Junkers Ju 87 - Knowledge

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was an important consideration as the life expectancy of a Ju 87 had been reduced (since 1941) from 9.5 months to 5.5 months to just 100 operational flying hours. On 26 October, Kupfer reported the Ju 87 could no longer survive in operations and that the Focke-Wulf Fw 190F should take its place. Milch finally agreed and ordered the minimal continuance of Ju 87 D-3 and D-5 production for a smooth transition period. In May 1944, production wound down. 78 Ju 87s were built in May and 69 rebuilt from damaged machines. In the next six months, 438 Ju 87 Ds and Gs were added to the Ju 87 force as new or repaired aircraft. It is unknown whether any Ju 87s were built from parts unofficially after December 1944 and the end of production.

1760: 4324: 3662: 1723:. But this would delay production until the buildings and factories could be furnished with the machine tools. These tools were also in short supply, and the RLM hoped to purchase them from Switzerland and Italy. The Slovaks could provide 3,500–4,000 workers, but no technical personnel. The move would produce only another 25 machines per month at a time when demand was increasing. In October, production plans were dealt another blow when one of WFGs plants burned down, leaving a chronic shortage of tailwheels and undercarriage parts. Junkers director and member of the Luftwaffe industry council Carl Frytag reported that by January 1943 only 120 Ju 87s could be produced at Bremen and 230 at 1457: 1449: 1912: 931:(0.312 in) MG 17 machine guns in its wings, but two of these—one per side—were omitted due to weight concerns; the pair that remained were fed a total of 500 rounds of ammunition, stored in the design's characteristic transverse strut-braced, large-planform undercarriage "trousers", not used on the Ju 87B versions and onward. The pilot relied on the Revi C 21C gun sight for the two MG 17s. The gunner had a single 7.92 mm (0.312 in) MG 15, with 14 drums of ammunition, each containing 75 rounds. This represented a 150-round increase in this area over the Ju 87 A-0. The A-1 was also fitted with a larger 3.3 m (11 ft) propeller. 4107: 560:. This was accepted by the RLM as an interim solution. The reworking of the design began on 1 January 1936. The test flight could not be carried out for over two months due to a lack of adequate aircraft. The 24 January crash had already destroyed one machine. The second prototype was also beset by design problems. It had its twin stabilisers removed and a single tail fin installed due to fears over stability. Due to a shortage of engines, instead of a DB 600, a BMW "Hornet" engine was fitted. All these delays set back testing until 25 February 1936. By March 1936, the second prototype, the V2, was finally fitted with the 3609:, 1,208 Stuka sorties were flown against this small strip of land. The intense air attack, though causing horrific losses on Soviet units, failed to destroy them. The Luftwaffe's Stuka force made a maximum effort during this phase of the war. They flew an average of 500 sorties per day and caused heavy losses among Soviet forces, losing an average of only one Stuka per day. The Battle of Stalingrad marked the high point in the fortunes of the Junkers Ju 87 Stuka. As the strength of the Soviet Air Forces grew, they gradually wrested control of the skies from the Luftwaffe. From this point onward, Stuka losses increased. 1328:

built, increasing to 90 thereafter. Various production problems were encountered. One of the planned 48 was produced in July. Of the 25 the RLM hoped for in August 1941, none were delivered. In September did the first two of the planned 102 Ju 87s came off the production lines. The shortfalls continued to the end of 1941. During this time, the WFG plant in Lemwerder moved production to Berlin. Over 165 Ju 87s had not been delivered and production was only 23 Ju 87 Ds per month out of the 40 expected. By the spring of 1942 to the end of production in 1944, 3,300 Ju 87s, mostly D-1s, D-2s and D-5s had been manufactured.

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On 6 October 1939, with the war already underway, 120 of the planned Ju 87 Tr(C)s on order at that point were cancelled. Despite the cancellation, the tests continued using catapults. The Ju 87 C had a takeoff weight of 5,300 kg (11,700 lb) and a speed of 133 km/h (83 mph) on departure. The Ju 87 could be launched with a SC 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb and four SC 50 kg (110 lb) bombs under the fuselage. The C-1 was to have two MG 17s mounted in the wing with a MG 15 operated by the rear gunner. On 18 May 1940, production of the C-1 was switched to the R-1.

4336: 3981: 1790: 376: 3863: 3812: 4004: 3908: 851:. With 40%, vision vanished altogether from 7.5 g upwards and black-out sometimes occurred. Despite this blindness, the pilot could maintain consciousness and was capable of "bodily reactions". After more than three seconds, half the subjects passed out. The pilot would regain consciousness two or three seconds after the centrifugal forces had dropped below 3 g and had lasted no longer than three seconds. In a crouched position, pilots could withstand 7.5 g and were able to remain functional for a short duration. In this position, Junkers concluded that 3935: 1555:

necessary equipment, radios and dampeners was a requirement regardless of whether the aircraft was a production D-5 or a D-1 or 3 that had undergone wing changes. The change in designations due to conversions was not readily apparent, for with wing changes, the serial number and designation was applied to the fuselage by the manufacture which remained unaltered by wing changes. Some sub-contractors added an "N" designation (Nacht) for clarity on D-3 and 5s . Others added the roman numeral VII to the D-7s, perhaps to reflect that the aircraft was fitted with the

4071: 2937: 3468:. The dive bomber wing suffered only two losses on the opening day of Barbarossa. As a result of the Luftwaffe's attention, the Soviet Air Force in the western Soviet Union was nearly destroyed. The official report claimed 1,489 Soviet aircraft destroyed. Even Göring was unable to believe such a high total and ordered this checked. After picking their way through the wreckage across the front, Luftwaffe officers found that the tally exceeded 2,000. In the next two days, the Soviets reported the loss of another 1,922 aircraft. 4754: 3840: 545: 4025: 38: 1045:

and completely redesigned fuselage and landing gear, replacing the twin radio masts of the "A" version with a single mast mounted further forward on the "greenhouse" canopy, and much simpler, lighter-weight wheel "spats" used from the -B version onwards, discarding the transverse strut bracing of the "A" version's maingear design. This new design was again tested in Spain, and after proving its abilities there, production was ramped up to 60 per month. As a result, by the outbreak of

3641:. The Ju 87s participated in a huge aerial counter-offensive lasting from 16 to 31 July against a Soviet offensive at Khotynets and saved two German armies from encirclement, reducing the attacking Soviet 11th Guards Army to 33 tanks by 20 July. The Soviet offensive had been completely halted from the air although losses were considerable. Fliegerkorps VIII lost eight Ju 87s on 8 July, six on 9 July, six on 10 July and another eight on 11 July. The Stuka arm also lost eight of their 1772:

Lemwerder. Attacks throughout 1940-45 caused little lasting damage and succeeded only in damaging some Ju 87 airframes, in contrast to the Focke-Wulf plant in Bremen. At Berlin-Tempelhof, little delay or damage was caused to Ju 87 production, despite the heavy bombings and large-scale destruction inflicted on other targets. The WFG again went unscathed. The Junkers factory at Dessau was heavily attacked, but not until Ju 87 production had ceased. The Ju 87 repair facility at the

4391: 795:(an altimeter equipped with an electrical contact which triggers at a preset altitude) came on to indicate the bomb-release point, usually at a minimum height of 450 m (1,480 ft). The pilot released the bomb and initiated the automatic pull-out mechanism by depressing a knob on the control column. An elongated U-shaped crutch located under the fuselage swung the bomb out of the way of the propeller, and the aircraft automatically began a 6 1117:

30 km/h (19 mph) slower than the Ju 87 B-1 and had a lower service ceiling. The Ju 87 R-2 had an increased range advantage of 360 km (220 mi). The R-3 and R-4 were the last R variants developed. Only a few were built. The R-3 was an experimental tug for gliders and had an expanded radio system so the crew could communicate with the glider crew by way of the tow rope. The R-4 differed from the R-2 in the Jumo 211J powerplant.

3787: 3958: 776: 1504:("cannon-bird"), as it was nicknamed, proved very successful in the hands of Stuka aces such as Rudel. The G-1 was converted from older D-series airframes, retaining the smaller wing, but without the dive brakes. The G-2 was similar to the G-1 except for use of the extended wing of the D-5. 208 G-2s were built and at least a further 22 more were converted from D-3 airframes. Only a handful of production Gs were committed in the 11518: 11546: 1097:, used by a wide variety of Luftwaffe aircraft through most of the war. This increased fuel capacity to 1,080 litres (290 US gal) (500 litres in main fuel tank of which 480 litres were usable + 600 litres from drop tanks). To prevent overload conditions, bomb carrying ability was often restricted to a single 250 kg (550 lb) bomb if the aircraft was fully loaded with fuel. 3548:

tanks, 92 artillery batteries and 21 trains for the loss of 25 Ju 87s to hostile action. At the end of Barbarossa, StG 1 had lost 60 Stukas in aerial combat and one on the ground. StG 2 lost 39 Ju 87s in the air and two on the ground, StG 77 lost 29 of their dive-bombers in the air and three on the ground (25 to enemy action). IV.(St)/LG1, operating from Norway, lost 24 Ju 87s, all in aerial combat.

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largest concentration of German air power since 1940 and even in February 1945 the Germans were able to achieve and challenge for air superiority on the Eastern Front. The air offensive was instrumental in saving Berlin, albeit only for three months. The effort exhausted German fuel reserves. The contribution of the Ju 87 was exemplified by Rudel, who claimed 13 enemy tanks on 8 February 1945.

1708:. Working around the clock, the shortfall was made good. WFG received an official commendation. By May 1942, demand increased further. Chief of Procurement General Walter Herthel found that each unit needed 100 Ju 87s as standard strength and an average of 20 per month to cover attrition. Not until June–December 1942 did production capacity increase, and 80 Ju 87s were produced per month. 1320:

The window in the floor of the cockpit was reinforced and four, rather than the previous three, aileron hinges were installed. Higher diving speeds were obtained of 650 km/h (400 mph) up to 2,000 m (6,600 ft). The range was recorded as 715 km (444 mi) at ground level and 835 km (519 mi) at 5,000 m (16,000 ft).

1903:, 13 Ju 87s and 26 crew members were lost when they crashed into the ground almost simultaneously. The planes dived through clouds, expecting to release their practice bombs and pull out of the dive once below the cloud ceiling. They were unaware that the ceiling was too low and unexpected ground mist formed, leaving them no time to pull out of the dive. 587:, so Heinkel could communicate with Udet only by telephone. According to this version of the story, Heinkel warned Udet about the propeller's fragility. Udet failed to consider this, so in a dive, the engine oversped and the propeller broke away. Immediately after this incident, Udet announced the Stuka the winner of the development contest. 3765:. The offensive made rapid progress. The Soviets eventually outran their air support, which was unable to use forward, quagmire-filled, airfields. The Germans, who had fallen back on airbases with good facilities and concrete runways, were able to mount uninterrupted attacks against Soviet army columns. Reminiscent of the early years, the 1202:. The prototypes were Ju 87 B-0 airframes powered by Jumo 211 A engines. Owing to delays, the V10 was not completed until March 1938. It first flew on 17 March and was designated Ju 87 C-1. On 12 May, the V11 also flew for the first time. By 15 December 1939, 915 arrested landings on dry land had been made. It was found that the 2862:

fighters because of its low speed, and the very low altitudes at which it ended its dive bomb attacks. The Stuka depended on air superiority, the very thing being contested over Britain. It was withdrawn from attacks on Britain in August after prohibitive losses, leaving the Luftwaffe without precision ground-attack aircraft.

906: 1508:. On the opening day of the offensive, Hans-Ulrich Rudel flew the only "official" Ju 87 G, although a significant number of Ju 87 D variants were fitted with the 37 mm (1.46 in) cannon, and operated as unofficial Ju 87 Gs before the battle. In June 1943, the RLM ordered 20 Ju 87Gs as production variants. 529:, killing Junkers' chief test pilot, Willy Neuenhofen, and his engineer, Heinrich Kreft. The square twin fins and rudders proved too weak; they collapsed and the aircraft crashed after it entered an inverted spin during the testing of the terminal dynamic pressure in a dive. The crash prompted a change to a single 1481:, after achieving success against Soviet tanks with the 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon. These gun pods were fitted to a Ju 87 D-1, W.Nr 2552. The first flight of the machine took place on 31 January 1943, piloted by Stepp. The continuing problems with about two dozen of the Ju 88P-1 and slow development of the 668:

ground level, and a flying weight of 4,300 kg (9,500 lb). Performance in the diving attack was enhanced by the introduction of dive brakes under each wing, which allowed the Ju 87 to maintain a constant speed and allow the pilot to steady his aim. It also prevented the crew from suffering extreme

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because both sides suffered heavy losses, the Stuka was withdrawn after 16 were destroyed and many others damaged. According to the Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe, 59 Stukas had been destroyed and 33 damaged to varying degrees in six weeks of operations. Over 20% of the total Stuka strength had

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In total, 89 merchantmen (of 126,518 grt) were lost, and of 40 RN destroyers used in the battle, eight were sunk (one to an E-boat and one to a submarine), and a further 23 damaged and out of service. The campaign ended after the French surrender on 25 June 1940. Allied air power had been ineffective

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Despite initial production issues with the Ju 87, the RLM ordered 216 Ju 87 A-1s into production and wanted to receive delivery of all machines between January 1936 and 1938. The Junkers production capacity was fully occupied and licensing to other production facilities became necessary. The first 35

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driven by propellers with a diameter of 0.7 m (2.3 ft) The devices caused a loss of 20–25 km/h (12–15 mph) through drag, and over time the sirens were no longer installed on many units, although they remained in use to various extent. As an alternative, some bombs were fitted with

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plant. It was discovered that the highest load a pilot could endure was 8.5 g for three seconds, when the aircraft was pushed to its limit by the centrifugal forces. At less than 4 g, no visual problems or loss of consciousness were experienced. Above 6 g, 50% of pilots suffered visual

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pullout. Once the nose was above the horizon, dive brakes were retracted, the throttle was opened, and the propeller was set to climb. The pilot regained control and resumed normal flight. The coolant flaps had to be reopened quickly to prevent overheating. The automatic pull-out was not liked by all

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of code LI+KU from 1./St.G.5, and was recovered to the United Kingdom in 1998, have also been incorporated. The project was displayed in November 2018 and the restoration was stated to take between 18 months and two years to complete. Work will be conducted in a display hangar to allow the public to

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also included substantial use of the Ju 87 units, although again, unsuccessful in stemming the advances. Stuka units were with the loss of air superiority, becoming vulnerable on the ground as well. Some Stuka aces were lost this way. In the aftermath of Kursk, Stuka strength fell to 184 aircraft in

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saw action in the opening phase of the Italian invasion of Greece in October 1940. Their numbers were low and ineffective in comparison to German operations. The Italian forces were quickly pushed back. By early 1941, the Greeks had pushed into Italian-occupied Albania. Once again, Hitler decided to

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In January 1938, three Ju 87 As from the Legion Condor arrived. Several problems became evident—the spatted undercarriage sank into muddy airfield surfaces, and the spats were temporarily removed. The maximum 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb load could only be carried if the gunner vacated his seat,

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Production of the D-1 variant started in 1941 with 495 ordered. These aircraft were delivered between May 1941 and March 1942. The RLM wanted 832 machines produced from February 1941. The Weserflug company was tasked with their production. From June to September 1941, 40 Ju 87 Ds were expected to be

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The Ju 87 B series was to be the first mass-produced variant. A total of six pre-production Ju 87 B-0 were produced, built from Ju 87 A airframes. The first production version was the Ju 87 B-1, with a considerably larger engine, its Jumo 211D generating 1,200 PS (883 kW or 1,184 hp),

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The Ju 87 was capable of carrying a 500 kg (1,100 lb) bomb, but only if not carrying the rear gunner/radio operator as, even with the Jumo 210D, the Ju 87 was still underpowered for operations with more than a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb load. All Ju 87 As were restricted to 250 kg

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sections had smooth leading and trailing edges. The pilot could adjust the elevator and rudder trim tabs in flight, and the tail was connected to the landing flaps, which were positioned in two parts between the ailerons and fuselage. The A-0 also had a flatter engine cowling, which gave the pilot a

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of pilots could withstand 8 g and perhaps 9 g for three to five seconds without vision defects which, under war conditions, was acceptable. During tests with the Ju 87 A-2, new technologies were tried out to reduce the effects of g. The pressurised cabin was of great importance during this

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Post-war research revealed that generally, bombing pilots were far less effective than they claimed. The German Luftwaffe, in particular, did not do a scientific analysis of the Ju 87 pilot claims in 1939–1945 but instead relied on pre-war tests and assumptions, contrary to the Allies who did such

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commenced on 7 April. The Luftwaffe committed StG 1, 2 and 77 to the campaign. The Stuka once again spearheaded the air assault, with a front line strength of 300 machines, against minimal Yugoslav resistance in the air, allowing the Stukas to develop a fearsome reputation in this region. Operating

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to heavy attack. The crews were confident that they could sink it as the flight deck had an area of about 6,500 m (70,000 sq ft). On 10 January 1941, the Stuka crews were told that four direct hits with 500 kg (1,100 lb) bombs would be enough to sink the carrier. The Ju 87s

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six Polish divisions trapped by encircling German forces were forced to surrender after a relentless four-day bombardment by StG 51, 76 and 77. Employed in this assault were 50 kg (110 lb) fragmentation bombs, which caused appalling casualties to the Polish ground troops. Demoralised, the

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The range of the B-2 was insufficient, and dropped in favor of the Ju 87 R long-range versions in the second half of 1940. The 105 R-1s were converted to R-2 status and a further 616 production R-2s were ordered. In May 1941, the development of the D-1 was planned and was ordered into production by

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Pilots were also asked to complete the new "Blind Flying Certificate 3", which was especially introduced for this new type of operation. Pilots were trained at night, over unfamiliar terrain, and forced to rely on their instruments for direction. The Ju 87's standard Revi C12D gunsight was replaced

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to "place no particular value on the production of the D-2". The D-3 was an improved D-1 with more armour for its ground-attack role. Some Ju 87 D-3s were designated D-3N or D-3 trop and fitted with night or tropical equipment. The D-4 designation applied to a prototype torpedo-bomber version,

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with a flare gun, signal ammunition and other emergency supplies. A quick fuel dump mechanism and two inflatable 750 L (200 US gal) bags in each wing and a further two 500 L (130 US gal) bags in the fuselage enabled the Ju 87 C to remain afloat for up to three days in calm seas.

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The A-1 differed from the A-0 only slightly. As well as the installation of the Jumo 210D, the A-1 had two 220 L (58 US gal; 48 imp gal) fuel tanks built into the inner wing, but it was not armoured or protected. The A-1 was also intended to be fitted with four 7.92 mm

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A ‘Stuka’ wreck was discovered in 2014 near the island of Žirje in Croatia. It belonged to JU 87R-2 group from 239 squad of the Italian Royal Air Force. On April 12, 1941, during the Balkans Campaign in World War II, it was attacking the Kingdom of Yugoslavia's torpedo boats together with two more

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and it was repainted and modified to resemble a 1940 variant of the Ju 87. The engine was found to be in excellent condition and there was little difficulty in starting it, but returning the aircraft to airworthiness was considered too costly for the filmmakers and, ultimately, models were used in

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On 28 July 1943, strike and bomber production was to be scaled down, and fighter and bomber destroyer production given priority. On 3 August 1943, Milch contradicted this and declared that this increase in fighter production would not affect production of the Ju 87, Ju 188, Ju 288 and Ju 290. This

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production delayed production of the Ju 87 D. The Weserflug plant in Lemwerder experienced production shortfalls. This prompted Milch to visit and threaten the company into meeting the RLM's Ju 87 D-1 requirements on 23 February 1942. To meet these demands, 700 skilled workers were needed. Skilled

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at the end of the war, and the records were lost or destroyed. A main piece of equipment, hereto not installed in the Ju 87, was the FuG 101 Electronic Radio Altimeter. This was used to measure height. Some Ju 87s also used FuG 16Z transmitter/receiver set to augment the FuG 25 IFF (Identification

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The Ju 87 D-5 was based on the D-3 design and was unique in the Ju 87 series as it had wings 0.6 metres (2 ft) longer than previous variants. The two 7.92 mm MG 17 wing guns were exchanged for more powerful 20 mm MG 151/20s to better suit the aircraft's ground-attack role.

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winch was too weak and had to be replaced. Tests showed the average braking distance was 20–35 metres (66–115 ft). The Ju 87 V11 was designated C-0 on 8 October 1938. It was fitted out with standard Ju 87 C-0 equipment and better wing-folding mechanisms. The "carrier Stuka" was to be built at

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had a better acceleration rate, and could climb away from the target area much more quickly, avoiding enemy ground and air defences. Richthofen stated that any maximum speed below 350 km/h (220 mph) was unacceptable for those reasons. Pilots also complained that navigation and powerplant

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were invited to watch Udet perform a trial flight in May 1934 at the Jüterbog artillery range, it raised doubts about the capability of the dive bomber. Udet began his dive at 1,000 m (3,300 ft) and released his 1 kg (2.2 lb) bombs at 100 m (330 ft), barely recovering

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training area. Stepp noted the increase in drag, which reduced the aircraft's speed to 259 km/h (161 mph). Stepp also noted that the aircraft was also less agile than the existing D variants. D-1 and D-3 variants operated in combat with the 37 mm (1.5 in) BK 37 cannon in 1943.

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The engine and propeller had automatic controls, and an auto-trimmer made the aircraft tail-heavy as the pilot rolled over into his dive, lining up red lines at 60°, 75° or 80° on the cockpit side window with the horizon and aiming at the target with the sight of the fixed gun. The heavy bomb was

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The control surfaces operated in much the same way as other aircraft, with the exception of the innovative automatic pull-out system. Releasing the bomb initiated the pull-out, or automatic recovery and climb, upon the deflection of the dive brakes. The pilot could override the system by exerting

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In accordance with the Aircraft Certification Centre for "Stress Group 5", the Ju 87 had reached the acceptable structural strength requirements for a dive bomber. It was able to withstand diving speeds of 600 km/h (370 mph) and a maximum level speed of 340 km/h (210 mph) near

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Fs in minutes. According to Ring and Shores there were 15 Ju 87s on the mission, 2 Squadron SAAF shot down eight with four probable and three were shot down by 57th Fighter Group. Two South-African and one American lost shot down by German fighter escort. Three Stuka crews were captured, one was

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Production of the Ju 87 B started in 1937. 89 B-1s were to be built at Junkers' factory in Dessau and another 40 at the Weserflug plant in Lemwerder by July 1937. Production would be carried out by the Weserflug company after April 1938, but Junkers continued producing Ju 87 up until March 1940.

