1963:
1769:
1795:
1428:
1490:
1655:
Fascist Italy was more closely tied to the regime in Vienna and sent troops to the
Austrian border at Brenner to deter German troops from a possible invasion of Austria. Hitler was at first torn between going ahead with the invasion, or pulling off the border. Hitler realized that the German Army was not prepared to take on both the Austrians and the Italian Army. Hitler ordered the force to be pulled off the Austrian border. The German government stated that it had nothing to do with the revolt. Germany only admitted that it was trying to subvert the Austrian political system through trusted people. They continued to support the illegal Nazi party but sympathizers who did not belong to the party were more significant. This included among others
92:
78:
512:
200:
579:
1694:
Affairs and Guido
Schmidt became Secretary of State in the Foreign Ministry. Arthur Seyß-Inquart was taken into the legislative Council of State. Germany rescinded the requirement for a payment of a thousand marks for entry into Austria. The transformation of the Austrofascist State through Nazis was furthered more in 1937 when it became possible for them to join the Patriotic Front. Throughout Austria political units were set up and some were led by Nazis. This was a legal disguise for the reorganization.
1562:
2005:, survivor of the concentration camp and president of the Salzburg Jewish Community, stated in 2013: "Karl Renner, after all the first Federal President of the Second Republic, had long been known in the party as an anti-Semite. He didn't want us concentration campers in Vienna after the war and he also frankly said that Austria would not give anything back to them." Despite his controversial actions, many locations in Austria continue to bear his name; he is also the namesake of the
1686:) in October 1935. After that Mussolini was internationally isolated and strengthened his relations with Hitler. The ruling Austrian Patriotic Front lost an important ally. Despite the murder of Engelbert Dollfuß, his successor Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg had to improve relations with the German government. Like his predecessor he wanted to maintain the independence of Austria. He saw Austria as the second German state and the better state as it was founded on Roman Catholicism.
1506:. The Nazis there had military style camps and military training. Nazi terrorists in Austria received financial, logistic and material support from Germany. The German Government subjected Austria to systematic agitation. After the expulsion of the Bavarian Minister of Justice in May 1933 German citizens were required to pay a thousand marks to the German Government before travelling to Austria. The Austrian Nazi Party was banned in June after a hand grenade attack in
1784:
1904:
212:
991:
537:
1112:
1816:
was announced from the balcony of the
Council House in Linz. On the following day, 13 March 1938, the second session of the Government passed the “Reunification with Germany Law”. Federal President Miklas refused to endorse it and resigned. Seyß-Inquart was now functioning Head of State. He could make his own laws and publish them. Before the evening was over, Hitler signed a law which made Austria a German province.
1553:
1518:
the whole country and developed into civil war. The police and their paramilitary supporters together with the army won the confrontation by the 14 February. There were many arrests. Constitutional courts were abolished, trade unions and the Social
Democrat Party were banned, and the death penalty was reintroduced. After political opposition had been suppressed the Austrian Republic was transformed into the
150:
1212:). The CS also tended to favour the union, but differed at first on a different subject - they were split on the idea of continuing the monarchy instead of a republic. Whereas only the KPÖ decidedly spoke against the annexation in the course of the 1920s and 1930s, the monarchists originally spoke up against the annexation and later turned to favor it, after the
170:
162:
155:
2454:, etc.) to the Allies. With the location sketches of the production facilities, the Allied bombers were able to carry out precise air strikes and thus protect residential areas. In contrast to many other German resistance groups, the Maier group informed very early about the mass murder of Jews through its contacts with the Semperit factory near Auschwitz.
180:
178:
181:
179:
161:
2638:– to unite and to bring former Nazis back to the social and political life for the first time in Austrian history. For almost half a century, the Austrian state denied any continuity of the political regime of 1938–1945, actively kept up the self-sacrificing myth of Austrian nationhood, and cultivated a conservative spirit of national unity. Postwar
167:
177:
176:
168:
171:
163:
160:
172:
157:
156:
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153:
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1400:. The strongest grouping besides the Social Democrats was the Unity Coalition led by the Christian Social Party but including German Nationalists and the groups of Riehl and Schulz. In the course of these years there were frequent serious acts of violence between the various armed factions and people were regularly killed. In the
1815:
accompanied by many police and SS officials to take over the
Austrian police. Supporters of the Austrian Nazi Party together with members of the SS and SA occupied public buildings and offices throughout Austria without a previously planned transition period. The formation of the Greater German Reich
1517:
with serious consequences. Members of a paramilitary group acting to assist the police wanted to enter a building belonging to the Social
Democrats or a party member's home. They wanted to find any weapons belonging to the Social Democrat paramilitary which had by then been banned. Violence spread to
1408:
with smaller parties. The
Austrian National Socialists linked to Hitler's NSDAP received only 3.6% of the votes and failed to enter Parliament. In the following years the Nazis gained votes at the expense of the various German national groups, which also wanted unity with Germany. After 1930 Hitler's
1693:
with
Germany. Imprisoned Nazis were released and some Nazi newspapers, which had been banned, were allowed into Austria. The Nazi Party remained banned. Schuschnigg undertook further to allow two people whom the Nazis trusted into the Government. Edmund Glaise-Horstenau became Minister for National
2665:
put
Austria on the verge of international isolation. Powerful outside pressure and an internal political discussion forced Austrians to reconsider their attitude to the past. Starting with the political administration of the 1990s and followed by most of the Austrian people by the mid-2000s, the
1970:
The antisemitism against
Austrian Jews had a long history in Austria; mass antisemitic violence took place immediately after the Germans had crossed the border into Austria. On the day after the plebiscite, a British correspondent estimated that 100,000 Viennese were rampaging through the Jewish
2430:
The Austrian resistance groups were often ideologically separated and reflected the spectrum of political parties before the war. In addition to armed resistance groups, there was a strong communist resistance group, groups close to the Catholic Church, Habsburg groups and individual resistance
1745:(Innenminister). Schuschnigg endeavoured to maintain Austrian national integrity despite steadily increasing German influence. On 9 March 1938 he announced that he wanted to hold a consultative referendum on the independence of Austria on the following Sunday. Hitler responded by mobilizing the
2036:
were disproportionately Austrian. He has said, "Austria represented about 8 per cent of the population of the Third Reich, but about 13 per cent of the SS, about 40 per cent of the concentration camp personnel, and as much as 70 per cent of the people who headed the concentration camps were of
1654:
In Bavaria many sections of the Austrian Legion were officially closed. In reality they were only pushed further north and renamed, “North-West Assistance”. Hitler ordered troops to the Austrian border, prepared for a full-scale military assault into Austria to support the National Socialists.
1642:
The army, the gendarmery and the police put down revolt with heavy casualties. On the government side there were up to 104 deaths and 500 injuries. On the rebel side there were up to 140 deaths and 600 injuries. Thirteen rebels were executed and 4,000 people were imprisoned without trial. Many
1380:
led after 1921. In 1923 Riehl's party had about 23,000 members and was a marginal factor in Austrian politics. In 1924 there was another split and Karl Schulz led a splinter group. The two opposed each other. In 1926 Richard Suchenwirth founded the Austrian branch of Hitler's German National
1753:
who was at the time in Berlin brought Hitler's ultimatum from there and Göring reinforced it with a telephone message to Schuschnigg. The German government demanded the postponement or abandonment of the referendum. Schuschnigg conceded on the afternoon of 11 March. Then Hitler demanded his
1744:
in Gaden in Bavaria. Hitler threatened repeatedly to invade Austria and forced Schuschnigg to implement a range of measures favourable to Austrian Nazism. The Agreement of Gaden guaranteed the Austrian Nazi Party political freedom and assisted Arthur Seyß-Inquart in becoming Home Secretary
1597:. About 150 SS personnel forced their way into the Chancellor's office in Vienna. Dollfuß was shot and died a few hours later from his wounds. Another group occupied the building of the Austrian National Radio and forced a statement that the Government of Dollfuß had fallen and
1986:
Many were dispossessed of their shops and apartments, into which those who had robbed them moved, assisted by the SA and fanatics. Jews were forced to put on their best clothes and, on their hands and knees with brushes, to clean the sidewalks of anti-Anschluss slogans.
