Spanish Civil War - Knowledge

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within the military, though his position would be symbolic due to his lack of political talent. The 1931 Constitution would be suspended, replaced by a new "constituent parliament" which would be chosen by a new politically purged electorate, who would vote on the issue of republic versus monarchy. Liberal elements would remain, such as separation of church and state as well as freedom of religion. Agrarian issues would be solved by regional commissioners on the basis of smallholdings, but collective cultivation would be permitted in some circumstances. Legislation prior to February 1936 would be respected. Violence would be required to destroy opposition to the coup, though it seems Mola did not envision the mass atrocities and repression that would manifest during the civil war. Of particular importance to Mola was ensuring the revolt was an Army affair, not subject to special interests, ensuring the position of the armed forces as the basis for the new state. However, the separation of church and state was forgotten once the conflict assumed the dimension of a war of religion, and military authorities increasingly deferred to the Church and to the expression of Catholic sentiment. Mola's program was vague and only a rough sketch, and there were disagreements among coupists about their vision.

8025: 6426:, Spanish nationalists, the fascist Falange, and most conservatives and monarchist liberals. Virtually all Nationalist groups had strong Catholic convictions and supported the native Spanish clergy. The Nationals included the majority of the Catholic clergy and practitioners (outside of the Basque region), important elements of the army, most large landowners, and many businessmen. The Nationalist base largely consisted of the middle classes, conservative peasant smallholders in the North and Catholics in general. Catholic support became particularly pronounced as a consequence of the burning of churches and killing of priests in most leftists zones during the first six months of the war. By mid-1937, the Catholic Church gave its official blessing to the Franco regime; religious fervor was a major source of emotional support for the Nationalists during the civil war. Michael Seidmann reports that devout Catholics, such as seminary students, often volunteered to fight and would die in disproportionate numbers in the war. Catholic confession cleared the soldiers of moral doubt and increased fighting ability; Republican newspapers described Nationalist priests as ferocious in battle and 8754:, had struggled to suppress peasant rebellions, bandits and warlordism behind their lines; British observers argued that if the Russian Whites had been able to secure law and order behind their lines, they would have won over the Russian peasantry, while the inability of the Chinese Nationalists to stop banditry during the Chinese Civil War did severe damage to the regime's legitimacy. The Spanish Nationalists, in contrast, imposed a puritanically terrorist order on the populace in their territory. They never suffered from serious partisan activity behind their lines and the fact that banditry did not develop into a serious problem in Spain, despite how easy it would have been in such mountainous terrain, demands explanation. Seidman argues that severe terror, combined with control of the food supply, explains the general lack of guerilla warfare in the Nationalist rear. A 2009 analysis of Nationalist violence argues that evidence supports the view that killings were used strategically by the Nationalists to pre-emptively counter potential opposition by targeting individuals and groups deemed most likely to cultivate future rebellions, thus helping the Nationalists win the war. 8214:

in the Republican one the corresponding figure stood at 60%; it was accomplished mostly by means of advances, credits, loans and debit balances from respective central banks. However, while in the Nationalist zone the rising stock of money was only marginally above the production growth rate, in the Republican zone it by far exceeded dwindling production figures. The result was that while by the end of the war the Nationalist inflation was 41% compared to 1936, the Republican one was in triple digits. The second component of domestic resource was fiscal revenue. In the Nationalist zone it grew steadily and in the 2nd half of 1938 it was 214% of the figure from the 2nd half of 1936. In the Republican zone fiscal revenues in 1937 dropped to some 25% of revenues recorded in the proportional area in 1935 but recovered slightly in 1938. Neither side re-engineered the pre-war tax system; differences resulted from dramatic problems with tax collection in the Republican zone and from the course of the war, as more and more of the population were governed by the Nationalists. A smaller percentage of domestic resources came from expropriations, donations or internal borrowing.

8653:(cleansing) formed an essential part of the rebel strategy, and the process began immediately after an area had been captured. Estimates of the death toll vary; historian Paul Preston estimates the minimum number of those executed by the rebels as 130,000, while Antony Beevor places the figure much higher at an estimated 200,000 dead. The violence was carried out in the rebel zone by the military, the Civil Guard and the Falange in the name of the regime. Julius Ruiz reports that the Nationalists killed 100,000 people during the war and executed at least 28,000 immediately after. The first three months of the war were the bloodiest, with 50 to 70 percent of all executions carried out by Franco's regime, from 1936 to 1975, occurring during this period. The first few months of killings lacked much in the way of centralisation, being largely in the hands of local commanders. According to Stanely Payne and Jesús Palacios, General Mola was taken aback by them, despite his own planning emphasising the need for violence; early in the conflict he had ordered a group of leftist militiamen to be immediately executed, only to change his mind and rescind the order. 8685:

vigilantes and civilian death squads, with the Nationalist leadership often condoning their actions or even assisting them. Post-war executions were conducted by military tribunal, though the accused had limited ways to defend themselves. A large number of the executed were done so for their political activities or positions they held under the Republic during the war, though those who committed their own killings under the Republic were also amongst executed as well. A 2010 analysis of Catalonia argued that Nationalist executions were more likely to occur when they occupied an area that experienced greater prior violence, likely due to pro-Nationalist civilians seeking revenge for earlier actions by denouncing others to the Nationalist forces. Michael Seidman argues that the Nationalists' greater death toll may be partially attributable to their military success resulting in territorial gains and thus more opportunities to enact violence against their enemies. However, during the war, executions declined as the Francoist state began to establish itself.

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the end of the Civil War: 103,000 to 235,000; (3) civilian deaths from military action, typically air raids: 10,000 to 15,000. These categories combined point to totals from 235,000 to 715,000. Many authors opt for a broader view and calculate "death toll" by adding also (4) above-the-norm deaths caused by malnutrition, hygiene shortcomings, cold, illness, etc. recorded until the end of the Civil War: 30,000 to 630,000. It is not unusual to encounter war statistics which include (5) postwar terror related to Civil War, at times up to the year of 1961: 23,000 to 200,000. Some authors also add (6) foreign combat and combat-related deaths: 3,000 to 25,000, (7) Spaniards killed in World War II: 6,000, (8) deaths related to postwar guerilla, typically the

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tenant farmers knew the government was disinclined to stop them. By April 1936, nearly 100,000 peasants had appropriated 400,000 hectares of land and perhaps as many as 1 million hectares by the start of the civil war; for comparison, the 1931–33 land reform had granted only 6,000 peasants 45,000 hectares. As many strikes occurred between April and July as had occurred in the entirety of 1931. Workers increasingly demanded less work and more pay. "Social crimes"—refusing to pay for goods and rent—became increasingly common by workers, particularly in Madrid. In some cases, this was done in the company of armed militants. Conservatives, the middle classes, businessmen and landowners became convinced that revolution had already begun.

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initiatives that could threaten the image of neutrality that the government sought to maintain at all costs in the eyes of the international community meant that the idea of an exclusively Portuguese volunteer corps was never put into practice. Salazar and the military leadership did not look favorably upon misplaced adventurism and, in general, any plans for direct intervention from which it would be difficult, if not impossible, to clearly distance themselves in front of the International Non-Intervention Committee. The Viriatos were integrated into various units and battle fronts (The Spanish Legion, Falange militias or requetés, rebel aviation, or regular army brigades), without forming any specific unit.

7819: 6520:(men who stayed back in Spain during this period). This was because during Spain's North African campaigns, the traditional promotion by seniority was suspended in favour of promotion by merit through battlefield heroism. This tended to benefit younger officers starting their careers as they could, while older officers had familial commitments that made it harder for them to be deployed in North Africa. Officers in front line combat corps (primarily infantry and cavalry) benefited over those in technical corps (those in artillery, engineering etc.) because they had more chances to demonstrate the requisite battlefield heroism and had also traditionally enjoyed promotion by seniority. The 5816: 8713:. When Bilbao was conquered, thousands of people were sent to prison. There were fewer executions than usual, however, because of the effect Guernica left on Nationalists' reputations internationally. The numbers killed as the columns of the Army of Africa devastated and pillaged their way between Seville and Madrid are particularly difficult to calculate. Landowners who owned the large estates of Southern Spain rode alongside the Army of Africa to reclaim via force of arms the land given to the landless peasants by the Republican government. Rural workers were executed, and it was mockingly joked that they had received their "land reform" in the form of a burial plot. 8199: 8451: 5727: 1943: 410: 300: 7134: 352: 7775: 6438: 70: 6152: 5494:("Falange") to help achieve their aims. Open violence occurred in the streets of Spanish cities, and militancy continued to increase, reflecting a movement towards radical upheaval, rather than peaceful democratic means as solutions. A small insurrection by anarchists occurred in December 1933 in response to CEDA's victory, in which around 100 people died. After a year of intense pressure, CEDA, the party with the most seats in parliament, finally succeeded in forcing the acceptance of three ministries. The Socialists (PSOE) and Communists reacted with an insurrection for which they had been preparing for nine months. 8218: 7615: 7528: 7960: 7727: 1085: 819: 794: 775: 748: 736: 717: 705: 687: 675: 663: 644: 625: 605: 583: 8467: 851: 511: 6741: 1073: 1061: 558: 7888: 6196: 544: 285: 724: 651: 632: 590: 312: 1042: 1023: 1005: 993: 974: 962: 943: 930: 895: 873: 844: 90: 6112: 439: 7181: 5590:

that Spanish society was so divided along Left-Right lines that the monk Hilari Raguer stated that in his parish, instead of playing "cops and robbers", children would sometimes play "leftists and rightists". Within the first month of the Popular Front's government, nearly a quarter of the provincial governors had been removed due to their failure to prevent or control strikes, illegal land occupation, political violence and arson. The Popular Front government was more likely to prosecute rightists for violence than leftists who committed similar acts.

7466: 9984:"The Roman salute characteristic of Italian fascism was first adopted by the PNE and the JONS, later spreading to the Falange and other extreme right groups, before it became the official salute in Franco's Spain. The JAP salute, which consisted of stretching the right arm horizontally to touch the left shoulder enjoyed only relatively little acceptance. The gesture of the raised fist, so widespread among left-wing workers' groups, gave rise to more regimented variations, such as the salute with the fist on one's temple, characteristic of the German 391: 6056:

Conversely, if the coup had risen everywhere in Spain on the 18th rather than be delayed, it could have triumphed by the 22nd. While the militias that rose to meet the rebels were often untrained and poorly armed (possessing only a small number of pistols, shotguns and dynamite), this was offset by the fact that the rebellion was not universal. In addition, the Falangists and Carlists were themselves often not particularly powerful fighters either. However, enough officers and soldiers had joined the coup to prevent it from being crushed swiftly.

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provide no numbers or at best propose vague general descriptions; more detailed general history accounts produced by expert Spanish scholars often remain silent on the issue. Foreign scholars, especially English-speaking historians, are more willing to offer some general estimates, though some have revised their projections, usually downward, and the figures vary from 1 million to 250,000. Apart from bias/ill will, incompetence or changing access to sources, the differences result chiefly from categorisation and methodology issues.

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the use of machinery; efforts to create a monopoly on hiring; strikes; and efforts by unions to limit women's employment, all done to preserve a labour monopoly for their members. Class struggle intensified as landowners turned to counterrevolutionary organisations and local oligarchs. Strikes, workplace theft, arson, robbery and assaults on shops, strikebreakers, employers and machines became increasingly common. Ultimately, the reforms of the Republican-Socialist government alienated as many people as they pleased.

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expenditure totalled $ 0.87bn, the Italian ones reached $ 2.64bn, and the British ones stood at $ 4.13bn. As in the mid-1930s the Spanish GDP was much smaller than the Italian, French or British ones, and as in the Second Republic the annual defence and security budget was usually around $ 0,13bn (total annual governmental spendings were close to $ 0.65bn), wartime military expenditures put huge strain on the Spanish economy. Financing the war posed enormous challenge for both the Nationalists and the Republicans.

8747:, and other cities were attacked. The Bombing of Guernica was the most controversial. The Italian air force conducted a particularly heavy bombing raid on Barcelona in early 1938. While some Nationalist leaders did oppose the bombing of the city—for example, Generals Yagüe and Moscardó, who were noted for being nonconformists, protested against the indiscriminate destruction—other Nationalist leaders, often those of a fascist persuasion, approved of the bombings which they saw as necessary to "cleanse" Barcelona. 101: 9344:, observing it had parallels such as the complete revolutionary breakdown of domestic institutions, the development of full-scale revolutionary and counter-revolutionary struggles, the development of a typical post-WW1 communist force in the form of the People's Army, an extreme exacerbation of nationalism, the frequent use of WW1-style military weapons and tactics and the fact that it was not the product of the plan of any of the major powers, making it more similar to the post-WW1 crises which arose after the 6938:

the conflict. Although encouraged by the anti-communist and pro-Franco propaganda of the Estado Novo, the Portuguese combatants went to Spain of their own free will and, therefore, all responsibilities arising from their participation in the battle were theirs alone, according to the regime's political position. The government considered that ex-combatants in Spain should accept their precarious condition as volunteer soldiers and, therefore, had no right to any official assistance upon returning to Portugal.

9232:(Catalan peasant in revolt), which spans some 18 by 12 feet (5.5 by 3.7 m) and depicted a peasant brandishing a sickle in the air, to which Miró commented that "The sickle is not a communist symbol. It is the reaper's symbol, the tool of his work, and, when his freedom is threatened, his weapon." This work, also featured at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris, was shipped back to the Spanish Republic's capital in Valencia following the Exhibition, but has since gone missing or has been destroyed. 7462:

1936, British officials convinced Blum not to send arms to the Republicans and, on 27 July, the French government declared that it would not send military aid, technology or forces to assist the Republican forces. However, Blum made clear that France reserved the right to provide aid should it wish to the Republic: "We could have delivered arms to the Spanish Government , a legitimate government... We have not done so, in order not to give an excuse to those who would be tempted to send arms to the rebels ."

377: 8689: 9245: 7409:, were camouflaged at a deserted island, and with changed flags they proceeded officially to ports in Mexico. It is known that sales continued from August 1936 at least until November 1938. Exact number of shipments is unknown, but it remained significant: by November 1937 34 Greek ships were declared non-compliant with the non-intervention agreement, and the Nationalist navy seized 21 vessels in 1938 alone. Details of sales to the Nationalists are unclear, but it is known they were by far smaller. 1049: 981: 482: 7691:—meaning: 'director') while forcibly unifying the various and diverse Falangist, Royalist and other elements within the Nationalist cause. The diversion to Toledo gave Madrid time to prepare a defense but was hailed as a major propaganda victory and personal success for Franco. On 1 October 1936, General Franco was confirmed head of state and armies in Burgos. A similar dramatic success for the Nationalists occurred on 17 October, when troops coming from Galicia relieved the besieged town of 9620: 8795:, wrote that 6,832 were killed during the war, including 4,184 priests, 2,365 monks and friars, and 283 nuns (many were first raped before they died), in addition to 13 bishops, a figure accepted by historians, including Beevor. Some of the killings were carried out with extreme cruelty, some were burned to death, there are reports of castration and disembowelment. Some sources claim that by the conflict's end, 20 percent of the nation's clergy had been killed. The "Execution" of the 6251: 5207: 7203:, the Soviet Union contravened the League of Nations embargo by providing material assistance to the Republican forces, becoming their only source of major weapons. Unlike Hitler and Mussolini, Stalin tried to do this covertly. Estimates of material provided by the USSR to the Republicans vary between 634 and 806 aircraft, 331 and 362 tanks and 1,034 to 1,895 artillery pieces. Stalin also created Section X of the Soviet Union military to head the weapons shipment operation, called 6618:). The group from the United States called themselves the "Abraham Lincoln Brigade". Germany, Italy and the Soviet Union signed on officially, but ignored the embargo. The attempted suppression of imported material was largely ineffective, and France was especially accused of allowing large shipments to Republican troops. The clandestine actions of the various European powers were, at the time, considered to be risking another world war, alarming antiwar elements across the world. 9632: 8828: 8502: 8041: 1015: 920: 811: 697: 10054:, p. 20. Similarly, another author claims that "the republican authorities obtained 714 million dollars, and this was the financial cost of the civil war for the Republicans", while "the financial cost of the war on the Francoist side was very similar, between 694 and 716 million dollars". The same author claims in the same work that "losing the war cost the Republic almost as much as Franco spent on winning it, some six hundred million dollars on each side" (p. 185) 8442:

difference is considered excess death resulting from the war. The figure they arrive at for the 1936–1939 period is 346,000; the figure for 1936–1942, including the years of postwar deaths resulting from terror and war sufferings, is 540,000. Some scholars go even further and calculate the war's "population loss" or "demographic impact"; in this case they might include also (10) migration abroad: 160,000 to 730,000 and (11) decrease in birth rate: 500,000 to 570,000.

8622: 6569:, were mildly supportive of the Republican government, although some in Navarre sided with the uprising for the same reasons influencing conservative Catalans. Not withstanding religious matters, Basque nationalists, who were for the most part Catholic, generally sided with the Republicans, although the PNV, Basque nationalist party, was reported passing the plans of Bilbao defences to the Nationalists, in an attempt to reduce the duration and casualties of siege. 4652: 9644: 6293: 5914: 5429:

Socialist majority postponed the regular elections, prolonging their time in power for two more years. Diaz's Republican government initiated numerous reforms to, in their view, modernize the country. In 1932, the Jesuits were banned and their property was confiscated, the army was reduced, landowners were expropriated. Home rule was granted to Catalonia, with a local parliament and a president of its own. In June 1933, Pope Pius XI issued the encyclical

8587:, the "cleaning up", of the country from the evils which had overtaken it, was a disciplined policy of the new authorities and a part of their programme of regeneration. In republican Spain, most of the killing was the consequence of anarchy, the outcome of a national breakdown, and not the work of the state, although some political parties in some cities abetted the enormities, and some of those responsible ultimately rose to positions of authority. 6132:

Out of some 66,000 men in other armed services (Guardia Civil, Guardia de Asalto, Carabineros) some 59% (39,000) joined the loyalists and some 41% (27,000) joined the rebels. In total, out of some 132,000 armed and uniformed men actually in service, some 55% (73,000) seemed available to the loyalists and some 45% (59,000) to the rebels. However, one popular work claims that the loyalists controlled 90,000 men and the rebels controlled some 130,000.

801: 364: 110: 6374: 6205: 81: 25908: 9608: 9004: 5723:. Franco arrived in Morocco on 19 July. Franco was offered this position as Mola's planning for the coup had become increasingly complex and it did not look like it would be as swift as he hoped, instead likely turning into a miniature civil war that would last weeks. Mola had concluded troops in Spain were insufficient and it would be necessary to use elite units from North Africa, something Franco had always believed would be necessary. 1030: 950: 909: 469: 455: 5907: 424: 8941:. According to Stanley Payne and Jesús Palacios, the Republicans conducted more indiscriminate air raids on cities and civilian targets than the Nationalists, although their attacks were often weak and ineffective. Michael Seidman argues that the better trained Nationalist air force was more effective at inflicting casualties, killing an estimated 11,000 civilians compared to approximately 4,000 for the Republican air force. 5921: 782: 755: 336: 5527:, an Azaña supporter and an exiled vocal opponent of Francisco Franco, wrote a sharp criticism of the left's participation in the revolt: "The uprising of 1934 is unforgivable. The argument that Mr Gil Robles tried to destroy the Constitution to establish fascism was, at once, hypocritical and false. With the rebellion of 1934, the Spanish left lost even the shadow of moral authority to condemn the rebellion of 1936." 9656: 9596: 2776: 498: 9584: 9079: 5628: 2790: 5900: 612: 324: 6819:. The Legion spearheaded many Nationalist victories, particularly in aerial combat, while Spain further provided a proving ground for German tank tactics. The training which German units provided to the Nationalist forces would prove valuable. By the War's end, perhaps 56,000 Nationalist soldiers, encompassing infantry, artillery, aerial and naval forces, had been trained by German detachments. 6305: 5531:

historian argued that the behaviour of the right in the southern countryside was one of the main causes of hatred during the Civil War and possibly even the Civil War itself. Landowners taunted workers by saying that if they went hungry, they should "Go eat the Republic!" Bosses fired leftist workers and imprisoned trade union and socialist militants; wages were reduced to "salaries of hunger".

11312:, who analyses the figures released in 1951 by Instituto Nacional de Estadistica. Tamames added figures reported in the "violent deaths" rubric for 1936, 1937 and 1938 and 25% of the same category for 1939; then he deducted annual averages for "violent deaths" reported by INE in the mid-1930s to arrive at 149,213. Tamames suggests that the actual figure is probably "mucho mayor", Tamames (2011) 5882: 5869: 5501:. Fairly well armed revolutionaries managed to take the whole province of Asturias, murdering numerous policemen, clergymen and civilians, destroying religious buildings including churches, convents and part of the university at Oviedo. Rebels in the occupied areas proclaimed revolution for the workers and abolished the existing currency. The rebellion was crushed in two weeks by the 6172:

achieved their all-time high, slightly above 800,000; yet Nationalists numbered 880,000. The Battle of Ebro, fall of Catalonia and collapsing discipline caused a great shrinking of Republican troops. In late February 1939, their army was 400,000 compared to more than double that number of Nationalists. In the moment of their final victory, Nationalists commanded over 900,000 troops.

5931: 7314:, historian Ian Ona Johnson explains that in the 1920s and 30s (during the Spanish Civil War) Germany and Soviet Russia had entered into a partnership centering on economic and military cooperation. This led to the establishment of German military bases and facilities in Russia. This military exchange of war material continued until June 1941, when Germany invaded Stalin's Russia. 5558:. The revolutionary left-wing masses took to the streets and freed prisoners. In the thirty-six hours following the election, sixteen people were killed (mostly by police officers attempting to maintain order or to intervene in violent clashes) and thirty-nine were seriously injured. Also, fifty churches and seventy conservative political centres were attacked or set ablaze. 11008:"not counting the many thousand who died in the post-war repression or were lost to the ravages of disease and malnutrition, some 340,000 people had been killed: 200,000 on the battlefield, 75,000 in the Nationalist limpieza, 55,000 in the Terror and subsequent acts of judicial murder in the Republican zone, and 10,000 in air raids and the like”, Esdaile, Charles J. (2018), 7804:, infighting among Republican groups in Catalonia. The dispute was between an ultimately victorious government—Communist forces and the anarchist CNT. The disturbance pleased Nationalist command, but little was done to exploit Republican divisions. After the fall of Guernica, the Republican government began to fight back with increasing effectiveness. In July, it made a 6595:. On the left, including labour unions, students and intellectuals, the war represented a necessary battle to stop the spread of fascism. Anti-war and pacifist sentiment was strong in many countries, leading to warnings that the Civil War could escalate into a second world war. In this respect, the war was an indicator of the growing instability across Europe. 22757: 5578:, at a party rally in Cuenca in May 1936, complained: "we have never seen so tragic a panorama or so great a collapse as in Spain at this moment. Abroad, Spain is classified as insolvent. This is not the road to socialism or communism but to desperate anarchism without even the advantage of liberty". The disenchantment with Azaña's ruling was also voiced by 9218:, like many important Republican masterpieces, was featured at the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris. The work's size (11 ft by 25.6 ft) grabbed much attention and cast the horrors of the mounting Spanish civil unrest into a global spotlight. The painting has since been heralded as an antiwar work and a symbol of peace in the 20th century. 6067:. The result of the coup was a nationalist area of control containing 11 million of Spain's population of 25 million. The Nationalists had secured the support of around half of Spain's territorial army, some 60,000 men, joined by the Army of Africa, made up of 35,000 men, and just under half of Spain's militaristic police forces, the Assault Guards, the 6756:

armoured capabilities to counter those of the republican side. The manner of engagement ensured that the war provided combat experience with the latest technology for the German military. However, the intervention also posed the risk of escalating into a world war for which Hitler was not ready. Therefore, he limited his aid, and instead encouraged

9094:. Motion pictures, posters, books, radio programs, and leaflets are a few examples of this media art that was so influential during the war. Produced by both nationalists and republicans, propaganda allowed Spaniards a way to spread awareness about their war all over the world. A film co-produced by famous early-twentieth century authors such as 6541:

generals", this is not correct. Of the eighteen division generals, only four rebelled (of the four division generals without postings, two rebelled and two remained loyal). Fourteen of the fifty-six brigade generals rebelled. The rebels tended to draw from less senior officers. Of the approximately 15,301 officers, just over half rebelled.

7079:, believing that the Spanish Republic was a front line in the war against fascism. The units represented the largest foreign contingent of those fighting for the Republicans. Roughly 40,000 foreign nationals fought with the Brigades, though no more than 18,000 were in the conflict at any given time. They claimed to represent 53 nations. 7603:. The new leadership began to unify central command in the republican zone. The civilian militias were often simply just civilians armed with whatever was available. Thus, they fared poorly in combat, particularly against the professional Army of Africa armed with modern weapons, ultimately contributing to Franco's rapid advance. 5966:(UGT), leading the groups to proclaim a general strike—in effect, mobilising. They opened weapons caches, some buried since the 1934 risings, and formed militias. The paramilitary security forces often waited for the outcome of militia action before either joining or suppressing the rebellion. Quick action by either the rebels or 8170:. The policy of evacuating children to foreign countries was initially opposed to by elements in the government as well as private charities, who saw the policy as unnecessary and harmful to the well-being of the evacuated children. On 21 May 1937, around 4,000 Basque children were evacuated to the UK on the aging steamship SS 9023:. Following the execution of its leader, José Antonio Primo de Rivera, by the Republicans, the party swelled in size to several hundred thousand members. The leadership of the Falange suffered 60 percent casualties in the early days of the civil war, and the party was transformed by new members and rising new leaders, called 8230:

of constraints of the international non-intervention agreement; they were forced to spend in excess of market prices and accept goods of lower quality. Initial turmoil in the Republican zone contributed to problems, while at later stages the course of the war meant that population, territory and resources kept shrinking.

4987:, intending to seek peace with the Nationalists. These peace overtures, however, were rejected by Franco. Following internal conflict between Republican factions in Madrid in the same month, Franco entered the capital and declared victory on 1 April 1939. Hundreds of thousands of Spaniards fled to refugee camps in 9327:. The war has frequently been described by historians as the "prelude to" or the "opening round of" the Second World War, as part of an international battle against fascism. Historian Stanley Payne suggests that this view is an incorrect summary of the geopolitic position of the interwar period, arguing that the 9192:– is the finest single work of visual art inspired by the Spanish Civil War." On the later, Dalí commented "These Iberian beings mutually devouring each other correspond to the pathos of civil war considered as a pure phenomenon of natural history as opposed to Picasso who considered it a political phenomenon." 22810: 7502:

discussions about intervention in the war through French military intervention in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands. In 1938, Franco feared an immediate French intervention against a potential Nationalist victory in Spain through French occupation of Catalonia, the Balearic Islands, and Spanish Morocco.

9418:"defeat by the forces of International Fascism would be a major disaster for Europe", "the fight in Spain is between the forces of freedom, democracy, justice, and the forces of reaction, tyranny, obscurantism, admits no doubt", "el pueblo con su propio esfuerzo en la lucha contra la tiranía comunista" 7481:

informed the French ambassador in Berlin that Germany would hold France responsible if it supported "the manoeuvres of Moscow" by supporting the Republicans. On 21 August 1936, France signed the Non-Intervention Agreement. However, the Blum government provided aircraft to the Republicans covertly with

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38,000 people were killed in the Republican zone during the war, 17,000 of whom were killed in Madrid or Catalonia within a month of the coup. Whilst the Communists were forthright in their support of extrajudicial killings, much of the Republican side was appalled by the murders. Azaña came close to

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I am not waging war against Franco so that a stupid and sleazy separatism will return to us in Barcelona. I am waging war for Spain and for Spain! For greatness and for greatness! Those who assume otherwise are mistaken. There is only one nation: Spain! Before consenting to nationalist campaigns that

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Foreign resources amounted to 37% in case of the Nationalists ($ 0,76bn) and 41% in case of the Republicans ($ 0,77bn). For the Nationalists it was mostly the Italian and German credit; in case of the Republicans, it was sales of gold reserves, mostly to the USSR and in much smaller amount to France.

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started in mid-January, and this Nationalist offensive in Spain's southeast would turn into a disaster for the Republicans, who were poorly organised and armed. The city was taken by Franco on 8 February. The consolidation of various militias into the Republican Army had started in December 1936. The

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and later the arrival of the International Brigades, though only an approximate 3,000 foreign volunteers participated in the battle. Having failed to take the capital, Franco bombarded it from the air and, in the following two years, mounted several offensives to try to encircle Madrid, beginning the

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identified. Most hardware were obsolete and worn-out second-rate weapons, though there were also some modern arms delivered; all were 20–30% overpriced. Polish sales amounted to $ 40m and constituted some 5–7% of overall Republican military spendings, though in terms of quantity certain categories of

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Propaganda about the military achievements of the 'viriatos' spread throughout the Portuguese press after peace was signed in April 1939 but the government did not take responsibility for the fate of the Portuguese soldiers in the Spanish Civil War because, officially, Portugal did not participate in

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Manuel Azaña, president of the embattled Spanish Republic, had financed and armed those seeking to topple Salazar's conservative regime. Radicals in Spain and Portugal had long advocated for peninsular unity. Salazar was concerned that the Spanish left's internationalist views and support for Iberian

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red hordes versus Christian civilisation. Nationalists also claimed they were bringing security and direction to an ungoverned and lawless country. Spanish politics, especially on the left, was quite fragmented: on the one hand socialists and communists supported the republic but on the other, during

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ignored warnings of a military conspiracy involving several generals, who decided that the government had to be replaced to prevent the dissolution of Spain. Both sides had become convinced that, if the other side gained power, it would discriminate against their members and attempt to suppress their

5589:

Laia Balcells observes that polarisation in Spain just before the coup was so intense that physical confrontations between leftists and rightists were a routine occurrence in most localities; six days before the coup occurred, there was a riot between the two in the province of Teruel. Balcells notes

5530:

Reversals of land reform resulted in expulsions, firings and arbitrary changes to working conditions in the central and southern countryside in 1935, with landowners' behaviour at times reaching "genuine cruelty", which included violence against farmworkers and socialists, causing several deaths. One

9261:

Costs for the war on both sides were very high. Monetary resources on the Republican side were completely drained from weapons acquisition. On the Nationalist side, the biggest losses came after the conflict, when they had to let Germany exploit the country's mining resources, so until the beginning

8888:

to criticize Stalinism. As pressure mounted with the increasing success of the Nationalists, many civilians were executed by councils and tribunals controlled by competing Communist and anarchist groups. Some members of the latter were executed by Soviet-advised communist functionaries in Catalonia,

8847:

late in the war; during the first few months, the government either tolerated it or made no efforts to stop it. The killings often contained a symbolic element, as those killed were seen as embodying an oppressive source of power and authority. This was also why the Republicans would kill priests or

8229:

Authors of recent studies suggest that given Nationalist and Republican spendings were comparable, earlier theory pointing to Republican mismanagement of resources is no longer tenable. Instead, they claim that the Republicans failed to translate their resources into military victory largely because

7227:

The USSR sent 2,000–3,000 military advisers to Spain; while the Soviet commitment of troops was fewer than 500 men at a time, Soviet volunteers often operated Soviet-made tanks and aircraft, particularly at the beginning of the war. The Spanish commander of every military unit on the Republican side

6234:

Only two countries openly and fully supported the Republic: the Mexican government and the USSR. From them, especially the USSR, the Republic received diplomatic support, volunteers, weapons and vehicles. Other countries remained neutral; this neutrality faced serious opposition from sympathizers in

5787:

claims that before these events, the idea of rebellion by army officers against the government had weakened; Mola had estimated only 12% of officers reliably supported the coup and Mola considered fleeing for fear he was compromised. He had to be convinced to remain by his co-conspirators. However,

5375:

Newly established labour arbitration boards regulated salaries, contracts, and working hours, but were more favourable to workers than employers. A decree in July 1931 increased overtime pay and several laws in late 1931 restricted whom landowners could hire. Other efforts included decrees limiting:

9460:

resembled more "a post-World War I crisis than a crisis of the era of World War II", "the Spanish crisis of the spring and summer of 1936 was in key respects the Spanish version of the revolutionary and counterrevolutionary crises that affected various central and eastern European countries between

8708:

after more than 1,000 landowners and conservatives were killed by the revolutionaries. In Granada, where working-class neighbourhoods were hit with artillery and right-wing squads were given free rein to kill government sympathizers, at least 2,000 people were murdered. In February 1937, over 7,000

8605:

In general, this was not an irrepressible outpouring of hatred, by the man in the street for his "oppressors", as it has sometimes been painted, but a semi-organized activity carried out by sections of nearly all the leftist groups. In the entire leftist zone the only organized political party that

8433:

The totals advanced usually include or exclude various categories. Scholars who focus on killings or "violent deaths" most typically list (1) combat and combat-related deaths; figures in this rubric range from 100,000 to 700,000; (2) rearguard terror, both judicial and extrajudicial, recorded until

8417:

The death toll of the Spanish Civil War is far from clear and remains—especially in part related to war and postwar repression—a very controversial issue. Many general historiographic works—notably in Spain—refrain from advancing any figures; massive historical series, encyclopedias or dictionaries

8213:

Both sides relied mostly on domestic resources; in the case of the Nationalists, they amounted to 63% of the overall spendings ($ 1.28bn) and in the case of the Republicans they stood at 59% ($ 1.09bn). In the Nationalist zone money creation was responsible for some 69% of domestic resources, while

7911:

was an important confrontation in 1938, its outcome heralding future progress of the war. The city, which had formerly belonged to the Nationalists, was conquered by Republicans in January. Francoist troops launched a counter-offensive and recovered the city by 22 February, the Nationalists relying

7698:

In October, the Francoist troops launched a major offensive toward Madrid, reaching it in early November and launching a major assault on the city on 8 November. The Republican government was forced to shift from Madrid to Valencia, outside the combat zone, on 6 November. However, the Nationalists'

7501:

Even after covert support by France to the Republicans ended in December 1936, the possibility of French intervention against the Nationalists remained a serious possibility throughout the war. German intelligence reported to Franco and the Nationalists that the French military was engaging in open

7480:

On 1 August 1936, a pro-Republican rally of 20,000 people confronted Blum, demanding that he send aircraft to the Republicans, at the same time as right-wing politicians attacked Blum for supporting the Republic and being responsible for provoking Italian intervention on the side of Franco. Germany

6910:

Despite its discreet direct military involvement—restrained to a somewhat "semi-official" endorsement, by its authoritarian regime—a "Viriatos Legion" volunteer force was organised, but disbanded, due to political unrest. Between 8,000 and 12,000 Salazar's desire to maintain a prudent distance from

6625:' reaction to the war was influenced by a fear of communism, and was insufficient to contain the massive importation of arms and other war resources by the fighting factions. Although a Non-Intervention Committee was formed, its policies accomplished very little and its directives were ineffective. 6175:

The total number of Spaniards serving in the Republican forces was officially stated as 917,000; later scholarly work estimated the number as "well over 1 million men", though other studies claim the Republican total of 1.75 million (including non-Spaniards) and "27 age groups, ranging from 18

6171:

Throughout 1938, the principal if not exclusive source of new men was a draft; at this stage it was the Republicans who conscripted more aggressively, and only 47% of their combatants were in age corresponding to the Nationalist conscription age limits. Just prior to the Battle of Ebro, Republicans

5643:

emerged as the leader of a national conspiracy network. The Republican government reacted by reshuffling suspect generals from influential posts, Azana however acutely aware that as he did so, the Army still served as a possible buffer to leftist power brokers threatening his government. Franco was

4978:

was captured in 1938 and 1939, and Madrid cut off from Barcelona, the Republican military position became hopeless. Following the fall without resistance of Barcelona in January 1939, the Francoist regime was recognised by France and the United Kingdom in February 1939. On 5 March 1939, in response

11403:

editions from the 1960s opted for 600,000 (285,000 KIA, 125,000 executed, 200,000 malnutrition), in editions from the 1970s he reduced the figure to 500,000 (200,000 KIA, 125,000 executed, 175,000 malnutrition), referred after Clodfeler (2017), p. 383 and with slight revisions kept reproducing the

9360:

There have been numerous attempts to define the Spanish Civil War in terms of its key mechanism, prevailing logic and dominant conflict line; many of these interpretations strove also to identify the conflict in terms of major threads of continental or even global history. These attempts might not

8811:

Like clergy, civilians were executed in Republican territories. Some civilians were executed as suspected Falangists. Others died in acts of revenge after Republicans heard of massacres carried out in the Nationalist zone. Even families who simply attended Catholic Mass were hunted down; including

8684:

Nationalists, Republican intellectuals, relatives of known Republicans, and those suspected of voting for the Popular Front. The Nationalists also frequently killed military officers who refused to support them in the early days of the coup. Many killings in the first few months were often done by

7770:

tactics; while many strategists blamed Franco for the rightists' defeat, the Germans believed it was the former at fault for the Nationalists' 5,000 casualties and loss of valuable equipment. The German strategists successfully argued that the Nationalists needed to concentrate on vulnerable areas

7412:

Total worth of Greek sales is unknown. One author claims that in 1937 alone, GPCC shipments amounted to $ 10.9m for the Republicans and $ 2.7m for the Nationalists, and that in late 1937 Bodosakis signed another contract with the Republicans for £2.1m (around $ 10m), though it is not clear whether

6953:, a non-aggression treaty that marked the beginning of a new phase in Iberian relations. Meetings between Franco and Salazar played a fundamental role in this new political arrangement. The pact proved to be a decisive instrument in keeping the Iberian Peninsula out of Hitler's continental system. 6829:

in Berlin on 10 November 1937 summarised his views on foreign policy regarding the Spanish Civil War: "On the other hand, a one-hundred percent victory for Franco was not desirable either, from the German point of view; rather were we interested in a continuance of the war and in the keeping up of

6135:

During the first few months, both armies were joined in high numbers by volunteers, Nationalists by some 100,000 men and Republicans by some 120,000. From August, both sides launched their own, similarly scaled conscription schemes, resulting in further massive growth of their armies. Finally, the

6131:

The coup divided regular forces fairly evenly. Out of some 66,000 military actually under arms in July 1936 (including the Army of Africa and the navy, excluding soldiers in service but on leave during the coup) some 52% (34,000) were in the Republican zone and 48% (32,000) in the Nationalist one.

5562:

was called to form a government before the electoral process had ended. He shortly replaced Zamora as president, taking advantage of a constitutional loophole. Convinced that the left was no longer willing to follow the rule of law and that its vision of Spain was under threat, the right abandoned

5371:

to farm workers. The rural workers lived in some of the worst poverty in Europe at the time and the government tried to increase their wages and improve working conditions. This estranged small and medium landholders who used hired labour. The Law of Municipal Boundaries forbade owners from hiring

9478:"a military struggle between left- and right-wing elements in Spain", "traditional explanation of the Civil War in terms of the left vs right political confrontation", "polarization between left and right in Western Europe escalated into armed conflict with the outbreak of the civil war in Spain" 9351:

After the War, Spanish policy leaned heavily towards Germany, Portugal and Italy, since they had been the greatest Nationalist supporters and aligned with Spain ideologically. However, the end of the Civil War and later the Second World War saw the isolation of the country from most other nations

9274:

The number of civilian victims is still being discussed, with some estimating approximately 500,000 victims, while others go as high as 1,000,000. These deaths were not only due to combat, but also executions, which were especially well-organised and systematic on the Nationalist side, being more

8206:

During the Civil War the Nationalist and Republican military expenditures combined totalled some $ 3.89bn, on average $ 1.44bn annually. The overall Nationalist expenditures are calculated at $ 2.04bn, while the Republican ones reached ca. $ 1,85bn. In comparison, in 1936–1938 the French military

7461:

was sympathetic to the republic, fearing that the success of Nationalist forces in Spain would result in the creation of an ally state of Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, an alliance that would nearly encircle France. Right-wing politicians opposed any aid and attacked the Blum government. In July

6914:

There were also Portuguese militiamen fighting in the defense of the Spanish Republic, although their participation was much smaller. Some were anti-Salazarist exiles belonging to the Portuguese Popular Front in Spain, the Iberian Anarchist Federation, or the Portuguese Communist Party; they were

6867:

While the Nationalists lacked access to seaports early on, they secured control of the entire border with Portugal by the end of August 1936, thus giving Salazar and his regime a free hand to render whatever assistance to Franco they saw fit without fear of Republican interference or retaliation.

6864:

federalism posed a threat to Portugal's independence, fearing that a leftist Spain might seek to dominate Portugal. Many middle-class radicals in Portugal supported this idea, believing that their country needed to integrate with Spain to achieve agricultural modernization and industrialization.

5791:

The arbitrary use of lethal force by the state and lack of action against the attackers led to public disapproval of the government. No effective punitive, judicial or even investigative action was taken; Payne points to a possible veto by socialists within the government who shielded the killers

14760:

PAULO Heloisa, « Une vision commune du républicanisme : la coopération entre les exilés portugais et les républicains espagnols (1931–1939). L'historiographie portugaise et les études sur les relations Portugal-Espagne au XXe siècle », Exils et migrations ibériques aux XXe et XXIe

11298:

the total reported as "muerte violenta o casual" for 1936–1939 in official statistics released by Instituto Nacional de Estadistica in 1943, might include accidental deaths (car accidents etc.) and covers all months of 1936 and 1939, excludes "homicidio" category (39,028 for 1936–1939), referred

10080:

earlier studies suggested that the Republican military expenditures were 4 times larger than the Nationalist ones (40bn ptas v. 12bn ptas); the conclusion drawn was that the Republicans have grossly mismanaged their resources. Recent studies claim that the above figures are calculated in nominal

8441:

Demographers take an entirely different approach; instead of adding up deaths from different categories, they try to gauge the difference between the total number of deaths recorded during the war and the total that would result from applying annual death averages from the 1926–1935 period; this

7941:. The Munich Agreement effectively caused a collapse in Republican morale by ending hope of an anti-fascist alliance with Western powers. The subsequent Republican retreat from the Ebro all but determined the outcome of the war. Eight days before the new year, Franco threw massive forces into an 7035:

On 26 July, just eight days after the revolt had started, an international communist conference was held at Prague to arrange plans to help the Republican Government. It decided to raise an international brigade of 5,000 men and a fund of 1 billion francs. At the same time communist parties

6833:

A total of approximately 16,000 German citizens fought in the war, with approximately 300 killed, though no more than 10,000 participated at any one time. German aid to the Nationalists amounted to approximately £43,000,000 ($ 215,000,000) in 1939 prices, 15.5% of which was used for salaries and

6540:

opposed the coup as well). It has also been argued that officers who stayed loyal to the Republic were more likely to have been promoted and to have been favoured by the Republican regime (such as those in the Aviation and Assault Guard units). Thus, while often thought of as a "rebellion of the

5684:

Portugal and along the lines of being semi-pluralist authoritarian, rather than fascist totalitarian. The initial government would be an all-military "Directory", which would create a "strong and disciplined state". Sanjurjo would be the head of this new regime, due to being liked and respected

9235:

The Army of Africa would feature a place in propaganda on both sides, due to the complex history of the Army and Spanish colonialism in North Africa. Both sides would invent different characters of the Moorish troops, drawing on a wide range of historical symbols, cultural prejudices and racial

6163:

The armies kept growing. The principal source of manpower was conscription; both sides continued and expanded their schemes, the Nationalists drafting more aggressively, and there was little room left for volunteering. Foreigners contributed little to further growth; on the Nationalist side the

6055:

Hugh Thomas suggested that the civil war could have ended in the favour of either side almost immediately if certain decisions had been taken during the initial coup. Thomas argues that if the government had taken steps to arm the workers, they could probably have crushed the coup very quickly.

