19917:Russian Knights 19744: 19742: 19736: 19727: 19539: 19524: 19494: 19489: 19436: 19405: 19386:Krasnodar Trial 19364: 19336: 19317:Commissar Order 19309:Criminal orders 19287: 19185: 19157: 19079: 19060:Karl von Roques 19040:Erich Friderici 19028: 18992: 18964: 18951: 18921: 18916: 18909: 18902: 18888: 18886: 18874: 18865: 18858: 18851: 18844: 18835: 18828: 18821: 18812: 18807:Atomic bombings 18805: 18798: 18791: 18784: 18777: 18768: 18761: 18754: 18747: 18740: 18733: 18726: 18719: 18712: 18705: 18698: 18691: 18684: 18677: 18670: 18663: 18650: 18643: 18632: 18625: 18618: 18609: 18602: 18595: 18588: 18581: 18574: 18565: 18556: 18549: 18540: 18533: 18526: 18519: 18510: 18503: 18498:Eastern Romania 18496: 18491:Warsaw Uprising 18489: 18484:Tannenberg Line 18482: 18475: 18470:Western Ukraine 18468: 18459: 18452: 18443: 18434: 18425: 18418: 18411: 18400: 18391: 18378: 18371: 18362: 18355: 18348: 18341: 18334: 18327: 18320: 18311: 18304: 18297: 18288: 18281: 18274: 18267: 18262:Battle of Kursk 18260: 18253: 18246: 18239: 18232: 18219: 18212: 18203: 18196: 18189: 18180: 18173: 18166: 18159: 18150: 18141: 18134: 18127: 18120: 18113: 18106: 18099: 18092: 18085: 18078: 18073:St Nazaire Raid 18071: 18064: 18057: 18044: 18037: 18030: 18023: 18016: 18009: 18002: 17995: 17988: 17981: 17974: 17967: 17960: 17953: 17946: 17939: 17932: 17925: 17918: 17911: 17897: 17888: 17881: 17874: 17867: 17860: 17855:Anglo-Iraqi War 17853: 17846:Battle of Crete 17844: 17837: 17830: 17823: 17816: 17803: 17794: 17787: 17780: 17775:Eastern Romania 17773: 17766: 17759: 17752: 17745: 17738: 17731: 17724: 17717: 17710: 17703: 17696: 17689: 17682: 17675: 17668: 17655: 17648: 17641: 17634: 17627: 17620: 17613: 17606: 17593: 17584: 17577: 17570: 17563: 17556: 17549: 17540: 17533: 17526: 17517: 17510: 17484: 17477: 17470: 17461: 17454: 17449: 17440: 17433: 17426: 17417: 17410: 17401: 17394: 17389: 17382: 17369: 17362: 17353: 17346: 17341: 17336:Western Ukraine 17334: 17327: 17320: 17313: 17306: 17299: 17292: 17285: 17280:Northeast China 17278: 17271: 17264: 17257: 17250: 17243: 17234: 17227: 17220: 17213: 17206: 17199: 17192: 17185: 17178: 17171: 17164: 17157: 17150: 17143: 17136: 17129: 17122: 17115: 17108: 17095: 17088: 17081: 17074: 17067: 17060: 17053: 17046: 17039: 17032: 17025: 17018: 17005: 16998: 16991: 16986:Slovak Republic 16984: 16976: 16969: 16962: 16957:Empire of Japan 16955: 16946: 16938: 16931: 16924: 16917: 16910: 16903: 16895: 16888: 16881: 16873: 16866: 16853: 16846: 16837: 16830: 16821: 16814: 16807: 16800: 16793: 16786: 16779: 16767: 16760: 16753: 16746: 16739: 16732: 16725: 16718: 16711: 16699: 16692: 16685: 16678: 16671: 16659: 16651: 16644: 16637: 16630: 16623: 16616: 16609: 16597: 16590: 16583: 16576: 16569: 16543: 16534: 16527: 16520: 16513: 16502: 16487: 16480: 16473: 16469:Sexual violence 16468: 16461: 16452: 16445: 16438: 16429: 16422: 16415: 16408: 16401: 16392: 16383: 16376: 16369: 16362: 16355: 16348: 16339: 16332: 16325: 16318: 16305: 16298: 16291: 16284: 16275: 16268: 16261: 16254: 16247: 16238: 16229: 16222: 16215: 16208: 16199: 16192: 16187:Greek Civil War 16185: 16178: 16171: 16164: 16157: 16150: 16143: 16130: 16123: 16114: 16107: 16100: 16091: 16084: 16077: 16070: 16061: 16054: 16047: 16038: 16031: 16024: 16017: 16012:South-East Asia 16010: 16003: 15996: 15983: 15976: 15969: 15962: 15955: 15948: 15941: 15934: 15925: 15918: 15911: 15904: 15897: 15890: 15883: 15876: 15871:Military awards 15869: 15860: 15853: 15846: 15837: 15830: 15823: 15816: 15809: 15802: 15795: 15788: 15781: 15774: 15765: 15758: 15738: 15731: 15724: 15715: 15708: 15701: 15696: 15687: 15680: 15673: 15665: 15660: 15630: 15620: 15615: 15613: 15610: 15606:sister projects 15603:at Knowledge's 15597: 15587: 15585: 15575: 15573: 15563: 15561: 15551: 15549: 15541: 15430: 15401:Wayback Machine 15344: 15308: 15303: 15266:SvD 2010-10-23 15187:Wayback Machine 15167: 15140:. London 2005. 15108:Bengt Beckman. 15085: 15072: 15057: 15008:Guderian, Heinz 14997:Glantz, David, 14889: 14887:Further reading 14879: 14860: 14841: 14827:House, Jonathan 14815: 14792: 14776: 14771: 14770: 14760: 14758: 14749: 14748: 14744: 14729: 14725: 14718: 14704: 14700: 14693: 14679: 14675: 14668: 14652: 14648: 14638: 14636: 14628: 14627: 14623: 14616: 14602: 14598: 14582: 14578: 14572:Krivosheev 1997 14570: 14566: 14560:Krivosheev 1997 14558: 14554: 14541: 14540: 14536: 14531: 14527: 14522: 14518: 14512:Krivosheev 1997 14510: 14506: 14496: 14494: 14481: 14480: 14473: 14463: 14461: 14452: 14451: 14447: 14424:. Moscow 2004. 14419: 14415: 14402: 14398: 14386: 14382: 14376:Krivosheev 1997 14374: 14367: 14300: 14298: 14289: 14275: 14271: 14252: 14248: 14242:Krivosheev 1997 14240: 14233: 14218: 14214: 14197: 14193: 14176: 14172: 14162: 14160: 14151: 14150: 14146: 14141: 14137: 14127: 14125: 14111: 14110: 14106: 14100:Krivosheev 1997 14098: 14094: 14077: 14076: 14072: 14066:Wayback Machine 14055: 14051: 14039: 14035: 14030: 14023: 14018: 14007: 13995:Richard Overy, 13994: 13985: 13980: 13976: 13970: 13966: 13961: 13957: 13948: 13944: 13924: 13920: 13908:. Penguin 2001 13903: 13899: 13876:10.2307/2192342 13858: 13854: 13849: 13845: 13840: 13836: 13828: 13824: 13811: 13810: 13806: 13793: 13792: 13788: 13780: 13776: 13766:Wayback Machine 13757: 13753: 13746: 13732: 13728: 13713: 13693: 13689: 13679: 13677: 13664: 13663: 13659: 13652: 13638: 13634: 13628: 13614: 13610: 13602: 13598: 13590: 13586: 13576: 13569: 13562: 13546: 13542: 13525: 13524: 13520: 13501: 13497: 13492:on 28 May 2008. 13476: 13472: 13465: 13448: 13444: 13437: 13420: 13416: 13409: 13391: 13387: 13372:10.2307/1983926 13356: 13352: 13339: 13335: 13325: 13323: 13314: 13310: 13297: 13296: 13292: 13279: 13278: 13274: 13267: 13251: 13247: 13241:Krivosheev 1997 13239: 13235: 13222: 13218: 13205: 13201: 13188: 13184: 13171: 13167: 13154: 13147: 13140: 13124: 13120: 13110: 13108: 13098: 13094: 13084: 13082: 13078:Gazeta Wyborcza 13066: 13062: 13055: 13037: 13033: 13026: 13015: 13007: 13003: 12993: 12991: 12980: 12979: 12975: 12965: 12963: 12952: 12951: 12947: 12940: 12924: 12920: 12905: 12901: 12894: 12875: 12871: 12861: 12859: 12858:on 6 March 2019 12850: 12849: 12845: 12832: 12831: 12827: 12820: 12801: 12794: 12779:10.2307/1861311 12753:Mastny, Vojtech 12750: 12743: 12738: 12734: 12729: 12725: 12718: 12704: 12691: 12684: 12670: 12666: 12651:10.2307/1988530 12635: 12631: 12624: 12610: 12606: 12599: 12585: 12581: 12574: 12552: 12548: 12533: 12519: 12515: 12504: 12500: 12493: 12473:Gilbert, Martin 12470: 12466: 12459: 12440: 12436: 12420: 12419: 12402: 12398: 12347: 12343: 12328:10.2307/1987464 12310: 12299: 12283: 12282: 12272: 12268: 12253: 12249: 12244: 12240: 12235: 12231: 12220: 12216: 12209: 12193: 12189: 12178: 12171: 12147: 12143: 12134: 12130: 12120: 12118: 12109: 12103: 12099: 12060: 12056: 12050:Wayback Machine 12039:Wayback Machine 12023: 12016: 12007: 12003: 11974: 11970: 11957: 11956: 11952: 11947: 11943: 11930: 11929: 11925: 11917: 11913: 11906: 11880: 11876: 11871: 11864: 11858:Wayback Machine 11849: 11845: 11838: 11822: 11783: 11774: 11770: 11765: 11761: 11756: 11752: 11737:10.2307/1432205 11719: 11715: 11699: 11698: 11668: 11664: 11657: 11641: 11637: 11630: 11614: 11610: 11605: 11601: 11596: 11592: 11585: 11569: 11565: 11552: 11548: 11533: 11529: 11513: 11507: 11503: 11493: 11491: 11490:on 8 April 2016 11478: 11474: 11466: 11459: 11451: 11444: 11437: 11421: 11417: 11410: 11394: 11390: 11359: 11355: 11332: 11328: 11304:10.2307/2495264 11281: 11277: 11241: 11237: 11212: 11208: 11199: 11198: 11194: 11187: 11171: 11167: 11160: 11141: 11137: 11130: 11114: 11110: 11103: 11087: 11080: 11073: 11057: 11053: 11046: 11032: 11028: 11015: 11011: 10995: 10993: 10991: 10977:(18 May 2006). 10972: 10968: 10934: 10925: 10921: 10903: 10901: 10892: 10891: 10887: 10854: 10850: 10839:Förster, Jürgen 10836: 10832: 10825: 10809: 10805: 10756: 10752: 10730: 10726: 10719: 10700: 10696: 10658: 10654: 10645: 10641: 10634: 10620: 10613: 10606: 10592: 10588: 10581: 10565: 10558: 10551: 10535: 10531: 10524: 10508: 10504: 10488: 10484: 10474: 10472: 10463: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10437: 10430: 10422: 10418: 10400:Krivosheev 1997 10397: 10390: 10383: 10367: 10363: 10358: 10349: 10338: 10332: 10329: 10318: 10312:has an unclear 10306: 10302: 10295: 10290: 10289: 10272:sent orders to 10267: 10263: 10232: 10228: 10205: 10201: 10196: 10192: 10179: 10175: 10154: 10150: 10138: 10134: 10122:, loyal to the 10117: 10113: 10061:The so-called " 10060: 10056: 10036: 10032: 10023: 10019: 10002: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9974: 9969: 9880: 9875: 9865:Commissar Order 9816: 9807:Commissar Order 9736:Georgian Legion 9300: 9286: 9116:Foreign labour 8834:propelled guns 8833: 8832:Tanks and self- 8823: 8571: 8566: 8561: 8556: 8488: 8480:Western Belarus 8435: 8431: 8430: 8425: 8421: 8420: 8295:, Ukraine, 1942 8223: 8217: 8194: 8188:Commissar Order 8176:Generalplan Ost 8172: 8043: 7924: 7896: 7885: 7879: 7876: 7865: 7853: 7842: 7834:English Channel 7722:George Marshall 7717:." Conversely, 7706:. According to 7663: 7619: 7613: 7502:Joseph Goebbels 7463:5th Guards Army 7396: 7390:Battle of Halbe 7384:Main articles: 7382: 7279:Reichsführer-SS 7217: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7199: 7179:Main articles: 7177: 7138: 7126:Main articles: 7124: 7116:Banská Bystrica 7101:Warsaw Uprising 6949: 6931:Warsaw Uprising 6913:Main articles: 6911: 6861:1st Panzer Army 6841:Perekop isthmus 6811: 6807: 6805: 6801: 6799: 6795: 6793: 6789: 6704: 6680:Main articles: 6678: 6641:Battle of Kursk 6606:4th Panzer Army 6521: 6517: 6515: 6511: 6495: 6493:Battle of Kursk 6489: 6470:SS Panzer Corps 6423: 6419: 6417: 6413: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6379:Main articles: 6377: 6288: 6272:Main articles: 6268: 6264: 6262: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6250: 6246: 6235: 6122:Black Sea Fleet 6118:Caucasian Front 6106:Leningrad Front 6079: 6063:Main articles: 6059: 6055: 6053: 6049: 6041: 6023:thus began his 5902:. North of the 5871: 5859:Main articles: 5842: 5759:Battle of Brody 5720:over-ruled them 5543: 5535: 5531: 5529: 5525: 5523: 5519: 5517: 5513: 5498: 5331: 5325: 5300: 5294: 5223: 5151: 5066: 5038:, primarily in 5024:Royal Air Force 5013: 4913:Battle of Kursk 4861: 4841: 4822: 4809: 4800: 4787: 4778: 4757: 4623: 4613: 4601:Tripartite Pact 4493:five-year plans 4477: 4444: 4432:Nazi propaganda 4392:Generalplan Ost 4290: 4288:Nazism and race 4278:Main articles: 4276: 4274:German ideology 4271: 4265: 4094: 4080: 4068:Murmansk region 4034:Generalplan Ost 3873: 3837: 3835: 3830: 3829: 3770: 3762: 3761: 3707: 3699: 3698: 3620:April 9 tragedy 3499: 3488: 3487: 3335: 3324: 3323: 3260:Khrushchev Thaw 3240: 3229: 3228: 3209:Berlin Blockade 3096: 3085: 3084: 3035: 3034:: Establishment 3024: 3023: 3002:Bolshevik Party 2997:Bolshevik split 2972: 2939: 2934: 2928:Prague uprising 2911:Bratislava–Brno 2901:Moravia–Ostrava 2791:Lvov–Sandomierz 2619:Rzhev–Sychyovka 2447:Białystok–Minsk 2399: 2394: 2392: 2362: 2357: 2244:Other campaigns 2238:Southern France 2147:Burma and India 2142:South-East Asia 2137:Franco-Thai War 1992: 1986: 1984: 1945: 1943: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1915: 1904: 1902: 1901: 1890: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1859: 1852: 1845: 1836: 1832: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1804: 1788: 1778: 1776: 1766: 1764: 1760:Nicolae Rădescu 1754: 1752: 1742: 1740: 1730: 1728: 1724:Zygmunt Berling 1718: 1716: 1706: 1704: 1700:Bolesław Bierut 1694: 1692: 1684: 1674: 1672: 1662: 1660: 1650: 1648: 1638: 1636: 1626: 1624: 1620:Maksim Purkayev 1614: 1612: 1604: 1600:Nikolai Vatutin 1594: 1592: 1582: 1580: 1569: 1567: 1566: 1556: 1554: 1550:Kiril Meretskov 1544: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1520: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1502:Pavel Kurochkin 1496: 1494: 1484: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1462: 1452: 1450: 1432: 1422: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1398: 1396: 1386: 1384: 1374: 1372: 1362: 1360: 1350: 1348: 1344:Semyon Budyonny 1338: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1314: 1312: 1308:Aleksei Antonov 1302: 1300: 1290: 1288: 1278: 1276: 1266: 1264: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1244:Allied leaders: 1237: 1233:Italo Gariboldi 1227: 1225: 1209: 1207: 1197: 1195: 1185: 1183: 1173: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1149: 1147: 1137: 1135: 1125: 1123: 1113: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1089: 1087: 1078: 1070: 1068: 1058: 1056: 1046: 1044: 1040:Lothar Rendulic 1034: 1032: 1022: 1020: 1016:Georg Lindemann 1010: 1008: 998: 996: 986: 984: 974: 972: 962: 960: 950: 948: 938: 936: 926: 924: 914: 912: 902: 900: 890: 888: 878: 876: 866: 864: 860:Hans Jeschonnek 854: 852: 842: 840: 830: 828: 818: 816: 805: 803: 802: 792: 790: 780: 778: 770: 758: 756: 753: 752: 736: 730: 721: 719: 718: 707: 705: 694: 692: 689: 688: 683: 679: 670: 661: 659: 650: 640: 638: 627: 617: 615: 613: 605: 592: 590: 588: 578: 576: 564: 562: 549: 537: 535: 522: 520: 510: 500: 498: 488: 479: 477: 465: 463: 453: 443: 441: 427: 425: 400: 358: 323: 322: 318: 307: 268: 254: 231: 225: 223: 214: 212: 209: 173:, 1943; German 171:Battle of Kursk 165:, 1945; German 161:tanks storming 153: 124: 113: 107: 104: 61: 59: 49: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 21155: 21145: 21144: 21139: 21134: 21129: 21112: 21111: 21109: 21108: 21103: 21098: 21093: 21091:Russian Winter 21087: 21084: 21083: 21081: 21080: 21075: 21070: 21065: 21060: 21059: 21058: 21053: 21048: 21043: 21033: 21027: 21025: 21019: 21018: 21016: 21015: 21010: 21005: 21000: 20995: 20990: 20985: 20980: 20975: 20970: 20965: 20960: 20955: 20950: 20945: 20940: 20935: 20930: 20925: 20920: 20918:Vlora incident 20915: 20910: 20905: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20885: 20880: 20875: 20870: 20869: 20868: 20863: 20858: 20857: 