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These problems were to be resolved by installing the DB 600 engine, but delays in development forced the installation of the Jumo 210 D inverted V-12 engine. Flight testing began on 14 August 1936. Subsequent testing and progress fell short of Richthofen's hopes, although the machine's speed was

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was able to inflict high losses largely unopposed. Over 800 vehicles were destroyed within two weeks. In the first three days of February 1945, 2,000 vehicles and 51 tanks were claimed to be lost to German air attacks. The Ju 87 participated in these intense battles in small numbers. It was the

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in its drive toward Moscow. From 13 to 22 December 420 vehicles and 23 tanks were destroyed by StG 77, greatly improving the morale of the German infantry, who were by now on the defensive. StG 77 finished the campaign as the most effective dive bomber wing. It had destroyed 2,401 vehicles, 234

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had proved a potent ground attack weapon, but its large fuel tanks made it vulnerable to enemy fire, prompting the RLM to say, "that in the shortest possible time a replacement of the Hs 129 type must take place." With Soviet tanks the priority targets, the development of a further variant as a

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in Sweden and secretly brought to Germany in late 1934. It was to have been completed in April 1935, but, due to the inadequate strength of the airframe, construction took until October 1935. The mostly complete Ju 87 V1 W.Nr. 4921 (less non-essential parts) took off for its maiden flight on 17

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The Battle of Britain proved for the first time that the Junkers Ju 87 was vulnerable in hostile skies against well-organised and determined fighter opposition. The Ju 87, like other dive bombers, was slow and possessed inadequate defences. Furthermore, it could not be effectively protected by

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Overall, 550 Ju 87 As and B2s were completed at the Junkers factory in Dessau. Production of the Ju 87 R and D variants was transferred to the Weserflug company, which produced 5,930 of the 6,500 Ju 87s produced in total. During the course of the war, little damage was done to the WFG plant at

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production was scaled down and licence work had shut down at WFG. Production now reached 150 Ju 87 D airframes per month, but spare parts were failing to reach the same production levels. Undercarriage parts were in particularly short supply. Milch ordered production to 350 Ju 87s per month in

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The need to equip night units and the phasing out of Ju 87s from ground attack groups in favour of the Fw 190, enabled the use of D-5 airframes awaiting repair and D-7 and 8s already in conversion units. The latter variants were either conversions or modified D-1 and D-3 air frames. Adding the

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The D-6, according to "Operating instructions, works document 2097", was built in limited numbers to train pilots on "rationalised versions". Due to shortages in raw materials, it did not go into mass production. The D-7 was another ground attack aircraft based on D-1 airframes upgraded to D-5

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powerplant was to be installed in the Ju 87 D-1, but it did not have the power of the Jumo 211 and performed "poorly" during tests and was dropped. The Ju 87 D-series featured two coolant radiators underneath the inboard sections of the wings, while the oil cooler was relocated to the position

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The second prototype had a redesigned single vertical stabiliser and a 610 PS (601.7 hp; 448.7 kW) Jumo 210 A engine installed, and later the Jumo 210Da. The first A series variant, the A-0, was of all-metal construction, with an enclosed cockpit under a "greenhouse" well-framed

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The fuel system comprised two fuel tanks between the main (forward) and rear spars of the (inner) anhedral wing section of the port and starboard wings, each with 240-litre (63 US gal) capacity. The tanks also had a predetermined limit which, if passed, would warn the pilot via a red

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Despite being chosen, the design was still lacking and drew frequent criticism from Wolfram von Richthofen. Testing of the V4 prototype (A Ju 87 A-0) in early 1937 revealed several problems. The Ju 87 could take off in 250 m (820 ft) and climb to 1,875 m (6,152 ft) in eight

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waves (accompanied by He 111s) achieved several near misses, but were unable to obtain a hit. Nevertheless, Wells ordered that no ship was to operate within range of the Ju 87s' Norwegian airfields. The Ju 87s had, in effect, driven British sea power from the Norwegian coast. Moreover, Victor

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The Ju 87 R-2 had the same airframe as the B-2, and strengthened to ensure it could withstand dives of 600 km/h (370 mph). The Jumo 211D in-line engine was installed, replacing the R-1s Jumo 211A. Due to an increase in overall weight by 700 kg (1,500 lb), the Ju 87 R-2 was

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Flying at 4,600 m (15,100 ft), the pilot located his target through a bombsight window in the cockpit floor. The pilot moved the dive lever to the rear, limiting the "throw" of the control column. The dive brakes were activated automatically, the pilot set the trim tabs, reduced his

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with an extremely high rate of fire was installed in the rear defensive position. Engine power was increased again, the Jumo 211J now delivering 1,420 PS (1,044 kW or 1,400 hp). Bomb carrying ability was nearly quadrupled from 500 kg (1,100 lb) in the B-version to

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and it's the only one that you can dive truly vertically. Sometimes with the dive-bombers ... maximum dive is usually in the order of 60 degrees ... When flying the Stuka, because it's all automatic, you are really flying vertically ... The Stuka was in a class of its own."

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Once the Stuka became too vulnerable to fighter opposition on all fronts, work was done to develop a replacement. None of the dedicated close-support designs on the drawing board progressed far due to the impact of the war and technological difficulties. So the Luftwaffe settled on the

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As with the Ju 87 A-0, the B-1s were returned discreetly to the Reich. The experience of the Spanish Civil War proved invaluable—air and ground crews perfected their skills, and equipment was evaluated under combat conditions. The Ju 87 had however not been tested against numerous and

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The Luftwaffe benefited from excellent ground-to-air communications throughout the campaign. Radio equipped forward liaison officers could call upon the Stukas and direct them to attack enemy positions along the axis of advance. In some cases the Stukas responded in 10–20 minutes.

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In the wake of the defeat at Kursk, Ju 87s played a vital defensive role on the southern wing of the Eastern Front. To combat the Luftwaffe, the Soviets could deploy 3,000 fighter aircraft. As a result, the Stukas suffered heavily. SG 77 lost 30 Ju 87s in August 1943 as did SG 2

1093:, "(operational) range". They were primarily intended for anti-shipping missions. The Ju 87 R had a B-series airframe with an additional oil tank and fuel lines to the outer wing stations to permit the use of two 300 litres (79 US gal) standardised capacity under-wing 1198:. The type was ordered into prototype production and available for testing in January 1938. Testing was given two months and was to begin in February and end in April 1938. The prototype V10 was to be a fixed wing test aircraft, while the following V11 would be modified with 1489:-based, autoloading Bordkanone 7,5 7.5 cm (2.95 in) cannon in a conformal gun pod beneath the fuselage, meant the Ju 87G was put into production. In April 1943, the first production Ju 87 G-1s were delivered to front line units. The two 37 mm (1.46 in) 659:

The airframe was also subdivided into sections to allow transport by road or rail. The wings were of standard Junkers double-wing construction. This gave the Ju 87 considerable advantage on take-off; even at a shallow angle, large lift forces were created through the

7568:

There are historical recordings of Stukas that date before the war and that sound has been recycled over the generations for movies and TV shows. It's often used as the classic dive bomber sound, or plane crashing sound, or for an anvil dropping on Wile E. Coyote's

926:

The RLM ordered seven A-0s initially, but then increased the order to 11. Early in 1937, the A-0 was tested with varied bomb loads. The underpowered Jumo 210A, as pointed out by von Richthofen, was insufficient, and was quickly replaced with the Jumo 210D engine.

2571:

from Groupe de Chasse I/5 (Group Interception) attacked a formation of Ju 87s, claiming 11 out of 12 unescorted Ju 87s without loss (the Germans recorded six losses over Sedan entire). For the most part, Allied opposition was disorganised. During the battles of

1674:

Ju 87 A-1s were therefore produced by the Weser Flugzeugbau (WFG). By 1 September 1939, 360 Ju 87 As and Bs had been built by the Junkers factories at Dessau and Weserflug factory in Lemwerder near Bremen. By 30 September 1939, Junkers had received 2,365,196

1424:

With the G variant, the ageing airframe of the Ju 87 found new life as an anti-tank aircraft. This was the final operational version of the Stuka, and was deployed on the Eastern Front. The reverse in German military fortunes after 1943 and the appearance of

914:

canopy; bearing twin radio masts on its aft sections, diagonally mounted to either side of the airframe's planform centreline and unique to the -A version. To ease the difficulty of mass production, the leading edge of the wing was straightened out and the

4705:

Figures are debated. Griehl cites additions of Chief engineer Pichon's list. This indicates 5,930 produced. Griehl points out this may include all machines, even those that were incomplete. Junkers records give 5,126 aircraft delivered to the Luftwaffe.

882:

were equipped for dive bombing. The Heinkel He 177 strategic bomber was initially supposed to have dive bombing capabilities, a requirement that contributed to the failure of the design, with the requirement not rescinded until September 1942 by Göring.

3296:

strength only, often jettisoning their bombs at the first sight of enemy aircraft. Adding to this trouble, the German fighters had only enough fuel to cover the Ju 87s on takeoff, their most vulnerable point. After that, the Stukas were on their own.

1259:

formerly occupied by the single, undernose "chin" coolant radiator. The D-series also introduced an aerodynamically refined cockpit with better visibility and space. Armour protection was increased and a new dual-barrel 7.92 mm (.312 in)

1064:

The Ju 87 B-2s that followed had some improvements and were built in several variants that included ski-equipped versions (the B-1 also had this modification) and at the other end, with a tropical operation kit called the Ju 87 B-2 trop. Italy's

1282:

The D-2 was a variant used as a glider tug by converting older D-series airframes. It was intended as the tropical version of the D-1 and had heavier armour to protect the crew from ground fire. The armour reduced its performance and caused the

862:

research. Testing revealed that at high altitude, even 2 g could cause death in an unpressurised cabin and without appropriate clothing. This new technology, along with special clothing and oxygen masks, was researched and tested. When the

923:

much better field of vision. In order for the engine cowling to be flattened, the engine was set down nearly 0.25 m (9.8 in). The fuselage was also lowered along with the gunner's position, allowing the gunner a better field of fire.

2901:. After a lull, anti-shipping operations attacks were resumed by some Ju 87 units from 1 November 1940, as part of the new winter tactic of enforcing a blockade. Over the next 10 days, seven merchant ships were sunk or damaged, mainly in the 357:, held the opinion that any dive-bomber design needed to be simple and robust. This led to many technical innovations, such as the retractable undercarriage being discarded in favour of one of the Stuka's distinctive features, its fixed and " 1682:

records in Berlin, by the end of the financial year on 30 September 1941, 3,059,000 RM had been spent on Ju 87 airframes. By 30 June 1940, 697 Ju 87 B-1s and 129 B-2s alone had been produced. Another 105 R-1s and seven R-2s had been built.

788:, the automatic dive recovery system would be activated. The Stuka dived at a 60–90° angle, holding a constant speed of 500–600 km/h (310–370 mph) due to dive-brake deployment, which increased the accuracy of the Ju 87's aim. 1625:("night battle groups"—NSGr) had been formed, flying a multitude of different types of aircraft, including the Ju 87, which proved itself ideally suited to the low-level slow flying needed. NSGr 1 and 2 fought with some success on the 724:. The powerplant was cooled by a 10-litre (2.6 US gal), ring-shaped aluminium water container situated between the propeller and engine. A further container of 20-litre (5.3 US gal) was positioned under the engine. 3774:

research during the war, which showed that pilots, for a number of reasons, misjudged most of their tank kills and revealed the ineffectiveness of dive-bombers as an anti-tank weapon, except for the suppression effect of the bombing.

3096:

unmolested, they took a heavy toll of ground forces, suffering only light losses to ground fire. The effectiveness of the dive bombers helped bring about Yugoslav capitulation in ten days. The Stukas also took a peripheral part in

1979:

Bruno Dilly carried out the first bombing attack of the war. The Stukas attacked 11 minutes before the official German declaration of hostilities and hit the targets. The Ju 87s achieved complete success. The mission failed as the

1894:

All Stuka units were moved to Germany's eastern border in preparation for the invasion of Poland. On the morning of 15 August 1939, during a mass-formation dive-bombing demonstration for high-ranking commanders of the Luftwaffe at

2260:. On 27 April, a bomb passed through the quarterdeck, a wardroom, a water tank and 4-inch (10.2 cm) ammunition magazine and out through the hull to explode in the fjord. The muffled explosion limited the damage to her hull. 2250:

were subjected to lengthy attacks which badly damaged the former for one Ju 87 lost. A witness later said, "they threatened to take our masthead with them in every screaming nerve-racking dive". The same fate nearly befell the

747:

pattern along the leading edge. The shape of the wing improved the pilot's ground visibility and also allowed a shorter undercarriage height. The centre section protruded by only 3 m (9 ft 10 in) on either side.

1434:

successor to the Ju 87D began in November 1942. On 3 November, Milch raised the question of replacing the Ju 87, or redesigning it altogether. It was decided to keep the design as it was, but the power-plant was upgraded to a

891:

fighter aircraft, with the Fw 190F becoming the ground-attack version. The Fw 190F started to replace the Ju 87 for day missions in 1943, but the Ju 87 continued to be used as a night nuisance-raider until the end of the war.

784:

throttle and closed the coolant flaps. The aircraft then rolled 180°, automatically nosing the aircraft into a dive. Red tabs protruded from the upper surfaces of the wing as a visual indicator to the pilot that, in case of a

1858:, five days before the city was captured by the Nationalists. 29 Republican fighters were defending the city. There were more than 100 aircraft operating over the city and, while a Ju 87 was dive-bombing a ship, a Republican 3645:

holders. StG 77 lost 24 Ju 87s in the period 5–31 July (StG had lost 23 in July–December 1942), while StG 2 lost another 30 aircraft in the same period. In September 1943, three of the Stuka units were re-equipped with the

1324:

standard (armour, wing cannons, extended wing panels), while the D-8 was similar to the D-7 but based on D-3 airframes. The D-7 and D-8 were both were fitted with exhaust flame dampers, and could conduct night operations.

3605:, Stukas flew thousands of sorties against Soviet positions in the city. StG 1, 2 and 77 flew 320 sorties on 14 October 1942. As the German Sixth Army pushed the Soviets into a 1,000-metre enclave on the west bank of the 2016:

airfield; its pilot, Captain Mieczysław Medwecki, was killed. In air-to-air combat, Ju 87 formations were well protected by German fighter aircraft and losses were light against the tenacious, but short lived opposition.

2315:. All ships were targeted. Armed trawlers were used under the German air umbrella in an attempt to make smaller targets. Such craft were not armoured or armed. The Ju 87s demonstrated this on 30 April when they sank the 3275:

invasion of French North Africa made the situation far worse; the Stuka was obsolete in what was now a fighter-bomber's war. The Bf 109 and Fw 190 could at least fight enemy fighters on equal terms after dropping their

692:

cover which could be breached by the crew in an emergency, enabling them to escape into the main fuselage. The canopy was split into two sections and joined by a strong welded steel frame. The canopy itself was made of

1578:

P engine was installed in some cases. It took 2,170 technicians and workers to carry out the conversions. Total figures for conversions to night flying operations are unknown. The company's equipment was seized by the

1100:

The Ju 87 R-1 had a B-1 airframe with the exception of a modification in the fuselage which enabled an additional oil tank. This was installed to feed the engine due to the increase in range with the extra fuel tanks.

3576:, half the landing force was destroyed, while sea lanes were blocked by the Stukas inflicting heavy losses on Soviet shipping. The Ju 87's effectiveness against Soviet armour was not yet potent. Later versions of the 2924:. By spring 1941, only St.G 1 with 30 Ju 87s remained facing the United Kingdom. Operations on a small scale continued throughout the winter months into March. Targets included ships at sea, the Thames Estuary, the 2460:

demonstrated its accuracy when the small building was destroyed by four direct hits. As a result, only one of the three bridges was destroyed, allowing the German Army to rapidly advance in the opening days of the

1308:. Other modifications included a flame eliminator and, unlike earlier D variants, two 20 mm MG 151/20 cannon, while the radio operator/rear gunner's ammunition supply was increased by 1,000 to 2,000 rounds. 2219:

was run aground and scuttled. The Stuka wings were now equipped with the new Ju 87 R, which differed from the Ju 87 B by having increased internal fuel capacity and two 300l underwing drop tanks for more range.

811:

known to Stuka pilots as "seeing stars". They lose vision while remaining conscious; after five seconds, they black out. The Ju 87 pilots experienced the visual impairments most during "pull-up" from a dive.

3691:(SG) wings, reflecting their ground-attack role, as these combat wings were now also using ground-attack aircraft, such as the Fw 190F-series aircraft. The Luftwaffe's dive-bomber units had ceased to exist. 1254:, the Luftwaffe had no choice but to continue its development, as there was no replacement aircraft in sight. The result was the D-series. In June 1941, the RLM ordered five prototypes, the Ju 87 V21–25. A 1927:

records indicate a total force of 366 Ju 87 A and Bs were available for operations on 31 August 1939. The first Ju 87 operation was to destroy Polish demolition charges fixed to the rail bridges over the

1574:

company (Menibum) converted approximately 300 Ju 87D-3 and 5s to night versions. Dive-brakes were removed there, while gun muzzles and dampers were installed to eliminate exhaust and muzzle flash. The

467:. Nevertheless, development continued at Junkers. Udet's "growing love affair" with the dive bomber pushed it to the forefront of German aviation development. Udet went so far as to advocate that all 2635:(3,047) followed. The Ju 87s operated to maximum effectiveness when the weather allowed. RAF fighter units were held back and Allied air cover was patchy at best. On 29 May the Royal Navy destroyer 368:

Karl Plauth (Plauth was killed in a flying accident in November 1927), and produced the Ju A 48, which underwent testing on 29 September 1928. The military version of the Ju A 48 was designated the

4138:

in May 1945. It is thought to have been built in 1943–1944 as a D-5 before being rebuilt as a G-2 variant, possibly by fitting G-2 outer wings to a D-5 airframe. The wings have the hard-points for

3471:

The Ju 87 took a huge toll on Soviet ground forces, helping to break up counterattacks of Soviet armour, eliminating strongpoints and disrupting the enemy supply lines. A demonstration of the Stuka

3104:. The dive bombers were to attack airfields and anti-aircraft gun positions as the level bombers struck civilian targets. Belgrade was badly damaged, with 2,271 people killed and 12,000 injured. 2223:

The Stukas had numerous successes against Allied naval vessels and in particular the Royal Navy which posed a formidable threat to German naval and coastal operations. The British heavy cruiser

1275:

The internal fuel capacity of the Ju 87 D was raised to 800 L (of which 780 L were usable) by adding wing tanks while retaining the option to carry two 300 L drop tanks. Tests at

804:

later said that he and his unit disconnected the system because it allowed the enemy to predict the Ju 87's recovery pattern and height, making it easier for ground defences to hit an aircraft.

572:

that the Ju 87 stood little chance of becoming the Luftwaffe's main dive bomber, as it was underpowered in his opinion. On 9 June 1936, the RLM ordered cessation of development in favour of the

7483: 4180:. It was abandoned in North Africa and found by British forces in 1941. The Ju 87 was donated by the British government and sent to the US during the war. It was fully restored in 1974 by the 3658:

continued to operate with great success throughout 1943–45, operating the Ju 87 G variants equipped with 37 mm cannons, which became tank killers, although in increasingly small numbers.

1882:

mounting, hit one pilot (Heinz Bohne) in both legs and the Stuka crashed, seriously injuring Bohne, and his machine gunner, Albert Conrad. Those two were the only Stuka casualties of the war.

11071: 4755: 4215:, which was built in 1941 and served with Stukageschwader 5. Shot down in April 1942 on a mission to bomb Murmansk, it was recovered in 1992. The wreck was purchased by New Zealand collector 3580:

tank could withstand Stuka attacks in general, unless a direct hit was scored but the Soviet 44th Army had only obsolescent types with thin armour which were nearly all destroyed. During the

1438:, and two 37 mm (1.5 in) cannons were added. The variant was also designed to carry a 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) free-fall bomb load. Furthermore, the armoured protection of the 596:

minutes with a 250 kg (550 lb) bomb load, and its cruising speed was 250 km/h (160 mph). Richthofen pushed for a more powerful engine. According to the test pilots, the

739:

The wing was the most unusual feature. It consisted of a single centre section and two outer sections, each installed using four universal joints. The centre section had a large negative

688:. The cockpit was protected from the engine by a firewall ahead of the wing centre section where the fuel tanks were located. At the rear of the cockpit, the bulkhead was covered by a 704:. The frame structure was triangulated and emanated from the fuselage. The main frames were bolted onto the engine's top quarter. In turn, the frames were attached to the firewall by 4311: 3138:, the Ju 87s also played a significant role. On 21–22 May 1941, the Germans attempted to send in reinforcements to Crete by sea but lost 10 vessels to "Force D" under the command of 3271:. As the tide turned and Allied air power grew in the autumn of 1942, the Ju 87 became very vulnerable and losses were heavy. The entry of the Americans into North Africa with the 2870:

been lost between 8 and 18 August; and the myth of the Stuka shattered. The Ju 87s did succeed in sinking six warships, 14 merchant ships, badly damaging seven airfields and three

2162:

began on 9 April 1940 with the invasions of Norway and Denmark. Denmark capitulated within the day; Norway continued to resist with British and French help. The campaign was not a

3753:

In the final months of the war the ground attack groups were still able to impose operational constraints upon the enemy. Most notably the aircraft participated in the defence of

2180:. The Ju 87s were given the role of ground attack and anti-shipping missions; they proved to be the most effective weapon in the Luftwaffe's armoury carrying out the latter task. 1842:

therefore the bomb load was restricted to 250 kg (550 lb). These aircraft supported the Nationalist forces and carried out anti-shipping missions until they returned to

295:

in 1940. Though sturdy, accurate, and very effective against ground targets, the Stuka was, like many other dive bombers of the period, vulnerable to fighter aircraft. During the

3487:, the Ju 87s again rendered invaluable support. On 13 September, Stukas from StG 1 destroyed the rail network in the vicinity as well as inflicting heavy casualties on escaping 3389:

On 22 June 1941, the Wehrmacht commenced Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union. The Luftwaffe order of battle of 22 June 1941 contained four dive bomber wings.

2786:'s III. Gruppe, Sturzkampfgeschwader 51 and Sturzkampfgeschwader 3's I. Gruppe were committed to the battle. As an anti-shipping weapon, the Ju 87 proved a potent weapon in the 1426: 3746:. The unit claimed 200 Soviet tanks and 150 Soviet aircraft destroyed for 41 losses. By 31 January 1945, only 104 Ju 87s remained operational with their units. The other mixed 1756:, a fighter pilot with operational and combat experience in ground attack, said that abandoning development would be premature, but 150 machines per month would be sufficient. 3698:, a role it had proved successful in when operating in the Mediterranean. In October 1943, this became evident again when StG 3 carried out several attacks against the Soviet 1300:

of 848 kg (1,870 lb). The D-4 was to be converted from D-3 airframes and, in place of the carrier-specific Ju 87C series designs, operated from the aircraft carrier

3742:, a mixed aircraft unit, which included large numbers of Stuka dive bombers, was rushed to the Finnish front in the summer of 1944 and was instrumental in halting the Soviet 4335: 1737: 4347: 4146:. The aircraft was stored and displayed at various RAF sites until 1978, when it was moved to the RAF Museum. In 1967, permission was given to use the aircraft in the film 3654:(attack wings). In the face of overwhelming air opposition, the dive-bomber required heavy protection from German fighters to counter Soviet fighters. Some units like SG 2 3300:

The dive bombers continued operations in southern Europe; after the Italian surrender in September 1943, the Ju 87 participated in the last campaign-sized victory over the

2399:. The town fell in the first week of May. In the remaining four weeks of the campaign in Norway, the Ju 87s supported German forces in containing the Allied land forces in 2205:, but the defenders did not surrender until after Oslo had been captured. As a result, the German naval operation failed. StG 1 caught the 735 ton Norwegian destroyer 874:

The concept of dive bombing became so popular among the leadership of the Luftwaffe that it became almost obligatory in new aircraft designs. Later bomber models like the

3750:

units contained a further 70 Ju 87s and Fw 190s between them. Chronic fuel shortages kept the Stukas grounded and sorties decreased until the end of the war in May 1945.