5593:

Azaña was hesitant to use the army to shoot or stop rioters or protestors as many of them supported his coalition. On the other hand, he was reluctant to disarm the military as he believed he needed them to stop insurrections from the extreme left. Illegal land occupation became widespread—poor

8782:

that preceded the war was accompanied since the first months by an escalation of leftist anticlerical terror that, between 18 and 31 July alone, killed 839 religious, continuing during the month of August with 2055 other victims, including 10 bishops killed, that was 42% of the total number of

8723:

Franco's forces also persecuted Protestants, including murdering 20 Protestant ministers. Franco's forces were determined to remove the "Protestant heresy" from Spain. The Nationalists also persecuted Basques, as they strove to eradicate Basque culture. According to Basque sources, some 22,000

8013:

to negotiate a peace deal. Negrín fled to France on 6 March, but the Communist troops around Madrid rose against the junta, starting a brief civil war within the civil war. Casado defeated them, and began peace negotiations with the Nationalists, but Franco refused to accept anything less than

6755:

quickly sent in powerful air units that fought in combat. On the ground, whilst not deploying formed ground combat forces like those of Italy, Germany did supply several hundred armoured vehicles, as well as a number of combat instructors, these efforts ensuring that the Nationalists acquired

6713:

of Nationalist-held Spanish Morocco and took part in naval bombardment of Republican-held Málaga, Valencia, and Barcelona. In addition, the Italian air force made air raids of some note, targeting mainly cities and civilian targets. These Italian commitments were heavily propagandised in Italy

11912:

Fue desde luego lucha de clases por las armas, en la que alguien podía morir por cubrirse la cabeza con un sombrero o calzarse con alpargatas los pies, pero no fue en menor medida guerra de religión, de nacionalismos enfrentados, guerra entre dictadura militar y democracia republicana, entre

5961:

Control over Spanish Morocco was all but certain. The plan was discovered in Morocco on 17 July, which prompted the conspirators to enact it immediately. Little resistance was encountered. The rebels shot 189 people. Goded and Franco immediately took control of the islands to which they were

5428:

of the Catholic country, which included the abolition of Catholic schools and charities, a move which was met with opposition. At this point, once the constituent assembly had fulfilled its mandate of approving a new constitution, but fearing an increasing popular opposition, the Radical and

6925:

In March 1937, the Portuguese Military Observation Mission in Spain (MMPOE) was created with three essential objectives: to gain knowledge of new weapons and military techniques, to ensure a privileged position for Portugal in the new European scenario, and to assist Portuguese combatants.

6906:

Salazar supported Franco primarily to ensure the survival of his own regime. He feared the Republican side would threaten the stability and independence of Portugal. Salazar's strategy was the support Franco in its struggle against the Republic, the preservation of the two Iberian states as

9306:

After the War, the Francoist regime initiated a repressive process against the losing side, a "cleansing" of sorts against anything or anyone associated with the Republic. This process led many to exile or death. Exile happened in three waves. The first one was during the Northern Campaign

15054: 9070:, supported the Republicans. Brocca argued that Spanish pacifists had no alternative but to make a stand against fascism. He put this stand into practice by various means, including organizing agricultural workers to maintain food supplies, and through humanitarian work with war refugees. 9520:"prelude to war", "I think in many ways it was the first battle of World War II", "in this context, the Spanish civil war can be regarded as the prologue and preface to the Second World War", "microcosmic prologue to the battle between fascism and democracy that was the Second World War" 6330:

nationalisation. Payne argues that Republican Spain was not a democracy but also not a strict dictatorship, with the four different major left-wing factions remaining relatively autonomous from one another and operating within a semi-pluralist political framework and limited rule of law.

6329:

after October 1936. Historian Stanley Payne argues that the Republicans' diverse combination of movements produced an unusual regime that lacked any exact counterpart elsewhere as it combined libertarian collectivism and regional autonomy with centralisation, state control and economic

5711:. He was respected in the Army of Africa, the Army's toughest troops. He wrote a cryptic letter to Casares on 23 June, suggesting the military was disloyal, but could be restrained if he were put in charge. Casares did nothing, failing to arrest or buy off Franco. With the help of the 60: 10090:

highest considered estimate; "la guerra civil fue una espantosa calamidad en la que todas las clases y todos los partidos perdieron. Además del millión o dos milliones de muertos, la salud del pueblo se ha visto minada por su secuela de hambre y enfermedades", Brennan, Gerald (1978),

8889:

as recounted by George Orwell's description of the purges in Barcelona in 1937 in which followed a period of increasing tension between competing elements of the Catalan political scene. Some individuals fled to friendly embassies, which would house up to 8,500 people during the war.

7555:

of Nationalist troops in Spanish Morocco was organised to the southwest of Spain. Coup leader Sanjurjo was killed in a plane crash on 20 July, leaving an effective command split between Mola in the North and Franco in the South. This period also saw the worst actions of the so-called

6078:

The Spanish Republican Army had just 18 tanks of a sufficiently modern design, and the Nationalists took control of 10. Naval capacity was uneven, with the Republicans retaining a numerical advantage, but with the Navy's top commanders and two of the most modern ships, heavy cruisers

9562:"nuestra guerra de independencia nacional contra el invasor y el fascismo tiene muchos puntos semejantes con la lucha heroica y victoriosa del pueblo soviético", "Está en litigio la existencia misma de España como entidad y como unidad", "guerra de liberación que se vivía en España" 6461:, which had been targeted by opponents, including Republicans, who blamed the institution for the country's ills. The Church opposed many of the Republicans' reforms, which were fortified by the Spanish Constitution of 1931. Articles 24 and 26 of the 1931 constitution had banned the 8032:

After the end of the war, there were harsh reprisals against Franco's former enemies. Thousands of Republicans were imprisoned and at least 30,000 executed. Other estimates of these deaths range from 50,000 to 200,000, depending on which deaths are included. Many others were put to

4931:—did not gain control. Those cities remained in the hands of the government, leaving Spain militarily and politically divided. The Nationalists and the Republican government fought for control of the country. The Nationalist forces received munitions, soldiers, and air support from 9390:" de la guerra 36–37, víctimas de la última y más incivilizada agresión extranjera perpetrada contra Euskal Herria", "la guerra ha sido y es un factor intrínsicamente unido, y a menudo deseñado, en el desarollo histórico de las identidades nacionales y los nacionalismos europeos" 8082:

Of the 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs, farmers and others who could not find relations in France were encouraged by the Third Republic, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. The great majority did so and were turned over to the Francoist authorities in

9361:

differ much from propaganda, advanced by both warring parties or their sympathizers; they might form part of broad public discourse, either in Spain or abroad; they might also belong to professional academic historiographic debate. Major theories are listed in the below table.

11398:

e.g. Stanley G. Payne reduced his earlier estimate of 465,000 (at most 300,000 "violent deaths" with 165,000 deaths from malnutrition which "must be added", Payne (1987), p. 220) to 344,000 (also "violent deaths" and malnutrition victims, Payne (2012), p. 245); Hugh Thomas in

7052:. From August onward aid started to be sent from Russia, over one ship per day arrived at Spain's Mediterranean ports carrying munitions, rifles, machine guns, hand grenades, artillery and trucks. With the cargo came Soviet agents, technicians, instructors and propagandists. 7440:

Mexico's most important contributions to the Spanish Republic was its diplomatic help, as well as the sanctuary the nation arranged for Republican refugees, including Spanish intellectuals and orphaned children from Republican families. Some 50,000 took refuge, primarily in

8790:

The Republican government was anticlerical, and, when the war began, supporters attacked and murdered Roman Catholic clergy in reaction to the news of military revolt. In his 1961 book, Spanish archbishop Antonio Montero Moreno, who at the time was director of the journal

6787:; movement of the Army of Africa to mainland Spain in the war's early stages; and later the detachment of the republican gnobernito's from support by the central government. German operations slowly expanded to include strike targets, most notably—and controversially—the 8277:

converting civilian industries. When the republican government moved to Barcelona in 1937, it took control of the war industries from the Generalitat. But under his control, production dropped dramatically, with the consequent impact on supplies to the war fronts.

8934:, was responsible for the deaths of some 500 members of the International Brigades. Andrés Nin, leader of the POUM (Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), and many other prominent POUM members, were murdered by the Communists, with the help of the USSR's NKVD. 7219:

The movement of arms from Russia to Spain was extremely slow. Many shipments were lost or arrived only partially matching what had been authorised. Stalin ordered shipbuilders to include false decks in the design of ships and, while at sea, Soviet captains used

7676:

since the beginning of the rebellion, resisting thousands of Republican troops, who completely surrounded the isolated building. Moroccans and elements of the Spanish Legion came to the rescue. Two days after relieving the siege, Franco proclaimed himself

5486:", seemed to make a civil war more likely. Alejandro Lerroux of the Radical Republican Party (RRP) formed a government, reversing changes made by the previous administration and granting amnesty to the collaborators of the unsuccessful uprising by General 6933:

as special liaison of the Portuguese government to Franco's government, where he achieved great prestige and influence. In April 1938, Pereira officially became a full-rank Portuguese ambassador to Spain, remaining in this post throughout World War II.

8165:

The Republicans oversaw the evacuation of 30,000–35,000 children from their zone, starting with Basque areas, from which 20,000 were evacuated. Their destinations included the United Kingdom and the USSR, and many other countries in Europe, along with

6967:

newspaper: "The most complete statesman, the one most worthy of respect, that I have known is Salazar. I regard him as an extraordinary personality for his intelligence, his political sense and his humility. His only defect is probably his modesty."

7437:, the Mexican government supported the Republicans. Mexico abstained from following the French-British non-intervention proposals, and provided $ 2,000,000 in aid and material assistance, which included 20,000 rifles and 20 million cartridges. 8807:

priests were killed. Michael Seidman argues that the hatred of the Republicans for the clergy was in excess of anything else; while local revolutionaries might spare the lives of the rich and right-wingers, they seldom offered the same to priests.

7598:

The Republic proved ineffective militarily, relying on disorganised revolutionary militias. The Republican government under Giral resigned on 4 September, unable to cope with the situation, and was replaced by a mostly Socialist organisation under

6511:

While the Nationalists are often assumed to have drawn in the majority of military officers, this is a somewhat simplistic analysis. The Spanish army had its own internal divisions and long-standing rifts. Officers supporting the coup tended to be

15018: 7919:; by 14 April they had pushed east through to the Mediterranean, cutting the Republican-held portion of Spain in two. The Republican government attempted to sue for peace in May, but Franco demanded unconditional surrender, and the war raged on. 6128:

the republic, anarchists had mixed opinions, though both major groups opposed the Nationalists during the Civil War; the latter, in contrast, were united by their fervent opposition to the Republican government and presented a more unified front.

9236:

stereotypes. The Army of Africa would be used as part of a propaganda campaign by both sides to portray the other side as foreign invaders attacking from outside the national community, while portraying their own as representing "true Spain".

8812:

children. Air raids committed against Republican cities were another driving factor. Shopkeepers and industrialists were shot if they did not sympathise with the Republicans and were usually spared if they did. Fake justice was sought through

8578:

argue that the mass executions behind the Nationalist lines were organised and approved by the Nationalist rebel authorities, while the executions behind the Republican lines were the result of the breakdown of the Republican state and chaos:

11416:, p. 993; Gabriel Jackson went down from 580,000 (including 420,000 victims of war and post-war terror), see Jackson (1965) to a range of 405,000–330,000 (including 220,000 to 170,000 victims of war and post-war terror), Jackson (2005), p. 14 8945:

resigning. He, alongside other members of Parliament and a great number of other local officials, attempted to prevent Nationalist supporters from being lynched. Some of those in positions of power intervened personally to stop the killings.

17349:

hunger and hunger-triggered health problems are supposed to be responsible for 246,000 deaths (Villar Salinas), 343,500 (Salas Larrazábal), 345,000 (Díez Nicolás) or 346,000 (Ortega y Silvestre), referred after Miguel Ángel del Arco Blanco,

9432:"prologue to the European civil war of a few years later", "it evolved into an episode of a European civil war that ended in 1945", "melting pot of universal battles between bosses and workers, Church and State, obscurantism and modernism" 8775:. Franco's government would later give names of 61,000 victims of the red terrors, but which are not considered objectively verifiable. The deaths would form the prevailing outside opinion of the republic up until the bombing of Guernica. 6945:

Portugal was instrumental in providing the Nationalists with organizational skills and reassurance from the Iberian neighbour to Franco and his allies that no interference would hinder the supply traffic directed to the Nationalist cause.

6316:

and the more left-leaning Catalonia, sought autonomy or independence from the central government of Madrid. The Republican government allowed for the possibility of self-government for the two regions, whose forces were gathered under the

5750:

lieutenant Anastasio de los Reyes. Assault Guard Captain Fernando Condés was a friend of Castillo. The next day, after getting the approval of the minister of interior to illegally arrest members of parliament, he led his squad to arrest

7394:; some of German products were later re-exported to Republican Spain. However, GPCC was selling its own arms, as the company operated a number of factories, and partially thanks to Spanish sales it became the largest company in Greece. 6176:

to 44 years old". The total number of Spaniards serving in the Nationalist units is estimated between "nearly 1 million men", and 1.26 million (including non-Spaniards), which comprised "15 age groups, ranging from 18 to 32 years old".

9331:

that was created in December 1941, once the United States entered the Second World War, was politically much broader than the Spanish Popular Front. The Spanish Civil War, Payne argues, was thus a far more clear-cut revolutionary and

5520:. Azaña was in Barcelona that day, and the Lerroux-CEDA government tried to implicate him. He was arrested and charged with complicity. In fact, Azaña had no connection with the rebellion and was released from prison in January 1935. 9140:, an anti-war work which shares its title with a mountain near Barcelona, is created from a sheet of iron which has been hammered and welded to create a peasant mother carrying a small child in one arm and a sickle in the other. and 11518:, p. 68; lowest considered estimate, Brennan (1978), p. 20. The phrase of "one million dead" became a cliche since the 1960s, and many older Spaniards might repeat that "yo siempre había escuchado lo del millon de muertos", compare 10207:, p. 68; lowest considered estimate, Brennan (1978), p. 20. The phrase of "one million dead" became a cliche since the 1960s, and many older Spaniards might repeat that "yo siempre había escuchado lo del millon de muertos", compare 11656: 6960:, Salazar emphasized that Portugal had acted as 'a factor of peace' amidst the growing chaos in Europe. He asserted that the country had taken all necessary steps to prevent its neighbor from falling under 'communist enslavement'. 9027:("new shirts"), who were less interested in the revolutionary aspects of National Syndicalism. Subsequently, Franco united all fighting groups into the Traditionalist Spanish Falange and the National Syndicalist Offensive Juntas ( 6941:

The Francoist authorities were ungrateful for the help provided by the 'viriatos.' Many of those who returned to Portugal after the war were forced to deposit all their savings at the Spanish customs, accused of currency evasion.

21295: 9315:, with such hard conditions that almost half of the exiled Spaniards returned. The third wave occurred after the War, at the end of March 1939, when thousands of Republicans tried to board ships to exile, although few succeeded. 5782:

with police involvement aroused suspicions and reactions among the government's opponents on the right. Although the nationalist generals were planning an uprising, the event was a catalyst and a public justification for a coup.

11801: 9275:

disorganised on the Republican side (mainly caused by loss of control of the armed masses by the government). However, the 500,000 death toll does not include deaths by malnutrition, hunger or diseases brought about by the war.

8494:" killed 38,000. Julius Ruiz contends that, "Although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone, with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in 7413:

the ammunition contracted was delivered. The arms sold included artillery (e.g., 30 pieces of 155mm guns), machine guns (at least 400), cartridges (at least 11m), bombs (at least 1,500) and explosives (at least 38 tons of TNT).

13650:

Beevor 2006. p. 126. The author maintains that "They had also secured 50,000 men from the badly trained and poorly equipped metropolitan army", an unsourced claim which is chiefly responsible for difference versus scientific

8134:

in northwest Catalonia, but were defeated after 10 days. According to some scholars, the Spanish Civil War lasted until 1952; until 1939 it was "conventional civil war", but afterwards it turned into an "irregular civil war".

6469:

deeply offended many within the conservative fold. The revolution in the Republican zone at the outset of the war, in which 7,000 clergy and thousands of lay people were killed, deepened Catholic support for the Nationalists.

5707:, who falsely convinced Casares of his loyalty to the republic. Mola began planning in the spring. Franco was a key player because of his prestige as a former director of the military academy and as the man who suppressed the 14992: 7215:

tanks were modern and effective in combat. The Soviet Union supplied aircraft that were in current service with their own forces but the aircraft provided by Germany to the Nationalists proved superior by the end of the war.

6830:

the tension in the Mediterranean." Hitler wanted to help Franco just enough to gain his gratitude and to prevent the side supported by the Soviet Union from winning, but not large enough to give the Caudillo a quick victory.

5792:

drawn from their ranks. The murder of a parliamentary leader by state police was unprecedented, and the belief the state had ceased to be neutral and effective encouraged important sectors of the right to join the rebellion.

10535:

delta between the total number of deaths recorded in 1936–1942 and the total which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual death total from the 1926–1935 period, Ortega, José Antonio, Silvestre, Javier (2006),

4973:

The Nationalists advanced from their strongholds in the south and west, capturing most of Spain's northern coastline in 1937. They also besieged Madrid and the area to its south and west for much of the war. After much of

13695:

following the Battle of Ebro the Nationalists have established that only 47% of Republican POWs taken were in age corresponding to the Nationalist conscription age; 43% were older and 10% were younger, Payne, Stanley G.,

7838:, however, was a significant defeat for the Republic, which lost many of its most accomplished troops. The offensive led to an advance of 50 square kilometres (19 sq mi), and left 25,000 Republican casualties. 6383: 11542:

III/1, p. 42. Scholars claim also that the figure of "one million deaths" was continuously repeated by Francoist authorities "to drive home the point of having saved the country form ruin", Encarnación, Omar G. (2008),

10231:

9404:"I remember saying once to Arthur Koestler, 'History stopped in 1936', at which he nodded in immediate understanding. We were both thinking of totalitarianism in general, but more particularly of the Spanish Civil War" 10041:

when assessing financial cost of waging the war, some scholars limit their analysis to foreign resources only and set expenditures of both sides at some $ 0,7bn each, compare e.g. Romero Salvado, Francisco J. (2013),

4991:. Those associated with the losing Republicans who stayed were persecuted by the victorious Nationalists. Franco established a dictatorship in which all right-wing parties were fused into the structure of his regime. 22788: 7207:. Despite Stalin's interest in aiding the Republicans, the quality of arms was inconsistent. Many rifles and field guns provided were old, obsolete or otherwise of limited use (some dated back to the 1860s) but the 9548:"To many, religion became the most divisive issue of the war, the single problem that distinguished one fraction from another", "consideraté soldado de una cruzada que pone Dios como fin y en El confía el triunfo" 7381:

dictatorship sympathized with the Nationalists. The country joined the non-intervention policy in August 1936, yet from the onset the Athens government connived at arms sales to both sides. The official vendor was

6918:

While fully supporting Franco's side in many ways, the Portuguese regime spared no efforts at dissociating itself from their own citizens enlisted in the Spanish in order to maintain the non-intervention façade.

6039:

and Catalonia. General Goded surrendered in Barcelona and was later condemned to death. The Republican government ended up controlling almost all the east coast and central area around Madrid, as well as most of

8190:, as they became known, had found homes with families. Most were repatriated to Spain after the war, but some 250 were still in Britain by the end of the Second World War in 1945 and some chose to settle there. 19423: 8843:, impromptu death squads that emerged as a spontaneous practice amongst revolutionary activists in Republican areas. According to Seidman, the Republican government only made efforts to stop the actions of the 5676:

was put in prison in mid-March to restrict the Falange. However, government actions were not as thorough as they might have been, and warnings by the Director of Security and other figures were not acted upon.

5048:

Twelve successful coups were carried out between 1814 and 1874. There were several attempts to realign the political system to match social reality. Until the 1850s, the economy of Spain was primarily based on

6614:, including an embargo on all arms exports to Spain. The United States unofficially adopted a position of non-intervention as well, despite abstaining from joining the alliance (due in part to its policy of 22752: 18264: 10977:

delta between the total number of deaths recorded in 1936–1939 and the total which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual death total from the 1926–1935 period, Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p.

8985:

As the war progressed, the government and the communists were able to exploit their access to Soviet arms to restore government control over the war effort, through diplomacy and force. Anarchists and the

11042:

lowest considered estimate, Du Souich (2011), p. 62; lowest considered estimate, Jackson (2005), p. 14; 1943 estimate of the Spanish Direccion General de Estadistica, referred after Puche, Javier (2017),

10683:

215,000 in combat, 200,000 killed in rearguard, 70,000 due to wartime hardships, 11,000 civilian victims of military operations; the author later rounds up the total to 0,5m, Alonso Millán, Jesús (2015),

7063:

with great care to conceal or minimize the communist character of the enterprise and to make it appear as a campaign on behalf of progressive democracy. Attractive names were deliberately chosen, such as

7497:

also sent a group of trained fighter pilots and engineers to help the Republicans. Also, until 8 September 1936, aircraft could freely pass from France into Spain if they were bought in other countries.

11238:"muertos a causa de la Guerra", includes victims of post-war terror. The figure is based on totals reported as "violent deaths" in the official statistics for 1936–1942 and calculated by Ramón Tamames, 6269:

who opposed the Republic but sided with it against the coup forces. Their base was primarily secular and urban but also included landless peasants and was particularly strong in industrial regions like

8103:, the refugees became political prisoners, and the French police attempted to round up those who had been liberated from the camp. Along with other "undesirable" people, the Spaniards were sent to the 24879: 24869: 5746:(Assault Guard). Castillo was a Socialist party member who was giving military training to the UGT youth. Castillo had led the Assault Guards that violently suppressed the riots after the funeral of 11473:

delta between actual birth totals for 1936–1942 and birth totals which would have resulted from extrapolating average annual birth totals from the 1926–1935 period, Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 67.

6987:

Despite the Irish government's prohibition against participating in the war, about 600 Irishmen, followers of the Irish political activist and co-founder of the recently created political party of

4970:

After the deaths of José Sanjurjo on July 20, 1936, Manuel Goded Llopis on August 12, 1936, and Emilio Mola on June 3, 1937, Franco gradually emerged as the primary leader of the Nationalist side.

8803:

near Madrid, on 7 August 1936, was the most infamous of widespread desecration of religious property. In dioceses where the Republicans had general control, a large proportion—often a majority—of

8656:

Many such acts were committed by reactionary groups during the first weeks of the war. This included the execution of schoolteachers, because the efforts of the Second Spanish Republic to promote

6532:

themselves were seen as swaggering and arrogant, further fueling resentment. Thus, when the coup occurred, officers who joined the rebellion, particularly from Franco's rank downwards, were often

19125: 8024: 6099:

suffered from the same problems as the army—many officers had defected or been killed after trying to do so. Two-thirds of air capability was retained by the government—however, the whole of the

11443:

Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 80; the number of migrants usually quoted is 450,000, which refers only to these who crossed to France in the first months of 1939, López, Fernando Martínez (2010),

10759:

200,000 KIA, 200,000 executed, 20,000 executed after the war, excluding "unknown numbers" of civilians killed in military action and "many more" died of malnutrition etc., Preston, Paul (2012),

8994:, POUM) were integrated into the regular army, albeit with resistance. The POUM Trotskyists were outlawed and denounced by the Soviet-aligned Communists as an instrument of the fascists. In the 21129: 9669: 7746:

With his ranks swelled by Italian troops and Spanish colonial soldiers from Morocco, Franco made another attempt to capture Madrid in January and February 1937, but was again unsuccessful. The

8540:, opened an investigation into the executions and disappearances of 114,266 people between 17 July 1936 and December 1951. Among the executions investigated was that of the poet and dramatist 22805: 9689: 9534:"only occasionally has the war been analyzed in terms of its most accurate definition, as a revolutionary/counterrevolutionary struggle", "национально-революционная война испанского народа" 8982:

and set up councils parallel to the paralyzed Republican government. This revolution was opposed by the Soviet-supported communists who campaigned against the loss of civil property rights.

8866:

party, to be an illegal organization, along with the Anarchists. The Stalinists betrayed and committed mass atrocities on the other Republican factions, such as torture and mass executions.

5574:

declared that "the organized proletariat will carry everything before it and destroy everything until we reach our goal". The country had rapidly become anarchic. Even the staunch socialist

9825:

The POUM fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until 16 June 1937, when the POUM was illegalized and suppressed by the Popular Front Republican government led by Prime Minister

9751: 5259:

to power. As a result, Spain transitioned to government by military dictatorship. Support for the Rivera regime gradually faded, and he resigned in January 1930. He was replaced by General

6895:, confined their officers and attempted to sail the ships out of Lisbon to join the Spanish Republican forces fighting in Spain. Salazar ordered the ships to be destroyed by gunfire. Both 7340:, Polish governmental officials and the military disguised sales as commercial transactions mediated by international brokers and targeting customers in various countries, principally in 6922:

In February 1937, under pressure from the London Committee, the Salazar government was forced to publish a decree prohibiting the enlistment of volunteers on either side of the conflict.

21289: 11798: 9446:"civil war dominates modern Spain more than any other Western European country", "the rebellion that began in 1936 was the climax to a long and tortuous period of political experiment" 22455: 9090:

Throughout the course of the Spanish Civil War, people all over the world were exposed to the goings-on and effects of it on its people not only through standard art, but also through

6834:

expenses and 21.9% for direct delivery of supplies to Spain, while 62.6% was expended on the Condor Legion. In total, Germany provided the Nationalists with 600 planes and 200 tanks.

14983: 5059:

as well as all of the important positions in government. In addition to these regime changes and hierarchies, there were a series of civil wars that transpired in Spain known as the

7204: 6995:, went to Spain to fight alongside Franco. The majority of the volunteers were Catholics, and according to O'Duffy had volunteered to help the Nationalists fight against communism. 23651: 14043: 14122:

La Parra-Pérez, Alvaro. "Fighting Against Democracy: Military Factions in the Second Spanish Republic and Civil War (1931–1939)." Job Market Paper, University of Maryland (2014).

6714:

proper, and became a point of fascist pride. In total, Italy provided the Nationalists with 660 planes, 150 tanks, 800 artillery pieces, 10,000 machine guns, and 240,747 rifles.

5523:

In sparking an uprising, the non-anarchist socialists, like the anarchists, manifested their conviction that the existing political order was illegitimate. The Spanish historian

23409: 6027:, who ordered the distribution of weapons among the civilian population. This facilitated the defeat of the army insurrection in the main industrial centres, including Madrid, 534: 19874: 14869: 9731: 7172:". Some Chinese joined the Brigades; the majority of them eventually returned to China, but some went to prison or to French refugee camps, and a handful remained in Spain. 6354:

At the beginning of the war, the Republicans outnumbered the Nationalists ten to one on the front in Aragon, but by January 1937, that advantage had dropped to four to one.

5053:. There was little development of a bourgeois industrial or commercial class. The land-based oligarchy remained powerful; a small number of people held large estates called 18866: 11660: 8126:

well into the 1950s, gradually reduced by military defeats and scant support from the exhausted population. In 1944, a group of republican veterans, who also fought in the

7614: 7193: 6709:(CTV) to the Nationalist cause. The Italian CTV would, at its peak, supply the Nationalists with 50,000 men. Italian warships took part in breaking the Republican navy's 401: 23656: 18131:

Herreros, Francisco, and Henar Criado. "Pre-emptive or arbitrary: Two forms of lethal violence in a civil war." Journal of Conflict Resolution 53, no. 3 (2009): 419–445.

8848:

employers who were not considered to personally have done anything wrong but were nonetheless seen as representing the old oppressive order that needed to be destroyed.

7699:

attack on the capital was repulsed in fierce fighting between 8 and 23 November. A contributory factor in the successful Republican defense was the effectiveness of the

7457:

Fearing it might spark a civil war inside France, the leftist "Popular Front" government in France did not send direct support to the Republicans. French Prime Minister

5639:

Shortly after the Popular Front's victory in the 1936 election, groups of officers, both active and retired, got together to discuss a coup. By the end of April General

1764: 1742: 18758: 8017:

On 26 March, the Nationalists started a general offensive, on 28 March the Nationalists occupied Madrid and, by 31 March, they controlled all Spanish territory. Franco

6998:

According to Spanish statistics, 1,052 Yugoslavs were recorded as volunteers of which 48% were Croats, 23% Slovenes, 18% Serbs, 2.3% Montenegrins and 1.5% Macedonians.

5471:

declined to invite its leader, Gil Robles, to form a government, fearing CEDA's monarchist sympathies and proposed changes to the constitution. Instead, he invited the

4951:. Despite this policy, tens of thousands of citizens from non-interventionist countries directly participated in the conflict. They fought mostly in the pro-Republican 2321: 14465: 11250:, chapter "Impactos demograficos" (page unavailable). Tamames suggests that the actual number of victims is probably much higher than this given by official statistics 10063:

exact figures differ; one source claims $ 0,45bn for Italy and $ 0,23bn for Germany, Romero Salvado 2013, p. 20; the rest was mostly private credit from British (e.g.

5286:

and Liberal Republicans won almost all the provincial capitals and, following the resignation of Aznar's government, Alfonso XIII fled the country. At this time, the

1721: 16861:

in nominal terms, in terms of purchasing power the growth was smaller; nominal figures were 396m ptas in the 2nd half of 1936 and 847m ptas in the 2nd half of 1938,

13637:

detailed percentage split by formation (loyalist share: 51% of Guardia Civil, 65% of Carabineros and 70% of Guardia de Asalto) is provided in Tusell, Javier (1998),

8210:

The two combatant parties followed similar financial strategies; in both cases money creation, rather than new taxes or issue of debt, was key to financing the war.

7873:. Franco had effectively won in the north. At November's end, with Franco's troops closing in on Valencia, the government had to move again, this time to Barcelona. 6477:, religious buildings were burnt and at least 100 clergy, religious civilians, and pro-Catholic police were killed by revolutionaries. Franco had brought in Spain's 5680:

The revolt was devoid of ideology. The goal was to put an end to anarchical disorder. Mola's plan for the new regime was a "republican dictatorship", modelled after

19415: 11425:

Ortega, Silvestre (2006), p. 76; slightly different figures, 344,000 and 558,000, in earlier study completed using the same method, see Diez Nicolas (1985), p. 48.

7622:

died after he arrived in Madrid to reinforce the morale of the Republicans during an unsuccessful Francoist siege in Madrid. His funeral, headed (in the image) by

3288: 2998: 20528:

Mittermaier, Ute Anne (2010). "Charles Donnelly, 'Dark Star' of Irish Poetry and Reluctant Hero of the Irish Left". In Clark, David; Álavez, Rubén Jarazo (eds.).

18258: 10426:

when referring reported calculations of Hugh Thomas and divided into 320,000 KIA, 100,000 executed and 220,000 of malnutrition etc., Crow, John Armstrong (1985),

5347:. This led many workers to believe the Second Spanish Republic was just as oppressive as the monarchy, and the CNT announced its intention of overthrowing it via 2337: 23661: 10008:

in 1934 the Spanish military spendings as reported by the statistical office were 958m ptas; in 1935 they were 1.065m ptas, Huerta Barajas Justo Alberto (2016),

9726: 9336:

struggle between the left and right wings, while the Second World War initially had fascists and communist powers on the same side with the combined Nazi-Soviet

1277: 22481: 9019:

The pre-war Falange was a small party of some 30,000–40,000 members. It also called for a social revolution that would have seen Spanish society transformed by

8768:

Scholars have estimated that between 38,000 and 70,000 civilians were killed in Republican-held territories, with the most common estimate being around 50,000.

8720:, they took hundreds of people, including 16 priests who had served as chaplains for the Republican forces, to the countryside or graveyards and murdered them. 8664:. Extensive killings of civilians were carried out in the cities captured by the Nationalists, along with the execution of unwanted individuals. These included 23338: 16629: 8750:

Michael Seidman observes that the Nationalist terror was a key part of the Nationalist victory as it allowed them to secure their rear; the Russian Whites, in

7336:

government increasingly tended to favour the Nationalists; sales to the Republicans were motivated exclusively by economic interest. Since Poland was bound by

6148:

joining the Nationalists. The result was that in April 1937 there were some 360,000 soldiers in the Republican ranks and some 290,000 in the Nationalist ones.

1979: 16569: 11833:

Maestre, Francisco; Casanova, Julián; Mir, Conxita; Gómez, Francisco (2004). Morir, matar, sobrevivir: La violencia en la dictadura de Franco. Grupo Planeta.

23085: 22693: 9133:("The Spanish People Have a Path that Leads to a Star"), a 12.5 m monolith constructed out of plaster representing the struggle for a socialist utopia; 7759:, led to heavy casualties (6,000–20,000) on both sides. The operation's main objective was not met, though Nationalists gained a modest amount of territory. 5452: 4955:, which also included several thousand exiles from pro-Nationalist regimes. Smaller numbers of pro-Republican international volunteer fighters fought in the 2527: 1603: 16726: 7005:

fought for Franco, of whom 19 perished and many more were wounded. Their attempts at creating a separate unit were turned down by the Francoist government.

5582:, a republican and one of Spain's most respected intellectuals who, in June 1936, told a reporter who published his statement in El Adelanto that President 23034: 14765: 5954:

were to rise up at 05:00 on 18 July and those in Spain proper a day later so that control of Spanish Morocco could be achieved and forces sent back to the

22313: 16501: 1469: 22930: 19318: 18885: 15160: 5002:

on a lesser scale also took place in areas controlled by the Republicans, with the participation of local authorities varying from location to location.

22441: 21491: 20469: 19122: 17390: 14102: 2543: 23895: 23116: 16560: 15673: 7493:

fighter aircraft being sent from 7 August 1936 to December of that year to Republican forces. France, through the favour of pro-communist air minister

21088: 7766:, was a more significant defeat for Franco and his armies. This was the only publicised Republican victory of the war. Franco used Italian troops and 6783:) from July 1936 to March 1939. The Condor Legion proved to be especially useful in that first year of conflict in operations that included: the 1936 6499:

committed atrocities and the army carried out summary executions of leftists. The repression in the aftermath was brutal and prisoners were tortured.

24490: 23049: 22986: 22939: 18293: 13626:

El factor humano. Organización y liderazgo para ganar una guerra. La Jefatura de Movilización, Instrucción y Recuperación en la Guerra Civil española

22186: 20970: 12947:

Simpson, James, and Juan Carmona. Why Democracy Failed: The Agrarian Origins of the Spanish Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 2020, pp. 201–202

9352:

until the 1950s, in which the American anti-Communist international policy favoured having a far-right and extremely anti-communist ally in Europe.

23003: 9736: 8301:

lead us to dismemberment that I in no way admit, I would give way to Franco without any other condition than to get aside the Germans and Italians.

8289:

with notable disloyalty, to the final point of abandoning him at the French border, after appropriating the Generalitat's reserve funds for exile.

7849:, a place lacking any military interest, resulted in an advance of only 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) and the loss of much equipment. Franco invaded 6984:("Legion of the Archangel Michael"), whose group of Seven Legionaries visited Spain in December 1936 to ally their movement with the Nationalists. 5958:

to coincide with the risings there. The rising was intended to be a swift coup d'état, but the government retained control of most of the country.

11277:

103,000 executed during the war, 28,000 executed afterwards, around 100,000 KIA, Martínez de Baños Carrillo, Fernando, Szafran, Agnieszka (2011),

5323:

and south-west portion of the country. The slow response on the part of the government disillusioned the right and reinforced their view that the

22838: 22722: 18565: 11984: 8784: 8144: 7930:, a system of fortifications defending Valencia. The Republican government then launched an all-out campaign to reconnect their territory in the 5420:

remained a reactive threat and it was facilitated by controversial reforms to the military. In December, a new reformist, liberal and democratic

4680: 3040: 19608: 8421: 23473: 23403: 22243: 14217: 10514:

100,000 in combat, 220,000 rearguard terror, 10,000 in air raids, 200,000 after-war terror, 50,000 malnutrition etc.; Jackson, Gabriel (1965),

9674: 9295: 8498:". Historian Michael Seidman stated that the Nationalists killed approximately 130,000 people and the Republicans approximately 50,000 people. 5406:

some 20,000 churches, along with church artwork and tombs, books, archives, and palaces. A vast number of affected buildings are today defunct.

5121:. Two distinct factors led to the uprisings: a series of urban riots and a liberal movement within the middle classes and the military (led by 18844: 17450: 16455: 15416: 8649:

Nationalist atrocities, which authorities frequently ordered so as to eradicate any trace of "leftism" in Spain, were common. The notion of a

8458:'s Nationalists at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War, between August and September 1936. This mass grave is located at the small town of 6591:

The Spanish Civil War exposed political divisions across Europe. The right and the Catholics supported the Nationalists to stop the spread of

24894: 23890: 23044: 12775:

Salvadó, Francisco J. Romero. Twentieth-century Spain: politics and society, 1898–1998. Macmillan International Higher Education, 1999, p. 84

9311:, after the fall of Catalonia (January–February 1939), in which about 500,000 people fled to France. The French authorities had to improvise 5447:. The causal factors were increased resentment of the incumbent government caused by a controversial decree implementing land reform, by the 17590: 13624:

32.000 Guardia Civil, 17.000 Guardia de Asalto, 16.000 Carabineros, Molina Franco Lucas, Sagarra Renedo Pedro, González López Óscar (2021),

8250:

being involved into the operation and the Catalanist propaganda that promoted the enlistment of volunteers forced the withdrawal. President

24341: 23809: 22970: 22293: 22179: 11534:, even though the author many times declared that he had in mind those "muerto espiritualmente", referred after Diez Nicolas, Juan (1985), 10223:, even though the author many times declared that he had in mind those "muerto espiritualmente", referred after Diez Nicolas, Juan (1985), 9711: 8660:

and displace the Church from schools by closing religious educational institutions were considered by the Nationalists as an attack on the

6578: 3281: 14501:

World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection [5 volumes]: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

12357: 6243:, thousands of foreigners of all nationalities who voluntarily went to Spain to aid the Republic in the fight; they meant a great deal to 3169: 24991: 23168: 22764: 22545: 16411: 13870: 7712:, a Nationalist offensive to the northwest, pushed Republican forces back, but failed to isolate Madrid. The battle lasted into January. 6723: 5763:

and prominent parliamentary conservative. Luis Cuenca, a member of the arresting group and a Socialist who was known as the bodyguard of

5384: 1376: 1270: 22019: 16838:

in the mid-1930s the Spanish GDP was 23% of the British one, 37% of the French one and 48% of the Italian one, see e.g. Maddison Angus,

14050: 9426:

melting pot of universal battles, Spaniards vs Spaniards, Irish vs Irish, Italians vs Italians, Russians vs Russians, "European cockpit"

5137:

was proclaimed. The Republic was marred with political instability and conflicts and was quickly overthrown by a coup d'état by General

2279: 25841: 22800: 22589: 21540: 18761:, El pueblo español tiene un camino que conduce a una estrella (maqueta) (There Is a Way for the Spanish People That Leads to a Star ). 9721: 9699: 8771:

Whatever the exact number, the death toll was far exaggerated by both sides, for propaganda reasons, giving birth to the legend of the

7390:. The company partially took advantage of the earlier Schacht Plan, a German-Greek credit agreement which enabled Greek purchases from 7137: 7024: 2822: 14155:

Zara Steiner, The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939 (Oxford History of Modern Europe) (2013), pp. 181–251.

7926:

from Teruel, pushing south along the coast toward the capital of the Republic at Valencia, but was halted in heavy fighting along the

6872:

when certain Nationalist forces virtually ran out of ammunition. Consequently, the Nationalists called Lisbon "the port of Castile".

5672:

became the figurehead of the operation and helped reach an agreement with the Carlists, Mola was chief planner and second in command.

5372:

workers outside their locality. When some localities had labour shortages, the law shut out workers seeking extra income as pickers.

23952: 23039: 22740: 17527: 16846: 12766:

Payne, Stanley G. The collapse of the Spanish republic, 1933–1936: Origins of the civil war. Yale University Press, 2008, pp. 110–111

10356:, p. 379; divided into 700,000 died "in battle", 30,000 executed and 15,000 of air raids, Dupuy, R. Ernest, Dupuy, Trevor N. (1977), 8505:

Spanish Civil War grave sites. Location of known burial places. Colours refer to the type of intervention that has been carried out.

8474:

committed by the Republicans. The Republicans committed many acts of torture, murder, and war crimes throughout the war known as the

8438:: 4,000, (9) above-the-norm deaths caused by malnutrition, etc., recorded after the Civil War but related to it: 160,000 to 300,000. 7337: 6611: 6586: 4948: 3046: 3034: 22006: 19860: 17561:

Fernández-Álvarez, José-Paulino; Rubio-Melendi, David; Martínez-Velasco, Antxoka; Pringle, Jamie K.; Aguilera, Hector-David (2016).

14866: 8835:

bridge, Ronda. Both Nationalists and Republicans are claimed to have thrown prisoners from the bridge to their deaths in the canyon.

7994:

Only Madrid and a few other strongholds remained for the Republican forces. On 5 March 1939 the Republican army, led by the Colonel

7587:

isolated the Republican provinces in the north. On 5 September, the Nationalists closed the French border to the Republicans in the

3052: 23394: 22996: 22895: 22594: 22124: 14982:

Lešnik, Avgust (2014). "Uloga KPJ U Regrutovanju Jugoslovenski Interbrigadista Za Republikansku Španiju". In Petrović, Milo (ed.).

9790: 9290: 9123: 8987: 8856: 8018: 7511: 7296: 6289:"the Reds" by their opponents. Republicans were supported by urban workers, agricultural labourers, and parts of the middle class. 6028: 5021:

The 19th century was a turbulent time for Spain. Those in favour of reforming the Spanish government vied for political power with

3235: 3211: 3099: 2583: 1902: 1341: 1309: 22416: 22085: 21187:

Salvadó, Francisco J. Romero (December 1999). "The Road to the Civil War: Social Conflict and Mass Politics in Spain, 1898–1936".

19680:

Balcells, Laia (7 June 2010). "Rivalry and Revenge: Violence against Civilians in Conventional Civil Wars1: Rivalry and Revenge".

11699: 6802:

transport Trimotors (the JU52's used both as transport platforms and as Bombers), efforts that showed themselves to be effective.

6553:

sided with the Republicans, while Conservative Catalan nationalists were far less vocal in supporting the government, due to anti-

5752: 23927: 22923: 22890: 18863: 18331:

Antonio Montero Moreno, Historia de la persecucion religiosa en Espana 1936–1939 (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos, 1961)

17163:, p. LXIX; broken down into 200,000 KIA, 130,000 executed, 25,000 of malnutrition and 10,000 of air raids, Johnson, Paul (1984), 9556:

Spaniards vs foreign Judeo-Bolshevik aggression, Spaniards vs foreign Fascist invasion, guerra de liberación, Spain vs anti-Spain

9148:(Mercury Fountain) a protest work by the American against the Nationalist forced control of Almadén and the mercury mines there. 6732: 6582: 6363: 5402:

The Church was a frequent target of the revolutionary left in the republic and in the war. During the Civil War, revolutionaries

5319:

In May 1931, an incident in which a taxi driver was attacked outside a monarchist club sparked anti-clerical violence throughout

4714: 4237: 3274: 2007: 444: 233: 22402: 21735: 11021:

lowest considered estimate, includes 150,000 KIA and 185,000 victims of rearguard repression, Bernecker, Walter L. (ed., 2008),

7826:

Mola, Franco's second-in-command, was killed on 3 June, in an airplane accident. In early July, despite the earlier loss at the

5088: 24844: 23678: 23202: 23008: 22776: 22611: 22097: 16523: 14639: 10325:, p. 602; also "la poblacion de Espana en 1939 contaba 750,000 personas menos que las esperables si no hubiera habido guerra", 10020:, p. 805. The peseta to dolar exchange rate for 1935 varied from 7.32 in August to 7.38 in January, Martínez Méndez P. (1990), 7954: 7882: 6639: 6185: 5989: 4994:

The war became notable for the passion and political division it inspired worldwide and for the many atrocities that occurred.

4710: 3381: 3087: 2858: 2690: 2614: 2398: 1862: 1735: 1335: 1329: 1263: 290: 21997: 14861:

Maria Inácia Rezola, "The Franco–Salazar Meetings: Foreign policy and Iberian relations during the Dictatorships (1942–1963)"

8064:, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions. In his capacity as consul in Paris, Chilean poet and politician 8052:(withdrawal) Hundreds of thousands of Republicans fled abroad, with some 500,000 fleeing to France. Refugees were confined in 2677: 24926: 24367: 23947: 20485:

Martín-Aceña, Pablo; Martínez Ruiz, Elena; Pons, María A. (2012). "War and Economics: Spanish Civil War Finances Revisited".

20274: 20185: 7323: 6049: 4388: 4328: 2453: 1565: 1464: 825: 22661: 20284: 20128: 19788: 11729: 10561:

excluding "50,000 more fatalities in Franco's prison camps during the immediate postwar period", Smele, Jonathan D. (2015),

9000:

of 1937, many thousands of anarchist and communist Republican soldiers fought for control of strategic points in Barcelona.

6697:) played a substantial role in the Mediterranean blockade, and ultimately Italy supplied machine guns, artillery, aircraft, 6218: 5779: 5731: 5328: 4979:

to an alleged increasing communist dominance of the Republican government and the deteriorating military situation, Colonel

4960: 2113: 340: 25982: 25321: 24738: 22685: 22649: 22500: 22259:

Roy, Pinaki (January 2013). "Escritores Apasionados del Combate: English and American Novelists of the Spanish Civil War".