1844:
and the leader of the SS-upper section Austria. Beginning on 12 March and during the subsequent weeks 72,000 people were arrested, primarily in Vienna, among them politicians of the First Republic, intellectuals and above all Jews. Jewish institutions were shuttered.
126:
149:
2569:
In the first years after the war, many memorials were built in several places, commemorating the dead soldiers of World War II who allegedly fought for their country. For the victims of the Nazi regime, memorials have only been built at a much later time.
1588:
From the start of 1934 there was a new wave of Nazi terrorist attacks in Austria. This time government institutions were targeted far more than individuals. In the first half of 1934, 17 people were killed and 171 injured. On 25 July the Nazis attempted a
129:
128:
125:
2438:. On the one hand, this very successful Catholic resistance group wanted to revive a Habsburg monarchy after the war (as planned by Winston Churchill and later fought by Joseph Stalin) and very successfully passed on plans and production facilities for
124:
123:
127:
1883:. In late October 1939, all Austrian Gypsies were required to register themselves. Between 1938-39 the Nazis carried out racial examinations against the Gypsy population. Until 1941 the Nazis made a distinction between "pure Gypsies" and "Gypsy
1827:
in front of tens of thousands of cheering people, in which he boasted of his "greatest accomplishment": "As leader and chancellor of the German nation and Reich I announce to German history now the entry of my homeland into the German Reich."
2001:, who was the first chancellor of republican Austria, had welcomed the Anschluss in 1938. After the war, Renner again became the Austrian head of state; he remained antisemitic, even with Jewish returnees and concentration camp survivors.
1601:
was the new head of government. Anton Rintelen belonged to the Christian Social Party but is suspected of Nazi sympathy. This false report was intended to start a Nazi uprising throughout the country but it was only partially successful.
1485:
however they got more than 40%, and they tried to lever this into a basis for agitation against the ruling Patriotic Front. Nazi supporters generated a wave of terrorism which crested in early June with four deaths and 48 people injured.
1129:
The origins of Nazism in Austria have been disputed and continue to be debated. Professor Andrew Gladding Whiteside regarded the emergence of an Austrian variant of Nazism as the product of the German-Czech conflict of the multi-ethnic
2688:. Approximately 15 people are deployed in the archive of the concentration camp memorial Mauthausen and alternatively in the camp itself. On 1 September 1992, the first Austrian Holocaust memorial serviceman started working in the
1261:
and a constantly increasing tension between the different political groups. From 1918 to 1920 the government was led by the Social Democratic Party and later by the Christian Social Party in coalition with the German nationalists.
2426:
has estimated that out of an Austrian population of 6.8 million in 1938, there were around 100,000 Austrian opponents to the regime who were convicted and imprisoned, and an Austrian membership of the Nazi Party of 700,000.
1501:
Hitler became Chancellor early in 1933. The Social Democrats deleted any intention to cooperate with Germany from its party programme. Nazis had fled to Bavaria after their party was banned in Austria and founded there the
1889:". However, Nazi racial research concluded that 90% of Gypsies were of mixed ancestry. Thus, after 1942, the Nazis discriminated against the Gypsies on the same level as the Jews with a variety of discrimination laws.
1935:
promoted the approval. Austria's bishops endorsed the Anschluss. In response to a request from the Nazi government, the day before the referendum, all the churches in Austria tolled their bells in support of Hitler.
1807:. On the morning of 12 March heavily armed German troops and police crossed the Austrian frontier, in total about 25000. Large sections of the Austrian population were very pleased to see them. In Vienna, Aspern met
2044:
also states that Austrians comprised 8 per cent of Nazi Germany's population, 13 percent of the SS and 40 per cent of the staff at death camps; but that 75 per cent of concentration camp commanders were Austrian.
1802:
After Schuschnigg left office, the federal president Wilhelm Miklas asked Arthur Seyß-Inquart to form a new government as the Germans demanded. From 11 to 13 March he led the Austrian Government and completed the
1674:
To put Schuschnigg's mind at ease, Hitler declared to the Reichstag in May 1935: "Germany neither intends nor wishes to interfere in the internal affairs of Austria, to annex Austria or to conclude an Anschluss."
1473:. It purported to represent all Austrians who were true to their native land. Within a week the Austrian Communist Party was banned, and before the end of the month the republican paramilitary organisation and
2783:
showed that 56% of Austrians do not know that 6 million Jews were murdered in the Holocaust and that 42% are unfamiliar with the Mauthausen concentration camp, located 146 kilometers (90 miles) from Vienna.
122:
1982:
began straight away, about 1,700 motor vehicles were seized from their Jewish owners between 11 March and 10 August 1938. Until May 1939, the government seized about 44,000 apartments in Jewish possession.
1364:; DNSAP). After the fall of the monarchy, the party split into a Czechoslovakian party and an Austrian party under Riehl. From 1920 onwards this Austrian party cooperated closely with the Munich formed
1923:, and many other leading figures of the Nazi regime held speeches. The controlled press and radio campaigned for a Yes vote to the "Reunion of Germany and Austria". Prominent Austrians like Cardinal
2099:, was an active terrorist organization. After the Anschluss, Hitler's Austrian and German armies were fully integrated. During the war, 800,000 Austrians volunteered for Nazi Germany in the
148:
2700:. Annually approximately 30 civil servants are sent to Holocaust memorials and connected institutions in Europe, Israel, USA, South-America and China by the Holocaust Memorial Service.
120:
1864:
In March 1938 the local Gauleiter of Gmunden, Upper Austria, gave a speech to the local Austrians and told them that the "traitors" of Austria were to be thrown into the newly opened
1639:
pass in Upper Austria. He had with him documented instructions for the revolt. This so-called Kollerschlag Document demonstrated the connection of the July revolt to Bavaria clearly.
2529:
escaped via London, New York, Argentina and Paraguay to Brazil where he committed suicide in February 1942, together with his wife Charlotte Altmann. 1936 Nobel laureate in medicine
2561:, who had to leave the country for political reasons and because of his Jewish origin, emigrated to Sweden. After his comeback, he served as Austrian Chancellor from 1970 to 1983.
1875:
sentiment of Nazi Germany was implemented initially most harshly in newly annexed Austria when between 1938 and 1939 the Nazis arrested around 2,000 Gypsy men whom were sent to
2457:
A sign of the Austrian resistance was O5, where the 5 stands for E and OE is the abbreviation of Österreich with Ö as OE. This sign may be seen at the Stephansdom in Vienna.
1291:
The military of Austria was restricted to 30,000 men by the allies and the police force was poorly equipped. Already by 1918 the first homeguards were established like the
1994:("Night of Broken Glass") pogroms of November 1938 were especially brutal in Austria; most of Vienna's synagogues were burned in view of the public and fire departments.
121:
1707:
on the first page of the book: "German Austria must return to the great German motherland" and "common blood belongs in a common Reich". From 1937 it was clear to the
1319:. Soon other states followed. In 1923 members of the Monarchist "Ostara" shot a worker dead and the Social Democrats founded their own protective organization. Other
1288:
and did everything in his power to reduce, as far as possible, the influence of the Social Democrats - both sides saw this as a conflict between two social classes.
2465:
From March to November 1938, 130,000 people managed to escape legally or illegally from Austria. Among the most famous emigrating artists, there were the composers
1293:
1861:, was appointed by Hitler to reorganize the Nazi Party in Austria and on 13 March as "Reichskommissar for the reunification of Austria with the German Empire".
3905:
3119:
Als Führer und Kanzler der deutschen Nation und des Reiches melde ich vor der deutschen Geschichte nunmehr den Eintritt meiner Heimat in das Deutsche Reich.