20856: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20830: 20829: 20819: 20814: 20804: 20799: 20794: 20789: 20777: 20772: 20767: 20762: 20757: 20752: 20747: 20746: 20745: 20740: 20735: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20710: 20709: 20708: 20703: 20698: 20688: 20683: 20681:Sochi conflict 20678: 20673: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20651: 20650: 20649: 20639: 20634: 20628: 20626: 20620: 20619: 20617: 20616: 20615: 20614: 20604: 20599: 20598: 20597: 20592: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20571: 20570: 20560: 20555: 20550: 20545: 20540: 20539: 20538: 20533: 20523: 20518: 20513: 20508: 20503: 20498: 20493: 20488: 20483: 20478: 20473: 20468: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20438: 20433: 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20407: 20402: 20396: 20391: 20386: 20380: 20378: 20372: 20371: 20369: 20368: 20363: 20358: 20353: 20348: 20343: 20338: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20294: 20289: 20284: 20278: 20276: 20270: 20269: 20267: 20266: 20261: 20256: 20251: 20246: 20241: 20236: 20231: 20226: 20221: 20216: 20211: 20206: 20201: 20195: 20193: 20189: 20188: 20185: 20184: 20182: 20181: 20176: 20175: 20174: 20164: 20159: 20154: 20149: 20144: 20139: 20134: 20129: 20124: 20119: 20113: 20111: 20107: 20106: 20104: 20103: 20098: 20093: 20088: 20083: 20078: 20073: 20067: 20061: 20057: 20056: 20035: 20034: 20027: 20020: 20012: 20003: 20002: 19997: 19995: 19991: 19990: 19988: 19987: 19982: 19977: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19957: 19951: 19949: 19945: 19944: 19942: 19941: 19940: 19939: 19934: 19929: 19924: 19919: 19911: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19891: 19886: 19885: 19884: 19874: 19873: 19872: 19862: 19857: 19855:Border Service 19852: 19847: 19842: 19837: 19832: 19827: 19822: 19817: 19799: 19794: 19789: 19784: 19779: 19774: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19757:Flag of Russia 19754: 19752:Victory Banner 19748: 19746: 19738: 19737: 19730: 19728: 19726: 19725: 19718: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19693: 19688: 19683: 19678: 19673: 19668: 19663: 19658: 19653: 19648: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19598: 19593: 19588: 19583: 19578: 19573: 19568: 19563: 19558: 19553: 19547: 19545: 19541: 19540: 19523: 19522: 19515: 19508: 19500: 19491: 19490: 19488: 19487: 19480: 19473: 19466: 19459: 19452: 19444: 19442: 19441:Historiography 19438: 19437: 19435: 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19413: 19411: 19407: 19406: 19404: 19403: 19398: 19393: 19388: 19383: 19378: 19372: 19370: 19366: 19365: 19363: 19362: 19357: 19352: 19346: 19344: 19338: 19337: 19335: 19334: 19329: 19324: 19306: 19301: 19295: 19293: 19289: 19288: 19286: 19285: 19280: 19275: 19270: 19252: 19234: 19216: 19211: 19204:Einsatzgruppen 19200: 19198: 19187: 19186: 19184: 19183: 19178: 19173: 19167: 19165: 19159: 19158: 19156: 19155: 19150: 19145: 19140: 19135: 19130: 19125: 19120: 19110: 19105: 19100: 19095: 19089: 19087: 19081: 19080: 19078: 19077: 19072: 19067: 19062: 19057: 19052: 19047: 19042: 19036: 19034: 19030: 19029: 19027: 19026: 19021: 19016: 19011: 19006: 19000: 18998: 18994: 18993: 18991: 18990: 18985: 18980: 18974: 18972: 18966: 18965: 18950: 18949: 18942: 18935: 18927: 18918: 18917: 18915: 18914: 18907: 18900: 18883: 18880: 18879: 18876: 18875: 18873: 18872: 18871: 18870: 18863: 18856: 18842: 18841: 18840: 18826: 18823:South Sakhalin 18819: 18818: 18817: 18803: 18796: 18789: 18782: 18775: 18774: 18773: 18759: 18752: 18745: 18738: 18731: 18724: 18717: 18710: 18703: 18696: 18689: 18682: 18675: 18668: 18660: 18658: 18652: 18651: 18649: 18648: 18641: 18640: 18639: 18623: 18616: 18615: 18614: 18600: 18593: 18586: 18579: 18572: 18563: 18554: 18547: 18538: 18531: 18524: 18517: 18508: 18501: 18494: 18487: 18480: 18473: 18466: 18457: 18450: 18441: 18432: 18423: 18416: 18409: 18398: 18388: 18386: 18380: 18379: 18377: 18376: 18369: 18368: 18367: 18360: 18346: 18339: 18332: 18325: 18318: 18317: 18316: 18302: 18295: 18286: 18279: 18272: 18265: 18258: 18251: 18248:Battle of Attu 18244: 18237: 18229: 18227: 18221: 18220: 18218: 18217: 18210: 18201: 18194: 18187: 18178: 18171: 18164: 18157: 18148: 18147: 18146: 18139: 18125: 18118: 18111: 18104: 18097: 18090: 18083: 18076: 18069: 18062: 18054: 18052: 18046: 18045: 18043: 18042: 18035: 18028: 18021: 18014: 18007: 18000: 17997:Battle of Guam 17993: 17986: 17979: 17972: 17965: 17958: 17951: 17944: 17937: 17930: 17923: 17920:Battle of Kiev 17916: 17909: 17895: 17894: 17893: 17879: 17872: 17865: 17858: 17851: 17850: 17849: 17835: 17828: 17821: 17813: 17811: 17805: 17804: 17802: 17801: 17792: 17785: 17778: 17771: 17764: 17757: 17750: 17743: 17736: 17729: 17722: 17715: 17708: 17701: 17694: 17687: 17680: 17673: 17665: 17663: 17657: 17656: 17654: 17653: 17646: 17639: 17632: 17625: 17618: 17611: 17603: 17601: 17595: 17594: 17592: 17591: 17590: 17589: 17582: 17575: 17568: 17561: 17547: 17546: 17545: 17538: 17524: 17523: 17522: 17507: 17505: 17496: 17490: 17489: 17486: 17485: 17483: 17482: 17475: 17468: 17467: 17466: 17459: 17447: 17446: 17445: 17431: 17424: 17423: 17422: 17419:United Kingdom 17415: 17408: 17407: 17406: 17387: 17379: 17377: 17371: 17370: 17368: 17367: 17360: 17359: 17358: 17351: 17339: 17332: 17325: 17318: 17311: 17304: 17297: 17290: 17283: 17276: 17269: 17262: 17255: 17248: 17241: 17240: 17239: 17232: 17218: 17211: 17204: 17197: 17190: 17183: 17176: 17169: 17162: 17155: 17148: 17141: 17134: 17127: 17120: 17113: 17105: 17103: 17097: 17096: 17094: 17093: 17086: 17079: 17072: 17065: 17058: 17051: 17044: 17037: 17030: 17023: 17015: 17013: 17007: 17006: 17004: 17003: 16996: 16989: 16982: 16974: 16967: 16960: 16953: 16952: 16951: 16936: 16929: 16922: 16915: 16908: 16901: 16893: 16886: 16879: 16871: 16863: 16861: 16855: 16854: 16852: 16851: 16844: 16843: 16842: 16828: 16827: 16826: 16823:British Empire 16816:United Kingdom 16812: 16805: 16798: 16791: 16784: 16777: 16765: 16758: 16751: 16744: 16737: 16730: 16723: 16716: 16709: 16697: 16690: 16683: 16676: 16669: 16657: 16649: 16642: 16635: 16632:Czechoslovakia 16628: 16621: 16614: 16607: 16595: 16588: 16581: 16574: 16566: 16564: 16555: 16549: 16548: 16545: 16544: 16542: 16541: 16540: 16539: 16532: 16529:Rape of Manila 16525: 16518: 16511: 16500: 16485: 16478: 16466: 16459: 16458: 16457: 16450: 16436: 16435: 16434: 16427: 16420: 16406: 16399: 16398: 16397: 16390: 16389: 16388: 16381: 16367: 16360: 16346: 16345: 16344: 16337: 16330: 16315: 16313: 16307: 16306: 16304: 16303: 16300:United Nations 16296: 16289: 16282: 16281: 16280: 16273: 16266: 16259: 16245: 16236: 16227: 16220: 16213: 16206: 16197: 16190: 16183: 16176: 16169: 16162: 16159:Decolonization 16155: 16148: 16140: 16138: 16132: 16131: 16129: 16128: 16121: 16120: 16119: 16105: 16098: 16097: 16096: 16089: 16082: 16068: 16067: 16066: 16059: 16045: 16044: 16043: 16036: 16029: 16022: 16015: 16008: 15993: 15991: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15981: 15974: 15967: 15960: 15953: 15946: 15939: 15932: 15931: 15930: 15923: 15909: 15902: 15895: 15888: 15881: 15874: 15867: 15866: 15865: 15851: 15844: 15843: 15842: 15835: 15832:United Kingdom 15828: 15814: 15807: 15800: 15793: 15786: 15779: 15772: 15771: 15770: 15755: 15753: 15744: 15740: 15739: 15737: 15736: 15729: 15722: 15721: 15720: 15713: 15706: 15694: 15693: 15692: 15678: 15670: 15667: 15666: 15659: 15658: 15651: 15644: 15636: 15629: 15628: 15599: 15596: 15595: 15583: 15571: 15559: 15539: 15538: 15519: 15492: 15477: 15458: 15429: 15426: 15425: 15424: 15415: 15403: 15391: 15386: 15381: 15375: 15369: 15360: 15355: 15343: 15342:External links 15340: 15339: 15338: 15320:(3): 567–587. 15307: 15306:Historiography 15304: 15302: 15301: 15294: 15287: 15270: 15264: 15254: 15239: 15217: 15202:Overy, Richard 15199: 15171: 15165: 15149: 15135:Mawdsley, Evan 15132: 15112: 15106: 15089: 15083: 15070: 15069:, USGPO, 1947. 15061: 15055: 15042: 15025: 15005: 14995: 14980: 14965: 14950: 14940: 14926: 14911:Beevor, Antony 14908: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14884: 14883: 14877: 14864: 14858: 14845: 14839: 14819: 14813: 14796: 14790: 14775: 14772: 14769: 14768: 14742: 14723: 14716: 14698: 14691: 14673: 14666: 14646: 14621: 14614: 14596: 14576: 14564: 14552: 14534: 14525: 14516: 14504: 14471: 14445: 14413: 14396: 14380: 14365: 14269: 14254:Martin Gilbert 14246: 14231: 14212: 14191: 14189:, pp. 265, 272 14170: 14144: 14135: 14104: 14092: 14070: 14049: 14033: 14021: 14005: 13983: 13974: 13964: 13955: 13942: 13918: 13897: 13870:(2): 216–230. 13852: 13843: 13834: 13822: 13804: 13786: 13774: 13751: 13744: 13726: 13711: 13687: 13657: 13650: 13632: 13626: 13608: 13606:, p. 181. 13596: 13594:, pp. 1–2 13584: 13567: 13560: 13540: 13518: 13495: 13470: 13463: 13442: 13436:978-1541674103 13435: 13414: 13407: 13385: 13366:(2): 312–336. 13350: 13333: 13308: 13290: 13272: 13265: 13245: 13233: 13216: 13199: 13182: 13165: 13145: 13138: 13118: 13092: 13060: 13053: 13031: 13024: 13001: 12973: 12945: 12938: 12918: 12899: 12892: 12869: 12843: 12825: 12818: 12792: 12741: 12732: 12723: 12716: 12689: 12682: 12664: 12629: 12622: 12604: 12597: 12579: 12572: 12546: 12531: 12513: 12498: 12491: 12464: 12457: 12434: 12396: 12365:10.1086/244076 12341: 12322:(4): 187–191. 12297: 12266: 12247: 12238: 12229: 12214: 12207: 12187: 12169: 12141: 12128: 12097: 12070:(3): 483–502. 12054: 12014: 12001: 11988:(2): 171–175. 11968: 11950: 11941: 11923: 11921:, p. 121. 11911: 11904: 11874: 11862: 11843: 11836: 11781: 11768: 11759: 11750: 11731:(2): 263–283. 11713: 11680:(3): 499–518. 11662: 11655: 11635: 11628: 11608: 11599: 11590: 11583: 11563: 11546: 11527: 11501: 11472: 11457: 11455:, p. 107. 11442: 11435: 11415: 11408: 11388: 11369:(4): 695–722. 11353: 11342:(2): 303–341. 11326: 11297:(4): 599–603. 11275: 11235: 11224:(2): 123–137. 11217:Soviet Studies 11206: 11192: 11185: 11165: 11158: 11135: 11128: 11108: 11101: 11078: 11071: 11051: 11044: 11026: 11009: 10989: 10966: 10953:10.1086/235167 10947:(4): 759–812. 10919: 10885: 10848: 10830: 10823: 10803: 10750: 10724: 10717: 10694: 10675:(2): 270–274. 10652: 10639: 10632: 10611: 10604: 10586: 10579: 10556: 10549: 10529: 10522: 10502: 10482: 10456: 10450:978-0582771857 10449: 10428: 10416: 10388: 10381: 10360: 10359: 10357: 10354: 10351: 10350: 10333:September 2022 10314:citation style 10309: 10307: 10300: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10287: 10261: 10226: 10199: 10190: 10173: 10157:Arctic convoys 10148: 10145:Arctic convoys 10132: 10111: 10054: 10030: 10017: 9995: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9986: 9981: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9967: 9962: 9957: 9952: 9947: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9881: 9879: 9876: 9874: 9873: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9855:Severity Order 9852: 9847: 9833: 9828: 9823: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9756:Latvian Legion 9711:, January 1942 9656: 9655: 9652: 9649: 9646: 9643: 9640: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9630: 9627: 9624: 9621: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9611: 9608: 9605: 9602: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9589: 9586: 9583: 9579: 9578: 9575: 9572: 9569: 9566: 9563: 9559: 9558: 9555: 9552: 9549: 9546: 9543: 9540: 9539: 9528: 9527: 9524: 9521: 9518: 9517:est 4,437,400 9515: 9514:est 5,078,000 9512: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9495: 9492: 9488: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9479: 9476: 9473: 9469: 9468: 9465: 9462: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9430: 9429: 9426: 9423: 9420: 9417: 9414: 9410: 9409: 9406: 9403: 9400: 9399:est 3,637,000 9397: 9396:est 4,137,000 9394: 9390: 9389: 9383: 9380: 9377: 9364: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9285: 9282: 9256: 9255: 9252: 9249: 9246: 9243: 9240: 9237: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9226: 9223: 9220: 9217: 9214: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9203: 9200: 9197: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9186: 9183: 9180: 9177: 9174: 9171: 9168: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9157: 9154: 9151: 9148: 9145: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9134: 9131: 9128: 9125: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9114: 9111: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9093: 9090: 9087: 9084: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9073: 9070: 9067: 9064: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9050: 9047: 9044: 9040: 9039: 9036: 9033: 9030: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9013: 9010: 9007: 9004: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8993: 8990: 8987: 8984: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8962: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8939: 8938: 8935: 8932: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8915: 8912: 8909: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8875: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8856: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8836: 8835: 8830: 8817: 8816: 8813: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8792: 8789: 8786: 8783: 8780: 8776: 8775: 8772: 8769: 8766: 8763: 8760: 8757: 8754: 8751: 8748: 8745: 8742: 8739: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8728: 8725: 8722: 8719: 8716: 8713: 8710: 8707: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8694: 8693: 8690: 8687: 8684: 8681: 8678: 8675: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8663: 8660: 8657: 8653: 8652: 8649: 8646: 8643: 8640: 8637: 8634: 8631: 8628: 8625: 8622: 8619: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8608: 8605: 8602: 8599: 8596: 8593: 8590: 8587: 8584: 8581: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8487: 8484: 8311:Einsatzgruppen 8233:. A member of 8215: 8171: 8168: 8117:shoulderboards 8099:Following the 8042: 8039: 7923: 7920: 7898: 7897: 