22056: 14462: 14440: 11633: 11555:, p. 24, and became one of the "mitos principales del franquismo", referred as "myth no. 9" in Reig Tapia, Alberto (2017), 10244:, p. 24, and became one of the "mitos principales del franquismo", referred as "myth no. 9" in Reig Tapia, Alberto (2017), 9398:

violent conflict of radicalised and polarised masses, Communism vs Fascism/Nazism, totalitarian regimes fighting by proxies

8601:, Julius Ruiz and José Sánchez argue that the political violence in the Republican zone was in fact organized by the left: 6072: 4461: 2152: 20906: 19544: 11321:"provocó un número de caidós en combate sin precedentes, casi tantos como los muertos y desaparecidos en la retaguardia", 7397:

Most of Greek sales went to the Republic; on part of the Spaniards the deals were negotiated by Grigori Rosenberg, son of

7300: 6907:

independent but in association with the Atlanticist foreign policy of England, and the survival of the Portuguese regime.

5455:(CEDA). Another factor was the recent enfranchisement of women, most of whom voted for centre-right parties. According to 4378: 1972: 1855: 830: 25481: 25421: 24063: 23315: 22644: 22569: 22321: 16666: 11308:

the number which emerges from the official statistics as provided during the early Francoist era and calculated later by

9312: 9156: 8967:

In the anarchist-controlled areas, Aragon and Catalonia, in addition to the temporary military success, there was a vast

5011: 4673: 4531: 4157: 3848: 3223: 3187: 2700: 2654: 1302: 18529: 9486:

benchmark for civil war categorizations, laboratory of civil war, the most typical case of civil war, point of reference

8959: 6654: 6598:

The Spanish Civil War involved large numbers of non-Spanish citizens who participated in combat and advisory positions.

6119:

The war was cast by Republican sympathisers as a struggle between tyranny and freedom, and by Nationalist supporters as

5788:

the kidnapping and murder of Sotelo transformed the "limping conspiracy" into a revolt that could trigger a civil war.

2041: 24916: 23600: 23098: 22916: 22665: 21801: 21787: 21626: 21606: 21329: 21278: 21259: 21238: 21077: 20995: 20850: 20790: 20771: 20749: 20717: 20537: 20432: 20264: 20223: 20204: 20163: 20122: 20090: 20071: 20032: 20011: 19992: 19902: 19849: 19782: 19710: 19670: 19591: 19570: 19528: 19495: 19474: 19453: 19297: 19259: 19238: 19205: 19180: 19084: 19060: 18950: 18385: 18233: 17196: 17160: 17101: 17080: 17059: 17017: 16996: 16975: 16826: 15507: 15495: 15483: 15471: 15197: 14918: 14633: 14509: 14327: 14184: 13937: 13757: 13572: 13104: 12751: 12680: 12149: 11877: 11838: 11564: 11552: 11515: 11503: 11491: 11452: 11387: 11375: 11363: 11342: 11286: 11247: 11223: 11200: 11179: 11158: 11146: 11134: 11118: 11106: 11094: 11073: 11030: 10996: 10965: 10953: 10941: 10921: 10900: 10843: 10831: 10789: 10768: 10735: 10714: 10693: 10671: 10659: 10619: 10607: 10595: 10570: 10549: 10523: 10502: 10477: 10468:

including 285,000 KIA, 125,000 civilians "due to war directed causes", 200,000 malnutrition., Sandler, Stanley (2002),

10435: 10410: 10377: 10353: 10322: 10293: 10253: 10241: 10204: 10192: 10180: 10159: 10100: 10051: 10017: 9694: 9008: 7242:

Also, the Soviet Union directed Communist parties around the world to organise and recruit the International Brigades.

6474: 5708: 4749:

parties, some of which had opposed the government in the pre-war period. The opposing Nationalists were an alliance of

4548: 4358: 3818: 3199: 3145: 344: 22363: 18825: 17029:

including war-related executions until 1961, death above average due to illness etc., Salas Larrazabal, Ramón (1977),

15203: 8256:

That crazy operation was born from the tyrannical vanity, petulance and deviant ambition of some Barcelona politicians

7377:

Greece was officially neutral during the war. It maintained formal diplomatic relations with the Republic, though the

6407:

or "fascists" —feared national fragmentation and opposed the separatist movements. They were chiefly defined by their

2501: 23688: 22584: 22579: 22478: 21359: 20812: 20638: 20451: 19948: 18434:

Ruiz, Julius. "2 Fighting the Fifth Column: The Terror in Republican Madrid during the Spanish Civil War.", pp. 56–57

16949: 16924: 16896: 12975: 10150:"esta cruenta lucha le costó a España 1 200 000 muertos entre combatientes y civiles", Pazos Beceiro, Carlos (2004), 9785: 9210: 8092: 7789:. The Basques suffered most from the lack of a suitable air force. On 26 April, the Condor Legion bombed the town of 7709: 7606: 6992: 5435:, "On Oppression of the Church of Spain", raising his voice against the persecution of the Catholic Church in Spain. 4638: 4103: 3888: 3081: 1541: 22280: 22202: 16598: 11523: 10212: 10112:

some press estimates from the era, see e.g. "one and a half million Spaniards have already been killed in the war",

6020: 5739: 5491: 25977: 24205: 23441: 23280: 9872: 9741: 9118:, a personal account of his experiences and observations in the war, was published in the United Kingdom. In 1939, 8003: 7934:, from 24 July until 26 November; the scale of the Republican offensive forced Franco to personally take command. 7387: 7127: 7107: 6536:, while senior officers and those in non-front line positions tended to oppose it (though a small number of senior 6257:

was the intellectual leader of the Second Republic and headman of the Republican side during most of the Civil War.

6136:

final months of 1936 saw the arrival of foreign troops, International Brigades joining the Republicans and Italian

5992:, which provided a landing point for Franco's African troops, and the primarily conservative and Catholic areas of 5700: 4506: 4177: 2184: 1555: 1508: 22670: 17718: 16696: 14724: 5963: 5807:, demanded that arms be distributed to the people before the military took over. The prime minister was hesitant. 5225:. Following the war, wide swathes of Spanish society, including the armed forces, united in hopes of removing the 4964: 4821:. The Nationalists won the war, which ended in early 1939, and ruled Spain until Franco's death in November 1975. 4418: 1347: 328: 25756: 25471: 23703: 23646: 23516: 23468: 23463: 23436: 23399: 23305: 23075: 22843: 22538: 21171: 17782:, in Quigley, Paul, and James Hawdon, eds. Reconciliation After Civil Wars: Global Perspectives. Routledge, 2018. 16718: 11494:, p. 248; "a reasonable estimate, and a rather conservative one", Howard Griffin, John, Simon, Yves René (1974), 10183:, p. 248; "a reasonable estimate, and a rather conservative one", Howard Griffin, John, Simon, Yves René (1974), 9771: 9323:

The political and emotional repercussions of the War transcended the national scale, becoming a precursor to the

9051: 5951: 5393: 5246: 4872: 4829: 3016: 2661: 2493: 1474: 304: 200: 23090: 22495: 22024: 14762: 13662:

Our Red Soldiers': The Nationalist Army's Management of its Left-Wing Conscripts in the Spanish Civil War 1936–9

10114: 6415:

and monarchists. Their leaders had a generally wealthier, more conservative, monarchist, landowning background.

5673: 4865: 914: 25761: 23108: 22885: 22654: 22325: 21882: 21859: 21816: 21772: 21754: 21710: 21683: 21647: 21549: 21511: 21478: 21442: 21393: 21046: 21024: 20934: 20687: 20665: 20599: 20556: 20392: 20341: 20311: 19929: 19816: 19761: 19740: 19643: 18999: 18811: 18791: 18080: 17255: 17236: 17217: 17172: 17126: 17038: 16493: 15865: 15846:

Graham, Helen. The Spanish Civil War: a very short introduction. Vol. 123. Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 35

15547: 14720:

Tomar o Pulso ao Tigre: Missões Militares Portuguesas em Espanha, entre a vigilância e a cooperação (1934–1939)

12302: 11905: 11855: 11413: 11330: 10879: 10867: 10855: 10810: 10747: 10647: 10635: 10456: 10389: 10365: 10029: 7646: 7595:, home to a divided Republican force of anarchists and Basque nationalists, was taken by Nationalist soldiers. 7235:

gold reserves, 176 tonnes of which was transferred through France and 510 directly to Russia, which was called

6666: 6075:. Republicans controlled under half of the rifles and about a third of both machine guns and artillery pieces. 5555: 5444: 4666: 3512: 2980: 2815: 1501: 1435: 19310: 18882: 17563:"Discovery of a mass grave from the Spanish Civil War using Ground Penetrating Radar and forensic archaeology" 15019:"'Defeat, Victory, Repeat': Russian Émigrés between the Spanish Civil War and Operation Barbarossa, 1936–1944" 6853: 5681: 5264: 5252: 4433: 25336: 25311: 24775: 24635: 23718: 23536: 23310: 22833: 22438: 21488: 21116: 20842: 16541: 14099: 12334: 11333:, p. 316, "habia comportado centenares de miles de muertos", Marín, José María, Ysàs, Carme Molinero (2001), 8112: 8053: 7721: 7522: 7362: 7285: 6791:

which, on 26 April 1937, killed 200 to 300 civilians. Germany also used the war to test new weapons, such as

5755:, founder of CEDA, as a reprisal for Castillo's murder. But he was not at home, so they went to the house of 5622: 4947:, and the United States, continued to recognise the Republican government but followed an official policy of 3803: 2903: 2559: 2314: 2192: 1548: 1484: 1369: 22171: 20465: 17387: 16557: 15677: 13954: 13894:

Payne, S. G. (2008). the Spanish civil War, the Soviet Union, and communism. Yale University Press, page 305

13869:(in Spanish). Vol. IV. Gaceta de Madrid: diario oficial de la República. 16 October 1936. p. 355. 10273: 10081:

terms, and that entirely different picture emerges when inflation and exchange rates are taken into account,

8926:. Pro-Soviet Communists committed numerous atrocities against fellow Republicans, including other Marxists: 8700:

Nationalist forces massacred civilians in Seville, where some 8,000 people were shot; 10,000 were killed in

7036:

throughout the world quickly launched a full-scale propaganda campaign in support of the Popular Front. The

4413: 25992: 25957: 25671: 25631: 25347: 25316: 24605: 24512: 24317: 24225: 23641: 23605: 23431: 23137: 23018: 23013: 22624: 21970: 21069: 15164: 12811:"El «desordenado empuje del Frente Popular». Movilización y violencia política tras las elecciones de 1936" 10344:

Coatsworth, John, Cole, Juan, Hanagan, Michael P., Perdue, Peter C., Tilly, Charles, Tilly, Louise (2015),

10327: 9850:

The Euzko Gudarostea fought in the Spanish Civil War from 17 July 1936 until it surrendered to the Italian

9340:. Payne suggests that instead the civil war was the last of the revolutionary crises that emerged from the 9043: 8198: 7818: 7654:

On the Nationalist side, Franco was chosen as chief military commander at a meeting of ranking generals at

7473: 7262: 7245:

Another significant Soviet involvement was the activity of the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (

5421: 5309: 5199:

was a controversial policy that was eventually implemented by the government of Spain. As evidenced by the

5125:), which was concerned about the ultra-conservatism of the monarchy. In 1873, Isabella's replacement, King 5026: 4628: 4591: 4511: 4471: 4373: 4368: 3064: 2734: 2247: 2231: 2087: 1362: 24: 22369: 19831:

The Spanish Cockpit: An Eye-Witness Account of the Political and Social Conflicts of the Spanish Civil War

18287: 15488:

Dos siglos de bribones y algún malandrín: Crónica de la corrupción en España desde el SXIX a la actualidad

9134: 6285:"Loyalists" by supporters, "Republicans", the "Popular Front", or "the government" by all parties; and/or 5037:

that they believed in. The reforms of 1812 were short-lived as they were almost immediately overturned by

25811: 25331: 24685: 24412: 24326: 23708: 23232: 22991: 22160: 21870: 21747:

The Spanish Civil War in literature, film, and art: an international Bibliography of secondary literature

20956: 20329: 17071:"at least" and "between 1936 and 1945", includes 300,000 "combatants", Salvadó, Francisco Romero (2013), 8571: 8544:, whose body has never been found. Mention of García Lorca's death was forbidden during Franco's regime. 7185: 6949:

Just a few days before the end of the Spanish Civil War, on 17 March 1939, Portugal and Spain signed the

6318: 5815: 5712: 5110: 5100: 4363: 3253: 3229: 2761: 2373: 1826: 1752: 1665: 24630: 24500: 22488:

1892–1994. 60.43 cubic feet (68 boxes plus two oversize folders and one oversize vertical file). At the

21567:

Graham, Helen (1988). "The Spanish Socialist Party in Power and the Government of Juan Negrín, 1937–9".

19705:. Cambridge studies in comparative politics. Cambridge : New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. 18070: 11850:

Jackson, Gabriel (1967). The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939. Princeton University Press.

8450: 5997: 1942: 691: 25947: 25881: 25521: 25306: 24951: 24809: 24697: 23568: 23265: 23195: 22865: 22531: 22449: 22349: 22192: 21973:. A six-part documentary miniseries using film and eyewitness accounts from both sides of the conflict. 20891:"Salazar y los viriatos. Los combatientes portugueses en la Guerra Civil española: prensa y propaganda" 19194:

The Last Identification: Why Some of Us Would Like to Call Ourselves Europeans and What We Mean by This

9574: 9500:

confronting and containing Communism, free world vs Soviet imperialism, civilized West vs barbaric East

9165: 9012: 8954: 8673: 7673: 7328:

Polish arms sales to Republican Spain took place between September 1936 and February 1939. Politically

7200: 7133: 6892: 6674: 5983: 5726: 5716: 4984: 4466: 4167: 3838: 3075: 2708: 2682: 2136: 1321: 25236: 18573: 17680:

Sánchez, José María. The Spanish civil war as a religious tragedy. University Press of Virginia, 1987.

11976: 9469:

local and exceptionally violent outbreak of long-standing universal political conflict, whites vs reds

7747: 7417:, a Greek aviation company, also sold at least 60 aircraft to the Republican Air Force, consisting of 5359:

Elections in June 1931 returned a large majority of Republicans and Socialists. With the onset of the

5138: 3193: 2129: 1779: 1560: 25711: 25326: 25006: 25001: 24480: 24468: 24346: 24290: 24265: 24215: 24150: 24080: 23962: 23742: 23668: 23414: 23358: 23353: 23070: 22574: 22378: 21148: 20042: 19605: 18841: 17104:, p. 70; divided into 345,000 during the war and 215,000 in 1939–1942, Diez Nicolas (1985), pp. 52–53 11575:

Since suggests 7,000 members of some 115,000 clergy were killed, the proportion could well be lower.

11531: 10220: 9795: 9766: 8915: 8731:

in Republican territory, carried out mainly by the Luftwaffe volunteers of the Condor Legion and the

8435: 8274: 8239: 7846: 7600: 7069: 6881: 5611: 5571: 5570:

talked about "Spain being converted into a socialist Republic in association with the Soviet Union".

4825: 4476: 4443: 4343: 4338: 4008: 3625: 3004: 2986: 2870: 2808: 2744: 2729: 2622: 2567: 1922: 1716: 1706: 1579: 1317: 616: 127: 19252:

The Spanish Civil Wars: A Comparative History of the First Carlist War and the Conflict of the 1930s

14225: 12327:"El martirio de los libros: una aproximación a la destrucción bibliográfica durante la Guerra Civil" 11062:

Auto-Reflection on the Processes of Cultural Re-Memoriation in the Contemporary Spanish Memory Novel

6930: 5567: 1806: 1672: 740: 25972: 25962: 25726: 25686: 25636: 25501: 25091: 24996: 24921: 24910: 24804: 24753: 24445: 24331: 24130: 23937: 23583: 23458: 23255: 22675: 22634: 22511: 22387: 19563:

Fuera el invasor!: nacionalismos y movilización bélica durante la guerra civil española (1936–1939)

17442: 16445: 15408: 12956:

Ruiz, Julius. The'red Terror'and the Spanish Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 36–37

9838: 9492:"the Spanish, along with the American Civil War, is a paradigmatic case of conventional civil war" 8728: 8559: 8247: 7984: 7627: 7145: 7123: 7087: 6662: 6566: 6261:

The Republic's supporters within Spain ranged from centrists who supported a moderately capitalist

6151: 6091: 6081: 5692: 5598: 5535: 5472: 5290:

was formed. This republic remained in power until the beginning of the civil war five years later.

5222: 5172: 4501: 4496: 4491: 4393: 3968: 3371: 3205: 3123: 2935: 2897: 2477: 2469: 2406: 2080: 2023: 1891: 1784: 1711: 1425: 490: 368: 257: 123: 69: 25126: 22425: 20834: 20619:

Franco's International Brigades: Foreign Volunteers and Fascist Dictators in the Spanish Civil War

9454:

breakdown of old-style society, rapid mobilisation of the masses, convulsive post-monarchic period

8716:

Nationalists also murdered Catholic clerics. In one particular incident, following the capture of

8541: 8395:

380,000, 365,000, 350,000, 346,000, 344,000, 340,000, 335,000, 330,000, 328,929, 310,000, 300,000

8226:

None of the sides resolved to public borrowing and none floated debt on foreign exchange markets.

6868:

Salazar's Portugal helped the Nationalist side receive armaments shipments from abroad, including

6235:

the United States and United Kingdom, and to a lesser extent in other European countries and from

5563:

the parliamentary option and began planning to overthrow the republic, rather than to control it.

5460: 5025:

who intended to prevent such reforms from being implemented. In a tradition that started with the

4774: 3748: 25967: 25796: 25486: 25456: 25401: 25396: 24625: 24405: 24383: 24336: 24056: 23698: 23556: 23295: 22855: 22781: 22629: 22411: 22174:, a digitised collection of more than 13,000 pages of documents from the archives of the British 21377: 21347: 20173: 11557:

La crítica de la crítica: Inconsecuentes, insustanciales, impotentes, prepotentes y equidistantes

10246:

La crítica de la crítica: Inconsecuentes, insustanciales, impotentes, prepotentes y equidistantes

10064: 9851: 8575: 8262: 7979:

Franco's troops conquered Catalonia in a whirlwind campaign during the first two months of 1939.

7774: 7576: 7548: 7527: 7094:(3,350). More than 1,000 each came from the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, 7056: 7049: 7037: 6779: 6706: 6658: 6645: 6516:(men who fought in North Africa between 1909 and 1923) while those who stayed loyal tended to be 6137: 6096: 6063:, normally translated "Nationalists", although the former implies "true Spaniards" rather than a 5971: 5506: 5479:

to do so. Despite receiving the most votes, CEDA was denied cabinet positions for nearly a year.

5324: 5299: 5287: 5211: 4998:

occurred in territory captured by Franco's forces so they could consolidate their future regime.

4726: 4526: 4516: 4481: 4197: 3843: 3434: 3346: 3247: 2520: 1838: 1821: 1479: 1197: 934: 818: 793: 774: 747: 735: 716: 704: 686: 674: 662: 643: 624: 604: 582: 241: 195: 25171: 22297: 21217: 19985:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

18904:"The Crescent and the Dagger: Representations of the Moorish Other during the Spanish Civil War" 17562: 17184: 14484:

Documents on German Foreign Policy: 1918–1945 | From the Archives of the German Foreign Ministry

10495:

Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015

9063: 8897: 8800: 8265:, prevented from buying weapons abroad by the international agreement of neutrality, which both 7959: 7665: 6784: 6437: 5539: 5464: 5305: 1687: 1393: 997: 149: 25771: 25706: 25641: 25566: 25546: 25541: 25386: 25376: 25221: 24723: 24540: 24522: 24475: 24422: 24356: 24351: 24230: 24220: 24210: 24155: 23636: 23285: 23275: 22828: 22735: 22433: 22115: 20737: 14499: 14319: 12363: 9542:

Cruzada, Catholicism vs barbaric atheism, war of cultures, civic society vs Catholic fanaticism

9328: 9177: 9059: 8677: 8626: 8153:

Children preparing for evacuation, some giving the Republican salute. The Republicans showed a

8104: 7726: 7329: 7295:, and the shooting down (in December 1936) of the French aircraft in which the delegate of the 7274: 7169: 7095: 7076: 7060: 7029: 7019: 6957: 6849: 6478: 6240: 6168:

did not cover losses on the front. At the turn of 1937–1938, each army numbered about 700,000.

5946:

The uprising's timing was fixed at 17 July, at 17:01, agreed to by the leader of the Carlists,

5661: 5256: 5134: 5104: 4952: 4766: 4762: 4746: 4536: 4521: 4053: 3988: 3537: 3527: 3464: 3058: 2921: 2695: 2422: 2223: 1459: 1410: 528: 395: 215: 47: 23479: 22429: 21249: 20655: 18446:(2006), The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939, p. 81 Weidenfeld & Nicolson 18375: 16419: 14166: 13146:

Casanova, Julián. The Spanish republic and civil war. Cambridge University Press, 2010, p. 141

12359:

Sobre la Guerra Civil, su gran producción bibliografía y sus pequeñas lagunas de investigación

10622:, p. 1795; 200,000 in combat, 125,000 executed, 175,000 of malnutrition, Thomas, Hugh (1977), 9986: 9528:

class struggle, proletariat vs bourgeoisie, Spanish peoples in national-revolutionary struggle

9514:

fight against Fascism, democratic Europe against the Axis, pre-configuration of WW2 alliances

8518: 8293: 8217: 8182:, the children were sent to families all over England, with over 200 children accommodated in 7564:" in Spain. On 21 July, the fifth day of the rebellion, the Nationalists captured the central 7075:

Many non-Spaniards, often affiliated with radical communist or socialist entities, joined the

5467:

cancel the electoral results but did not succeed. Despite CEDA's electoral victory, President

3650: 2390: 1952: 985: 25871: 25681: 25661: 25621: 25606: 25451: 25431: 25211: 24986: 24961: 24904: 24854: 24300: 24245: 24110: 24100: 24095: 23975: 23932: 23829: 23789: 23764: 23573: 23521: 23188: 23148: 22619: 22407: 22397: 22393: 22175: 20155: 14482: 13856: 12312: 9761: 9440:

Fourth Carlist War, modernity vs traditionalism, typically Spanish fanatic sectarian violence

9333: 8923: 8796: 8681: 8661: 8466: 8273:

ignored, urgently required war material. In this context, the Generalitat built a network of

7763: 7304: 7099: 7083: 6740: 6603: 6214: 5551: 5524: 5448: 4944: 4840:

as a figurehead. The government at the time was a coalition of Republicans, supported in the

4722: 4581: 4403: 4217: 4098: 3710: 3690: 3600: 3444: 3326: 3163: 3157: 3070: 2864: 2749: 2739: 2669: 2461: 1886: 1876: 1816: 1585: 1405: 316: 136: 14311: 7887: 7631: 7111: 6111: 6023:, which fell with considerable bloodshed. Republican leader Casares Quiroga was replaced by 4896: 2255: 1415: 25926: 25787: 25776: 25766: 25751: 25741: 25691: 25646: 25626: 25576: 25556: 25551: 25531: 25526: 25511: 25506: 25491: 25476: 25461: 25416: 25411: 25406: 25391: 25381: 25371: 25366: 25361: 25297: 25111: 25081: 25071: 24825: 24799: 23862: 23794: 23784: 23631: 23590: 23578: 23245: 23132: 22908: 22878: 22033: 21947: 21931: 21729:

Sites of Violence and Memory in Modern Spain: From the Spanish Civil War to the Present Day

20575: 18770: 17671:

Ruiz, Julius. The 'red Terror' and the Spanish Civil War. Cambridge University Press, 2014.

17472:

Ruiz, Julius (2007). "Defending the Republic: The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid, 1936".

16966: 10705:

at most 300,000 "violent deaths" + 165,000 above average deaths, Payne, Stanley G. (1987),

9679: 9345: 9284: 9047: 9020: 8919: 8878: 8736: 8616: 8487: 8471: 8426: 7991:

on 2 February. On 27 February, the United Kingdom and France recognized the Franco regime.

7619: 7580: 7561: 6702: 6649: 6550: 6100: 5688: 5668:. This latter reassignment, however, allowed Mola to direct the mainland uprising; General 5203:

in 1909, resentment and resistance were factors that continued well into the 20th century.

4995: 4566: 4308: 4247: 3610: 3532: 3439: 3406: 2852: 2445: 2200: 2048: 1769: 1591: 1513: 1446: 1399: 1382: 759: 21167:

The Basque refugee children of the Spanish Civil War in the UK: memory and memorialisation

20860:

Peers, E. Allison; Hogan, James (December 1936). "The Basques and the Spanish Civil War".

19075:

see e.g. theories of Mario Onaindía and Juan Mari Bandrés, discussed in Gaizka Fernández,

17519: 16843: 14348:"A fascist warfare? Italian fascism and war experience in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39)" 9855: 8258:". Not recapturing Mallorca would be of great importance in the future course of the war. 7862: 5756: 1881: 1440: 8: 25987: 25861: 25746: 25736: 25721: 25701: 25696: 25676: 25656: 25651: 25616: 25611: 25601: 25581: 25536: 25516: 25436: 25426: 25356: 25251: 25141: 25022: 24936: 24899: 24874: 24839: 24814: 24781: 24770: 24590: 24580: 24495: 24463: 24376: 24305: 23912: 23799: 23779: 23769: 23551: 23526: 23290: 22953: 22860: 22254:[Magazines & war] (in Spanish). Urbana-Champaign: The University of Illinois. 21639:

They Shall Not Pass: the Autobiography of La Pasionaria (translated from El Unico Camino)

21089:"A Spanish Genocide? Reflections on the Francoist Repression after the Spanish Civil War" 20241: 19895:

The Spanish Labyrinth: an account of the social and political background of the Civil War

11586:

Radical Pacifism: The War Resisters League and Gandhian Nonviolence in America, 1915–1963

11193:

The Struggle for Europe: The Turbulent History of a Divided Continent 1945 to the Present

10858:, p. 1636; broken down into 200,000 KIA and 200,000 executed, Bradford, James. C (2006), 9776: 9756: 9705: 9636: 9384:

Basque-Spanish war, Catalan struggle for independence, climax of imperialist nationalisms

9199: 9126:

in which he describes the last night of prisoners of war sentenced to death by shooting.

9114: 8872: 8740: 8552: 8186:. The upper age limit was initially set at 12 but raised to 15. By mid-September, all of 7942: 7854: 7794: 7635: 7115: 7065: 6788: 6562: 6495:) and reduced the miners to submission by heavy artillery attacks and bombing raids. The 6450: 6339: 6068: 5649: 5336: 5200: 5158: 5142: 4541: 4486: 4408: 4318: 4207: 3720: 3502: 3492: 3487: 3376: 3105: 2992: 2438: 2271: 2028: 1984: 1870: 1843: 1811: 1789: 1644: 1632: 1620: 1009: 11309: 10929: 10401:

600,000 killed during the war + 100,000 executed afterwards, Tucker, Spencer C. (2016),

9990:, which was adopted by the republican Popular Army". The Splintering of Spain, pp. 36–37 8021:

in a radio speech aired on 1 April, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered.

7830:, the government launched a strong counter-offensive to the west of Madrid, focusing on 7797:

had a significant effect on international opinion. The Basques retreated from the area.

7465: 7180: 5278:

of Spain relented to popular pressure and called municipal elections for 12 April 1931.

5260: 1489: 1420: 25919: 25731: 25716: 25596: 25591: 25586: 25561: 25496: 25446: 25441: 25226: 25151: 24966: 24956: 24859: 24793: 24759: 24713: 24049: 23907: 23902: 23804: 23774: 23723: 23563: 23546: 23485: 23382: 23348: 23240: 23065: 22873: 22849: 22082: 21584: 21271:

Transatlantic antifascisms : from the Spanish Civil War to the end of World War II

21204: 21121: 20877: 20502: 20145: 18923: 18160: 17489: 16621: 15046: 14375: 14367: 14190: 12641: 12498: 11691: 10428:

Spain: The Root and the Flower : an Interpretation of Spain and the Spanish People

9337: 8779: 8763: 8744: 8491: 8475: 7931: 7870: 7811:, forcing Franco to delay his advance on the Bilbao front, but for only two weeks. The 7557: 7391: 6869: 6822:

Hitler's policy for Spain was shrewd and pragmatic. The minutes of a conference at the

6686: 6607: 6266: 5967: 5772: 5538:, had now endured a series of crises. After a number of corruption scandals, President 5498: 5431: 5068: 5038: 4999: 4718: 4622: 4596: 4438: 4428: 4398: 4353: 4298: 4284: 4147: 4088: 3863: 3778: 3497: 3259: 3181: 3129: 2551: 2364: 2355: 2168: 2056: 1959: 1896: 1832: 1801: 1747: 1700: 1638: 1615: 1388: 667: 515: 25096: 21811:. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press (originally Columbia University Press, NY). 21382: 18285: 18226:

Para ganar la guerra, para ganar la paz. Iglesia y Guerra Civil (1936–1939) (Estudios)

11404:

figure also in last editions published before his death, compare Thomas, Hugh (2003),

11170:

highest considered estimate, 150,000 in combat and 140,000 executed, Moa, Pio (2015),

9102:

was used as a way to advertise Spain's need for military and monetary aid. This film,

8537: 8096: 7999: 7861:

in August. With the surrender of the Republican army in the Basque territory came the

6915:

workers, intellectuals, and politicians allied against the dictatorship in Portugal.

6736:

German officer from the Condor Legion instructing Nationalist infantry soldiers, Ávila

6228:("Neither god, Nor state, Nor boss"), widespread by the Spanish anarchists since 1910. 6164:

Italians scaled down their engagement, while on the Republican side the influx of new

2346: 2239: 1653: 25891: 25821: 25666: 25571: 25466: 25181: 25051: 24834: 24787: 24550: 24427: 24280: 24140: 23922: 23834: 23819: 23814: 23754: 23693: 23683: 23595: 23504: 23490: 23446: 23425: 22959: 22490:

Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections.

22268: 22094: 21980: 21888: 21878: 21855: 21822: 21812: 21797: 21783: 21768: 21750: 21716: 21706: 21689: 21679: 21653: 21643: 21637: 21622: 21602: 21588: 21555: 21545: 21517: 21507: 21474: 21457: 21438: 21389: 21365: 21355: 21335: 21325: 21274: 21255: 21234: 21073: 21052: 21042: 21020: 21014: 21001: 20991: 20940: 20930: 20869: 20846: 20818: 20808: 20786: 20767: 20745: 20713: 20693: 20683: 20661: 20605: 20595: 20552: 20533: 20447: 20428: 20421: 20398: 20388: 20347: 20337: 20317: 20307: 20301: 20260: 20254: 20229: 20219: 20200: 20181: 20159: 20118: 20086: 20067: 20050: 20028: 20007: 19988: 19971: 19954: 19944: 19925: 19908: 19898: 19866: 19845: 19812: 19778: 19757: 19736: 19716: 19706: 19693: 19666: 19649: 19639: 19587: 19566: 19524: 19491: 19470: 19449: 19293: 19255: 19234: 19201: 19176: 19080: 19056: 18995: 18946: 18927: 18807: 18787: 18381: 18239: 18229: 18076: 17582: 17560: 17493: 17251: 17232: 17213: 17192: 17168: 17156: 17122: 17097: 17076: 17055: 17034: 17013: 16992: 16971: 16945: 16920: 16892: 16822: 16625: 16535: 15861: 15543: 15503: 15491: 15479: 15467: 15193: 15050: 14914: 14629: 14505: 14379: 14323: 14312: 14194: 14180: 13933: 13858:

Orden, circular, creando un Comisariado general de Guerra con la misión que se indica

13753: 13568: 13100: 12971: 12747: 12676: 12490: 12145: 11901: 11873: 11851: 11834: 11560: 11548: 11511: 11499: 11487: 11448: 11409: 11383: 11371: 11359: 11338: 11326: 11282: 11259:

lowest considered estimate, 145,000 in combat and 110,000 executed, Moa (2015), p. 44

11243: 11219: 11196: 11175: 11154: 11142: 11130: 11114: 11102: 11090: 11069: 11026: 10992: 10961: 10949: 10937: 10917: 10896: 10875: 10863: 10851: 10839: 10827: 10806: 10785: 10764: 10743: 10731: 10710: 10689: 10667: 10655: 10643: 10631: 10615: 10603: 10591: 10566: 10545: 10519: 10498: 10473: 10452: 10431: 10406: 10385: 10373: 10361: 10349: 10318: 10289: 10249: 10237: 10200: 10188: 10176: 10155: 10096: 10047: 10025: 10013: 9892: 9746: 9648: 9205: 9104: 9062:) argued and worked for non-violent strategies. Prominent Spanish pacifists, such as 8979: 8968: 8892: 8751: 8732: 8633: 8495: 8243: 8127: 8119: 7995: 7923: 7835: 7805: 7254: 7045: 6876: 6823: 6622: 6262: 6035:, but it allowed anarchists to take control of Barcelona along with large swathes of 5955: 5743: 5653: 5579: 5476: 5275: 5168: 5114: 5072: 5064: 4980: 4798: 4706: 4633: 4606: 4323: 4303: 4187: 3958: 3868: 3620: 3517: 3305: 3117: 3028: 2891: 2414: 2329: 1795: 1693: 1677: 1527: 1430: 966: 709: 459: 161: 155: 89: 22489: 21732: 21619:

Famous Faces of the Spanish Civil War. Writers and Artists in the Conflict 1936–1939

21208: 21153:

Britons in Spain: A History of the British Battalion of the XV International Brigade

17578: 16801: 16799: 16797: 16795: 16793: 16791: 16789: 13436: 12624:

Casanova, Julián (2005). "Terror and Violence: The Dark Face of Spanish Anarchism".

12473:

Hansen, Edward C. (2 January 1984). "The Anarchists of Casas Viejas (Book Review)".

11868:

Graham, Helen; Preston, Paul (1987). "The Spanish Popular Front and the Civil War".

11122: 9999:

the war lasted 986 days; dollars are quoted at their nominal value of the late 1930s

9412:

liberty vs Fascist oppression, freedom vs Communist tyranny, peoples against tyrants

8914:, 512 suspected Nationalists were executed in the first month of the war. Communist 8701: 7623: 7588: 6195: 6156: 3903: 3361: 1452: 1352: 805: 786: 25952: 25912: 25801: 25241: 25186: 25101: 24971: 24946: 24889: 24864: 24765: 24707: 24675: 24660: 24595: 24535: 24505: 24485: 24453: 24417: 24400: 24388: 24295: 24255: 24165: 24160: 24016: 24009: 23854: 23713: 23619: 23541: 23451: 23419: 23333: 23223: 23215: 22140: 22043: 21834: 21576: 21196: 21156: 21111: 21103: 20898: 20830: 20800: 20759: 20727: 20705: 20675: 20626: 20519: 20494: 20368: 20151: 20110: 19804: 19689: 19402:

Prelude to War; The International Repercussions of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

18915: 17574: 17481: 16613: 16599:"Rethinking the Postwar Period in Spain: Violence and Irregular Civil War, 1939–52" 15036: 15026: 14619: 14359: 14172: 12818: 12633: 12482: 10489:

285,000 in combat, 125,000 executed, 200,000 of malnutrition, Thomas, Hugh (1961),

9868: 9660: 9624: 9612: 9324: 9154:

responded to the conflict in his homeland with two powerful oil paintings in 1936:

9141: 9119: 9095: 9028: 8938: 8851:

There was infighting between the Republican factions, and the Communists following

8455: 7938: 7916: 7908: 7827: 7812: 7756: 7639: 7418: 7398: 7091: 6857: 6806: 6757: 6690: 6678: 6482: 6462: 6454: 6427: 5947: 5892: 5804: 5793: 5768: 5657: 5575: 5456: 5403: 5360: 5118: 5084: 5030: 4852:. The Nationalist faction was supported by several conservative groups, including 4841: 4770: 4698: 4616: 4576: 4293: 4127: 4033: 3933: 3918: 3828: 3758: 3665: 3660: 3635: 3542: 3522: 3507: 3366: 3175: 3111: 2959: 2947: 1931: 1850: 1758: 1727: 1682: 1625: 1597: 1573: 1534: 1518: 1053: 900: 883: 861: 763: 655: 381: 251: 22052: 21251:

The Victorious Counter-revolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War

18919: 11464:"a deficit of approximately a half million births resulted", Payne (1987), p. 218. 10133: 9151: 8783:

registered victims in that year. Particularly noteworthy repression was conducted

8246:. The lack of support from the Spanish government for the underlying cause of the 8149: 8044:

Franco declares the end of the war, though small pockets of Republicans fought on.

7592: 7449:, accompanied by $ 300 million in various treasures still owned by the Left. 6384:

Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional Sindicalista

5669: 5487: 5468: 4837: 3948: 3858: 856: 25851: 25261: 25161: 25156: 25136: 25106: 25061: 25056: 25046: 25011: 24884: 24733: 24555: 24530: 24458: 24235: 24115: 23882: 23877: 23673: 23368: 23300: 22745: 22485: 22466: 22445: 22156: 22101: 22089: 21921: 21739: 21495: 20731: 20514: 20380: 20278: 20104: 20022: 19839: 19772: 19751: 19612: 19548: 19129: 18889: 18870: 18848: 18829: 17394: 16850: 16786: 16564: 14873: 14769: 14623: 14469: 14221: 14106: 11805: 11721: 11111:

The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War

10600:

The Victorious Counterrevolution: The Nationalist Effort in the Spanish Civil War

9716: 9472: 9341: 9099: 8669: 8642: 8088: 7786: 7705: 7569: 7378: 7258: 7250: 7161: 7119: 7041: 6458: 6313: 6086: 5720: 5517: 5513: 5042: 4988: 4814: 4782: 4656: 4348: 4333: 3973: 3853: 3813: 3788: 3768: 3715: 3700: 3552: 3547: 3416: 3411: 3401: 3356: 3331: 2638: 2599: 2289: 1774: 1609: 1495: 1357: 143: 43: 25216: 25036: 22523: 22168:

Dolores Ibárruri's famous rousing address for the defense of the Second Republic

21705:. San Francisco: City Lights Books (originally by Martin Secker & Warburg). 19809:

The Spanish Revolution. The Left and the Struggle for Power during the Civil War

18903: 14723:(Thesis). Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa. 14432: 13863:

Order, circular, creating a general comisariat of war with the indicated mission

12890:

Balcells, Laia. Rivalry and revenge. Cambridge University Press, 2017. pp. 58–59

11893: 11625: 9033:

Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista

8937:

The Republicans also conducted their own bombing attacks on cities, such as the

8387:

496,000, 465,000, 450,000, 443,000, 436,000, 420,000, 410,000, 405,000, 400,000

8371:

665,300, 650,000, 640,000, 625,000, 623,000, 613,000, 611,000, 610,000, 600,000

8251: 7660: 7149: 6343:(1938), an account of his experiences in the war) and Canadian thoracic surgeon 6254: 5962:

assigned. On 18 July, Casares Quiroga refused an offer of help from the CNT and

5583: 5559: 5413: 4849: 3753: 3580: 595: 25866: 25856: 25116: 25031: 24941: 24655: 24650: 24640: 24575: 24545: 24260: 24190: 24145: 24125: 24120: 24025: 23942: 23917: 23844: 23759: 23343: 23270: 23142: 21780:

The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain

21580: 20710:

The collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933–1936 : origins of the Civil War

19826: 19541: 18443: 16441: 14559: 13248:

Esdaile, Charles J. The Spanish Civil War: A Military History. Routledge, 2018.

12823: 12810: 10284:

maximum considered estimate, Griffin, Julia Ortiz, Griffin, William D. (2007),

9588: 9244: 9181: 8860: 8813: 8123: 7700: 7266: 7103: 7002: 6599: 6496: 6408: 6344: 5645: 5483: 5425: 5364: 5268: 5130: 4778: 4586: 4313: 4279: 4078: 4068: 4023: 3983: 3978: 3923: 3913: 3908: 3893: 3823: 3808: 3793: 3783: 3695: 3595: 3585: 3575: 3010: 2915: 2794: 2606: 2535: 2298: 2216: 2160: 1077: 1034: 473: 262: 210: 205: 22505: 22456:

Full text in translation of the Collective Letter of the Spanish Bishops, 1937

22068: 21976: 21461: 21200: 21107: 16658: 15995:

Comín Colomer, Eduardo (1973); El 5º Regimiento de Milicias Populares. Madrid.

15031: 12637: 11812:(Ser. Spanish Civil War). University of Sussex, Spartacus Educational E-Books. 9826: 9067: 8927: 7485:

bomber aircraft (nicknamed the "Flying Coffin" by Spanish Republican pilots),

7361:

Poland was the second largest arms supplier for the Republic. After the USSR,

7278: 6347:, who developed a mobile blood-transfusion service for front-line operations. 6333:

A few well-known people fought on the Republican side, such as English writer

6012: 5988:

The rebels failed to take any major cities with the critical exception of the

3878: 636: 25941: 25276: 25231: 25196: 25176: 25131: 25086: 24981: 24931: 24849: 24670: 24615: 24200: 24195: 24175: 23983: 23839: 22769: 22272: 22165: 22119: 22106: 22072: 22014: 22001: 21892: 21693: 21559: 21430: 21369: 21339: 21056: 21034: 21005: 20961: 20944: 20873: 20822: 20697: 20587: 20351: 20321: 20114: 19958: 19890: 19870: 19728: 19720: 19653: 19416:"In Many Ways, Author Says, Spanish Civil War Was 'The First Battle Of WWII'" 18521: 18243: 17485: 16617: 14763:

https://www.cairn.info/revue-exils-et-migrations-iberiques-2016-1-page-26.htm

14660: 14363: 14176: 12494: 12141: 11767: 9830: 9684: 9195: 9109: 8972: 8867: 8665: 8598: 8567: 8483: 8242:, the columns of militiamen temporarily played their role. There was also an 8131: 8034: 7669: 7341: 7232: 7228:

was attended by a "Comissar Politico" of equal rank, who represented Moscow.

7196: 7165: 6799: 6795: 6768: 6745: 6727: 6685:, supporting the Nationalists to a greater extent than Nazi Germany did. The 6682: 6334: 6326: 6141: 5784: 5332: 5313: 5274:

There was little support for the monarchy in the major cities. Consequently,

5176: 5022: 4932: 4810: 4790: 4758: 4423: 4257: 4227: 4137: 4043: 4038: 4013: 3993: 3833: 3705: 3680: 3655: 3640: 3630: 3615: 3570: 3336: 3312: 3241: 3217: 2909: 2630: 2176: 1203: 1072: 1060: 1014: 919: 810: 696: 549: 247: 22458:, a pastoral letter of the Spanish bishops which justified Franco's uprising 22340: 21521: 20609: 20402: 20233: 19912: 18737:

Arnaud Imatz, "La vraie mort de Garcia Lorca" 2009 40 NRH, 31–34, pp. 32–33.

14712: 14710: 14708: 10638:, p. 778; "probably over.." and including 300,000 KIA, Palmer, Alan (1990), 7270: 6024: 5704: 5206: 954: 679: 100: 25816: 25806: 25281: 25206: 25146: 25121: 25066: 24718: 24680: 24645: 24170: 24105: 24030: 23988: 23872: 23728: 22512:

The Archives of Ontario Remembers Children's Art from the Spanish Civil War

22383: 21720: 21657: 20952: 20922: 20461: 20444:

Faustian bargain: Soviet-German military cooperation in the interwar period

20216:

War and Social Change in Modern Europe: The Great Transformation Revisisted

20100: 20054: 19975: 18822: 17725: 17714: 17586: 16450: 15187: 14044:"The role of the Catholic hierarchy in the rise to power of General Franco" 10958:

Exhuming Loss: Memory, Materiality and Mass Graves of the Spanish Civil War

10138: 9600: 9263: 8832: 8688: 8657: 8563: 8501: 8158: 8108: 8100: 8065: 8040: 7565: 7429:

Unlike the United States and major Latin American governments, such as the

7402: 7366: 7354: 7153: 6950: 6815: 6764: 6752: 6615: 6558: 6466: 5502: 5340: 5215: 5196: 5060: 4940: 4936: 4818: 4786: 4093: 4073: 4058: 4018: 4003: 3963: 3898: 3883: 3773: 3675: 3341: 3022: 2780: 1089: 1084: 1065: 728: 563: 415: 20: 22172:"Trabajadores: The Spanish Civil War through the eyes of organised labour" 21826: 21220:; Solé I Sabaté, Josep Maria; Villarroya, Joan; Moreno, Francisco (1999). 20630: 20498: 15526:

Danza de la Muerte: Greek Arms Dealing in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

11758: 11756: 11590:

War Is a Crime Against Humanity: The Story of War Resisters' International

10093:

El laberinto español. Antecedentes sociales y políticos de la guerra civil

9278: 9221: 7664:. Franco won another victory on 27 September when his troops relieved the 7458: 6308:

A mobile blood-transfusion service for front-line operations in Catalonia.