3491:

columns, for the loss of one Ju 87. On 23 September, Rudel (who was to become the most decorated serviceman in the Wehrmacht) of StG 2, helped sink the Soviet battleship

1279:

revealed it made possible a flight duration of 2 hours and 15 minutes. With an extra two 300 L (80 US gal) fuel tanks, it could achieve four hours flight time.

1264:

1,800 kg (4,000 lb) in the D-version (max. load for short ranges, overload condition), a typical bomb load ranged from 500–1,200 kg (1,100–2,600 lb).

1036: 564:

engine, which a year later was replaced by a Jumo 210 G (W.Nr. 19310). The testing went well, and the pilot, Flight Captain Hesselbach, praised its performance. However,

248:

victories of 1939–1942, as well as providing Stuka pilots with audible feedback as to speed. The Stuka's design included several innovations, including automatic pull-up

2810:. Six more were damaged. That afternoon, 33 Ju 87s delivered the single most deadly air assault on British territory in history, when 33 Ju 87s of III./StG 51, avoiding 605:

increased to 280 km/h (170 mph) at ground level and 290 km/h (180 mph) at 1,250 m (4,100 ft), while maintaining its good handling ability.

322:, the Stuka became an easy target for enemy fighters, but it continued being produced until 1944 for lack of a better replacement. By 1945 ground-attack versions of the 4382:

and Richard H. Kurzenberger. Langhurst's aircraft ended up with the Commemorative Air Force. Kurzenburger's was written off in a crash that killed the pilot in 2000.

1827:

harbour on the night of 1 August 1936, arriving in Cádiz five days later. The only known information pertaining to its combat career in Spain is that it was piloted by

568:, in charge of developing and testing new aircraft in the Technisches Amt, or Technical Service, told the Junkers representative and Construction Office chief engineer 486:

exempted the He 177A, Germany's only operational heavy bomber, in September 1942 from being given the task of such a mismatched mission profile for its large airframe.

2893:, closer to the area of the proposed invasion of Britain. On 13 September, the Luftwaffe targeted airfields again, with a small number of Ju 87s crossing the coast at 4323: 2854:

in Kent unhindered. The attack killed the station commander, destroyed 20 RAF aircraft on the ground and a great many of the airfield's buildings. Detling was not an

656:

parts wherever possible, preferring moulded and cast parts instead. Large airframe segments were interchangeable as a complete unit, which increased speed of repair.

601:

instruments were mixed together, and were not easy to read, especially in combat. Despite this, pilots praised the aircraft's handling qualities and strong airframe.

4164: 2998:

in Austria to be trained for dive-bombing aircraft. In the spring of 1940, between 72 and 108 Ju 87 B-1s, some of them ex-Luftwaffe aircraft, were delivered to 96°

11588: 10739: 10650: 1592:("Night revi") C12N. On some Ju 87s, the Revi 16D was exchanged for the Nachtrevi 16D. To help the pilot see his instrument panel, a violet light was installed. 1143: : W.Nr 0870028. Prototype of the Ju 87B, powered by a 1,000 PS (735 kW or 986 hp) Jumo 211A. Flown on 23 August 1937 (A-0 to B-0 conversion) 4778:(W.Nr.) means "works number" of the factory. The number can usually be found on the vertical stabiliser of all German military aircraft of the Second World War. 11284: 11145: 2840:

During August, the Ju 87s also had some success. On 13 August the opening of the main German attacks on airfields took place; it was known to the Luftwaffe as

2126:

with several auxiliaries. The Polish naval units trapped in the Baltic were destroyed by Ju 87 operations. Once again, enemy air opposition was light, and the

3625:

The Stuka was also heavily involved in Operation Citadel, the Kursk offensive. The Luftwaffe committed I, II, III./St.G 1 and III./StG 3 under the command of

2078:

had a few anti-shipping naval units such as 4.(St)/TrGr 186 to deal with Polish naval forces. This unit performed effectively, sinking the 1540-ton destroyer

2020:

The Ju 87s reverted to ground attack missions for the campaign after the opening air attacks. Ju 87s were involved in the controversial but effective attacks

3251:

in its two-year campaign in North Africa; its other main task was attacking Allied shipping. In 1941, Ju 87 operations in North Africa were dominated by the

2168:

of fast-moving armoured divisions supported by air power as the mountainous terrain ruled out close Panzer/Stuka cooperation. Instead, the Germans relied on

307: 1559:

radio. A great deal of confusion exists concerning the D-7. Its existence has been questioned, but the type is listed in Junkers company records and in the

479:

A—into having an airframe design (due to Udet examining its design details in November 1937) that could perform "medium angle" dive-bombing missions, until

3855:

operated captured aircraft postwar, five Ju 87 D-5s registrations OK-XAA – OK-XAE - OK-KAC. These were operated by the Czechs under the “B-37" designation.

1649:

in 1945. Photographic evidence exists of 16 NSGr 20 Ju 87s lining up to take-off in the woods circling the Lippe airfield, Germany while under attack from

1570:

A Stuka repair centre was set up at Wels-Lichtenegg. From May 1940 to November 1944, 746 were repaired and flight-tested there. In the winter 1943/44, the

10599: 8992: 2766:

losses were mainly due to ground fire. 120 machines, one-third of the Stuka force, were destroyed or damaged by all causes from 10 May to 25 June 1940.

2051: 4579:, the Jericho trumpets sound "is often used in movies and TV shows as the classic dive bomber sound, plane crashing sound, or for an anvil dropping on 3018:, Allied convoys in Mediterranean and in North Africa (where they took part in conquering Tobruk). They were used by the Regia Aeronautica up to 1942. 2956:

ordered the deployment of German forces to these theatres. Amongst the Luftwaffe contingent deployed was the command unit StG 3, which touched down in

231: 7491: 11061: 10929: 10807: 10783: 10749: 10361: 420:. After Plauth's death, Pohlmann continued the development of the Junkers dive bomber. The Ju A 48 registration D-ITOR, was originally fitted with a 525:

The Ju 87 V1, powered by a Rolls-Royce Kestrel V12 cylinder liquid-cooled engine, and with a twin tail, crashed on 24 January 1936 at Kleutsch near

11140: 10714: 10699: 10376: 10352: 9920: 9773: 8747: 1567:. There was no production "nacht stuka", and modifications could vary according to the sub-contractor and depending on what parts were available. 4142:

gun-pods, but these are not fitted. It was one of 12 captured German aircraft selected by the British for museum preservation and assigned to the

552:

The RLM was still not interested in the Ju 87 and was not impressed that it relied on a British engine. In late 1935, Junkers suggested fitting a

11105: 10659: 9595: 9448: 9302: 1057:

whistles on the fin to produce the noise after release. The trumpets were a suggestion from Udet, but some authors say the idea originated from

866:

occupied the Junkers factory at Dessau on 21 April 1945, they were both impressed at and interested in the medical flight tests with the Ju 87.

11215: 9945: 8522: 8497: 6829: 1705: 2036:

and I./StG 2 destroyed a Polish infantry division de-training there. Troop trains were also easy targets. StG 77 destroyed one such target at

299:

of 1940–1941, its lack of manoeuvrability, speed, or defensive armament meant that it required a heavy fighter escort to operate effectively.

7584:

Arthy, Andrew (October 2021). "Last Days of the Cannon Birds: Luftwaffe Junkers Ju 87G Anti-tank Operations, Eastern Front, April-May 1945".

3825: 3203:

with one hit. As the Battle of Crete drew to a close, the Allies began yet another withdrawal. On 23 May, the Royal Navy lost the destroyers

3328:

bases 500 kilometres (310 mi) away, the Ju 87 helped the German landing forces rapidly conquer the islands. On 5 October the minelayer

3164:, forced the remaining German ships to retreat. The Stukas were called upon to deal with the British naval threat. On 21 May, the destroyer 712:

mesh with dural sheets on both sides. All conduits passing through had to be arranged so that no harmful gases could penetrate the cockpit.

10401: 2994:

was equipped for a while with the Stukas. In 1939, the Italian government asked the RLM to supply 100 Ju 87s. Italian pilots were sent to

1984:

delayed their advance allowing the Poles to carry out repairs and destroy all but one of the bridges before the Germans could reach them.

4153:

the film to represent Stukas. In 1998, the film modifications were removed, and the aircraft returned to the original G-2 configuration.

3385:

The Eastern Front brought new challenges. A Ju 87 B-2 is fitted with ski undercarriage to cope with the winter weather, 22 December 1941.

1806: 961: 8418: 3572:) and two dive bomber groups belonging to StG 77. With air superiority, the Ju 87s operated with impunity. In the first 10 days of the 3527: 1297: 2837:

for remaining at his post despite being mortally wounded. Mantle may have been responsible for the single Ju 87 lost during the raid.

11259: 11244: 10852: 4359: 1874:. On 24 January 1939, a group of Stukas prevented the destruction of a bridge near Barcelona by strafing the demolition engineers on 1556: 652:

The Ju 87 was fitted with detachable hatches and removable coverings to aid and ease maintenance and overhaul. The designers avoided

3368:

was also sunk by Ju 87s before the capitulation of the Allied force. It proved to be the Stuka's final victory against the British.

2683:(1,564 and 1,567 tons) were sunk also. By 29 May, the Allies had lost 31 vessels sunk and 11 damaged. On 1 June the Ju 87s sank the 11598: 4208: 4177: 4076: 2033: 537:, was fitted to the fuselage. Other early additions included the installation of hydraulic dive brakes that were fitted under the 11408: 8985: 3492: 2913:

went out against another convoy; as no targets were found over the estuary, the Stukas attacked Dover, their alternative target.

1832: 633:, and the external coverings were made of duralumin sheeting. Parts that were required to be of strong construction, such as the 11378:

Note: Official RLM designations had the prefix "8-", but this was usually dropped and replaced with the manufacturer's prefix.

2940:

A Ju 87 B of 5/StG 2 is examined by British troops after making an emergency landing in the North African desert, December 1941.

2138: 1331:

In January 1943, a variety of Ju 87 Ds became "test beds" for the Ju 87 G variants. At the start of 1943, the coastal Luftwaffe

548:

The Stuka had inverted gull wings, as shown in this photograph. Also visible are the two separate sliding "hoods" of the canopy.

947: 909:

Formation of Ju 87 A dive-bombers, with the A's characteristic large wheel "trousers", each having one transverse bracing strut

720:

via a pump from the tanks to the engine. Should this shut down, it could be pumped manually using a hand-pump on the fuel cock

3730:

Towards the end of the war, as the Allies gained air supremacy, the Stuka was being replaced by ground-attack versions of the

1412: 11608: 11583: 8364: 8350: 8336: 8275: 8180: 8161: 8142: 7998: 7973: 7926: 7810: 7789: 7728: 7667: 7648: 7629: 7610: 2503: 1870:, but the Stuka was capable of landing on the beach without crashing. That was the only time a Stuka attacked the capital of 1302: 2307:

s survivors, was sunk in a later attack with the loss of 63 sailors. 49 officers and men, 13 soldiers and 33 survivors from

1104: 11573: 4681: 3564:

In early 1942, the Ju 87s gave the Heer yet more valuable support. On 29 December 1941, the Soviet 44th Army landed on the

3556: 3280:

but the Stuka could not. The Ju 87's vulnerability was demonstrated on 11 November 1942, when 15 Ju 87Ds were shot down by

1124:

The powerplant; a Jumo 211D installed in a Ju 87 B – the "Jericho Trumpet" siren housing is faired over on the maingear leg

3734:. By early 1944, the number of Ju 87 units and operational aircraft terminally declined. For the Soviet summer offensive, 2395:(1,146 tons). The Ju 87s then took to bombing the town and the airstrip to support the German forces under the command of 1641:

from July 1944, replacing their use of German trainers. The 3rd and 4th group served on the Eastern Front, the 8th in the

1551:("flame eliminators"). On 10 November 1943, the RLM GL/C-E2 Division finally authorised the design in directive No. 1117. 11534: 8824: 7415: 3792: 3642: 2673:(2,376 tons) was sunk having taken on 600 soldiers. The attacks brought the evacuation to a halt for a time. The ferries 2619: 2377: 1809:, a single Ju 87 A-0 (the V4 prototype) was allocated serial number 29-1 and was assigned to the VJ/88, the experimental 1267: 396: 3687:

total. This was well below 50 per cent of the required strength. On 18 October 1943, StG 1, 2, 3, 5 and 77 were renamed

2607:) said that "never again was such a smoothly functioning system for discussing and planning joint operations achieved." 11578: 8978: 4580: 3890: 3381: 2732: 1646: 679: 4240:

Stukas when it was shot down. Today the wreck is a visiting site for many scuba divers, lying at a depth of 28 meters.

9005: 8311: 8256: 8237: 8218: 8199: 8123: 8101: 8082: 8063: 8044: 8025: 7945: 7907: 7867: 7848: 7829: 7766: 7747: 7709: 7690: 4259: 4181: 3738:, 12 Ju 87 groups and five mixed groups (including Fw 190s) were on the Luftwaffe's order of battle on 26 June 1944. 2850:(JG 26) were sent out in advance of the main strike and drew off RAF fighters, allowing 86 Ju 87s of StG 1 to attack 2567:

units. When resistance was organised, the Ju 87s could be vulnerable. For example, on 12 May, near Sedan, six French

2013: 1735:

After evaluating Ju 87 operations on the Eastern Front, Göring ordered production limited to 200 per month in total.

721: 3026:

send military aid to his ally. Before the Luftwaffe could intervene, the Italian Ju 87s achieved some successes. 97

2169: 1686: 984: : W.Nr 4922, registration D-IDQR. Flown on 25 February 1936. Flown again as registration D-UHUH on 4 June 1937 4676: 3947: 1759: 1497: 1445:

was copied to protect the crew from ground fire now that the Ju 87 would be required to conduct low level attacks.

1120: 735:

The RAF Museum's Ju 87, 2016, partially disassembled, showing the four attachment points for the outer wing section

731: 533:

tail design. To withstand strong forces during a dive, heavy plating, along with brackets riveted to the frame and

2738:

sank after a mass-attack. Further victories against shipping were claimed before nightfall on 1 June. The steamer

9001: 3986: 3844: 2423:

of I./StG 1 to silence the Oscarsborg fort, ensured even more attention was paid to pin-point bombing during the

2383:

In the following weeks, StG 1 continued their sea operations. Off Namsos on 5 May 1940, they caught and sank the

303: 2419:

The Ju 87 units had learned lessons from the Polish and Norwegian campaigns. The failures in Poland, and of the

1369:

Ju 87 V 21. Registration D-INRF. W.Nr 0870536. Airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.

807:

Physical stress on the crew was severe. Human beings subjected to more than 5g in a seated position will suffer

759:

system from the pilot's control column. The rear gunner/radio operator operated one 7.92 mm (.312 in)

9842: 8411: 3993: 2917: 2588:, Ju 87 operations broke up counterattacks and offered pin-point aerial artillery support for German infantry. 1742: 1089:

A long range version of the Ju 87 B was also built, known as the Ju 87 R, the letter being an abbreviation for

9298: 3661: 3456:

occurred early at 03:40–03:47 in the morning of 22 June. While being escorted by Bf 109s from JG 51 to attack

11195: 10037: 4576: 4366: 4127: 4060: 3573: 3281: 1814: 1027: : Production version fitted with an improved 680 PS (500 kW or 670 hp) Jumo 210E engine. 436:

for dive testing. The aircraft was given a good evaluation and "exhibited very good flying characteristics".

3674:, which also reported the loss of 30 aircraft in combat operations. Despite these losses, Ju 87s helped the 1342:

G. Wolfgang Vorwald noted the experiments were not successful, and suggested the cannon be installed on the

1015: : Ten pre-production aircraft, powered by a 640 PS (471 kW or 632 hp) Jumo 210C engine. 950:. By mid-1938, 262 Ju 87 As had been produced, 192 from the Junkers factory in Dessau and a further 70 from 10391: 9866: 9857: 9852: 9674: 4280: 3817: 3453: 3101: 3097: 2928:

and Dover and night-bomber sorties made over the Channel. These attacks were resumed the following winter.

1626: 1190:

On 18 August 1937, the RLM decided to introduce the Ju 87 Tr(C). The Ju 87 C was intended to be a dive and

311: 11401: 11210: 10973: 10969: 10959: 10764: 10627: 10623: 10613: 10313: 10304: 10249: 10130: 9828: 9701: 3722:

decreed that no more ships were to pass within range of German aircraft without his personal permission.

3675: 3264: 3123: 2551:. It was here that most of the Ju 87-equipped units were concentrated. They assisted in the breakthrough 1678:(RM) for Ju 87 construction orders. The RLM paid another 243,646 RM for development orders. According to 1070: 11386: 9367: 8970: 11603: 11508: 10997: 10219: 10135: 10121: 10032: 10028: 9279: 8391: 4835: 4762: 4247:

in Berlin has the wreckage of two complete aircraft that were recovered from separate crash sites near

3950:- Purchased two aircraft from Germany for evaluation. Japan received the Ju 87 A-1 (called a Ju 87 K-1) 3762: 3743: 3260: 2983:

delivered six and three damaging near-misses but the ship's engines were untouched and she reached the

2953: 1704:. Junkers were able to supply 300 German workers to the Weserflug factory, and as an interim solution, 1456: 1448: 1284: 815: 416:. The main, and what was to be the most distinctive, feature of the Ju 87 was its double-spar inverted 10537: 3084: 2272: 2063:, the Ju 87 wings contributed to the defeat of well-entrenched and resolute Polish forces. IV(Stuka)./ 11593: 9967: 8404: 4274: 4106: 3897: 3852: 3235:

had been evacuating 1,100 soldiers to North Africa; 260 of them were killed and another 280 wounded.

2684: 2604: 2581: 2485: 2478: 1911: 1886:

well-coordinated fighter opposition; this lesson was learned later at great cost to the Stuka crews.

1650: 694: 284: 3115:. The Stukas inflicted severe damage on Allied shipping. On 22 April, the 1,389 ton destroyers 2202: 2188: 1987:

A Ju 87 achieved the first air victory during World War II on the morning of 1 September 1939, when

1460:

A technician servicing the 3.7 cm gun pod. The barrel can be seen near the left border of the photo.

1073:, including Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania. The B-2 also had an oil hydraulic system for closing the 10253: 4748: 4566:

1 × 250 kg (550 lb) bomb beneath the fuselage and 4× 50 kg (110 lb) under-wing.

4147: 3970: 2961: 2643: 1397:

of BK+EF. W.Nr 0870530. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-4 trop. First flown on 1 March 1941.

1074: 413: 123: 11239: 1716:

September 1942. This was not achievable due to the insufficient production capacity in the Reich.

1390:

of BK+EE. W.Nr 0870544. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1/D-4. First flown on 1 March 1941.

1276: 11299: 10168: 9188: 4686: 4244: 4220: 3739: 3407: 2878: 2560: 2025: 1981: 1654: 1155: : W.Nr 4927. Flown on 16 February 1938 as D-IELZ. Flown again as WL-IELZ on 16 October 1939 451: 447: 2905:, for the loss of four Ju 87s. On 14 November 19 Stukas from III./St.G 1 with escort drawn from 2865:

Steady losses had occurred throughout their participation in the battle. On 18 August, known as

2159: 2029: 463:, feared that such high-level nerves and skill could not be expected of "average pilots" in the 361:" undercarriage. Pohlmann continued to carry on developing and adding to his ideas and those of 11417: 11394: 11190: 11136: 10584: 10522: 10482: 10477: 10438: 10410: 10386: 9985: 9980: 9972: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9876: 9871: 9545: 9381: 9274: 4629: 4083: 3513: 3301: 2783: 2585: 2577: 2552: 2497: 2411: 2056: 1712: 1311: 1069:

received B-2s and named them the "Picchiatello", while others went to the other members of the

565: 185: 75: 20: 3432: 2563:

alone flying 201 individual missions. The Ju 87s benefited from heavy fighter protection from

1400:

Ju 87 V 30, the only known prototype of the Ju 87 D-5. W.Nr 2296. First flown on 20 June 1943.

1383:

of PB+UB. W.Nr 0870542. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.

1376:

of SF+TY. W.Nr 0870540. Also airframe conversion from B-1 to D-1. First flown on 1 March 1941.

958:

near Bremen. The new, more powerful, Ju 87B model started to replace the Ju 87A at this time.

685: 340:

became the most successful Stuka pilot and the most highly decorated German pilot of the war.

252:

under both wings to ensure that the aircraft recovered from its attack dive even if the pilot

11485: 11453: 11046: 11012: 10983: 10744: 10669: 10405: 10186: 9681: 9251: 7885:]. Grande enciclopedia delle armi moderne (in Italian). Milano: Alberto Peruzzo Editore. 4830: 4664: 4644: 4634: 4143: 3758: 3683: 3185:

was sunk, with the loss of 45 officers and 648 ratings. The Ju 87s also crippled the cruiser

3117: 3088: 3059: 2984: 2535: 2444:, Belgium. The headquarters of the commander responsible for ordering the destruction of the 1961: 1789: 1517: 326:

had largely replaced the Ju 87, but it remained in service until the end of the war in 1945.

272: 10589: 7352: 2642:

was severely damaged by a Ju 87 attack within Dunkirk's harbour, and subsequently sank. The

2367:. The carriers mounted fighter patrols over the ships evacuating troops from Andalsnes. The 1850:

in January 1939, the Junkers Ju 87 returned to Spain. On the morning of 21 January 1939, 34

1695:

March 1942. The expansion of the Ju 88 production lines to compensate for the withdrawal of

1621:(Luftwaffe Command East) were given six and two respectively. In the first half of 1943, 12 1482: 1435: 522:, stated the only problem was with the small radiator, which caused the engine to overheat. 515:

September 1935. The aircraft was later given the registration D-UBYR. The flight report, by

471:

should have dive-bombing capabilities, which initially doomed the only dedicated, strategic

11328: 11279: 11254: 11150: 11115: 11036: 11007: 11002: 10904: 10897: 10892: 10645: 10636: 10631: 10618: 10609: 10532: 10318: 10309: 10274: 10116: 10106: 10081: 10042: 10024: 10015: 10010: 9715: 9710: 9706: 9491: 9372: 9192: 8899: 4119: 3602: 3581: 3240: 3193: 2976: 2921: 2573: 2564: 2523: 2384: 2255: 1989: 1468: 1343: 443: 375: 7446: 2206: 2021: 1794: 1547:(harassment squadrons). On 23 July 1942, Junkers offered the Ju 87 B-2, R-2 and R-4s with 8: 10674: 10071: 9477: 9060: 9055: 3800: 3735: 3305: 3197: 3179: 3063: 2916:

Bad weather resulted in a decline of anti-shipping operations, and before long the Ju 87

2882: 2855: 2830: 2678: 2517: 2184: 1847: 1634: 1496:

cannons were mounted in under-wing gun pods, each loaded with two six-round magazines of

1332: 1255: 822: 740: 553: 530: 499: 111: 7484:"Odnaleziono wrak bombowca sprzed 71 lat. W jego wnętrzu znajdowały się szczątki pilota" 4861: 4796: 2055:) alone dropped 388 tonnes (428 tons) of bombs during this battle. During the 1543:

at night to drop flares and fragmentation bombs, inspired the Luftwaffe to form its own

11552: 10323: 9861: 9847: 4472:

V-12 inverted liquid-cooled piston engine, 1,000 kW (1,400 hp) for take-off

4135: 3963: 3568:. The Luftwaffe was only able to dispatch meager reinforcements of four bomber groups ( 3357: 3317: 3309: 3277: 3217: 3075: 3069: 2975:. The Ju 87s first made their presence felt by subjecting the British aircraft carrier 2936: 2700: 2493: 2373: 2362: 2356: 2154: 1630: 863: 744: 519: 280: 276: 3312:

had been occupied by the British; the Luftwaffe committed 75 Stukas of StG 3 based in

3292:

By 1943, the Allies enjoyed air supremacy in North Africa. The Ju 87s ventured out in

2742:

was lost while carrying 1,500 Dutch soldiers most of whom were killed. The oil tanker

1896: 329:

Germany built an estimated 6,000 Ju 87s of all versions between 1936 and August 1944.