800:
1962:
3900:
1253:
Life and politics in the early years were marked by serious economic problems (the loss of industrial areas and natural resources in the now independent
1975:
Jewish women were ordered to put on their fur coats and scrub the streets while officials urinated on them, as crowds of Austrians and Germans cheered.
417:
3296:
2895:
2607:. Austrian statehood had been interrupted and therefore the newly revived Austria of 1945 could not and should not be responsible in any way for the
1442:
had led them from 1932. The Social Democrats were no longer their only threat. The previous chancellor and priest Ignaz Seipel had worked towards an
17:
2677:
has not yet been started. Prior to the war, 200 Romani people lived in Kemeten. They were deported in 1941; only five of them came back in 1945.
2423:
2666:
nation admitted its collective responsibility for the crimes committed during the Nazi occupation and officially abandoned the "victim theory".
91:
3532:
2697:
2242:
805:
2630:
The "victim theory" became a fundamental myth of Austrian society. It made it possible for previously bitter political opponents – i.e. the
3552:
2025:
1019:
3242:
Maximilian Gottschlich "Die große Abneigung. Wie antisemitisch ist Österreich? Kritische Befunde zu einer sozialen Krankheit" Vienna 2012.
3046:"Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Austria; Protocol, Declaration and Special Declaration [1920] ATS 3"
1369:
1957:
3895:
3920:
1798:
The "Stairs of Death" at Mauthausen-Gusen, where prisoners were forced to carry a granite block up 186 steps to the top of the quarry
1360:
joined the party and he became leader in 1918. Soon after that the name was changed to the German National Socialist Workers' Party (
1103:, versus the vast majority of Austrians who participated in the Nazi war machine, had become a prominent matter of public discourse.
871:
2574:
2730:) as well as some celebrities suggested renaming a barracks as "Robert Bernardis-Kaserne", which was turned down by the governing
1477:
were banned along with numerous other groups. Nazis failed to get more than 25% of the votes in local elections in most areas. In
77:
3890:
1841:
1224:(SDAP), first chancellor of the republic, clearly forbade any union with Germany, abolished the monarchy, and clearly stated the
1095:. Lacking outside pressure for political reform, factions of Austrian society tried for a long time to advance the view that the
199:
1409:
NSDAP doubled its membership every year because of the economic crisis. One of their slogans was, "500,000 Unemployed – 400,000
3925:
2727:
2304:
1217:
3812:
3774:
3626:
3438:
3417:
2662:
2250:
1948:(people with both Jewish and "Aryan" parents) and all those who had already been arrested for "racial" or political reasons.
3910:
1768:
1469:. The Patriotic Front was a political organisation, supposedly above partisan considerations, Roman Catholic and vehemently
2422:
A small minority of the Austrian population actively participated in the resistance against Nazism. The Austrian historian
1386:
1065:
942:
3315:
Art, David (2006). The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
3301:
2900:
2765:
2685:
2053:
1794:
3573:
1382:
2631:
1898:
1404:, the Social Democrats were the largest single party. The Christian Social Party came second but stayed in office in a
1401:
1397:
1154:
1052:
Nazi Germany's troops entering Austria in 1938 received the enthusiastic support of most of the population. Throughout
3277:
Gerhard Zeillinger: „Wiedergutmachung? – Das Wort kann ich schon nicht mehr hören!“ in: Der Standard 23 Dezember 2017.
1462:
was necessary for this. A crisis in the Austrian parliament on the 4 May 1933 gave Dollfuß the opportunity he wanted.
1427:
3831:
3669:
3607:
3553:"Recherchen legen tiefe Verstrickung der FPÖ-Parteispitze in Rechtsextremismus offen | Mauthausen Komitee Österreich"
3320:
3265:
2673:, almost 40 years after the end of war a memorial for the "Zigeuner-Anhaltelager" Romani was unveiled. A memorial in
1911:
A referendum to ratify the annexation was set for 10 April, preceded by a major propaganda campaign. Hitler himself,
2525:
flew with his mother to London after his father had been killed by the Gestapo in May 1938 during an interrogation.
1880:
1489:
1276:
of the Christian Social government. He succeeded in improving the economic situation with the financial help of the
2929:
Beniston, Judith (2003). "'Hitler's First Victim'? — Memory and Representation in Post-War Austria: Introduction".
1170:
1158:
1012:
952:
729:
2431:
groups in the German Wehrmacht. Most resistance groups were exposed by the Gestapo and the members were executed.
1733:("living space"). Hitler told Goebbels in the late summer that Austria would sooner or later be taken "by force".
2689:
1466:
3472:
Hansjakob Stehle "Die Spione aus dem Pfarrhaus (German: The spy from the rectory)" In: Die Zeit, 5 January 1996.
1242:
The First Austrian Republic angered many Austrian pan-Germans who made the claim that the republic violated the
3850:
3793:
3755:
3732:
3710:
3691:
3650:
2246:
2057:
967:
927:
912:
211:
1510:. Nazi terrorism abated after that though five more people were killed and 52 injured by the end of the year.
97:
2792:
2065:
1865:
1124:
932:
916:
2650:
took an honorable place in society. The struggle for justice by the actual victims of Nazism – first of all
2234:
2213:
1153:, there were three major political groups competing with one another in the young republic of Austria: the
984:
962:
3822:
Uhl, Heidemarie (1997). "Austria's Perception of the Second World War and the National Socialist Period".
1942:
Excluded from the referendum were about 8% of the Austrian voters: about 200,000 Jews and roughly 177,000
1939:
According to official records 99.73% voted Yes in Austria and in Germany 99.08% voted for the annexation.
1683:
1635:. They were forced back to the frontier at Kollerschlag. On 26 July a German courier was arrested at the
1356:. This party stood mainly for making Austria and the Austrian Germans a part of Germany. In 1909 lawyer,
1198:
1186:
1120:
1099:
was only an imposition of rule by Nazi Germany. By 1992, the subject of the small minority who formed an
1005:
972:
947:
937:
922:
558:
2069:
2931:
2773:
2749:. The Green Politician Terezija Stoisits pointed out that a barracks was named after Austrian sergeant
2635:
2451:
2372:
2061:
1348:
as early as 1903. It was then part of the Austro-Hungarian empire. It supported German nationalism and
1178:
823:
631:
2159:
2138:
1876:
3574:"Broschüre "Lauter Einzelfälle? Die FPÖ und der Rechtsextremismus." | Mauthausen Komitee Österreich"
2597:(1955–1980s). The founders of the Second Austrian Republic interpreted this slogan to mean that the
1643:
thousand supporters of the Nazi Party were arrested. Up to 4000 fled over the border to Germany and
2594:
2578:
2290:
1365:
1213:
843:
517:
2654:– were deprecated as an attempt to obtain illicit enrichment at the expense of the entire nation.
3286:
Ludwig Dvorak "Vom fragwürdigen Umgang mit „nützlichen“ Zitaten" In: Der Standard, 29 March 2013.
2819:
2627:, had been unwilling victims of a Nazi regime and therefore were not responsible for its crimes.
2590:
2360:
2308:
1750:
1660:
1237:
1225:
1146:
1046:
889:
828:
530:
3045:
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court-martial and was shot on 13 April 1942, after he saved the lives of a hundred Jews in the
2533:
had to pay his prize money back before emigrating. Additional scientists going into exile were
2434:
The most spectacular individual group of the Austrian resistance was the one around the priest
2154:
was SS and police leader from 1939 in Poland where he supervised the building of the four Nazi
2089:
1451:
691:
2190:(Security Police; SiPo) and Gestapo for Vienna, the "Lower Danube" and "Upper Danube" regions.
2145:
1668:
3915:
3866:
2368:
2318:
1979:
1436:
1405:
1324:
1080:
3871:
3639:
2849:
3251:
Siegfried Nasko, Johannes Reichl "Karl Renner. Zwischen Anschluß und Europa" (2000), p 273.