6250: 5734:, prominent parliamentary conservative, was a major catalyst for the coup. 5490:

in August 1932. Some monarchists joined with the then fascist-nationalist

5354: 25286: 25256: 25246: 25201: 25076: 24665: 24620: 24585: 24275: 24185: 23970: 23867: 23260: 22461: 22373: 22344: 22284: 22235:

with about a dozen essays written during and about the Spanish Civil War.

22010: 21984: 20741: 17963:

Ed. Raymond Carr. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. p. 257. Print.

16989:

Forecast and Solution: Grappling with the Nuclear, a Trilogy for Everyone

14705: 10926:

El régimen de Franco y la política de memoria de la guerra civil española

10493:(and other initial editions), referred after Clodfelter, Micheal (2017), 10286:

Spain and Portugal: A Reference Guide from the Renaissance to the Present

9805: 9800: 9308: 9173: 8975: 8884: 8827: 8621: 8179: 8154: 8073: 8061: 8049: 7442: 7430: 7414: 7332:

did not support any of the Spanish Civil War sides, though over time the

7292: 7236: 6760:

to send in large Italian ground units, which did engage in land battles.

6554: 6348: 6064: 5993: 5797: 5640: 5632: 5368: 5146: 5083:

fought to institute a monarchial dynasty under a different branch of the

5050: 4845: 4833: 4754: 4571: 4108: 4048: 3998: 3943: 3738: 3670: 3396: 3391: 2144: 2103: 878: 21125: 20881: 20506: 20446:. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–50. 80–160, 170ff. 15444: 14371: 12645: 11060:

137,000 KIA, the rest victims of repression, Lauge Hansen, Hans (2013),

8244:

expedition supported by the Generalitat de Catalunya to recover Mallorca

7284:

Other NKVD-led operations were the murder of the Austrian member of the

6977: 6390: 6312:

The conservative, strongly Catholic Basque country, along with Catholic

6292: 5233:, but these circles were ultimately unsuccessful. Popular perception of 4651: 25846: 25831: 25826: 25271: 24743: 24393: 24270: 24240: 24135: 23154: 23103: 23080: 21294:. Brighton, England: University of Sussex & Spartacus Educational. 20902: 16688: 15464:

Podwójna gra. Rzeczpospolita wobec hiszpańskiej wojny domowej 1936–1939

15041: 14718: 11753: 11445:

París, ciudad de acogida: el exilio español durante los siglos XIX y XX

11099:

The Politics of Revenge: Fascism and the Military in 20th-century Spain

9670:

List of Spanish Nationalist military equipment of the Spanish Civil War

9091: 8902: 8724:

Basques were murdered by Nationalists immediately after the Civil War.

8548: 8233: 7767: 7494: 7289: 7221: 6981: 6963:

Later, Franco spoke of Salazar in glowing terms in an interview in the

6805:

German involvement was further manifested through undertakings such as

6592: 5913: 5760: 5348: 5164: 5076: 5055: 5034: 4888: 4794: 4738: 4611: 4601: 4063: 4028: 3953: 3938: 3873: 3798: 3743: 3645: 3590: 3469: 3454: 3151: 2953: 2941: 2928: 2095: 132: 21165: 18164: 12502: 9690:

List of Spanish Republican military equipment of the Spanish Civil War

9531:

Eric Hobsbawm, Stanley G. Payne, later (not wartime) Soviet propaganda

8963:

Two women and a man posing at the siege of the Alcázar in Toledo, 1936

8459: 6887: 6431: 6403:

or Nationalists, also called "insurgents", "rebels" or, by opponents,

6016: 5974:

secured Seville for the rebels, arresting a number of other officers.

5133:, abdicated due to increasing political pressure, and the short-lived 5063:

throughout the middle of the century. There were three such wars: the

4928: 486: 25886: 25836: 25166: 24728: 24285: 24180: 24072: 23824: 23531: 22730: 22708: 22698: 22403:

Interview with Agustín Guillamón, historian of the Spanish Revolution

22128: 22110: 21215: 20890: 20549:

In the skies of Europe – Air Forces allied to the Luftwaffe 1939–1945

20064:

The Routledge Concise History of Twentieth-century British Literature

19053:

Base Politics : Democratic Change and the U.S. Military Overseas

18286:

Santos Juliá; Josep M. Solé; Joan Vilarroya; Julián Casanova (1999).

11045:

Economia, mercado y bienestar humano durante la Guerra Civil Espanola

9834: 9643: 9545:

Francoist propaganda (e.g. Juan Tusquets), José Sánchez, Mary Vincent

9443:

Mark Lawrence, Carlist propaganda, Spanish Black Legend propagandists

9003: 8863: 8852: 8693: 8583:

Though there was much wanton killing in rebel Spain, the idea of the

8292:

All of above can be illustrated with Negrín's statement collected by

8175: 8057: 7980: 7858: 7655: 7486: 7482: 6988: 6773: 6751:

German involvement began days after fighting broke out in July 1936.

6508:

joined the rebellion and played a significant role in the civil war.

6504: 6442: 6423: 6412: 6275: 6124: 6120: 6045: 5510: 5283: 5279: 5234: 5180: 5122: 4975: 4912: 4857: 4806: 4750: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4083: 3763: 3459: 3351: 3139: 21066:

Comintern Army: The International Brigades and the Spanish Civil War

16819:

In Search of Stability: Explorations in Historical Political Economy

14347: 12742:

Orella Martínez, José Luis; Mizerska-Wrotkowska, Malgorzata (2015).

12671:

Orella Martínez, José Luis; Mizerska-Wrotkowska, Malgorzata (2015).

9078: 8710: 8282: 7850: 7688: 7401:, and Máximo José Kahn Mussabaun, the Spanish representative in the 6991:(unofficially called "The Blue Shirts"), Eoin O'Duffy, known as the 6036: 6008: 4900: 1255: 109: 80: 25191: 24748: 24432: 24250: 23250: 22793: 22703: 22144: 22047: 21938:

Songs of the Spanish Civil War Vol. 2: Songs of the Lincoln Brigade

18943:

Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

16774: 15016: 12486: 10872:

Historia de España en el siglo XX. Tomo III. La Dictadura de Franco

10449:

Historia de España en el siglo XX. Tomo III. La Dictadura de Franco

10296:, p. 49, " generated around 800,000 deaths", Laia Balcells (2011), 10264:

145,000 KIA, 134,000 executed, 630,000 due to sickness, cold etc.,

9947: 9039: 8996: 8931: 8606:

eschewed involvement in such activity were the Basque Nationalists.

8530: 8286: 7939:

agreement signed in Munich, Germany, between Hitler and Chamberlain

7927: 7845:

was also a failure. Despite having land and aerial advantages, the

7842: 7801: 7790: 7779: 7679: 7584: 7490: 7469: 7386:(GPCC), and the key personality behind the deal was the GPCC head, 6843: 6710: 6698: 6419: 6351:

briefly fought with the anarchist columns of Buenaventura Durruti.

6271: 6236: 6145: 6041: 6032: 5906: 5665: 5188: 5184: 5126: 4916: 4884: 4876: 4861: 3928: 3685: 3449: 3386: 2015: 2000: 1659: 1209: 22251: 18214:, pp. 77–78. Díaz (ed.), Víctimas de la guerra civil, pp. 411–412. 16689:"History of the arrival of the Basque Children to England in 1937" 12741: 12670: 12326: 10141:, cold etc, includes birth deficit assumed to be caused by the war 8462:, in Burgos Province. The excavation occurred in July–August 2014. 7866: 7369:, Poland was the 4th largest arms supplier to war-engulfed Spain. 6875:

However, despite the border being secured, on 8 September 1936, a

6373: 6204: 6001: 5041:

when he dissolved the aforementioned constitution. This ended the

4907:. However, rebelling units in almost all important cities—such as 4892: 25876: 24090: 23180: 22188:

Spain, 1931–36, From Monarchy to Civil War, An Eyewitness Account

21875:

To Make the People Smile Again: a Memoir of the Spanish Civil War

21231:

Republic of egos : a social history of the Spanish Civil War

19582:

Jose Antonio Primo de Rivera, quoted after Henar Herrero Suárez,

19446:

The Origins of the Second World War: An International Perspective

18959: 14403:

The Triumph of the Dark: European International History 1933–1939

13177: 12784:

Mann, Michael. Fascists. Cambridge University Press, 2004, p. 316

11596:, Chicago, Willett, Clark & Co., 1939; and Brown, H. Runham, 10946:

After the Civil War: Making Memory and Re-Making Spain Since 1936

10582:

approximate, excluding post-war terror; Hepworth, Andrea (2017),

10403:

World War II: The Definitive Encyclopedia and Document Collection

9249: 9248:

Tribute and plaque in memory of murdered or persecuted teachers,

8804: 8705: 8641:(1936–1937). In spite of that, Republicans managed to repel this 8266: 8238:

Given the lack of operativeness of the republican army after the

7937:

The Republican Ebro campaign was unsuccessful, undermined by the

7831: 7808: 7579:, sent by General Mola and Colonel Esteban García, undertook the 7552: 7446: 7406: 7157: 7144:

More than 500 Romanians fought on the Republican side, including

6387: 5920: 5417: 5344: 5308:

became the provisional government, with Alcalá-Zamora himself as

5226: 5192: 5080: 4904: 4802: 4777:

at the time, the war had many facets and was variously viewed as

2485: 22420: 21767:, trans. by Michael F. Ingrams. Kansas City, MO: Angelus Press. 19389:

Centinela de Occidente. Semblanza biográfica de Francisco Franco

17410: 17408: 17406: 17404: 17402: 14779: 14777: 14744: 14742: 10626:(and later editions), referred after Clodfelter (2017), p. 339; 8084: 7357:, might have accounted for 50% of all arms delivered. After the 7040:

immediately reinforced its activity sending to Spain its leader

5695:

was the prime minister in the two months leading up to the coup.

5416:

became prime minister of a minority government in October 1931.

4828:

against the Republican government by a group of generals of the

25041: 24976: 22492:

Contains materials collected by Burke on the Spanish Civil War.

22076: 16762: 16750: 10662:, p. 345; at least, "lost their lives", Palmowski, Jan (2008), 10598:, p. 77; highest considered estimate, Seidman, Michael (2011), 10584:

Site of memory and dismemory: the Valley of the Fallen in Spain

10068: 9737:

List of war films and TV specials#Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)

9300: 9204:

in 1937, inspired by the bombing of Guernica and influenced by

8717: 8638: 8551:, using a combination of witness testimony, remote sensing and 8167: 7988: 7752: 7692: 7383: 7349: 7345: 7333: 7249:) inside the Republican rearguard. Communist figures including 6810: 6297: 6244: 5542:, who was hostile to this government, called another election. 5363:, the government tried to assist rural Spain by instituting an 5320: 5316:. The republic had broad support from all segments of society. 5230: 4924: 4920: 4908: 4880: 4773:

quickly achieved a preponderant role. Due to the international

3605: 2064: 429: 22239: 19703:

Rivalry and revenge: the politics of violence during civil war

19606:

La Guerra Civil fue una "cruzada" y una "guerra de liberación"

18945:(1st ed.). University Press of Kentucky. pp. 72–94. 14463:"Spanish Civil War: German Condor Legion's Tactical Air Power" 14137: 11588:, Syracuse NY, Syracuse University Press, 2003; Prasad, Devi, 11137:, p. 375, "at most", excluding deaths from malnutrition etc., 11109:, p. 40; lowest considered estimate, Seidman, Michael (2011), 10870:, p. 1209; lowest considered estimate, Tusell, Javier (1998), 10022:

Nuevos datos sobre la evolución de la peseta entre 1900 y 1936

9732:

List of foreign ships wrecked or lost in the Spanish Civil War

9655: 8403:

290,000, 270,000, 265,000, 256,825, 255,000, 250,000, 231,000

7755:

and cut the supply to Madrid by the Valencia road, termed the

7184:

Review of Soviet armoured fighting vehicles used to equip the

5627: 5424:

was declared. It included strong provisions enforcing a broad

5335:, which led to a violent incident between CNT members and the 5327:

was determined to persecute the church. In June and July, the

5237:

as a major threat significantly increased during this period.

25266: 23211: 22347:

discussion with Paul Preston, Helen Graham and Mary Vincent (

22037: 20807:. Cambridge essential histories. Cambridge University Press. 20484: 19333: 18685: 18683: 18629: 18619: 18617: 18615: 17785: 17399: 16862: 16805: 16249: 16247: 16111: 16109: 15860:. Madrid: Fundación de Estudios Libertarios Anselmo Lorenzo. 15563: 15561: 15559: 14828: 14789: 14774: 14739: 13225: 13215: 13213: 12325:

Boza Puerta, Mariano; Sánchez Herrador, Miguel Ángel (2007).

11434:

only those who did not return to Spain, Payne (1987), p. 220.

10650:, p. 371; KIA + victims of terror only, Lowe, Norman (2013), 10010:

Gobierno u administración militar en la II República Española

9186:

Soft Construction with Boiled Beans, Premonition of Civil War

8911: 8821: 8486:

wrote in his history of the Civil War that Franco's ensuing "

8425:

Women pleading with Nationalists for the lives of prisoners,

8270: 8183: 8069: 8002:, rose against the prime minister Juan Negrín and formed the 7610:

Surrender of Republican soldiers in the Somosierra area, 1936

6677:

made the Italian government confident in its military power,

6304: 5899: 5881: 5868: 1231:

100,000–200,000 civilians killed inside the Nationalist zone

1041: 1022: 1004: 992: 973: 961: 942: 929: 894: 872: 843: 24041: 22938: 19862:

My Mission to Spain: Watching the Rehearsal for World War II

18566:"Shots of War: Photojournalism During the Spanish Civil War" 17905: 16889:

El desembarcament de Bayo a Mallorca: agost-setembre de 1936

15377: 15259: 15257: 14665: 14628:(First ed.). Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 160. 13040: 11778: 11776: 10987:

does not include post-war losses, Payne, Stanley G. (2012),

10328:¿Cuántas víctimas se cobró la Guerra Civil? ¿Dónde hubo más? 9752:

Political parties and organizations in the Spanish Civil War

9355: 9180:

stated, "Salvador Dalí appropriated the horizontal thigh of

9131:

El pueblo español tiene un camino que conduce a una estrella

7118:, a group of Italians, distinguished their units during the 5738:

On 12 July 1936, Falangists in Madrid killed police officer

5497:

The rebellion developed into a bloody uprising known as the

5210:

On 12 April 1931, the Republicans won the elections and the

4844:

by communist and socialist parties, under the leadership of

22639: 22506:

Private Collection about German Exile and Spanish Civil War

22230: 22025:

Imperial War Museum Collection of Spanish Civil War Posters

21796:

Preston, Paul (2016) The Last Days of the Spanish Republic

20466:"Rescuing Memory: the Humanist Interview with Noam Chomsky" 20375:. Translated by Farrar, Stewart. London: Fore Publications. 18028: 18026: 17857: 17762: 17760: 17758: 15389: 15218: 14963: 14578: 14576: 14574: 13786:

Larrazábal (1980), pp. 288–289; also Matthews 2010, p. 346.

13481: 13244: 13242: 13240: 12989: 12987: 12792: 12790: 12652: 12324: 11959: 11957: 11913:

revolución y contrarrevolución, entre fascismo y comunismo.

9829:, with the government suppression of the POUM supported by 9184:'s crouching Saturn for the hybrid monster in the painting 9129:

Leading works of sculpture include Alberto Sánchez Pérez's

9082:

In Catalonia, a square near the Barcelona waterfront named

7684: 7434: 7358: 7246: 7212: 7208: 5764: 5644:

sacked as chief of staff and transferred to command of the

4956: 4853: 502: 356: 22518: 20085:. Christchurch, New Zealand: Canterbury University Press. 18680: 18641: 18612: 18588: 17978: 17836: 16578: 16379: 16367: 16343: 16331: 16244: 16232: 16220: 16208: 16184: 16157: 16145: 16106: 16094: 16082: 16058: 16046: 16022: 16010: 15998: 15828: 15801: 15585: 15556: 15365: 15293: 15269: 15132: 14911:

Lisbon: War in the Shadows of the City of Light, 1939–1945

14415: 14413: 14411: 14264: 13334: 13332: 13210: 12844: 12842: 12840: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12016: 12014: 11212:

100,000 in combat, 135,000 executed, 30,000 other causes.

10563:

Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916–1926

9975:

Westwell (2004) gives a figure of 500 million Reichsmarks.

8037:, building railways, draining swamps, and digging canals. 5930: 5796:

changed his mind on rebellion and dispatched a message to

1243:

50,000–72,000 civilians killed inside the Republican zone

22145:

Illinois English Department at the University of Illinois

22048:

Illinois English Department at the University of Illinois

21039:

Spain betrayed: the Soviet Union in the Spanish Civil War

20530:'To Banish Ghost and Goblin': New Essays on Irish Culture 19032: 18480: 18478: 18476: 18193: 18113: 16917:

Racisme i supremacisme polítics a l'Espanya contemporània

16475: 16473: 16174: 16172: 15894: 15892: 15818: 15816: 15254: 15122: 15120: 15118: 15103: 14878: 14845: 14843: 14537: 14535: 14533: 14293: 14291: 14125: 14068: 13970: 13968: 13825: 13798: 13200: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13192: 13167: 13165: 13130: 13128: 13064: 12026: 11773: 11087:"!No Pasarán!": Art, Literature and the Spanish Civil War 9387:

Basque propaganda, Julen Madariaga, Xosé M. Núñez Seixas

9307:(March–November 1937), followed by a second wave, called 8490:" resulted in the deaths of 200,000 people and that the " 7915:

Teruel secured, on 7 March the Nationalists launched the

7068:

in Italy, the Canadian "Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion" or

5545: 5094: 4943:

and Mexico. Other countries, such as the United Kingdom,

21016:

The Spanish Civil War: Reaction, Revolution, and Revenge

20868:(100). Irish Province of the Society of Jesus: 540–542. 19357: 19345: 19211: 18670: 18668: 18418: 18416: 18414: 18401: 18399: 18397: 18315: 18313: 18311: 18260:

Historia de la persecución religiosa de España 1936–1939

18139: 18137: 18023: 17929: 17881: 17869: 17802: 17800: 17755: 17309: 17307: 17305: 16659:"The Evacuation of Spanish Children to the Soviet Union" 15929: 15789: 15777: 15696: 15684: 15656: 15654: 15641: 15639: 15624: 15612: 15602: 15600: 15093: 15091: 15089: 15087: 15074: 15072: 14951: 14890: 14677: 14600: 14571: 14475: 13837: 13593: 13581: 13546: 13544: 13457: 13404: 13380: 13356: 13317: 13237: 13006: 13004: 13002: 12984: 12905: 12787: 12581: 12557: 12545: 12533: 12454: 12394: 12254: 12182: 12158: 12107: 12105: 11954: 11506:, p. 11; military casualties only, Ash, Russell (2003), 11354:

Tusell, Javier, Martín, José Luis, Shaw, Carlos (2001),

10195:, p. 11; military casualties only, Ash, Russell (2003), 7822:

Republican T-26 tank on the Aragon front, November 1937.

7126:("Abraham Lincoln Brigade"), while Canadians joined the 6549:

Catalan and Basque nationalists were divided. Left-wing

6221:/FAI (right). The slogan of the CNT/FAI anarchists was " 5719:

aircraft to transport Franco from the Canary Islands to

21531:

Miners against Fascism: Wales and the Spanish Civil War

21033: 19663:

The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

19369: 19273:

Traditionalism in Spain: the Second Carlist War 1872–76

18653: 18181: 18101: 18089: 18050: 17990: 17917: 17824: 17812: 17629: 17617: 17260: 16868: 14661:

The Sydney Morning Herald, Friday 2 October 1936, p. 17

14408: 14240: 14011: 13999: 13613:

The Republican Army in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

13517: 13329: 13272: 13052: 12859: 12857: 12831: 12722: 12710: 12218: 12011: 11815: 11526:. This is so due to extreme popularity of a 1961 novel 10738:, p. 62; "at least", "killed", Quigley, Caroll (2004), 10726:

highest considered estimate, Du Souich, Felipe (2011),

10215:. This is so due to extreme popularity of a 1961 novel 9727:

List of foreign correspondents in the Spanish Civil War

9279:

Francoist repression after the war and Republican exile

8637:

Children take refuge during the Francoist bombing over

5970:

was often enough to decide the fate of a town. General

5355:

Constituent Cortes and left-wing government (1931–1933)

5029:, many liberals sought to curtail the authority of the 4813:, U.S. ambassador to Spain during the war, it was the " 22028: 21322:

The United States and the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

20680:

The Spanish Civil War, the Soviet Union, and Communism

20083:

Kiwi Companeros: New Zealand and the Spanish Civil War

20024:

Uncommon faith: the early years of Opus Dei, 1928–1943

19987:(4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. 19020: 18806:. Harry N. Abrams, Inc., Publishers, New York. p. 455 18740: 18719: 18600: 18473: 18373: 18256: 18223: 18169: 17959:

Balfour, Sebastian. "Spain from 1931 to the Present".

17653: 17641: 17500: 17352:

Famine in Spain During Franco's Dictatorship (1939–52)

16891:(in Catalan). Publicacions de l'Abadia de Montserrat. 16719:"Wales and the refugee children of the Basque country" 16470: 16355: 16307: 16295: 16283: 16271: 16259: 16196: 16169: 16133: 16121: 16070: 16034: 15977: 15965: 15953: 15917: 15889: 15813: 15765: 15573: 15341: 15317: 15305: 15281: 15230: 15115: 14939: 14840: 14625:

Corporatism and Development: The Portuguese Experience

14547: 14530: 14487:. Vol. 12. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1949. 14288: 14080: 13965: 13909: 13815: 13813: 13735: 13733: 13698:

The Spanish civil War, the Soviet Union, and communism

13493: 13368: 13284: 13262: 13260: 13258: 13256: 13254: 13189: 13162: 13125: 13113: 13028: 12521: 12442: 12056: 12054: 10801:

highest considered estimate, Jackson, Gabriel (2005),

8900:

by Communist militiamen. The photograph in the London

7793:, killing 200–300 and causing significant damage. The 7672:, which had been held by a Nationalist garrison under 6891:, mutinied. The sailors, who were affiliated with the 5482:

Events in the period after November 1933, called the "

4285: 23086:

Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

20551:. Ramsbury, Marlborough, England: The Crowood Press. 19733:

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

19008: 18707: 18695: 18665: 18502: 18461: 18411: 18394: 18334: 18308: 18134: 18002: 17966: 17941: 17893: 17797: 17743: 17695: 17683: 17605: 17542: 17361: 17302: 17272: 16319: 15941: 15753: 15741: 15708: 15651: 15636: 15597: 15353: 15329: 15242: 15084: 15069: 15017:

Xosé M. Núñez Seixas and Oleg Beyda (27 March 2023).

14927: 14801: 14588: 14518: 14276: 14252: 13989: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13897: 13541: 13529: 13505: 13445: 13416: 13392: 13344: 13076: 12999: 12929: 12917: 12893: 12605: 12593: 12406: 12382: 12278: 12117: 12102: 12090: 11942: 11918: 10891:

highest considered estimate, Bowen, Wayne H. (2006),

10298:

Death is in the Air: Bombings in Catalonia, 1936–1939

9572: 9054:. Many people including, as they are now called, the 6411:, which galvanised diverse or opposed movements like 5453:

Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Right-wing Groups

21765:

Catholic Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

19636:

A New International History of the Spanish Civil War

19055:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 57–64. 18989: 18490: 18449: 18346: 18038: 16412:"Spain: Repression under Franco after the Civil War" 16391: 15720: 14023: 13016: 12854: 12569: 12509: 12370: 12290: 12266: 12242: 12230: 12206: 12194: 12170: 12078: 12066: 11999: 11930: 10740:

Tragedy and Hope. A History of the World in our Time

10447:

highest considered estimate, Tusell, Javier (1998),

9873:

merger of the other factions on the Nationalist side

8234:

Friction between Republican leadership and Catalonia

8072:

of 2,200 Republican exiles in France using the ship

7785:

The "War in the North" began in mid-March, with the

7683:("chieftain", the Spanish equivalent of the Italian 7265:

led operations that included the murders of Catalan

5566:

PSOE's left wing socialists started to take action.

5438: 4939:

while the Republican side received support from the

22150: 21405:

The Cruel Years: The Story of the Spanish Civil War

20733:

Franco and Hitler: Spain, Germany, and World War II

20532:. Oleiros (La Coruña): Netbiblo. pp. 191–200. 20361:

The Cruel Years: The Story of the Spanish Civil War

19097:

Mitos que matan. La narrativa del «conflicto vasco»

18873:, For Joan Miró, Painting and Poetry Were the Same. 17520:"Spanish judge opens case into Franco's atrocities" 17153:

Atrocitology: Humanity's 100 Deadliest Achievements

14314:

Spain and the great powers in the twentieth century

13810: 13730: 13469: 13251: 12744:

Poland and Spain in the interwar and postwar period

12689: 12673:

Poland and Spain in the interwar and postwar period

12430: 12418: 12331:

Boletín de la Asociación Andaluza de Bibliotecarios

12051: 10834:, p. 42; "probably", Spielvogel, Jackon J. (2013), 8735:volunteers of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie: Madrid, 22296:(text archive). The libcom library. Archived from 21381: 20420: 19561:Jose Diaz, quoted after Xosé Manoel Núñez Seixas, 18796: 16530:. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. 14985:Preispitivanje prošlosti i istorijski revizionizam 13980: 13296: 8918:was accused of the killing of Nationalists in the 6115:Republican and Nationalist conscription age limits 5339:and a brutal crackdown by the Civil Guard and the 5240: 265:continue irregular warfare sporadically until 1965 22553: 22366:, excerpted from a U.S. government country study. 22240:"Magazines and journals published during the war" 21944:Spain in My Heart: Songs of the Spanish Civil War 21471:The Spanish Tragedy: The Civil War in Perspective 21117:20.500.11820/4b775690-4b3d-46de-a7fd-673fbd33a844 20334:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939 19774:An Enduring Legacy: The Story of Basques in Idaho 19603:José Martín Brocos referred after Carlos Prieto, 17432:highest considered estimate, Payne (2012), p. 245 17140:Der spanische Bürgerkrieg in Augenzeugenberichten 16886: 13927: 10516:The Spanish Republic and the Civil War, 1931–1939 10152:La globalización económica neoliberal y la guerra 6879:. The crews of two naval Portuguese vessels, the 6767:'s actions was the formation of the multitasking 5950:. However, the timing was changed—the men in the 5443:In November 1933, the right-wing parties won the 3053:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 25939: 22370:"The Spanish Civil War – causes and legacy" 21041:. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press. 20957:"From Rebel to Caudillo: Franco's path to power" 20682:. New Haven, CT; London: Yale University Press. 20649:– via Library of Iberian resources online. 20594:. London: Penguin, Martin Secker & Warburg. 20566:Nicolson, Harold (1966). Nicolson, Nigel (ed.). 20423:The Munich Crisis, 1938: Prelude to World War II 20147:The Spanish Civil War: A very short introduction 18901: 16409: 15409:"Katia Landau: Stalinism in Spain (Part 2) – RH" 14171:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 184–185. 11969: 11872:. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 106–130. 11657:"Aspectos militares de la Guerra Civil española" 11540:Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica 11268:lowest considered estimate, Bowen (2006), p. 113 10229:Boletín de la Asociación de Demografía Histórica 8906:had the caption "Spanish Reds' war on religion". 7231:The Republic paid for Soviet arms with official 7164:, which was immortalized by Irish folk musician 6681:joined the war to secure Fascist control of the 6430:remarked that the enemy he feared most was "the 5819:General map of the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). 22515:, online exhibit on Archives of Ontario website 22501:The role of anarchism in the Spanish Revolution 22289:, a detailed chronicle of the events of the war 22053:Collection: "Exiles from the Spanish Civil War" 21918:Songs of the Lincoln and International Brigades 21504:Brigadista: an Irishman's fight against fascism 21163: 17248:Diccionario Espasa Historia de España y América 16780: 16768: 16756: 16553: 16551: 12970:. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. p. 16. 11722:"Warships of the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)" 11323:Diccionario de historia y política del siglo XX 10860:International Encyclopedia of Military History, 10640:Penguin Dictionary of Twentieth-Century History 9266:they barely had the chance to make any profit. 8482:Death totals remain debated. British historian 8145:Evacuation of children in the Spanish Civil War 6860:'s forces with ammunition and logistical help. 6628: 4985:military coup against the Republican government 4824:The war began after the partial failure of the 1227:110,000 killed in action (including executions) 23117:German–Soviet military parade in Brest-Litovsk 21414:Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground 20888: 20637:. Vol. 2. University of Wisconsin Press. 20418: 20246:The United States and Spain. An Interpretation 20099: 18990:Bahamonde, Ángel; Cervera Gil, Javier (1999). 18776: 18752: 17290:Dupuy, Dupuy (1977), p. 1032, Teed (1992), 439 17073:Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War 15989: 15476:Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War 14834: 14795: 14783: 14748: 14671: 14472:, History Net, 2004. Retrieved on 2 July 2015. 14309: 12808: 11793: 11791: 11545:Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship 11496:Jacques Maritain: Homage in Words and Pictures 10234:Spanish Politics: Democracy After Dictatorship 10185:Jacques Maritain: Homage in Words and Pictures 10044:Historical Dictionary of the Spanish Civil War 9675:List of weapons of the Corpo Truppe Volontarie 9108:, premiered in America in July 1937. In 1938, 7008: 6528:rapidly leapfrog through the ranks, while the 5838: Nationalist advance until September 1936 5451:, and the formation of a right-wing alliance, 4836:as the primary planner and leader and General 406: 24057: 23196: 22924: 22539: 22207:A testimony by two surrealists and trotskytes 21676:La Union Sovietica y la Guerra Civil Espanola 21037:; Habeck, Mary; Sevostianov, Grigory (2001). 20829: 20574: 20568:Nicolson diaries and letters 1907-1964 Harold 20218:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 19943:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. 18635: 18155:Cueva, Julio de la, "Religious Persecution", 17791: 16570:Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration 14761:siècles, 2016/1 (N° 8), p. 26-43. URL : 14049:. Queen's University, Belfast. Archived from 13231: 13183: 13046: 12876:Rabaté, Jean-Claude; Rabaté, Colette (2009). 12658: 12626:International Labor and Working-Class History 12355: 11867: 11592:, London, WRI, 2005. Also see Hunter, Allan, 10728:Apuntes de Historia de Espana Para Los Amigos 10470:Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia 6490: 6019:. In Madrid, the rebels were hemmed into the 6004:with help from the first troops from Africa. 5856: Nationalist advance until February 1939 5850: Nationalist advance until November 1938 5033:as well as to establish a nation-state under 4674: 3282: 2816: 1271: 22357: 22228: 22180:Modern Records Centre, University of Warwick 21868: 21841:. Warsaw, Poland: Yiddish Universal Library. 19770: 19521:The Spanish Civil War as a Religious Tragedy 19198:Europe and the Other and Europe as the Other 17719:"Paul Preston lecture: The Crimes of Franco" 17115:Significación demográfica de la guerra civil 16939: 16914: 16652: 16650: 16548: 16446:"Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco" 15540:Raab fliegt: Erinnerungen eines Flugpioniers 14164: 14100:Morocco tackles painful role in Spain's past 12875: 12809:Álvarez Tardío, Manuel (29 September 2017). 12740:Madariaga – Spain (1964) p. 416 as cited in 10664:The Dictionary of Contemporary World History 10313:"the war cost about 750,000 Spanish lives", 10131:initial estimate of Ramón Salas Larrazábal, 9712:Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War 9415:Komintern propaganda, Francoist propaganda 9176:, London). Of the former, the art historian 9038:The 1930s also saw Spain become a focus for 8454:Twenty-six republicans were assassinated by 8379:580,000, 560,000, 540,000, 530,000, 500,000 8339:1,500,000, 1,124,257, 1,200,000, 1,000,000, 7384:Pyrkal or Greek Powder and Cartridge Company 7082:Significant numbers of volunteers came from 6579:Foreign involvement in the Spanish Civil War 5844: Nationalist advance until October 1937 5586:should commit suicide "as a patriotic act". 5016: 4871:The coup was supported by military units in 22410:(the anarchists in the Spanish Civil War), 22281:"La Cucaracha, The Spanish Civil War Diary" 22191:. Historical text A36rchive. Archived from 21959: 21877:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Zymurgy Publishing. 21833: 21669:. London: Victor Gollancz (Left Book Club). 20527: 20419:Lukeš, Igor; Goldstein, Erik, eds. (1999). 20373:The three cows (translated from the German) 19749: 18764: 16964:Nadeau, Jean-Benoit, Barlow, Julie (2013), 16863:Martín-Aceña, Martínez Ruiz & Pons 2012 16806:Martín-Aceña, Martínez Ruiz & Pons 2012 16656: 15224: 14969: 14491: 13952: 13639:Historia de España en el siglo XX. Tomo III 13099:(1st ed.). Potomac Books. p. 68. 11788: 10924:, referred after Richards, Michael (2006), 8629:aircraft bomb Madrid in late November 1936. 8087:. From there, they were transferred to the 7912:heavily on German and Italian air support. 6724:German involvement in the Spanish Civil War 6457:of the Republican regime and to defend the 4856:, monarchists, including both the opposing 3041:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 23:. For the history book by Hugh Thomas, see 25842:Definition of anarchism and libertarianism 24064: 24050: 23203: 23189: 22931: 22917: 22546: 22532: 22244:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 22134: 21854:] (in Spanish). Paris: Ruedo Ibérico. 21845: 21063: 20988:A Concise history of the Spanish Civil War 20859: 20839:Franco: A Personal and Political Biography 19982: 19413: 17512: 16840:Historical Statistics of the World Economy 15383: 15109: 14991:(in Serbian (Latin script)). p. 243. 14310:Balfour, Sebastian; Preston, Paul (2009). 14143: 13760:, pp. 288–289, also Matthews 2010, p. 346. 13097:Franco : soldier, commander, dictator 11782: 11240:Breve historia de la Guerra Civil espanola 11218:(in Spanish). Cultivalibros. p. 375. 11191:"at least", Hitchcock, William L. (2008), 11023:Spanien heute: Politik, Wirtschaft, Kultur 10526:, referred after Clodfelter (2017), p. 338 9887: 9885: 9883: 9881: 9722:Jewish volunteers in the Spanish Civil War 9700:Catholicism in the Second Spanish Republic 9559:Communist propaganda, Francoist propaganda 9318: 8547:Research since 2016 has started to locate 8048:At the end of the war, in what was called 7405:consulate. Shipments set off usually from 6956:In May 1939, in a speech delivered to the 6247:but militarily were not very significant. 5832: Initial Nationalist zone – July 1936 4681: 4667: 3289: 3275: 2823: 2809: 1278: 1264: 22314:"Southworth Spanish Civil War Collection" 21544:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 21454:The Revolution and the Civil War in Spain 21115: 20336:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 20252: 20194: 20172: 20020: 19924:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 19897:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 19665:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 18892:, 'The Reaper': Miró's Civil War protest. 18759:Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofia 17299:Martínez de Baños, Szafran (2011), p. 324 16647: 15040: 15030: 14896: 14694: 14692: 14683: 14606: 14582: 14165:Adler, Emanuel; Pouliot, Vincent (2011). 14074: 12822: 12707:The Splintering of Spain, p. 54 CUP, 2005 11536:La mortalidad en la Guerra Civil Española 11356:Historia de España: La edad contemporánea 11010:The Spanish Civil War: A Military History 10415:Guerra y Revolucion en Espana (1936–1939) 10382:A Dictionary of Twentieth-Century History 10225:La mortalidad en la Guerra Civil Española 9437:episode of long internal Spanish conflict 9356:Interpretations; civil war in perspective 8281:While this was happening, Prime minister 8138: 8091:camp for "purification" according to the 7658:on 21 September, now called by the title 7303:, carried extensive documentation on the 7277:, and the independent left-wing activist 7013: 6771:, a unit composed of volunteers from the 6587:Non-intervention in the Spanish Civil War 5089:Don Infante Carlos María Isidro of Molina 3236:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations 3047:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 554: 22940:Nazi German–Soviet relations before 1941 21744: 21673: 21664: 21635: 21411: 21402: 20565: 20513: 20427:. London; Portland, Oregon: Frank Cass. 20409: 20379: 20213: 20178:Salazar: The Dictator Who Refused To Die 19938: 19919: 19825: 19803: 19750:Benton, Gregor; Pieke, Frank N. (1998). 19700: 19679: 19375: 19363: 19351: 19231:A Short History of the Spanish Civil War 19217: 18859: 18857: 18816: 18522:"1984: George Orwell's road to dystopia" 18095: 18072:Spanish Best: The Fine Shotguns of Spain 17911: 16874: 16440: 15935: 15880: 15855: 15702: 15185: 14957: 14913:. PublicAffairs; 1 edition. p. 19. 14824:. New York: Hawthorn Books. p. 117. 14568:, pp. 116, 133, 143, 148, 174, 427. 14419: 14131: 14017: 13523: 13499: 12728: 12623: 12448: 11821: 9791:Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War 9294: 9291:Category:Exiles of the Spanish Civil War 9243: 9077: 9002: 8958: 8891: 8826: 8687: 8632: 8620: 8500: 8465: 8449: 8420: 8216: 8197: 8148: 8039: 8028:Franco arriving in San Sebastian in 1939 8023: 7958: 7886: 7817: 7773: 7725: 7645: 7613: 7605: 7526: 7512:List of battles in the Spanish Civil War 7464: 7297:International Committee of the Red Cross 7224:to evade detection by the Nationalists. 7179: 7132: 7122:. Americans fought in units such as the 7023: 6903:received direct hits and were grounded. 6813:undertaking; and contributions from the 6739: 6731: 6653: 6436: 6303: 6291: 6249: 6239:worldwide. This led to formation of the 6150: 6110: 5862: Last area under Republican control 5814: 5810: 5725: 5687: 5626: 5205: 5143:the Bourbons were restored to the throne 3212:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War 1470:Santuario de Nuestra Señora de la Cabeza 420: 22519:Stuyvesant's Spanish Civil War Archives 21777: 21700: 21528: 21268: 21247: 21228: 21186: 21012: 20985: 20951: 20921: 20441: 20358: 20328: 19339: 18971: 18940: 18659: 18496: 18455: 18292:. Ediciones Martínez Roca. p. 58. 18187: 18119: 18107: 18068: 18056: 17996: 17923: 17863: 17830: 17818: 17713: 17635: 17623: 17506: 17266: 16910: 16908: 16491: 15474:, p. 456; Francisco J. Romero Salvadó, 15450: 14908: 14345: 14318:. London; New York: Routledge. p. 14246: 14086: 14005: 13955:"Quiet fronts in the Spanish civil war" 13804: 13487: 13434: 13374: 13338: 13290: 13204: 13171: 13134: 13119: 13010: 12993: 12935: 12923: 12911: 12899: 12848: 12796: 12611: 12599: 12587: 12563: 12551: 12539: 12460: 12412: 12400: 12388: 12308: 12284: 12260: 12188: 12164: 12123: 12111: 12096: 11948: 11898:Un siglo de España. Política y sociedad 10803:La Republica Espanola y la Guerra Civil 9878: 9503:Luis de Galinsoga, Francoist propaganda 8672:, Popular Front politicians, suspected 8178:. Upon their arrival two days later in 8122:was waged on an irregular basis by the 7583:from July to September. The capture of 6561:occurring in areas within its control. 6364:Nationalist faction (Spanish Civil War) 5171:, Spanish politician and leader of the 5167:emerged in opposition to the monarchy. 4238:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch 540: 180:(2 years, 8 months, 2 weeks and 2 days) 25940: 24845:Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA 23050:Border and Commercial Agreement (1941) 21911: 21900: 21642:. New York: International Publishers. 21566: 21541:The Spanish Republic at War, 1936–1939 21537: 21429: 21376: 21346: 21319: 21287: 20780: 20758: 20586: 20582:. Pontypool, Wales: Warren & Pell. 20546: 20460: 20414:. New York: Columbia University Press. 20299: 20156:10.1093/actrade/9780192803771.001.0001 20143: 20061: 19968:Spanish Fury: The Story of a Civil War 19965: 19889: 19858: 19727: 19660: 19633: 19050: 19026: 18965: 18746: 18725: 18701: 18689: 18674: 18647: 18623: 18606: 18594: 18508: 18484: 18467: 18422: 18405: 18319: 18175: 18143: 18044: 18032: 18008: 17984: 17972: 17947: 17887: 17875: 17842: 17806: 17766: 17749: 17701: 17659: 17647: 17611: 17548: 17189:Madrid en la guerra civil: La historia 16695:. Basque Children of '37 Association. 16584: 16494:"Spanish Civil War fighters look back" 16479: 16385: 16373: 16361: 16349: 16337: 16325: 16313: 16301: 16289: 16277: 16265: 16253: 16238: 16226: 16214: 16202: 16190: 16178: 16163: 16151: 16139: 16127: 16115: 16100: 16088: 16076: 16064: 16052: 16040: 16028: 16016: 16004: 15983: 15971: 15959: 15947: 15923: 15898: 15834: 15822: 15807: 15795: 15783: 15771: 15759: 15747: 15714: 15690: 15660: 15645: 15630: 15618: 15606: 15591: 15579: 15567: 15520: 15518: 15516: 15395: 15371: 15347: 15335: 15323: 15311: 15299: 15287: 15275: 15236: 15138: 15126: 14981: 14945: 14849: 14716: 14689: 14618: 14594: 14565: 14553: 14541: 14497: 14341: 14339: 14297: 14282: 14270: 13974: 13915: 13903: 13843: 13819: 13615:, Cambridge, ISBN 9781107028739, p. 19 13599: 13587: 13562: 13550: 13535: 13511: 13475: 13463: 13451: 13422: 13410: 13398: 13386: 13362: 13350: 13323: 13266: 13219: 13094: 13082: 13058: 12716: 12575: 12515: 12472: 12376: 12296: 12272: 12248: 12236: 12224: 12212: 12200: 12176: 12135: 12084: 12072: 12060: 12032: 12020: 12005: 11936: 11924: 11654: 11335:Historia política de España, 1939–2000 9861: 9228:(The Reaper) in 1937, formally titled 8992:Partido Obrero de Unificación Marxista 8509:: No Interventions Undertaken so far. 8056:of the French Third Republic, such as 7751:main Nationalist advance to cross the 6856:played an important role in supplying 6640:Italian military intervention in Spain 6572: 6453:principal motives was to confront the 6325:, or EPR), which was reorganised into 6186:Republican faction (Spanish Civil War) 5990:July 1936 military uprising in Seville 5803:The Socialists and Communists, led by 5546:Popular Front's victory and escalation 5304:The revolutionary committee headed by 5263:, who was in turn himself replaced by 5095:Glorious Revolution and First Republic 3194:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 2552:Revolution and Asturian miners' strike 24045: 23474:Natural Sites of Community Importance 23184: 22912: 22527: 22462:New Zealand and the Spanish Civil War 22318:Mandeville Special Collection Library 22219: 21928:Songs of the Spanish Civil War Vol. 1 21846:Southworth, Herbert Rutledge (1963). 21809:Spain and the Great Powers, 1936–1941 21806: 21616: 21599:The Red Army and the Second World War 21501: 21451: 21310: 20799: 20726: 20704: 20674: 20653: 20625: 20616: 20367: 20273: 20240: 20199:. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 20150:. New York: Oxford University Press. 20080: 20004:The Spanish: Shadows of Embarrassment 20001: 19837: 19735:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 19038: 19014: 18854: 18835: 18713: 18364:Ealham, Richards (2005). pp. 80, 168. 18352: 18340: 18296:from the original on 11 November 2019 18199: 18149: 17899: 17689: 17530:from the original on 10 February 2009 17453:from the original on 12 November 2007 17367: 17278: 16942:Guerra y vicisitudes de los españoles 16596: 16397: 15726: 15359: 15263: 15248: 15097: 15078: 14998:from the original on 25 November 2022 14933: 14884: 14807: 14524: 14443:from the original on 29 November 2019 14258: 14029: 13993: 13876:from the original on 19 November 2018 13831: 13771:Quiet Fronts in the Spanish Civil War 13700:, Yale University Press, 2008, p. 269 13302: 13278: 13070: 13034: 13022: 12965: 12863: 12695: 12527: 12436: 12424: 11963: 11892: 11216:Reflexiones en torno a nuestro pasado 11213: 11149:, p. 69; of which 140,000 in combat, 11085:"at least", Hart, Stephen M. (1998), 10848:Dictionaire Encyclopedique d'Histoire 10836:Western Civilization: A Brief History 10686:La guerra total en España (1936–1939) 9844: 9073: 8988:Workers' Party of Marxist Unification 8857:Workers' Party of Marxist Unification 7762:A similar Nationalist offensive, the 7324:Polish arms sales to Republican Spain 5463:, left Republicans attempted to have 5229:central government of the country in 4709:fought from 1936 to 1939 between the 4389:1946 Italian institutional referendum 4329:Spanish American wars of independence 1285: 1259: 22210: 22057:University of Michigan Museum of Art 21596: 21533:. Pontypool, Wales: Warren and Pell. 21468: 21170:(Ph.D.). University of Southampton. 21147: 21086: 20641:from the original on 8 November 2017 20631:"The Spanish Civil War of 1936–1939" 19791:from the original on 31 January 2023 19426:from the original on 29 October 2021 19321:from the original on 30 October 2021 18902:Bolorinos Allard, Elisabeth (2016). 18786:. Alfred A. Knopf. New York. p. 429 18263:. Biblioteca de autores cristianos. 18075:. Down East Enterprise. p. 47. 17935: 17471: 16905: 16635:from the original on 5 December 2022 16504:from the original on 11 October 2017 16410:Professor Hilton (27 October 2005). 15537: 15006:– via Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. 13932:. Schocken Books. pp. 271–278. 13438:American Power and the New Mandarins 11977:"Refugees and the Spanish Civil War" 11770:. London. 1977 (and later editions). 10944:, p. 173; Richards, Michael (2013), 10380:, p. 692, and in Teed, Peter (1992), 10358:The Encyclopedia of Military History 8948: 8111:. About 5,000 Spaniards died in the 8095:. After the proclamation by Marshal 7968: Area under Nationalist control 7896: Area under Nationalist control 7869:finally fell in late October in the 7735: Area under Nationalist control 7536: Area under Nationalist control 7531:Map showing Spain in September 1936: 7505: 7059:immediately started to organize the 5824: 5534:In 1935, the government, led by the 5214:was proclaimed two days later. King 5195:was particularly acute at the time. 5163:After the restoration, Carlists and 23953:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage 22971:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 22322:University of California, San Diego 22258: 22200: 21224:(in Spanish). Madrid: Temas de Hoy. 20973:from the original on 24 August 2024 20927:The Coming of the Spanish Civil War 20909:from the original on 24 August 2024 20487:European Review of Economic History 20472:from the original on 24 August 2024 20287:from the original on 24 August 2024 20180:. C Hurst & Co Publishers Ltd. 20131:from the original on 24 August 2024 20041: 20006:. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press. 19771:Bieter, John; Bieter, Mark (2003). 19638:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 18532:from the original on 24 August 2024 18267:from the original on 24 August 2024 16458:from the original on 27 August 2013 15914:. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York 15513: 14819: 14336: 13628:, Madrid, ISBN 9788490916100, p. 50 11987:from the original on 24 August 2019 11600:, London, The Finsbury Press, 1937. 10824:Spain: What Everyone Needs to Know? 9506:Franco as "Centinela de Occidente" 9256: 9157:Soft Construction with Boiled Beans 9122:published in France a short story, 8118:After the official end of the war, 7974: Area under Republican control 7963:Map showing Spain in February 1939: 7902: Area under Republican control 7741: Area under Republican control 7542: Area under Republican control 7312:Partners in Crime: Faustian Bargain 6929:In January 1938, Salazar appointed 6673:As the conquest of Ethiopia in the 6583:International relations (1919–1939) 6007:The government retained control of 5660:. Mola was moved from head of the 5265:Admiral Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas 5012:Background of the Spanish Civil War 4158:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates 3188:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 2701:Catalan declaration of independence 139:by the Aviazione Legionaria in 1938 19:For other civil wars in Spain, see 13: 23210: 23099:Soviet offensive plans controversy 22364:A History of the Spanish Civil War 22294:"Spanish Civil War and Revolution" 22229:Weisbord, Albert; Weisbord, Vera. 22184: 21422: 21315:. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press. 21135:from the original on 3 August 2024 20862:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 19941:The Spanish Republic and Civil War 19508:Voennyi entsiklopedicheskiy slavar 19414:Hochschild, Adam (28 March 2016). 17593:from the original on 19 March 2022 17229:Encyclopedia de Historia de España 17010:Cuando La Higuera Este Brotando... 16729:from the original on 19 March 2022 16669:from the original on 19 March 2022 16492:Caistor, Nick (28 February 2003). 15885:. Madrid: La Esfera de los Libros. 15419:from the original on 19 March 2022 15206:from the original on 22 April 2022 14041: 13565:La guerra civil española en el mar 11810:The Spanish Civil War Encyclopedia 9695:Art and culture in Francoist Spain 9517:Patricia van der Esch, many others 8971:in which the workers and peasants 8254:would describe the initiative as " 8157:whereas the Nationalists gave the 7955:1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War 7883:1938–1939 in the Spanish Civil War 7730:Map showing Spain in October 1937: 6434:who has just received communion". 6418:The Nationalist side included the 6281:This faction was called variously 5732:assassination of José Calvo Sotelo 5635:was the chief planner of the coup. 5329:Confederación Nacional del Trabajo 5293: 5075:(1872–1876). During these wars, a 3170:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War 154:Nationalist soldiers operating an 14: 26004: 22467:Warships of the Spanish Civil War 22157:Spanish Civil War History Project 22095:11 Songs of the Spanish Civil War 22020:Aircraft of the Spanish Civil War 21954: 21749:. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. 21298:from the original on 6 April 2022 21254:. University of Wisconsin Press. 21233:. University of Wisconsin Press. 20785:. University of Wisconsin Press. 20766:. University of Wisconsin Press. 20660:. University of Wisconsin Press. 20248:(1st ed.). Sheed & Ward. 19922:Britain and the Spanish Civil War 19877:from the original on 3 April 2024 19173:Historias curiosas del franquismo 18554:. Penguin Books. 2001. p. 6. 18374:Hubert Jedin; John Dolan (1981). 17210:Historia de España Menéndez Pidal 16944:(in Spanish). Tusquets Editores. 16887:Massot i Muntaner, Josep (1987). 16699:from the original on 10 June 2022 15883:Durruti en la revolución española 15858:Durruti en la revolución española 11732:from the original on 24 June 2020 11702:from the original on 3 April 2019 11484:European Dictatorships, 1918–1945 11380:Historia de España en el siglo XX 10846:, p. 603; Mourre, Michel (1978), 10370:The Encyclopedia of World History 10368:, p. 1032, the same breakdown in 10173:European Dictatorships, 1918–1945 9786:Timeline of the Spanish Civil War 8822:Soviet secret police organization 8709:were killed after the capture of 8610: 8202:one-peseta Nationalist note, 1937 8093:Law of Political Responsibilities 7710:Second Battle of the Corunna Road 7222:deceptive flags and paint schemes 7028:The Etkar André battalion of the 6877:naval revolt took place in Lisbon 6544: 5439:Right-wing government (1933–1936) 5267:; both men continued a policy of 3082:Remilitarization of the Rhineland 25906: 24880:International Conference of Rome 24870:International Conference of Rome 22439:Franco and the Spanish Civil War 22151:Diverse references and citations 22034:Posters of the Spanish Civil War 21489:Franco and the Spanish Civil War 21324:. New York: Bookman Associates. 21174:from the original on 2 June 2024 21164:Sabín-Fernández, Susana (2010). 21019:. New York: WW Norton & Co. 20889:Pena-Rodríguez, Alberto (2015). 20412:Stalin and the Spanish Civil War 20306:. New York: St. Martin's Press. 19865:. New York: Simon and Schuster. 19844:. University of Missouri Press. 19811:. University of North Carolina. 19694:10.1111/j.1468-2478.2010.00588.x 19597: 19576: 19555: 19534: 19513: 19501: 19480: 19459: 19438: 19407: 19394: 19381: 19303: 19282: 19265: 19244: 19223: 19186: 19165: 19152: 19139: 19115: 19106: 19089: 19069: 19044: 18983: 18934: 18895: 18876: 18804:Salvador Dali: The Work, The Man 18731: 18558: 18544: 18514: 18437: 18428: 18367: 18358: 18325: 18279: 18250: 18217: 18205: 18125: 18062: 18014: 17953: 17848: 17772: 17707: 17674: 17665: 17554: 17465: 17435: 17426: 17417: 17373: 17343: 17334: 17325: 17316: 17293: 17284: 17241: 17222: 17202: 17178: 17145: 17132: 17107: 17086: 17065: 17044: 17023: 17002: 16981: 16958: 16933: 16919:(7a ed.). Manresa: Parcir. 16880: 16855: 16832: 16811: 16741: 16711: 16681: 16590: 16516: 16485: 16434: 16403: 15904: 15874: 15849: 15840: 15738:Lukeš, Goldstein (1999). p. 176. 15732: 15666: 15542:(in German). Konkret Literatur. 15531: 15456: 15453:, pp. 15–50, 80–160, 170ff. 15431: 15401: 15179: 15153: 15144: 15057:from the original on 28 May 2023 15010: 14975: 14902: 14855: 14813: 14754: 14727:from the original on 7 July 2024 14717:Vieira, Rui Aballe (June 2011). 14654: 14642:from the original on 3 June 2020 14612: 14455: 14425: 14395: 14386: 14303: 14210: 14201: 14158: 14149: 14116: 14092: 14035: 13946: 13921: 13888: 13849: 13789: 13780: 13763: 13750:Datos exactos de la Guerra civil 13748:Salas Larrazábal, Ramón (1980), 13742: 13721: 13712: 13703: 13689: 13680: 13671: 13654: 13644: 13631: 13618: 13605: 13556: 13428: 13308: 13149: 13140: 13088: 12337:from the original on 18 May 2024 11636:from the original on 25 May 2020 11578: 11569: 11476: 11467: 11458: 11437: 11428: 11419: 11392: 11348: 11315: 11302: 11299:after Diez Nicolas (1985), p. 54 11292: 11271: 11262: 11253: 11232: 11206: 11185: 11164: 11079: 11054: 11036: 11015: 11002: 10981: 10971: 10906: 10885: 10816: 10795: 10774: 10753: 10720: 10699: 10677: 10628:Nowa encyklopedia powszechna PWN 10576: 10555: 10529: 10508: 10483: 10462: 10441: 10420: 10395: 10338: 10307: 10278: 10258: 10165: 10144: 10125: 10106: 10084: 10074: 10057: 10035: 10002: 9993: 9978: 9969: 9742:Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War 9654: 9642: 9630: 9618: 9606: 9594: 9582: 9525:revolution vs counter-revolution 9230:El campesino catalán en rebeldía 8757: 8221:one-peseta Republican note, 1937 7983:fell on 15 January, followed by 7388:Prodromos Bodosakis-Athanasiadis 6976:Romanian volunteers were led by 6372: 6203: 6194: 6000:, which fell quickly. They took 5929: 5919: 5912: 5905: 5898: 5891: 5880: 5867: 5800:to display his firm commitment. 5753:José María Gil-Robles y Quiñones 5605: 5392: 5383: 5223:Spain was neutral in World War I 5183:—a region of Spain with its own 4717:. Republicans were loyal to the 4650: 4178:Discourses Concerning Government 2788: 2774: 1941: 1083: 1071: 1059: 1047: 1040: 1028: 1021: 1013: 1003: 991: 979: 972: 960: 948: 941: 928: 918: 907: 893: 871: 849: 842: 824: 817: 809: 799: 792: 780: 773: 753: 746: 734: 722: 715: 703: 695: 685: 673: 661: 649: 642: 630: 623: 610: 603: 588: 581: 556: 542: 522: 509: 496: 480: 467: 453: 437: 422: 408: 389: 375: 362: 350: 334: 322: 310: 298: 283: 108: 99: 88: 79: 68: 59: 23517:Autonomous communities of Spain 23076:Occupation of the Baltic states 22417:Fanny, Queen of the Machine Gun 21848:El mito de la cruzada de Franco 21701:Low, Mary; Breá, Juan (1979) . 20635:A History of Spain and Portugal 20523:. London: Secker & Warburg. 20283:. Collins; 1st ed. p. 45. 19682:International Studies Quarterly 19077:Héroes, heterodoxos y traidores 18257:Antonio Montero Moreno (1998). 18224:Alfonso Alvarez Bolado (1996). 18157:Journal of Contemporary History 17579:10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.05.040 17474:Journal of Contemporary History 17356:Journal of Contemporary History 17138:Kirsch, Hans-Christian (1967), 16606:Journal of Contemporary History 15486:, p. 91; Miguel Ángel Ordoñez, 15186:Tsou, Nancy; Tsou, Len (2001). 14863:E-Journal of Portuguese History 14700:Franco's International Brigades 14224:. 19 April 1937. Archived from 13666:Journal of Contemporary History 12959: 12950: 12941: 12884: 12869: 12802: 12778: 12769: 12760: 12734: 12701: 12664: 12617: 12466: 12349: 12318: 12129: 12038: 11886: 11861: 11844: 11827: 11744: 11584:See variously: Bennett, Scott, 11151:Большая Российская энциклопедия 11139:The New Encyclopædia Britannica 11097:, p. 16, Preston, Paul (2003), 10956:, p. 6; Renshaw, Layla (2016), 10612:Britannica Concise Encyclopedia 10588:The Memorialization of Genocide 10417:, vol. 5, Barcelona 1978, p. 87 9916: 9910: 9903: 9772:Spanish Republican Armed Forces 9239: 8727:The Nationalist side conducted 8597:Conversely, historians such as 8529:: Valle de los Caídos. Source: 8130:against the Nazis, invaded the 7891:Map showing Spain in July 1938: 7841:A Republican offensive against 7175: 6565:, heralded by the conservative 6475:Asturian miners' strike of 1934 6357: 5715:agents, the rebels chartered a 5709:Asturian miners' strike of 1934 5616: 5247:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 5241:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 4860:and the religious conservative 4830:Spanish Republican Armed Forces 4444:Barbadian Republic Proclamation 3017:Nazis' rise to power in Germany 2859:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 2494:Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera 1144:59,380 international volunteers 24992:Australian Anarchist Centenary 24917:German Revolution of 1918–1919 23928:National and regional identity 23004:Boundary and Friendship Treaty 22320:(books and other literature). 21763:Pérez de Urbel, Justo (1993). 21601:. Cambridge University Press. 21273:. Cambridge University Press. 20109:. Cambridge University Press. 19777:. University of Nevada Press. 17567:Forensic Science International 17414:Larrazabal (1977), pp. 428–429 15161:"Review of O'Riordan's memoir" 11714: 11684: 11675: 11648: 11618: 11598:Spain: A Challenge to Pacifism 10932:, Godicheau, François (eds.), 10542:La economía de la guerra civil 10540:, Aceńa, Pablo Martín (ed.), 10538:Las consecuencias demográficas 9819: 9381:clash of European nationalisms 9188:, which rather than Picasso's 8704:; 6,000–12,000 were killed in 8525:: Fully or Partially Exhumed. 7922:In July, the Nationalist army 7344:; there are 54 shipments from 7114:, a group of Germans, and the 6179: 6095:, in Nationalist control. The 5492:Falange Española y de las JONS 5152: 5141:in December 1874, after which 4868:, a fascist political party. 4379:1935 Greek coup d'état attempt 4359:German Revolution of 1918–1919 2981:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 2838:Events leading to World War II 1: 24631:Decentralized planned economy 24071: 22432:, assistant archivist at the 22426:Jews In The Spanish Civil War 22408:The Anarcho-Statists of Spain 22394:Spanish Civil War information 21839:Krig in Shpanyen: Hinterland 21807:Puzzo, Dante Anthony (1962). 21621:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 21291:Spanish Civil War: Casualties 21096:Contemporary European History 20843:University of Wisconsin Press 20280:Ambassador on Special Mission 19095:Gaizka Fernández Soldevilla, 18920:10.1080/14753820.2015.1082811 18020:Bieter, Bieter (2003), p. 91. 17854:Santos et al. (1999). p. 229. 17165:A History of the Modern World 17094:Spain under Franco: a history 16940:Zugazagoitia, Julián (2001). 16915:Llaudó Avila, Eduard (2021). 16747:Buchanan (1997), pp. 109–110. 16665:. Columbia University Press. 15023:Contemporary European History 12815:Revista de Estudios Políticos 11607: 11508:The Top 10 of Everything 2004 10315:A Dictionary of World History 10197:The Top 10 of Everything 2004 10134:El mito del millón de muertos 9423:episode of European civil war 9395:clash of totalitarian systems 9370:related concepts or variants 9299:Spanish children in exile in 9042:organisations, including the 8445: 8305: 8113:Mauthausen concentration camp 8068:organised the immigration to 7722:1937 in the Spanish Civil War 7674:Colonel José Moscardó Ituarte 7523:1936 in the Spanish Civil War 7286:International Left Opposition 7140:in the International Brigades 6852:of Portuguese Prime Minister 6473:Prior to the war, during the 6223:Ni dios, ni estado, ni patrón 6155:Republican forces during the 6106: 6059:The rebels termed themselves 5964:Unión General de Trabajadores 5623:1936 in the Spanish Civil War 5005: 3200:German ultimatum to Lithuania 3146:Polish ultimatum to Lithuania 2193:War of the Spanish Succession 24226:Proletarian internationalism 21905:. London: Allen & Unwin. 21873:(2003). Leach, David (ed.). 21852:The Myth of Franco's crusade 21731:(Bloomsbury Academic, 2021) 21070:University Press of Kentucky 21064:Richardson, R. Dan (1982) . 20783:The Franco regime, 1936–1975 20547:Neulen, Hans Werner (2000). 20103:; Richards, Michael (2005). 19400:Patricia A.M. Van Der Esch, 17322:Dupuy, Dupuy (1977), p. 1032 17117:, Santos Juliá Díaz (ed.), 15910:Timmermans, Rodolphe. 1937. 15462:Jan Stanisław Ciechanowski, 14218:"Spain:Business & Blood" 12878:Miguel de Unamuno: Biografía 11612: 11012:, ISBN 9780429859298, p. 310 10934:Guerra Civil: mito y memoria 10780:Batchelor, Dawho hn (2011), 9891:1936–1937, then merged into 9401:Antony Beevor, George Orwell 9052:War Resisters' International 9044:Fellowship of Reconciliation 8531:Ministry of Justice of Spain 8193: 8007:(Consejo Nacional de Defensa 7575:A rebel force under Colonel 7474:Spanish Republican Air Force 7421:fighters and R-33 trainers. 7338:non-intervention obligations 7263:Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov 7188:during the Spanish Civil War 7128:Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion 6629:Support for the Nationalists 6323:Ejército Popular Republicano 5703:Casares Quiroga met General 5674:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 5079:political movement known as 5027:Spanish Constitution of 1812 4866:Falange Española de las JONS 4629:Republic without republicans 4374:11 September 1922 Revolution 4369:Mongolian Revolution of 1921 3100:Italo-German "Axis" protocol 3065:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 2153:Colonisation of the Americas 915:José Antonio Primo de Rivera 258:mass killings and repression 25:The Spanish Civil War (book) 16:1936–1939 civil war in Spain 7: 25983:Revolution-based civil wars 24927:1919 United States bombings 23948:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 23045:Commercial Agreement (1940) 23040:Commercial Agreement (1939) 22479:Robert E. Burke Collection. 22472: 22390:and Dr Mary Vincent (audio) 22161:University of South Florida 22141:About the Spanish Civil War 22044:About the Spanish Civil War 21487:De Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro 21469:Carr, Sir Raymond (2001) . 21407:. New York: Julian Messner. 21222:Victimas de la guerra civil 20781:Payne, Stanley G. (2011b). 20657:Fascism in Spain, 1923–1977 20617:Othen, Christopher (2008). 20049:. London: Victor Gollancz. 20021:Coverdale, John F. (2002). 18992:Así terminó la Guerra civil 18941:Whealey, Robert H. (1989). 18908:Bulletin of Spanish Studies 18289:Víctimas de la guerra civil 18228:. Univ Pontifica Comillas. 14822:Salazar and Modern Portugal 14498:Tucker, Spencer C. (2016). 14392:Thomas (2001), pp. 938–939. 11870:The Popular Front in Europe 9568: 9553:Spanish war of independence 8839:Many killings were done by 8799:by Communist militiamen at 7273:, the socialist journalist 7086:(10,000), Nazi Germany and 7009:Support for the Republicans 6854:António de Oliveira Salazar 6837: 6610:of 27 nations that pledged 6505:Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas 6492:Cuerpo de Ejército Marroquí 6441:Militias of the Falange in 6021:Cuartel de la Montaña siege 5101:Glorious Revolution (Spain) 5035:the ideology and philosophy 4729:, and consisted of various 4364:Turkish War of Independence 4286: 3230:Italian invasion of Albania 3224:British guarantee to Poland 178:17 July 1936 – 1 April 1939 148:Republican soldiers at the 10: 26009: 25882:Situationist International 24952:Spanish Revolution of 1936 24810:Self-managed social center 21636:Ibarruri, Dolores (1976). 21581:10.1177/026569148801800203 21569:European History Quarterly 21388:. London: Modern Library. 20654:Payne, Stanley G. (1999). 20621:. London: Reportage Press. 20253:Hemingway, Ernest (1940). 20195:Hemingway, Ernest (1938). 19859:Bowers, Claude G. (1954). 19833:. London: Faber and Faber. 19626: 19051:Cooley, Alexander (2008). 18968:, pp. xviii, 899–901. 18802:Descharnes, Robert (1984) 18380:. Continuum. p. 607. 17113:De Miguel, Amando (1987), 15439:La guerra que ganó Franco. 14504:. ABC-CLIO. p. 1982. 13928:Pétrement, Simone (1988). 11626:"Republican Army in Spain" 11594:White Corpsucles in Europe 11064:, Nathan R. White (ed.), 10822:Chislett, William (2013), 10782:The Mystery on Highway 599 10413:, p. 1563; Georges Soria, 9938:) among Nationalists, the 9288: 9282: 9269: 9166:Philadelphia Museum of Art 9162:A Premonition of Civil War 8955:Spanish Revolution of 1936 8952: 8930:, known as the Butcher of 8910:In the Andalusian town of 8761: 8614: 8363:750,000, 745,000, 700,000 8312: 8142: 7952: 7880: 7855:took the city of Santander 7719: 7520: 7509: 7399:well-known Soviet diplomat 7321: 7253:("Comandante Contreras"), 7201:Non-Intervention Agreement 7017: 6893:Portuguese Communist Party 6841: 6721: 6717: 6675:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 6643: 6637: 6576: 6361: 6274:, the Basque country, and 6183: 5984:Spanish Revolution of 1936 5981: 5977: 5620: 5609: 5509:, the latter using mainly 5297: 5244: 5156: 5098: 5009: 4419:1970 Cambodian coup d'état 4168:The Commonwealth of Oceana 3076:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 2691:2008–2014 financial crisis 142:Bombing of an airfield in 18: 25901: 25786: 25346: 25296: 25021: 25007:Really Really Free Market 25002:1999 Seattle WTO protests 24824: 24696: 24604: 24568: 24521: 24444: 24375: 24366: 24316: 24291:Temporary autonomous zone 24216:Permanent autonomous zone 24151:Consensus decision-making 24079: 24003: 23961: 23853: 23750: 23741: 23627: 23618: 23512: 23503: 23390: 23381: 23326: 23231: 23222: 23163: 23125: 23071:Soviet invasion of Poland 23058: 23027: 22979: 22946: 22856:Government during the war 22821: 22721: 22684: 22610: 22603: 22562: 22452:, Routledge, London, 2001 22450:Filipe Ribeiro de Meneses 22358:Academics and governments 22100:26 September 2018 at the 22062: 21991: 21674:Kowalsky, Daniel (2004). 21506:. Dublin: Currach Press. 21498:, Routledge, London, 2001 21437:. London: Penguin Group. 21403:Werstein, Irving (1969). 21269:Seidman, Michael (2017). 21248:Seidman, Michael (2011). 21229:Seidman, Michael (2002). 21201:10.1017/S0018246X99008821 21108:10.1017/S0960777305002304 21087:Ruiz, Julius (May 2005). 20744:: Yale University Press. 20712:. Yale University Press. 20442:Johnson, Ian Ona (2021). 20410:Kowalsky, Daniel (2008). 20359:Jackson, Gabriel (1974). 20214:Halperin, Sandra (2004). 19939:Casanova, Julián (2010). 19841:Spain During World War II 18636:Payne & Palacios 2018 17792:Payne & Palacios 2018 17119:Socialismo y guerra civil 17050:Nash, Jay Robert (1976), 16817:Maier Charles S. (1987), 16540:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 15498:, p. 312, Gerald Howson, 15032:10.1017/S0960777323000085 13677:Payne (1970), pp. 329–330 13641:, ISBN 8430603328, p. 300 13232:Payne & Palacios 2018 13184:Payne & Palacios 2018 13095:Jensen, Geoffrey (2005). 