11269: 11185: 11170: 10836: 10574: 10294: 10196: 10191: 10159: 10144: 10000: 9958: 9949: 9362: 9353: 9246: 9025: 8360: 8346: 8332: 8307: 8290: 8271: 8252: 8233: 8214: 8195: 8176: 8157: 8138: 8119: 8097: 8078: 8059: 8040: 8021: 8004: 7994: 7990: 7969: 7941: 7922: 7903: 7886: 7863: 7844: 7825: 7806: 7785: 7762: 7743: 7724: 7705: 7686: 7679: 7663: 7644: 7625: 7606: 7589: 6823: 4867: 4557: 4553: 4341:

Deutsches Technikmuseum, with a veteran gunner speaking of his combat in North Africa

4015: 3920: 3731: 3647: 3544: 3363: 3351: 3204: 3172: 2949: 2847: 2716: 2636: 2611: 2529: 2462: 2265: 2239: 2079: 1855: 1675: 1662: 1658: 1464: 1260: 1251: 1066: 951: 936: 888: 808: 760: 752: 700:

The engine was mounted on two main support frames that were supported by two tubular

580: 579:

On 27 July 1936, Udet crashed the He 118 prototype, He 118 V1 D-UKYM. That same day,

475:

design to enter German front-line service during the war years—the 30-metre wingspan

365: 337: 323: 315: 296: 288: 268: 201: 117: 37: 7526: 4524:

1,535 km (954 mi, 829 nmi) at 5,100 m (16,730 ft) (maximum)

3633:

VIII. Rudel's cannon-equipped Ju 87 Gs had a devastating effect on Soviet armour at

2971:

was to attack British shipping passing between Sicily and Africa, in particular the

1970: 1952:

targeted the cables along the embankment, the electricity plant and signal boxes at

682: 576:, a rival design. Udet cancelled the order the next day, and development continued. 483: 11076: 10679: 10396: 9417: 9408: 9404: 9376: 9265: 9103: 9074: 8657: 4717: 4649: 4469: 3913: 3505:, which was struck by two 1,000 kg (2,200 lb) bombs. During this action, 3441: 3256: 3108: 3092: 2925: 2822: 2779: 2726: 2656: 2650: 2615: 2548: 2474: 2279: 2245: 2230:

was attacked on 17 April. Her stern was virtually destroyed but she limped back to

2224: 2060: 2009: 1835: 1525: 1250:

Despite the Stuka's vulnerability to enemy fighters having been exposed during the

946:. The only further significant difference between the A-1 and A-2 was the H-PA-III 676: 646: 561: 390:

came to power, the design was given priority. Despite initial competition from the

358: 354: 292: 220: 189: 91: 8111: 4219:, who originally planned for a rebuild to airworthy status, and later went to the 3111:. As the Allies withdrew and resistance collapsed, the Allies began evacuating to 2183:

On 9 April, the first Stukas took off at 10:59 from occupied airfields to destroy

11522: 11294: 11027: 10826: 10821: 10816: 10802: 10797: 10734: 10641: 10561: 10154: 10149: 10061: 10056: 10047: 9995: 9990: 9837: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9778: 9758: 9669: 9655: 9515: 7800: 4379: 4037: 4008: 3940: 3699: 3565: 3479:

and 500 vehicles. As the 1st and 2nd Panzer Groups forced bridgeheads across the

3345: 3332:

was sunk along with a patrol vessel, a steam ship and the auxiliary landing ship

3272: 3252: 3211: 3135: 2960:

in December 1940. In the next few days, two groups—80 Stukas—were deployed under

2945: 2866: 2811: 2791: 2775: 2496:

and Dutch gold reserves through the country's ports. Ju 87s sank the Dutch ships

2380:, that carrier operations were no longer practical under the current conditions. 2334:

also had an operational effect, even when little damage was done. On 1 May 1940,

2085: 2068: 2046: 2041: 1933: 1859: 1776:

aircraft works was destroyed on 30 May 1944, and the site abandoned Ju 87 links.

1533: 1505: 1430: 1352: 826: 705: 634: 569: 511: 391: 319: 261: 60: 4203:

One aircraft is being restored to airworthy condition from two wrecks, owned by

11495: 11490: 11463: 11448: 11443: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11318: 11314: 11289: 11274: 11264: 11249: 11229: 11205: 11200: 11165: 11160: 11131: 11090: 11081: 11041: 10964: 10949: 10939: 10919: 10778: 10768: 10759: 10724: 10709: 10694: 10664: 10556: 10371: 10357: 10347: 10342: 10332: 10181: 10172: 10125: 10111: 10101: 10019: 10005: 9768: 9763: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9720: 9639: 9630: 9625: 9620: 8959: 8954: 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8929: 8924: 8919: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8894: 8889: 8884: 8757: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8707: 4619: 4602: 4597: 4030: 3839: 3509: 3457: 3165: 3153: 3142: 2902: 2834: 2625: 2600: 2595: 2555:, the critical and first major land battle of the war on French territory. The 2201:. The 22 Ju 87s had helped suppress the Norwegian defenders during the ensuing 1878:. During the attack the Republican ground defenders, equipped with a quadruple 1851: 1752:

decided continued development would "hardly bring any further tactical value".

1537: 1346:. Testing continued, and on 31 January 1943, Ju 87 D-1 W.Nr 2552 was tested by 1289: 1203: 1191: 879: 717: 573: 544: 503: 476: 314:

war, where it was used for general ground support, as an effective specialised

239: 8385: 7900:

Stopped at Stalingrad: The Luftwaffe and Hitler's Defeat in the East 1942–1943

7552: 4255:, who originally planned for the remains to be restored to airworthy, in 1996. 2833:

continued to fire on the Stukas as the ship sank. He was awarded a posthumous

649:. Bolts and parts that were required to take heavy stress were made of steel. 11567: 11438: 11086: 10944: 10754: 10433: 10429: 10284: 10269: 10163: 9665: 9660: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9506: 9501: 9486: 9457: 9439: 9430: 9421: 9412: 9399: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9358: 9344: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9321: 9316: 9312: 9293: 9289: 9284: 9269: 9237: 9161: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9093: 9088: 9083: 9070: 9065: 9040: 8879: 8874: 8869: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8712: 8702: 8697: 8687: 8667: 8647: 8294: 8008: 7890: 7593: 4840: 4792: 4639: 4053: 3927:

received a delivery of 46 Ju 87 D-2 and D-3 dive bombers and some Ju 87 R-2s.

3415: 3186: 3159: 3146: 3035: 2972: 2886: 2815: 2706: 2470: 2264:

fired 1,000 rounds, but failed to shoot down any of her attackers. The sloop

2235: 2173: 2111: 1998: 1875: 1802: 1753: 1696: 1529: 1486: 1439: 1053: 875: 801: 791:

When the aircraft was reasonably close to the target, a light on the contact

645:

alloy containing titanium as a hardening element) and its components made of

597: 584: 468: 227: 197: 10328: 9079: 3080:

became victims. The former was crippled and later sunk by Italian warships.

2049:

which resulted in the breaking of Polish resistance. The dive bomber wings (

1403:

Ju 87 V 26-28, Ju 87 V 31, and V 42-47 were experiments of unknown variants.

755:

fitted one in each wing outboard of undercarriage, operated by a mechanical

11333: 11304: 11234: 11224: 11219: 11095: 10788: 10570: 10541: 10512: 10502: 10497: 10492: 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10414: 10244: 10239: 10234: 10229: 10224: 10096: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9696: 9686: 9307: 9241: 9217: 9212: 9098: 8793: 8788: 8752: 8662: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8492: 8487: 8477: 4654: 4263: 4115: 3868: 3719: 3702:. On 6 October 1943 the most powerful flotilla in the fleet comprising the 3626: 3424: 3285: 3248: 3244: 3139: 2898: 2890: 2568: 2466: 2449: 2445: 2396: 2350: 2338: 2335: 2252: 2142: 1975: 1937: 1920: 1843: 1749: 1611: 1600: 1580: 1429:

caused Junkers to adapt the existing design to combat this new threat. The

1199: 1195: 1058: 1046: 943: 905: 626: 538: 472: 460: 400:(RLM/German aviation ministry) turned to the designs of Herman Pohlmann of 369: 226:. Upon the leading edges of its faired main gear legs were mounted ram-air 223: 209: 8116:

Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two

7984: 4518:

319 km/h (198 mph, 172 kn) at 5,100 m (16,700 ft)

4512:

410 km/h (255 mph, 222 kn) at 4,100 m (13,500 ft)

3996:- Operated 6 Ju 87 D-1s and 5 more Ju 87s of an unknown variant from 1943. 2874:

radar stations, and destroying 49 British aircraft, mainly on the ground.

942:

The Ju 87 A-2 was retrofitted with the Jumo 210Da fitted with a two-stage

697:

and each compartment had its own "sliding hood" for the two crew members.

192:, it first flew in 1935. The Ju 87 made its combat debut in 1937 with the 11416: 11180: 11066: 10812: 10565: 10546: 10051: 9691: 9615: 9610: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9520: 9511: 9472: 9467: 9462: 9453: 9444: 9435: 9325: 9227: 9222: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9178: 9165: 9156: 9045: 9000: 8813: 8808: 8803: 8798: 8692: 8652: 8482: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 7802:

Air Power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe, 1943–45

4788: 4624: 4390: 4251:

in 1990 and 1994. These wrecks were purchased from New Zealand collector

3679: 3606: 2851: 2513: 2177: 2107: 2091: 1945: 1863: 1292:

on a PVC 1006 B rack—this setup would have had the capacity to carry the

830: 442:

took an immediate liking to the concept of dive-bombing after flying the

405: 205: 181: 56: 1838:

in 1937. Presumably the aircraft was then secretly returned to Germany.

1420:" with its twin Bordkanone 3.7 cm (1.46 in) underwing gun pods 743:(anhedral) and the outer surfaces a positive dihedral. This created the 11309: 10551: 10201: 9482: 4252: 4216: 4204: 2871: 2787: 2489: 2441: 2424: 2342: 2231: 2164: 1944:. To do this, Ju 87s were ordered to perform a low-level attack on the 1900: 818: 756: 675:

The fuselage had an oval cross-section and housed, in most examples, a

619: 439: 433: 429: 379: 302:

After the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe deployed Stuka units in the

249: 244: 235: 3597:

making it the largest and most powerful air command in the world. The

2669:(363 and 290 tons) disintegrated under bombardment. The merchant ship 629:

and could carry a two-person crew. The main construction material was

459:

Command Office Walther Wever, and the Secretary of State for Aviation

275:

roles at the outbreak of World War II. It led air assaults during the

11323: 9426: 9107: 8767: 8762: 8357:

Fronteinsätze eines Stuka-Fliegers: Mittelmeer und Ostfront 1943/1944

4614: 4279:

Junkers Ju 87 B-2, Code 98+01, Werk Nr. 870406, is on display at the

4235:

Other aircraft survive as wreckage at or recovered from crash sites:

3875: 3695: 3621:

A wrecked Ju-87 and the corpse of its pilot near Leningrad, June 1943

3589: 3502: 3498: 3336:. On 24 October Ju 87s sank the landing craft LCT-115 and cargo ship 2746:

was also destroyed. A flotilla of French minesweepers were also lost—

2731:, commissioned for just three weeks, was sunk and in the evening the 2694: 2509: 2432: 2212: 2198: 1941: 1871: 1867: 1724: 1701: 1521: 1348: 1315:

A pair of Ju 87Ds following a landing with air brakes still deployed.

1207:

the Weserflug Company's Lemwerder plant between April and July 1940.

1094: 955: 792: 642: 630: 622: 556:

inverted V-12 engine, with the final variant to be equipped with the

417: 409: 216: 193: 103: 8285:

Willigenburg, Henk van (March–April 2001). "Graft Zeppelin Afloat".

4118:

in 1970 wearing inaccurate wing code W8-A, with "W8" belonging to a

3694:

A few Ju 87s were also retained for anti-shipping operations in the

2920:

began re-deploying to Poland, as part of the concealed build-up for

2790:. On 4 July 1940, StG 2 made a successful attack on a convoy in the 1040:

Junkers Ju 87 B parked at Schiphol airport in the Netherlands, 1940.

775: 425: 279:

in September 1939. Stukas proved critical to the rapid conquest of

9170: 8396: 8249:

Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of North Africa and the Mediterranean

4284: 4248: 3638: 3629:. I., II, III. of StGs 2 and 3 were committed under the command of 3488: 2842: 2037: 2006: 1994: 1953: 1879: 1720: 1575: 1210:

Among the "special" equipment of the Ju 87 C was a two-seat rubber

1137: : W.Nr 0870027. Flown on 14 June 1937 (A-0 to B-0 conversion) 728:

significant force on the control column and taking manual control.

709: 661: 557: 534: 507: 8387:

Test flight and combat debut of the "Kanonenvogel" – wartime video

8304:

The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power

7603:

Bagration to Berlin – The Final Air Battles in the East: 1944–1945

4269:

In October 2006, a Ju 87 D-3/Trop. was recovered underwater, near

1161:: W.Nr 0870321. Registration D-IGDK. Destroyed in a crash in 1942. 11100: 11022: 11017: 10442: 10424: 10419: 10279: 10215: 10210: 9349: 8778: 8427: 4958: 4956: 4659: 4494: 4445: 4131: 3480: 3268: 3128: 2453: 2099: 1929: 1824: 1819: 1638: 1540: 1472: 1356: 1109: 919: 915: 796: 669: 653: 526: 502:

engine. Ten engines were ordered by Junkers on 19 April 1934 for

421: 401: 257: 80: 7721:

Dornier Do 17 – The Yugoslav Story: Operational Record 1937–1947

7490:(in Polish). Grupa Onet.pl S.A. 12 November 2015. Archived from 3087:. A furious Hitler ordered the attack to be expanded to include 1801:

Among the many German aircraft designs that participated in the

1706:

Soviet prisoners of war and Soviet civilians deported to Germany

767:

swung down clear of the propeller on crutches prior to release.

9255: 7761:. Black Cross. Vol. V. Bonn: Bernard & Graefe Verlag. 7553:"Behind the spectacular sound of 'Dunkirk' - with Richard King" 7304: 5253: 4301: 4270: 4211:. The project takes its identification from Ju 87 R-4 Werk Nr. 3754: 3476: 3475:

s effectiveness occurred on 5 July, when StG 77 knocked out 18

3321: 3313: 2957: 2894: 2508:(1,520 tons) as they provided close-shore artillery support at 2400: 1642: 1490: 1211: 843: 842:

Extensive tests were carried out by the Junkers works at their

689: 638: 362: 333: 7394: 7088: 6980: 4953: 4481:

1,050 kW (1,410 hp) at 4,300 m (14,100 ft)

2544:

was later beached and scuttled after an air attack on 19 May.

310:

and the Mediterranean theatres and in the early stages of the

11528: 4729: 4003: 3634: 3465: 3341: 3112: 3043: 3015: 2910: 2906: 2722: 2002: 1957: 1949: 1919:

On 1 September 1939, the Wehrmacht invaded Poland, beginning

1679: 1476: 1052:

The B-1 was also fitted with "Jericho trumpets", essentially

785: 701: 387: 253: 7702:

The Most Dangerous Enemy: A History of the Battle of Britain

5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5945: 3803:- Bulgaria received 12 Ju 87 R-2 and R-4s and 40 Ju 87 D-5s. 1862:

pilot, Francisco Alférez Jiménez, claimed it destroyed near

8343:

Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source

8329:

Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933–1945: A Reference Source

8056:

To Win the Winter Sky: Air War over the Ardennes, 1944–1945

5707: 5705: 5703: 4735: 4287:. The parts of three others have been found (S2+?? ; H4+?? 3577: 3484: 3435:, operating from Norway's Arctic Circle, were allotted IV. 3255:, which lasted for over seven months. It served during the 3050:

was sunk later in the day. On 21 April the Greek freighter

2995: 2194: 2064: 1773: 751:

The offensive armament was two 7.92 mm (.312 in)

7292: 7112: 7100: 7040: 7004: 6992: 6884: 6555: 6553: 4063:

tested various captured variants during and after the war.

4040:

tested various captured variants during and after the war.

3725: 3718:

were caught and sunk by dive-bombing. After the disaster,

2814:(RAF) interception, sank the 5,500 ton anti-aircraft ship 1968:("chain" or flight of three) of Ju 87s of 3./StG 1 led by 1288:

which could carry a 750–905 kg (1,653–1,995 lb)

825:(the captured enemy aircraft Flight), tested the Ju 87 at 7256: 7064: 7052: 7028: 7016: 6968: 6944: 6932: 6920: 6908: 6896: 6023: 6011: 5942: 5778: 4126:

A later, ground-attack variant, this is displayed at the

3650:

F and G (ground attack versions) and began to be renamed

3325: 3127:

were sunk. In the next two days, the Greek naval base at

2028:

in the Polish Army magnified the impact of the Ju 87. At

1854:, along with some escorts and three Ju 87B, attacked the 494:

The design of the Ju 87 had begun in 1933 as part of the

382:; proponent of the dive-bomber and the Ju 87 (1928 photo) 8135:

Ju 87 Stuka: Luftwaffe Ju 87 Dive-Bomber Units 1939–1941

7660:

Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942–February 1943

6649: 6647: 5700: 4811: 4095:

Two intact Ju 87s survive, with a third being restored:

3900:- received 33/34 Ju 87 D-3/D-5s and 11/12 B-1 and B-2s. 3526:

were also sunk. The Stukas also crippled the battleship

1711:

By 17 August 1942, production had climbed rapidly after

1637:. NSGr 7 operated in "anti-partisan" role from bases in 6550: 6001: 5999: 5997: 5972: 5970: 5968: 5932: 5930: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5645: 5643: 2481:, Ju 87s effectively neutralised artillery and armour. 2473:. In pitched battles against French armoured forces at 2067:

was particularly effective in destroying the fortified

2045:

Poles surrendered. The Stukas also participated in the

1719:

The RLM considered setting up production facilities in

1700:

workers had been called up for military service in the

1296:

LT 850, the German version of the well-proven Japanese

672:

and high acceleration during "pull-out" from the dive.

613: 318:

and in an anti-shipping role. Once the Luftwaffe lost

8118:(3rd ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. 7784:] (in Catalan). Barcelona: Rafael Dalmau, Editor. 7429: 7427: 7425: 7423: 7316: 7280: 7268: 6956: 6360: 6358: 6282: 6280: 6238: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5750: 5737: 5735: 5722: 5720: 5594: 5592: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5531: 5321: 5319: 5294: 5292: 5184: 5182: 5157: 5155: 5153: 5140: 5138: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5130: 4329:

Ju 87 wreck, Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum (2008)

4262:

displays the remains of an aircraft that crashed near

11506: 8211:

Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at War, 1936–1945

6644: 6345: 6343: 6328: 6163: 6161: 6035: 5833: 5831: 5829: 5666: 5664: 5550: 5548: 5546: 5521: 5519: 5506: 5504: 5428: 5426: 5353: 5351: 5349: 5336: 5334: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 4900: 4732: 4723: 4556:

forward firing, 1 × 7.92 mm (0.31 in) twin

4223:

in Berlin. Parts from a second airframe, a Ju 87 R-2

4172:

at the Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago (2014)

3593:, the Luftwaffe had concentrated 1,800 aircraft into 3543:

Elsewhere on the Eastern front, the Junkers assisted

3350:

was put out of action for a year. The light cruisers

2931: 2782:'s IV.(St), Sturzkampfgeschwader 1's III. Gruppe and 2614:, many Allied ships were lost to Ju 87 attacks while 2427:

period. This was to pay off in the Western campaign.

2296:

s forward magazine was hit, killing 108 of the crew.