7856: 7854: 7847: 7841: 7838: 7771:scorched earth 7662: 7659: 7615:Main article: 7612: 7609: 7564:Wilhelm Keitel 7514:their children 7428:Western Allies 7420:Victory Banner 7414:A flag of the 7381: 7378: 7347:Seelow Heights 7212: 7206: 7176: 7173: 7157:were withdrawn 7123: 7120: 7095:(AK) launched 6910: 6907: 6806: 6800: 6794: 6788: 6765:Dnepropetrovsk 6677: 6674: 6516: 6510: 6491:Main article: 6488: 6485: 6472:equipped with 6441:Operation Mars 6418: 6412: 6406: 6389:Operation Mars 6376: 6373: 6327:Vasily Chuikov 6304:the oil fields 6263: 6257: 6251: 6245: 6242:Operation Blue 6234: 6231: 6156:parachute drop 6114:Southern Front 6054: 6048: 6040: 6037: 6025:counter-attack 6010:Fedor von Bock 5841: 5838: 5809:Ural Mountains 5681:Beresina River 5539:Main article: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5492: 5481: 5470: 5458: 5457: 5442: 5441: 5430: 5418: 5417: 5402: 5401: 5390: 5379: 5367: 5366: 5327:Main article: 5324: 5321: 5296:Main article: 5293: 5290: 5222: 5219: 5186: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5164: 5161: 5158: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5063: 5047:Arctic convoys 5012: 5009: 4954:reconnaissance 4874: 4873: 4867: 4858: 4854: 4853: 4847: 4838: 4837:1 January 1945 4834: 4833: 4828: 4819: 4815: 4814: 4806: 4797: 4793: 4792: 4784: 4775: 4771: 4770: 4763: 4754: 4750: 4749: 4748:Soviet forces 4746: 4743: 4681:anti-Communist 4660:following the 4640:, against the 4621:Lossberg study 4612: 4609: 4597:Maxim Litvinov 4583:Czechoslovakia 4575:Imperial Japan 4567:anti-communist 4526:initiated the 4443: 4440: 4414:Battle of Kiev 4275: 4272: 4267:Main article: 4264: 4261: 4217:Eastern Poland 4188:Central Europe 4122:Central Powers 4110:Eastern Europe 4079: 4076: 4056:United Kingdom 3923:Eastern Europe 3919:Central Europe 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3864: 3857: 3849: 3846: 3845: 3832: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3822: 3817: 3812: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3771: 3769:Related topics 3768: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3708: 3705: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3677: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3652: 3650:The Barricades 3647: 3645:January Events 3642: 3640:Dushanbe riots 3637: 3632: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3595: 3590: 3585: 3580: 3575: 3570: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3541: 3536: 3526: 3521: 3516: 3511: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3474: 3473: 3468: 3458: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3441: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3421: 3416: 3409:Wars in Africa 3406: 3405: 3404: 3394: 3392:Yom Kippur War 3389: 3388: 3387: 3385:Fall of Saigon 3382: 3377: 3375:Operation Menu 3372: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3342: 3336: 3330: 3329: 3326: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3262: 3257: 3252: 3247: 3241: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3230: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3149: 3148: 3147: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3126: 3125: 3124: 3123: 3118: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3009:Russian Empire 3006: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2984: 2979: 2973: 2970: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2957: 2956: 2950: 2949: 2936: 2935: 2933: 2932: 2931: 2930: 2920: 2913: 2908: 2903: 2898: 2893: 2891:East Pomerania 2888: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2837: 2832: 2827: 2822: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2800: 2793: 2788: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2658: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2645: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2594: 2589: 2584: 2582:Toropets–Kholm 2579: 2572: 2567: 2561: 2560: 2556: 2555: 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2534: 2533: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2431: 2430: 2426: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2409: 2408: 2404: 2401: 2400: 2391: 2390: 2383: 2376: 2368: 2359: 2358: 2356: 2355: 2350: 2345: 2340: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2320: 2315: 2313:Baltic Nations 2304: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2291: 2286: 2285: 2284: 2274: 2269: 2264: 2259: 2258: 2257: 2241: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2188: 2172: 2171: 2166: 2165: 2164: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2133: 2132: 2122: 2109: 2108: 2107: 2106: 2096: 2091: 2090: 2089: 2079: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2062: 2061: 2060: 2055: 2050: 2040: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2013: 2008: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1983: 1982: 1975: 1968: 1960: 1952: 1951: 1936: 1935: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1900: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1884: 1883: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1854: 1847: 1839: 1837: 1835: 1834: 1827: 1820: 1813: 1806: 1798: 1795: 1794: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1774: 1772:Kimon Georgiev 1762: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1714: 1702: 1690: 1670: 1668:Ivan Bagramyan 1658: 1646: 1634: 1622: 1610: 1590: 1588:Leonid Govorov 1578: 1564: 1562:Filipp Golikov 1552: 1540: 1528: 1516: 1504: 1492: 1480: 1468: 1448: 1430: 1418: 1406: 1394: 1382: 1380:Pavel Zhigarev 1370: 1358: 1346: 1334: 1322: 1310: 1298: 1286: 1274: 1262: 1242: 1241: 1240: 1238: 1236: 1235: 1223: 1205: 1193: 1181: 1169: 1167:Károly Beregfy 1157: 1145: 1143:Ferenc Szálasi 1133: 1121: 1109: 1097: 1085: 1076:Iosif Iacobici 1066: 1054: 1042: 1030: 1018: 1006: 994: 982: 970: 958: 946: 934: 922: 910: 898: 886: 884:Fedor von Bock 874: 862: 850: 848:Hermann Göring 838: 826: 814: 800: 788: 786:Wilhelm Keitel 776: 748: 747: 746: 743: 742: 738: 737: 735: 734: 716: 714:British Empire 703: 682: 681: 680: 678: 677: 657: 635: 610: 604: 603: 599:Czechoslovakia 586: 574: 558: 550: 548: 547: 532: 517: 495: 475: 460: 438: 420: 411: 410: 406: 405: 402: 401: 399: 398: 380: 372: 367: 356: 351: 346: 337: 313: 312: 311: 309: 303: 302: 301: 300: 294: 280: 267: 266: 265:Soviet victory 262: 260: 256: 255: 241: 239: 235: 234: 207: 199: 198: 187:Wilhelm Keitel 181:Einsatzgruppen 145: 144: 137: 136: 126: 125: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 21154: 21143: 21140: 21138: 21135: 21133: 21130: 21128: 21125: 21124: 21122: 21107: 21104: 21102: 21099: 21097: 21094: 21092: 21089: 21088: 21085: 21079: 21076: 21074: 21071: 21069: 21066: 21064: 21061: 21057: 21056:2022 invasion 21054: 21052: 21051:War in Donbas 21049: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21038: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21028: 21026: 21020: 21014: 21011: 21009: 21006: 21004: 21001: 20999: 20996: 20994: 20991: 20989: 20986: 20984: 20981: 20979: 20976: 20974: 20971: 20969: 20966: 20964: 20961: 20959: 20956: 20954: 20951: 20949: 20946: 20944: 20941: 20939: 20936: 20934: 20931: 20929: 20926: 20924: 20921: 20919: 20916: 20914: 20911: 20909: 20906: 20904: 20901: 20899: 20896: 20894: 20891: 20889: 20888:Ili Rebellion 20886: 20884: 20881: 20879: 20876: 20874: 20871: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20855: 20852: 20851: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20828: 20825: 20824: 20823: 20820: 20818: 20815: 20813: 20810: 20809: 20808: 20805: 20803: 20800: 20798: 20795: 20793: 20790: 20786: 20781: 20778: 20776: 20773: 20771: 20768: 20766: 20763: 20761: 20758: 20756: 20753: 20751: 20748: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20714: 20711: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20693: 20692: 20689: 20687: 20684: 20682: 20679: 20677: 20674: 20672: 20669: 20665: 20662: 20661: 20660: 20657: 20656: 20655: 20652: 20648: 20645: 20644: 20643: 20640: 20638: 20635: 20633: 20630: 20629: 20627: 20621: 20613: 20610: 20609: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20587: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20578: 20576: 20573: 20569: 20566: 20565: 20564: 20561: 20559: 20556: 20554: 20551: 20549: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20537: 20534: 20532: 20529: 20528: 20527: 20526:Caucasian War 20524: 20522: 20519: 20517: 20514: 20512: 20509: 20507: 20504: 20502: 20499: 20497: 20494: 20492: 20489: 20487: 20484: 20482: 20479: 20477: 20474: 20472: 20469: 20467: 20464: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20381: 20379: 20373: 20367: 20364: 20362: 20359: 20357: 20354: 20352: 20349: 20347: 20344: 20342: 20339: 20337: 20334: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20293: 20290: 20288: 20285: 20283: 20280: 20279: 20277: 20271: 20265: 20262: 20260: 20257: 20255: 20252: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20240: 20237: 20235: 20232: 20230: 20227: 20225: 20222: 20220: 20217: 20215: 20212: 20210: 20207: 20205: 20202: 20200: 20197: 20196: 20194: 20190: 20180: 20177: 20173: 20170: 20169: 20168: 20165: 20163: 20160: 20158: 20155: 20153: 20150: 20148: 20145: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20135: 20133: 20130: 20128: 20125: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20114: 20112: 20108: 20102: 20099: 20097: 20094: 20092: 20089: 20087: 20084: 20082: 20079: 20077: 20074: 20072: 20069: 20068: 20065: 20062: 20058: 20053: 20049: 20045: 20041: 20033: 20028: 20026: 20021: 20019: 20014: 20013: 20010: 20000: 19996: 19992: 19986: 19983: 19981: 19978: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19965:Eastern Front 19963: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19952: 19950: 19946: 19938: 19935: 19933: 19930: 19928: 19927:Crimean Wings 19925: 19923: 19920: 19918: 19915: 19914: 19912: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19890: 19887: 19883: 19880: 19879: 19878: 19875: 19871: 19868: 19867: 19866: 19863: 19861: 19858: 19856: 19853: 19851: 19848: 19846: 19843: 19841: 19838: 19836: 19833: 19831: 19828: 19826: 19823: 19821: 19818: 19815: 19811: 19807: 19803: 19800: 19798: 19795: 19793: 19790: 19788: 19785: 19783: 19780: 19778: 19775: 19773: 19770: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19749: 19747: 19745:of the parade 19739: 19734: 19724: 19723: 19719: 19717: 19714: 19712: 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19697: 19694: 19692: 19689: 19687: 19684: 19682: 19679: 19677: 19674: 19672: 19669: 19667: 19664: 19662: 19659: 19657: 19654: 19652: 19649: 19647: 19644: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19597: 19594: 19592: 19589: 19587: 19584: 19582: 19579: 19577: 19574: 19572: 19569: 19567: 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19552: 19549: 19548: 19546: 19542: 19537: 19533: 19529: 19521: 19516: 19514: 19509: 19507: 19502: 19501: 19498: 19486: 19485: 19481: 19479: 19478: 19474: 19472: 19471: 19467: 19465: 19464: 19460: 19458: 19457: 19453: 19451: 19450: 19446: 19445: 19443: 19439: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19417:The Holocaust 19415: 19414: 19412: 19408: 19402: 19399: 19397: 19394: 19392: 19389: 19387: 19384: 19382: 19381:Kharkov Trial 19379: 19377: 19374: 19373: 19371: 19367: 19361: 19358: 19356: 19353: 19351: 19348: 19347: 19345: 19343: 19339: 19333: 19330: 19328: 19325: 19322: 19318: 19314: 19310: 19307: 19305: 19302: 19300: 19297: 19296: 19294: 19290: 19284: 19281: 19279: 19276: 19274: 19271: 19268: 19264: 19260: 19256: 19253: 19250: 19246: 19242: 19238: 19235: 19232: 19228: 19224: 19220: 19217: 19215: 19212: 19209: 19205: 19202: 19201: 19199: 19196: 19192: 19188: 19182: 19179: 19177: 19174: 19172: 19169: 19168: 19166: 19164: 19160: 19154: 19151: 19149: 19146: 19144: 19141: 19139: 19136: 19134: 19131: 19129: 19126: 19124: 19121: 19118: 19114: 19111: 19109: 19106: 19104: 19101: 19099: 19096: 19094: 19091: 19090: 19088: 19086: 19082: 19076: 19073: 19071: 19068: 19066: 19063: 19061: 19058: 19056: 19053: 19051: 19048: 19046: 19045:Ludwig Kübler 19043: 19041: 19038: 19037: 19035: 19031: 19025: 19022: 19020: 19017: 19015: 19012: 19010: 19007: 19005: 19002: 19001: 18999: 18995: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18975: 18973: 18971: 18967: 18962: 18958: 18955: 18948: 18943: 18941: 18936: 18934: 18929: 18928: 18925: 18912: 18908: 18905: 18901: 18898: 18897: 18892: 18885: 18884: 18881: 18868: 18864: 18861: 18857: 18854: 18850: 18849: 18847: 18843: 18838: 18834: 18833: 18831: 18830:Kuril Islands 18827: 18824: 18820: 18815: 18811: 18810: 18808: 18804: 18801: 18797: 18794: 18790: 18787: 18783: 18780: 18776: 18771: 18767: 18766: 18764: 18760: 18757: 18753: 18750: 18746: 18743: 18739: 18736: 18732: 18729: 18725: 18722: 18718: 18715: 18711: 18708: 18704: 18701: 18697: 18694: 18690: 18687: 18683: 18680: 18676: 18673: 18669: 18666: 18662: 18661: 18659: 18657: 18653: 18646: 18642: 18637: 18636: 18631: 18630: 18628: 18624: 18621: 18617: 18612: 18608: 18607: 18605: 18601: 18598: 18597:Syrmian Front 18594: 18591: 18587: 18584: 18580: 18577: 18573: 18570: 18569: 18564: 18561: 18560: 18555: 18552: 18548: 18545: 18544: 18543:Market Garden 18539: 18536: 18532: 18529: 18525: 18522: 18518: 18515: 18514: 18509: 18506: 18502: 18499: 18495: 18492: 18488: 18485: 18481: 18478: 18474: 18471: 18467: 18464: 18463: 18458: 18455: 18451: 18448: 18447: 18442: 18439: 18438: 18433: 18430: 18429: 18424: 18421: 18417: 18414: 18410: 18407: 18403: 18402:Monte Cassino 18399: 18396: 18395: 18390: 18389: 18387: 18385: 18381: 18374: 18370: 18365: 18361: 18358: 18354: 18353: 18351: 18347: 18344: 18340: 18337: 18333: 18330: 18326: 18323: 18319: 18314: 18310: 18309: 18307: 18303: 18300: 18296: 18293: 18292: 18287: 18284: 18280: 18277: 18273: 18270: 18266: 18263: 18259: 18256: 18252: 18249: 18245: 18242: 18238: 18235: 18231: 18230: 18228: 18226: 18222: 18215: 18211: 18208: 18207: 18202: 18199: 18195: 18192: 18188: 18185: 18184: 18179: 18176: 18172: 18169: 18165: 18162: 18158: 18155: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18140: 