13047:Payne & Palacios 2018 12659:Payne & Palacios 2018 12638:10.1017/S0147547905000098 11378:, Tusell, Javier (2007), 11214:Muñoz, Miguel A. (2009). 10893:Spain During World War II 9796:Spanish Republican exiles 9409:democracy vs dictatorship 9375: 9372: 9369: 9366: 9013:Spanish Social Revolution 8916:Santiago Carrillo Solares 8870:would record this in his 8536:In 2008 a Spanish judge, 8174:from the Spanish port of 8107:before being deported to 8014:unconditional surrender. 7601:Francisco Largo Caballero 7452: 7424: 7372: 7317: 7070:Abraham Lincoln Battalion 6971: 6882:NRP Afonso de Albuquerque 6694: 6296:Republican volunteers at 5888:Main Republican centres 5612:Spanish coup of July 1936 5602:political organisations. 5572:Francisco Largo Caballero 5017:Absolutism and liberalism 4592:The Emperor's New Clothes 4344:5 October 1910 revolution 4339:French Revolution of 1848 3362:Liberty as non-domination 3005:Defense of the Great Wall 2987:Pacification of Manchukuo 2623:Spain during World War II 2454:Regency of María Cristina 2322:Regency of María Cristina 1297: 1249: 1218: 1098: 617:Francisco Largo Caballero 571: 275: 170: 118:Clockwise from top-left: 53: 41: 36: 24997:Carnival Against Capital 24922:Bavarian Soviet Republic 24911:Manifesto of the Sixteen 24805:Radical environmentalism 24754:Independent Media Center 24686:Workers' self-management 24131:Autonomous social center 23606:Wars and armed conflicts 23246:Ancient History Timeline 23019:Gestapo–NKVD conferences 22231:"A collection of essays" 22040:'s Southworth collection 21964: 21960:Films, images and sounds 21782:. London: Harper Press. 21745:Monteath, Peter (1994). 21727:Macho, Antonio Míguez. 21665:Jellinek, Frank (1938). 21597:Hill, Alexander (2017). 21320:Taylor, F. Jay (1971) . 20115:10.1017/CBO9780511497025 20106:The Splintering of Spain 19838:Bowen, Wayne H. (2006). 19661:Alpert, Michael (2013). 19634:Alpert, Michael (1994). 19584:Un yugo para los flechas 19542:Devocionario del Requete 19128:1 September 2022 at the 19112:Núñez Seixas 2006, p. 11 18994:. Madrid: Marcial Pons. 17486:10.1177/0022009407071625 17208:see e.g. the monumental 16618:10.1177/0022009419839764 15524:Sarah Elizabeth Inglis, 14872:24 February 2021 at the 14433:"The legacy of Guernica" 14364:10.1177/0968344517696526 14346:Rodrigo, Javier (2019). 14177:10.1017/CBO9780511862373 13611:Alpert, Michael (2013), 13563:Alpert, Michael (2008). 12966:Puzzo, Dante A. (1969). 12824:10.18042/cepc/rep.177.05 12746:. Madrid: Schedas, S.l. 12675:. Madrid: Schedas, S.l. 11900:. Madrid: Marcial Pons. 11482:Lee, Stephen J. (2000), 11406:La Guerra Civil Española 11366:, Pérez, Joseph (1999), 11172:Los mitos del franquismo 10652:Mastering modern history 10171:Lee, Stephen J. (2000), 9812: 8729:aerial bombing of cities 8004:National Defence Council 7628:Generalitat of Catalonia 7186:Republican People's Army 7146:Romanian Communist Party 7124:XV International Brigade 7050:Communist Party of Italy 6633: 6567:Basque Nationalist Party 6319:People's Republican Army 6267:revolutionary anarchists 5875:Main Nationalist centres 5778:Reprisals followed. The 5740:Lieutenant José Castillo 5656:and made general of the 5599:Santiago Casares Quiroga 5536:Radical Republican Party 5473:Radical Republican Party 5173:Radical Republican Party 5113:led to the overthrow of 4826:coup d'état of July 1936 4434:1987 Fijian coups d'état 4394:1952 Egyptian revolution 3372:Political representation 3124:Second Sino-Japanese War 3088:Arab revolt in Palestine 3035:Inner Mongolian Campaign 2936:Second Italo-Senussi War 2678:1981 coup d'état attempt 2478:Spain during World War I 2057:Kingdom of the Visigoths 1147:3,015 Soviet technicians 692:Toribio Martínez Cabrera 369:Generalitat de Catalunya 124:XI International Brigade 25978:Modern history of Spain 24626:Cost the limit of price 23306:Transition to democracy 23281:Reaction and revolution 23112:Northern Sea Route Raid 22992:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 22604:Political organizations 22412:George Mason University 22341:"The Spanish Civil War" 22220:Peers, Allison (1936). 22201:Low, Mary; Breá, Juan. 22135:Miscellaneous documents 22125:For Whom the Bell Tolls 22088:3 February 2012 at the 21903:Images of the Civil War 21778:Preston, Paul (2012) . 21738:3 February 2024 at the 21529:Francis, Hywel (2006). 21068:. Lexington, Kentucky: 20986:Preston, Paul (1996) . 20764:Spain: A Unique History 20300:Howson, Gerald (1998). 20256:For Whom The Bell Tolls 20066:. New York: Routledge. 20062:Dawson, Ashley (2013). 19983:Clodfelter, M. (2017). 19701:Balcells, Laia (2017). 19611:29 October 2021 at the 19547:24 October 2021 at the 19444:Frank McDonough (ed.), 18159:, 3, 198, pp. 355–369. 18069:Wieland, Terry (2002). 17380:Guerre civile d'Espagne 17340:Tucker (2016), p. 1563. 17151:White, Matthew (2011), 17008:Del Amo, Maria (2006), 16563:28 January 2016 at the 15538:Raab, Antonius (1984). 15225:Benton & Pieke 1998 15150:Deletant (1999). p. 20. 14909:Lochery, Neill (2011). 14468:4 December 2019 at the 14168:International Practices 12136:Fraser, Ronald (1979). 10912:Julia, Santos, (1999), 10266:Guerre civile d'Espagne 9852:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 9483:paradigm of a civil war 9319:International relations 9060:conscientious objectors 7985:Barcelona on 26 January 7948: 7876: 7715: 7650:Alginet weapons factory 7577:Alfonso Beorlegui Canet 7516: 7261:and, most prominently, 7057:Communist International 7038:Communist International 6980:, deputy-leader of the 6707:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 6646:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 6479:colonial Army of Africa 6138:Corpo Truppe Volontarie 6097:Spanish Republican Navy 5972:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano 5780:killing of Calvo Sotelo 5507:Spanish Republican Army 5300:Second Spanish Republic 5288:Second Spanish Republic 5212:Second Spanish Republic 5139:Arsenio Martínez Campos 4727:Second Spanish Republic 4414:1969 Libyan coup d'état 4198:Discourse on Inequality 3347:Consent of the governed 3254:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 3248:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 2662:Transition to democracy 1250:estimates differ widely 1239:90,000 killed in action 935:Gonzalo Queipo de Llano 242:Second Spanish Republic 48:prelude to World War II 25422:Bosnia and Herzegovina 24231:Propaganda of the deed 24221:Prefigurative politics 24211:Participatory politics 24156:Conscientious objector 23896:International Interest 23704:Science and technology 23400:Autonomous communities 22839:Evacuation of children 22736:International Brigades 22434:Jewish Military Museum 22419:(Dutch volunteers) at 22242:(online exhibit). The 22116:Viva la Quinta Brigada 21678:. Barcelona: Critica. 21667:The Civil War in Spain 21538:Graham, Helen (2002). 21456:. Chicago: Haymarket. 21452:Broué, Pierre (1988). 21412:Westwell, Ian (2004). 21311:Stoff, Laurie (2004). 21288:Simkin, John (2012) . 21189:The Historical Journal 21013:Preston, Paul (2006). 20259:. New York: Scribner. 20144:Graham, Helen (2005). 20002:Cohen, Yehuda (2012). 19966:Cleugh, James (1962). 19920:Buchanan, Tom (1997). 19519:José Mariano Sánchez, 19103:98 (2015), pp. 228–229 18869:26 August 2014 at the 18847:24 August 2024 at the 18782:Hughes, Robert (2003) 17423:Sandler (2002), p. 160 17313:Jackson (1965), p. 412 16849:13 August 2020 at the 16567:on the website of the 14702:(Reportage Press 2008) 14144:Peers & Hogan 1936 14105:17 August 2021 at the 13567:. Barcelona: Crítica. 13435:Chomsky, Noam (1969). 13314:Thomas (1961), p. 126. 11750:Thomas (1961), p. 488. 11692:"The Nationalist Army" 11681:Thomas (1961), p. 491. 11655:Larrazáhal, R. Salas. 11127:Madrid en la Posguerra 10586:, Gigliotti, Simone, 10137:, includes victims of 9963: 9955: 9944:Cuarta Guerra Carlista 9943: 9935: 9927: 9767:Invasion of Val d'Aran 9373:proponents (examples) 9367:Spanish Civil War as: 9329:international alliance 9303: 9253: 9087: 9084:Plaça de George Orwell 9035:, FET y de las JONS). 9032: 9016: 8964: 8907: 8836: 8697: 8646: 8630: 8608: 8595: 8533: 8479: 8463: 8436:Invasion of Val d'Aran 8430: 8303: 8222: 8203: 8162: 8139:Evacuation of children 8105:Drancy internment camp 8045: 8029: 7976: 7904: 7823: 7800:April and May saw the 7782: 7743: 7651: 7643: 7611: 7544: 7477: 7189: 7170:Viva la Quinta Brigada 7141: 7077:International Brigades 7072:in the United States. 7061:International Brigades 7032: 7030:International Brigades 7020:International Brigades 7014:International Brigades 6931:Pedro Teotónio Pereira 6748: 6737: 6670: 6491: 6486: 6446: 6309: 6301: 6258: 6241:International Brigades 6160: 6116: 5943: 5735: 5696: 5636: 5568:Julio Álvarez del Vayo 5257:Miguel Primo de Rivera 5219: 5135:First Spanish Republic 5105:First Spanish Republic 4953:International Brigades 4702: 2922:Occupation of the Ruhr 2904:Franco-Polish alliance 2696:2017 Barcelona attacks 2528:Provisional Government 2399:Provisional Government 2272:Absolutist restoration 2224:Abdications of Bayonne 1856:Sant Vicenç de Calders 741:Juan Hernández Saravia 572:Commanders and leaders 396:International Brigades 25872:Libertarian socialism 24987:Kate Sharpley Library 24962:Red inverted triangle 24905:High Treason Incident 24895:Congress of Amsterdam 24301:Voluntary association 24111:Anti-authoritarianism 24101:Anarchist criminology 24096:Anarchist Black Cross 23933:National Day of Spain 23149:Falsifiers of History 22987:Relations before 1941 22484:26 March 2014 at the 22444:7 August 2020 at the 22398:Spartacus Educational 22211:Lunn, Arnold (1937). 22176:Trades Union Congress 22007:The Spanish Civil War 21971:The Spanish Civil War 21617:Hurst, Steve (2009). 21494:7 August 2020 at the 21435:The Spanish Civil War 21384:The Spanish Civil War 21352:The Spanish Civil War 20929:. London: Macmillan. 20805:The Spanish Civil War 20387:. London: Macmillan. 20363:. New York: John Day. 20047:The Defence of Madrid 20027:. New York: Scepter. 19753:The Chinese in Europe 19510:, Maskva 1984, p. 482 19488:The Spanish Civil War 19465:Melveena McKendrick, 19342:, pp. 1161–1167. 19123:George Orwell's notes 18851:, Picasso's Guernica. 18377:History of the Church 18212:Violencia roja y azul 17384:Encyclopedie Larousse 17031:Pérdidas de la guerra 16597:Marco, Jorge (2020). 15912:Heroes of the Alcazar 15441:Madrid, 2008. p. 256. 14865:(2008) 6#2 pp. 1–11. 14207:Stone (1997), p. 133. 12968:The Spanish Civil War 12880:(in Spanish). Taurus. 11764:The Spanish Civil War 11696:Spartacus Educational 11630:Spartacus Educational 11401:The Spanish Civil War 11123:Camps, Pedro Montoliú 10989:The Spanish Civil War 10914:Victimas de la guerra 10761:The Spanish holocaust 10624:The Spanish Civil War 10491:The Spanish Civil War 10270:Encyclopedie Larousse 9867:The only party under 9762:Spain in World War II 9334:counter-revolutionary 9298: 9247: 9081: 9006: 8962: 8924:Paracuellos de Jarama 8898:Sacred Heart of Jesus 8895: 8830: 8797:Sacred Heart of Jesus 8691: 8662:Roman Catholic Church 8636: 8624: 8603: 8581: 8542:Federico García Lorca 8517:: Transferred to the 8504: 8469: 8453: 8424: 8298: 8220: 8201: 8152: 8043: 8027: 7962: 7943:invasion of Catalonia 7890: 7821: 7777: 7764:Battle of Guadalajara 7729: 7695:, in Northern Spain. 7649: 7617: 7609: 7530: 7468: 7305:Paracuellos massacres 7269:Communist politician 7183: 7156:. About 145 men from 7136: 7027: 6897:Afonso de Albuquerque 6842:Further information: 6777:and the German Army ( 6763:A crucial element of 6743: 6735: 6657: 6644:Further information: 6440: 6307: 6295: 6253: 6154: 6114: 5818: 5811:Beginning of the coup 5729: 5691: 5630: 5556:1936 general election 5525:Salvador de Madariaga 5461:Jesús Palacios Tapias 5449:Casas Viejas incident 5331:(CNT) called several 5282:entities such as the 5209: 5071:(1846–1849), and the 4785:, a struggle between 4703:Guerra Civil Española 4582:Criticism of monarchy 4404:North Yemen civil war 4218:The Federalist Papers 3513:Federal parliamentary 3158:Battle of Lake Khasan 3071:December 9th Movement 2871:Polish–Lithuanian War 2683:Madrid train bombings 2560:1936 general election 2462:Reign of Alfonso XIII 2248:Constitution of Cádiz 1406:Convoy de la Victoria 1348:Cuartel de la Montaña 1219:Casualties and losses 1210:Portuguese volunteers 246:Establishment of the 25913:Anarchism portal 25317:Fictional characters 24800:Radical cheerleading 23537:Constitutional Court 23133:Operation Barbarossa 23009:Population transfers 21901:Wilson, Ann (1986). 21703:Red Spanish Notebook 21159:: Warren & Pell. 20895:Spagna Contemporanea 20081:Derby, Mark (2009). 19196:, Bo Strath (ed.), 18888:16 June 2018 at the 18828:4 April 2012 at the 18771:Museum of Modern Art 17185:Pedro Montoliú Camps 16987:Jeanes, Ike (1996), 16967:The Story of Spanish 16781:Sabín-Fernández 2010 16769:Sabín-Fernández 2010 16757:Sabín-Fernández 2010 15398:, pp. 246, 273. 14698:Othen, Christopher. 13795:Seidman 1999, p. 823 13739:Payne (1970), p. 343 13727:Payne (1987), p. 244 13718:Payne (1970), p. 360 13709:Payne (2012), p. 299 13686:Payne (2012), p. 188 13157:BBC History Magazine 12366:on 21 September 2006 12048:(2011). pp. 200–211. 11804:6 April 2022 at the 11532:José María Gironella 11528:Un millón de muertos 10221:José María Gironella 10217:Un millón de muertos 9966:) among Republicans. 9871:from 1937 onward, a 9680:Aviazione Legionaria 9497:prologue to Cold War 9346:Treaty of Versailles 9285:White Terror (Spain) 9170:Autumnal Cannibalism 9064:Amparo Poch y Gascón 9048:War Resisters League 9021:National Syndicalism 8920:Paracuellos massacre 8879:Nineteen Eighty-Four 8801:Cerro de los Ángeles 8617:White Terror (Spain) 8472:Paracuellos massacre 8314:Civil War death toll 7666:siege of the Alcázar 7632:Joan García i Oliver 7620:Buenaventura Durruti 7581:Campaign of Gipuzkoa 6785:battle of the Toledo 6703:Aviazione Legionaria 6650:Aviazione Legionaria 6551:Catalan nationalists 6524:resented seeing the 6101:Republican Air Force 5952:Morocco protectorate 5937:Refugee camps 5713:British intelligence 5540:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora 5465:Niceto Alcalá Zamora 5306:Niceto Alcalá-Zamora 4791:republican democracy 4567:Classical radicalism 4309:Republic of Florence 4248:Democracy in America 3407:Separation of powers 3382:Public participation 3206:Slovak–Hungarian War 2853:Treaty of Versailles 2709:Coronavirus pandemic 2670:Current constitution 2655:Contemporary history 2470:Spanish–American War 2446:Reign of Alfonso XII 2338:Regency of Espartero 2315:Reign of Isabella II 2201:Nueva Planta Decrees 2049:Kingdom of the Suebi 1502:Ciudad Universitaria 1168:16 operational ships 998:Fidel Dávila Arrondo 831:José Antonio Aguirre 760:Buenaventura Durruti 150:siege of the Alcázar 25993:Catholic rebellions 25958:Civil wars in Spain 25862:Left-libertarianism 24937:Kronstadt rebellion 24875:Trial of the Thirty 24840:Revolutions of 1848 24782:No gods, no masters 24591:Synthesis anarchism 24581:Anarcho-syndicalism 24569:Types of federation 23480:Plazas de soberanía 22954:Anti-Comintern Pact 22834:Concentration camps 22723:Foreign involvement 22328:on 16 December 2017 22287:on 8 February 2005. 22252:"Revistas y guerra" 22222:The Spanish Tragedy 22166:¡No Pasarán! Speech 21912:Suggested listening 21502:Doyle, Bob (2006). 21354:. London: Penguin. 20990:. London: Fontana. 20592:Homage to Catalonia 20580:The Connolly Column 20499:10.1093/ereh/her011 20385:Dialogue with death 20242:Hayes, Carlton J.H. 19387:Luis de Galinsoga, 19311:"Spanish Civil War" 19271:Alastair Hennessy, 19041:, pp. 313–314. 18692:, pp. 102–122. 18650:, pp. 219–220. 18626:, pp. 272–273. 18597:, pp. 172–173. 18528:. 8 February 2013. 18202:, pp. 244–245. 17987:, pp. 236–237. 17938:, pp. 171–191. 17914:, pp. 291–313. 17866:, pp. 120–123. 17845:, pp. 253–255. 17717:(19 January 2008). 17526:. 16 October 2008. 17393:17 May 2022 at the 17212:, (2005), vol. XL, 17092:Gallo, Max (1974), 16808:, pp. 144–165. 16783:, pp. 125–126. 16725:. 3 December 2012. 16587:, pp. 421–422. 16444:(1 December 2003). 16388:, pp. 396–397. 16376:, pp. 394–395. 16352:, pp. 879–882. 16340:, pp. 391–392. 16256:, pp. 349–359. 16241:, pp. 346–347. 16229:, pp. 820–821. 16217:, pp. 315–322. 16193:, pp. 237–238. 16166:, pp. 296–299. 16154:, pp. 277–284. 16118:, pp. 263–273. 16103:, pp. 231–233. 16091:, pp. 223–229. 16067:, pp. 216–221. 16055:, pp. 208–215. 16031:, pp. 200–201. 16019:, pp. 191–192. 16007:, pp. 177–183. 15837:, pp. 146–147. 15810:, pp. 116–117. 15594:, pp. 412–413. 15570:, pp. 139–140. 15374:, pp. 153–154. 15302:, pp. 126–129. 15278:, pp. 152–153. 15266:, pp. 156–157. 15141:, pp. 638–639. 14887:, pp. 124–125. 14835:Pena-Rodríguez 2015 14796:Pena-Rodríguez 2015 14784:Pena-Rodríguez 2015 14768:7 July 2024 at the 14749:Pena-Rodríguez 2015 14672:Pena-Rodríguez 2015 14405:(2013) pp. 181–251. 14273:, pp. 135–136. 14146:, pp. 529–544. 13930:Simone Weil: A Life 13834:, pp. 164–165. 13777:61/4 (1999), p. 823 13668:45/2 (2010), p. 342 13490:, pp. 102–103. 13222:, pp. 196–198. 13186:, pp. 115–116. 13073:, pp. 115–125. 12356:Juan García Durán, 12035:, pp. 260–271. 11966:, pp. 200–203. 11799:"Spanish Civil War" 11797:Simkin, J. (2012). 11522:service, available 11153:, (2008), vol. 12, 10211:service, available 10115:Spain's War Goes On 9757:Revisionism (Spain) 9706:The Falling Soldier 9313:concentration camps 9115:Homage to Catalonia 8896:"Execution" of the 8873:Homage to Catalonia 8676:, Basque, Catalan, 8558:Historians such as 8553:forensic geophysics 8519:Valle de los Caídos 8294:Julián Zugazagoitia 8240:fascist coup d'état 7998:and the politician 7795:bombing of Guernica 7642:, was in Barcelona. 7636:Minister of Justice 7626:, president of the 7116:Garibaldi Battalion 7066:Garibaldi Battalion 6789:bombing of Guernica 6616:political isolation 6573:Foreign involvement 6563:Basque nationalists 6340:Homage to Catalonia 6103:was very outdated. 6065:nationalistic cause 5924:Concentration camps 5650:Manuel Goded Llopis 5404:destroyed or burned 5367:and redistributing 5343:against the CNT in 5159:Restoration (Spain) 4769:among whom General 4657:Politics portal 4462:Antigua and Barbuda 4409:Zanzibar Revolution 4319:American Revolution 4208:The Social Contract 3377:Popular sovereignty 3238:Apr.–Aug. 1939 3220:Mar.–Aug. 1939 3214:Mar.–Apr. 1939 3160:July–Aug. 1938 3106:Anti-Comintern Pact 2993:January 28 incident 2584:Nationalist victory 2505:of Dámaso Berenguer 2391:Sexenio Democrático 2374:Glorious Revolution 2280:Sexenio Absolutista 2130:Early modern period 2029:Diocese of Hispania 1377:German intervention 1010:Manuel Goded Llopis 986:José Enrique Varela 256:Post-war Francoist 25812:Anti-globalization 25482:Dominican Republic 25307:Anarcho-punk bands 24967:Labadie Collection 24957:Barcelona May Days 24860:Cantonal rebellion 24794:Property is theft! 24760:The Internationale 24714:Anarchist bookfair 24513:Without adjectives 24368:Schools of thought 23709:Telecommunications 23410:Biosphere Reserves 23311:Contemporary Spain 23301:Spain under Franco 23241:Prehistoric Iberia 23066:Invasion of Poland 23035:Economic relations 22866:Spanish Revolution 22203:"Red Spanish Book" 21733:online book review 20576:O'Riordan, Michael 20570:. London: Collins. 19970:. London: Harrap. 19490:, Cambridge 2012, 19486:Stanley G. Payne, 19288:Stanley G. Payne, 19233:, Cambridge 2021, 19175:, Barcelona 2008, 19160:Authors take sides 19147:Authors take sides 17731:on 7 February 2011 17524:The New York Times 17443:"Men of La Mancha" 17386:online, available 16865:, pp. 144–165 16693:BasqueChildren.org 16422:on 7 December 2008 15680:on 11 August 2011. 14820:Kay, Hugh (1970). 14461:Musciano, Walter. 14228:on 16 January 2009 11368:Historia de España 11242:, Barcelona 2011, 10346:Global Connections 10272:online, available 9940:Fourth Carlist War 9911:Death toll section 9858:on 24 August 1937. 9376:related quotation 9338:invasion of Poland 9304: 9254: 9211:Battle of Anghiari 9146:Fuente de mercurio 9088: 9074:Art and propaganda 9017: 8965: 8908: 8837: 8780:Revolution of 1936 8764:Red Terror (Spain) 8698: 8647: 8631: 8534: 8480: 8476:Red Terror (Spain) 8464: 8431: 8285:treated President 8223: 8204: 8163: 8046: 8030: 8019:proclaimed victory 7977: 7932:Battle of the Ebro 7905: 7871:Asturias Offensive 7847:Battle of Belchite 7824: 7815:failed similarly. 7783: 7744: 7652: 7644: 7618:Leonese anarchist 7612: 7591:. On 15 September 7566:Spanish naval base 7545: 7478: 7392:Rheinmetall-Borsig 7190: 7142: 7112:Thälmann Battalion 7033: 7001:Around 150 to 170 6850:Estado Novo regime 6749: 6738: 6687:Royal Italian Navy 6671: 6608:political alliance 6487:Ejército de África 6447: 6310: 6302: 6259: 6161: 6117: 5968:anarchist militias 5944: 5927: 5773:summarily executed 5736: 5697: 5637: 5499:Revolution of 1934 5432:Dilectissima Nobis 5220: 5191:identity in which 5175:, helped to bring 5149:, Isabella's son. 5069:Second Carlist War 5039:King Ferdinand VII 4783:religious struggle 4725:government of the 4623:Primus inter pares 4439:Nepalese Civil War 4429:Iranian Revolution 4399:14 July Revolution 4354:Russian Revolution 4349:Chinese Revolution 4299:Republic of Venice 4148:Discourses on Livy 3260:Invasion of Poland 3250:May–Sep. 1939 3182:First Vienna Award 3059:He–Umezu Agreement 2795:History portal 2365:Bienio progresista 2356:Second Carlist War 2256:Treaty of Valençay 2114:Christian kingdoms 1985:Carthaginian Spain 1960:Prehistoric Iberia 1318:July 1936 uprising 1198:Italian volunteers 1110:446,800 combatants 668:Vicente Rojo Lluch 535:Foreign volunteers 516:Spanish Renovation 402:Foreign volunteers 250:under the rule of 128:Battle of Belchite 25948:Spanish Civil War 25935: 25934: 25892:Spontaneous order 25822:Anti-war movement 25327:Jewish anarchists 24835:French Revolution 24788:Popular education 24564: 24563: 24281:Spontaneous order 24141:Classless society 24039: 24038: 23999: 23998: 23923:Myths and legends 23891:National Interest 23737: 23736: 23689:Largest companies 23614: 23613: 23601:Political parties 23569:Foreign relations 23499: 23498: 23447:Iberian Peninsula 23395:Autonomous cities 23377: 23376: 23178: 23177: 22966:Spanish Civil War 22960:Jewish Bolshevism 22906: 22905: 22717: 22716: 22555:Spanish Civil War 22213:Spanish Rehearsal 22205:. Benjamin Peret. 22083:Anthems and songs 22027:hosted online by 21981:The Spanish Earth 21940:(Folkways) (1962) 21869:Wheeler, George; 21835:Shneiderman, S.L. 21473:. Phoenix Press. 20955:(November 1983). 20831:Payne, Stanley G. 20801:Payne, Stanley G. 20760:Payne, Stanley G. 20728:Payne, Stanley G. 20676:Payne, Stanley G. 20627:Payne, Stanley G. 20369:Kisch, Egon Erwin 20187:978-1-78738-388-3 19805:Bolloten, Burnett 19523:, New York 2008, 19290:The Franco Regime 19229:Julian Casanova, 19200:, Brussels 2010, 19192:Luisa Passerini, 19158:Hamilton Fyfe in 19135:Orwell Foundation 18122:, pp. 30–31. 18035:, pp. 82–83. 17961:Spain: a History. 17890:, pp. 30–31. 17878:, pp. 23–24. 17769:, pp. 88–89. 17358:56/1 (2021), p. 6 17331:Moa (2015), p. 44 16657:Daniel Kowalsky. 15881:Abel Paz (2004). 15856:Abel Paz (1996). 15798:, pp. 73–74. 15786:, pp. 81–94. 15693:, pp. 46–47. 15633:, pp. 20–23. 15621:, pp. 14–15. 15466:, Warszawa 2014, 15386:, pp. 31–40. 14620:Wiarda, Howard J. 14439:. 26 April 2007. 13953:Michael Seidman. 13846:, pp. 86–90. 13807:, pp. 30–33. 13769:Michael Seidman, 13602:, pp. 42–42. 13590:, pp. 21–22. 13466:, pp. 55–61. 13441:. Pantheon Books. 13413:, pp. 60–61. 13389:, pp. 58–59. 13365:, pp. 56–57. 13326:, pp. 55–56. 13281:, pp. 69–70. 13061:, pp. 89–90. 13037:, pp. 67–68. 12996:, pp. 94–95. 12914:, pp. 15–16. 12799:, pp. 18–19. 12719:, pp. 27–30. 12590:, pp. 69–70. 12566:, pp. 63–65. 12554:, pp. 67–68. 12542:, pp. 66–67. 12530:, pp. 41–47. 12463:, pp. 54–55. 12403:, pp. 45–48. 12263:, pp. 38–39. 12227:, pp. 20–22. 12191:, pp. 32–33. 12167:, pp. 24–26. 12023:, pp. 86–87. 11279:El general Walter 11141:(2017), vol. 11, 10707:The Franco Regime 9893:FET y de las JONS 9856:Santoña Agreement 9747:Pacifism in Spain 9566: 9565: 9475:, Sandra Halperin 9206:Leonardo da Vinci 9105:The Spanish Earth 9058:("defiant ones", 8969:social revolution 8949:Social revolution 8876:as well as write 8773:millón de muertos 8733:Italian air force 8513:: Missing grave. 8496:Nationalist Spain 8415: 8414: 8411:170,489, 149,213 8347:909,000, 900,000 8128:French resistance 8120:guerrilla warfare 7996:Segismundo Casado 7924:pressed southward 7863:Santoña Agreement 7836:Battle of Brunete 7806:move to recapture 7506:Course of the war 7255:Iosif Grigulevich 7194:General Secretary 7138:Polish volunteers 7048:the chief of the 7046:Palmiro Togliatti 6958:National Assembly 6623:League of Nations 6263:liberal democracy 6085:—captured at the 5956:Iberian Peninsula 5941: 5940: 5757:José Calvo Sotelo 5744:Guardia de Asalto 5654:inspector general 5580:Miguel de Unamuno 5554:narrowly won the 5477:Alejandro Lerroux 5276:King Alfonso XIII 5169:Alejandro Lerroux 5145:in the figure of 5123:General Joan Prim 5115:Queen Isabella II 5111:popular uprisings 5087:, descended from 5073:Third Carlist War 5067:(1833–1840), the 5065:First Carlist War 4981:Segismundo Casado 4799:counterrevolution 4775:political climate 4707:military conflict 4695:Spanish Civil War 4691: 4690: 4634:Republican empire 4607:List of republics 4456:National variants 4384:Spanish Civil War 4324:French Revolution 4304:Republic of Genoa 4188:The Spirit of Law 4121:Theoretical works 3465:Neo-republicanism 3299: 3298: 3094:Spanish Civil War 3029:Italo-Soviet Pact 2999:Geneva Conference 2898:Treaty of Rapallo 2892:Treaty of Trianon 2865:Polish–Soviet War 2833: 2832: 2750:Religious history 2439:Restoration Spain 2415:Third Carlist War 2407:Reign of Amadeo I 2330:First Carlist War 2137:Catholic Monarchs 2042:Early Middle Ages 1980:Pre-Roman peoples 1912: 1911: 1363:Cuartel de Loyola 1289:Spanish Civil War 1254: 1253: 1204:German volunteers 1150:772 Soviet pilots 967:Miguel Cabanellas 710:Segismundo Casado 460:FET y de las JONS 271: 270: 162:Lincoln Battalion 156:anti-aircraft gun 37:Spanish Civil War 26000: 25911: 25910: 25909: 25802:Anti-consumerism 25797:Anti-corporatism 24947:Amakasu Incident 24890:Strandza Commune 24865:Haymarket affair 24766:Jewish anarchism 24708:A las Barricadas 24676:Social ownership 24661:Market socialism 24636:Free association 24596:Union of egoists 24373: 24372: 24306:Workers' council 24296:Union of egoists 24256:Security culture 24166:Decentralization 24161:Critique of work 24066: 24059: 24052: 24043: 24042: 24019: 24012: 23748: 23747: 23679:Financial crisis 23669:Economic history 23625: 23624: 23542:Cortes Generales 23510: 23509: 23452:Peninsular Spain 23388: 23387: 23339:Pre-Roman Iberia 23334:General overview 23229: 23228: 23205: 23198: 23191: 23182: 23181: 22947:Prior antagonism 22933: 22926: 22919: 22910: 22909: 22814: 22761: 22741:Non-intervention 22608: 22607: 22548: 22541: 22534: 22525: 22524: 22496:Anarchy Archives 22337: 22335: 22333: 22324:. Archived from 22309: 22307: 22305: 22288: 22283:. Archived from 22276: 22255: 22247: 22234: 22225: 22216: 22206: 22196: 22195:on 6 April 2016. 22185:Hilton, Ronald. 22069:Valley of Jarama 21906: 21897:(trade unionist) 21896: 21865: 21842: 21830: 21793: 21760: 21724: 21697: 21670: 21661: 21632: 21612: 21592: 21563: 21534: 21525: 21484: 21465: 21448: 21417: 21408: 21399: 21387: 21373: 21343: 21316: 21307: 21305: 21303: 21284: 21265: 21244: 21225: 21218:Casanova, Julián 21212: 21195:(4): 1161–1167. 21183: 21181: 21179: 21160: 21157:Pontypool, Wales 21144: 21142: 21140: 21134: 21119: 21093: 21083: 21060: 21030: 21009: 20982: 20980: 20978: 20948: 20918: 20916: 20914: 20885: 20856: 20841:(4th ed.). 20826: 20796: 20777: 20755: 20723: 20706:Payne, Stanley G 20701: 20671: 20650: 20648: 20646: 20622: 20613: 20583: 20571: 20562: 20543: 20524: 20520:Storm over Spain 20515:Mitchell, Mairin 20510: 20481: 20479: 20477: 20468:. The Humanist. 20457: 20438: 20426: 20415: 20406: 20381:Koestler, Arthur 20376: 20364: 20355: 20330:Jackson, Gabriel 20325: 20296: 20294: 20292: 20270: 20249: 20237: 20210: 20197:The Fifth Column 20191: 20169: 20140: 20138: 20136: 20096: 20077: 20058: 20038: 20017: 19998: 19979: 19962: 19935: 19916: 19886: 19884: 19882: 19855: 19834: 19822: 19800: 19798: 19796: 19767: 19746: 19724: 19697: 19676: 19657: 19621: 19601: 19595: 19580: 19574: 19559: 19553: 19538: 19532: 19517: 19511: 19505: 19499: 19484: 19478: 19467:Spain: A History 19463: 19457: 19442: 19436: 19435: 19433: 19431: 19411: 19405: 19398: 19392: 19391:, Barcelona 1958 19385: 19379: 19373: 19367: 19361: 19355: 19349: 19343: 19337: 19331: 19330: 19328: 19326: 19315:Oxford Reference 19307: 19301: 19292:, Madison 2011, 19286: 19280: 19269: 19263: 19248: 19242: 19227: 19221: 19215: 19209: 19190: 19184: 19169: 19163: 19156: 19150: 19143: 19137: 19119: 19113: 19110: 19104: 19093: 19087: 19073: 19067: 19066: 19048: 19042: 19036: 19030: 19024: 19018: 19012: 19006: 19005: 18987: 18981: 18975: 18969: 18963: 18957: 18956: 18938: 18932: 18931: 18899: 18893: 18880: 18874: 18861: 18852: 18839: 18833: 18820: 18814: 18800: 18794: 18780: 18774: 18768: 18762: 18756: 18750: 18744: 18738: 18735: 18729: 18723: 18717: 18711: 18705: 18699: 18693: 18687: 18678: 18672: 18663: 18657: 18651: 18645: 18639: 18633: 18627: 18621: 18610: 18604: 18598: 18592: 18586: 18585: 18583: 18581: 18572:. 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Archived from 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11622: 11601: 11582: 11576: 11573: 11567: 11480: 11474: 11471: 11465: 11462: 11456: 11441: 11435: 11432: 11426: 11423: 11417: 11396: 11390: 11352: 11346: 11319: 11313: 11306: 11300: 11296: 11290: 11275: 11269: 11266: 11260: 11257: 11251: 11236: 11230: 11229: 11210: 11204: 11189: 11183: 11168: 11162: 11083: 11077: 11058: 11052: 11040: 11034: 11019: 11013: 11006: 11000: 10985: 10979: 10975: 10969: 10930:Aróstegui, Julio 10910: 10904: 10889: 10883: 10820: 10814: 10799: 10793: 10778: 10772: 10757: 10751: 10724: 10718: 10703: 10697: 10681: 10675: 10630:(1995), vol. 2, 10580: 10574: 10559: 10553: 10533: 10527: 10512: 10506: 10487: 10481: 10466: 10460: 10445: 10439: 10424: 10418: 10399: 10393: 10342: 10336: 10311: 10305: 10282: 10276: 10262: 10256: 10169: 10163: 10148: 10142: 10129: 10123: 10110: 10104: 10088: 10082: 10078: 10072: 10061: 10055: 10039: 10033: 10006: 10000: 9997: 9991: 9982: 9976: 9973: 9967: 9920: 9914: 9907: 9895: 9889: 9876: 9869:Francisco Franco 9865: 9859: 9848: 9842: 9823: 9659: 9658: 9647: 9646: 9635: 9634: 9633: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9599: 9598: 9597: 9587: 9586: 9585: 9578: 9457:Stanley G. Payne 9364: 9363: 9325:Second World War 9257:Economic effects 9252:, 1936 and later 9142:Alexander Calder 9135:Julio González's 9120:Jean-Paul Sartre 9096:Ernest Hemingway 8939:bombing of Cabra 8787:during the war. 8593: 8310: 8309: 8188:los niños vascos 8054:internment camps 7973: 7967: 7917:Aragon Offensive 7909:Battle of Teruel 7901: 7895: 7828:Battle of Bilbao 7813:Huesca Offensive 7757:Battle of Jarama 7748:Battle of Málaga 7740: 7734: 7640:Spanish Republic 7541: 7535: 7110:and Canada. The 6858:Francisco Franco 6807:Operation Ursula 6758:Benito Mussolini 6696: 6679:Benito Mussolini 6612:non-intervention 6494: 6463:Society of Jesus 6455:anti-clericalism 6428:Indalecio Prieto 6376: 6227: 6207: 6198: 6166:interbrigadistas 6048:and part of the 5948:Manuel Fal Conde 5936: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5916: 5909: 5902: 5895: 5887: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5855: 5849: 5843: 5837: 5831: 5825: 5805:Indalecio Prieto 5769:Indalecio Prieto 5664:to commander of 5658:Balearic Islands 5576:Indalecio Prieto 5457:Stanley G. Payne 5445:general election 5396: 5387: 5361:Great Depression 5261:Dámaso Berenguer 5218:went into exile. 5119:House of Bourbon 5085:House of Bourbon 5031:Spanish monarchy 4996:Organised purges 4949:non-intervention 4771:Francisco Franco 4683: 4676: 4669: 4655: 4654: 4639:Republican Party 4617:Peasant republic 4577:Communitarianism 4294:Classical Athens 4289: 4263: 4253: 4243: 4233: 4223: 4213: 4203: 4193: 4183: 4173: 4163: 4153: 4143: 4133: 3367:Mixed government 3301: 3300: 3291: 3284: 3277: 3176:Munich Agreement 3112:Suiyuan campaign 2960:Great Depression 2948:Locarno Treaties 2835: 2834: 2825: 2818: 2811: 2793: 2792: 2791: 2781:Spain portal 2779: 2778: 2777: 2745:Military history 2730:Economic history 2713: 2705: 2687: 2674: 2666: 2643: 2635: 2627: 2619: 2615:Republican exile 2611: 2588: 2580: 2572: 2568:1936 coup d'état 2564: 2556: 2548: 2540: 2532: 2509: 2498: 2490: 2482: 2474: 2466: 2458: 2450: 2427: 2419: 2411: 2403: 2378: 2370: 2360: 2352: 2342: 2334: 2326: 2303: 2295: 2285: 2260: 2252: 2244: 2236: 2232:Napoleonic Spain 2228: 2205: 2197: 2189: 2181: 2173: 2165: 2157: 2149: 2141: 2118: 2110: 2100: 2092: 2069: 2065:Byzantine Spania 2061: 2053: 2020: 2019:(218 BCE–472 CE) 2012: 1989: 1945: 1935: 1917: 1916: 1598:War in the North 1556:3rd Corunna Road 1542:2nd Corunna Road 1509:1st Corunna Road 1436:Sierra Guadalupe 1292: 1290: 1280: 1273: 1266: 1257: 1256: 1182:600,000 infantry 1165:68,500 gendarmes 1130:450,000 infantry 1088: 1087: 1076: 1075: 1064: 1063: 1054:Manuel Fal Conde 1052: 1051: 1050: 1045: 1044: 1033: 1032: 1031: 1026: 1025: 1017: 1008: 1007: 996: 995: 984: 983: 982: 977: 976: 965: 964: 953: 952: 951: 946: 945: 937: 933: 932: 922: 912: 911: 910: 901:Francisco Franco 898: 897: 888: 876: 875: 866: 854: 853: 852: 847: 846: 829: 828: 822: 821: 813: 804: 803: 802: 797: 796: 785: 784: 783: 778: 777: 768: 758: 757: 756: 751: 750: 739: 738: 727: 726: 725: 720: 719: 708: 707: 699: 690: 689: 678: 677: 666: 665: 656:Indalecio Prieto 654: 653: 652: 647: 646: 635: 634: 633: 628: 627: 619: 615: 614: 613: 608: 607: 593: 592: 591: 586: 585: 566: 562: 560: 559: 552: 548: 546: 545: 537: 527: 526: 525: 518: 514: 513: 512: 501: 500: 499: 485: 484: 483: 476: 472: 471: 470: 462: 458: 457: 456: 442: 441: 440: 432: 428: 426: 425: 418: 414: 412: 411: 398: 394: 393: 392: 384: 382:Euzko Gudarostea 380: 379: 378: 367: 366: 365: 355: 354: 353: 339: 338: 337: 327: 326: 325: 315: 314: 313: 303: 302: 301: 288: 287: 286: 252:Francisco Franco 172: 171: 112: 103: 92: 83: 72: 63: 34: 33: 26008: 26007: 26003: 26002: 26001: 25999: 25998: 25997: 25973:Francoist Spain 25963:1930s conflicts 25938: 25937: 25936: 25931: 25907: 25905: 25897: 25896: 25895: 25852:Labour movement 25782: 25781: 25780: 25342: 25341: 25340: 25292: 25291: 25290: 25017: 25016: 25015: 25012:Occupy movement 24885:Ferrer movement 24820: 24819: 24818: 24734:Escuela Moderna 24692: 24691: 24690: 24600: 24560: 24517: 24481:Insurrectionary 24440: 24362: 24361: 24360: 24312: 24311: 24310: 24236:Refusal of work 24121:Anti-militarism 24116:Anti-capitalism 24075: 24070: 24040: 24035: 24022: 24015: 24008: 23995: 23990:Toro de Osborne 23957: 23938:Public holidays 23849: 23810:Life expectancy 23733: 23699:Property bubble 23610: 23495: 23373: 23369:Spanish miracle 23322: 23296:Second Republic 23218: 23209: 23179: 23174: 23159: 23121: 23054: 23023: 22975: 22942: 22937: 22907: 22902: 22817: 22808: 22755: 22746:Nyon Conference 22713: 22680: 22599: 22595:List of battles 22558: 22552: 22486:Wayback Machine 22475: 22446:Wayback Machine 22430:Martin Sugarman 22360: 22353:, 3 April 2003) 22331: 22329: 22312: 22303: 22301: 22300:on 8 March 2021 22292: 22279: 22250: 22238: 22153: 22137: 22102:Wayback Machine 22090:Wayback Machine 22065: 21994: 21977:Tierra Española 21967: 21962: 21957: 21922:Stinson Records 21914: 21909: 21885: 21862: 21819: 21790: 21757: 21740:Wayback Machine 21713: 21686: 21650: 21629: 21609: 21552: 21514: 21496:Wayback Machine 21481: 21445: 21425: 21423:Further reading 21420: 21396: 21362: 21332: 21301: 21299: 21281: 21262: 21241: 21216:Santos, Juliá; 21177: 21175: 21138: 21136: 21132: 21091: 21080: 21049: 21027: 20998: 20976: 20974: 20937: 20912: 20910: 20853: 20835:Palacios, Jesús 20815: 20793: 20774: 20752: 20720: 20690: 20668: 20644: 20642: 20602: 20559: 20540: 20475: 20473: 20454: 20435: 20395: 20344: 20314: 20290: 20288: 20267: 20226: 20207: 20188: 20166: 20134: 20132: 20125: 20093: 20074: 20035: 20014: 19995: 19951: 19932: 19905: 19880: 19878: 19852: 19827:Borkenau, Franz 19819: 19794: 19792: 19785: 19764: 19743: 19713: 19673: 19646: 19629: 19624: 19613:Wayback Machine 19602: 19598: 19586:, Madrid 2010, 19581: 19577: 19565:, Madrid 2006, 19560: 19556: 19549:Wayback Machine 19539: 19535: 19518: 19514: 19506: 19502: 19485: 19481: 19464: 19460: 19448:, London 2011, 19443: 19439: 19429: 19427: 19412: 19408: 19399: 19395: 19386: 19382: 19374: 19370: 19362: 19358: 19350: 19346: 19338: 19334: 19324: 19322: 19309: 19308: 19304: 19287: 19283: 19270: 19266: 19254:, London 2017, 19250:Mark Lawrence, 19249: 19245: 19228: 19224: 19216: 19212: 19191: 19187: 19170: 19166: 19157: 19153: 19145:W. 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Auden in 19144: 19140: 19130:Wayback Machine 19120: 19116: 19111: 19107: 19094: 19090: 19079:, Madrid 2013, 19074: 19070: 19063: 19049: 19045: 19037: 19033: 19025: 19021: 19013: 19009: 19002: 18988: 18984: 18976: 18972: 18964: 18960: 18953: 18939: 18935: 18900: 18896: 18890:Wayback Machine 18881: 18877: 18871:Wayback Machine 18864:Stanley Meisler 18862: 18855: 18849:Wayback Machine 18840: 18836: 18830:Wayback Machine 18821: 18817: 18801: 18797: 18781: 18777: 18769: 18765: 18757: 18753: 18745: 18741: 18736: 18732: 18724: 18720: 18712: 18708: 18700: 18696: 18688: 18681: 18673: 18666: 18658: 18654: 18646: 18642: 18634: 18630: 18622: 18613: 18605: 18601: 18593: 18589: 18579: 18577: 18576:on 9 March 2009 18564: 18563: 18559: 18552:Orwell in Spain 18550: 18549: 18545: 18535: 18533: 18520: 18519: 18515: 18507: 18503: 18495: 18491: 18483: 18474: 18466: 18462: 18454: 18450: 18442: 18438: 18433: 18429: 18421: 18412: 18404: 18395: 18388: 18372: 18368: 18363: 18359: 18351: 18347: 18339: 18335: 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Machine 17378: 17374: 17366: 17362: 17348: 17344: 17339: 17335: 17330: 17326: 17321: 17317: 17312: 17303: 17298: 17294: 17289: 17285: 17277: 17273: 17265: 17261: 17246: 17242: 17227: 17223: 17207: 17203: 17183: 17179: 17150: 17146: 17137: 17133: 17112: 17108: 17091: 17087: 17070: 17066: 17049: 17045: 17028: 17024: 17007: 17003: 16986: 16982: 16963: 16959: 16952: 16938: 16934: 16927: 16913: 16906: 16899: 16885: 16881: 16873: 16869: 16860: 16856: 16851:Wayback Machine 16837: 16833: 16816: 16812: 16804: 16787: 16779: 16775: 16767: 16763: 16755: 16751: 16746: 16742: 16732: 16730: 16717: 16716: 16712: 16702: 16700: 16687: 16686: 16682: 16672: 16670: 16655: 16648: 16638: 16636: 16632: 16601: 16595: 16591: 16583: 16579: 16573: 16565:Wayback Machine 16556: 16549: 16533: 16532: 16522: 16521: 16517: 16507: 16505: 16490: 16486: 16478: 16471: 16461: 16459: 16442:Tremlett, Giles 16439: 16435: 16425: 16423: 16408: 16404: 16396: 16392: 16384: 16380: 16372: 16368: 16360: 16356: 16348: 16344: 16336: 16332: 16324: 16320: 16312: 16308: 16300: 16296: 16288: 16284: 16276: 16272: 16264: 16260: 16252: 16245: 16237: 16233: 16225: 16221: 16213: 16209: 16201: 16197: 16189: 16185: 16177: 16170: 16162: 16158: 16150: 16146: 16138: 16134: 16126: 16122: 16114: 16107: 16099: 16095: 16087: 16083: 16075: 16071: 16063: 16059: 16051: 16047: 16039: 16035: 16027: 16023: 16015: 16011: 16003: 15999: 15994: 15990: 15982: 15978: 15970: 15966: 15958: 15954: 15946: 15942: 15934: 15930: 15922: 15918: 15909: 15905: 15897: 15890: 15879: 15875: 15868: 15854: 15850: 15845: 15841: 15833: 15829: 15821: 15814: 15806: 15802: 15794: 15790: 15782: 15778: 15770: 15766: 15758: 15754: 15746: 15742: 15737: 15733: 15725: 15721: 15713: 15709: 15701: 15697: 15689: 15685: 15674:"Potez 540/542" 15672: 15671: 15667: 15659: 15652: 15644: 15637: 15629: 15625: 15617: 15613: 15605: 15598: 15590: 15586: 15578: 15574: 15566: 15557: 15550: 15536: 15532: 15523: 15514: 15502:, London 1997, 15490:, Madrid 2014, 15478:, London 2013, 15461: 15457: 15449: 15445: 15436: 15432: 15422: 15420: 15407: 15406: 15402: 15394: 15390: 15384:Richardson 1982 15382: 15378: 15370: 15366: 15358: 15354: 15346: 15342: 15334: 15330: 15322: 15318: 15310: 15306: 15298: 15294: 15286: 15282: 15274: 15270: 15262: 15255: 15247: 15243: 15235: 15231: 15223: 15219: 15214:– via 豆瓣. 15209: 15207: 15200: 15184: 15180: 15170: 15168: 15159: 15158: 15154: 15149: 15145: 15137: 15133: 15125: 15116: 15110:Richardson 1982 15108: 15104: 15096: 15085: 15077: 15070: 15060: 15058: 15015: 15011: 15001: 14999: 14995: 14988: 14980: 14976: 14968: 14964: 14956: 14952: 14944: 14940: 14932: 14928: 14921: 14907: 14903: 14895: 14891: 14883: 14879: 14874:Wayback Machine 14860: 14856: 14848: 14841: 14833: 14829: 14818: 14814: 14806: 14802: 14794: 14790: 14782: 14775: 14770:Wayback Machine 14759: 14755: 14747: 14740: 14730: 14728: 14715: 14706: 14697: 14690: 14682: 14678: 14670: 14666: 14659: 14655: 14645: 14643: 14636: 14617: 14613: 14605: 14601: 14593: 14589: 14581: 14572: 14564: 14560: 14552: 14548: 14540: 14531: 14523: 14519: 14512: 14496: 14492: 14481: 14480: 14476: 14470:Wayback Machine 14460: 14456: 14446: 14444: 14431: 14430: 14426: 14418: 14409: 14400: 14396: 14391: 14387: 14344: 14337: 14330: 14308: 14304: 14296: 14289: 14281: 14277: 14269: 14265: 14257: 14253: 14245: 14241: 14231: 14229: 14216: 14215: 14211: 14206: 14202: 14187: 14163: 14159: 14154: 14150: 14142: 14138: 14134:, p. 9157. 14130: 14126: 14121: 14117: 14107:Wayback Machine 14097: 14093: 14085: 14081: 14073: 14069: 14059: 14057: 14056:on 4 April 2014 14053: 14046: 14040: 14036: 14028: 14024: 14016: 14012: 14004: 14000: 13992: 13981: 13977:, pp. 1–2. 