510:

and sixpence. The first Ju 87 prototype was built by

6122: 5994: 5982: 5965: 5927: 5790: 5640: 5467: 5465: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4890: 4888: 4886: 4726: 4317:

Ju 87 underwater wreck, Adriatic sea, Croatia (2021)

2130:(Stuka force) lost 31 aircraft during the campaign. 215:

The aircraft is easily recognisable by its inverted

7420: 7387: 6355: 6277: 6052: 6050: 5747: 5732: 5717: 5604: 5589: 5577: 5560: 5411: 5316: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5179: 5150: 5127: 5069: 5067: 4720: 4609:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

3054:was sunk and they accounted for the British tanker 2289:1 on 3 May 1940 during the evacuation from Namsos. 8268:Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader of the Russian Front 7678: 6340: 6255: 6253: 6158: 5826: 5688: 5676: 5661: 5628: 5543: 5516: 5501: 5489: 5438: 5423: 5346: 5331: 5206: 4353:The Ju 87 at the Hellenic Air Force Museum, Greece 2345:expedition of seven destroyers, the heavy cruiser 8039:. Maxwell AFB, AL: Air Power Research Institute. 5462: 4912: 4883: 3665:Ju 87 Ds over the Eastern Front, 22 December 1943 1817:. The aircraft was secretly loaded onto the ship 1645:and the 9th in Italy. NSGr 20 fought against the 1498:armour-piercing tungsten carbide-cored ammunition 821:, a British test pilot and Commanding Officer of 412:were introduced to give the rear gunner a better 11565: 8345:, Volume 2. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. 8331:, Volume 1. London: Ian Allan Publishing, 2007. 8189: 7959:. London and New York: Frederick Warne & Co. 7381: 7310: 6586: 6584: 6582: 6580: 6047: 5064: 4130:in London; it was captured by British forces at 3551: 2559:flew 300 sorties against French positions, with 2492:in concert with the British were evacuating the 1730: 1338:tested this combination from a static position. 267:The Ju 87 operated with considerable success in 11365:Assigned, but not used before RLM was dissolved 7622:Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941 7346: 7344: 6250: 4266:in 1944 and was raised from the seabed in 1989. 2778:included bomber wings equipped with the Ju 87. 2406: 1572:Metal Works Lower Saxony Brinckmann und Mergell 1231:of TK+HD). W.Nr 4928. First flown 17 March 1938 11589:World War II ground attack aircraft of Germany 9002:Reich Air Ministry (RLM) aircraft designations 6228: 6226: 6224: 3362:were badly damaged by StG 3 and the destroyer 2547:The Ju 87 units were also instrumental in the 2484:The Ju 87s also assisted German forces in the 1565:Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe Technisches Amt 829:. He said of the Stuka, "I had flown a lot of 455:and pulling out of the dive. The chief of the 11402: 8986: 8412: 8170: 7986:Hitler's Eagles : The Luftwaffe, 1933–45 7968:. Translated by Weal, John. Frontline Books. 7857: 7775: 7737: 6577: 6092: 6080: 6068: 5310: 5259: 4962: 3196:fighter bombers) while sinking the destroyer 3192:that morning, (she was later finished off by 2193:, which disrupted the amphibious landings in 2094:(both moored in a harbour). The torpedo boat 978: : W.Nr 4921. Flown on 17 September 1935 939:missions were conducted without the gunner). 498:. The Ju 87 was to be powered by the British 8341:de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket and E.J. Creek. 8327:de Zeng, H.L., D.G. Stanket and E.J. Creek. 8301: 8284: 8171:Thompson, Steve J.; Smith, Peter C. (2008). 8037:Strategy for Defeat: The Luftwaffe 1935–1945 7341: 6602: 4385: 2593: 2323:(466 tons). On 15 May, the Polish troopship 1915:Ju 87 Bs over Poland, September/October 1939 1511: 1271:Ju 87Ds, Soviet Union, January/February 1943 1241:of TV+OV. W.Nr 4929. First flown 12 May 1938 1149: : W.Nr 4926. Flown on 11 November 1937 1049:, the Luftwaffe had 336 Ju 87 B-1s on hand. 809:vision impairment in the form of a grey veil 19:"Stuka" redirects here. For other uses, see 8154:The Junkers Ju 87 Stuka: A Complete History 7921:. Vol. II. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 7718: 7353:"Kennzeichen ab 1939 - Verbandskennzeichen" 6701: 6221: 4536:5,000 m (16,400 ft) in 20 minutes 3464:Karl Führing of StG 77 was shot down by an 2774:For the Battle of Britain, the Luftwaffe's 2465:. The Ju 87 proved to be a useful asset to 1807:German involvement in the Spanish Civil War 1077:. This continued in all the later designs. 935:(550 lb) weapons (although during the 708:. The firewall itself was constructed from 408:. During the trials with the K 47 in 1932, 16:1935 dive bomber aircraft family by Junkers 11409: 11395: 8993: 8979: 8419: 8405: 8374:. München, Germany: Curt Pechstein Verlag. 8359:(in German). Berlin: Helios Verlag, 2009. 7858:Griehl, Manfred; Dressel, Joachim (1998). 7738:Dressel, Joachim; Griehl, Manfred (1994). 7657: 7638: 7619: 7118: 7106: 7094: 7070: 7058: 7046: 7034: 7022: 7010: 6998: 6986: 6974: 6950: 6938: 6926: 6914: 6902: 6890: 6828:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 6809: 4787:a feature pioneered by the 1916–17 origin 4176:This aircraft is displayed in the Chicago 3828:Croatia received Ju 87s, delivered to the 3783: 3612: 3085:pro-German Yugoslav government was toppled 2649:was crippled by bomb damage the same day. 2440:helped swiftly neutralise the fortress of 1471:, each one in a self-contained under-wing 1427:huge numbers of well-armoured Soviet tanks 1002: : W.Nr 4925. Flown on 14 August 1936 7824:(2nd ed.). New York: Galahad Books. 7798: 7600: 7447:"Croatia: Stuka Bomber Wreck | X-Ray Mag" 7262: 7250: 7238: 7226: 7214: 7166: 7154: 7142: 4300:found in the village Krościenko Wyżne in 4209:Flying Heritage & Combat Armor Museum 3808: 3397:, II. and III./StG 1. Also included were 3171:was sunk and the next day the battleship 2624:was sunk on 21 May 1940, followed by the 2522:was crippled, beached and scuttled while 2234:with 33 dead and 38 wounded crewmen. The 1452:Hans-Ulrich Rudel's Ju 87 G-1 in May 1944 990: : W.Nr 4923. Flown on 27 March 1936 837: 618:The Ju 87 was a single-engined all-metal 7954: 7919:Luftwaffe at War; Blitzkrieg in the West 7902:. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. 7550: 6810:Ring, Hans; Shores, Christopher (1968), 4456:3,900 kg (8,598 lb) (equipped) 4389: 4163: 4105: 3660: 3616: 3555: 3380: 3145:. The force, consisting of the cruisers 2935: 2456:(14 km/ mi to the north). The 2436:(Case Yellow) began on 10 May 1940, the 2410: 2238:squadron consisting of the sister ships 2137: 1910: 1788: 1758: 1685: 1455: 1447: 1411: 1310: 1266: 1119: 1103: 1035: 996: : W.Nr 4924. Flown on 20 June 1936 960: 904: 774: 730: 543: 374: 7897: 7876: 7843:. London/Stuttgart: Airlife/Motorbuch. 7778:La guerra aèria a Catalunya (1936–1939) 7756: 7527:"The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage" 7082: 6653: 5417: 5405: 5298: 5283: 5271: 5200: 5188: 5161: 5144: 4974: 3826:Zrakoplovstvo Nezavisne Države Hrvatske 3726:Operation Bagration to Berlin 1944–1945 3046:on 4 April 1941 while the torpedo boat 2715:was later badly damaged and along with 2187:, after the loss of the German cruiser 1467:, a Stuka ace, had suggested using two 11566: 8270:. Combat Aircraft 74. Oxford: Osprey. 8110: 8053: 8034: 8015: 7963: 7916: 7838: 7776:Gesalí, David; Íñiguez, David (2012). 7699: 7518: 7322: 7298: 7286: 7274: 7130: 6962: 6532: 6472: 6424: 6394: 6191: 6041: 6029: 6017: 6005: 5976: 5959: 5936: 5873: 5861: 5849: 5820: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5760: 5741: 5726: 5711: 5694: 5682: 5670: 5655: 5634: 5622: 5610: 5598: 5583: 5571: 5554: 5537: 5525: 5510: 5495: 5483: 5456: 5444: 5432: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5357: 5340: 5325: 5235: 5223: 5121: 5109: 5097: 5085: 5058: 5022: 4998: 4986: 4947: 4935: 4923: 4906: 4894: 4817: 3678:break out of an encirclement near the 3540:in exchange for two Ju 87s shot down. 2825:, killing 176 of its 298 crew. One of 2705:was crippled before being scuttled by 2661:were badly damaged while the trawlers 2631:on 28 May. The French Channel-steamer 1779: 1469:37 mm (1.46 in) Flak 18 guns 664:, reducing take-off and landing runs. 11390: 8974: 8400: 8369: 8302:Wood, Derek; Dempster, Derek (2003). 8251:. Combat Aircraft 6. Oxford: Osprey. 8232:. Combat Aircraft 1. Oxford: Osprey. 8230:Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937–41 8151: 8132: 8072: 7982: 7819: 7719:Ciglic, Boris; Savic, Dragan (2007). 7676: 7583: 7512: 7470: 7433: 7369: 7202: 6878: 6677: 6590: 6460: 6436: 6412: 6400: 6364: 6334: 6298: 6286: 6271: 6215: 6203: 6179: 6152: 5988: 5921: 5909: 5897: 5837: 5808: 5471: 5173: 4791:all-metal sesquiplane of World War I 4747: 4570: 4423:11.5 m (37 ft 8.75 in) 4378:Replicas at 7/10 scale were built by 4090: 3109:little air opposition was encountered 1932:, that linked Eastern Germany to the 11535: 8426: 8265: 8246: 8227: 8208: 8091: 7935: 7883:The Aircraft of the Second World War 7551:Andersen, Asbjoern (2 August 2017). 7524: 7190: 7178: 6866: 6854: 6842: 6797: 6785: 6773: 6761: 6749: 6737: 6725: 6713: 6689: 6665: 6638: 6626: 6614: 6571: 6559: 6544: 6520: 6508: 6496: 6484: 6448: 6388: 6376: 6349: 6322: 6310: 6259: 6244: 6232: 6167: 6140: 6128: 6116: 6104: 6056: 5885: 5247: 5073: 5046: 5034: 5010: 4682:List of military aircraft of Germany 4441:31.9 m (343.37 sq ft) 4435:3.9 m (12 ft 9.25 in) 4429:13.8 m (45 ft 3.5 in) 3324:), to recover the islands. With the 2769: 2616:evacuating British and French troops 1948:Garrison headquarters. II. and III./ 1925:Generalquartiermeister der Luftwaffe 1793:Condor Legion's Junkers Ju 87A with 1784: 1763:Two Junkers Ju 87 Ds near completion 614:Basic design (based on the B series) 432:). The machine was also fitted with 3376: 2973:convoys aimed at re-supplying Malta 2762:and disorganised, and as a result, 2403:until they withdrew in early June. 1889: 1831:Herman Beuer, and took part in the 1595:On 15 November 1942, the Auxiliary 1021: : Initial production version. 770: 212:from beginning to end (1939–1945). 13: 8321: 7879:Gli aerei della 2a guerra mondiale 7685:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 7357:Das Archiv der Deutschen Luftwaffe 4260:Sinsheim Auto & Technik Museum 3601:strength stood at 151. During the 3344:. On 31 October the light cruiser 3058:off Tobruk on 25 May and then the 2932:North Africa and the Mediterranean 1647:Western Allied invasion of Germany 1227:: Registration D-IHFH (changed to 716:warning light in the cockpit. The 14: 11620: 8379: 8094:Luftkampf zwischen Sand und Sonne 7641:Kursk – The Air Battle: July 1943 6812:Luftkampf zwischen Sand und Sonne 3587:For the German summer offensive, 3131:lost 23 vessels to Stuka attack. 2944:After the Italian defeats in the 2881:moved up from their bases around 1690:A Ju 87D during wing installation 745:inverted gull, or "cranked", wing 11544: 11516: 8137:. Vol. I. London: Classic. 7957:The Observer's Book Of Airplanes 7544: 7506: 7476: 7464: 7439: 7409: 7375: 7363: 7350: 7328: 7244: 7232: 7220: 7208: 7196: 7184: 7172: 7160: 7148: 7136: 7124: 7076: 6872: 6860: 6848: 6836: 6803: 6791: 6779: 6767: 6755: 6743: 6731: 6719: 6707: 6695: 6683: 6671: 6659: 6632: 6620: 6608: 6596: 6565: 6538: 6526: 6514: 6502: 6490: 6478: 6466: 6454: 6442: 6430: 6418: 6406: 6382: 6370: 6316: 6304: 6292: 6265: 6209: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6146: 6134: 4716: 4677:List of aircraft of World War II 4552:2 × 7.92 mm (0.31 in) 4358: 4346: 4334: 4322: 4310: 4227:857509 which served bearing the 4187:One Ju 87 is under restoration: 4069: 4046: 4023: 4002: 3979: 3956: 3948:Imperial Japanese Army Air Force 3933: 3906: 3883: 3861: 3838: 3810: 3785: 3643:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 3371: 3107:In Greece, despite British aid, 3068:on 20 June. The British gunboat 2452:was stationed in the village of 2215:and hit her in the engine room. 2118:(183 tons) and its sister ships 1657:. The unit operated against the 1561:Der Reichsminister der Luftfahrt 1485:, both designs using the large, 869: 353:The Ju 87's principal designer, 36: 11599:Single-engined tractor aircraft 8372:Deutsche Flugzeug Konstrukteure 8190:Vanags-Baginskis, Alex (1982). 7577: 6110: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6062: 5915: 5903: 5891: 5879: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5814: 5802: 5766: 5616: 5477: 5450: 5399: 5387: 5375: 5363: 5304: 5241: 5229: 5194: 5167: 5115: 5103: 5091: 5079: 5052: 5040: 5028: 5016: 5004: 4992: 4980: 4968: 4941: 4781: 4769: 3238:The dive bomber wing supported 2005:"Immelmann" shot down a Polish 1516:The Ju 87 had been used in the 965:The Ju 87 V4 prototype in 1936. 348: 11420:bomber designations, 1945–1958 4929: 4866:Wörterbuch Deutsch-Englisch – 4854: 4823: 4709: 4699: 4462:6,600 kg (14,550 lb) 4178:Museum of Science and Industry 3422:, I., II. and III. of StG 77. 3320:(II.StG 3; from 17 October on 2300:, which had taken off some of 1530:harassing German ground forces 590: 343: 1: 11368:Assigned to captured aircraft 8096:. Motorbuchverlag Stuttgart. 8018:Axis Aircraft of World War II 7938:Stuka Pilot Hans Ulrich Rudel 7662:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 7658:Bergström, Christer (2007c). 7643:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 7639:Bergström, Christer (2007b). 7624:. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. 7620:Bergström, Christer (2007a). 7416:Flying Heritage Stuka Project 4805: 4530:7,300 m (24,000 ft) 4273:. The aircraft is now in the 4061:United States Army Air Forces 3987:Slovak Republic (1939 - 1945) 3574:Battle of the Kerch Peninsula 3552:Fall Blau to Stalingrad; 1942 3282:United States Army Air Forces 3267:, which drove Rommel back to 3002:. The Italian Stuka, renamed 2831:Leading Seaman John F. Mantle 2415:Campaign in the Low Countries 2012:while it was taking off from 1748:("General of Ground Attack") 1731:Decline and end of production 1668: 1520:role in 1940 and 1941 during 404:and co-designer of the K 47, 11609:Aircraft first flown in 1935 11584:1930s German bomber aircraft 11374:Propaganda/cover designation 8020:. London: Chancellor Press. 7822:Warplanes of the Third Reich 7601:Bergström, Christer (2008). 4402:Warplanes of the Third Reich 4281:Yugoslav Aeronautical Museum 3832:bomber unit in January 1944. 3777: 3452:The first Stuka loss on the 3231:were also severely damaged. 3178:was damaged and the cruiser 3000:Gruppo Bombardamento a Tuffo 2407:France and the Low Countries 2114:—along with the minesweeper 1846:in October 1938. During the 948:controllable-pitch propeller 489: 204:of 1936–1939 and served the 7: 11574:Inverted gull-wing aircraft 8073:Rudel, Hans Ulrich (1952). 7338:, February 2009, pp. 14–18. 4586: 4373: 4296:Junkers Ju 87 B-3 Werk Nr. 4232:observe the work underway. 4086:operated captured aircraft. 3265:Second Battle of El Alamein 2877:On 19 August, the units of 2794:, sinking four freighters: 2376:of the Home Fleet, Admiral 1960:, Poland. At exactly 04:26 1738:General der Schlachtflieger 895: 424:engine, producing 450 410:double vertical stabilisers 10: 11625: 8077:. London, UK: Blackhouse. 8058:. Pennsylvania: Combined. 8035:Murray, Willamson (1983). 7782:The Air War over Catalonia 4836:Collins English Dictionary 3744:fourth strategic offensive 3497:, during an air attack on 3263:, as well as the decisive 3261:First Battle of El Alamein 3006:, was in turn assigned to 2954:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 2846:("Eagle Day"). Bf 109s of 2788:early stages of the battle 2271:was sunk on 30 April. The 2152: 2110:on 6 September—during the 1651:Republic P-47 Thunderbolts 1599:was created. By mid-1943, 1500:. With these weapons, the 1407: 1285:Oberkommando der Luftwaffe 1245: 1185: 1181:may never have been built. 1084: 1031: 900: 397:Reichsluftfahrtministerium 176:, popularly known as the " 18: 11579:World War II dive bombers 11472: 11425: 11355: 11125:Post-349 (non-sequential) 11124: 10845: 10262: 9648: 9013: 8822: 8776: 8676: 8435: 8306:. London: Pen and Sword. 8213:. London: Eagles of War. 7955:Lawrence, Joseph (1945). 6093:Gesalí & Íñiguez 2012 6081:Gesalí & Íñiguez 2012 6069:Gesalí & Íñiguez 2012 5311:Dressel & Griehl 1994 5260:Thompson & Smith 2008 4963:Griehl & Dressel 1998 4386:Specifications (Ju 87D-1) 4275:Hellenic Air Force Museum 4157:Ju 87 R-2/Trop. Werk Nr. 3898:Royal Hungarian Air Force 3853:Czechoslovakian Air Force 3757:. On 12 January 1945 the 2985:besieged harbour of Malta 2486:Battle of the Netherlands 2133: 1906: 1512:Night-harassment variants 786:g-force induced black-out 608: 162: 154: 146: 141: 133: 98: 86: 74: 66: 52: 47: 35: 30: 8152:Smith, Peter C. (2011). 8133:Smith, Peter C. (2007). 7966:Memoirs of a Stuka Pilot 7940:. Atglen, PA: Schiffer. 7860:Heinkel He 177 – 277–274 7839:Griehl, Manfred (2001). 7820:Green, William (1990) . 7757:Erfurth, Helmut (2004). 7740:Bombers of the Luftwaffe 7700:Bungay, Stephen (2000). 6816:Fighters over the Desert 6603:Wood & Dempster 2003 4692: 4497:constant-speed propeller 3973:- 90 Ju 87 D-3 and D-5s. 3971:Royal Romanian Air Force 3529:Oktyabrskaya Revolutsiya 3393:was equipped with units 3010:97°, 101° and 102°. The 2885:and concentrated in the 2505:Johan Maurits Van Nassau 2448:-held bridges along the 2349:, the aircraft carriers 2327:(11,442 tons) was sunk. 1836:offensive against Bilbao 1336:test centre at Tarnewitz 763:for defensive purposes. 124:Royal Romanian Air Force 8680:(experimental aircraft) 8677:Company EF designations 8355:Eisenbach, Hans Peter. 7964:Mahlke, Helmut (2013). 7898:Hayward, J. S. (2001). 7862:. Shrewsbury: Airlife. 7799:Gooderson, Ian (1998). 7531:m-selig.ae.illinois.edu 6702:Ciglic & Savic 2007 6415:, pp. 124, 131–140 4687:List of bomber aircraft 4408:General characteristics 4245:Deutsches Technikmuseum 4221:Deutsches Technikmuseum 3740:Gefechtsverband Kuhlmey 3613:Kursk and decline; 1943 3483:river and closed in on 3428:, under the command of 3411:, under the command of 3405:Immelmann. Attached to 3100:, Hitler's retribution 3034:(squadron) sinking the 2618:. The French destroyer 2273:French large destroyer 2149:on a Norwegian airfield 2106:(441 tons) was sunk in 2098:(412 tons) was sunk at 2026:anti-aircraft artillery 1805:, and as part of other 1713:Blohm & Voss BV 138 1655:IX Tactical Air Command 954:("Weserflug" – WFG) in 452:Robert Ritter von Greim 42:Ju 87Ds in October 1943 11418:Czechoslovak Air Force 8370:Zuerl, Walter (1941). 8175:. Hersham: Ian Allan. 8054:Parker, Danny (1998). 8016:Mondey, David (1996). 7936:Just, Gunther (1986). 7917:Hooton, E. R. (2007). 7877:Gunston, Bill (1984). 7723:. Belgrade: Jeroplan. 7586:The Aviation Historian 7334:"The Stuka Stealers". 4761: 4630:Curtiss SB2C Helldiver 4395: 4173: 4128:Royal Air Force Museum 4123: 4084:SFR Yugoslav Air Force 3763:Vistula–Oder Offensive 3666: 3622: 3561: 3560:Ju 87B over Stalingrad 3518:, while the destroyer 3403:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 3401:, I., II. and III. of 3386: 2967:The first task of the 2941: 2926:Chatham naval dockyard 2784:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2 2594: 2416: 2203:Battle of Drøbak Sound 2150: 1916: 1899:training grounds near 1798: 1764: 1691: 1619:Luftwaffe Kommando Ost 1461: 1453: 1421: 1316: 1298:Type 91 aerial torpedo 1272: 1125: 1113: 1041: 966: 910: 838:G-force test at Dessau 780: 779:Ju 87 diving procedure 736: 566:Wolfram von Richthofen 549: 541:and could rotate 90°. 383: 186:ground-attack aircraft 61:ground-attack aircraft 21:Stuka (disambiguation) 8173:Air Combat Manoeuvres 7983:McNab, Chris (2012). 7677:Boyne, W. J. (1994). 7605:. London: Ian Allan. 7382:Vanags-Baginskis 1982 7311:Vanags-Baginskis 1982 4665:Vultee A-31 Vengeance 4645:Loire-Nieuport LN.401 4635:Douglas SBD Dauntless 4393: 4365:Junkers Ju 87 D G-2, 4167: 4144:Air Historical Branch 4109: 3759:1st Belorussian Front 3664: 3620: 3559: 3384: 3074:and supply submarine 3060:Royal Australian Navy 2952:in North Africa, the 2939: 2414: 2361:, and the battleship 2141: 1914: 1792: 1762: 1689: 1459: 1451: 1415: 1314: 1277:Rechlin-Lärz Airfield 1270: 1123: 1107: 1039: 964: 908: 778: 734: 547: 378: 242:and of the so-called 8436:Company designations 7397:. Flyingheritage.org 4862:"Sturzkampfflugzeug" 4191:Ju 87 R-4, Werk Nr. 4120:Messerschmitt Me 321 4099:Ju 87 G-2, Werk Nr. 3603:Battle of Stalingrad 3582:Battle of Sevastopol 3241:Generalfeldmarschall 3098:Operation Punishment 3030:(group) and its 239 2922:Operation Barbarossa 2721:, staggered back to 2693:while the destroyer 2565:Messerschmitt Bf 109 2385:Royal Norwegian Navy 2287:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2278:was sunk along with 2160:Operation Weserübung 2052:Sturzkampfgeschwader 2030:Piotrków Trybunalski 1623:Nachtschlachtgruppen 1344:Messerschmitt Me 410 496:Sturzbomber-Programm 444:Curtiss F11C Goshawk 11362:Unofficial/proposed 8266:Weal, John (2008). 8247:Weal, John (1998). 8228:Weal, John (1997). 8209:Ward, John (2004). 8092:Ring, Hans (1978). 7301:, pp. 151–152. 7097:, pp. 123–124. 6989:, pp. 112–113. 6032:, pp. 131–133. 6020:, pp. 120–121. 5912:, pp. 356, 363 5787:, pp. 274–275. 4820:, pp. 129–130. 