2447:
1746:
1459:
777:
762:
325:
83:
2538:
2103:
and a further 150,000 Austrians joined up to the Nazi party's military wing, known as the
1621:. In Carinthia and Styria the fighting lasted from the 27 to 30 July. Some members of the
1439:
8:
3537:
2482:
2129:
1858:
1829:
1716:
1656:
1332:
1194:
1100:
671:
636:
347:
2466:
2174:. He was one of the main people responsible for murdering about 2 million Polish Jews ("
3362:
3354:
3003:
2995:
2956:
2948:
2809:
2693:
2521:, who witnessed the German invasion ("Anschluss") in Prague, did not return to Vienna.
2186:
2155:
2049:
2033:
1740:, the German ambassador in Vienna arranged a meeting between Hitler and Schuschnigg at
1571:
1538:
1507:
1061:
833:
744:
696:
602:
567:
3662:
The Politics of War Trauma: The Aftermath of World War II in Eleven European Countries
2764:
The biggest Austrian Memorial for the remembrance of National Socialist crimes is the
2742:
3846:
3827:
3808:
3789:
3770:
3751:
3744:
3728:
3706:
3687:
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3646:
3622:
3603:
3434:
3413:
3366:
3335:"The Role of the Resistance in Austria, with Special Reference to the Labor Movement"
3316:
3261:
3007:
2976:"The Role of the Resistance in Austria, with Special Reference to the Labor Movement"
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2518:
2295:
2219:
2181:
2133:
2029:
2006:
1606:
1455:
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1150:
853:
767:
724:
719:
701:
593:
430:
305:
137:
3805:
Austria, Germany, and the Cold War: from the Anschluss to the State Treaty 1938–1955
3463:
Peter Broucek "Die österreichische Identität im Widerstand 1938–1945" (2008), p 163.
3381:
2276:
2205:
2115:
The following Austrians were among those playing an active part in the Nazi regime:
1916:
1590:
1396:
The Austrian National Socialists linked to Hitler (Nazis) got only 779 votes in the
3679:
3346:
2987:
2940:
2739:
2715:
2714:
In mid-2004, the question of how to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the death of
2608:
2410:
2404:
2344:
2230:
2175:
2041:
1924:
1837:
1808:
1648:
1575:
1349:
1250:
during peace talks, specifically the right to "self-determination" of all nations.
1092:
957:
734:
681:
444:
3452:
Die Feuer in der Nacht. Opfer und Sinn des österreichischen Widerstandes 1938–1945
1848:
1204:
SDAP, GVP, and DNSAP clearly, although for different reasons, favoured a union of
293:
3533:"Most Austrians don't know 6 million Jews were killed in Holocaust, survey finds"
2708:
2616:
2498:
2322:
2256:
2193:
2151:
2077:
1912:
1853:
1737:
1698:
1622:
1503:
1390:
1316:
1308:
1281:
1243:
1209:
1131:
782:
772:
739:
364:
273:
253:
111:
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History vs. Apologetics: The Holocaust, the Third Reich, and the Catholic Church
2745:(ÖVP) finally decided to build a memorial in the yard of the Towarek-Barrack in
2012:
1966:
Civilians and uniformed personnel watching as Jews are forced to clean sidewalks
3260:
Oliver Rathkolb "Die paradoxe Republik. Österreich 1945 bis 2005" Vienna 2005,
2772:, it emerged through a private initiative in 2001 and remembers victims of the
2758:
2639:
2435:
2338:
2314:
2018:
2002:
1872:
1820:
1724:
1690:
1598:
1337:
1285:
1258:
1254:
1247:
1205:
1088:
1069:
995:
236:
2795:
of being involved in right-wing extremism and possessing a neo-Nazi ideology.
1627:
3884:
3518:
2915:
2658:
2612:
2558:
2534:
2502:
2490:
2354:
2333:
2328:
2286:
1991:
1907:
Referendum ballot, with a layout set up to encourage people to vote for "Yes"
1833:
1819:
On 15 March Hitler, who had spent the previous two days in his birth town of
1812:
1664:
1614:
1579:
1519:
1443:
1422:
1115:
A map showing the provinces claimed by the Republic of German-Austria in 1918
838:
2722:
against Hitler, led to a political conflict. Politicians of the opposition (
2542:
2750:
2719:
2624:
2604:
2554:
2546:
2526:
2514:
2506:
2486:
2470:
2389:
2382:
2364:
2289:, professor of racial biology at the University of Berlin, was involved in
2264:
2209:
2119:
1772:
1741:
1712:
1711:
that it would not be long before Austria was going to be incorporated into
1636:
1561:
1498:
1470:
1377:
1357:
1320:
1298:
1269:
1053:
1036:
686:
608:
369:
226:
2944:
2623:) insisted that all the Austrians, including those who strongly supported
3720:
2804:
2746:
2681:
2550:
2522:
2494:
2400:
2280:
2096:
1998:
1932:
1920:
1824:
1783:
1720:
1594:
1542:
1474:
1416:
1353:
1221:
1162:
1142:
2952:
2024:
According to Thomas Berger, professor of international relations at the
1903:
3431:
Widerstand und Verrat: Gestapospitzel im antifaschistischen Untergrund.
3358:
3334:
2999:
2975:
2670:
2530:
2478:
2474:
2443:
2439:
2348:
2233:, he was appointed as the leading German foreign ministry official for
1885:
1729:
1703:
1644:
1447:
1323:
groups were then formed from former active soldiers and members of the
1273:
1087:
was promptly banned, Austria did not have the same thorough process of
1084:
676:
654:
482:
1972:
1787:
Thousands of Austrians gathering to hear Hitler's proclamation of the
2754:
2711:
acknowledged the shared responsibility of Austrians for Nazi crimes.
2647:
2643:
2599:
2586:
2510:
2396:
2385:
2377:
2268:
2260:
2198:
2167:
2104:
2100:
2095:
Prior to the Anschluss, the Austrian Nazi party's military wing, the
2085:
2073:
1944:
1804:
1763:
1552:
1482:
1393:
dictatorship in Italy and became an important ally of the far right.
1076:
1057:
1041:
848:
662:
386:
265:
2123:
1997:
Antisemitism was widespread even in the highest government offices.
3350:
2991:
2171:
2092:
in Vienna, where more than 700 handicapped children were murdered.
1679:
1618:
1532:
1303:
1111:
658:
626:
616:
241:
3767:
From Prejudice to Persecution: A History of Austrian Anti-Semitism
2657:
In 1986, the election of a former Wehrmacht intelligence officer,
1465:
Later in May 1933 the Christian Social Union was converted to the
2814:
2769:
2704:
2674:
2582:
2275:(colonel general) in the German armed forces. The other two were
2238:
2223:
2163:
1971:
quarter shouting "Death to the Jews!" In the wealthy district of
1345:
1312:
1266:
1032:
894:
612:
578:
260:
1431:
Soldiers of the Austrian Federal Army in Vienna in February 1934
1060:. Other Austrians participated in the Nazi administration, from
3225:
1610:
1582:(1934-1938) wanted Austria to remain as an independent country.
1478:
1208:
with the German state, which was also a republic by that time (
1135:
620:
404:
400:
3641:
Hitler's Austria: Popular Sentiment in the Nazi Era, 1938-1945
2788:
2735:
2731:
2723:
1958:
History of the Jews in Austria § The Holocaust in Austria
2753:
in Germany on 8 May 2004. Schmid was sentenced to death by a
2229:
politician who held a number of diplomatic posts. During the
2013:
Austrian participation in the Holocaust and Nazi armed forces
666:
598:
3408:
Elisabeth Boeckl-Klamper, Thomas Mang, Wolfgang Neugebauer:
2718:, who was shot on 8 August 1944 after being involved in the
2148:
organized or covered several Nazi crimes in the Netherlands.