13973: 13966: 13951: 13947: 13940: 13926: 13922: 13914: 13910: 13902: 13898: 13893: 13889: 13879: 13877: 13873: 13866: 13855: 13854: 13850: 13842: 13838: 13830: 13826: 13818: 13811: 13803: 13799: 13794: 13790: 13785: 13781: 13768: 13764: 13747: 13743: 13738: 13731: 13726: 13722: 13717: 13713: 13708: 13704: 13694: 13690: 13685: 13681: 13676: 13672: 13659: 13655: 13649: 13645: 13636: 13632: 13623: 13619: 13610: 13606: 13598: 13594: 13586: 13582: 13575: 13561: 13557: 13549: 13542: 13534: 13530: 13522: 13518: 13510: 13506: 13498: 13494: 13486: 13482: 13474: 13470: 13462: 13458: 13450: 13446: 13433: 13429: 13421: 13417: 13409: 13405: 13397: 13393: 13385: 13381: 13373: 13369: 13361: 13357: 13349: 13345: 13337: 13330: 13322: 13318: 13313: 13309: 13301: 13297: 13289: 13285: 13277: 13273: 13265: 13252: 13247: 13238: 13230: 13226: 13218: 13211: 13203: 13190: 13182: 13178: 13170: 13163: 13154: 13150: 13145: 13141: 13133: 13126: 13118: 13114: 13107: 13093: 13089: 13081: 13077: 13069: 13065: 13057: 13053: 13045: 13041: 13033: 13029: 13021: 13017: 13009: 13000: 12992: 12985: 12978: 12964: 12960: 12955: 12951: 12946: 12942: 12934: 12930: 12922: 12918: 12910: 12906: 12898: 12894: 12889: 12885: 12874: 12870: 12862: 12855: 12847: 12832: 12807: 12803: 12795: 12788: 12783: 12779: 12774: 12770: 12765: 12761: 12754: 12739: 12735: 12727: 12723: 12715: 12711: 12706: 12702: 12694: 12690: 12683: 12669: 12665: 12657: 12653: 12622: 12618: 12610: 12606: 12598: 12594: 12586: 12582: 12574: 12570: 12562: 12558: 12550: 12546: 12538: 12534: 12526: 12522: 12514: 12510: 12471: 12467: 12459: 12455: 12447: 12443: 12435: 12431: 12423: 12419: 12411: 12407: 12399: 12395: 12387: 12383: 12375: 12371: 12354: 12350: 12340: 12338: 12323: 12319: 12307: 12303: 12295: 12291: 12283: 12279: 12271: 12267: 12259: 12255: 12247: 12243: 12235: 12231: 12223: 12219: 12211: 12207: 12199: 12195: 12187: 12183: 12175: 12171: 12163: 12159: 12152: 12134: 12130: 12122: 12118: 12110: 12103: 12095: 12091: 12083: 12079: 12071: 12067: 12059: 12052: 12043: 12039: 12031: 12027: 12019: 12012: 12004: 12000: 11990: 11988: 11975: 11974: 11970: 11962: 11955: 11947: 11943: 11935: 11931: 11923: 11919: 11908: 11891: 11887: 11880: 11866: 11862: 11849: 11845: 11832: 11828: 11820: 11816: 11806:Wayback Machine 11796: 11789: 11783:Clodfelter 2017 11781: 11774: 11761: 11754: 11749: 11745: 11735: 11733: 11720: 11719: 11715: 11705: 11703: 11690: 11689: 11685: 11680: 11676: 11666: 11664: 11653: 11649: 11639: 11637: 11624: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11610: 11605: 11604: 11583: 11579: 11574: 11570: 11481: 11477: 11472: 11468: 11463: 11459: 11442: 11438: 11433: 11429: 11424: 11420: 11397: 11393: 11353: 11349: 11320: 11316: 11307: 11303: 11297: 11293: 11276: 11272: 11267: 11263: 11258: 11254: 11237: 11233: 11226: 11211: 11207: 11190: 11186: 11169: 11165: 11084: 11080: 11059: 11055: 11041: 11037: 11020: 11016: 11007: 11003: 10986: 10982: 10976: 10972: 10911: 10907: 10890: 10886: 10821: 10817: 10800: 10796: 10779: 10775: 10758: 10754: 10725: 10721: 10704: 10700: 10682: 10678: 10654:, London 2013, 10581: 10577: 10560: 10556: 10534: 10530: 10513: 10509: 10488: 10484: 10467: 10463: 10446: 10442: 10425: 10421: 10400: 10396: 10343: 10339: 10312: 10308: 10283: 10279: 10263: 10259: 10170: 10166: 10149: 10145: 10130: 10126: 10111: 10107: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10062: 10058: 10040: 10036: 10007: 10003: 9998: 9994: 9983: 9979: 9974: 9970: 9921: 9917: 9908: 9904: 9899: 9898: 9890: 9879: 9866: 9862: 9849: 9845: 9824: 9820: 9815: 9810: 9717:Francoist Spain 9665: 9653: 9641: 9631: 9629: 9619: 9617: 9607: 9605: 9595: 9593: 9583: 9581: 9573: 9571: 9511:prologue to WW2 9473:Harold Nicolson 9461:1917 and 1923" 9451:epilogue to WW1 9429:Julian Casanova 9358: 9342:First World War 9321: 9293: 9287: 9281: 9272: 9259: 9242: 9100:Lillian Hellman 9076: 8957: 8951: 8766: 8760: 8752:their civil war 8670:trade-unionists 8619: 8613: 8594: 8591: 8572:Gabriel Jackson 8538:Baltasar Garzón 8470:Victims of the 8448: 8308: 8236: 8196: 8147: 8141: 8097:Philippe Pétain 8089:Miranda de Ebro 8000:Julián Besteiro 7975: 7971: 7969: 7965: 7957: 7951: 7903: 7899: 7897: 7893: 7885: 7879: 7787:Biscay Campaign 7742: 7738: 7736: 7732: 7724: 7718: 7706:siege of Madrid 7687:and the German 7570:Ferrol, Galicia 7543: 7539: 7537: 7533: 7525: 7519: 7514: 7508: 7455: 7427: 7375: 7353:weaponry, like 7326: 7320: 7259:Mikhail Koltsov 7251:Vittorio Vidali 7199:had signed the 7178: 7162:Connolly Column 7120:siege of Madrid 7042:Georgi Dimitrov 7022: 7016: 7011: 6993:"Irish Brigade" 6974: 6846: 6840: 6730: 6722:Main articles: 6720: 6652: 6642: 6636: 6631: 6589: 6577:Main articles: 6575: 6547: 6459:Catholic Church 6397: 6396: 6395: 6394: 6386:(left) and the 6379: 6378: 6377: 6366: 6360: 6232: 6231: 6230: 6229: 6225: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6200: 6199: 6188: 6182: 6144:and Portuguese 6109: 5986: 5980: 5942: 5934: 5926: 5925: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5897: 5885: 5877: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5863: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5845: 5841: 5839: 5835: 5833: 5829: 5813: 5721:Spanish Morocco 5693:Casares Quiroga 5652:was removed as 5625: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5597:Prime Minister 5548: 5518:Spanish Morocco 5514:colonial troops 5441: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5399: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5388: 5357: 5302: 5296: 5294:Second Republic 5249: 5243: 5179:to the fore in 5161: 5155: 5107: 5099:Main articles: 5097: 5043:Trienio Liberal 5019: 5014: 5008: 5000:Mass executions 4989:southern France 4832:, with General 4815:dress rehearsal 4809:. According to 4763:traditionalists 4687: 4649: 4644: 4643: 4562: 4554: 4553: 4457: 4449: 4448: 4334:Trienio Liberal 4275: 4267: 4266: 4261: 4251: 4241: 4231: 4221: 4211: 4201: 4191: 4181: 4171: 4161: 4151: 4141: 4131: 4122: 4114: 4113: 3849:Flynn (Stephen) 3734: 3726: 3725: 3566: 3558: 3557: 3483: 3475: 3474: 3430: 3422: 3421: 3417:Social equality 3412:Social contract 3402:Self-governance 3357:Democratization 3332:Anti-corruption 3327:Anti-monarchism 3322: 3306:Politics series 3295: 3266: 3265: 3126: 1937–1945 3096: 1936–1939 3090: 1936–1939 3078: 1935–1936 3037: 1933–1936 3001: 1932–1934 2989: 1931–1942 2976: 2975: 2966: 2965: 2938: 1923–1932 2924: 1923–1925 2887: 2886: 2877: 2876: 2873: 1919–1920 2867: 1919–1920 2848: 2847: 2829: 2800: 2789: 2787: 2775: 2773: 2755: 2754: 2735:Law enforcement 2725: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2703: 2685: 2672: 2664: 2657: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2639:Basque conflict 2633: 2625: 2617: 2609: 2602: 2600:Francoist Spain 2592: 2591: 2586: 2578: 2570: 2562: 2554: 2546: 2544:Second Biennium 2538: 2530: 2523: 2521:Second Republic 2513: 2512: 2507: 2496: 2488: 2480: 2472: 2464: 2456: 2448: 2441: 2431: 2430: 2425: 2417: 2409: 2401: 2394: 2382: 2381: 2376: 2368: 2358: 2350: 2347:Década moderada 2340: 2332: 2324: 2317: 2307: 2306: 2301: 2293: 2290:Trienio Liberal 2283: 2274: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2250: 2242: 2240:Cortes of Cádiz 2234: 2226: 2219: 2209: 2208: 2203: 2195: 2187: 2179: 2171: 2163: 2155: 2147: 2139: 2132: 2122: 2121: 2116: 2108: 2098: 2090: 2088:Muslim conquest 2083: 2073: 2072: 2067: 2059: 2051: 2044: 2034: 2033: 2018: 2010: 2003: 1993: 1992: 1987: 1975: 1965: 1964: 1955: 1933: 1926: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1903:Final offensive 1580:Cape Machichaco 1310:List of battles 1293: 1288: 1286: 1284: 1245: 1233: 1214: 1192: 1191: 1175: 1174: 1162:58,000 soldiers 1153: 1140: 1139: 1123: 1122: 1094: 1082: 1070: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1039: 1029: 1027: 1020: 1002: 990: 980: 978: 971: 959: 949: 947: 940: 927: 926: 908: 906: 892: 884: 870: 862: 850: 848: 841: 835: 823: 816: 800: 798: 791: 781: 779: 772: 764: 754: 752: 745: 733: 723: 721: 714: 702: 684: 672: 660: 650: 648: 641: 631: 629: 622: 611: 609: 602: 601: 589: 587: 580: 567: 557: 555: 553: 543: 541: 533: 523: 521: 510: 508: 507: 497: 495: 481: 479: 468: 466: 465: 454: 452: 451: 438: 436: 423: 421: 419: 409: 407: 390: 388: 387: 376: 374: 373: 363: 361: 351: 349: 335: 333: 323: 321: 311: 309: 299: 297: 284: 282: 224: 223: 220: 179: 166: 144:Spanish Morocco 122:Members of the 117: 116: 115: 114: 113: 105: 104: 95: 94: 93: 85: 84: 75: 74: 73: 65: 64: 44:interwar period 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 26006: 25996: 25995: 25990: 25985: 25980: 25975: 25970: 25968:1930s in Spain 25965: 25960: 25955: 25950: 25933: 25932: 25930: 25923: 25916: 25902: 25899: 25898: 25894: 25889: 25884: 25879: 25874: 25869: 25867:Libertarianism 25864: 25859: 25857:Left communism 25854: 25849: 25844: 25839: 25834: 25829: 25824: 25819: 25814: 25809: 25804: 25799: 25794: 25793: 25792: 25790: 25788:Related topics 25784: 25783: 25779: 25774: 25769: 25764: 25759: 25757:United Kingdom 25754: 25749: 25744: 25739: 25734: 25729: 25724: 25719: 25714: 25709: 25704: 25699: 25694: 25689: 25684: 25679: 25674: 25669: 25664: 25659: 25654: 25649: 25644: 25639: 25634: 25629: 25624: 25619: 25614: 25609: 25604: 25599: 25594: 25589: 25584: 25579: 25574: 25569: 25564: 25559: 25554: 25549: 25544: 25539: 25534: 25529: 25524: 25519: 25514: 25509: 25504: 25499: 25494: 25489: 25484: 25479: 25474: 25472:Czech Republic 25469: 25464: 25459: 25454: 25449: 25444: 25439: 25434: 25429: 25424: 25419: 25414: 25409: 25404: 25399: 25394: 25389: 25384: 25379: 25374: 25369: 25364: 25359: 25354: 25353: 25352: 25350: 25344: 25343: 25339: 25334: 25329: 25324: 25319: 25314: 25309: 25304: 25303: 25302: 25300: 25294: 25293: 25289: 25284: 25279: 25274: 25269: 25264: 25259: 25254: 25249: 25244: 25239: 25234: 25229: 25224: 25219: 25214: 25209: 25204: 25199: 25194: 25189: 25184: 25179: 25174: 25169: 25164: 25159: 25154: 25149: 25144: 25139: 25134: 25129: 25127:González Prada 25124: 25119: 25114: 25109: 25104: 25099: 25094: 25089: 25084: 25079: 25074: 25069: 25064: 25059: 25054: 25049: 25044: 25039: 25034: 25029: 25028: 25027: 25025: 25019: 25018: 25014: 25009: 25004: 24999: 24994: 24989: 24984: 24979: 24974: 24969: 24964: 24959: 24954: 24949: 24944: 24942:Makhnovshchina 24939: 24934: 24929: 24924: 24919: 24914: 24907: 24902: 24897: 24892: 24887: 24882: 24877: 24872: 24867: 24862: 24857: 24855:Hague Congress 24852: 24847: 24842: 24837: 24832: 24831: 24830: 24828: 24822: 24821: 24817: 24812: 24807: 24802: 24797: 24790: 24785: 24778: 24773: 24768: 24763: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24716: 24711: 24704: 24703: 24702: 24700: 24694: 24693: 24689: 24688: 24683: 24678: 24673: 24668: 24663: 24658: 24656:Labour voucher 24653: 24651:Give-away shop 24648: 24643: 24641:General strike 24638: 24633: 24628: 24623: 24618: 24612: 24611: 24610: 24608: 24602: 24601: 24599: 24598: 24593: 24588: 24583: 24578: 24576:Affinity group 24572: 24570: 24566: 24565: 24562: 24561: 24559: 24558: 24553: 24548: 24546:Post-anarchist 24543: 24538: 24533: 24527: 24525: 24519: 24518: 24516: 24515: 24510: 24509: 24508: 24503: 24498: 24488: 24483: 24478: 24473: 24472: 24471: 24469:Social ecology 24466: 24456: 24450: 24448: 24446:Post-classical 24442: 24441: 24439: 24438: 24437: 24436: 24435: 24425: 24415: 24410: 24409: 24408: 24403: 24398: 24397: 24396: 24381: 24379: 24370: 24364: 24363: 24359: 24354: 24349: 24344: 24339: 24334: 24329: 24324: 24323: 24322: 24320: 24314: 24313: 24309: 24308: 24303: 24298: 24293: 24288: 24283: 24278: 24273: 24268: 24266:Social ecology 24263: 24261:Self-ownership 24258: 24253: 24248: 24243: 24238: 24233: 24228: 24223: 24218: 24213: 24208: 24203: 24198: 24193: 24191:Horizontalidad 24188: 24183: 24178: 24173: 24168: 24163: 24158: 24153: 24148: 24146:Class struggle 24143: 24138: 24133: 24128: 24126:Affinity group 24123: 24118: 24113: 24108: 24103: 24098: 24093: 24087: 24086: 24085: 24083: 24077: 24076: 24069: 24068: 24061: 24054: 24046: 24037: 24036: 24034: 24033: 24028: 24021: 24020: 24013: 24005: 24004: 24001: 24000: 23997: 23996: 23994: 23993: 23986: 23981: 23980:Cultural icons 23978: 23973: 23967: 23965: 23959: 23958: 23956: 23955: 23950: 23945: 23940: 23935: 23930: 23925: 23920: 23915: 23910: 23905: 23900: 23899: 23898: 23893: 23885: 23880: 23875: 23870: 23865: 23859: 23857: 23851: 23850: 23848: 23847: 23842: 23837: 23832: 23827: 23822: 23817: 23812: 23807: 23802: 23797: 23792: 23787: 23782: 23777: 23772: 23767: 23762: 23757: 23751: 23745: 23739: 23738: 23735: 23734: 23732: 23731: 23726: 23721: 23716: 23711: 23706: 23701: 23696: 23691: 23686: 23681: 23676: 23671: 23666: 23665: 23664: 23659: 23654: 23644: 23639: 23634: 23628: 23622: 23616: 23615: 23612: 23611: 23609: 23608: 23603: 23598: 23593: 23588: 23587: 23586: 23581: 23571: 23566: 23561: 23560: 23559: 23557:Prime Minister 23549: 23544: 23539: 23534: 23529: 23524: 23519: 23513: 23507: 23501: 23500: 23497: 23496: 23494: 23493: 23488: 23483: 23476: 23471: 23469:National parks 23466: 23464:Municipalities 23461: 23456: 23455: 23454: 23444: 23439: 23437:Extreme points 23434: 23429: 23422: 23417: 23412: 23407: 23397: 23391: 23385: 23379: 23378: 23375: 23374: 23372: 23371: 23366: 23361: 23356: 23351: 23346: 23344:Spanish Empire 23341: 23336: 23330: 23328: 23324: 23323: 23321: 23320: 23319: 23318: 23308: 23303: 23298: 23293: 23288: 23286:First Republic 23283: 23278: 23273: 23268: 23263: 23258: 23256:Medieval Spain 23253: 23251:Roman Hispania 23248: 23243: 23237: 23235: 23226: 23220: 23219: 23208: 23207: 23200: 23193: 23185: 23176: 23175: 23173: 23172: 23164: 23161: 23160: 23158: 23157: 23152: 23145: 23143:Katyń massacre 23140: 23135: 23129: 23127: 23123: 23122: 23120: 23119: 23114: 23106: 23101: 23096: 23091:Naval cruiser 23088: 23083: 23078: 23073: 23068: 23062: 23060: 23056: 23055: 23053: 23052: 23047: 23042: 23037: 23031: 23029: 23025: 23024: 23022: 23021: 23016: 23011: 23006: 23001: 23000: 22999: 22989: 22983: 22981: 22977: 22976: 22974: 22973: 22968: 22963: 22956: 22950: 22948: 22944: 22943: 22936: 22935: 22928: 22921: 22913: 22904: 22903: 22901: 22900: 22899: 22898: 22893: 22883: 22882: 22881: 22876: 22868: 22863: 22858: 22853: 22846: 22841: 22836: 22831: 22829:Army of Africa 22825: 22823: 22819: 22818: 22816: 22815: 22803: 22798: 22797: 22796: 22786: 22785: 22784: 22774: 22773: 22772: 22762: 22750: 22749: 22748: 22738: 22733: 22727: 22725: 22719: 22718: 22715: 22714: 22712: 22711: 22706: 22701: 22696: 22690: 22688: 22682: 22681: 22679: 22678: 22673: 22668: 22659: 22658: 22657: 22652: 22647: 22642: 22637: 22632: 22627: 22616: 22614: 22605: 22601: 22600: 22598: 22597: 22592: 22587: 22582: 22577: 22572: 22566: 22564: 22560: 22559: 22551: 22550: 22543: 22536: 22528: 22522: 22521: 22516: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22474: 22471: 22470: 22469: 22464: 22459: 22453: 22436: 22423: 22414: 22405: 22400: 22391: 22367: 22359: 22356: 22355: 22354: 22338: 22310: 22290: 22277: 22256: 22248: 22236: 22226: 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21145: 21102:(2): 171–191. 21084: 21079:978-0813154466 21078: 21061: 21047: 21035:Radosh, Ronald 21031: 21025: 21010: 20997:978-0006863731 20996: 20983: 20949: 20935: 20919: 20886: 20857: 20852:978-0299302146 20851: 20827: 20813: 20797: 20792:978-0299110741 20791: 20778: 20773:978-0299250249 20772: 20756: 20751:978-0300122824 20750: 20724: 20719:978-0300110654 20718: 20702: 20688: 20672: 20666: 20651: 20623: 20614: 20600: 20588:Orwell, George 20584: 20572: 20563: 20557: 20544: 20539:978-0521737807 20538: 20525: 20511: 20493:(2): 144–165. 20482: 20458: 20452: 20439: 20434:978-0714680569 20433: 20416: 20407: 20393: 20377: 20365: 20356: 20342: 20326: 20312: 20303:Arms for Spain 20297: 20271: 20266:978-0684803357 20265: 20250: 20238: 20225:978-0521540155 20224: 20211: 20206:978-0684102382 20205: 20192: 20186: 20174:Gallagher, Tom 20170: 20165:978-0192803771 20164: 20141: 20124:978-0521821780 20123: 20097: 20092:978-1877257711 20091: 20078: 20073:978-0415572453 20072: 20059: 20039: 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19085:978-8430958092 19068: 19062:978-0801446054 19061: 19043: 19031: 19029:, p. 194. 19019: 19017:, p. 336. 19007: 19000: 18982: 18977:Thomas, Hugh, 18970: 18958: 18952:978-0813148632 18951: 18933: 18914:(6): 965–988. 18894: 18875: 18853: 18834: 18815: 18795: 18775: 18763: 18751: 18749:, p. 255. 18739: 18730: 18728:, p. 253. 18718: 18716:, p. 151. 18706: 18694: 18679: 18664: 18662:, p. 173. 18652: 18640: 18638:, p. 194. 18628: 18611: 18609:, p. 161. 18599: 18587: 18557: 18543: 18513: 18501: 18489: 18487:, p. 176. 18472: 18460: 18448: 18444:Beevor, Antony 18436: 18427: 18410: 18393: 18387:978-0860120926 18386: 18366: 18357: 18345: 18343:, p. 649. 18333: 18324: 18307: 18278: 18249: 18235:978-8487840791 18234: 18216: 18204: 18192: 18190:, p. 233. 18180: 18178:, p. 900. 18168: 18148: 18133: 18124: 18112: 18110:, p. 156. 18100: 18088: 18081: 18061: 18059:, p. 205. 18049: 18037: 18022: 18013: 18001: 17999:, p. 302. 17989: 17977: 17965: 17952: 17940: 17928: 17926:, p. 172. 17916: 17904: 17902:, p. 110. 17892: 17880: 17868: 17856: 17847: 17835: 17833:, p. 377. 17823: 17821:, p. 121. 17811: 17796: 17794:, p. 202. 17784: 17780:Franco's Peace 17771: 17754: 17742: 17706: 17694: 17692:, p. 650. 17682: 17673: 17664: 17662:, p. 268. 17652: 17650:, p. 268. 17640: 17638:, p. 305. 17628: 17626:, p. 307. 17616: 17604: 17553: 17541: 17511: 17499: 17464: 17434: 17425: 17416: 17398: 17372: 17370:, p. 375. 17360: 17342: 17333: 17324: 17315: 17301: 17292: 17283: 17281:, p. 412. 17271: 17269:, p. 412. 17259: 17240: 17221: 17201: 17197:978-8477370727 17177: 17161:978-0857861252 17144: 17131: 17106: 17102:978-0525207504 17085: 17081:978-0810880092 17064: 17060:978-1590775264 17043: 17022: 17018:978-1597541657 17001: 16997:978-0936015620 16980: 16976:978-1250023162 16957: 16950: 16932: 16925: 16904: 16897: 16879: 16867: 16854: 16831: 16827:978-0521346986 16810: 16785: 16773: 16771:, p. 121. 16761: 16759:, p. 194. 16749: 16740: 16710: 16680: 16646: 16589: 16577: 16547: 16528:www.nuestro.cl 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15484:978-0810857841 15472:978-8311137615 15455: 15443: 15437:Vidal, César. 15430: 15400: 15388: 15376: 15364: 15362:, p. 121. 15352: 15350:, p. 944. 15340: 15328: 15326:, p. 163. 15316: 15314:, p. 134. 15304: 15292: 15290:, p. 152. 15280: 15268: 15253: 15251:, p. 156. 15241: 15239:, p. 125. 15229: 15227:, p. 215. 15217: 15199:978-9578660663 15198: 15178: 15167:on 4 June 2020 15152: 15143: 15131: 15129:, p. 637. 15114: 15102: 15100:, p. 117. 15083: 15081:, p. 115. 15068: 15009: 14974: 14972:, p. 195. 14962: 14960:, p. 225. 14950: 14948:, p. 635. 14938: 14936:, p. 102. 14926: 14920:978-1586488796 14919: 14901: 14897:Gallagher 2020 14889: 14877: 14854: 14852:, p. 116. 14839: 14827: 14812: 14810:, p. 117. 14800: 14788: 14773: 14753: 14738: 14704: 14688: 14684:Gallagher 2020 14676: 14664: 14653: 14635:978-0870232213 14634: 14611: 14607:Gallagher 2020 14599: 14587: 14583:Gallagher 2020 14570: 14558: 14556:, p. 937. 14546: 14544:, p. 634. 14529: 14527:, p. 127. 14517: 14511:978-1851099696 14510: 14490: 14474: 14454: 14424: 14407: 14401:Zara Steiner, 14394: 14385: 14352:War in History 14335: 14329:978-0415180788 14328: 14302: 14300:, p. 199. 14287: 14275: 14263: 14261:, p. 194. 14251: 14249:, p. 194. 14239: 14209: 14200: 14186:978-1139501583 14185: 14157: 14148: 14136: 14124: 14115: 14091: 14079: 14077:, p. 148. 14075:Coverdale 2002 14067: 14034: 14022: 14010: 14008:, p. 168. 13998: 13979: 13964: 13945: 13939:978-0805208627 13938: 13920: 13918:, p. 167. 13908: 13896: 13887: 13848: 13836: 13824: 13809: 13797: 13788: 13779: 13762: 13758:978-8430026944 13741: 13729: 13720: 13711: 13702: 13688: 13679: 13670: 13653: 13643: 13630: 13617: 13604: 13592: 13580: 13574:978-8484329756 13573: 13555: 13540: 13528: 13516: 13504: 13492: 13480: 13468: 13456: 13444: 13427: 13415: 13403: 13391: 13379: 13367: 13355: 13343: 13341:, p. 102. 13328: 13316: 13307: 13295: 13283: 13271: 13250: 13236: 13234:, p. 115. 13224: 13209: 13188: 13176: 13161: 13148: 13139: 13124: 13112: 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11787: 11785:, p. 339. 11772: 11762:Thomas, Hugh. 11752: 11743: 11713: 11683: 11674: 11647: 11616: 11614: 11611: 11609: 11606: 11603: 11602: 11577: 11568: 11565:978-8432318658 11553:978-0745639925 11516:978-0789496591 11504:978-0873430463 11492:978-0415230452 11475: 11466: 11457: 11453:978-8492820122 11436: 11427: 11418: 11391: 11388:978-8430606306 11376:978-8474238655 11364:978-8430604357 11347: 11343:978-8470903199 11314: 11301: 11291: 11287:978-8492888061 11270: 11261: 11252: 11248:978-8466650359 11231: 11225:978-8499231464 11224: 11205: 11201:978-0307491404 11184: 11180:978-8490603741 11163: 11159:978-5852703439 11147:978-1593392925 11135:978-8477371595 11119:978-0299249632 11107:978-1134811137 11095:978-0729302869 11078: 11074:978-1626181991 11053: 11035: 11031:978-3865274182 11014: 11001: 10997:978-0521174701 10980: 10970: 10966:978-1315428680 10954:978-0521899345 10942:978-8496467125 10922:978-8478809837 10905: 10901:978-0826265159 10884: 10844:978-1133606765 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9817: 9816: 9814: 9811: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9651: 9639: 9627: 9615: 9603: 9591: 9570: 9567: 9564: 9563: 9560: 9557: 9554: 9550: 9549: 9546: 9543: 9540: 9536: 9535: 9532: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9521: 9518: 9515: 9512: 9508: 9507: 9504: 9501: 9498: 9494: 9493: 9490: 9487: 9484: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9470: 9467: 9463: 9462: 9458: 9455: 9452: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9441: 9438: 9434: 9433: 9430: 9427: 9424: 9420: 9419: 9416: 9413: 9410: 9406: 9405: 9402: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9377: 9374: 9371: 9368: 9357: 9354: 9320: 9317: 9283:Main article: 9280: 9277: 9271: 9268: 9258: 9255: 9241: 9238: 9075: 9072: 9025:camisas nuevas 8953:Main article: 8950: 8947: 8861:anti-Stalinist 8759: 8756: 8666:non-combatants 8612: 8609: 8589: 8447: 8444: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8405: 8404: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8385: 8381: 8380: 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6359: 6356: 6345:Norman Bethune 6327:mixed brigades 6212: 6211: 6202: 6201: 6193: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6189: 6184:Main article: 6181: 6178: 6157:battle of Irún 6140:(CTV), German 6108: 6105: 6052:in the north. 6050:Basque Country 5979: 5976: 5939: 5938: 5889: 5858: 5852: 5846: 5840: 5834: 5828: 5823: 5812: 5809: 5701:Prime Minister 5662:Army of Africa 5646:Canary Islands 5621:Main article: 5618: 5615: 5610:Main article: 5607: 5604: 5547: 5544: 5484:black biennium 5440: 5437: 5426:secularisation 5401: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5382: 5381: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5365:eight-hour day 5356: 5353: 5298:Main article: 5295: 5292: 5269:rule by decree 5245:Main article: 5242: 5239: 5157:Main article: 5154: 5151: 5131:House of Savoy 5096: 5093: 5018: 5015: 5010:Main article: 5007: 5004: 4801:, and between 4779:class struggle 4767:military junta 4689: 4688: 4686: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4660: 4659: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4619: 4614: 4609: 4604: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4587:Egalitarianism 4584: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4563: 4561:Related topics 4560: 4559: 4556: 4555: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4532:United Kingdom 4529: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4447: 4446: 4441: 4436: 4431: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4314:Dutch Republic 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4282: 4280:Roman Republic 4276: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4268: 4265: 4264: 4254: 4244: 4234: 4224: 4214: 4204: 4194: 4184: 4174: 4164: 4154: 4144: 4134: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3735: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3723: 3721:Wollstonecraft 3718: 3713: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3608: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3472: 3467: 3462: 3457: 3452: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3428: 3427: 3424: 3423: 3420: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3329: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3271: 3268: 3267: 3264: 3263: 3262:Sep. 1939 3257: 3256:Aug. 1939 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3232:Apr. 1939 3227: 3226:Mar. 1939 3221: 3215: 3209: 3208:Mar. 1939 3203: 3202:Mar. 1939 3197: 3196:Mar. 1939 3191: 3190:Mar. 1939 3185: 3184:Nov. 1938 3179: 3178:Sep. 1938 3173: 3172:Sep. 1938 3167: 3166:Aug. 1938 3164:Bled Agreement 3161: 3155: 3149: 3148:Mar. 1938 3143: 3142:Mar. 1938 3137: 3127: 3121: 3118:Xi'an Incident 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3011:Battle of Rehe 3008: 3002: 2996: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2973: 2972: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2964: 2963: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2925: 2919: 2916:Corfu incident 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2888: 2884: 2883: 2882: 2879: 2878: 2875: 2874: 2868: 2862: 2856: 2849: 2845: 2844: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2831: 2830: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2805: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2798: 2784: 2769: 2766: 2765: 2757: 2756: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2726: 2723: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2715: 2714: 2712:(2020–present) 2706: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2680: 2675: 2667: 2658: 2653: 2652: 2649: 2648: 2645: 2644: 2636: 2628: 2620: 2612: 2607:Spanish Maquis 2603: 2598: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2581: 2573: 2565: 2557: 2549: 2541: 2536:First Biennium 2533: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2511: 2510: 2499: 2491: 2483: 2475: 2467: 2459: 2451: 2442: 2437: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2423:First Republic 2420: 2412: 2404: 2395: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2371: 2361: 2353: 2343: 2335: 2327: 2318: 2313: 2312: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2299:Ominous Decade 2296: 2286: 2275: 2270: 2269: 2266: 2265: 2262: 2261: 2253: 2245: 2237: 2229: 2220: 2217:Peninsular War 2215: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2207: 2206: 2198: 2190: 2182: 2174: 2166: 2158: 2150: 2142: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2119: 2111: 2101: 2093: 2084: 2079: 2078: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2070: 2062: 2054: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2035: 2032: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2013: 2008:Roman Conquest 2004: 2001:Roman Hispania 1999: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1991: 1990: 1982: 1976: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1947: 1946: 1938: 1937: 1928: 1927: 1920: 1910: 1909: 1907: 1906: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1866: 1865: 1859: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1841: 1836: 1829: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1792: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1762: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1739: 1738: 1732: 1731: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1712:Cape Cherchell 1709: 1704: 1697: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1663: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1635: 1630: 1629: 1628: 1623: 1618: 1606: 1604:Cantabrian Sea 1594: 1589: 1582: 1577: 1570: 1569: 1568: 1558: 1552: 1551: 1545: 1544: 1539: 1538: 1537: 1523: 1516: 1511: 1506: 1505: 1504: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1456: 1455: 1443: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1423: 1418: 1413: 1408: 1403: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1379: 1373: 1372: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1338: 1333: 1325: 1324: 1314: 1313: 1306: 1298: 1295: 1294: 1283: 1282: 1275: 1268: 1260: 1252: 1251: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1234: 1229: 1228: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1216: 1215: 1213: 1212: 1206: 1200: 1196:70,000–75,000 1193: 1190: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1179: 1177:1938 strength: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1166: 1163: 1159: 1157:1936 strength: 1154: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1145: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1125:1938 strength: 1121: 1120: 1119:13,000 sailors 1117: 1114: 1111: 1107: 1105:1936 strength: 1101: 1100: 1096: 1095: 1093: 1092: 1080: 1078:Ettore Bastico 1068: 1056: 1037: 1035:Manuel Hedilla 1018: 1000: 988: 969: 957: 938: 924: 904: 890: 868: 838: 836: 834: 833: 814: 806:Lluís Companys 789: 787:Joaquín Ascaso 770: 743: 731: 712: 700: 682: 670: 658: 639: 620: 599: 577: 574: 573: 569: 568: 539: 538: 531: 529:Army of Africa 519: 505: 493: 477: 474:FE de las JONS 463: 433: 405: 404: 399: 385: 371: 359: 347: 331: 319: 307: 278: 277: 273: 272: 269: 268: 267: 266: 263:Spanish Maquis 260: 254: 244: 230: 226: 225: 222: 221: 219: 218: 213: 208: 206:Western Sahara 203: 198: 192: 189: 188: 186: 182: 181: 176: 168: 167: 165: 164: 158: 152: 146: 140: 130: 119: 107: 106: 98: 97: 96: 87: 86: 78: 77: 76: 67: 66: 58: 57: 56: 55: 54: 51: 50: 39: 38: 32: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 26005: 25994: 25991: 25989: 25986: 25984: 25981: 25979: 25976: 25974: 25971: 25969: 25966: 25964: 25961: 25959: 25956: 25954: 25951: 25949: 25946: 25945: 25943: 25929: 25928: 25924: 25922: 25921: 25917: 25915: 25914: 25903: 25900: 25893: 25890: 25888: 25885: 25883: 25880: 25878: 25875: 25873: 25870: 25868: 25865: 25863: 25860: 25858: 25855: 25853: 25850: 25848: 25845: 25843: 25840: 25838: 25835: 25833: 25830: 25828: 25825: 25823: 25820: 25818: 25815: 25813: 25810: 25808: 25805: 25803: 25800: 25798: 25795: 25791: 25789: 25785: 25778: 25775: 25773: 25770: 25768: 25765: 25763: 25762:United States 25760: 25758: 25755: 25753: 25750: 25748: 25745: 25743: 25740: 25738: 25735: 25733: 25730: 25728: 25725: 25723: 25720: 25718: 25715: 25713: 25710: 25708: 25705: 25703: 25700: 25698: 25695: 25693: 25690: 25688: 25685: 25683: 25680: 25678: 25675: 25673: 25670: 25668: 25665: 25663: 25660: 25658: 25655: 25653: 25650: 25648: 25645: 25643: 25640: 25638: 25635: 25633: 25630: 25628: 25625: 25623: 25620: 25618: 25615: 25613: 25610: 25608: 25605: 25603: 25600: 25598: 25595: 25593: 25590: 25588: 25585: 25583: 25580: 25578: 25575: 25573: 25570: 25568: 25565: 25563: 25560: 25558: 25555: 25553: 25550: 25548: 25545: 25543: 25540: 25538: 25535: 25533: 25530: 25528: 25525: 25523: 25522:French Guiana 25520: 25518: 25515: 25513: 25510: 25508: 25505: 25503: 25500: 25498: 25495: 25493: 25490: 25488: 25485: 25483: 25480: 25478: 25475: 25473: 25470: 25468: 25465: 25463: 25460: 25458: 25455: 25453: 25450: 25448: 25445: 25443: 25440: 25438: 25435: 25433: 25430: 25428: 25425: 25423: 25420: 25418: 25415: 25413: 25410: 25408: 25405: 25403: 25400: 25398: 25395: 25393: 25390: 25388: 25385: 25383: 25380: 25378: 25375: 25373: 25370: 25368: 25365: 25363: 25360: 25358: 25355: 25351: 25349: 25345: 25338: 25335: 25333: 25330: 25328: 25325: 25323: 25320: 25318: 25315: 25313: 25310: 25308: 25305: 25301: 25299: 25295: 25288: 25285: 25283: 25280: 25278: 25275: 25273: 25270: 25268: 25265: 25263: 25260: 25258: 25255: 25253: 25250: 25248: 25245: 25243: 25240: 25238: 25235: 25233: 25230: 25228: 25225: 25223: 25220: 25218: 25215: 25213: 25210: 25208: 25205: 25203: 25200: 25198: 25195: 25193: 25190: 25188: 25185: 25183: 25180: 25178: 25175: 25173: 25170: 25168: 25165: 25163: 25160: 25158: 25155: 25153: 25150: 25148: 25145: 25143: 25140: 25138: 25135: 25133: 25130: 25128: 25125: 25123: 25120: 25118: 25115: 25113: 25110: 25108: 25105: 25103: 25100: 25098: 25095: 25093: 25090: 25088: 25085: 25083: 25080: 25078: 25075: 25073: 25070: 25068: 25065: 25063: 25060: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25048: 25045: 25043: 25040: 25038: 25035: 25033: 25030: 25026: 25024: 25020: 25013: 25010: 25008: 25005: 25003: 25000: 24998: 24995: 24993: 24990: 24988: 24985: 24983: 24980: 24978: 24975: 24973: 24970: 24968: 24965: 24963: 24960: 24958: 24955: 24953: 24950: 24948: 24945: 24943: 24940: 24938: 24935: 24933: 24932:Biennio Rosso 24930: 24928: 24925: 24923: 24920: 24918: 24915: 24913: 24912: 24908: 24906: 24903: 24901: 24898: 24896: 24893: 24891: 24888: 24886: 24883: 24881: 24878: 24876: 24873: 24871: 24868: 24866: 24863: 24861: 24858: 24856: 24853: 24851: 24850:Paris Commune 24848: 24846: 24843: 24841: 24838: 24836: 24833: 24829: 24827: 24823: 24816: 24813: 24811: 24808: 24806: 24803: 24801: 24798: 24795: 24791: 24789: 24786: 24783: 24779: 24777: 24774: 24772: 24769: 24767: 24764: 24762: 24761: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24709: 24705: 24701: 24699: 24695: 24687: 24684: 24682: 24679: 24677: 24674: 24672: 24671:Mutual credit 24669: 24667: 24664: 24662: 24659: 24657: 24654: 24652: 24649: 24647: 24644: 24642: 24639: 24637: 24634: 24632: 24629: 24627: 24624: 24622: 24619: 24617: 24616:Communization 24614: 24613: 24609: 24607: 24603: 24597: 24594: 24592: 24589: 24587: 24584: 24582: 24579: 24577: 24574: 24573: 24571: 24567: 24557: 24554: 24552: 24549: 24547: 24544: 24542: 24539: 24537: 24534: 24532: 24529: 24528: 24526: 24524: 24520: 24514: 24511: 24507: 24504: 24502: 24499: 24497: 24494: 24493: 24492: 24489: 24487: 24484: 24482: 24479: 24477: 24474: 24470: 24467: 24465: 24462: 24461: 24460: 24457: 24455: 24452: 24451: 24449: 24447: 24443: 24434: 24431: 24430: 24429: 24426: 24424: 24421: 24420: 24419: 24416: 24414: 24411: 24407: 24406:Philosophical 24404: 24402: 24399: 24395: 24392: 24391: 24390: 24387: 24386: 24385: 24384:Individualist 24382: 24380: 24378: 24374: 24371: 24369: 24365: 24358: 24355: 24353: 24350: 24348: 24345: 24343: 24340: 24338: 24335: 24333: 24330: 24328: 24327:Animal rights 24325: 24321: 24319: 24315: 24307: 24304: 24302: 24299: 24297: 24294: 24292: 24289: 24287: 24284: 24282: 24279: 24277: 24274: 24272: 24269: 24267: 24264: 24262: 24259: 24257: 24254: 24252: 24249: 24247: 24244: 24242: 24239: 24237: 24234: 24232: 24229: 24227: 24224: 24222: 24219: 24217: 24214: 24212: 24209: 24207: 24204: 24202: 24199: 24197: 24196:Individualism 24194: 24192: 24189: 24187: 24184: 24182: 24179: 24177: 24176:Direct action 24174: 24172: 24169: 24167: 24164: 24162: 24159: 24157: 24154: 24152: 24149: 24147: 24144: 24142: 24139: 24137: 24134: 24132: 24129: 24127: 24124: 24122: 24119: 24117: 24114: 24112: 24109: 24107: 24104: 24102: 24099: 24097: 24094: 24092: 24089: 24088: 24084: 24082: 24078: 24074: 24067: 24062: 24060: 24055: 24053: 24048: 24047: 24044: 24032: 24029: 24027: 24024: 24023: 24018: 24014: 24011: 24007: 24006: 24002: 23992: 23991: 23987: 23985: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23974: 23972: 23969: 23968: 23966: 23964: 23960: 23954: 23951: 23949: 23946: 23944: 23941: 23939: 23936: 23934: 23931: 23929: 23926: 23924: 23921: 23919: 23916: 23914: 23911: 23909: 23906: 23904: 23901: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23889: 23888: 23886: 23884: 23881: 23879: 23876: 23874: 23871: 23869: 23866: 23864: 23861: 23860: 23858: 23856: 23852: 23846: 23843: 23841: 23838: 23836: 23833: 23831: 23828: 23826: 23823: 23821: 23818: 23816: 23813: 23811: 23808: 23806: 23803: 23801: 23798: 23796: 23793: 23791: 23788: 23786: 23783: 23781: 23778: 23776: 23773: 23771: 23768: 23766: 23763: 23761: 23758: 23756: 23753: 23752: 23749: 23746: 23744: 23740: 23730: 23727: 23725: 23722: 23720: 23717: 23715: 23712: 23710: 23707: 23705: 23702: 23700: 23697: 23695: 23692: 23690: 23687: 23685: 23682: 23680: 23677: 23675: 23672: 23670: 23667: 23663: 23662:median income 23660: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23650: 23649: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23638: 23635: 23633: 23630: 23629: 23626: 23623: 23621: 23617: 23607: 23604: 23602: 23599: 23597: 23594: 23592: 23589: 23585: 23582: 23580: 23577: 23576: 23575: 23572: 23570: 23567: 23565: 23562: 23558: 23555: 23554: 23553: 23550: 23548: 23545: 23543: 23540: 23538: 23535: 23533: 23532:Head of State 23530: 23528: 23525: 23523: 23520: 23518: 23515: 23514: 23511: 23508: 23506: 23502: 23492: 23489: 23487: 23484: 23482: 23481: 23477: 23475: 23472: 23470: 23467: 23465: 23462: 23460: 23457: 23453: 23450: 23449: 23448: 23445: 23443: 23440: 23438: 23435: 23433: 23430: 23428: 23427: 23423: 23421: 23418: 23416: 23413: 23411: 23408: 23405: 23401: 23398: 23396: 23393: 23392: 23389: 23386: 23384: 23380: 23370: 23367: 23365: 23362: 23360: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23350: 23347: 23345: 23342: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23332: 23331: 23329: 23325: 23317: 23314: 23313: 23312: 23309: 23307: 23304: 23302: 23299: 23297: 23294: 23292: 23289: 23287: 23284: 23282: 23279: 23277: 23276:Enlightenment 23274: 23272: 23269: 23267: 23264: 23262: 23259: 23257: 23254: 23252: 23249: 23247: 23244: 23242: 23239: 23238: 23236: 23234: 23230: 23227: 23225: 23221: 23217: 23213: 23206: 23201: 23199: 23194: 23192: 23187: 23186: 23183: 23171: 23170: 23166: 23165: 23162: 23156: 23153: 23151: 23150: 23146: 23144: 23141: 23139: 23138:Eastern Front 23136: 23134: 23131: 23130: 23128: 23124: 23118: 23115: 23113: 23111: 23107: 23105: 23102: 23100: 23097: 23095: 23094: 23089: 23087: 23084: 23082: 23079: 23077: 23074: 23072: 23069: 23067: 23064: 23063: 23061: 23057: 23051: 23048: 23046: 23043: 23041: 23038: 23036: 23033: 23032: 23030: 23026: 23020: 23017: 23015: 23012: 23010: 23007: 23005: 23002: 22998: 22995: 22994: 22993: 22990: 22988: 22985: 22984: 22982: 22978: 22972: 22969: 22967: 22964: 22961: 22957: 22955: 22952: 22951: 22949: 22945: 22941: 22934: 22929: 22927: 22922: 22920: 22915: 22914: 22911: 22897: 22894: 22892: 22889: 22888: 22887: 22884: 22880: 22877: 22875: 22872: 22871: 22869: 22867: 22864: 22862: 22859: 22857: 22854: 22852: 22851: 22847: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22835: 22832: 22830: 22827: 22826: 22824: 22820: 22812: 22807: 22804: 22802: 22799: 22795: 22792: 22791: 22790: 22787: 22783: 22780: 22779: 22778: 22775: 22771: 22770:Condor Legion 22768: 22767: 22766: 22763: 22759: 22754: 22751: 22747: 22744: 22743: 22742: 22739: 22737: 22734: 22732: 22729: 22728: 22726: 22724: 22720: 22710: 22707: 22705: 22702: 22700: 22697: 22695: 22692: 22691: 22689: 22687: 22683: 22677: 22674: 22672: 22669: 22667: 22663: 22660: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22626: 22623: 22622: 22621: 22620:Popular Front 22618: 22617: 22615: 22613: 22609: 22606: 22602: 22596: 22593: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22567: 22565: 22561: 22556: 22549: 22544: 22542: 22537: 22535: 22530: 22529: 22526: 22520: 22517: 22514: 22513: 22509: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22491: 22487: 22483: 22480: 22477: 22476: 22468: 22465: 22463: 22460: 22457: 22454: 22451: 22447: 22443: 22440: 22437: 22435: 22431: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22421:The Volunteer 22418: 22415: 22413: 22409: 22406: 22404: 22401: 22399: 22395: 22392: 22389: 22385: 22381: 22380: 22375: 22371: 22368: 22365: 22362: 22361: 22352: 22351: 22346: 22342: 22339: 22327: 22323: 22319: 22315: 22311: 22299: 22295: 22291: 22286: 22282: 22278: 22274: 22270: 22266: 22262: 22257: 22253: 22249: 22245: 22241: 22237: 22232: 22227: 22223: 22218: 22214: 22209: 22204: 22199: 22194: 22190: 22189: 22183: 22181: 22177: 22173: 22170: 22167: 22164: 22162: 22158: 22155: 22154: 22146: 22142: 22139: 22138: 22130: 22126: 22123: 22121: 22120:Christy Moore 22117: 22114: 22112: 22108: 22107:Spanish Bombs 22105: 22103: 22099: 22096: 22093: 22091: 22087: 22084: 22081: 22078: 22074: 22073:Woody Guthrie 22070: 22067: 22066: 22058: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22045: 22042: 22039: 22035: 22032: 22030: 22026: 22023: 22021: 22018: 22016: 22015:Magnum Photos 22012: 22008: 22005: 22003: 22002:Pablo Picasso 21999: 21996: 21995: 21986: 21982: 21978: 21975: 21972: 21969: 21968: 21949: 21945: 21942: 21939: 21936: 21933: 21929: 21926: 21923: 21919: 21916: 21915: 21904: 21899: 21894: 21890: 21886: 21880: 21876: 21872: 21867: 21863: 21857: 21853: 21849: 21844: 21840: 21836: 21832: 21828: 21824: 21820: 21814: 21810: 21805: 21803: 21799: 21795: 21791: 21785: 21781: 21776: 21774: 21770: 21766: 21762: 21758: 21752: 21748: 21743: 21741: 21737: 21734: 21730: 21726: 21722: 21718: 21714: 21708: 21704: 21699: 21695: 21691: 21687: 21681: 21677: 21672: 21668: 21663: 21659: 21655: 21651: 21645: 21641: 21640: 21634: 21630: 21624: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21604: 21600: 21595: 21590: 21586: 21582: 21578: 21574: 21570: 21565: 21561: 21557: 21553: 21547: 21543: 21542: 21536: 21532: 21527: 21523: 21519: 21515: 21509: 21505: 21500: 21497: 21493: 21490: 21486: 21482: 21476: 21472: 21467: 21463: 21459: 21455: 21450: 21446: 21440: 21436: 21432: 21428: 21427: 21415: 21410: 21406: 21401: 21397: 21391: 21386: 21385: 21379: 21375: 21371: 21367: 21363: 21361:0-14-101161-0 21357: 21353: 21349: 21345: 21341: 21337: 21333: 21327: 21323: 21318: 21314: 21309: 21297: 21293: 21292: 21286: 21282: 21276: 21272: 21267: 21263: 21257: 21253: 21252: 21246: 21242: 21236: 21232: 21227: 21223: 21219: 21214: 21210: 21206: 21202: 21198: 21194: 21190: 21185: 21173: 21169: 21168: 21162: 21158: 21154: 21150: 21149:Rust, William 21146: 21131: 21127: 21123: 21118: 21113: 21109: 21105: 21101: 21097: 21090: 21085: 21081: 21075: 21071: 21067: 21062: 21058: 21054: 21050: 21044: 21040: 21036: 21032: 21028: 21022: 21018: 21017: 21011: 21007: 21003: 20999: 20993: 20989: 20984: 20972: 20968: 20964: 20963: 20962:History Today 20958: 20954: 20953:Preston, Paul 20950: 20946: 20942: 20938: 20932: 20928: 20924: 20923:Preston, Paul 20920: 20908: 20904: 20900: 20896: 20892: 20887: 20883: 20879: 20875: 20871: 20867: 20863: 20858: 20854: 20848: 20844: 20840: 20836: 20832: 20828: 20824: 20820: 20816: 20814:9780521174701 20810: 20806: 20802: 20798: 20794: 20788: 20784: 20779: 20775: 20769: 20765: 20761: 20757: 20753: 20747: 20743: 20739: 20735: 20734: 20729: 20725: 20721: 20715: 20711: 20707: 20703: 20699: 20695: 20691: 20685: 20681: 20677: 20673: 20669: 20663: 20659: 20658: 20652: 20640: 20636: 20632: 20628: 20624: 20620: 20615: 20611: 20607: 20603: 20597: 20593: 20589: 20585: 20581: 20577: 20573: 20569: 20564: 20560: 20554: 20550: 20545: 20541: 20535: 20531: 20526: 20522: 20521: 20516: 20512: 20508: 20504: 20500: 20496: 20492: 20488: 20483: 20471: 20467: 20463: 20462:Majfud, Jorge 20459: 20455: 20453:9780190675172 20449: 20445: 20440: 20436: 20430: 20425: 20424: 20417: 20413: 20408: 20404: 20400: 20396: 20390: 20386: 20382: 20378: 20374: 20370: 20366: 20362: 20357: 20353: 20349: 20345: 20339: 20335: 20331: 20327: 20323: 20319: 20315: 20309: 20305: 20304: 20298: 20286: 20282: 20281: 20276: 20275:Hoare, Samuel 20272: 20268: 20262: 20258: 20257: 20251: 20247: 20243: 20239: 20235: 20231: 20227: 20221: 20217: 20212: 20208: 20202: 20198: 20193: 20189: 20183: 20179: 20175: 20171: 20167: 20161: 20157: 20153: 20149: 20148: 20142: 20130: 20126: 20120: 20116: 20112: 20108: 20107: 20102: 20101:Ealham, Chris 20098: 20094: 20088: 20084: 20079: 20075: 20069: 20065: 20060: 20056: 20052: 20048: 20044: 20043:Cox, Geoffrey 20040: 20036: 20030: 20026: 20025: 20019: 20015: 20009: 20005: 20000: 19996: 19990: 19986: 19981: 19977: 19973: 19969: 19964: 19960: 19956: 19952: 19950:9780511787027 19946: 19942: 19937: 19933: 19927: 19923: 19918: 19914: 19910: 19906: 19900: 19896: 19892: 19888: 19876: 19872: 19868: 19864: 19863: 19857: 19853: 19847: 19843: 19842: 19836: 19832: 19828: 19824: 19820: 19814: 19810: 19806: 19802: 19790: 19786: 19780: 19776: 19775: 19769: 19765: 19759: 19756:. Macmillan. 19755: 19754: 19748: 19744: 19738: 19734: 19730: 19726: 19722: 19718: 19714: 19708: 19704: 19699: 19695: 19691: 19687: 19683: 19678: 19674: 19668: 19664: 19659: 19655: 19651: 19647: 19641: 19637: 19632: 19631: 19619: 19615: 19614: 19610: 19607: 19600: 19593: 19589: 19585: 19579: 19572: 19568: 19564: 19558: 19551: 19550: 19546: 19543: 19537: 19530: 19526: 19522: 19516: 19509: 19504: 19497: 19493: 19489: 19483: 19476: 19472: 19469:, s.l. 2016, 19468: 19462: 19455: 19451: 19447: 19441: 19425: 19421: 19417: 19410: 19404:, London 1951 19403: 19397: 19390: 19384: 19378:, p. 12. 