4592:Related development 4460:Max takeoff weight: 3801:Bulgarian Air Force 3736:Operation Bagration 3532:and the destroyers 3512:sank the destroyer 3454:Soviet-German front 3433:Hans-Jürgen Stumpff 3413:General der Flieger 3306:Dodecanese Campaign 3102:bombing of Belgrade 2883:Cherbourg-Octeville 2856:RAF Fighter Command 2185:Oscarsborg Fortress 2145:addressing a Ju 87 1848:Catalonia Offensive 1795:Spanish Nationalist 1780:Operational history 1635:Battle of the Bulge 1483:Henschel Hs 129 B-3 1256:Daimler-Benz DB 603 1007:Production variants 823:No. 1426 Flight RAF 816:Eric "Winkle" Brown 531:vertical stabiliser 500:Rolls-Royce Kestrel 260:, or suffered from 112:Bulgarian Air Force 48:General information 11477:Lehký Bombardovací 8538:H 21 / J 21 / T 21 8194:. London: Jane's. 7841:Junker Ju 87 Stuka 7473:, pp. 385–387 7372:, pp. 382–383 6881:, pp. 305–314 6562:, pp. 108–109 6535:, pp. 251–257 6463:, pp. 138–140 6301:, pp. 113–115 6095:, pp. 482–484 6083:, pp. 478–480 6071:, pp. 470–472 5962:, pp. 116–117 5864:, pp. 210–212 5840:, pp. 352–353 5714:, pp. 101–102 5313:, pp. 100–105 5262:, pp. 235–236 5176:, pp. 438–439 5025:, pp. 111–118 4763:Sturzkampfflugzeug 4749:[ˈʃtuːkaː] 4571:In popular culture 4554:MG 17 machine guns 4396: 4174: 4136:Schleswig-Holstein 4124: 4091:Surviving aircraft 3964:Kingdom of Romania 3891:Kingdom of Hungary 3689:Schlachtgeschwader 3667: 3652:Schlachtgeschwader 3623: 3562: 3391:VIII. Fliegerkorps 3387: 3310:Dodecanese Islands 3014:were used against 2942: 2879:VIII. Fliegerkorps 2688:-class minesweeper 2494:Dutch royal family 2417: 2374:Commander-in-Chief 2155:Norwegian campaign 2151: 2084:and the minelayer 1940:as well as Polish 1917: 1799: 1765: 1692: 1631:Battle of Normandy 1462: 1454: 1422: 1317: 1273: 1261:MG 81Z machine gun 1126: 1114: 1042: 967: 911: 864:United States Army 781: 753:MG 17 machine guns 737: 550: 384: 316:anti-tank aircraft 277:Invasion of Poland 11604:Low-wing aircraft 11504: 11503: 11384: 11383: 8968: 8967: 8365:978-3-938208-96-0 8351:978-1-903223-87-1 8337:978-1-85780-279-5 8277:978-1-84603-308-7 8182:978-1-903223-98-7 8163:978-0-85979-156-4 8156:. London: Crecy. 8144:978-1-903223-69-7 8000:978-1-78096-283-2 7991:Osprey Publishing 7975:978-1-84832-664-4 7928:978-1-85780-272-6 7812:978-0-7146-4211-6 7791:978-84-232-0775-6 7730:978-86-909727-0-8 7704:. London: Aurum. 7669:978-1-85780-276-4 7650:978-1-903223-88-8 7631:978-1-85780-270-2 7612:978-1-903223-91-8 7525:Lednicer, David. 7253:, pp. 99–100 6247:, pp. 34–35. 4868:WordReference.com 4558:MG 81 machine gun 4534:Time to altitude: 4470:Junkers Jumo 211J 4367:RAF Museum London 4149:Battle of Britain 4140:Bordkanone BK 3,7 4122:cargo glider unit 4016:Spanish Air Force 3925:Regia Aeronautica 3921:Regia Aeronautica 3706:class destroyers 3545:Army Group Centre 2992:Regia Aeronautica 2950:Operation Compass 2848:Jagdgeschwader 26 2770:Battle of Britain 2733:French destroyer 2644:French destroyer 2612:Battle of Dunkirk 2502:(1,316 tons) and 2463:Battle of Belgium 2311:were lost aboard 1856:Port of Barcelona 1785:Spanish Civil War 1663:Battle of Remagen 1659:Ludendorff Bridge 1549:Flammenvernichter 1545:Störkampfstaffeln 1532:using antiquated 1478:Bordkanone BK 3,7 1465:Hans-Ulrich Rudel 1436:Junkers Jumo 211J 1252:Battle of Britain 1108:A Ju-87 towing a 1067:Regia Aeronautica 952:Weser Flugzeugbau 937:Spanish Civil War 889:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 761:MG 15 machine gun 718:fuel was injected 625:. It had a fixed 581:Charles Lindbergh 338:Hans-Ulrich Rudel 324:Focke-Wulf Fw 190 297:Battle of Britain 269:close air support 238:symbol of German 234:, which became a 202:Spanish Civil War 170: 169: 158:17 September 1935 147:Introduction date 118:Regia Aeronautica 11616: 11594:Junkers aircraft 11557: 11549: 11548: 11547: 11537: 11521: 11520: 11519: 11512: 11411: 11404: 11397: 11388: 11387: 11177: 11157: 11112: 11058: 11053: 11034: 10994: 10989: 10980: 10956: 10936: 10926: 10916: 10911: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10874: 10869: 10864: 10859: 10833: 10794: 10775: 10731: 10721: 10706: 10691: 10686: 10656: 10606: 10596: 10581: 10529: 10519: 10509: 10489: 10474: 10469: 10383: 10368: 10339: 10301: 10291: 10208: 10179: 10142: 10093: 10088: 10078: 10068: 9978: 9965: 9956: 9927: 9835: 9756: 9637: 9607: 9602: 9592: 9552: 9527: 9498: 9262: 9234: 9185: 9176: 9154: 9134: 9052: 9037: 9032: 9022: 8995: 8988: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8681: 8421: 8414: 8407: 8398: 8397: 8388: 8375: 8317: 8298: 8281: 8262: 8243: 8224: 8205: 8186: 8167: 8148: 8129: 8107: 8088: 8069: 8050: 8031: 8012: 7979: 7960: 7951: 7932: 7913: 7894: 7873: 7854: 7835: 7816: 7795: 7772: 7753: 7734: 7715: 7696: 7684: 7673: 7654: 7635: 7616: 7597: 7572: 7571: 7565: 7563: 7548: 7542: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7522: 7516: 7510: 7504: 7503: 7501: 7499: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7418: 7413: 7407: 7406: 7404: 7402: 7391: 7385: 7379: 7373: 7367: 7361: 7360: 7351:Bert, Hartmann. 7348: 7339: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7272: 7266: 7260: 7254: 7248: 7242: 7236: 7230: 7224: 7218: 7212: 7206: 7200: 7194: 7188: 7182: 7176: 7170: 7164: 7158: 7152: 7146: 7145:, pp. 25–26 7140: 7134: 7128: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6869:, pp. 82–83 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6827: 6819: 6818:], Stuttgart 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6776:, pp. 45–51 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6752:, pp. 38–39 6747: 6741: 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6669: 6663: 6657: 6651: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6575: 6569: 6563: 6557: 6548: 6542: 6536: 6530: 6524: 6518: 6512: 6511:, pp. 66–67 6506: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6451:, pp. 52–53 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6391:, pp. 73–74 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6353: 6347: 6338: 6332: 6326: 6325:, pp. 68–69 6320: 6314: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6290: 6284: 6275: 6269: 6263: 6257: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6219: 6218:, pp. 96–97 6213: 6207: 6201: 6195: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6156: 6155:, pp. 87–88 6150: 6144: 6143:, pp. 21–22 6138: 6132: 6131:, pp. 18–19 6126: 6120: 6114: 6108: 6107:, pp. 15–16 6102: 6096: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6066: 6060: 6054: 6045: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6009: 6003: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5963: 5957: 5940: 5934: 5925: 5919: 5913: 5907: 5901: 5895: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5847: 5841: 5835: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5745: 5739: 5730: 5724: 5715: 5709: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5659: 5653: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5602: 5596: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5558: 5552: 5541: 5540:, pp. 80–81 5535: 5529: 5523: 5514: 5508: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5460: 5459:, pp. 64–65 5454: 5448: 5442: 5436: 5430: 5421: 5415: 5409: 5403: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5379: 5373: 5367: 5361: 5355: 5344: 5338: 5329: 5323: 5314: 5308: 5302: 5296: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5263: 5257: 5251: 5245: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5177: 5171: 5165: 5159: 5148: 5142: 5125: 5124:, pp. 52–53 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5062: 5061:, pp. 42–44 5056: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5014: 5008: 5002: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4960: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4910: 4909:, pp. 38–39 4904: 4898: 4892: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4858: 4852: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4827: 4821: 4815: 4799: 4797:Luftstreitkräfte 4793:Imperial Germany 4785: 4779: 4773: 4767: 4759: 4758: 4757: 4751: 4746: 4742: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4713: 4707: 4703: 4650:Mitsubishi Ki-51 4544: 4528:Service ceiling: 4505: 4410: 4394:Junkers Ju 87B-2 4362: 4350: 4338: 4326: 4314: 4304:in October 2015. 4229:Stammkennzeichen 4075: 4073: 4072: 4052: 4050: 4049: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4007: 4006: 3994:Slovak Air Force 3985: 3983: 3982: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3939: 3937: 3936: 3914:Kingdom of Italy 3912: 3910: 3909: 3889: 3887: 3886: 3867: 3865: 3864: 3843: 3842: 3820: 3816: 3814: 3813: 3795: 3791: 3789: 3788: 3474: 3442:Lehrgeschwader 1 3408:II. Fliegerkorps 3377:Barbarossa; 1941 3257:Battle of Gazala 3093:Operation Marita 2897:and heading for 2823:Portland Harbour 2780:Lehrgeschwader 2 2750:(264 tons), the 2599: 2549:Battle of France 2372:reported to the 2306: 2295: 2176:and specialised 2061:Battle of Modlin 1890:Second World War 1813:of the Legion's 1746: 1725:Berlin-Tempelhof 1584:Friend or Foe). 1526:Soviet Air Force 1395:Stammkennzeichen 1388:Stammkennzeichen 1381:Stammkennzeichen 1374:Stammkennzeichen 1364:Known prototypes 1334:Erprobungsstelle 1239:Stammkennzeichen 1229:Stammkennzeichen 1219:Known prototypes 1169:Stammkennzeichen 1167:: W.Nr 0870279. 1129:Known prototypes 860: 859: 855: 771:Diving procedure 706:universal joints 677:Junkers Jumo 211 520:Willy Neuenhofen 355:Hermann Pohlmann 304:Balkans Campaign 232:Jericho trumpets 190:Hermann Pohlmann 92:Hermann Pohlmann 40: 28: 27: 11624: 11623: 11619: 11618: 11617: 11615: 11614: 11613: 11564: 11563: 11560: 11550: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11536:sister projects 11533:at Knowledge's 11527: 11517: 11515: 11507: 11505: 11500: 11474: 11468: 11427: 11421: 11415: 11385: 11380: 11351: 11175: 11155: 11120: 11110: 11056: 11051: 11032: 10992: 10987: 10978: 10954: 10934: 10924: 10914: 10909: 10887: 10882: 10877: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10841: 10831: 10792: 10773: 10729: 10719: 10704: 10689: 10684: 10654: 10604: 10594: 10579: 10527: 10517: 10507: 10487: 10472: 10467: 10381: 10366: 10337: 10299: 10289: 10258: 10206: 10177: 10140: 10091: 10086: 10076: 10066: 9976: 9963: 9954: 9925: 9833: 9754: 9644: 9635: 9605: 9600: 9590: 9550: 9525: 9496: 9260: 9232: 9183: 9174: 9152: 9132: 9050: 9035: 9030: 9020: 9009: 8999: 8969: 8964: 8818: 8772: 8679: 8678: 8672: 8431: 8425: 8386: 8382: 8324: 8322:Further reading 8314: 8278: 8259: 8240: 8221: 8202: 8183: 8164: 8145: 8126: 8104: 8085: 8066: 8047: 8028: 8001: 7976: 7948: 7929: 7910: 7870: 7851: 7832: 7813: 7792: 7769: 7750: 7742:. London: DAG. 7731: 7712: 7693: 7670: 7651: 7632: 7613: 7580: 7575: 7561: 7559: 7549: 7545: 7535: 7533: 7523: 7519: 7511: 7507: 7497: 7495: 7494:on 20 June 2017 7482: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7455: 7453: 7445: 7444: 7440: 7432: 7421: 7414: 7410: 7400: 7398: 7393: 7392: 7388: 7380: 7376: 7368: 7364: 7349: 7342: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7153: 7149: 7141: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7119:Bergström 2007b 7117: 7113: 7107:Bergström 2007b 7105: 7101: 7095:Bergström 2007b 7093: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7071:Bergström 2007c 7069: 7065: 7059:Bergström 2007c 7057: 7053: 7047:Bergström 2007c 7045: 7041: 7035:Bergström 2007c 7033: 7029: 7023:Bergström 2007c 7021: 7017: 7011:Bergström 2007a 7009: 7005: 6999:Bergström 2007a 6997: 6993: 6987:Bergström 2007a 6985: 6981: 6975:Bergström 2007a 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6951:Bergström 2007a 6949: 6945: 6939:Bergström 2007a 6937: 6933: 6927:Bergström 2007a 6925: 6921: 6915:Bergström 2007a 6913: 6909: 6903:Bergström 2007a 6901: 6897: 6891:Bergström 2007a 6889: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6865: 6861: 6853: 6849: 6841: 6837: 6821: 6820: 6808: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6672: 6664: 6660: 6652: 6645: 6637: 6633: 6625: 6621: 6613: 6609: 6601: 6597: 6589: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6539: 6531: 6527: 6519: 6515: 6507: 6503: 6495: 6491: 6483: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6459: 6455: 6447: 6443: 6435: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6363: 6356: 6348: 6341: 6333: 6329: 6321: 6317: 6309: 6305: 6297: 6293: 6285: 6278: 6270: 6266: 6258: 6251: 6243: 6239: 6231: 6222: 6214: 6210: 6202: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6139: 6135: 6127: 6123: 6115: 6111: 6103: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6036: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 6004: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5966: 5958: 5943: 5935: 5928: 5920: 5916: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5892: 5884: 5880: 5872: 5868: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5836: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5748: 5740: 5733: 5725: 5718: 5710: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5681: 5677: 5669: 5662: 5654: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5597: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5561: 5553: 5544: 5536: 5532: 5524: 5517: 5509: 5502: 5494: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5439: 5431: 5424: 5416: 5412: 5404: 5400: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5347: 5339: 5332: 5324: 5317: 5309: 5305: 5297: 5290: 5282: 5278: 5270: 5266: 5258: 5254: 5246: 5242: 5234: 5230: 5222: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5180: 5172: 5168: 5160: 5151: 5143: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5065: 5057: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5017: 5009: 5005: 4997: 4993: 4985: 4981: 4973: 4969: 4961: 4954: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4930: 4922: 4913: 4905: 4901: 4893: 4884: 4874: 4872: 4860: 4859: 4855: 4845: 4843: 4829: 4828: 4824: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4803: 4802: 4786: 4782: 4774: 4770: 4766:, "dive bomber" 4753: 4752: 4744: 4719: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4589: 4573: 4545: 4540: 4501: 4406: 4388: 4380:Louis Langhurst 4376: 4369: 4363: 4354: 4351: 4342: 4339: 4330: 4327: 4318: 4315: 4195:(incorporating 4168:Ju 87 R-2/Trop 4093: 4070: 4068: 4047: 4045: 4038:Royal Air Force 4024: 4022: 4001: 3980: 3978: 3957: 3955: 3941:Empire of Japan 3934: 3932: 3907: 3905: 3884: 3882: 3862: 3860: 3837: 3811: 3809: 3786: 3784: 3780: 3728: 3700:Black Sea Fleet 3676:XXIX Army Corps 3615: 3566:Kerch Peninsula 3554: 3472: 3379: 3374: 3316:(I./StG 3) and 3273:Operation Torch 3253:Siege of Tobruk 3136:Battle of Crete 2962:X. Fliegerkorps 2946:Italo-Greek War 2934: 2867:the Hardest Day 2812:Royal Air Force 2792:English Channel 2776:order of battle 2772: 2754:(380 tons) and 2409: 2391:(335 tons) and 2319:(452 tons) and 2304: 2293: 2172:transported by 2157: 2136: 2057:Siege of Warsaw 2047:Battle of Bzura 2042:Battle of Radom 1934:Danzig corridor 1909: 1892: 1860:Polikarpov I-15 1787: 1782: 1740: 1733: 1671: 1606:was given four 1534:Polikarpov Po-2 1514: 1506:Battle of Kursk 1431:Henschel Hs 129 1410: 1353:Hans-Karl Stepp 1248: 1188: 1087: 1034: 903: 898: 872: 857: 853: 852: 840: 827:RAE Farnborough 773: 637:, were made of 616: 611: 593: 512:AB Flygindustri 492: 481:Reichsmarschall 392:Henschel Hs 123 351: 346: 320:air superiority 262:target fixation 180:", is a German 129: 128: 94: 67:National origin 43: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11622: 11612: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11559: 11558: 11529: 11526: 11525: 11502: 11501: 11499: 11498: 11493: 11488: 11482: 11480: 11470: 11469: 11467: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11446: 11441: 11435: 11433: 11423: 11422: 11414: 11413: 11406: 11399: 11391: 11382: 11381: 11376: 11375: 11372: 11369: 11366: 11363: 11360: 11356: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11349: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11321: 11312: 11307: 11302: 11297: 11292: 11287: 11282: 11277: 11272: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11222: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11188: 11183: 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11134: 11128: 11126: 11122: 11121: 11119: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11084: 11079: 11074: 11069: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11044: 11039: 11030: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10981: 10976: 10967: 10962: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10922: 10917: 10912: 10907: 10902: 10901: 10900: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10860: 10855: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10819: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10795: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10771: 10762: 10757: 10752: 10747: 10742: 10737: 10732: 10727: 10722: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10702: 10697: 10692: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10657: 10648: 10639: 10634: 10621: 10616: 10607: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10568: 10559: 10554: 10549: 10544: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 10510: 10505: 10500: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10450: 10445: 10436: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10408: 10399: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10379: 10374: 10369: 10364: 10355: 10350: 10345: 10340: 10335: 10326: 10321: 10316: 10307: 10302: 10297: 10292: 10287: 10282: 10277: 10272: 10266: 10264: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10247: 10242: 10237: 10232: 10227: 10222: 10213: 10204: 10199: 10194: 10189: 10184: 10175: 10166: 10157: 10152: 10147: 10138: 10133: 10128: 10119: 10114: 10109: 10104: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10064: 10059: 10054: 10045: 10040: 10038:Me 164/MeC 164 10035: 10022: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9998: 9993: 9988: 9983: 9970: 9961: 9952: 9943: 9938: 9933: 9928: 9923: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9855: 9850: 9845: 9840: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9816: 9811: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9752: 9747: 9742: 9737: 9732: 9727: 9718: 9713: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9678: 9677: 9663: 9658: 9652: 9650: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9578: 9573: 9568: 9563: 9558: 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9533: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9451: 9442: 9433: 9424: 9415: 9402: 9393: 9388: 9379: 9370: 9365: 9356: 9347: 9342: 9333: 9328: 9319: 9310: 9305: 9296: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9263: 9258: 9249: 9244: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9186: 9181: 9168: 9159: 9150: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9086: 9077: 9068: 9063: 9058: 9053: 9048: 9043: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9017: 9015: 9011: 9010: 8998: 8997: 8990: 8983: 8975: 8966: 8965: 8963: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8831: 8829: 8820: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8811: 8806: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8785: 8783: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8730: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8695: 8690: 8684: 8682: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8530: 8525: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8495: 8490: 8485: 8480: 8475: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8450: 8445: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8432: 8424: 8423: 8416: 8409: 8401: 8395: 8394: 8381: 8380:External links 8378: 8377: 8376: 8367: 8353: 8339: 8323: 8320: 8319: 8318: 8312: 8299: 8287:Air Enthusiast 8282: 8276: 8263: 8257: 8244: 8238: 8225: 8219: 8206: 8200: 8187: 8181: 8168: 8162: 8149: 8143: 8130: 8124: 8112:Rohwer, Jürgen 8108: 8102: 8089: 8083: 8070: 8064: 8051: 8045: 8032: 8026: 8013: 7999: 7980: 7974: 7961: 7952: 7946: 7933: 7927: 7914: 7908: 7895: 7874: 7868: 7855: 7849: 7836: 7830: 7817: 7811: 7796: 7790: 7773: 7767: 7754: 7748: 7735: 7729: 7716: 7710: 7697: 7691: 7681:Clash of Wings 7674: 7668: 7655: 7649: 7636: 7630: 7617: 7611: 7598: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7573: 7557:A Sound Effect 7543: 7517: 7515:, pp. 442 7505: 7475: 7463: 7438: 7419: 7408: 7395:"FHCAM – Home" 7386: 7374: 7362: 7340: 7327: 7325:, p. 150. 7315: 7303: 7291: 7289:, p. 156. 7279: 7277:, p. 135. 7267: 7265:, p. 103. 7263:Gooderson 1998 7255: 7251:Bergström 2008 7243: 7239:Bergström 2008 7231: 7227:Bergström 2008 7219: 7215:Bergström 2008 7207: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7167:Bergström 2008 7159: 7155:Bergström 2008 7147: 7143:Bergström 2008 7135: 7123: 7121:, p. 118. 7111: 7109:, p. 109. 7099: 7087: 7075: 7063: 7051: 7049:, p. 122. 7039: 7027: 7015: 7013:, p. 119. 7003: 7001:, p. 115. 6991: 6979: 6967: 6965:, p. 102. 6955: 6943: 6931: 6919: 6907: 6895: 6893:, p. 131. 6883: 6871: 6859: 6847: 6835: 6802: 6790: 6778: 6766: 6754: 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6670: 6658: 6643: 6631: 6619: 6607: 6595: 6576: 6564: 6549: 6537: 6525: 6513: 6501: 6489: 6477: 6465: 6453: 6441: 6429: 6417: 6405: 6393: 6381: 6369: 6354: 6339: 6337:, p. 116. 6327: 6315: 6303: 6291: 6276: 6264: 6249: 6237: 6220: 6208: 6196: 6184: 6172: 6157: 6145: 6133: 6121: 6109: 6097: 6085: 6073: 6061: 6046: 6044:, p. 134. 6034: 6022: 6010: 5993: 5991:, p. 278. 5981: 5964: 5941: 5926: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5842: 5825: 5813: 5801: 5789: 5777: 5765: 5746: 5731: 5716: 5699: 5687: 5675: 5660: 5639: 5627: 5615: 5603: 5588: 5576: 5559: 5542: 5530: 5515: 5500: 5488: 5476: 5461: 5449: 5437: 5422: 5410: 5398: 5386: 5374: 5362: 5345: 5330: 5315: 5303: 5288: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5205: 5193: 5178: 5166: 5149: 5126: 5114: 5102: 5090: 5078: 5063: 5051: 5039: 5027: 5015: 5003: 4991: 4979: 4967: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4911: 4899: 4882: 4853: 4822: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4801: 4800: 4780: 4768: 4708: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4690: 4689: 4684: 4679: 4668: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4620:Blackburn Skua 4617: 4606: 4605: 4603:Heinkel He 118 4600: 4598:Junkers Ju 187 4588: 4585: 4581:Wile E. Coyote 4572: 4569: 4568: 4567: 4561: 4538: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4510:Maximum speed: 4499: 4498: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4484: 4483: 4482: 4474: 4473: 4463: 4457: 4451: 4442: 4436: 4430: 4424: 4418: 4387: 4384: 4375: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4364: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4345: 4343: 4340: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4294: 4277: 4267: 4256: 4241: 4201: 4200: 4184:of Wisconsin. 