18137: 18133: 18132: 18130: 18126: 18123: 18119: 18116: 18112: 18109: 18105: 18102: 18098: 18095: 18091: 18088: 18084: 18081: 18077: 18074: 18070: 18067: 18063: 18060: 18056: 18055: 18053: 18051: 18047: 18040: 18036: 18033: 18029: 18026: 18022: 18019: 18015: 18012: 18008: 18005: 18001: 17998: 17994: 17991: 17987: 17984: 17980: 17977: 17973: 17970: 17966: 17963: 17959: 17956: 17952: 17949: 17945: 17942: 17938: 17935: 17931: 17928: 17924: 17921: 17917: 17914: 17910: 17906: 17905: 17900: 17896: 17891: 17887: 17886: 17884: 17880: 17877: 17873: 17870: 17866: 17863: 17859: 17856: 17852: 17847: 17843: 17842: 17840: 17836: 17833: 17829: 17826: 17822: 17819: 17815: 17814: 17812: 17810: 17806: 17799: 17798: 17793: 17790: 17786: 17783: 17779: 17776: 17772: 17769: 17768:Baltic states 17765: 17762: 17758: 17755: 17751: 17748: 17744: 17741: 17737: 17734: 17730: 17727: 17723: 17720: 17716: 17713: 17709: 17706: 17702: 17699: 17695: 17692: 17688: 17685: 17681: 17678: 17674: 17671: 17667: 17666: 17664: 17662: 17658: 17651: 17647: 17644: 17640: 17637: 17633: 17630: 17626: 17623: 17619: 17616: 17612: 17609: 17605: 17604: 17602: 17600: 17596: 17587: 17583: 17580: 17576: 17573: 17569: 17566: 17562: 17559: 17555: 17554: 17552: 17548: 17543: 17539: 17536: 17532: 17531: 17529: 17525: 17520: 17516: 17515: 17513: 17509: 17508: 17506: 17504: 17500: 17497: 17495: 17491: 17480: 17476: 17473: 17469: 17464: 17460: 17457: 17453: 17452: 17448: 17443: 17439: 17438: 17436: 17432: 17429: 17425: 17420: 17416: 17413: 17412:United States 17409: 17404: 17400: 17399: 17397: 17393: 17392: 17388: 17385: 17381: 17380: 17378: 17376: 17372: 17365: 17361: 17356: 17352: 17349: 17348:Quốc dân Đảng 17345: 17344: 17340: 17337: 17333: 17330: 17326: 17323: 17319: 17316: 17312: 17309: 17305: 17302: 17298: 17295: 17291: 17288: 17284: 17281: 17277: 17274: 17270: 17267: 17263: 17260: 17256: 17253: 17249: 17246: 17242: 17237: 17233: 17230: 17226: 17225: 17223: 17219: 17216: 17212: 17209: 17205: 17202: 17198: 17195: 17191: 17188: 17184: 17181: 17177: 17174: 17170: 17167: 17163: 17160: 17156: 17153: 17149: 17146: 17142: 17139: 17135: 17132: 17128: 17125: 17121: 17118: 17114: 17111: 17107: 17106: 17104: 17102: 17098: 17091: 17087: 17084: 17080: 17077: 17073: 17070: 17066: 17063: 17059: 17056: 17052: 17049: 17048:Liechtenstein 17045: 17042: 17038: 17035: 17031: 17028: 17024: 17021: 17017: 17016: 17014: 17012: 17008: 17001: 16997: 16994: 16990: 16987: 16983: 16979: 16975: 16972: 16968: 16965: 16961: 16958: 16954: 16949: 16945: 16944: 16941: 16937: 16934: 16930: 16927: 16923: 16920: 16916: 16913: 16909: 16906: 16902: 16898: 16894: 16891: 16887: 16884: 16880: 16876: 16872: 16869: 16865: 16864: 16862: 16860: 16856: 16849: 16845: 16840: 16836: 16835: 16833: 16832:United States 16829: 16824: 16820: 16819: 16817: 16813: 16810: 16806: 16803: 16799: 16796: 16792: 16789: 16785: 16782: 16778: 16774: 16770: 16766: 16763: 16759: 16756: 16752: 16749: 16745: 16742: 16738: 16735: 16731: 16728: 16724: 16721: 16717: 16714: 16710: 16706: 16702: 16698: 16695: 16691: 16688: 16684: 16681: 16677: 16674: 16670: 16666: 16662: 16658: 16654: 16650: 16647: 16643: 16640: 16636: 16633: 16629: 16626: 16622: 16619: 16615: 16612: 16608: 16604: 16600: 16596: 16593: 16589: 16586: 16582: 16579: 16575: 16572: 16568: 16567: 16565: 16563: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16550: 16537: 16533: 16530: 16526: 16523: 16522:Comfort women 16519: 16516: 16512: 16509: 16506: / 16505: 16501: 16498: 16495: / 16494: 16491: / 16490: 16486: 16483: 16482:Camp brothels 16479: 16476: 16472: 16471: 16467: 16464: 16460: 16455: 16451: 16448: 16444: 16443: 16441: 16437: 16432: 16428: 16425: 16421: 16418: 16414: 16413: 16411: 16407: 16404: 16400: 16395: 16391: 16386: 16382: 16379: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16371:The Holocaust 16368: 16365: 16361: 16358: 16357:forced labour 16354: 16353: 16351: 16347: 16342: 16338: 16335: 16331: 16328: 16324: 16323: 16321: 16317: 16316: 16314: 16312: 16308: 16301: 16297: 16294: 16290: 16287: 16283: 16278: 16274: 16271: 16267: 16264: 16260: 16257: 16253: 16252: 16250: 16246: 16243: 16242: 16237: 16234: 16233: 16228: 16225: 16221: 16218: 16214: 16211: 16210:Marshall Plan 16207: 16204: 16203: 16198: 16195: 16191: 16188: 16184: 16181: 16177: 16174: 16170: 16167: 16163: 16160: 16156: 16153: 16149: 16146: 16142: 16141: 16139: 16137: 16133: 16126: 16122: 16117: 16113: 16112: 16110: 16106: 16103: 16099: 16094: 16090: 16087: 16083: 16080: 16076: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16064: 16063:Eastern Front 16060: 16057: 16056:Western Front 16053: 16052: 16050: 16046: 16041: 16037: 16034: 16030: 16027: 16023: 16020: 16016: 16013: 16009: 16006: 16002: 16001: 15999: 15995: 15994: 15992: 15990: 15986: 15979: 15975: 15972: 15968: 15965: 15961: 15958: 15954: 15951: 15950:Puppet states 15947: 15944: 15940: 15937: 15933: 15928: 15924: 15921: 15917: 15916: 15914: 15910: 15907: 15903: 15900: 15896: 15893: 15892:Naval history 15889: 15886: 15882: 15879: 15875: 15872: 15868: 15863: 15859: 15858: 15856: 15852: 15849: 15845: 15840: 15839:United States 15836: 15833: 15829: 15826: 15822: 15821: 15819: 15815: 15812: 15808: 15805: 15801: 15798: 15794: 15791: 15787: 15784: 15780: 15777: 15773: 15768: 15764: 15763: 15761: 15757: 15756: 15754: 15752: 15748: 15745: 15741: 15734: 15730: 15727: 15723: 15718: 15714: 15711: 15707: 15704: 15700: 15699: 15695: 15690: 15686: 15685: 15683: 15679: 15676: 15672: 15671: 15668: 15664: 15657: 15652: 15650: 15645: 15643: 15638: 15637: 15634: 15625: 15624: 15612: 15611: 15608: 15602: 15594: 15584: 15582: 15572: 15570: 15560: 15558: 15548: 15547: 15544: 15536: 15532: 15528: 15524: 15520: 15517: 15513: 15509: 15505: 15504:Sönke Neitzel 15501: 15497: 15493: 15490: 15486: 15482: 15478: 15475: 15471: 15470:Robert Citino 15468:, lecture by 15467: 15463: 15459: 15456: 15452: 15448: 15444: 15441:, lecture by 15440: 15436: 15432: 15431: 15423: 15419: 15416: 15414:, 8 May 2015. 15413: 15412: 15407: 15404: 15402: 15398: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15385: 15382: 15379: 15376: 15373: 15370: 15368: 15364: 15361: 15359: 15356: 15353: 15349: 15346: 15345: 15335: 15331: 15327: 15323: 15319: 15315: 15310: 15309: 15300:, USGPO, 1975 15299: 15295: 15292: 15288: 15285: 15284:0-7528-3751-6 15281: 15277: 15274: 15271: 15269: 15265: 15262: 15258: 15255: 15252: 15251:0-89141-491-6 15248: 15244: 15240: 15238: 15237:0-88029-084-6 15234: 15230: 15226: 15222: 15218: 15215: 15214:0-14-027169-4 15211: 15207: 15203: 15200: 15197: 15196:1-57181-068-4 15193: 15189: 15188: 15184: 15181: 15176: 15172: 15168: 15162: 15158: 15154: 15150: 15147: 15146:0-340-80808-X 15143: 15139: 15136: 15133: 15130: 15129:1-932033-55-6 15126: 15122: 15121: 15116: 15113: 15111: 15107: 15104: 15103:0-306-80912-5 15100: 15096: 15093: 15090: 15086: 15084:1-85367-280-7 15080: 15076: 15071: 15068: 15067: 15062: 15058: 15052: 15048: 15043: 15041: 15040:0-375-71422-7 15037: 15033: 15029: 15028:Hastings, Max 15026: 15023: 15022:0-306-81101-4 15019: 15015: 15014: 15013:Panzer Leader 15009: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14996: 14993: 14992:0-7486-0504-5 14989: 14985: 14981: 14978: 14974: 14970: 14966: 14963: 14962:0-304-36541-6 14959: 14955: 14951: 14949: 14948:online review 14945: 14941: 14939: 14938:0-670-88695-5 14935: 14931: 14927: 14924: 14923:0-14-028458-3 14920: 14916: 14912: 14909: 14906: 14905:0-7603-0923-X 14902: 14898: 14897: 14892: 14891: 14880: 14874: 14870: 14865: 14861: 14855: 14851: 14846: 14842: 14840:0-7006-0899-0 14836: 14832: 14828: 14824: 14823:Glantz, David 14820: 14816: 14810: 14807:. Routledge. 14805: 14804: 14797: 14793: 14787: 14784:. Macmillan. 14783: 14778: 14777: 14756: 14752: 14746: 14740: 14739:0-7139-9309-X 14736: 14732: 14731:Richard Overy 14727: 14719: 14717:9781399061308 14713: 14709: 14702: 14694: 14688: 14684: 14677: 14669: 14667:9780313263903 14663: 14659: 14658: 14650: 14635: 14631: 14625: 14617: 14615:0-7434-4974-6 14611: 14607: 14600: 14593: 14589: 14585: 14580: 14573: 14568: 14561: 14556: 14548: 14544: 14538: 14529: 14520: 14514:, p. 89. 14513: 14508: 14492: 14488: 14484: 14478: 14476: 14459: 14455: 14449: 14443: 14442:1-85409-267-7 14439: 14435: 14431: 14430:5-93165-107-1 14427: 14423: 14417: 14410: 14409:951-0-28690-7 14406: 14400: 14394: 14393:3-549-07121-3 14390: 14384: 14377: 14372: 14370: 14362: 14361:5-224-01515-4 14358: 14354: 14353:9783881990738 14350: 14346: 14342: 14338: 14334: 14333:5-224-01515-4 14330: 14326: 14325:5-224-01515-4 14322: 14318: 14317:0-7139-9309-X 14314: 14310: 14309:Richard Overy 14297:on 2 May 2013 14296: 14292: 14287: 14286:3-486-56531-1 14283: 14279: 14273: 14267: 14266:0-688-12364-3 14263: 14259: 14255: 14250: 14243: 14238: 14236: 14227: 14223: 14216: 14209: 14208:3-486-56531-1 14205: 14201: 14195: 14188: 14187:3-486-56531-1 14184: 14180: 14174: 14159:on 2 May 2013 14158: 14154: 14148: 14139: 14124: 14120: 14119: 14114: 14108: 14102:, p. 85. 14101: 14096: 14088: 14084: 14083:The Telegraph 14080: 14074: 14067: 14063: 14060: 14059: 14053: 14046: 14045:Richard Overy 14042: 14037: 14028: 14026: 14016: 14014: 14012: 14010: 14002: 13999:, p. 155 and 13998: 13992: 13990: 13988: 13978: 13968: 13959: 13952: 13946: 13939: 13938:1-4000-4005-1 13935: 13931: 13928: 13922: 13915: 13914:0-14-100131-3 13911: 13907: 13901: 13893: 13889: 13885: 13881: 13877: 13873: 13869: 13865: 13864: 13856: 13847: 13838: 13831: 13826: 13818: 13814: 13808: 13800: 13796: 13790: 13784: 13778: 13771: 13767: 13763: 13760: 13755: 13747: 13741: 13737: 13730: 13722: 13718: 13714: 13712:0-8050-7455-4 13708: 13704: 13700: 13699: 13691: 13675: 13671: 13667: 13661: 13653: 13651:0-300-11204-1 13647: 13643: 13636: 13629: 13623: 13619: 13612: 13605: 13600: 13593: 13588: 13581: 13580: 13574: 13572: 13563: 13557: 13553: 13552: 13544: 13536: 13532: 13528: 13522: 13514: 13509: 13508: 13499: 13491: 13487: 13486: 13481: 13474: 13466: 13460: 13456: 13452: 13446: 13438: 13432: 13428: 13424: 13418: 13410: 13404: 13400: 13396: 13389: 13381: 13377: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13361: 13354: 13347: 13343: 13337: 13321: 13320: 13312: 13304: 13300: 13294: 13286: 13282: 13276: 13268: 13262: 13258: 13257: 13249: 13242: 13237: 13230: 13226: 13220: 13213: 13209: 13203: 13196: 13192: 13186: 13179: 13175: 13169: 13162: 13158: 13152: 13150: 13141: 13135: 13131: 13130: 13122: 13107: 13103: 13096: 13080: 13079: 13074: 13070: 13064: 13056: 13050: 13046: 13042: 13035: 13027: 13025:9985-70-195-X 13021: 13014: 13013: 13005: 12989: 12988: 12983: 12977: 12961: 12960: 12955: 12949: 12941: 12935: 12931: 12930: 12922: 12914: 12910: 12903: 12895: 12889: 12885: 12884: 12879: 12873: 12857: 12853: 12847: 12839: 12835: 12829: 12821: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12805: 12799: 12797: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12768: 12764: 12763: 12758: 12754: 12748: 12746: 12736: 12727: 12719: 12713: 12709: 12702: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12685: 12683:0-7126-6226-X 12679: 12675: 12668: 12660: 12656: 12652: 12648: 12644: 12640: 12633: 12625: 12623:0-304-35864-9 12619: 12615: 12608: 12600: 12598:0-330-23770-5 12594: 12590: 12583: 12575: 12573:0-7006-1146-0 12569: 12565: 12560: 12559: 12550: 12542: 12538: 12534: 12532:0-7110-2899-0 12528: 12524: 12517: 12509: 12502: 12494: 12492:0-297-79616-X 12488: 12484: 12480: 12479: 12474: 12468: 12460: 12454: 12450: 12449: 12444: 12438: 12430: 12424: 12416: 12415: 12410: 12406: 12405:Indrek Paavle 12400: 12392: 12388: 12384: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12366: 12362: 12358: 12354: 12353: 12345: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12316: 12308: 12306: 12304: 12302: 12293: 12287: 12279: 12278: 12270: 12262: 12258: 12251: 12242: 12233: 12225: 12218: 12210: 12204: 12200: 12199: 12191: 12183: 12176: 12174: 12165: 12161: 12157: 12156: 12151: 12145: 12138: 12132: 12116: 12112: 12107: 12101: 12093: 12089: 12085: 12081: 12077: 12073: 12069: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12047: 12044: 12040: 12036: 12033: 12028: 12021: 12019: 12011: 12005: 11996: 11991: 11987: 11983: 11979: 11972: 11964: 11960: 11954: 11945: 11937: 11933: 11927: 11920: 11915: 11907: 11901: 11897: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11878: 11869: 11867: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11847: 11839: 11833: 11829: 11828: 11820: 11818: 11816: 11814: 11812: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11804: 11802: 11800: 11798: 11796: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11788: 11786: 11778: 11772: 11763: 11754: 11746: 11742: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11725: 11717: 11709: 11703: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11683: 11679: 11675: 11674: 11666: 11658: 11652: 11648: 11647: 11639: 11631: 11625: 11621: 11620: 11612: 11603: 11594: 11586: 11580: 11576: 11575: 11567: 11559: 11558: 11550: 11542: 11538: 11531: 11524: 11519: 11512: 11505: 11489: 11485: 11484: 11476: 11470:, p. 68. 11469: 11464: 11462: 11454: 11449: 11447: 11438: 11432: 11428: 11427: 11419: 11411: 11405: 11401: 11400: 11392: 11384: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11368: 11364: 11357: 11349: 11345: 11341: 11337: 11330: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11296: 11292: 11291: 11290:Slavic Review 11286: 11279: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11250: 11245: 11244:Resis, Albert 11239: 11231: 11227: 11223: 11219: 11218: 11210: 11202: 11196: 11188: 11182: 11178: 11177: 11169: 11161: 11155: 11151: 11150: 11145: 11139: 11131: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11112: 11104: 11098: 11094: 11093: 11085: 11083: 11074: 11068: 11064: 11063: 11055: 11047: 11041: 11037: 11030: 11024: 11020: 11019: 11013: 11006: 11004: 10992: 10990:9780807876916 10986: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10970: 10962: 10958: 10954: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10933: 10929: 10923: 10915: 10899: 10895: 10889: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10860: 10852: 10844: 10840: 10834: 10826: 10820: 10816: 10815: 10807: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10762: 10754: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10728: 10720: 10714: 10710: 10709: 10704: 10698: 10690: 10686: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10670: 10669: 10664: 10656: 10649: 10643: 10635: 10633:90-411-2177-3 10629: 10625: 10618: 10616: 10607: 10605:0-275-96337-3 10601: 10597: 10590: 10582: 10576: 10572: 10571: 10563: 10561: 10552: 10546: 10542: 10541: 10533: 10525: 10523:9780141391090 10519: 10515: 10514: 10506: 10498: 10497: 10492: 10486: 10470: 10466: 10460: 10452: 10446: 10442: 10435: 10433: 10425: 10420: 10413: 10412:5-93165-107-1 10409: 10406:Moscow 2004. 