1177:, or GVP) in 1920. At the time, smaller parties such as the
3786:
Rise And Fall Of The Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany
3499:
3184:
3182:
3169:
3167:
2651:
2226:
2081:
1708:
1632:
1514:
1410:
1216:
had failed, and Germany had a conservative government. The
3142:
3140:
1823:, made a triumphal entry into Vienna and gave a speech on
1757:
2110:
1513:
On 12 February 1934 there was a violent confrontation in
3746:
Conquering the Past: Austrian Nazism Yesterday and Today
3206:
3179:
3164:
3152:
3100:
3098:
1134:
and rejected the view that it was a precursor of German
3660:
Embacher, H.; Ecker, M. (2010). "A Nation of Victims".
3137:
3059:
2787:
Austria's most popular political party as of 2023, the
1417:
Dictatorship, civil war and banning National Socialism
2381:, a military historian, archivist, and general in the
1344:
The German Workers' Party had already been founded in
1068:; the majority of the bureaucrats who implemented the
3194:
3095:
3083:
3071:
3026:
3014:
3684:
Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany
3619:
The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria
3600:
The Politics of the Nazi Past in Germany and Austria
2017:
The majority of the bureaucrats who implemented the
3297:"Austria struggles to come to grips with Nazi past"
3125:
2896:"Austria struggles to come to grips with Nazi past"
1435:The Christian Social Party had ruled from 1932 and
1079:sought comfort in the myth of Austria as being the
3743:
3638:
3487:
3226:"Marko Feingold: "Ich bin fast jeden Tag traurig""
2581:which went on to become the ideological basis for
1868:. Overall 200,000 people were killed at the camp.
3475:
3882:
3824:Austrian Historical Memory and National Identity
1754:resignation which happened on the same evening.
1533:Attempted Nazi coup and growing German influence
1493:Austrian troops taking position in February 1934
2126:("Leader") from 2 August 1934 to 30 April 1945.
1927:, who signed a declaration of the bishops with
1246:that were announced by United States President
3664:. Amsterdam University Press. pp. 15–48.
2680:Since 1992, there is the possibility of doing
1374:Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei
1362:Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei
1191:Deutsche Nationalsozialistische Arbeiterpartei
193:("Deutsche Auferstehung. Ein festliches Lied")
3906:States and territories disestablished in 1945
3659:
3505:
2603:in 1938 was an act of military aggression by
1719:, included the annexation of Austria and the
1013:
806:History of Austria-Hungary during World War I
3117:
2122:was German Chancellor from 1933 to 1945 and
2088:(involuntary euthanasia) took place, and in
2026:Frederick S. Pardee School of Global Studies
1605:There was considerable fighting in parts of
1529:(May Constitution) was proclaimed on 1 May.
1413:– Simple way out; vote National Socialist".
135:
27:Period of Austrian history from 1938 to 1945
2577:" was a political slogan first used at the
3901:States and territories established in 1938
3802:
2768:. Part of the Contemporary History Museum
1231:
1049:declared independence from Nazi Germany.
1039:from 13 March 1938 (an event known as the
1020:
1006:
210:
198:
3840:
3826:. Transactionpublishers. pp. 64–94.
3741:
3700:
3678:
3212:
3188:
3173:
3158:
3146:
3065:
3032:
3020:
2844:
2842:
2413:general in Wehrmacht during World War II.
216:Administrative divisions of Austria, 1941
2928:
2321:" and carried out deadly experiments at
1961:
1902:
1879:and 1,000 Gypsy women whom were sent to
1793:
1782:
1767:
1625:tried to push out from Bavaria over the
1488:
1426:
1370:National Socialist German Workers' Party
1193:, or DNSAP) were neither present in the
1110:
3843:Austrian National Socialism Before 1918
3719:
3332:
3200:
3104:
3089:
2973:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2698:Action Reconciliation Service for Peace
2585:and the national self-consciousness of
1758:Annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany
1631:, a part of Upper Austria, and towards
1145:, with the breakup of the multi-ethnic
14:
3883:
3783:
3764:
3379:
3077:
2839:
2684:(alternative National Service) in the
2642:was quickly wound up; veterans of the
2417:
2111:Prominent Austrians in the Nazi regime
1689:In July 1936 Schuschnigg accepted the
3636:
3131:
2879:
2460:
1307:was put in duty under the command of
1284:). Ideologically, Seipel was clearly
2884:. Lexington Books. pp. 113–114.
2860:
2357:SS-Obersturmbannführer in Waffen-SS.
1836:, sentenced to death in 1946 at the
1352:, but at first was not particularly
1331:(Protectors of the Fatherland) were
3841:Whiteside, Andrew Gladding (1962).
3821:
3616:
3597:
3493:
3481:
3302:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2901:Australian Broadcasting Corporation
2766:Mauthausen-Gusen concentration camp
2686:Austrian Holocaust Memorial Service
2259:was an army group commander in the
1056:, 950,000 Austrians fought for the
456:• Declaration of Independence
24:
3410:Gestapo-Leitstelle Wien 1938–1945.
2032:, the people who were involved in
1899:1938 Austrian Anschluss referendum
1335:. Later they started the Austrian
1155:Social Democratic Party of Austria
25:
3937:
3896:1945 disestablishments in Austria
3860:
2696:has taken over the idea from the
2575:Austria – the Nazis' first victim
2407:also participated in Nazi crimes.
2299:. During the war, he carried out
2040:Political scientist David Art of
1446:. Seipel based this on the Papal
1183:Kommunistische Partei Österreichs
466:• Independence from Germany
204:Austria within Nazi Germany, 1938
3921:Austria under National Socialism
3769:. Univ of North Carolina Press.
3750:. Wayne State University Press.
3703:Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany
1715:. His strategy, outlined in the
1560:
1551:
1149:, and with the abolition of the
1106:
989:
801:Assassination of Franz Ferdinand
730:Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg
577:
535:
510:
146:
118:
90:
76:
18:Austria under National Socialism
3591:
3566:
3545:
3525:
3519:"Austria post-1945 - Auschwitz"
3511:
3466:
3457:
3444:
3423:
3402:
3373:
3326:
3309:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3218:
3110:
2916:"Austria post-1945 - Auschwitz"
2690:Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum
2593:and the sovereign state of the
2076:. Mass murder was practised in
1951:
3891:1938 establishments in Austria
3705:. Princeton University Press.
3621:. Cambridge University Press.
3602:. Cambridge University Press.
3038:
2967:
2922:
2908:
2888:
2591:allied occupation of 1945-1955
2084:, where the killing programme
1220:, signed 10 September 1919 by
13:
1:
3645:. University North Carolina.
3380:Konrad, Helmut (6 Nov 2008).
3339:The Journal of Modern History
2980:The Journal of Modern History
2832:
2793:Austrian Mauthausen Committee
2707:in 1993, Austrian Chancellor
2136:in January 1943 as leader of
1892:
1866:Mauthausen concentration camp
1171:Greater German People's Party
1125:German nationalism in Austria
3807:. New York: Berghahn Books.
2564:
2267:. Rendulic was one of three
1678:Italy began its conquest of
1593:under the leadership of the
1187:Austrian National Socialists
1045:) until 27 April 1945, when
54:Alpine and Danube Reichsgaue
7:
3784:Shirer, William L. (1990).
3686:. Oxford University Press.
2798:
2337:(SS) officer who worked as
1684:Second Italo-Abyssinian War
1651:became the new Chancellor.
1228:as an independent country.
1197:(Imperial Council) nor the
1121:Austrian National Socialism
225:Administrative division of
190:German Rise. A festive song
60:Alpen- und Donau-Reichsgaue
10:
3942:
3701:Gellately, Robert (2001).
2791:, has been accused by the
2774:Ebensee concentration camp
2589:during the periods of the
2452:Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet
2373:Vice-Chancellor of Austria
2325:with handicapped children.