4162: 4161: 4104: 4103: 4092: 4089: 4088: 4087: 4080: 4079: 4065: 4064: 4057: 4056: 4042: 4041: 4034: 4033: 4031:United Kingdom 4019: 4018: 4012: 4011: 3998: 3997: 3990: 3989: 3975: 3974: 3967: 3966: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3943: 3929: 3928: 3917: 3916: 3902: 3901: 3894: 3893: 3879: 3878: 3872: 3871: 3857: 3856: 3848: 3847: 3845:Czechoslovakia 3834: 3833: 3822: 3821: 3805: 3804: 3797: 3796: 3779: 3776: 3761:initiated the 3727: 3724: 3684:Battle of Kiev 3614: 3611: 3553: 3550: 3522:and submarine 3510:Egbert Jaeckel 3458:Brest Fortress 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3302:Western Allies 3216:, followed by 3143:Irvine Glennie 3083:In March, the 2933: 2930: 2903:Thames Estuary 2835:Victoria Cross 2771: 2768: 2752:Le Moussaillon 2626:paddle steamer 2605:Chief of Staff 2603:(Richthofen's 2601:Hans Seidemann 2596:Oberstleutnant 2540:were damaged. 2516:. The British 2408: 2405: 2378:Charles Forbes 2174:Junkers Ju 52s 2135: 2132: 2104:General Haller 2102:; the gunboat 2024:. The lack of 1971:Staffelkapitän 1908: 1905: 1891: 1888: 1852:Heinkel He 111 1786: 1783: 1781: 1778: 1732: 1729: 1670: 1667: 1518:night intruder 1513: 1510: 1409: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1391: 1384: 1377: 1370: 1290:aerial torpedo 1247: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1232: 1204:arresting gear 1192:torpedo bomber 1187: 1184: 1183: 1182: 1172: 1171:code of GT+AX. 1162: 1156: 1150: 1144: 1138: 1086: 1083: 1033: 1030: 1029: 1028: 1022: 1016: 1004: 1003: 997: 991: 985: 979: 902: 899: 897: 894: 880:Dornier Do 217 871: 868: 839: 836: 772: 769: 615: 612: 610: 607: 592: 589: 574:Heinkel He 118 491: 488: 484:Hermann Göring 477:Heinkel He 177 469:medium bombers 350: 347: 345: 342: 256:from the high 188:. Designed by 168: 167: 164: 160: 159: 156: 152: 151: 148: 144: 143: 139: 138: 135: 131: 130: 127: 126: 121: 114: 108: 107: 100: 96: 95: 90: 88: 84: 83: 78: 72: 71: 68: 64: 63: 54: 50: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11621: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11571: 11569: 11562: 11555: 11554: 11542: 11541: 11538: 11532: 11531:Junkers Ju 87 11524: 11514: 11513: 11510: 11497: 11494: 11492: 11489: 11487: 11484: 11483: 11481: 11478: 11471: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11424: 11419: 11412: 11407: 11405: 11400: 11398: 11393: 11392: 11389: 11379: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11364: 11361: 11358: 11357: 11354: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11316: 11313: 11311: 11308: 11306: 11303: 11301: 11298: 11296: 11293: 11291: 11288: 11286: 11283: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11228: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11129: 11127: 11123: 11117: 11114: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11083: 11080: 11078: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11055: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11031: 11029: 11026: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10991: 10985: 10982: 10977: 10975: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10961: 10958: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10923: 10921: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10899: 10896: 10895: 10894: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10838: 10835: 10830: 10828: 10825: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10799: 10796: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10772: 10770: 10766: 10763: 10761: 10758: 10756: 10753: 10751: 10748: 10746: 10743: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10733: 10728: 10726: 10723: 10718: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10703: 10701: 10698: 10696: 10693: 10688: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10673: 10671: 10668: 10666: 10663: 10661: 10658: 10652: 10649: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10632:Me 263 (1945) 10629: 10628:Me 263 (1942) 10625: 10624:Me 263 (1941) 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10611: 10608: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10578: 10576: 10572: 10569: 10567: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10555: 10553: 10550: 10548: 10545: 10543: 10539: 10536: 10534: 10531: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10516: 10514: 10511: 10506: 10504: 10501: 10499: 10496: 10494: 10491: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10479: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10454: 10451: 10449: 10446: 10444: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10400: 10398: 10395: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10380: 10378: 10375: 10373: 10370: 10365: 10363: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10336: 10334: 10330: 10327: 10325: 10322: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10298: 10296: 10293: 10288: 10286: 10283: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10238: 10236: 10233: 10231: 10228: 10226: 10223: 10221: 10217: 10214: 10212: 10205: 10203: 10200: 10198: 10195: 10193: 10190: 10188: 10185: 10183: 10176: 10174: 10170: 10167: 10165: 10161: 10158: 10156: 10153: 10151: 10148: 10146: 10139: 10137: 10134: 10132: 10129: 10127: 10123: 10120: 10118: 10115: 10113: 10110: 10108: 10105: 10103: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10058: 10055: 10053: 10049: 10046: 10044: 10041: 10039: 10036: 10034: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9997: 9994: 9992: 9989: 9987: 9984: 9982: 9974: 9971: 9969: 9962: 9960: 9953: 9951: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9937: 9934: 9932: 9929: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9859: 9856: 9854: 9851: 9849: 9846: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9815: 9812: 9810: 9807: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9741: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9731: 9728: 9726: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9671: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9653: 9651: 9647: 9641: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9604: 9599: 9597: 9594: 9589: 9587: 9584: 9582: 9579: 9577: 9574: 9572: 9569: 9567: 9564: 9562: 9559: 9557: 9554: 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9537: 9534: 9532: 9529: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9513: 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9334: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9267: 9264: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9236: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9190: 9187: 9182: 9180: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9163: 9160: 9158: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9139: 9136: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9072: 9069: 9067: 9064: 9062: 9059: 9057: 9054: 9049: 9047: 9044: 9042: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9019: 9018: 9016: 9012: 9007: 9003: 8996: 8991: 8989: 8984: 8982: 8977: 8976: 8973: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8826: 8821: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8790: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8685: 8683: 8675: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8494: 8491: 8489: 8486: 8484: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8440: 8438: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8417: 8415: 8410: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8399: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8383: 8373: 8368: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8326: 8325: 8315: 8313:0-85052-915-8 8309: 8305: 8300: 8296: 8292: 8289:(92): 59–65. 8288: 8283: 8279: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8260: 8258:1-85532-722-8 8254: 8250: 8245: 8241: 8239:1-85532-636-1 8235: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8220:1-86227-246-8 8216: 8212: 8207: 8203: 8201:0-7106-0191-3 8197: 8193: 8188: 8184: 8178: 8174: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8146: 8140: 8136: 8131: 8127: 8125:1-59114-119-2 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8103:3-87943-151-5 8099: 8095: 8090: 8086: 8084:9781908476876 8080: 8076: 8071: 8067: 8065:0-938289-35-7 8061: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8046:0-16-002160-X 8042: 8038: 8033: 8029: 8027:1-85152-966-7 8023: 8019: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7987: 7981: 7977: 7971: 7967: 7962: 7958: 7953: 7949: 7947:0-88740-252-6 7943: 7939: 7934: 7930: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7911: 7909:0-7006-1146-0 7905: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7871: 7869:1-85310-364-0 7865: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7850:1-84037-198-6 7846: 7842: 7837: 7833: 7831:0-883-65666-3 7827: 7823: 7818: 7814: 7808: 7804: 7803: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7774: 7770: 7768:1-85780-186-5 7764: 7760: 7759:Junkers Ju 87 7755: 7751: 7749:1-85409-140-9 7745: 7741: 7736: 7732: 7726: 7722: 7717: 7713: 7711:1-85410-721-6 7707: 7703: 7698: 7694: 7692:0-684-83915-6 7688: 7683: 7682: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7656: 7652: 7646: 7642: 7637: 7633: 7627: 7623: 7618: 7614: 7608: 7604: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7588:(37): 20–28. 7587: 7582: 7581: 7570: 7558: 7554: 7547: 7532: 7528: 7521: 7514: 7509: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7479: 7472: 7467: 7452: 7448: 7442: 7436:, p. 387 7435: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7424: 7417: 7412: 7396: 7390: 7383: 7378: 7371: 7366: 7358: 7354: 7347: 7345: 7337: 7331: 7324: 7319: 7313:, p. 52. 7312: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7264: 7259: 7252: 7247: 7241:, p. 131 7240: 7235: 7228: 7223: 7217:, p. 129 7216: 7211: 7205:, p. 292 7204: 7199: 7192: 7187: 7180: 7175: 7168: 7163: 7156: 7151: 7144: 7139: 7133:, p. 279 7132: 7127: 7120: 7115: 7108: 7103: 7096: 7091: 7085:, p. 211 7084: 7079: 7073:, p. 84. 7072: 7067: 7061:, p. 49. 7060: 7055: 7048: 7043: 7037:, p. 46. 7036: 7031: 7025:, p. 30. 7024: 7019: 7012: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6977:, p. 85. 6976: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6953:, p. 69. 6952: 6947: 6941:, p. 89. 6940: 6935: 6929:, p. 23. 6928: 6923: 6917:, p. 20. 6916: 6911: 6905:, p. 18. 6904: 6899: 6892: 6887: 6880: 6875: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6844: 6839: 6831: 6825: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6782: 6775: 6770: 6764:, p. 123 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6734: 6728:, p. 121 6727: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6703: 6698: 6692:, p. 120 6691: 6686: 6680:, p. 218 6679: 6674: 6667: 6662: 6656:, p. 137 6655: 6650: 6648: 6640: 6635: 6628: 6623: 6617:, p. 109 6616: 6611: 6605:, p. 228 6604: 6599: 6592: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6581: 6573: 6568: 6561: 6556: 6554: 6546: 6541: 6534: 6529: 6523:, p. 105 6522: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6498: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6474: 6469: 6462: 6457: 6450: 6445: 6439:, p. 138 6438: 6433: 6426: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6367:, p. 124 6366: 6361: 6359: 6351: 6346: 6344: 6336: 6331: 6324: 6319: 6312: 6307: 6300: 6295: 6289:, p. 118 6288: 6283: 6281: 6274:, p. 114 6273: 6268: 6261: 6256: 6254: 6246: 6241: 6234: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6217: 6212: 6206:, p. 101 6205: 6200: 6193: 6188: 6181: 6176: 6169: 6164: 6162: 6154: 6149: 6142: 6137: 6130: 6125: 6118: 6113: 6106: 6101: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6058: 6053: 6051: 6043: 6038: 6031: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6008:, p. 120 6007: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5990: 5985: 5979:, p. 118 5978: 5973: 5971: 5969: 5961: 5956: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5946: 5939:, p. 115 5938: 5933: 5931: 5924:, p. 364 5923: 5918: 5911: 5906: 5900:, p. 354 5899: 5894: 5888:, p. 200 5887: 5882: 5876:, p. 208 5875: 5870: 5863: 5858: 5852:, p. 210 5851: 5846: 5839: 5834: 5832: 5830: 5823:, p. 209 5822: 5817: 5811:, p. 349 5810: 5805: 5799:, p. 286 5798: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5775:, p. 274 5774: 5769: 5763:, p. 284 5762: 5757: 5755: 5753: 5751: 5744:, p. 103 5743: 5738: 5736: 5729:, p. 102 5728: 5723: 5721: 5713: 5708: 5706: 5704: 5696: 5691: 5684: 5679: 5672: 5667: 5665: 5658:, p. 95. 5657: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5646: 5644: 5636: 5631: 5625:, p. 114 5624: 5619: 5613:, p. 243 5612: 5607: 5601:, p. 242 5600: 5595: 5593: 5586:, p. 241 5585: 5580: 5574:, p. 240 5573: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5556: 5551: 5549: 5547: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5522: 5520: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5497: 5492: 5485: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5466: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5441: 5434: 5429: 5427: 5419: 5414: 5407: 5402: 5395: 5390: 5383: 5378: 5371: 5366: 5359: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5342: 5337: 5335: 5328:, p. 179 5327: 5322: 5320: 5312: 5307: 5300: 5295: 5293: 5285: 5280: 5273: 5268: 5261: 5256: 5249: 5244: 5238:, p. 132 5237: 5232: 5225: 5220: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5203:, p. 122 5202: 5197: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5175: 5170: 5163: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5146: 5141: 5139: 5137: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5099: 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5070: 5068: 5060: 5055: 5048: 5043: 5036: 5031: 5024: 5019: 5012: 5007: 5000: 4995: 4988: 4983: 4976: 4971: 4964: 4959: 4957: 4949: 4944: 4937: 4932: 4925: 4920: 4918: 4916: 4908: 4903: 4896: 4891: 4889: 4887: 4870: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4842: 4841:HarperCollins 4838: 4837: 4832: 4826: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4777: 4772: 4765: 4764: 4756: 4750: 4740: 4712: 4702: 4698: 4688: 4685: 4683: 4680: 4678: 4675: 4674: 4673: 4672: 4671:Related lists 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4640:Ilyushin Il-2 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4593: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4575:According to 4565: 4562: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4543: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4516:Cruise speed: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4496: 4492: 4489: 4488: 4480: 4479: 4478: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4454:Empty weight: 4452: 4450:Göttingen 256 4449: 4447: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4434: 4431: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4404: 4403: 4400: 4392: 4383: 4381: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4349: 4344: 4337: 4332: 4325: 4320: 4313: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4189: 4188: 4185: 4183: 4179: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4156: 4155: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4114:displayed at 4113: 4108: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4096: 4085: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4059: 4058: 4055: 4054:United States 4044: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4005: 4000: 3999: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3988: 3977: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3965: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3945: 3942: 3931: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3919: 3918: 3915: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3896: 3895: 3892: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3870: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3782: 3781: 3775: 3771: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3751: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3712:Besposhchadny 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3692: 3690: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3663: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3619: 3610: 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3585: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3549: 3546: 3541: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3530: 3525: 3521: 3520:Steregushchiy 3517: 3516: 3511: 3508: 3504: 3501:harbour near 3500: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3469: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3444: 3443: 3438: 3434: 3431: 3430:Generaloberst 3427: 3426: 3421: 3417: 3416:Bruno Loerzer 3414: 3410: 3409: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3383: 3372:Eastern front 3369: 3367: 3366: 3361: 3360: 3355: 3354: 3349: 3348: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334:Porto Di Roma 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3243: 3242: 3236: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3221: 3215: 3214: 3209: 3208: 3202: 3201: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3183: 3177: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3157: 3156: 3151: 3150: 3144: 3141: 3137: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3119: 3114: 3110: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3081: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3036:Hellenic Navy 3033: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2988: 2986: 2981: 2980: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2887:Pas de Calais 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2838: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2820: 2819: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2767: 2765: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2736: 2730: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2709: 2704: 2703: 2699:was sunk and 2698: 2697: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2681: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2667:Polly Johnson 2664: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2653: 2648: 2647: 2641: 2640: 2634: 2630: 2629:Crested Eagle 2627: 2623: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2569:Curtiss H-75s 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2500: 2499:Jan Van Galen 2495: 2491: 2487: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2471:Low Countries 2468: 2464: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2426: 2422: 2413: 2404: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2370: 2366: 2365: 2360: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2337: 2333: 2328: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2303: 2299: 2292: 2288: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2276: 2270: 2269: 2263: 2259: 2258: 2254: 2249: 2248: 2243: 2242: 2237: 2236:light cruiser 2233: 2229: 2228: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2181: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166: 2161: 2156: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2131: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112:Battle of Hel 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088: 2083: 2082: 2077: 2072: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2048: 2043: 2040:. During the 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999:Frank Neubert 1997: 1996: 1992: 1991: 1985: 1983: 1978: 1977: 1973: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1913: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1877: 1876:Molins de Rei 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1845: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1829:Unteroffizier 1826: 1823:and departed 1822: 1821: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1803:Condor Legion 1796: 1791: 1777: 1775: 1769: 1761: 1757: 1755: 1754:Adolf Galland 1751: 1747: 1744: 1739: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1714: 1709: 1707: 1703: 1698: 1697:Dornier Do 17 1688: 1684: 1681: 1677: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1653:of the USAAF 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1627:Western Front 1624: 1620: 1616: 1614: 1609: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1593: 1591: 1588:with the new 1585: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1568: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1487:7.5 cm Pak 40 1484: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1444: 1441: 1440:Ilyushin Il-2 1437: 1432: 1428: 1419: 1414: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1392: 1389: 1385: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1335: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1313: 1309: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1304:Graf Zeppelin 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1278: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1257: 1253: 1240: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1208: 1205: 1201: 1200:folding wings 1197: 1193: 1180: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1166: 1163: 1160: 1157: 1154: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1131: 1130: 1122: 1118: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1075:cowling flaps 1072: 1068: 1062: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1048: 1038: 1026: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1009: 1008: 1001: 998: 995: 992: 989: 986: 983: 980: 977: 974: 973: 972: 971: 963: 959: 957: 953: 949: 945: 940: 938: 932: 928: 924: 921: 917: 907: 893: 890: 884: 881: 877: 876:Junkers Ju 88 870:Other designs 867: 865: 850: 847:problems, or 845: 835: 832: 828: 824: 820: 817: 813: 810: 805: 803: 802:Helmut Mahlke 