10405: 10401: 10398:According to 10395: 10393: 10384: 10378: 10374: 10373: 10365: 10361: 10347: 10344: 10336: 10326: 10322: 10316: 10315: 10310:This article 10308: 10299: 10298: 10284: 10279: 10275: 10271: 10265: 10258: 10252: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10230: 10223: 10217: 10208: 10203: 10194: 10187: 10183: 10177: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10142: 10136: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10115: 10108: 10104: 10100: 10096: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10058: 10051: 10047: 10046:Italian units 10043: 10039: 10038:Croatian army 10034: 10027: 10021: 10014: 10010: 10006: 10000: 9996: 9985: 9982: 9980: 9977: 9976: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9845: 9844: 9839: 9838: 9834: 9832: 9829: 9827: 9824: 9822: 9819: 9818: 9811: 9808: 9803: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9776: 9773:; during the 9772: 9768: 9763: 9761: 9757: 9753: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9724:Andrey Vlasov 9720: 9718: 9710: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9694: 9690: 9688: 9682: 9680: 9670: 9662: 9653: 9650: 9647: 9644: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9628: 9625: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9615: 9612: 9609: 9606: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9596: 9593: 9590: 9587: 9584: 9581: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9556: 9553: 9550: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9525: 9522: 9519: 9516: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9499: 9496: 9493: 9490: 9489: 9486: 9483: 9480: 9477: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9466: 9463: 9460: 9457: 9454: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9444: 9441: 9438: 9435: 9432: 9431: 9427: 9424: 9421: 9418: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9407: 9404: 9401: 9398: 9395: 9392: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9372: 9368: 9365: 9362: 9360: 9359: 9354: 9348: 9346: 9340: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9329:the Holocaust 9324: 9320: 9312: 9304: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9281: 9279: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9262: 9253: 9250: 9247: 9244: 9241: 9238: 9235: 9234: 9230: 9227: 9224: 9221: 9218: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9204: 9201: 9198: 9195: 9192: 9189: 9188: 9184: 9181: 9178: 9175: 9172: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9155: 9152: 9149: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9139:Total German 9138: 9136:Total Soviet 9135: 9132: 9129: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9119:Total labour 9108: 9097: 9094: 9091: 9088: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9071: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9054: 9051: 9048: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9031: 9028: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9011: 9008: 9005: 9002: 8999: 8998: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8978: 8970: 8959: 8956: 8953: 8950: 8947: 8944: 8941: 8940: 8936: 8933: 8930: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8913: 8910: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8896: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8881: 8880: 8876: 8873: 8870: 8867: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8853: 8850: 8847: 8844: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8827: 8814: 8811: 8808: 8805: 8802: 8799: 8796: 8793: 8790: 8787: 8784: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8773: 8770: 8767: 8764: 8761: 8758: 8755: 8752: 8749: 8746: 8743: 8740: 8737: 8736: 8732: 8729: 8726: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8714: 8711: 8708: 8705: 8702: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8691: 8688: 8685: 8682: 8679: 8676: 8673: 8670: 8667: 8664: 8661: 8658: 8655: 8654: 8650: 8647: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8623: 8620: 8617: 8614: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8603: 8600: 8597: 8594: 8591: 8588: 8585: 8582: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8550: 8544: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8517: 8513: 8509: 8504: 8497: 8492: 8483: 8481: 8475: 8473: 8469: 8464: 8460: 8458: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8440: 8418: 8409: 8404: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8389:forced labour 8386: 8380: 8378: 8374: 8365: 8361: 8354: 8349: 8345: 8343: 8342: 8336: 8332: 8324: 8319: 8315: 8313: 8312: 8306: 8303: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8278: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8243: 8239: 8237: 8236:Einsatzgruppe 8232: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8200: 8193: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8167: 8165: 8161: 8155: 8152: 8148: 8145:and to penal 8144: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8133:court-martial 8130: 8129:Order No. 227 8125: 8122: 8118: 8114: 8109: 8106: 8105:Baltic states 8102: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8086: 8084: 8079: 8078:Grigory Kulik 8075: 8074:obscurantists 8071: 8066: 8064: 8060: 8051: 8050:Joseph Stalin 8047: 8041:Joseph Stalin 8037: 8033: 8031: 8027: 8023: 8017: 8015: 8014: 8013:Schutzstaffel 8009: 8005: 8001: 7996: 7994: 7990: 7985: 7979: 7974: 7972: 7967: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7951: 7948: 7944: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7919: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7894: 7891: 7883: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7857:This section 7855: 7851: 7846: 7845: 7837: 7835: 7831: 7825: 7823: 7819: 7815: 7814:Roman Rudenko 7809: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7763: 7755: 7754:872-day siege 7750: 7745: 7740: 7738: 7737:Harry Hopkins 7733: 7731: 7730:United States 7727: 7723: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7710: 7705: 7704:Western Front 7701: 7695: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7681: 7676: 7667: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7647:Kuril Islands 7644: 7640: 7636: 7632: 7628: 7624: 7618: 7608: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7594: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7575: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7544: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7482: 7480: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7456: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7439: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7421: 7417: 7412: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7359:Upper Silesia 7357:(1UF) out of 7356: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7320:Hel Peninsula 7317: 7312: 7308: 7307:on 13 April. 7306: 7303:and captured 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7250: 7248: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7224: 7203: 7198: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7172: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7149: 7146: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7113: 7108: 7106: 7105:Vistula River 7102: 7099:. During the 7098: 7094: 7089: 7087: 7083: 7082:Tali-Ihantala 7079: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7061: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7026: 7024: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7007: 7003: 7001: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6958: 6957:Armia Krajowa 6953: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6916: 6906: 6904: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6875: 6869: 6866: 6865:Hube's Pocket 6862: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6853:Generaloberst 6848: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6837: 6829: 6827: 6822: 6818: 6785: 6781: 6778: 6777:Christmas Eve 6773: 6768: 6766: 6762: 6757: 6754: 6748: 6746: 6742: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6726: 6721: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6673: 6671: 6666: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6598:Zhizdra River 6594: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6571:Western Front 6568: 6563: 6561: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6508: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6475: 6471: 6467: 6463: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6403: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6372: 6370: 6369:North Ossetia 6366: 6362: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6332: 6328: 6324: 6319: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6301: 6297: 6293: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6243: 6239: 6230: 6228: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6210:Andrey Vlasov 6207: 6206:Volkhov River 6203: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6173: 6168: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6110:Volkhov Front 6107: 6103: 6099: 6098:Kalinin Front 6095: 6090: 6088: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6045: 6036: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6013: 6011: 6008: 6007:Field Marshal 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5915: 5913: 5909: 5905: 5904:Arctic Circle 5901: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5837: 5835: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5802: 5798: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5764: 5760: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5744: 5740: 5736: 5732: 5730: 5725: 5721: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5685:Dnieper river 5682: 5678: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5661:Brest-Litovsk 5658: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5605: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5510: 5506: 5502: 5486: 5482: 5475: 5471: 5464: 5460: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5444: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5406:Second period 5404: 5403: 5395: 5391: 5384: 5380: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5340: 5337:A map of the 5335: 5330: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5304:forced labour 5299: 5292:Forced labour 5289: 5287: 5283: 5278: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5241: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5218: 5216: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5192: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5117: 5106: 5095: 5084: 5073: 5069: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5008: 5004: 5002: 4998: 4997:Lucy spy ring 4994: 4993:Willi Lehmann 4990: 4989:Richard Sorge 4984: 4982: 4981:Georgy Zhukov 4979: 4975: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4955: 4946: 4942: 4940: 4934: 4932: 4931:two-front war 4927: 4925: 4921: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4900: 4896: 4894: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4826: 4820: 4817: 4816: 4813: 4807: 4804: 4798: 4795: 4794: 4791: 4785: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4761: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4734: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4691: 4689: 4685: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4589: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4568: 4563: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4544:Fascist Italy 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4516:Popular Front 4513: 4508: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4485:Joseph Stalin 4482: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4456: 4455:Georgy Zhukov 4452: 4448: 4439: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4419: 4415: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4371: 4368:(subhumans). 4367: 4366: 4365:Untermenschen 4361: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4351: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4296: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4270: 4260: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4241:Baltic states 4238: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4222: 4218: 4215: 4211: 4207: 4202: 4200: 4195: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4165: 4159: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4106:Soviet Russia 4104:(1914–1918). 