2062:Ebensee concentration camp
1955:
1931:, and the Social Democrat
1896:
1761:
1749:for the planned invasion.
1617:and limited resistance in
1536:
1475:Freethinkers Organisations
1420:
1235:
1179:Communist Party of Austria
1118:
824:Republic of German-Austria
632:Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy
3926:Austria–Germany relations
3911:Vergangenheitsbewältigung
3872:Encyclopædia Britannica,
3803:Steininger, Wolf (2008).
3765:Pauley, Bruce F. (2000).
3725:Hitler 1936-1945: Nemesis
3637:Bukey, Evan Burr (2002).
3506:Embacher & Ecker 2010
3333:Steiner, Herbert (1992).
2974:Steiner, Herbert (1992).
2579:Moscow Conference in 1943
2184:, appointed chief of the
2139:Reichssicherheitshauptamt
2066:KZ – Nebenlager Bretstein
1458:(1931). Abolition of the
1329:Vaterländische Schutzbund
1081:first victim of the Nazis
1075:After World War II, many
489:
478:
474:
464:
454:
441:
427:
414:
397:
382:
378:
357:
353:
341:
331:
319:
315:
303:
299:
287:
283:
271:
259:
249:
232:
221:
209:
197:
143:("The Horst Wessel Song")
106:
72:
67:
44:Reichsgaue of the Ostmark
32:
3788:. Simon & Schuster.
2621:Opferthese, Opferdoktrin
2595:Second Austrian Republic
2395:The Austrian gauleiters
2317:wrote expertises about "
2309:high command of the army
2291:compulsory sterilization
2271:who rose to the rank of
2070:Steyr-Münichholz subcamp
1402:General Election of 1930
1214:Bavarian Soviet Republic
1175:Großdeutsche Volkspartei
1167:Großdeutsche Vereinigung
1058:Nazi German armed forces
895:Second Austrian Republic
844:Federal State of Austria
518:Federal State of Austria
2779:A study in 2019 by the
2361:Edmund Glaise-Horstenau
2305:Soviet prisoners of war
1857:for the reunion of the
1751:Edmund Glaise-Horstenau
1667:, Walther Pembauer and
1661:Edmund Glaise-Horstenau
1238:First Austrian Republic
1232:First Austrian Republic
1226:First Austrian Republic
1218:Treaty of Saint-Germain
1147:Austro-Hungarian Empire
1141:In 1918, at the end of
1047:Allied-occupied Austria
890:Allied-occupied Austria
829:First Austrian Republic
531:Allied-occupied Austria
3742:Parkinson, F. (1989).
3118:
2854:encyclopedia.ushmm.org
2636:conservative Catholics
2620:
2090:Am Spiegelgrund clinic
2037:Austrian background."
1967:
1908:
1799:
1791:
1780:
1701:-born Hitler wrote in
1494:
1432:
1159:Christian Social Party
1116:
692:Margraviate of Austria
136:
50:Reichsgaue der Ostmark
3454:. Vienna 1988, p 122.
2945:10.1353/aus.2003.0018
2880:Cymet, David (2012).
2369:Austro-Hungarian Army
2058:more than 50 subcamps
1965:
1906:
1797:
1786:
1771:
1492:
1430:
1398:1927 General Election
1366:German Workers' Party
1325:Roman Catholic Church
1311:with the help of the
1114:
250:Common languages
2448:Messerschmitt Bf 109
1525:. The authoritarian
1460:parliamentary system
1294:Kärntner Abwehrkampf
1201:(National Council).
1169:), which became the
1165:Great German Union (
1091:that was imposed on
1064:personnel to senior
778:German Confederation
763:Archduchy of Austria
326:Arthur Seyss-Inquart
3617:Art, David (2006).
3538:The Times of Israel
2483:Josef von Sternberg
2418:Austrian resistance
2214:bombing of Belgrade
2156:extermination camps
2146:Arthur Seyß-Inquart
2130:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
2052:in Austria was the
1859:Saar (protectorate)
1830:Ernst Kaltenbrunner
1717:Hossbach Memorandum
1669:Arthur Seyß-Inquart
1657:Taras Borodajkewycz
1444:authoritarian state
1385:. Around that time
1381:Socialist party in
1368:(DAP) and then the
1333:National Socialists
1101:Austrian resistance
757:Early modern period
637:Ostrogothic Kingdom
348:Baldur von Schirach
115:("Song of Germany")
3305:. 4 November 2015.
2904:. 4 November 2015.
2810:Austrian Civil War
2694:Andreas Maislinger
2615:" formed by 1949 (
2473:, the film-makers
2461:Austrians in exile
2296:Rhineland Bastards
2212:, carried out the
2187:Sicherheitspolizei
2050:concentration camp
2034:the Final Solution
1968:
1909:
1800:
1792:
1781:
1539:Austrian Civil War
1495:
1433:
1185:, or KPÖ) and the
1117:
996:Austria portal
872:National Socialism
745:Duchy of Carinthia
697:House of Babenberg
603:Kingdom of Noricum
418:Reichstag election
3814:978-1-84545-326-8
3776:978-0-8078-6376-3
3680:Gellately, Robert
3628:978-0-521-85683-6
3439:978-3-7076-0622-5
3429:Hans Schafranek:
3418:978-3-902494-83-2
2781:Claims Conference
2663:federal president
2539:Erwin Schrödinger
2519:Friedrich Torberg
2307:on behalf of the
2220:Hermann Neubacher
2202:of Upper Austria.
2182:Franz Josef Huber
2060:, among them the
2030:Boston University
2007:Karl Renner Prize
1736:In February 1938
1456:Quadragesimo anno
1440:Engelbert Dollfuß
1278:League of Nations
1151:Habsburg monarchy
1030:
1029:
854:Ostmark (Austria)
725:Holy Roman Empire
720:House of Habsburg
702:Privilegium Minus
649:Early Middle Ages
594:Hallstatt culture
551:
550:
547:
546:
543:
542:
523:
522:
445:Capture of Vienna
343:• 1940–1945
333:• 1939–1940
321:• 1938–1939
306:Reichsstatthalter
289:• 1938–1940
183:
138:Horst-Wessel-Lied
130:
16:(Redirected from
3933:
3856:
3837:
3818:
3799:
3780:
3761:
3749:
3738:
3716:
3697:
3675:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3613:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3581:
3570:
3564:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3549:
3543:
3542:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3515:
3509:
3503:
3497:
3491:
3485:
3479:
3473:
3470:
3464:
3461:
3455:
3448:
3442:
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3421:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3397:
3395:
3386:
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3371:
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3313:
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3306:
3293:
3287:
3284:
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3275:
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3252:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3234:
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3210:
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3198:
3192:
3186:
3177:
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3144:
3135:
3129:
3123:
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3108:
3102:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3053:
3048:. Austlii.edu.au
3042:
3036:
3030:
3024:
3018:
3012:
3011:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2932:Austrian Studies
2926:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2877:
2858:
2857:
2846:
2740:defence minister
2716:Robert Bernardis
2632:social democrats
2501:and the writers
2467:Arnold Schönberg
2411:Friedrich Franek
2405:Friedrich Rainer
2390:Second World War
2375:before the 1938
2345:Karl Silberbauer
2331:was an Austrian
2231:Second World War
2176:Aktion Reinhardt
2054:Mauthausen-Gusen
2042:Tufts University
2021:were Austrian.
1925:Theodor Innitzer
1842:SS-Brigadeführer
1838:Nuremberg trials
1809:Heinrich Himmler
1779:on 15 March 1938
1649:Kurt Schuschnigg
1564:
1555:
1387:Benito Mussolini
1376:; NSDAP), which
1350:anti-clericalism
1265:On 31 May 1922,
1093:post-war Germany
1022:
1015:
1008:
994:
993:
992:
938:Military history
923:Economic history
884:Post-war Austria
735:Duchy of Austria
682:Frankish Kingdom
581:
571:
553:
552:
539:
538:
527:
526:
514:
513:
507:
506:
491:
490:
214:
202:
185:
184:
141:
132:
131:
94:
80:
62:
52:
42:
34:State of Austria
30:
29:
21:
3941:
3940:
3936:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3930:
3881:
3880:
3863:
3853:
3834:
3815:
3796:
3777:
3758:
3735:
3713:
3694:
3672:
3653:
3629:
3610:
3598:Art, D (2005).