798: 794: 789: 787: 777: 768: 764: 762: 758: 754: 749: 746: 742: 733: 729: 725: 723: 719: 713: 711: 707: 703: 698: 696: 691: 687: 684: 681: 678: 673: 671: 665: 663: 657: 655: 650: 648: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 627:undercarriage 624: 621: 606: 602: 599: 598:Heinkel He 50 588: 586: 585:Ernst Heinkel 583:was visiting 582: 577: 575: 571: 567: 563: 559: 555: 546: 542: 540: 536: 532: 528: 523: 521: 518: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 487: 485: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 462: 458: 453: 449: 448:Walther Wever 445: 441: 437: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 414:field of fire 411: 407: 403: 399: 398: 393: 389: 381: 377: 373: 371: 367: 364: 360: 356: 341: 339: 336: 335: 330: 327: 325: 321: 317: 313: 312:Eastern Front 309: 305: 300: 298: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 273:anti-shipping 270: 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 246: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 224:undercarriage 222: 218: 213: 211: 207: 203: 199: 198:Condor Legion 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 174:Junkers Ju 87 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 140: 136: 132: 125: 122: 120: 119: 115: 113: 110: 109: 106: 105: 101: 99:Primary users 97: 93: 89: 85: 82: 79: 77: 73: 69: 65: 62: 58: 55: 51: 46: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 11561: 11556:from Commons 11551: 11530: 11476: 11473:Light Bomber 11458: 11430:Bombardovací 11429: 11377: 11359:Not assigned 9570: 8864: 8828:designations 8823: 8782:designations 8777: 8371: 8356: 8342: 8328: 8303: 8286: 8267: 8248: 8229: 8210: 8191: 8172: 8153: 8134: 8115: 8093: 8074: 8055: 8036: 8017: 7985: 7965: 7956: 7937: 7918: 7899: 7882: 7878: 7859: 7840: 7821: 7801: 7781: 7777: 7758: 7739: 7720: 7701: 7680: 7659: 7640: 7621: 7602: 7585: 7578:Bibliography 7567: 7560:. Retrieved 7556: 7546: 7534:. Retrieved 7530: 7520: 7508: 7496:. Retrieved 7492:the original 7488:onet.rzeszow 7487: 7478: 7466: 7454:. Retrieved 7451:xray-mag.com 7450: 7441: 7411: 7401:20 September 7399:. Retrieved 7389: 7384:, p. 51 7377: 7365: 7356: 7335: 7330: 7318: 7306: 7294: 7282: 7270: 7258: 7246: 7234: 7229:, p. 59 7222: 7210: 7198: 7193:, p. 77 7186: 7181:, p. 74 7174: 7169:, p. 30 7162: 7157:, p. 27 7150: 7138: 7126: 7114: 7102: 7090: 7083:Hayward 2001 7078: 7066: 7054: 7042: 7030: 7018: 7006: 6994: 6982: 6970: 6958: 6946: 6934: 6922: 6910: 6898: 6886: 6874: 6862: 6857:, p. 68 6850: 6845:, p. 67 6838: 6815: 6811: 6805: 6800:, p. 65 6793: 6788:, p. 44 6781: 6769: 6757: 6745: 6740:, p. 38 6733: 6721: 6716:, p. 32 6709: 6704:, p. 59 6697: 6685: 6673: 6668:, p. 23 6661: 6654:Gunston 1984 6634: 6622: 6610: 6598: 6593:, p. 51 6574:, p. 66 6567: 6547:, p. 83 6540: 6528: 6516: 6504: 6499:, p. 94 6492: 6487:, p. 55 6480: 6475:, p. 74 6468: 6456: 6444: 6432: 6427:, p. 67 6420: 6408: 6403:, p. 78 6396: 6384: 6379:, p. 46 6372: 6352:, p. 43 6330: 6318: 6313:, p. 37 6306: 6294: 6267: 6262:, p. 35 6240: 6235:, p. 34 6211: 6199: 6194:, p. 91 6187: 6182:, p. 98 6175: 6170:, p. 22 6148: 6136: 6124: 6119:, p. 17 6112: 6100: 6088: 6076: 6064: 6059:, p. 15 6037: 6025: 6013: 5984: 5917: 5905: 5893: 5881: 5869: 5857: 5845: 5816: 5804: 5792: 5780: 5768: 5697:, p. 98 5690: 5685:, p. 97 5678: 5673:, p. 99 5637:, p. 87 5630: 5618: 5606: 5579: 5557:, p. 49 5533: 5528:, p. 79 5513:, p. 68 5498:, p. 66 5491: 5486:, p. 65 5479: 5474:, p. 30 5452: 5447:, p. 64 5440: 5435:, p. 63 5420:, p. 42 5418:Erfurth 2004 5413: 5408:, p. 40 5406:Erfurth 2004 5401: 5396:, p. 57 5389: 5384:, p. 54 5377: 5372:, p. 53 5365: 5360:, p. 52 5343:, p. 50 5306: 5301:, p. 54 5299:Erfurth 2004 5286:, p. 53 5284:Erfurth 2004 5279: 5274:, p. 52 5272:Erfurth 2004 5267: 5255: 5250:, p. 54 5243: 5231: 5226:, p. 61 5201:Gunston 1984 5196: 5191:, p. 49 5189:Erfurth 2004 5169: 5164:, p. 50 5162:Erfurth 2004 5147:, p. 48 5145:Erfurth 2004 5117: 5112:, p. 47 5105: 5100:, p. 46 5093: 5088:, p. 44 5081: 5076:, p. 31 5054: 5049:, p. 41 5042: 5037:, p. 27 5030: 5018: 5013:, p. 28 5006: 5001:, p. 41 4994: 4989:, p. 40 4982: 4977:, p. 27 4975:Erfurth 2004 4970: 4965:, p. 53 4950:, p. 16 4943: 4938:, p. 13 4931: 4926:, p. 38 4902: 4897:, p. 37 4873:. Retrieved 4865: 4856: 4844:. Retrieved 4834: 4825: 4813: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4711: 4701: 4670: 4669: 4655:Nakajima B5N 4608: 4607: 4591: 4590: 4577:Richard King 4574: 4563: 4549: 4541: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4502: 4500: 4490: 4465: 4459: 4453: 4444: 4438: 4432: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4407: 4405: 4401: 4398: 4397: 4377: 4297: 4291: 4288: 4264:Saint-Tropez 4234: 4228: 4224: 4212: 4202: 4196: 4192: 4186: 4175: 4169: 4158: 4148: 4139: 4125: 4116:RAF Chivenor 4111: 4100: 4094: 3924: 3869:Nazi Germany 3829: 3772: 3766: 3752: 3747: 3729: 3720:Josef Stalin 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3693: 3688: 3671: 3668: 3655: 3651: 3631:Fliegerkorps 3630: 3627:Luftflotte 6 3624: 3598: 3595:Luftflotte 4 3594: 3588: 3586: 3570:Kampfgruppen 3569: 3563: 3542: 3538:Grozyashchiy 3537: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3514: 3506: 3493: 3470: 3462:Oberleutnant 3461: 3451: 3446: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3425:Luftflotte 5 3423: 3419: 3412: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3364: 3358: 3352: 3346: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3299: 3293: 3291: 3286:Curtiss P-40 3249:Afrika Korps 3245:Erwin Rommel 3239: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3212: 3206: 3199: 3188: 3181: 3174: 3167: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3140:Rear Admiral 3133: 3122: 3116: 3106: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3039: 3031: 3027: 3023:Picchiatelli 3022: 3021:Some of the 3020: 3012:Picchiatelli 3011: 3007: 3004:Picchiatello 3003: 2999: 2991: 2989: 2978: 2968: 2966: 2943: 2915: 2891:Luftflotte 2 2876: 2864: 2860: 2841: 2839: 2826: 2817: 2807: 2803: 2799: 2795: 2773: 2763: 2760: 2758:(264 tons). 2755: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2734: 2727: 2717: 2712: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2651: 2645: 2638: 2633:Côte d'Arzur 2632: 2628: 2620: 2609: 2590: 2556: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2504: 2498: 2483: 2467:Army Group B 2457: 2450:Albert Canal 2446:Belgian Army 2437: 2431: 2429: 2420: 2418: 2397:Eduard Dietl 2392: 2388: 2382: 2368: 2363: 2357: 2351: 2346: 2341:commanded a 2339:Lionel Wells 2336:Vice Admiral 2331: 2329: 2324: 2321:Warwickshire 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2261: 2256: 2246: 2240: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2207: 2189: 2182: 2163: 2158: 2146: 2143:Erhard Milch 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2103: 2095: 2086: 2080: 2075: 2073: 2050: 2019: 1993: 1990:Rottenführer 1988: 1986: 1976:Oberleutnant 1974: 1969: 1965: 1938:East Prussia 1924: 1921:World War II 1918: 1893: 1884: 1840: 1828: 1818: 1815:fighter wing 1810: 1800: 1770: 1766: 1750:Ernst Kupfer 1736: 1734: 1718: 1710: 1693: 1672: 1622: 1618: 1612: 1607: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1589: 1586: 1581:Soviet Union 1571: 1569: 1564: 1560: 1553: 1548: 1544: 1528:practice of 1515: 1502:Kanonenvogel 1501: 1491: 1477: 1463: 1442: 1423: 1418:Kanonenvogel 1417: 1394: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1363: 1362: 1347: 1339: 1333: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1318: 1303: 1301: 1293: 1281: 1274: 1249: 1238: 1234: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1217: 1209: 1196:Kriegsmarine 1189: 1178: 1174: 1168: 1164: 1158: 1152: 1146: 1140: 1134: 1128: 1127: 1115: 1099: 1090: 1088: 1079: 1063: 1059:Adolf Hitler 1051: 1047:World War II 1043: 1024: 1018: 1012: 1006: 1005: 999: 993: 987: 981: 975: 969: 968: 944:supercharger 941: 933: 929: 925: 912: 885: 873: 848: 841: 831:dive-bombers 814: 806: 790: 782: 765: 750: 738: 726: 714: 699: 680:water-cooled 674: 666: 658: 651: 617: 603: 594: 578: 570:Ernst Zindel 551: 539:leading edge 524: 516: 506:20,514, two 495: 493: 480: 473:heavy bomber 464: 461:Erhard Milch 456: 438: 395: 385: 352: 349:Early design 332: 331: 328: 301: 266: 243: 214: 210:World War II 177: 173: 171: 155:First flight 134:Number built 116: 102: 76:Manufacturer 70:Nazi Germany 25: 11371:Unconfirmed 10314:Me 209 (II) 8558:F 24 / G 24 8192:Ju 87 Stuka 8075:Stuka Pilot 7805:. F. Cass. 7562:3 September 7498:29 November 7456:4 September 7323:Griehl 2001 7299:Griehl 2001 7287:Griehl 2001 7275:Griehl 2001 7131:Griehl 2001 6963:Rohwer 2005 6641:, p. 9 6629:, p. 7 6533:Bungay 2000 6473:Hooton 2007 6425:Hooton 2007 6192:Hooton 2007 6042:Griehl 2001 6030:Griehl 2001 6018:Griehl 2001 6006:Griehl 2001 5977:Griehl 2001 5960:Griehl 2001 5937:Griehl 2001 5874:Parker 1998 5862:Griehl 2001 5850:Griehl 2001 5821:Griehl 2001 5797:Griehl 2001 5785:Griehl 2001 5773:Griehl 2001 5761:Griehl 2001 5742:Griehl 2001 5727:Griehl 2001 5712:Griehl 2001 5695:Griehl 2001 5683:Griehl 2001 5671:Griehl 2001 5656:Griehl 2001 5635:Griehl 2001 5623:Mondey 1996 5611:Griehl 2001 5599:Griehl 2001 5584:Griehl 2001 5572:Griehl 2001 5555:Griehl 2001 5538:Griehl 2001 5526:Griehl 2001 5511:Griehl 2001 5496:Griehl 2001 5484:Griehl 2001 5457:Griehl 2001 5445:Griehl 2001 5433:Griehl 2001 5394:Griehl 2001 5382:Griehl 2001 5370:Griehl 2001 5358:Griehl 2001 5341:Griehl 2001 5326:Griehl 2001 5236:Mahlke 2013 5224:Griehl 2001 5122:Griehl 2001 5110:Griehl 2001 5098:Griehl 2001 5086:Griehl 2001 5059:Griehl 2001 5023:Mondey 1996 4999:Griehl 2001 4987:Griehl 2001 4948:Murray 1983 4936:Murray 1983 4924:Griehl 2001 4907:Griehl 2001 4895:Griehl 2001 4871:(in German) 4818:Griehl 2001 4789:Junkers J.I 4625:Breda Ba.65 4503:Performance 4491:Propellers: 4466:Powerplant: 3680:Sea of Azov 3607:Volga River 3223:on 26 May; 3134:During the 3032:Squadriglia 2979:Illustrious 2852:RAF Detling 2827:Foylebank's 2800:Dallas City 2748:Denis Papin 2610:During the 2537:Westminster 2514:Afsluitdijk 2387:transports 2108:Hel Harbour 2092:Polish Navy 1982:German Army 1946:Polish Army 1864:El Vendrell 1833:Nationalist 1741: [ 1661:during the 1629:during the 1416:Ju 87 G-1 " 1393:Ju 87 V 25 1386:Ju 87 V 24 1379:Ju 87 V 23 1372:Ju 87 V 22 686:V-12 engine 591:Refinements 434:dive brakes 406:Karl Plauth 344:Development 285:Netherlands 254:blacked out 250:dive brakes 200:during the 182:dive bomber 57:Dive bomber 11568:Categories 10846:301 to 349 10310:Me 209 (I) 10263:201 to 300 9649:101 to 200 7989:. Oxford: 7513:Green 1990 7471:Smith 2011 7434:Smith 2011 7370:Smith 2011 7203:Smith 2011 6879:Smith 2011 6678:Smith 2011 6591:Smith 2007 6461:Smith 2011 6437:Smith 2011 6413:Smith 2011 6401:Boyne 1994 6365:Smith 2011 6335:Smith 2011 6299:Smith 2011 6287:Smith 2011 6272:Smith 2011 6216:Smith 2011 6204:Smith 2011 6180:Smith 2011 6153:Smith 2011 5989:McNab 2012 5922:Smith 2011 5910:Smith 2011 5898:Smith 2011 5838:Smith 2011 5809:Smith 2011 5472:Boyne 1994 5174:Green 1990 4806:References 4776:Werknummer 4583:’s head". 4439:Wing area: 4253:Tim Wallis 4225:Werknummer 4217:Tim Wallis 4205:Paul Allen 4077:Yugoslavia 3599:Stukawaffe 3182:Gloucester 3089:Yugoslavia 3062:destroyer 3038:freighter 2872:Chain Home 2735:Foudroyant 2574:Montcornet 2557:Stukawaffe 2525:Winchester 2490:Dutch Navy 2442:Eben Emael 2425:Phoney War 2343:Home Fleet 2262:Black Swan 2257:Black Swan 2232:Scapa Flow 2178:ski troops 2170:paratroops 2165:Blitzkrieg 2153:See also: 2128:Stukawaffe 1676:Reichsmark 1669:Production 1613:Luftflotte 1602:Luftflotte 1524:, but the 1492:Bordkanone 1294:Luftorpedo 1112:over Italy 1095:drop tanks 1091:Reichweite 970:Prototypes 757:pneumatics 641:(a German 635:wing flaps 620:cantilever 562:Jumo 210Aa 440:Ernst Udet 428:(600 418:gull wings 386:After the 380:Ernst Udet 245:Blitzkrieg 236:propaganda 219:and fixed 217:gull wings 8295:0143-5450 8009:779264558 7891:797533857 7594:2051-1930 7336:Aeroplane 7191:Weal 2008 7179:Weal 2008 6867:Weal 1998 6855:Weal 1998 6843:Weal 1998 6798:Weal 1998 6786:Weal 1998 6774:Weal 1998 6762:Ward 2004 6750:Weal 1998 6738:Weal 1998 6726:Ward 2004 6714:Weal 1998 6690:Ward 2004 6666:Weal 1998 6639:Weal 1998 6627:Weal 1998 6615:Ward 2004 6572:Weal 1997 6560:Ward 2004 6545:Weal 1997 6521:Ward 2004 6509:Weal 1997 6497:Ward 2004 6485:Weal 1997 6449:Weal 1997 6389:Ward 2004 6377:Weal 1997 6350:Weal 1997 6323:Ward 2004 6311:Weal 1997 6260:Weal 1997 6245:Weal 1997 6233:Weal 1997 6168:Weal 1997 6141:Weal 1997 6129:Weal 1997 6117:Weal 1997 6105:Weal 1997 6057:Weal 1997 5886:Ward 2004 5248:Just 1986 5074:Ward 2004 5047:Ward 2004 5035:Ward 2004 5011:Ward 2004 4615:Aichi D3A 4493:3-bladed 4427:Wingspan: 4399:Data from 4110:Ju 87G-2 3876:Luftwaffe 3778:Operators 3767:Luftwaffe 3704:Leningrad 3696:Black Sea 3672:Immelmann 3656:Immelmann 3590:Fall Blau 3503:Leningrad 3499:Kronstadt 3289:wounded. 3218:HMS 3205:HMS 3200:Greyhound 3198:HMS 3187:HMS 3180:HMS 3173:HMS 3166:HMS 3147:HMS 2977:HMS 2858:station. 2829:gunners, 2818:Foylebank 2816:HMS 2804:Deucalion 2713:Whitehall 2708:Whitehall 2680:Normannia 2519:Valentine 2510:Waalhaven 2433:Fall Gelb 2393:Blaafjeld 2358:Ark Royal 2280:HMS 2266:HMS 2213:Stavanger 2199:Oslofjord 2076:Luftwaffe 2022:at Wieluń 2007:PZL P.11c 1942:Pomerania 1897:Neuhammer 1872:Catalonia 1868:Comarruga 1702:Wehrmacht 1590:Nachtrevi 1522:The Blitz 1475:, as the 1443:Sturmovik 1355:near the 1349:Hauptmann 1235:Ju 87 V11 1225:Ju 87 V10 1179:Ju 87 V18 1175:Ju 87 V17 1165:Ju 87 V16 1159:Ju 87 V15 1025:Ju 87 A-2 1019:Ju 87 A-1 1013:Ju 87 A-0 956:Lemwerder 793:altimeter 695:Plexiglas 643:aluminium 631:duralumin 623:monoplane 517:Hauptmann 508:shillings 490:Evolution 465:Luftwaffe 457:Luftwaffe 240:air power 230:known as 194:Luftwaffe 104:Luftwaffe 11523:Aviation 10898:Zwilling 9014:1 to 100 8430:aircraft 8114:(2005). 7536:16 April 6824:citation 4587:See also 4542:Armament 4374:Replicas 4290:; 5B+?? 4285:Belgrade 4249:Murmansk 3793:Bulgaria 3748:Schlacht 3716:Sposobny 3639:Belgorod 3507:Leutnant 3489:Red Army 3359:Carlisle 3353:Penelope 3338:Taganrog 3284:(USAAF) 3278:ordnance 3259:and the 3220:Hereward 3175:Warspite 3077:Cachalot 3065:Waterhen 2899:Tangmere 2843:Adlertag 2702:Basilisk 2691:Skipjack 2621:L'Adroit 2582:Bolougne 2553:at Sedan 2512:and the 2479:Gembloux 2352:Glorious 2197:through 2124:Jaskolka 2059:and the 2038:Radomsko 1995:Leutnant 1954:Dirschau 1880:PM M1910 1797:markings 1721:Slovakia 1608:Staffeln 1576:Jumo 211 1541:biplanes 1194:for the 1153:Ju 87 V9 1147:Ju 87 V8 1141:Ju 87 V7 1135:Ju 87 V6 1000:Ju 87 V5 994:Ju 87 V4 988:Ju 87 V3 982:Ju 87 V2 976:Ju 87 V1 920:aerofoil 916:ailerons 896:Variants 878:and the 800:pilots. 741:dihedral 722:armature 710:asbestos 683:inverted 670:g forces 662:aerofoil 647:Elektron 558:Jumo 210 535:longeron 258:g-forces 87:Designer 11300:ZSO 523 11260:DFS 468 11245:DFS 446 11211:ZMe 423 11101:DFS 346 11077:WNF 342 11023:DFS 332 11018:DFS 331 10974:ZMe 323 10853:DFS 301 10614:Me 261w 10443:DFS 230 10425:DFS 228 10420:FGP 227 10280:DFS 203 10216:DFS 194 10211:DFS 193 9725:He 111U 9711:Bf 109R 8809:E.I (2) 8779:Idflieg 8428:Junkers 8392:YouTube 4875:22 July 4846:22 July 4831:"Stuka" 4760:; from 4745:German: 4660:Saab 17 4560:to rear 4495:Junkers 4446:Airfoil 4433:Height: 4421:Length: 4132:Eggebek 3818:Croatia 3708:Kharkov 3481:Dnieper 3418:, were 3365:Panther 3330:Lagnano 3269:Tunisia 3207:Kashmir 3129:Piraeus 3071:Cricket 3048:Proussa 3040:Susanah 2796:Britsum 2718:Ivanhoe 2686:Halcyon 2671:Fenella 2646:Mistral 2639:Grenade 2542:Whitley 2531:Whitley 2469:in the 2454:Lanaken 2389:Aafjord 2364:Valiant 2347:Berwick 2325:Chrobry 2317:Jardine 2268:Bittern 2241:Curacoa 2227:Suffolk 2190:Blücher 2147:staffel 2100:Oksywie 2090:of the 2010:fighter 1930:Vistula 1844:Germany 1825:Hamburg 1820:Usaramo 1811:Staffel 1639:Albania 1597:Staffel 1473:gun pod 1408:Ju 87 G 1357:Briansk 1246:Ju 87 D 1186:Ju 87 C 1110:DFS 230 1085:Ju 87 R 1032:Ju 87 B 901:Ju 87 A 856:⁄ 849:greyout 654:welding 527:Dresden 446:. When 422:BMW 132 402:Junkers 370:Ju K 47 359:spatted 308:African 289:Belgium 221:spatted 163:Retired 142:History 81:Junkers 11509:Portal 11426:Bomber 11347:Ju 635 11343:He 635 11339:Do 635 11334:Ar 632 11329:Me 609 11324:Me 600 11319:He 535 11315:Do 535 11305:Ar 532 11290:He 519 11285:Me 510 11280:Me 509 11275:He 500 11270:Fw 491 11265:Ju 488 11255:Me 462 11250:Ju 452 11235:Ar 440 11230:Do 435 11225:Ar 432 11220:Ka 430 11216:Ar 430 11206:He 419 11201:Do 417 11196:Me 410 11191:Me 409 11186:Ta 400 11181:Ar 396 11176:Ar 393 11171:Fw 391 11166:Ju 390 11161:Ju 388 11156:Me 368 11151:Me 364 11146:Me 362 11141:Ju 356 11137:Fi 356 11132:Ju 352 11116:Ba 349 11106:Rk 347 11096:Go 345 11091:So 344 11087:Rk 344 11082:He 343 11067:Ar 340 11062:Fl 339 11052:Ju 337 11047:Fa 336 11042:Do 335 11037:Me 334 11033:Ar 334 11028:Fi 333 11013:Fa 330 11008:Me 329 11003:Me 328 10998:Me 327 10988:Fw 325 10984:Fa 325 10970:Me 323 10965:Ju 322 10960:Me 321 10955:Me 320 10950:He 319 10945:Do 318 10940:Do 317 10930:Hs 315 10905:Me 310 10893:Me 309 10837:Fw 300 10832:Ju 299 10827:Hs 298 10822:Hs 297 10817:Hs 296 10813:Ar 296 10808:Hs 295 10803:Hs 294 10798:Hs 293 10793:Hs 292 10789:As 292 10784:Hs 291 10779:Ju 290 10774:Ju 289 10769:Ju 288 10765:Do 288 10760:Ju 287 10755:Ju 286 10750:Fl 285 10745:Fa 284 10740:Fa 283 10735:Fl 282 10730:He 281 10725:He 280 10720:He 279 10715:He 278 10710:He 277 10705:He 276 10700:He 275 10695:He 274 10690:He 273 10685:He 272 10680:We 271 10675:He 270 10670:Fa 269 10665:Ju 268 10660:Ho 267 10655:Go 266 10651:Fa 266 10646:Me 265 10642:Fl 265 10637:Me 264 10619:Me 262 10610:Me 261 10600:Fw 259 10590:SK 257 10585:Fi 256 10575:Ta 254 10571:Ho 254 10566:Ho 253 10562:Fi 253 10557:Ju 252 10552:Ho 252 10547:Ho 251 10542:Ho 250 10538:BV 250 10533:Ju 248 10523:BV 246 10518:Go 245 10513:Go 244 10508:Me 243 10503:Go 242 10498:Go 241 10493:Ar 240 10483:BV 238 10478:BV 237 10473:Fa 236 10468:Do 235 10463:Ar 234 10458:Ar 233 10453:Ar 232 10448:Ar 231 10434:Ho 229 10430:Go 229 10415:Ho 226 10411:BV 226 10406:Fa 225 10402:Ao 225 10397:Fa 224 10392:Fa 223 10387:BV 222 10382:Do 221 10377:He 220 10372:He 219 10367:Do 218 10362:Hs 217 10358:Do 217 10353:Do 216 10348:Do 215 10343:Do 214 10333:Do 212 10324:Hü 211 10319:Me 210 10305:Me 208 10295:Fw 206 10285:Si 204 10275:Si 202 10270:Si 201 10254:Fw 200 10250:Do 200 10245:Ar 199 10240:Ar 198 10235:Ar 197 10230:Ar 196 10225:Ar 195 10220:Me 194 10207:Ao 193 10202:Ao 192 10197:Fw 191 10192:Fw 190 10187:Fw 189 10182:Ju 188 10178:Fw 188 10173:Ju 187 10169:Fw 187 10164:Ju 186 10160:Fw 186 10155:Fl 185 10150:Fl 184 10145:Ta 183 10141:Bü 183 10136:Bü 182 10131:Bü 181 10126:He 180 10122:Bü 180 10117:He 179 10112:He 178 10107:He 177 10102:He 176 10092:He 174 10087:He 173 10082:He 172 10077:He 171 10072:He 170 10067:Fi 169 10062:Fi 168 10057:Fi 167 10052:FK 166 10048:Fi 166 10043:Bf 165 10033:Me 163 10029:Li 163 10025:Bf 163 10020:He 162 10016:Bf 162 10011:Bf 161 10006:Ju 160 10001:Fw 159 9996:Fi 158 9991:Fi 157 9986:Fi 156 9981:Me 155 9977:Kl 155 9973:BV 155 9968:Ta 154 9964:Kl 154 9959:Ta 153 9955:Kl 153 9950:Ta 152 9946:Kl 152 9941:Kl 151 9936:Go 150 9931:Go 149 9926:Go 148 9921:Ju 147 9917:Go 147 9912:Go 146 9907:Go 145 9902:BV 144 9897:BV 143 9892:BV 142 9887:BV 141 9882:Ha 140 9877:Ha 139 9872:BV 138 9867:Ha 137 9862:Hü 136 9858:Ha 136 9853:Ha 135 9848:Bü 134 9843:Bü 133 9838:Hs 132 9834:Bü 132 9829:Bü 131 9824:Hs 130 9819:Hs 129 9814:Hs 128 9809:Hs 127 9804:Hs 126 9799:Hs 125 9794:Hs 124 9789:Hs 123 9784:Hs 122 9779:Hs 121 9774:He 120 9769:He 119 9764:He 118 9759:Hs 117 9755:He 117 9750:He 116 9745:He 115 9740:He 114 9735:He 113 9730:He 112 9721:He 111 9716:Bf 110 9707:Bf 109 9702:Bf 108 9697:Kl 107 9692:Kl 106 9687:Kl 105 9682:Fh 104 9670:Fi 103 9666:Al 103 9661:Al 102 9656:Al 101 9640:He 100 9636:Fi 100 9516:FZG 76 9350:DFS 54 9256:DFS 40 9247:DFS 39 8960:Ju 635 8955:Ju 488 8950:Ju 452 8945:Ju 390 8940:Ju 388 8935:Ju 352 8930:Ju 322 8925:Ju 290 8920:Ju 288 8915:Ju 287 8910:Ju 268 8905:Ju 252 8900:Ju 248 8895:Ju 188 8890:Ju 187 8885:Ju 160 8768:EF 150 8763:EF 140 8758:EF 132 8753:EF 131 8748:EF 130 8743:EF 128 8738:EF 127 8733:EF 126 8363: 8349: 8335: 8310: 8293: 8274: 8255: 8236: 8217: 8198: 8179: 8160: 8141: 8122: 8100: 8081: 8062: 8043: 8024: 8007: 7997: 7972: 7944: 7925: 7906: 7889: 7866: 7847: 7828: 7809: 7788: 7765: 7746: 7727: 7708: 7689: 7666: 7647: 7628: 7609: 7592: 4564:Bombs: 4522:Range: 4302:Poland 4298:110757 4271:Rhodes 4197:857509 4112:494083 4101:494083 4074: 4051: 4028: 3984: 3961: 3938: 3911: 3888: 3866: 3815: 3790: 3755:Berlin 3732:Fw 190 3682:. The 3648:Fw 190 3534:Silnyy 3477:trains 3437:Gruppe 3347:Aurora 3322:Rhodes 3314:Megara 3308:. The 3304:, the 3194:Bf 109 3052:Ioanna 3028:Gruppo 3008:Gruppi 2958:Sicily 2918:groups 2895:Selsey 2889:under 2728:Havant 2675:Lorina 2658:Verity 2652:Jaguar 2586:Calais 2584:, and 2561:StG 77 2488:. The 2475:Hannut 2421:Stukas 2401:Narvik 2332:Stukas 2313:Afridi 2298:Afridi 2282:Afridi 2247:Curlew 2134:Norway 2120:Czapla 2081:Wicher 2069:Modlin 2034:StG 76 2014:Balice 2001:of I./ 1907:Poland 1643:Arctic 1610:while 1494:BK 3,7 1340:Oberst 1212:dinghy 1054:sirens 918:' two 844:Dessau 702:struts 690:canvas 639:Pantal 609:Design 554:DB 600 394:, the 334:Oberst 306:, the 293:France 291:, and 283:, the 281:Norway 228:sirens 11553:Media 11496:LB-79 11491:LB-77 11486:LB-36 11464:B-228 11310:8-534 11295:8-520 11240:8-445 11111:8-348 11072:8-341 11057:8-338 10993:8-326 10979:8-324 10935:8-316 10925:8-314 10920:8-313 10915:8-312 10910:8-311 10888:8-308 10883:8-307 10878:8-306 10873:8-305 10868:8-304 10863:8-303 10858:8-302 10605:8-260 10595:8-258 10580:8-255 10528:8-247 10488:8-239 10439:8-230 10338:8-213 10329:8-212 10300:8-207 10290:8-205 10097:8-175 9631:Fi 99 9626:Fi 98 9621:Fi 97 9616:Ar 96 9611:Ar 95 9606:Ju 94 9601:Ju 93 9596:Ju 92 9591:Ju 91 9586:Ju 90 9581:Ju 89 9576:Ju 88 9571:Ju 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