4103: 4099: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4052:United States 4048: 4045: 4041: 4036: 4035: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4016: 4010: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3983: 3981: 3980:at Stalingrad 3977: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3881:Eastern Front 3870: 3865: 3863: 3858: 3856: 3851: 3850: 3848: 3847: 3844: 3834: 3833: 3826: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3816: 3813: 3811: 3810:Soviet Empire 3808: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3709: 3703: 3702: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3678: 3676: 3673: 3672: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3656: 3653: 3651: 3648: 3646: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3628: 3626: 3625:Black January 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3607: 3606: 3603: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3591: 3589: 3586: 3584: 3581: 3579: 3576: 3574: 3571: 3569: 3566: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3557: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3546: 3545: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3532: 3531: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3515: 3512: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3501: 3497: 3492: 3491: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478:Polish strike 3476: 3472: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3463: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3454: 3452: 3449: 3447: 3444: 3440: 3437: 3435: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3425: 3422: 3420: 3417: 3415: 3412: 3411: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3399: 3398: 3397:Prague Spring 3395: 3393: 3390: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3367: 3366: 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3337: 3333: 3328: 3327: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3314:Space program 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3280: 3277: 3272: 3268: 3267: 3266: 3263: 3261: 3258: 3256: 3253: 3251: 3248: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3225: 3222: 3220: 3217: 3215: 3212: 3210: 3207: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3197: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3154: 3153: 3150: 3146: 3145:Moscow trials 3143: 3142: 3141: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3119: 3117: 3114: 3113: 3112: 3109: 3108: 3107: 3104: 3102: 3099: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3060:War communism 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2958: 2955: 2952: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2942: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2912: 2909: 2907: 2904: 2902: 2899: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2859: 2855: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2846: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2821: 2818: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2794: 2792: 2789: 2787: 2786: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2649:Little Saturn 2646: 2644: 2643: 2639: 2637: 2636:Velikiye Luki 2634: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2603: 2600: 2598: 2595: 2593: 2590: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2557: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2428: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2410: 2407:Naval warfare 2406: 2405: 2402: 2397: 2396:Eastern Front 2389: 2384: 2382: 2377: 2375: 2370: 2369: 2366: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2344: 2341: 2339: 2336: 2334: 2331: 2329: 2326: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2314: 2311: 2310: 2309: 2308: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2283: 2280: 2279: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2263: 2260: 2256: 2253: 2252: 2251: 2248: 2247: 2246: 2245: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2221:Syria–Lebanon 2219: 2217: 2214: 2213: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2180: 2179: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2167: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2125:Pacific Ocean 2123: 2121: 2118: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2114: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2094:Eastern Front 2092: 2088: 2085: 2084: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2051: 2049: 2046: 2045: 2044: 2043:Western Front 2041: 2039: 2036: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1995: 1990: 1987:Campaigns of 1981: 1976: 1974: 1969: 1967: 1962: 1961: 1958: 1949: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1922: 1919: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1908: 1897: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1880: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1862: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1848: 1844: 1841: 1840: 1838: 1831: 1828: 1824: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1803: 1800: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1791: 1785: 1775: 1773: 1763: 1761: 1751: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1727: 1725: 1715: 1713: 1703: 1701: 1691: 1689: 1687: 1681: 1671: 1669: 1659: 1657: 1647: 1645: 1635: 1633: 1623: 1621: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1601: 1591: 1589: 1579: 1576: 1565: 1563: 1553: 1551: 1541: 1539: 1529: 1527: 1517: 1515: 1505: 1503: 1493: 1491: 1481: 1479: 1478:Ivan Tyulenev 1469: 1467: 1465: 1459: 1449: 1446: 1441: 1440:Dmitry Pavlov 1436: 1431: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1416:Markian Popov 1407: 1405: 1395: 1393: 1383: 1381: 1371: 1369: 1359: 1357: 1347: 1345: 1335: 1333: 1323: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1299: 1297: 1287: 1285: 1275: 1273: 1272:Georgy Zhukov 1263: 1261: 1260: 1259:Joseph Stalin 1249: 1248: 1245: 1239: 1234: 1224: 1221: 1216: 1206: 1204: 1194: 1192: 1182: 1180: 1170: 1168: 1158: 1156: 1146: 1144: 1134: 1132: 1131:Miklós Horthy 1122: 1120: 1110: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1086: 1082: 1077: 1067: 1065: 1064:Ion Antonescu 1055: 1053: 1043: 1041: 1031: 1029: 1019: 1017: 1007: 1005: 995: 993: 983: 981: 971: 969: 959: 957: 947: 945: 935: 933: 923: 921: 911: 909: 899: 897: 887: 885: 875: 873: 863: 861: 851: 849: 839: 837: 836:Kurt Zeitzler 827: 825: 815: 812: 801: 799: 789: 787: 777: 775: 773: 767: 766: 755: 754: 751: 750:Axis leaders: 745: 744: 739: 729: 717: 715: 704: 702: 701:United States 691: 690: 686: 674: 669: 658: 654: 648: 636: 631: 625: 612: 611: 608: 600: 587: 585: 575: 573: 572: 560: 559: 556: 555: 551: 545: 533: 530: 518: 514: 508: 496: 492: 487: 476: 473: 461: 457: 451: 439: 437: 435: 422: 421: 418: 417: 413: 412: 407: 396: 392: 388: 384: 381: 379: 376: 373: 371: 368: 365: 361: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 341: 338: 336: 332: 328: 325: 324: 321: 316: 310: 305: 304: 299: 296:Beginning of 295: 293: 289: 285: 281: 278: 277:Western Front 274: 270: 269: 264: 263: 261: 258: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 237: 236: 230: 219: 208: 205: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 182: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 151: 146: 143: 138: 135:Eastern Front 133: 130: 122: 119: 111: 100: 97: 93: 90: 86: 83: 79: 76: 72: 69: – 68: 64: 63:Find sources: 57: 53: 47: 46: 41:This article 39: 35: 30: 29: 26: 22: 20843: 20807:World War II 20331:Smolensk War 20297:Livonian War 19964: 19797:Russian Navy 19720: 19482: 19475: 19468: 19461: 19454: 19447: 19342:Major crimes 19191:Order Police 18904:Bibliography 18887: 18700:Project Hula 18665:Vistula–Oder 18634: 18567: 18558: 18542: 18512: 18461: 18445: 18436: 18427: 18393: 18290: 18205: 18181: 18151: 17902: 17795: 17740:North Africa 17442:Soviet Union 17396:Soviet Union 17322:Soviet Union 17090:Vatican City 17000:Vichy France 16905:German Reich 16802:Soviet Union 16788:South Africa 16781:Sierra Leone 16734:Newfoundland 16553:Participants 16536:Marocchinate 16240: 16231: 16201: 16079:North Africa 16062: 16040:Indian Ocean 15899:Nazi plunder 15790:Cryptography 15663:World War II 15626:from Commons 15621: 15600: 15593:Soviet Union 15507: 15450: 15446: 15445:, author of 15443:David Stahel 15409: 15367:The Atlantic 15366: 15317: 15313: 15297: 15290: 15275: 15260: 15242: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15205: 15178: 15156: 15137: 15118: 15109: 15094: 15074: 15065: 15046: 15031: 15011: 14998: 14983: 14968: 14953: 14943: 14942:Dick, C. J. 14929: 14914: 14894: 14868: 14849: 14830: 14802: 14781: 14759:. Retrieved 14755:the original 14745: 14726: 14707: 14701: 14682: 14676: 14656: 14649: 14637:. Retrieved 14633: 14624: 14605: 14599: 14579: 14567: 14555: 14546: 14537: 14528: 14519: 14507: 14495:. Retrieved 14491:the original 14486: 14462:. Retrieved 14458:the original 14448: 14433: 14421: 14416: 14399: 14383: 14299:. Retrieved 14295:the original 14277: 14272: 14257: 14249: 14225: 14215: 14199: 14194: 14178: 14173: 14161:. Retrieved 14157:the original 14147: 14138: 14126:. Retrieved 14116: 14107: 14095: 14087:the original 14082: 14073: 14057: 14052: 14040: 14036: 14000: 13997:Russia's War 13996: 13977: 13967: 13958: 13945: 13926: 13921: 13905: 13900: 13867: 13861: 13855: 13846: 13837: 13825: 13816: 13807: 13798: 13789: 13782: 13777: 13754: 13735: 13729: 13697: 13690: 13678:. Retrieved 13674:the original 13669: 13660: 13641: 13635: 13618:Night Combat 13617: 13611: 13599: 13592:Bellamy 2007 13587: 13577: 13550: 13543: 13530: 13521: 13506: 13498: 13490:the original 13483: 13473: 13454: 13445: 13426: 13417: 13398: 13388: 13363: 13359: 13353: 13341: 13336: 13324:. Retrieved 13318: 13311: 13302: 13293: 13284: 13275: 13255: 13248: 13236: 13224: 13219: 13207: 13202: 13190: 13185: 13173: 13168: 13156: 13128: 13121: 13109:. Retrieved 13105: 13095: 13083:. Retrieved 13076: 13063: 13044: 13034: 13011: 13004: 12992:. Retrieved 12985: 12976: 12964:. Retrieved 12957: 12948: 12928: 12921: 12912: 12908: 12902: 12882: 12872: 12860:. Retrieved 12856:the original 12846: 12837: 12828: 12808: 12766: 12760: 12735: 12726: 12707: 12673: 12667: 12645:(1): 21–28. 12642: 12638: 12632: 12613: 12607: 12588: 12582: 12557: 12549: 12522: 12516: 12507: 12501: 12477: 12467: 12447: 12437: 12413: 12399: 12359:(1): 27–46. 12356: 12350: 12344: 12319: 12313: 12276: 12269: 12260: 12256: 12250: 12241: 12232: 12223: 12217: 12197: 12190: 12181: 12164:the original 12154: 12144: 12136: 12131: 12119:. Retrieved 12115:the original 12105: 12100: 12067: 12063: 12057: 12026: 12009: 12004: 11985: 11981: 11971: 11962: 11953: 11944: 11936:BBC Bitesize 11935: 11926: 11914: 11887: 11877: 11846: 11826: 11776: 11771: 11762: 11753: 11728: 11722: 11716: 11702:cite journal 11677: 11671: 11665: 11645: 11638: 11618: 11611: 11602: 11593: 11573: 11566: 11556: 11549: 11540: 11536: 11530: 11521: 11517: 11504: 11492:. Retrieved 11488:the original 11482: 11475: 11425: 11418: 11398: 11391: 11366: 11362: 11356: 11339: 11335: 11329: 11294: 11288: 11278: 11256:(1): 33–56. 11253: 11247: 11238: 11221: 11215: 11209: 11195: 11175: 11168: 11148: 11138: 11118: 11111: 11091: 11061: 11054: 11035: 11029: 11016: 11012: 11002: 11001: 10994:. Retrieved 10979: 10975:Lower, Wendy 10969: 10944: 10938: 10922: 10913: 10902:. Retrieved 10897: 10888: 10863: 10857: 10851: 10842: 10833: 10813: 10806: 10765: 10759: 10753: 10745: 10742:the original 10737: 10727: 10707: 10697: 10672: 10666: 10655: 10642: 10623: 10595: 10589: 10569: 10539: 10532: 10512: 10505: 10495: 10491:Nolte, Ernst 10485: 10473:. Retrieved 10469:The Atlantic 10468: 10459: 10440: 10424:Bellamy 2007 10419: 10403: 10371: 10364: 10339: 10330: 10311: 10264: 10229: 10202: 10193: 10186:1st Air Army 10176: 10151: 10135: 10114: 10063:Anders' Army 10057: 10033: 10020: 9999: 9843:Why We Fight 9841: 9835: 9804: 9794: 9791:Kampfgruppen 9764: 9739: 9721: 9714: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9686: 9683: 9675: 9548:KIA/DOW/MIA 9523:est 637,000 9341: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9273: 9270:Albert Speer 9263: 9259: 8529: 8525: 8523:production. 8521: 8505: 8501: 8476: 8465: 8461: 8445: 8441: 8413: 8381: 8376: 8369: 8339: 8328: 8309: 8307: 8298: 8279: 8267: 8262: 8247: 8234: 8207:anti-Semitic 8196: 8156: 8150: 8136: 8126: 8110: 8098: 8087: 8067: 8055: 8035: 8018: 8011: 8008:20 July Plot 7997: 7992: 7981: 7976: 7971:Erhard Milch 7968: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7936: 7931:Adolf Hitler 7922:Adolf Hitler 7901: 7886: 7880:October 2023 7877: 7866:Please help 7861:verification 7858: 7826: 7810: 7779: 7759: 7742: 7734: 7708: 7696: 7672: 7620: 7606: 7603: 7595: 7576: 7559: 7545: 7522: 7483: 7440: 7425: 7328: 7316:Vistula Spit 7313: 7309: 7266: 7258:Army Group A 7251: 7220: 7150: 7142: 7139: 7111: 7109: 7090: 7062: 7043: 7008: 7004: 6999: 6992: 6967: 6966: 6887:East Prussia 6879: 6873: 6870: 6851: 6849: 6835: 6830: 6817:Steppe Front 6814: 6769: 6758: 6749: 6740: 6729: 6719: 6717: 6669: 6667: 6658: 6646: 6595: 6579: 6566: 6564: 6524: 6458: 6445: 6426: 6358: 6346:Transylvania 6335: 6330: 6320: 6289: 6218:Donets River 6198:Velikie Luki 6175: 6171: 6169: 6149: 6126: 6091: 6080: 6016: 6014: 5991:Franz Halder 5982: 5963: 5961:of the war. 5916: 5872: 5822: 5817:Central Asia 5794: 5791: 5781:, the Group 5733: 5717: 5696: 5647: 5609: 5590: 5588: 5584:Northwestern 5560: 5556: 5509:Soviet Union 5446:Third period 5445: 5405: 5355:First period 5354: 5344: 5317: 5301: 5279: 5275: 5242: 5235: 5221:Nazi Germany 5214: 5211: 5207: 5205:of the war. 5203: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5152: 5149:Soviet Union 5140: 5135: 5130: 5044: 5014: 5005: 4985: 4951: 4935: 4928: 4917: 4905: 4893:Kriegsmarine 4877: 4869: 4863: 4857:1 April 1945 4849: 4843: 4830: 4824: 4811: 4802: 4789: 4780: 4766: 4759: 4753:22 June 1941 4745:Axis forces 4726: 4694: 4692: 4676: 4670: 4642:Soviet Union 4635: 4586: 4564: 4540:Nazi Germany 4509: 4478: 4421: 4411: 4402: 4375: 4363: 4357: 4350:Übermenschen 4349: 4335:, including 4330: 4320:had put the 4314:slave labour 4299: 4293: 4291: 4234: 4210:World War II 4203: 4192: 4173: 4161: 4148:Adolf Hitler 4146: 4095: 4049: 4023: 4013: 4011: 3984: 3973: 3959: 3951:Nazi Germany 3911:Soviet Union 3899:World War II 3890: 3884: 3880: 3878: 3753: 3294:Wage reforms 3161: 3152:World War II 2915: 2896:Lake Balaton 2884: 2869:East Prussia 2858:Vistula–Oder 2856: 2802: 2795: 2783: 2729: 2718:2nd Smolensk 2695: 2679: 2662: 2648: 2641: 2628: 2606: 2574: 2553:Air war 1941 2528: 2491: 2467:1st Smolensk 2434: 2423:Arctic Ocean 2395: 2306: 2305: 2294:Indian Ocean 2255:Ecuador–Peru 2243: 2242: 2212:Middle East 2186:North Africa 2174: 2173: 2113:Asia-Pacific 2111: 2110: 2093: 1998: 1989:World War II 1939: 1912: 1887: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1849: 1842: 1829: 1822: 1815: 1808: 1801: 1685: 1605: 1463: 1257: 1243: 1095:Ilie Șteflea 992:Walter Model 932:Wilhelm List 824:Franz Halder 771: 765:Adolf Hitler 763: 749: 684: 606: 571:Soviet Union 561: 552: 423: 414: 409:Belligerents 383:East Prussia 292:Iron Curtain 288:Eastern Bloc 273:Nazi Germany 189:signing the 180: 154: 140:Part of the 129: 114: 108:October 2023 105: 95: 88: 81: 74: 62: 50:Please help 45:verification 42: 25: 20913:Vietnam War 20783: [ 20642:World War I 20563:Crimean War 20496:Finnish War 20412:(1740–1748) 20401:(1733–1738) 20326:Ingrian War 20042:(including 19975:Pobedobesie 19532:Victory Day 19391:Minsk Trial 19299:Hunger Plan 19197:Detachments 18959:during the 18635:Bodenplatte 18521:Gothic Line 17747:West Africa 17294:Philippines 17273:Netherlands 17138:Czech lands 17076:Switzerland 17020:Afghanistan 16971:Philippines 16839:Puerto Rico 16755:Philippines 16741:New Zealand 16727:Netherlands 16680:Free France 16431:Prosecution 16232:Osoaviakhim 16102:West Africa 16086:East Africa 15733:Conferences 15449:(2013) and 14547:WW2 Weapons 14244:, p. . 