3594:
3589:
3588:
3579:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3567:
3558:
3556:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3517:
3516:
3512:
3504:
3500:
3492:
3488:
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3476:
3471:
3467:
3462:
3458:
3449:
3445:
3428:
3424:
3407:
3403:
3393:
3391:
3384:
3378:
3374:
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2743:Günther Platter
2709:Franz Vranitzky
2703:At the Israeli
2567:
2499:Gerhard Bronner
2463:
2420:
2367:officer in the
2323:Am Spiegelgrund
2301:racial analyses
2257:Lothar Rendulic
2208:, commander of
2194:August Eigruber
2152:Odilo Globocnik
2113:
2078:Hartheim Castle
2015:
1978:The process of
1960:
1954:
1913:Joseph Goebbels
1901:
1895:
1854:Reichskommissar
1840:, was promoted
1775:announcing the
1766:
1760:
1738:Franz von Papen
1623:Austrian Legion
1586:
1585:
1584:
1583:
1567:
1566:
1565:
1557:
1556:
1545:
1537:Main articles:
1535:
1504:Austrian Legion
1467:Patriotic Front
1425:
1419:
1309:Richard Steidle
1282:monetary reform
1244:Fourteen Points
1240:
1234:
1210:Weimar Republic
1132:Austrian Empire
1127:
1119:Main articles:
1109:
1083:. Although the
1072:were Austrian.
1066:Nazi leadership
1062:Nazi death camp
1026:
990:
988:
978:
977:
908:
900:
899:
885:
877:
876:
867:
859:
858:
819:
811:
810:
796:
788:
787:
783:Austria-Hungary
773:Austrian Empire
768:Habsburg empire
758:
750:
749:
740:Duchy of Styria
715:
707:
706:
650:
642:
641:
589:
569:
562:
536:
511:
467:
457:
447:
434:
420:
407:
390:
374:
365:Interwar period
344:
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290:
274:Reichskommissar
217:
205:
192:
188:
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147:
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112:Deutschlandlied
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3861:External links
3859:
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3486:
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3450:Fritz Molden:
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3372:
3351:10.1086/244432
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3279:
3270:
3253:
3244:
3235:
3232:. 3 June 2018.
3230:Kronen Zeitung
3217:
3215:, p. 216.
3213:Gellately 2001
3205:
3193:
3191:, p. 225.
3189:Gellately 2001
3178:
3176:, p. 222.
3174:Gellately 2001
3163:
3161:, p. 108.
3159:Gellately 2002
3151:
3147:Gellately 2002
3136:
3124:
3109:
3094:
3082:
3080:, p. 296.
3070:
3066:Parkinson 1989
3058:
3037:
3033:Whiteside 1962
3025:
3021:Whiteside 1962
3013:
2992:10.1086/244432
2966:
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2800:
2797:
2759:Vilnius Ghetto
2640:denazification
2566:
2563:
2462:
2459:
2446:and aircraft (
2436:Heinrich Maier
2419:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2393:
2358:
2352:
2342:
2339:Adolf Eichmann
2326:
2319:unworthy lives
2315:Heinrich Gross
2312:
2284:
2277:Alexander Löhr
2254:
2217:
2216:in April 1941.
2206:Alexander Löhr
2203:
2191:
2179:
2149:
2143:
2127:
2112:
2109:
2056:complex, with
2019:Final Solution
2014:
2011:
2003:Marko Feingold
1956:Main article:
1953:
1950:
1917:Hermann Göring
1897:Main article:
1894:
1891:
1873:Anti-Romanyism
1821:Braunau am Inn
1762:Main article:
1759:
1756:
1725:Czechoslovakia
1691:July Agreement
1599:Anton Rintelen
1569:
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1550:
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1548:
1547:
1546:
1534:
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1421:Main article:
1418:
1415:
1338:Sturmabteilung
1286:anti-communist
1259:hyperinflation
1255:Czechoslovakia
1248:Woodrow Wilson
1236:Main article:
1233:
1230:
1206:German Austria
1161:(CS), and the
1108:
1105:
1089:denazification
1070:Final Solution
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3833:9781412817691
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3507:
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3483:
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3433:Vienna 2017,
3432:
3426:
3419:
3415:
3412:Vienna 2018,
3411:
3405:
3390:
3383:
3376:
3368:
3364:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3348:
3345:: S128–S133.
3344:
3340:
3336:
3329:
3322:
3321:0-521-85683-3
3318:
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3304:
3303:
3298:
3292:
3283:
3274:
3267:
3266:3-552-04967-3
3263:
3257:
3248:
3239:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3203:, p. 82.
3202:
3197:
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3185:
3183:
3175:
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3168:
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3155:
3149:, p. 69.
3148:
3143:
3141:
3134:, p. 34.
3133:
3128:
3120:
3113:
3107:, p. 81.
3106:
3101:
3099:
3092:, p. 45.
3091:
3086:
3079:
3074:
3068:, p. 74.
3067:
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3047:
3041:
3034:
3029:
3022:
3017:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2986:: S128–S133.
2985:
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2655:
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2649:
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2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2613:victim theory
2610:
2609:Nazis' crimes
2606:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
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2580:
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2571:
2562:
2560:
2559:Bruno Kreisky
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2535:Sigmund Freud
2532:
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2524:
2520:
2516:
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2503:Hermann Broch
2500:
2496:
2493:, the actors
2492:
2491:Max Reinhardt
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2355:Otto Skorzeny
2353:
2350:
2346:
2343:
2341:'s assistant.
2340:
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2334:Schutzstaffel
2330:
2329:Alois Brunner
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2316:
2313:
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2298:
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2293:of so-called
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2273:Generaloberst
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2020:
2010:
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1995:
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1992:Kristallnacht
1988:
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1851:, previously
1850:
1849:Josef Bürckel
1846:
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1834:Upper Austria
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1615:Upper Austria
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1580:Austrofascism
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1527:Maiverfassung
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1452:Rerum novarum
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1423:Austrofascism
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1315:organisation
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1107:Early history
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588:Early history
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460:27 April 1945
459:
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450:13 April 1945
449:
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437:14 April 1939
436:
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423:10 April 1938
422:
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410:15 March 1938
409:
406:
403:'s speech in
402:
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393:13 March 1938
392:
389:
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337:Josef Bürckel
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295:
294:Josef Bürckel
292:
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71:
66:
61:
51:
41:
31:
19:
3916:Nazi Germany
3873:
3845:. Springer.
3842:
3823:
3804:
3785:
3766:
3745:
3724:
3721:Kershaw, Ian
3702:
3683:
3661:
3640:
3618:
3599:
3592:Bibliography
3578:. Retrieved
3568:
3557:. Retrieved
3547:
3536:
3527:
3513:
3501:
3489:
3477:
3468:
3459:
3451:
3446:
3441:, p 161–248.
3430:
3425:
3420:, p 299–305.
3409:
3404:
3392:. Retrieved
3388:
3382:"konrad.pdf"
3375:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3311:
3300:
3291:
3282:
3273:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3229:
3220:
3208:
3201:Kershaw 2001
3196:
3154:
3127:
3116:In German: "
3112:
3105:Kershaw 2001
3090:Kershaw 2001
3085:
3073:
3061:
3050:. Retrieved
3040:
3035:, p. 1.
3028:
3023:, p. 2.
3016:
2983:
2979:
2969:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2910:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2853:
2824:
2820:
2786:
2778:
2763:
2751:Anton Schmid
2720:20 July plot
2713:
2702:
2679:
2669:In 1984, in
2668:
2656:
2629:
2605:Nazi Germany
2598:
2572:
2568:
2555:Lise Meitner
2547:Martin Buber
2527:Stefan Zweig
2515:Franz Werfel
2507:Robert Musil
2487:Billy Wilder
2471:Robert Stolz
2464:
2456:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2376:
2332:
2300:
2294:
2272:
2265:World War II
2210:Luftflotte 4
2197:
2185:
2137:
2120:Adolf Hitler
2114:
2094:
2048:The largest
2047:
2039:
2023:
2016:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1980:Aryanization
1977:
1969:
1952:Antisemitism
1943:
1941:
1938:
1928:
1910:
1884:
1870:
1863:
1852:
1847:
1818:
1801:
1788:
1776:
1773:Adolf Hitler
1742:Obersalzberg
1735:
1728:
1713:Nazi Germany
1702:
1696:
1688:
1677:
1673:
1653:
1641:
1637:Kollerschlag
1626:
1604:
1587:
1526:
1522:
1520:Austrofacist
1512:
1496:
1471:anti-Marxist
1464:
1434:
1395:
1378:Adolf Hitler
1373:
1361:
1358:Walter Riehl
1343:
1336:
1328:
1321:paramilitary
1302:
1292:
1290:
1270:Ignaz Seipel
1264:
1252:
1241:
1203:
1190:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1140:
1128:
1096:
1074:
1054:World War II
1051:
1040:
1037:Nazi Germany
1035:was part of
1031:
983:
866:World War II
687:East Francia
500:Succeeded by
499:
494:
385:
370:World War II
304:
272:
240:
227:Nazi Germany
189:
107:
59:
49:
39:
3727:. Penguin.
3576:(in German)
3555:(in German)
3078:Shirer 1990
2939:(1): 1–13.
2805:July Putsch
2682:Zivildienst
2551:Karl Popper
2523:Erich Fried
2495:Karl Farkas
2444:Tiger tanks
2440:V-2 rockets
2401:Franz Hofer
2388:during the
2281:Erhard Raus
2241:(including
2097:Austrian SS
1999:Karl Renner
1933:Karl Renner
1929:Heil Hitler
1921:Rudolf Hess
1881:Ravensbrück
1825:Heldenplatz
1721:Sudetenland
1697:The native
1628:Mühlviertel
1595:Austrian SS
1576:Schuschnigg
1543:July Putsch
1523:Ständestaat
1454:(1891) and
1448:Encyclicals
1389:formed his
1354:antisemitic
1222:Karl Renner
1199:Nationalrat
1163:nationalist
1143:World War I
795:World War I
714:Middle Ages
568:History of
495:Preceded by
57:(1942–1945)
47:(1940–1942)
37:(1938–1940)
3885:Categories
3852:9401500096
3795:0671728687
3757:0814320554
3734:0140272399
3712:0691086842
3693:0192802917
3652:0807853631
3580:2022-08-29
3559:2022-08-29
3132:Bukey 2002
3052:2011-06-15
2833:References
2825:Our Vienna
2821:Unser Wien
2671:Lackenbach
2543:Kurt Gödel
2531:Otto Loewi
2479:Fritz Lang
2475:Leon Askin
2349:Anne Frank
2251:Montenegro
1945:Mischlinge
1893:Plebiscite
1886:Mischlinge
1730:Lebensraum
1704:Mein Kampf
1645:Yugoslavia
1578:regime of
1437:Chancellor
1301:the first
1274:Chancellor
1085:Nazi Party
953:Liberalism
677:Carantania
655:Marcomanni
483:Reichsmark
470:8 May 1945
261:Demonym(s)
3874:Anschluss
3367:145445683
3008:145445683
2961:160319529
2850:"Austria"
2755:Wehrmacht
2648:Waffen-SS
2644:Wehrmacht
2600:Anschluss
2587:Austrians
2565:Aftermath
2511:Anton Kuh
2397:Hugo Jury
2386:Wehrmacht
2378:Anschluss
2347:arrested
2303:on 7,000
2269:Austrians
2261:Wehrmacht
2199:Gauleiter
2168:Treblinka
2132:replaced
2105:Waffen-SS
2101:Wehrmacht
2086:Action T4
2074:AFA-Werke
1805:Anschluss
1789:Anschluss
1777:Anschluss
1764:Anschluss
1680:Abyssinia
1607:Carinthia
1483:Innsbruck
1406:coalition
1317:Escherich
1195:Reichsrat
1097:Anschluss
1077:Austrians
1042:Anschluss
849:Anschluss
834:Civil War
663:Baiuvarii
609:Roman Era
387:Anschluss
187:Proposed:
68:1938–1945
3723:(2001).
3682:(2002).
3494:Art 2005
3482:Uhl 1997
3268:, p 100.
2953:27944673
2799:See also
2646:and the
2634:and the
2365:Austrian
2351:in 1944.
2237:and the
2224:Austrian
2172:Majdanek
2134:Heydrich
1747:8th Army
1727:to gain
1723:part of
1699:Austrian
1619:Salzburg
1572:Dollfuss
1313:Bavarian
1304:Heimwehr
1157:(SDAP),
985:Timeline
968:Hinduism
928:Football
659:Lombards
627:Rugiland
617:Pannonia
559:a series
557:Part of
479:Currency
266:Austrian
242:de facto
3876:article
3867:AUSTRIA
3389:doew.at
3359:2124973
3000:2124973
2815:Vugesta
2770:Ebensee
2705:Knesset
2675:Kemeten
2661:, as a
2611:. The "
2583:Austria
2371:, last
2363:was an
2263:during
2247:Albania
2239:Balkans
2222:was an
2164:Sobibor
2142:(RSHA).
1973:Währing
1811:of the
1499:Germany
1391:Fascist
1346:Bohemia
1272:became
1267:prelate
1033:Austria
933:Cricket
613:Noricum
570:Austria
443:•
431:Ostmark
429:•
416:•
399:•
384:•
233:Capital
108:Anthem:
3849:
3830:
3811:
3792:
3773:
3754:
3731:
3709:
3690:
3668:
3649:
3625:
3606:
3437:
3416:
3394:28 Aug
3365:
3357:
3319:
3264:
3006:
2998:
2959:
2951:
2738:. The
2625:Hitler
2617:German
2383:German
2243:Serbia
2235:Greece
2160:Belzec
2124:Führer
1877:Dachau
1611:Styria
1479:Zwettl
1383:Vienna
1341:(SA).
1327:. The
1136:Nazism
963:Cinema
917:Vienna
907:Topics
621:Raetia
561:on the
405:Vienna
401:Hitler
311:
279:
254:German
222:Status
110:
98:Emblem
3385:(PDF)
3363:S2CID
3355:JSTOR
3004:S2CID
2996:JSTOR
2957:S2CID
2949:JSTOR
2728:Grüne
2080:near
1832:from
1709:Nazis
1682:(the
1508:Krems
1299:Tirol
973:Islam
958:Music
948:Radio
672:Avars
667:Suebi
599:Celts
3847:ISBN
3828:ISBN
3809:ISBN
3790:ISBN
3771:ISBN
3752:ISBN
3729:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3688:ISBN
3666:ISBN
3647:ISBN
3623:ISBN
3604:ISBN
3435:ISBN
3414:ISBN
3396:2022
3317:ISBN
3262:ISBN
2747:Enns
2734:and
2652:Jews
2553:and
2513:and
2497:and
2469:and
2403:and
2279:and
2249:and
2227:Nazi
2170:and
2082:Linz
2072:and
1990:The
1871:The
1633:Linz
1613:and
1591:coup
1570:The
1541:and
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1481:and
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1123:and
913:Jews
485:(ℛℳ)
433:law
84:Flag
3347:doi
2988:doi
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