14079:"Telegraph" 13604:Glantz 2005 13326:20 February 13259:. Penguin. 13197:pp. 217–233 12862:2 September 12409:Toomas Hiio 12374:10945/44218 11963:peakoil.com 11494:2 September 11453:Glantz 1998 10996:22 December 10768:(1): 1–33. 10475:26 November 10184:as part of 9740:Ostlegionen 9654:13,581,483 9577:13,581,483 9545:Total Dead 9363:Total Dead 9266:Sportpalast 9251:12,400,000 9231:18,000,000 9219:10,400,000 9208:16,800,000 9196:11,100,000 9185:16,200,000 9173:11,600,000 9162:16,400,000 9159:11,000,000 9150:12,900,000 9147:11,000,000 8373:Ostlegionen 8203:anti-Slavic 8192:Hunger Plan 8164:Ivan Koniev 8063:Great Purge 8004:coup d'etat 7583:Victory Day 7494:Karl Dönitz 7122:Autumn 1944 7040:, mid-1944. 6963:, July 1944 6909:Summer 1944 6626:Prokhorovka 6544:barbed wire 6474:Tiger tanks 6453:Kotelnikovo 6429:bridgeheads 6338:Malka River 5989:), General 5951:took Rostov 5919:Sea of Azov 5751:17th Armies 5737:, with the 5712:RIA Novosti 5623:18th Armies 5265:, Finland, 4909:Alfred Jodl 4796:9 July 1943 4774:7 June 1942 4719:Free French 4699:in Slovakia 4673:Anti-Soviet 4605:Axis Powers 4463:Great Purge 4306:master race 4208:, starting 4142:a civil war 4126:surrendered 4102:World War I 4098:the outcome 4044:Ernst Nolte 4040:Hunger Plan 3913:(USSR) and 3903:Axis powers 3665:August Coup 3635:War of Laws 3514:Perestroika 3365:Vietnam War 3355:Six-Day War 3140:Great Purge 3095:: Stalinism 3014:World War I 2691:Gorky Blitz 2686:3rd Kharkov 2602:2nd Kharkov 2504:1st Kharkov 2499:Sea of Azov 2277:Air Warfare 2191:East Africa 1656:Ivan Petrov 1368:Ivan Isakov 1079: [ 980:Ernst Busch 798:Alfred Jodl 731:(from 1943) 728:Free France 306:Territorial 21121:Categories 20948:Ogaden War 20898:Korean War 20817:Winter War 20686:Heimosodat 20273:Tsardom of 19899:Young Army 19772:Red Square 19396:Riga Trial 19292:Milestones 19033:Commanders 18735:West Hunan 18568:Pointblank 17904:Silver Fox 17890:Summer War 17643:Winter War 17622:Phoney War 17403:Azerbaijan 17364:Yugoslavia 17259:Luxembourg 17101:Resistance 16848:Yugoslavia 16713:Luxembourg 16515:Sook Ching 16311:War crimes 15913:Technology 15906:Opposition 15848:Lend-Lease 15825:Australian 15818:Home front 15776:Blitzkrieg 15726:Casualties 15717:Commanders 15689:Operations 15512:The Agenda 15422:Yad Vashem 15352:Yad Vashem 15259:. (1960). 14639:2 February 14592:078647470X 14345:078647470X 13906:Stalingrad 13770:Yad Vashem 13346:References 13229:References 13214:pp. 81–111 13212:References 13195:References 13178:References 13161:References 12932:. Helion. 12614:Barbarossa 11919:Braun 1990 10325:footnoting 10293:References 10276:"Ukraine" 10141:Lend-Lease 10093:and later 9738:and other 9645:6,880,600 9568:6,829,600 9337:chilblains 9284:Casualties 9245:2,900,000 9239:9,500,000 9228:9,000,000 9225:7,600,000 9216:8,200,000 9205:7,700,000 9202:5,700,000 9193:7,500,000 9182:7,250,000 9179:4,600,000 9170:7,200,000 9156:3,500,000 8989:Hungarian 8848:Hungarian 8604:Hungarian 8516:Lend-Lease 8335:starvation 8302:Erich Koch 8244:, in 1942. 8174:See also: 8000:leadership 7939:Rastenburg 7840:Leadership 7762:atrocities 7684:Stalingrad 7645:, and the 7471:First Army 7351:Ivan Konev 7262:Königsberg 7145:Dukla Pass 6961:in Vilnius 6821:Kremenchug 6761:Zaporozhye 6649:historians 6583:Olkhovatka 6567:blitzkrieg 6536:tank traps 6323:Stalingrad 5959:withdrawal 5955:Mius River 5943:Sevastopol 5853:rasputitsa 5805:front line 5677:9th Armies 5136:17,499,861 5122:3,673,819 5111:6,217,622 5100:4,794,545 5089:2,453,097 4922:, and the 4818:1 May 1944 4812:10,300,000 4615:See also: 4497:revolution 4461:See also: 4423:Blitzkrieg 4359:Herrenvolk 4333:leadership 4301:Lebensraum 4295:Mein Kampf 4280:Mein Kampf 4263:Ideologies 4253:Bessarabia 4247:(Northern 4239:the three 4226:Winter War 4193:status quo 4138:Versailles 4118:Bolsheviks 4082:See also: 4078:Background 4060:Lend-Lease 4015:Lebensraum 3800:Leadership 3727:Khrushchev 3680:referendum 3655:Referendum 3539:Baltic Way 3214:Korean War 3055:Red Terror 2982:Bolshevism 2971:Background 2815:2nd Baltic 2810:Dukla Pass 2797:Doppelkopf 2769:2nd Crimea 2713:2nd Donbas 2703:1st Donbas 2680:Polar Star 2630:Stalingrad 2514:Sevastopol 2509:1st Crimea 2452:1st Baltic 2436:Barbarossa 2413:Baltic Sea 2318:Yugoslavia 2299:Madagascar 2262:Antarctica 2233:Dodecanese 2053:Resistance 2021:Winter War 2011:Phoney War 1514:Ivan Konev 1203:Aksel Airo 1179:Risto Ryti 513:until 1943 491:until 1944 456:until 1944 226:1945-05-08 215:1941-06-22 78:newspapers 20568:Åland War 20536:Murid War 20375:18th–19th 19538:(1941–45) 18963:, 1941–45 18954:Wehrmacht 18800:Manchuria 18686:Indochina 18462:Bagration 17913:Lithuania 17558:Anschluss 17355:Viet Minh 17252:Lithuania 17194:Hong Kong 16964:Manchukuo 16919:Azad Hind 16578:Australia 16378:Aftermath 16241:Paperclip 16136:Aftermath 15936:Total war 15804:Diplomacy 15767:In Europe 15516:TVOntario 15334:142875289 15155:(2007) , 14363:Table 198 13892:147065225 12987:Army News 12959:Army News 12834:"Estonia" 12508:Total War 12423:cite book 12391:143690841 12286:cite book 12092:159846665 11383:144385167 11321:159765625 11270:153557275 11003:Ostrausch 10961:143904500 10904:5 January 10356:Citations 10251:romanized 10242:Ukrainian 10216:romanized 10065:" (under 10013:installed 9870:Kantokuen 9795:Wehrmacht 9752:Waffen-SS 9620:Bulgaria 9422:400,000+ 8995:Japanese 8992:Romanian 8975:Aircraft 8854:Japanese 8851:Romanian 8610:Japanese 8607:Romanian 8565:Aluminium 8512:total war 8408:16th Army 8377:Wehrmacht 8323:occupying 8293:Ivanhorod 8263:Wehrmacht 8259:Lithuania 8211:Total war 8151:tramplers 8147:companies 8138:politruks 8103:, of the 8083:Stalinist 7960:Wehrmacht 7836:by 1968. 7822:Nuremberg 7688:Leningrad 7635:Mengjiang 7631:Manchukuo 7531:near the 7529:Flensburg 7488:and then 7486:Eva Braun 7455:Stralsund 7438:program. 7369:-mounted 7343:Frankfurt 7285:Pomerania 7112:Wehrmacht 7086:Ilomantsi 7023:armistice 7019:Bucharest 7000:Bagration 6968:Wehrmacht 6959:soldiers 6893:, a main 6874:Wehrmacht 6826:Cherkassy 6670:Wehrmacht 6556:artillery 6552:pillboxes 6540:landmines 6532:anti-tank 6350:Slovakian 6331:Wehrmacht 6296:Don river 6274:Case Blue 6017:Wehrmacht 5939:peninsula 5880:Oka River 5849:Wehrmacht 5787:Lokhvytsa 5697:Wehrmacht 5637:regions. 5615:Leningrad 5600:encircled 5591:Luftwaffe 5348:campaigns 5238:resources 4937:obtained 4888:Luftwaffe 4884:Waffen SS 4870:6,410,000 4864:1,960,000 4850:6,532,000 4844:2,330,000 4831:6,425,000 4825:3,370,000 4803:3,933,000 4790:9,350,000 4781:3,720,000 4767:5,500,000 4760:3,767,000 4695:Wehrmacht 4684:partisans 4677:Wehrmacht 4588:Anschluss 4581:and with 4532:proxy war 4501:Comintern 4436:Bolshevik 4406:Ostrausch 4370:Wehrmacht 4331:The Nazi 4084:Anschluss 4047:bitter". 3975:Fall Blau 3790:Geography 3785:Education 3747:Gorbachev 3742:Chernenko 3630:Osh riots 3610:Jeltoqsan 3496:1982–1991 3332:1964–1982 3237:1953–1964 3116:Holodomor 3093:1927–1953 3032:1917–1927 2977:Communism 2840:Gumbinnen 2785:Bagration 2624:Sinyavino 2608:Case Blue 2493:Leningrad 2418:Black Sea 2169:Australia 2065:Alps 1940 2058:1944–1945 1736:Michael I 673:from 1944 653:from 1944 630:from 1944 157:: Soviet 21101:Cold War 20963:Gulf War 20319:and the 20192:Internal 20048:Imperial 19401:Ukase 43 19350:Babi Yar 18911:Category 18860:document 18770:document 18627:Ardennes 18611:Budapest 18559:Crossbow 18437:Overlord 18276:Smolensk 17494:Timeline 17329:Slovakia 17315:Thailand 17166:Ethiopia 17131:Bulgaria 17055:Portugal 16993:Thailand 16875:Bulgaria 16653:Eswatini 16646:Ethiopia 16599:Bulgaria 16424:Unit 731 16385:Response 16202:Keelhaul 16152:Cold War 16125:Americas 16116:timeline 16109:Atlantic 15989:Theaters 15397:Archived 15183:Archived 14829:(1995). 14226:Die Zeit 14062:Archived 13904:Beevor, 13762:Archived 13721:60671899 13453:(2017). 13425:(2020). 13340:Ziemke, 13223:Beevor, 13206:Ziemke, 13189:Beevor, 13180:Page 138 13172:Beevor, 13155:Ziemke, 12994:15 April 12966:15 April 12880:(1997). 12806:(2002). 12541:58342844 12475:(1989). 12445:(2007). 12084:30036339 12046:Archived 12035:Archived 11854:Archived 11146:(1970). 10841:(2005). 10798:41052845 10790:20077627 10705:(2007). 10493:(1966). 10321:citation 10128:Red Army 10099:Red Army 10081:through 9814:See also 9769:and the 9758:and the 9748:Normandy 9632:Unknown 9629:Unknown 9613:Unknown 9601:Romania 9594:Unknown 9591:Unknown 9526:Unknown 9506:158,000 9491:Finland 9461:500,000 9458:245,000 9455:300,000 9452:Hungary 9442:500,000 9439:226,000 9436:281,000 9433:Romania 9428:118,127 9425:Unknown 9419:215,000 9416:215,000 9408:Unknown 9405:500,000 9333:Narkomat 9272:'s (the 9222:800,000 9199:200,000 8986:Italian 8845:Italian 8601:Italian 8508:materiel 8385:genocide 8275:Cossacks 8242:Vinnitsa 8216:— 7943:Vinnitsa 7916:ideology 7711:magazine 7623:Japanese 7371:Katyusha 7293:Budapest 7165:Courland 7161:Saaremaa 7078:VKT-line 6882:Novgorod 6772:Zhytomyr 6745:Westwall 6712:Katyusha 6624:outside 6602:Karachev 6575:Belgorod 6548:trenches 6466:Manstein 6361:Malgobek 6354:regiment 6342:littoral 6184:, which 6182:Demyansk 6178:garrison 6029:reserves 5947:held out 5945:, which 5813:Caucasus 5701:Guderian 5689:Smolensk 5635:Novgorod 5625:and the 5604:infantry 5568:brigades 5271:Bulgaria 5078:360,778 4560:Red Army 4249:Bukovina 4184:protocol 4054:and the 3999:Bulgaria 3991:at Kursk 3970:Caucasus 3805:Politics 3752:List of 3737:Andropov 3732:Brezhnev 3722:Malenkov 3509:Glasnost 3204:Cold War 2946:a series 2944:Part of 2885:Solstice 2845:Budapest 2835:Courland 2825:Debrecen 2820:Belgrade 2742:2nd Kiev 2614:Caucasus 2587:Demyansk 2548:Chechnya 2482:1st Kiev 2338:Bulgaria 2267:Atlantic 2250:Americas 2203:Adriatic 1793:Strength 685:Support: 647:Bulgaria 529:Slovakia 290:and the 284:Cold War 271:Fall of 238:Location 185:, 1942; 21041:Outline 21024:century 20625:century 20377:century 20060:Related 20044:Tsarist 19994:Part of 19948:Related 19937:Berkuts 19922:Strizhi 19544:By year 19534:in the 19526:Annual 18837:Shumshu 18604:Hungary 18551:Estonia 18535:Lapland 18513:Dragoon 18446:Neptune 18428:Ichi-Go 18394:Tempest 18336:Changde 18291:Cottage 18183:Jubilee 17899:Finland 17797:Compass 17503:Prelude 17456:Finland 17342:Vietnam 17308:Romania 17180:Germany 17159:Estonia 17145:Denmark 17124:Belgium 17117:Austria 17110:Albania 17041:Ireland 17027:Andorra 17011:Neutral 16978:Romania 16912:Hungary 16897:Finland 16769:Romania 16661:Finland 16639:Denmark 16585:Belgium 16571:Algeria 16277:Romania 16263:Hungary 16019:Pacific 15743:General 15697:Leaders 15682:Battles 15675:Outline 15581:Romania 15557:Hungary 15543:Portals 15527:YouTube 15500:YouTube 15485:YouTube 15466:YouTube 15439:YouTube 15354:website 15350:on the 14774:Sources 14497:5 April 14301:10 July 14163:10 July 14128:15 June 14047:p. 498. 13932:, 2007 13884:2192342 13783:pg 1270 13772:website 13768:on the 13680:7 March 13670:bdsa.ru 13380:1983926 13163:page 71 13111:18 July 12787:1861311 12773:–1388. 12659:1988530 12383:1906049 12336:1987464 12108:(1997) 11745:1432205 11694:2592851 11313:2495264 10910:citing 10782:4546842 10689:4546609 10270:Himmler 10253:: 10218:: 10207:Russian 9626:10,000 9623:10,000 9610:80,000 9607:17,000 9604:17,000 9588:24,000 9585:24,000 9582:Poland 9562:Soviet 9497:62,731 9494:63,204 9484:27,000 9481:70,000 9478:55,000 9475:82,000 9467:89,313 9464:55,000 9445:55,000 9176:50,000 9133:German 9130:Soviet 9127:German 9124:Soviet 9086:20,052 9078:28,180 9069:39,807 9066:40,246 9058:16,693 9049:25,527 9046:34,845 9029:15,556 9026:25,436 9006:11,776 9003:15,735 8983:German 8980:Soviet 8945:15,400 8931:27,300 8928:28,963 8911:19,800 8908:24,089 8885:24,446 8842:German 8839:Soviet 8598:Soviet 8595:German 8592:Soviet 8589:German 8586:Soviet 8583:German 8580:Soviet 8577:German 8494:Soviet 8434:⁄ 8424:⁄ 8397:disease 8251:Estonia 7908:leaders 7816:at the 7800:of the 7794:Silesia 7719:General 7675:theatre 7661:Results 7504:as new 7496:as new 7481:river. 7469:of the 7461:of the 7447:Stettin 7301:Austria 7074:VT-line 7063:On the 7046:Tallinn 7034:Jelgava 7015:Romania 6996:Belarus 6741:Ostwall 6560:mortars 6503:Kharkov 6478:Poltava 6462:riposte 6152:salient 5967:Kremlin 5931:Stalino 5923:Kharkov 5892:Bryansk 5755:Galicia 5714:archive 5598:forces 5576:Western 5485:Russian 5474:Russian 5463:Russian 5450:Russian 5434:Russian 5423:Russian 5410:Russian 5394:Russian 5383:Russian 5372:Russian 5359:Russian 5282:Swedish 5267:Croatia 5263:Hungary 5255:Romania 5215:exactly 5067:(tons) 5036:Hungary 5032:Romania 5018:by the 4971:Marshal 4961:on the 4924:Balkans 4862:Total: 4842:Total: 4823:Total: 4810:Total: 4801:Total: 4788:Total: 4779:Total: 4758:Total: 4638:Finland 4457:in 1940 4310:Siberia 4230:Karelia 4168:Ukraine 4128:to the 3995:Romania 3939:Balkans 3933:), and 3931:Baltics 3895:theatre 3795:History 3780:Economy 3775:Culture 3754:troikas 3360:Détente 2879:Breslau 2874:Silesia 2779:Karelia 2731:Dnieper 2597:Bamberg 2538:Finland 2487:Tallinn 2343:Hungary 2333:Romania 2182:Africa 2082:Balkans 2077:Britain 2031:Lapland 2026:Karelia 2016:Finland 1686:† 1606:† 1464:† 772:† 668:Finland 624:Romania 544:Croatia 486:Finland 472:Hungary 450:Romania 434:Germany 331:Austria 308:changes 252:Austria 248:Germany 224: ( 213: ( 179:German 167:Tiger I 92:scholar 20351:Deluge 20275:Russia 20054:times) 20052:Soviet 20040:Russia 19267:PB 320 19263:PB 315 19259:PB 304 19249:PB 314 19245:PB 303 19231:PB 322 19227:PB 316 19223:PB 307 19163:HSS-PF 18983:Centre 18814:Debate 18786:Taipei 18779:Borneo 18357:Tarawa 17551:Europe 17512:Africa 17301:Poland 17287:Norway 17266:Malaya 17245:Latvia 17187:Greece 17173:France 17069:Sweden 17034:Bhutan 16762:Poland 16748:Norway 16720:Mexico 16687:Greece 16673:France 16611:Canada 16592:Brazil 16562:Allies 16508:Serbia 16497:Poland 16270:Poland 16256:Baltic 16049:Europe 15751:Topics 15703:Allied 15569:Poland 15428:Videos 15332: 15282: 15249: 15235: 15212: 15194: 15163: 15144: 15127: 15101: 15081: 15053: 15038: 15020: 14990: 14975: 14960: 14936: 14921: 14903: 14875: 14856: 14837: 14811: 14788: 14761:9 July 14751:"1945" 14737: 14714: 14689: 14664: 14612: 14590: 14464:9 July 14440: 14428: 14407: 14391: 14359: 14351: 14343: 14331: 14323: 14315: 14284: 14264: 14210:p. 289 14206: 14185: 13972:Forces 13940:p. 391 13936: 13912: 13890: 13882: 13742: 13719: 13709: 13648: 13624: 13558: 13461: 13433: 13405: 13378: 13348:p. 134 13342:Berlin 13263: 13227:, see 13225:Berlin 13210:, see 13208:Berlin 13193:, see 13191:Berlin 13176:, see 13174:Berlin 13159:, see 13157:Berlin 13136: 13085:14 May 13051: 13022: 12936: 12890: 12816: 12785: 12714: 12680: 12657: 12620: 12595: 12570: 12539: 12529: 12489: 12455: 12389: 12381: 12334: 12205: 12121:20 May 12090: 12082: 12043:Part 2 12012:(1997) 11902: 11834: 11743: 11692: 11653: 11626: 11581: 11433: 11406: 11381: 11319: 11311: 11268: 11183: 11156: 11126: 11099: 11069: 11042: 10987: 10959: 10880:578338 10878: 10821: 10796: 10788: 10780: 10715: 10687: 10630: 10602: 10577: 10547: 10520: 10447: 10410: 10379: 10234:German 10163:(with 10073:, was 10048:, and 10042:German 9787:German 9639:Total 9511:Total 9500:3,500 9472:Italy 9296:, and 9098:8,263 9089:7,544 9038:8,861 9032:2,818 9018:5,088 9015:1,000 9009:3,503 8891:1,252 8888:9,300 8865:5,200 8862:6,590 8785:149.3 8753:245.3 8744:121.5 8741:509.8 8712:250.0 8700:521.4 8671:264.0 8659:513.1 8630:233.6 8621:151.4 8618:483.4 8417:Khatyn 8393:famine 8257:, and 8255:Latvia 8190:, and 7989:Korsun 7830:rabies 7724:, the 7587:Russia 7537:Mürwik 7533:Danish 7475:Torgau 7457:. The 7392:, and 7363:Neisse 7305:Vienna 7243:Poznań 7239:Danzig 7227:fronts 7223:Warsaw 7214: 7208: 7195:, and 7134:, and 7038:Latvia 6976:Berlin 6945:, and 6895:Baltic 6836:Wiking 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6736:Donbas 6700:, and 6618:Oboyan 6587:Ponyri 6534:guns, 6518: 6512: 6437:Kalach 6420: 6414: 6408: 6395:, and 6365:Grozny 6308:Maikop 6284:, and 6265: 6259: 6253: 6247: 6196:, and 6194:Velizh 6108:, the 6087:Stalin 6083:Zhukov 6075:, and 6056: 6050: 5999:Moscow 5971:Khimki 5935:Crimea 5929:, and 5888:Vyazma 5884:Plavsk 5867:, and 5801:Stavka 5771:Odessa 5767:Fourth 5741:, the 5675:, and 5596:panzer 5572:Baltic 5532: 5526: 5520: 5514: 5251:Norway 5246:France 5230:Europe 5065:Amount 4715:Second 4703:Poland 4611:Forces 4546:, and 4473:, and 4382:German 4341:Nazism 4286:, and 4130:Allies 4090:, and 3915:Poland 3907:Allies 3815:Russia 3717:Stalin 2948:on the 2923:Prague 2917:Berlin 2906:Vienna 2723:Lenino 2565:Lyuban 2530:Moscow 2519:Rostov 2477:Odessa 2272:Arctic 2104:Sicily 2006:Poland 2000:Europe 1913:Total: 1888:Total: 1682: 1602: 1460: 1442: 1217: 768: 725: 711: 698: 665: 644: 621: 596: 584:Poland 568: 554:Allies 541: 526: 504: 483: 469: 447: 431: 391:Poland 389:) and 259:Result 197:, 1943 163:Poznań 94: 87: 80: 73: 65: 20787:] 19241:PB 45 19153:707th 19148:454th 19143:444th 19138:403rd 19133:286th 19128:285th 19123:281st 19113:221st 19108:213th 19103:207th 19098:203rd 19093:201st 18988:South 18978:North 18590:Leyte 18420:Narva 18406:Anzio 18364:Makin 18322:Burma 18206:Torch 18175:Rzhev 18136:Kiska 17222:Korea 17208:Japan 17201:Italy 17083:Tibet 17062:Spain 16940:Italy 16701:Italy 16694:India 16618:China 16493:Japan 16093:Italy 16005:China 15957:Women 15623:Media 15523:Video 15496:Video 15481:Video 15462:Video 15435:Video 15420:from 15330:S2CID 14260:1988 13930:Knopf 13888:S2CID 13880:JSTOR 13376:JSTOR 13016:(PDF) 12911:[ 12783:JSTOR 12769:(5): 12655:JSTOR 12566:–11. 12483:242–3 12387:S2CID 12379:JSTOR 12332:JSTOR 12088:S2CID 12080:JSTOR 12032:Part1 11741:JSTOR 11690:JSTOR 11539:[ 11514:(PDF) 11379:S2CID 11317:S2CID 11309:JSTOR 11266:S2CID 10957:S2CID 10935:(PDF) 10876:JSTOR 10794:S2CID 10778:JSTOR 10685:JSTOR 10274:HSSPF 10091:First 9991:Notes 9972:Lists 9709:Kholm 9274:Reich 9236:1945 9213:1944 9190:1943 9167:1942 9144:1941 9110:Year 9083:1945 9063:1944 9043:1943 9023:1942 9000:1941 8972:Year 8942:1945 8925:1944 8905:1943 8882:1942 8859:1941 8829:Year 8803:19.4 8797:86.3 8791:12.3 8779:1945 8762:18.2 8756:82.7 8750:10.9 8747:28.5 8738:1944 8724:0.01 8721:18.0 8715:62.3 8706:34.6 8703:93.1 8697:1943 8683:0.01 8680:22.0 8674:51.7 8665:32.1 8662:75.5 8656:1942 8642:0.12 8639:33.0 8627:17.9 8624:31.8 8615:1941 8560:Steel 8552:Year 8457:Gulag 8371:(see 8076:like 7796:were 7692:Kursk 7639:Korea 7585:– in 7556:Reims 7548:SHAEF 7510:Magda 7473:near 7367:truck 7169:Memel 6753:Kaniv 6507:Kursk 6300:Volga 6222:Izyum 6190:Kholm 6102:Rzhev 5979:Orsha 5927:Kursk 5876:Oryol 5797:Dvina 5763:Third 5724:Gomel 5665:Minsk 5631:Pskov 5259:Italy 5191:Loran 5131:Total 5119:1945 5114:35.5 5108:1944 5103:27.4 5097:1943 5086:1942 5075:1941 5062:Year 4742:Date 4711:First 4573:with 4355:Aryan 4326:Slavs 3712:Lenin 2764:Narva 2737:Nevel 2697:Kursk 2663:Iskra 2592:Kholm 2576:Rzhev 2543:Kerch 2524:Gorky 2457:Brody 2442:Brest 2353:Japan 2328:Italy 2307:Coups 2208:Malta 2152:Japan 2120:China 2099:Italy 1948:below 1932:below 1907:below 1083:] 507:Italy 175:Stuka 99:JSTOR 85:books 21022:21st 20623:20th 20050:and 19835:GRAU 19812:and 19722:2025 19716:2024 19711:2023 19706:2022 19701:2021 19696:2020 19691:2019 19686:2018 19681:2017 19676:2016 19671:2015 19666:2014 19661:2013 19656:2012 19651:2011 19646:2010 19641:2009 19636:2008 19631:2007 19626:2006 19621:2005 19616:2004 19611:2003 19606:2002 19601:2001 19596:2000 19591:1999 19586:1998 19581:1997 19576:1996 19571:1995 19566:1990 19561:1985 19556:1965 19551:1945 19208:PB 9 19193:and 18656:1945 18384:1944 18225:1943 18153:Blue 18143:Attu 18050:1942 17809:1941 17661:1940 17599:1939 17528:Asia 17375:POWs 17215:Jews 16933:Iraq 16859:Axis 16809:Tuva 16625:Cuba 15710:Axis 15280:ISBN 15247:ISBN 15233:ISBN 15210:ISBN 15192:ISBN 15161:ISBN 15142:ISBN 15125:ISBN 15099:ISBN 15079:ISBN 15051:ISBN 15036:ISBN 15018:ISBN 14988:ISBN 14973:ISBN 14958:ISBN 14934:ISBN 14919:ISBN 14901:ISBN 14873:ISBN 14854:ISBN 14835:ISBN 14809:ISBN 14786:ISBN 14763:2018 14735:ISBN 14712:ISBN 14687:ISBN 14662:ISBN 14641:2018 14610:ISBN 14588:ISBN 14499:2014 14466:2018 14438:ISBN 14426:ISBN 14405:ISBN 14389:ISBN 14357:ISBN 14349:ISBN 14341:ISBN 14329:ISBN 14321:ISBN 14313:ISBN 14303:2018 14282:ISBN 14262:ISBN 14204:ISBN 14183:ISBN 14165:2018 14130:2011 13934:ISBN 13916:p 60 13910:ISBN 13740:ISBN 13717:OCLC 13707:ISBN 13682:2019 13646:ISBN 13622:ISBN 13556:ISBN 13485:Time 13459:ISBN 13431:ISBN 13403:ISBN 13328:2023 13261:ISBN 13134:ISBN 13113:2023 13106:ENRS 13087:2007 13049:ISBN 13020:ISBN 12996:2020 12968:2020 12934:ISBN 12888:ISBN 12864:2016 12814:ISBN 12771:1365 12712:ISBN 12678:ISBN 12618:ISBN 12593:ISBN 12568:ISBN 12537:OCLC 12527:ISBN 12487:ISBN 12453:ISBN 12429:link 12292:link 12263:(1). 12203:ISBN 12123:2008 12041:and 11900:ISBN 11832:ISBN 11708:link 11651:ISBN 11624:ISBN 11579:ISBN 11496:2016 11431:ISBN 11404:ISBN 11181:ISBN 11154:ISBN 11124:ISBN 11097:ISBN 11067:ISBN 11040:ISBN 10998:2023 10985:ISBN 10906:2009 10819:ISBN 10786:PMID 10713:ISBN 10628:ISBN 10600:ISBN 10575:ISBN 10545:ISBN 10518:ISBN 10477:2014 10445:ISBN 10408:ISBN 10377:ISBN 10323:and 10167:and 10143:and 10083:Iran 10044:and 10011:was 9503:473 9075:773 9055:267 9052:967 8960:137 8937:353 8920:558 8917:105 8914:336 8900:557 8894:500 8877:595 8868:595 8815:0.1 8800:1.3 8771:3.5 8759:5.5 8733:2.3 8730:5.3 8727:0.8 8718:7.6 8709:8.5 8692:1.8 8689:5.7 8686:0.7 8677:6.6 8668:8.1 8648:5.5 8645:0.4 8636:5.7 8555:Coal 8496:T-34 8453:POWs 8395:and 8162:and 7910:had 7709:Time 7512:and 7479:Elbe 7318:and 7247:Oder 7167:and 7084:and 6972:Lviv 6845:Prut 6732:Mius 6725:Psel 6635:The 6610:Hoth 6558:and 6505:and 6316:NKVD 6145:49th 6143:and 6141:43rd 6137:33rd 6135:and 6120:and 5995:Army 5975:Tula 5890:and 5779:Uman 5765:and 5749:and 5747:11th 5655:and 5633:and 5621:and 5619:16th 5578:and 5286:iron 5269:and 5257:and 5081:2.1 5049:and 5034:and 5022:and 4991:and 4976:and 4880:Heer 4713:and 4701:and 4650:Axis 4619:and 4453:and 4343:and 4322:Jews 4251:and 4174:The 4038:and 3997:and 3905:and 3879:The 2851:1945 2748:1944 2656:1943 2642:Mars 2559:1942 2472:Uman 2429:1941 2323:Iraq 2226:Iran 2216:Iraq 2070:1944 2048:1940 1946:See 1930:See 1905:See 1871:1945 1864:1944 1857:1943 1850:1942 1843:1941 1830:1945 1823:1944 1816:1943 1809:1942 1802:1941 416:Axis 362:and 342:and 333:and 250:and 206:Date 159:T-34 71:news 19530:on 15525:on 15498:on 15483:on 15464:on 15437:on 15322:doi 15229:N.B 14043:by 13872:doi 13703:158 13513:356 13368:doi 12775:doi 12647:doi 12369:hdl 12361:doi 12324:doi 12072:doi 11990:doi 11892:doi 11733:doi 11682:doi 11371:doi 11344:doi 11299:doi 11258:doi 11226:doi 10949:doi 10868:doi 10864:110 10770:doi 10677:doi 9726:'s 9719:). 9386:WIA 9375:MIA 9371:DOW 9367:KIA 8570:Oil 8534:to 8478:in 8291:in 7870:by 7820:in 7333:'s 7056:in 6859:'s 6220:at 6180:in 6133:5th 5983:OKH 5896:Mga 5882:at 5743:6th 5673:4th 5669:2nd 5657:3rd 5653:2nd 5141:100 5125:21 5092:14 4965:or 4723:GC3 4380:" ( 4136:at 4100:of 3897:of 54:by 21123:: 20785:ru 20046:, 19808:, 19319:* 19315:* 19265:, 19261:, 19247:, 19243:, 19229:, 19225:, 19195:SS 18404:/ 15408:. 15328:. 15318:28 15316:. 15223:. 15221:ed 15204:. 15177:. 15030:. 15010:. 14913:. 14825:; 14632:. 14586:. 14545:. 14485:. 14474:^ 14368:^ 14339:. 14307:, 14288:, 14256:. 14234:^ 14224:. 14121:. 14115:. 14081:. 14024:^ 14008:^ 13986:^ 13886:. 13878:. 13868:39 13866:. 13815:. 13797:. 13715:. 13705:. 13668:. 13570:^ 13533:. 13529:. 13482:. 13397:. 13374:. 13364:33 13362:. 13344:, 13301:. 13283:. 13148:^ 13104:. 13075:. 12984:. 12956:. 12836:. 12795:^ 12781:. 12767:77 12765:. 12759:. 12744:^ 12692:^ 12653:. 12643:50 12641:. 12564:10 12535:. 12485:. 12425:}} 12421:{{ 12385:. 12377:. 12367:. 12357:54 12355:. 12330:. 12320:45 12318:. 12300:^ 12288:}} 12284:{{ 12259:. 12172:^ 12158:. 12086:. 12078:. 12068:40 12066:. 12017:^ 11986:16 11984:. 11980:. 11961:. 11934:. 11898:. 11865:^ 11784:^ 11739:. 11729:21 11727:. 11704:}} 11700:{{ 11678:16 11676:. 11520:. 11516:. 11460:^ 11445:^ 11377:. 11367:52 11365:. 11340:45 11338:. 11315:. 11307:. 11295:36 11293:. 11287:. 11264:. 11254:52 11252:. 11220:. 11081:^ 11000:. 10955:. 10945:70 10943:. 10937:. 10896:. 10874:. 10862:. 10792:. 10784:. 10776:. 10766:32 10764:. 10736:. 10683:. 10673:29 10671:. 10614:^ 10559:^ 10467:. 10431:^ 10391:^ 10248:, 10244:: 10240:; 10236:: 10213:, 10209:: 9789:: 9762:. 9734:, 9730:, 9292:, 9280:. 9254:– 9248:– 9242:– 9153:– 9095:– 9092:– 9072:– 9035:6 9012:– 8957:– 8954:– 8951:– 8948:– 8934:– 8897:– 8874:– 8871:– 8812:– 8809:– 8806:– 8794:– 8788:– 8782:– 8774:1 8768:1 8765:– 8651:– 8633:– 8459:. 8379:. 8253:, 8186:, 8182:, 8178:, 8032:: 7973:: 7641:, 7581:– 7574:. 7570:. 7388:, 7191:, 7187:, 7183:, 7171:. 7163:, 7130:, 7118:. 7060:. 7036:, 6941:, 6937:, 6933:, 6929:, 6925:, 6921:, 6917:, 6905:. 6847:. 6696:, 6692:, 6688:, 6684:, 6593:. 6562:. 6554:, 6550:, 6546:, 6542:, 6538:, 6391:, 6387:, 6383:, 6280:, 6276:, 6229:. 6192:, 6071:, 6067:, 6035:. 6005:, 5925:, 5863:, 5836:. 5815:, 5811:, 5745:, 5671:, 5574:, 5487:: 5476:: 5465:: 5452:: 5436:: 5425:: 5412:: 5396:: 5385:: 5374:: 5361:: 5261:, 5070:% 5042:. 4886:, 4882:, 4542:, 4469:, 4465:, 4400:. 4384:: 4282:, 4259:. 4232:. 4154:, 4086:, 3925:, 3921:, 1081:ro 397:) 329:, 317:of 220:– 20031:e 20024:t 20017:v 19816:) 19804:( 19519:e 19512:t 19505:v 19323:) 19311:( 19269:) 19257:( 19251:) 19239:( 19233:) 19221:( 19210:) 19206:( 19119:) 19115:( 18946:e 18939:t 18932:v 17907:) 17901:( 16775:) 16771:( 16707:) 16703:( 16667:) 16663:( 16605:) 16601:( 15655:e 15648:t 15641:v 15609:: 15545:: 15537:. 15476:. 15457:. 15336:. 15324:: 15286:. 15253:. 15216:. 15198:. 15170:. 15148:. 15131:. 15105:. 15087:. 15059:. 15024:. 15004:. 14994:. 14979:. 14964:. 14925:. 14907:. 14881:. 14862:. 14843:. 14817:. 14794:. 14765:. 14720:. 14695:. 14670:. 14643:. 14618:. 14501:. 14468:. 14411:. 14305:. 14228:. 14167:. 14132:. 13894:. 13874:: 13819:. 13748:. 13723:. 13684:. 13654:. 13564:. 13537:. 13515:. 13467:. 13439:. 13411:. 13382:. 13370:: 13330:. 13269:. 13142:. 13115:. 13089:. 13057:. 13028:. 12942:. 12896:. 12866:. 12822:. 12789:. 12777:: 12720:. 12686:. 12661:. 12649:: 12626:. 12601:. 12576:. 12543:. 12495:. 12461:. 12431:) 12393:. 12371:: 12363:: 12338:. 12326:: 12294:) 12261:9 12211:. 12125:. 12094:. 12074:: 12052:. 11998:. 11992:: 11965:. 11938:. 11908:. 11894:: 11840:. 11747:. 11735:: 11710:) 11696:. 11684:: 11659:. 11632:. 11587:. 11498:. 11439:. 11412:. 11385:. 11373:: 11350:. 11346:: 11323:. 11301:: 11272:. 11260:: 11232:. 11228:: 11222:2 11189:. 11162:. 11132:. 11105:. 11075:. 11048:. 10963:. 10951:: 10908:. 10882:. 10870:: 10827:. 10800:. 10772:: 10721:. 10691:. 10679:: 10636:. 10608:. 10583:. 10553:. 10526:. 10479:. 10453:. 10346:) 10340:( 10335:) 10331:( 10327:. 10317:. 10130:. 9373:/ 9369:/ 8436:4 8432:1 8426:4 8422:3 8238:D 7893:) 7887:( 7882:) 7878:( 7864:. 7422:) 7406:. 6643:. 5985:( 5448:( 5408:( 5357:( 4725:( 4022:( 3937:( 3929:( 3868:e 3861:t 3854:v 3273:" 3269:" 2387:e 2380:t 2373:v 1979:e 1972:t 1965:v 1950:. 1942:: 1934:. 1909:. 675:) 671:( 655:) 651:( 632:) 628:( 609:: 557:: 515:) 511:( 493:) 489:( 458:) 454:( 419:: 393:( 279:) 228:) 217:) 121:) 115:( 110:) 106:( 96:· 89:· 82:· 75:· 48:. 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index