19377: 19376:Balcells 2017 19372: 19365: 19364:Nicolson 1966 19360: 19353: 19352:Halperin 2004 19348: 19341: 19336: 19320: 19316: 19312: 19306: 19299: 19295: 19291: 19285: 19278: 19277:History Today 19274: 19268: 19261: 19257: 19253: 19247: 19240: 19236: 19232: 19226: 19219: 19218:Casanova 2010 19214: 19207: 19203: 19199: 19195: 19189: 19182: 19178: 19174: 19168: 19162:, London 1937 19161: 19155: 19149:, London 1937 19148: 19142: 19136: 19132: 19131: 19127: 19124: 19118: 19109: 19102: 19098: 19092: 19086: 19082: 19078: 19072: 19064: 19058: 19054: 19047: 19040: 19035: 19028: 19023: 19016: 19011: 19003: 18997: 18993: 18986: 18980: 18974: 18967: 18962: 18954: 18948: 18944: 18937: 18929: 18925: 18921: 18917: 18913: 18909: 18905: 18898: 18891: 18887: 18884: 18879: 18872: 18868: 18865: 18860: 18858: 18850: 18846: 18843: 18838: 18831: 18827: 18824: 18823:Pablo Picasso 18819: 18813: 18809: 18805: 18799: 18793: 18789: 18785: 18779: 18772: 18767: 18760: 18755: 18748: 18743: 18734: 18727: 18722: 18715: 18710: 18704:, p. 40. 18703: 18698: 18691: 18686: 18684: 18677:, p. 87. 18676: 18671: 18669: 18661: 18656: 18649: 18644: 18637: 18632: 18625: 18620: 18618: 18616: 18608: 18603: 18596: 18591: 18575: 18571: 18567: 18561: 18553: 18547: 18531: 18527: 18523: 18517: 18511:, p. 27. 18510: 18505: 18498: 18493: 18486: 18481: 18479: 18477: 18470:, p. 83. 18469: 18464: 18457: 18452: 18445: 18440: 18431: 18425:, p. 85. 18424: 18419: 18417: 18415: 18408:, p. 84. 18407: 18402: 18400: 18398: 18389: 18383: 18379: 18378: 18370: 18361: 18355:, p. 22. 18354: 18349: 18342: 18337: 18328: 18322:, p. 82. 18321: 18316: 18314: 18312: 18295: 18291: 18290: 18282: 18266: 18262: 18261: 18253: 18245: 18241: 18237: 18231: 18227: 18220: 18213: 18208: 18201: 18196: 18189: 18184: 18177: 18172: 18166: 18162: 18158: 18152: 18146:, p. 81. 18145: 18140: 18138: 18128: 18121: 18116: 18109: 18104: 18098:, p. 31. 18097: 18096:Westwell 2004 18092: 18084: 18078: 18074: 18073: 18065: 18058: 18053: 18046: 18041: 18034: 18029: 18027: 18017: 18011:, p. 32. 18010: 18005: 17998: 17993: 17986: 17981: 17975:, p. 93. 17974: 17969: 17962: 17956: 17950:, p. 91. 17949: 17944: 17937: 17932: 17925: 17920: 17913: 17912:Balcells 2010 17908: 17901: 17896: 17889: 17884: 17877: 17872: 17865: 17860: 17851: 17844: 17839: 17832: 17827: 17820: 17815: 17809:, p. 89. 17808: 17803: 17801: 17793: 17788: 17781: 17778:Juliuz Ruiz, 17775: 17768: 17763: 17761: 17759: 17752:, p. 94. 17751: 17746: 17727: 17720: 17716: 17715:Preston, Paul 17710: 17704:, p. 98. 17703: 17698: 17691: 17686: 17677: 17668: 17661: 17656: 17649: 17644: 17637: 17632: 17625: 17620: 17614:, p. 30. 17613: 17608: 17592: 17588: 17584: 17580: 17576: 17572: 17568: 17564: 17557: 17551:, p. 92. 17550: 17545: 17529: 17525: 17521: 17515: 17509:, p. 18. 17508: 17503: 17495: 17491: 17487: 17483: 17479: 17475: 17468: 17452: 17448: 17447:The Economist 17444: 17438: 17429: 17420: 17411: 17409: 17407: 17405: 17403: 17396: 17392: 17389: 17385: 17381: 17376: 17369: 17364: 17357: 17353: 17346: 17337: 17328: 17319: 17310: 17308: 17306: 17296: 17287: 17280: 17275: 17268: 17263: 17257: 17253: 17249: 17244: 17238: 17234: 17230: 17225: 17219: 17215: 17211: 17205: 17198: 17194: 17190: 17186: 17181: 17174: 17170: 17166: 17162: 17158: 17154: 17148: 17141: 17135: 17128: 17124: 17120: 17116: 17110: 17103: 17099: 17095: 17089: 17082: 17078: 17074: 17068: 17061: 17057: 17053: 17052:Darkest Hours 17047: 17041:, pp. 428–429 17040: 17036: 17032: 17026: 17019: 17015: 17011: 17005: 16998: 16994: 16990: 16984: 16977: 16973: 16969: 16968: 16961: 16953: 16951:9788483107607 16947: 16943: 16936: 16928: 16926:9788418849107 16922: 16918: 16911: 16909: 16900: 16898:9788472028357 16894: 16890: 16883: 16877:, p. 91. 16876: 16875:Casanova 2010 16871: 16864: 16858: 16852: 16848: 16845: 16841: 16835: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16814: 16807: 16802: 16800: 16798: 16796: 16794: 16792: 16790: 16782: 16777: 16770: 16765: 16758: 16753: 16744: 16728: 16724: 16720: 16714: 16698: 16694: 16690: 16684: 16668: 16664: 16660: 16653: 16651: 16631: 16627: 16623: 16619: 16615: 16611: 16607: 16600: 16593: 16586: 16581: 16572: 16571: 16566: 16562: 16559: 16554: 16552: 16543: 16537: 16529: 16525: 16519: 16503: 16499: 16495: 16488: 16481: 16476: 16474: 16457: 16453: 16452: 16447: 16443: 16437: 16421: 16417: 16413: 16406: 16400:, p. 28. 16399: 16394: 16387: 16382: 16375: 16370: 16363: 16358: 16351: 16346: 16339: 16334: 16328:, p. 86. 16327: 16322: 16315: 16310: 16303: 16298: 16291: 16286: 16279: 16274: 16267: 16262: 16255: 16250: 16248: 16240: 16235: 16228: 16223: 16216: 16211: 16204: 16199: 16192: 16187: 16180: 16175: 16173: 16165: 16160: 16153: 16148: 16141: 16136: 16129: 16124: 16117: 16112: 16110: 16102: 16097: 16090: 16085: 16078: 16073: 16066: 16061: 16054: 16049: 16042: 16037: 16030: 16025: 16018: 16013: 16006: 16001: 15992: 15985: 15980: 15973: 15968: 15961: 15956: 15950:, p. 90. 15949: 15944: 15937: 15936:Casanova 2010 15932: 15925: 15920: 15913: 15907: 15900: 15895: 15893: 15884: 15877: 15869: 15863: 15859: 15852: 15843: 15836: 15831: 15824: 15819: 15817: 15809: 15804: 15797: 15792: 15785: 15780: 15773: 15768: 15762:, p. 96. 15761: 15756: 15750:, p. 71. 15749: 15744: 15735: 15729:, p. 28. 15728: 15723: 15717:, p. 47. 15716: 15711: 15704: 15703:Werstein 1969 15699: 15692: 15687: 15679: 15675: 15669: 15663:, p. 43. 15662: 15657: 15655: 15648:, p. 41. 15647: 15642: 15640: 15632: 15627: 15620: 15615: 15609:, p. 14. 15608: 15603: 15601: 15593: 15588: 15581: 15576: 15569: 15564: 15562: 15560: 15551: 15545: 15541: 15534: 15527: 15521: 15519: 15517: 15509: 15505: 15501: 15497: 15493: 15489: 15485: 15481: 15477: 15473: 15469: 15465: 15459: 15452: 15447: 15440: 15434: 15418: 15414: 15410: 15404: 15397: 15392: 15385: 15380: 15373: 15368: 15361: 15356: 15349: 15344: 15338:, p. 92. 15337: 15332: 15325: 15320: 15313: 15308: 15301: 15296: 15289: 15284: 15277: 15272: 15265: 15260: 15258: 15250: 15245: 15238: 15233: 15226: 15221: 15205: 15201: 15195: 15191: 15190: 15182: 15166: 15162: 15156: 15147: 15140: 15135: 15128: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15112:, p. 12. 15111: 15106: 15099: 15094: 15092: 15090: 15088: 15080: 15075: 15073: 15056: 15052: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15013: 14994: 14987: 14986: 14978: 14971: 14966: 14959: 14958:Casanova 2010 14954: 14947: 14942: 14935: 14930: 14922: 14916: 14912: 14905: 14899:, p. 81. 14898: 14893: 14886: 14881: 14875: 14871: 14868: 14864: 14858: 14851: 14846: 14844: 14837:, p. 23. 14836: 14831: 14823: 14816: 14809: 14804: 14798:, p. 16. 14797: 14792: 14786:, p. 15. 14785: 14780: 14778: 14771: 14767: 14764: 14757: 14751:, p. 13. 14750: 14745: 14743: 14726: 14722: 14721: 14713: 14711: 14709: 14701: 14695: 14693: 14686:, p. 77. 14685: 14680: 14673: 14668: 14662: 14657: 14641: 14637: 14631: 14627: 14626: 14621: 14615: 14609:, p. 75. 14608: 14603: 14597:, p. 97. 14596: 14591: 14585:, p. 74. 14584: 14579: 14577: 14575: 14567: 14562: 14555: 14550: 14543: 14538: 14536: 14534: 14526: 14521: 14513: 14507: 14503: 14502: 14494: 14486: 14485: 14478: 14471: 14467: 14464: 14458: 14442: 14438: 14434: 14428: 14422:, p. 87. 14421: 14420:Westwell 2004 14416: 14414: 14412: 14404: 14398: 14389: 14381: 14377: 14373: 14369: 14365: 14361: 14358:(1): 86–104. 14357: 14353: 14349: 14342: 14340: 14331: 14325: 14321: 14316: 14315: 14306: 14299: 14294: 14292: 14285:, p. 25. 14284: 14279: 14272: 14267: 14260: 14255: 14248: 14243: 14227: 14223: 14219: 14213: 14204: 14196: 14192: 14188: 14182: 14178: 14174: 14170: 14169: 14161: 14152: 14145: 14140: 14133: 14132:Casanova 2010 14128: 14119: 14112: 14108: 14104: 14101: 14095: 14089:, p. 79. 14088: 14083: 14076: 14071: 14052: 14045: 14038: 14032:, p. 13. 14031: 14026: 14020:, p. 44. 14019: 14018:Werstein 1969 14014: 14007: 14002: 13995: 13990: 13988: 13986: 13984: 13976: 13971: 13969: 13960: 13956: 13949: 13941: 13935: 13931: 13924: 13917: 13912: 13906:, p. 85. 13905: 13900: 13891: 13872: 13864: 13860: 13859: 13852: 13845: 13840: 13833: 13828: 13821: 13816: 13814: 13806: 13801: 13792: 13783: 13776: 13775:The Historian 13772: 13766: 13759: 13755: 13751: 13745: 13736: 13734: 13724: 13715: 13706: 13699: 13692: 13683: 13674: 13667: 13663: 13657: 13647: 13640: 13634: 13627: 13621: 13614: 13608: 13601: 13596: 13589: 13584: 13576: 13570: 13566: 13559: 13553:, p. 21. 13552: 13547: 13545: 13538:, p. 20. 13537: 13532: 13526:, p. 10. 13525: 13524:Westwell 2004 13520: 13514:, p. 28. 13513: 13508: 13501: 13500:Westwell 2004 13496: 13489: 13484: 13477: 13472: 13465: 13460: 13454:, p. 69. 13453: 13448: 13440: 13439: 13431: 13425:, p. 62. 13424: 13419: 13412: 13407: 13401:, p. 59. 13400: 13395: 13388: 13383: 13377:, p. 56. 13376: 13371: 13364: 13359: 13353:, p. 56. 13352: 13347: 13340: 13335: 13333: 13325: 13320: 13311: 13304: 13299: 13293:, p. 17. 13292: 13287: 13280: 13275: 13268: 13263: 13261: 13259: 13257: 13255: 13245: 13243: 13241: 13233: 13228: 13221: 13216: 13214: 13207:, p. 99. 13206: 13201: 13199: 13197: 13195: 13193: 13185: 13180: 13174:, p. 98. 13173: 13168: 13166: 13158: 13152: 13143: 13137:, p. 96. 13136: 13131: 13129: 13122:, p. 95. 13121: 13116: 13108: 13102: 13098: 13091: 13085:, p. 90. 13084: 13079: 13072: 13067: 13060: 13055: 13048: 13043: 13036: 13031: 13024: 13019: 13013:, p. 94. 13012: 13007: 13005: 13003: 12995: 12990: 12988: 12979: 12977:9780442001025 12973: 12969: 12962: 12953: 12944: 12938:, p. 93. 12937: 12932: 12926:, p. 16. 12925: 12920: 12913: 12908: 12902:, p. 15. 12901: 12896: 12887: 12879: 12872: 12865: 12860: 12858: 12850: 12845: 12843: 12841: 12839: 12837: 12835: 12825: 12820: 12816: 12812: 12805: 12798: 12793: 12791: 12781: 12772: 12763: 12755: 12749: 12745: 12737: 12730: 12729:Casanova 2010 12725: 12718: 12713: 12704: 12698:, p. 90. 12697: 12692: 12684: 12678: 12674: 12667: 12661:, p. 88. 12660: 12655: 12647: 12643: 12639: 12635: 12632:(67): 79–99. 12631: 12627: 12620: 12614:, p. 83. 12613: 12608: 12602:, p. 70. 12601: 12596: 12589: 12584: 12578:, p. 62. 12577: 12572: 12565: 12560: 12553: 12548: 12541: 12536: 12529: 12524: 12518:, p. 27. 12517: 12512: 12504: 12500: 12496: 12492: 12488: 12484: 12480: 12476: 12469: 12462: 12457: 12451:, p. 90. 12450: 12449:Casanova 2010 12445: 12439:, p. 93. 12438: 12433: 12427:, p. 91. 12426: 12421: 12415:, p. 53. 12414: 12409: 12402: 12397: 12391:, p. 61. 12390: 12385: 12379:, p. 47. 12378: 12373: 12365: 12361: 12360: 12352: 12336: 12332: 12328: 12321: 12314: 12310: 12305: 12299:, p. 22. 12298: 12293: 12287:, p. 42. 12286: 12281: 12275:, p. 26. 12274: 12269: 12262: 12257: 12251:, p. 23. 12250: 12245: 12239:, p. 20. 12238: 12233: 12226: 12221: 12215:, p. 16. 12214: 12209: 12203:, p. 15. 12202: 12197: 12190: 12185: 12179:, p. 15. 12178: 12173: 12166: 12161: 12153: 12147: 12143: 12139: 12132: 12126:, p. 24. 12125: 12120: 12114:, p. 22. 12113: 12108: 12106: 12099:, p. 21. 12098: 12093: 12087:, p. 13. 12086: 12081: 12075:, p. 19. 12074: 12069: 12062: 12057: 12055: 12047: 12044:Julius Ruiz. 12041: 12034: 12029: 12022: 12017: 12015: 12008:, p. 88. 12007: 12002: 11986: 11982: 11981:History Today 11978: 11972: 11965: 11960: 11958: 11951:, p. 84. 11950: 11945: 11939:, p. 43. 11938: 11933: 11926: 11921: 11914: 11909: 11903: 11899: 11895: 11894:Juliá, Santos 11889: 11881: 11875: 11871: 11864: 11857: 11853: 11847: 11840: 11836: 11830: 11823: 11822:Casanova 2010 11818: 11811: 11807: 11803: 11800: 11794: 11792: 11784: 11779: 11777: 11769: 11768:Penguin Books 11765: 11759: 11757: 11747: 11731: 11727: 11726:kbismarck.com 11723: 11717: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11687: 11678: 11662: 11658: 11651: 11635: 11631: 11627: 11621: 11617: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11581: 11572: 11566: 11562: 11558: 11554: 11550: 11546: 11541: 11537: 11533: 11529: 11525: 11521: 11517: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11489: 11485: 11479: 11470: 11461: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11440: 11431: 11422: 11415: 11411: 11407: 11402: 11395: 11389: 11385: 11381: 11377: 11373: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11357: 11351: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11318: 11311: 11310:Ramón Tamames 11305: 11295: 11288: 11284: 11280: 11274: 11265: 11256: 11249: 11245: 11241: 11235: 11227: 11221: 11217: 11209: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11188: 11181: 11177: 11173: 11167: 11160: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11112: 11108: 11104: 11100: 11096: 11092: 11088: 11082: 11075: 11071: 11067: 11063: 11057: 11050: 11046: 11039: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11018: 11011: 11005: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10984: 10974: 10967: 10963: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10909: 10902: 10898: 10894: 10888: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10798: 10791: 10787: 10783: 10777: 10770: 10766: 10762: 10756: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10717:, pp. 219–220 10716: 10712: 10708: 10702: 10696:, pp. 403–404 10695: 10691: 10687: 10680: 10673: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10633: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10589: 10585: 10579: 10572: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10532: 10525: 10521: 10517: 10511: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10492: 10486: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10465: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10444: 10437: 10433: 10429: 10423: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10398: 10391: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10347: 10341: 10334: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10320: 10316: 10310: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10291: 10287: 10281: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10261: 10255: 10251: 10247: 10243: 10239: 10235: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10190: 10186: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10168: 10161: 10157: 10153: 10147: 10140: 10136: 10135: 10128: 10122:28 March 1939 10121: 10117: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10087: 10077: 10070: 10066: 10060: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10038: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10005: 9996: 9989: 9988: 9981: 9972: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9952:The Rebellion 9949: 9945: 9941: 9937: 9936:La Revolución 9933: 9929: 9925: 9919: 9912: 9906: 9902: 9894: 9888: 9886: 9884: 9882: 9874: 9870: 9864: 9857: 9853: 9847: 9840: 9836: 9832: 9831:Joseph Stalin 9828: 9822: 9818: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9685:Condor Legion 9683: 9681: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9650: 9645: 9640: 9638: 9628: 9626: 9616: 9614: 9604: 9602: 9592: 9590: 9580: 9579: 9576: 9561: 9558: 9555: 9552: 9551: 9547: 9544: 9541: 9539:religious war 9538: 9537: 9533: 9530: 9527: 9524: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9499: 9496: 9495: 9491: 9489:Laia Balcells 9488: 9485: 9482: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9471: 9468: 9466:left vs right 9465: 9464: 9459: 9456: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9445: 9442: 9439: 9436: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9417: 9414: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9400: 9397: 9394: 9393: 9389: 9386: 9383: 9380: 9379: 9365: 9362: 9353: 9349: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9335: 9330: 9326: 9316: 9314: 9310: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9286: 9276: 9267: 9265: 9251: 9246: 9237: 9233: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9219: 9217: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9197: 9196:Pablo Picasso 9193: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9178:Robert Hughes 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9158: 9153: 9152:Salvador Dalí 9149: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9138:La Montserrat 9136: 9132: 9127: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9116: 9111: 9110:George Orwell 9107: 9106: 9101: 9097: 9093: 9085: 9080: 9071: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9036: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9014: 9010: 9005: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8993: 8989: 8983: 8981: 8977: 8974: 8973:collectivised 8970: 8961: 8956: 8946: 8942: 8940: 8935: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8881: 8880: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8868:George Orwell 8865: 8862: 8858: 8855:declared the 8854: 8849: 8846: 8842: 8834: 8829: 8825: 8823: 8819: 8815: 8809: 8806: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8788: 8786: 8781: 8776: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8755: 8753: 8748: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8725: 8721: 8719: 8714: 8712: 8707: 8703: 8695: 8690: 8686: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8654: 8652: 8644: 8640: 8635: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8607: 8602: 8600: 8599:Stanley Payne 8588: 8586: 8580: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8568:Antony Beevor 8565: 8561: 8556: 8554: 8550: 8545: 8543: 8539: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8503: 8499: 8497: 8493: 8489: 8485: 8484:Antony Beevor 8477: 8473: 8468: 8461: 8457: 8452: 8443: 8439: 8437: 8428: 8423: 8419: 8410: 8407: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8375: 8374: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8362: 8359: 8358: 8354: 8351: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8302: 8297: 8295: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8279: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8231: 8227: 8219: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8200: 8191: 8189: 8185: 8181: 8177: 8173: 8169: 8160: 8156: 8151: 8146: 8136: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8116: 8114: 8110: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8080: 8078: 8077: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8042: 8038: 8036: 8035:forced labour 8026: 8022: 8020: 8015: 8012: 8008: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7992: 7990: 7986: 7982: 7961: 7956: 7946: 7944: 7940: 7935: 7933: 7929: 7925: 7920: 7918: 7913: 7910: 7889: 7884: 7874: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7839: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7820: 7816: 7814: 7810: 7807: 7803: 7798: 7796: 7792: 7788: 7781: 7776: 7772: 7769: 7765: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7749: 7728: 7723: 7713: 7711: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7694: 7690: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7657: 7648: 7641: 7637: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7602: 7596: 7594: 7593:San Sebastián 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7573: 7571: 7568:, located in 7567: 7563: 7562:White Terrors 7559: 7554: 7550: 7529: 7524: 7513: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7475: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7460: 7450: 7448: 7444: 7438: 7436: 7432: 7422: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7395: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7380: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7351: 7347: 7343: 7342:Latin America 7339: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7310:In his book, 7308: 7306: 7302: 7301:Georges Henny 7298: 7294: 7291: 7287: 7282: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7268: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7233:Bank of Spain 7229: 7225: 7223: 7217: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7197:Joseph Stalin 7195: 7187: 7182: 7173: 7171: 7168:in the song " 7167: 7166:Christy Moore 7163: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7090:(5,000), and 7089: 7085: 7080: 7078: 7073: 7071: 7067: 7062: 7058: 7053: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7006: 7004: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6990: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6969: 6966: 6961: 6959: 6954: 6952: 6947: 6943: 6939: 6935: 6932: 6927: 6923: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6871: 6865: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6845: 6835: 6831: 6828: 6826: 6820: 6818: 6817: 6812: 6808: 6803: 6801: 6800:Junkers Ju 52 6797: 6796:Junkers Ju 87 6794: 6790: 6786: 6782: 6781: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6769:Condor Legion 6766: 6761: 6759: 6754: 6747: 6746:Junkers Ju 87 6742: 6734: 6729: 6728:Condor Legion 6725: 6715: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6683:Mediterranean 6680: 6676: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6651: 6647: 6641: 6626: 6624: 6619: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6570: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6559:confiscations 6556: 6552: 6542: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6515: 6509: 6507: 6506: 6502:The Moroccan 6500: 6498: 6493: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6471: 6468: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6444: 6439: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6392: 6389: 6385: 6382:Flags of the 6375: 6365: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6341: 6336: 6335:George Orwell 6331: 6328: 6324: 6320: 6315: 6306: 6299: 6294: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6215:Popular Front 6213:Flags of the 6206: 6197: 6187: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6158: 6153: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6142:Legion Condor 6139: 6133: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6113: 6104: 6102: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6089:shipyard—and 6088: 6084: 6083: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6014: 6010: 6005: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5991: 5985: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5957: 5953: 5949: 5932: 5922: 5915: 5910:Bombed cities 5908: 5903:Naval battles 5901: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5870: 5827: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5795: 5789: 5786: 5785:Stanley Payne 5781: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5748:Guardia Civil 5745: 5741: 5733: 5728: 5724: 5722: 5718: 5717:Dragon Rapide 5714: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5678: 5675: 5671: 5670:José Sanjurjo 5667: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5613: 5606:Military coup 5603: 5600: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5577: 5573: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5557: 5553: 5552:Popular Front 5543: 5541: 5537: 5532: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5489: 5488:José Sanjurjo 5485: 5480: 5478: 5474: 5470: 5469:Alcalá-Zamora 5466: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5436: 5434: 5433: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5405: 5395: 5386: 5377: 5373: 5370: 5366: 5362: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5317: 5315: 5314:head of state 5311: 5307: 5301: 5291: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5272: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5253:military coup 5248: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5177:republicanism 5174: 5170: 5166: 5160: 5150: 5148: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5120: 5116: 5112: 5106: 5102: 5092: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5057: 5052: 5046: 5045:government. 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5023:conservatives 5013: 5003: 5001: 4997: 4992: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4933:Fascist Italy 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4838:José Sanjurjo 4835: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4811:Claude Bowers 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4760: 4759:conservatives 4756: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4723:Popular Front 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4684: 4679: 4677: 4672: 4670: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4661: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4647: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4624: 4620: 4618: 4615: 4613: 4610: 4608: 4605: 4603: 4600: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4550: 4549:United States 4547: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4459: 4453: 4452: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 4430: 4427: 4425: 4424:Metapolitefsi 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4288: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4259: 4258:On Revolution 4255: 4250: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4228:Rights of Man 4225: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4185: 4180: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4155: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4138:De re publica 4135: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4124: 4118: 4117: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3944:Jones (Lynne) 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3739:Adams (Gerry) 3737: 3736: 3730: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3602: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3538:Revolutionary 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3528:Parliamentary 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3466: 3463: 3461: 3458: 3456: 3453: 3451: 3448: 3446: 3443: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3337:Civil society 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3314: 3313:Republicanism 3311: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3280: 3278: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3258: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3244:May 1939 3243: 3242:Pact of Steel 3240: 3237: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3218:Danzig Crisis 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3201: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3159: 3156: 3154:May 1938 3153: 3150: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3128: 3125: 3122: 3119: 3116: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3083: 3080: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 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4206: 4196: 4186: 4176: 4166: 4156: 4146: 4136: 4126: 3939:Jones (Elin) 3844:Flynn (Paul) 3804:Clarke (Tom) 3799:Clark (Katy) 3744:Adams (John) 3565:Philosophers 3342:Civic virtue 3304:Part of the 3131: 3093: 3023:Tanggu Truce 2927: 2786: 2772: 2760: 2740:LGBT history 2575: 2502: 2389: 2363: 2345: 2288: 2278: 2104: 2024:Romanization 2011:(206–27 BCE) 1901: 1869: 1844: 1831: 1807:Los Blázquez 1794: 1765:2nd Belchite 1757: 1726: 1707:1st Belchite 1699: 1692: 1666: 1658: 1637: 1608: 1596: 1584: 1572: 1526: 1525: 1519: 1494: 1485:Cape Spartel 1460:Monte Pelado 1445: 1411:Almendralejo 1398: 1381: 1340: 1328: 1308: 1301: 1287: 1242: 1230: 1185:600 aircraft 1176: 1156: 1133:350 aircraft 1124: 1104: 1090:Hugo Sperrle 1066:Mario Roatta 913: 899: 885: 877: 863: 855: 765: 729:Juan Modesto 596:Manuel Azaña 594: 445:Nationalists 443: 435: 416:Soviet Union 289: 281: 276:Belligerents 232: 135:after being 42:Part of the 29: 21:Carlist Wars 25727:Switzerland 25687:Puerto Rico 25672:Philippines 25637:New Zealand 25632:Netherlands 25502:El Salvador 25337:Periodicals 24900:Tragic Week 24771:Lifestylism 24666:Mutual bank 24621:Cooperative 24586:Platformism 24536:Free-market 24464:Primitivist 24347:Nationalism 24276:Somatherapy 24186:Freethought 23795:Immigration 23785:Health care 23647:Communities 23632:Agriculture 23432:Earthquakes 23291:Restoration 23261:Reconquista 22861:Moscow gold 22809: [ 22756: [ 22686:Nationalist 22557:(1936–1939) 22448:, paper by 22379:In Our Time 22374:BBC Radio 4 22350:In Our Time 22345:BBC Radio 4 22011:Robert Capa 21985:Joris Ivens 21871:Jones, Jack 21155:(reprint). 20903:10316/46323 20738:Connecticut 19552:, s.l. 1936 19027:Payne 2011a 18966:Thomas 2001 18842:SUNY Oneota 18747:Beevor 2006 18726:Beevor 2006 18702:Beevor 2006 18690:Beevor 2006 18675:Beevor 2006 18648:Payne 2011b 18624:Beevor 2006 18607:Beevor 2006 18595:Beevor 2006 18509:Graham 2005 18485:Thomas 1961 18468:Beevor 2006 18423:Beevor 2006 18406:Beevor 2006 18320:Beevor 2006 18300:11 November 18271:11 November 18176:Thomas 2001 18144:Beevor 2006 18045:Beevor 2006 18033:Beevor 2006 18009:Graham 2005 17985:Beevor 2006 17973:Beevor 2006 17948:Beevor 2006 17888:Graham 2005 17876:Graham 2005 17843:Thomas 2001 17807:Beevor 2006 17767:Beevor 2006 17750:Beevor 2006 17702:Beevor 2006 17660:Thomas 1961 17648:Thomas 2001 17612:Graham 2005 17597:30 November 17573:: e10–e17. 17549:Beevor 2006 16663:Gutenburg E 16639:25 November 16585:Beevor 2006 16574:(in French) 16480:Beevor 2006 16386:Beevor 2006 16374:Beevor 2006 16362:Beevor 2006 16350:Thomas 1961 16338:Beevor 2006 16326:Beevor 2006 16314:Beevor 2006 16302:Beevor 2006 16290:Beevor 2006 16278:Beevor 2006 16266:Beevor 2006 16254:Beevor 2006 16239:Beevor 2006 16227:Thomas 1961 16215:Beevor 2006 16203:Beevor 2006 16191:Beevor 2006 16179:Beevor 2006 16164:Beevor 2006 16152:Beevor 2006 16140:Beevor 2006 16128:Beevor 2006 16116:Beevor 2006 16101:Beevor 2006 16089:Beevor 2006 16077:Beevor 2006 16065:Beevor 2006 16053:Beevor 2006 16041:Beevor 2006 16029:Beevor 2006 16017:Beevor 2006 16005:Beevor 2006 15984:Beevor 2006 15972:Beevor 2006 15960:Beevor 2006 15948:Cleugh 1962 15924:Beevor 2006 15899:Beevor 2006 15835:Beevor 2006 15823:Beevor 2006 15808:Beevor 2006 15796:Beevor 2006 15784:Beevor 2006 15772:Thomas 1961 15760:Beevor 2006 15748:Beevor 2006 15715:Alpert 1994 15691:Alpert 1994 15661:Alpert 1994 15646:Alpert 1994 15631:Alpert 1994 15619:Alpert 1994 15607:Alpert 1994 15592:Beevor 2006 15580:Beevor 2006 15568:Beevor 2006 15396:Beevor 2006 15372:Beevor 2006 15348:Thomas 1961 15336:Graham 2005 15324:Beevor 2006 15312:Howson 1998 15300:Howson 1998 15288:Beevor 2006 15276:Beevor 2006 15237:Howson 1998 15139:Thomas 1961 15127:Thomas 1961 15042:10347/30957 15002:8 September 14946:Thomas 1961 14850:Beevor 2006 14595:Beevor 2006 14566:Beevor 2006 14554:Thomas 2001 14542:Thomas 1961 14437:BBC website 14298:Beevor 2006 14283:Neulen 2000 14271:Beevor 2006 13975:Howson 1998 13916:Alpert 2013 13904:Dawson 2013 13844:Thomas 1961 13820:Howson 1998 13600:Beevor 2006 13588:Howson 1998 13551:Howson 1998 13536:Howson 1998 13512:Howson 1998 13476:Thomas 2001 13464:Beevor 2006 13452:Beevor 2006 13423:Beevor 2006 13411:Beevor 2006 13399:Beevor 2006 13387:Beevor 2006 13363:Beevor 2006 13351:Beevor 2006 13324:Beevor 2006 13267:Beevor 2006 13220:Thomas 2001 13083:Payne 2011b 13059:Payne 2011b 12717:Beevor 2006 12576:Thomas 1961 12516:Beevor 2006 12377:Thomas 1961 12311:, pp. 12297:Beevor 2006 12273:Beevor 2006 12249:Beevor 2006 12237:Beevor 2006 12225:Beevor 2006 12213:Thomas 1961 12201:Beevor 2006 12177:Thomas 1961 12085:Thomas 1961 12073:Beevor 2006 12061:Beevor 2006 12033:Beevor 2006 12021:Beevor 2006 12006:Beevor 2006 11937:Beevor 2006 11925:Bowers 1954 11049:Contenciosa 10335:27.02.2019 10304:136, p. 199 10071:) companies 9956:La Rebelión 9924:The Crusade 9827:Juan Negrín 9806:Hugo Jaeger 9801:Robert Capa 9309:La Retirada 9174:Tate Modern 9068:José Brocca 9011:during the 9007:Women from 8928:André Marty 8885:Animal Farm 8859:(POUM), an 8814:commissions 8758:Republicans 8692:Bombing in 8592:Hugh Thomas 8576:Hugh Thomas 8549:mass graves 8427:Constantina 8248:Generalitat 8180:Southampton 8155:raised fist 8062:Camp Vernet 8050:La Retirada 7704:three-year 7443:Mexico City 7431:ABC nations 7415:AEKKEA-RAAB 7307:to France. 7293:Kurt Landau 7279:José Robles 7237:Moscow gold 7205:Operation X 7160:formed the 6827:Chancellery 6798:Stukas and 6667:Guadalajara 6555:clericalism 6449:One of the 6405:Franquistas 6349:Simone Weil 6337:(who wrote 6217:(left) and 6180:Republicans 6073:Carabineers 5994:Old Castile 5641:Emilio Mola 5633:Emilio Mola 5412:Republican 5369:land tenure 5337:Civil Guard 5251:In 1923, a 5201:Tragic Week 5153:Restoration 5147:Alfonso XII 5051:agriculture 4846:centre-left 4834:Emilio Mola 4755:monarchists 4711:Republicans 4572:Common good 4512:New Zealand 4507:Netherlands 4252:(1835–1840) 4222:(1787–1788) 4132:(c. 375 BC) 4054:Robespierre 3829:Etherington 3764:Benn (Tony) 3733:Politicians 3711:Tocqueville 3671:Montesquieu 3651:Machiavelli 3397:Rule of law 3392:Res publica 2974: 1930s 2885: 1920s 2846: 1910s 2665:(1975–1978) 2642:(1959–2011) 2634:(1941–1944) 2626:(1939–1945) 2618:(1939–1977) 2610:(1939–1965) 2579:(1936–1939) 2547:(1933–1936) 2539:(1931–1933) 2508:(1930–1931) 2503:Dictablanda 2497:(1923–1930) 2481:(1914–1918) 2465:(1886–1931) 2457:(1885–1902) 2449:(1874–1885) 2426:(1873–1874) 2418:(1872–1876) 2410:(1870–1873) 2402:(1868–1871) 2369:(1854–1856) 2359:(1846–1849) 2351:(1844–1854) 2341:(1840–1843) 2333:(1833–1840) 2325:(1833–1840) 2302:(1823–1833) 2294:(1820–1823) 2284:(1814–1820) 2243:(1810–1814) 2235:(1808–1813) 2204:(1707–1716) 2196:(1701–1714) 2188:(1700–1808) 2180:(1580–1640) 2172:(1556–1659) 2164:(1516–1700) 2156:(1492–1898) 2148:(1482–1492) 2145:Granada War 2140:(1479–1516) 2105:Reconquista 2081:Middle Ages 1932:History of 1877:Valsequillo 1839:2nd Gandesa 1785:1st Gandesa 1667:Deutschland 1586:Guadalajara 1400:Extremadura 879:Emilio Mola 637:Juan Negrín 291:Republicans 240:End of the 234:Nationalist 25988:Proxy wars 25942:Categories 25847:Dual Power 25832:Autonomism 25827:Autarchism 25487:East Timor 25457:Costa Rica 25402:Bangladesh 25397:Azerbaijan 25107:Feyerabend 24744:Freeganism 24394:Illegalist 24332:Capitalism 24271:Sociocracy 24241:Revolution 24206:Mutual aid 24136:Black bloc 23913:Mass media 23908:Literature 23800:Irreligion 23780:Euthanasia 23770:Disability 23552:Government 23527:Corruption 23349:Golden Age 23155:Baltic Way 23104:Basis Nord 23081:Winter War 23014:Axis talks 22874:Red Terror 22709:Alfonsists 22699:Falangists 22612:Republican 22570:Background 22563:Chronology 22382:featuring 22127:– song by 22118:– song by 22109:– song by 22071:– song by 22029:Libcom.org 21884:1903506077 21861:8483465744 21818:0836968689 21773:0935952969 21756:0313292620 21712:0872861325 21685:8484324907 21649:0717804682 21551:052145932X 21513:1856079392 21480:1842122037 21462:1931859515 21444:0141001488 21395:0141011610 21048:0300089813 21026:0393329879 20936:0333237242 20689:030010068X 20667:0299165647 20601:0141183055 20558:1861267991 20394:0333347765 20343:0691007578 20313:0312241771 20135:7 November 19931:0521455693 19818:1842122037 19795:31 January 19763:0333669134 19742:0297848321 19645:1403911711 19620:02.06.2011 19430:19 October 19325:19 October 19279:5/1 (1955) 19039:Payne 2004 19015:Payne 2008 19001:8495379007 18812:0810908255 18792:0394580281 18714:Payne 1999 18353:Bowen 2006 18341:Payne 1973 18200:Payne 2012 18082:089272546X 17900:Payne 2012 17690:Payne 1973 17368:Muñoz 2009 17279:Muñoz 2009 17256:8467003162 17237:8420652415 17218:8467013060 17173:0297784757 17127:8485691350 17039:8432002852 16612:(3): 492. 16524:"Winnipeg" 16454:. London. 16398:Derby 2009 15867:8486864216 15727:Payne 2008 15549:3922144322 15360:Hayes 1951 15264:Payne 2004 15249:Payne 2004 15171:25 October 15098:Hayes 1951 15079:Hayes 1951 14934:Othen 2008 14885:Hoare 1946 14808:Hoare 1946 14525:Hayes 1951 14259:Stoff 2004 14030:Payne 2008 13994:Payne 1973 13959:libcom.org 13832:Cohen 2012 13303:Payne 2012 13279:Payne 2012 13159:April 2002 13071:Payne 2012 13035:Payne 2012 13023:Hayes 1951 12864:Hayes 1951 12696:Payne 2006 12528:Payne 2006 12437:Hayes 1951 12425:Hayes 1951 12142:Allen Lane 12140:. London: 11964:Payne 1973 11907:8495379031 11856:0691007578 11736:22 January 11608:References 11414:8497598229 11408:, vol. 2, 11382:, vol. 2, 11358:, vol. 2, 11337:, vol. 2, 11331:843093703X 11121:, p. 172; 11051:V/7, p. 13 10880:8430603328 10868:0415936616 10856:204006513X 10850:, vol. 3, 10811:8447336336 10748:094500110X 10648:0140511881 10636:830111097X 10610:, p. 172; 10472:, vol. 1, 10457:8430603328 10390:0192852078 10366:0060111399 10030:8477930724 9962:(Spanish: 9954:(Spanish: 9942:(Spanish: 9934:(Spanish: 9928:La Cruzada 9926:(Spanish: 9649:Liberalism 9289:See also: 9226:El Segador 9124:"The Wall" 9092:propaganda 9050:, and the 8903:Daily Mail 8820:after the 8762:See also: 8678:Andalusian 8674:Freemasons 8615:See also: 8492:red terror 8446:Atrocities 8331:2,000,000 8306:Death toll 8132:Val d'Aran 7768:blitzkrieg 7510:See also: 7495:Pierre Cot 7290:Trotskyist 7271:Andrés Nin 7100:Yugoslavia 6982:Iron Guard 6705:, and the 6661:manning a 6593:Bolshevism 6451:rightists' 6424:Alfonsists 6413:Falangists 6401:Nacionales 6107:Combatants 6071:, and the 6061:Nacionales 6025:José Giral 5982:See also: 5761:monarchist 5705:Juan Yagüe 5617:Background 5349:revolution 5165:anarchists 5077:right-wing 5056:latifundia 5006:Background 4889:Valladolid 4864:, and the 4858:Alfonsists 4848:president 4795:revolution 4793:, between 4751:Falangists 4747:republican 4739:separatist 4612:Monarchism 4602:Liberalism 4597:Jacobinism 4287:Gaṇasaṅgha 4142:(54–51 BC) 3626:Harrington 3503:Democratic 3493:Capitalist 3488:Autonomous 3470:Venizelism 3455:Khomeinism 3152:May Crisis 3136: 1937 3120: 1936 3114: 1936 3108: 1936 3102: 1936 3084: 1936 3067: 1935 3061: 1935 3055: 1935 3049: 1935 3043: 1934 3031: 1933 3025: 1933 3019: 1933 3013: 1933 3007: 1933 2995: 1932 2983: 1931 2962: 1929 2956: 1929 2954:Young Plan 2950: 1925 2944: 1924 2942:Dawes Plan 2932: 1925 2929:Mein Kampf 2918: 1923 2912: 1922 2906: 1921 2900: 1920 2894: 1920 2861: 1919 2855: 1919 2169:Golden Age 2117:(718–1479) 2109:(711–1492) 2099:(711–1492) 2096:Al-Andalus 1953:Prehistory 1887:La Garriga 1827:2nd Mérida 1817:Granollers 1780:2nd Lérida 1753:Cape Palos 1743:Valladolid 1722:1st Lérida 1717:Sabiñánigo 1688:Albarracín 1592:Pozoblanco 1514:Villarreal 1421:1st Mérida 1383:Guadarrama 1322:Revolution 1303:Background 955:Juan Yagüe 680:José Miaja 133:Granollers 25887:Socialism 25837:Communism 25772:Venezuela 25707:Singapore 25642:Nicaragua 25567:Indonesia 25547:Hong Kong 25542:Guatemala 25387:Australia 25377:Argentina 25348:By region 25332:Musicians 25237:Santillán 25187:Malatesta 25157:Kropotkin 25137:Guillaume 24815:Symbolism 24729:DIY ethic 24606:Economics 24551:Post-left 24496:Christian 24491:Religious 24428:Communist 24413:Mutualist 24377:Classical 24337:Education 24286:Squatting 24246:Rewilding 24181:Free love 24073:Anarchism 23903:Languages 23805:Languages 23775:Education 23724:Transport 23564:Elections 23547:Judiciary 23486:Provinces 23383:Geography 23364:Civil War 23271:Expansion 23126:Aftermath 22980:Political 22731:Comintern 22590:1938–1939 22273:0976-0814 22261:Labyrinth 22129:Metallica 22111:The Clash 22055:from the 21948:Appleseed 21893:231998540 21694:255243139 21589:145387965 21560:231983673 21433:(2001) . 21380:(2001) . 21370:248799351 21350:(1961) . 21340:248799351 21151:(2003) . 21057:186413320 21006:231702516 20977:23 August 20945:185713276 20874:0039-3495 20823:804664837 20762:(2011a). 20698:186010979 20590:(2000) . 20352:185862219 20322:231874197 19959:659843319 19893:(1993) . 19871:582203758 19731:(2006) . 19721:990183614 19654:155897766 19531:, p. xiii 18928:218588108 18244:636785112 17936:Ruiz 2005 17735:16 August 17494:159559553 17480:(1): 97. 17129:, p. 193. 16723:BBC Wales 16703:16 August 16673:16 August 16626:195505767 15210:1 January 15192:. 人間出版社. 15051:257783342 14380:159711547 14195:243338228 12495:0014-1801 11991:24 August 11613:Citations 11455:, p. 252. 10750:, p. 604. 10065:Rio Tinto 9835:Comintern 9779:Cantabria 9661:Socialism 9625:Communism 9613:Anarchism 9222:Joan Miró 9056:insumisos 8864:communist 8853:Stalinism 8785:in Madrid 8737:Barcelona 8694:Barcelona 8527:Blue star 8408:+ 100,000 8400:+ 200,000 8392:+ 300,000 8384:+ 400,000 8376:+ 500,000 8368:+ 600,000 8360:+ 700,000 8352:+ 800,000 8344:+ 900,000 8323:estimate 8194:Financing 8176:Santurtzi 8058:Camp Gurs 7981:Tarragona 7859:Cantabria 7778:Ruins of 7656:Salamanca 7487:Dewoitine 7483:Potez 540 7459:Léon Blum 7275:Mark Rein 7192:Although 6989:Fine Gael 6965:Le Figaro 6793:Luftwaffe 6774:Luftwaffe 6699:tankettes 6443:Saragossa 6287:los rojos 6276:Catalonia 6125:anarchist 6121:communist 6046:Cantabria 6029:Barcelona 5917:Massacres 5682:Salazar's 5310:president 5284:Socialist 5280:Left-wing 5235:communism 5181:Catalonia 5109:In 1868, 4976:Catalonia 4913:Barcelona 4807:communism 4765:led by a 4743:anarchist 4735:communist 4731:socialist 4721:-leaning 4467:Australia 4099:Venizelos 4089:Spadolini 4079:Slaughter 4024:McDonnell 3989:Mackenzie 3934:Jefferson 3889:Griffiths 3869:de Gaulle 3864:Garibaldi 3824:Drakeford 3716:Warburton 3636:Jefferson 3631:Honderich 3611:Condorcet 3498:Christian 3460:Nasserism 3435:Classical 3352:Democracy 3140:Anschluss 2576:Civil War 2161:Habsburgs 2091:(711–716) 2068:(552–624) 2060:(418–721) 2052:(409–585) 1897:Cartagena 1871:Catalonia 1845:Cantabria 1645:El Mazuco 1633:Santander 1389:Andalusia 1188:290 tanks 1136:200 tanks 25920:Category 25682:Portugal 25662:Paraguay 25622:Mongolia 25607:Malaysia 25452:Colombia 25432:Bulgaria 25222:Proudhon 25182:Maksimov 25162:Landauer 25112:Giovanni 25062:Bookchin 24977:May 1968 24749:Infoshop 24501:Buddhist 24486:Pacifist 24454:Feminist 24433:Magonist 24401:Naturist 24357:Violence 24352:Religion 24251:Sabotage 24081:Concepts 24026:Category 23887:Fiestas 23835:Religion 23820:Pensions 23815:Naturism 23755:Abortion 23694:Taxation 23684:Forestry 23596:Monarchy 23591:Military 23584:Intersex 23505:Politics 23491:Wildlife 23426:Comarcas 23359:Military 23354:Economic 23327:By topic 23233:Timeline 23216:articles 23169:Category 23059:Military 23028:Economic 22870:Terrors 22850:Guernica 22794:Viriatos 22789:Portugal 22704:Carlists 22482:Archived 22473:Archives 22442:Archived 22332:5 August 22304:14 April 22098:Archived 22086:Archived 21998:Guernica 21950:) (2003) 21934:) (1961) 21932:Folkways 21924:) (1962) 21837:(1938). 21736:Archived 21522:71752897 21492:Archived 21296:Archived 21209:15952641 21172:Archived 21130:Archived 21126:20081255 20971:Archived 20925:(1978). 20907:Archived 20882:30097608 20837:(2018). 20803:(2012). 20730:(2008). 20708:(2006). 20678:(2004). 20639:Archived 20629:(1973). 20610:42954349 20578:(2005). 20517:(1937). 20507:41708654 20470:Archived 20464:(2016). 20403:16604744 20383:(1983). 20371:(1939). 20332:(1965). 20285:Archived 20277:(1946). 20244:(1951). 20234:69337496 20176:(2020). 20129:Archived 20045:(1937). 19913:38930004 19875:Archived 19829:(1937). 19807:(1979). 19789:Archived 19609:Archived 19573:, p. 143 19545:Archived 19498:, p. 231 19477:, p. 197 19456:, p. 214 19424:Archived 19319:Archived 19183:, p. 174 19126:Archived 18886:Archived 18867:Archived 18845:Archived 18826:Archived 18530:Archived 18526:BBC News 18294:Archived 18265:Archived 17591:Archived 17587:27318840 17528:Archived 17457:3 August 17451:Archived 17391:Archived 17250:(2002), 17199:, p. 324 17187:(1998), 17175:, p. 339 17142:, p. 446 17062:, p. 775 16999:, p. 131 16978:, p. 283 16847:Archived 16829:, p. 105 16727:Archived 16697:Archived 16667:Archived 16630:Archived 16561:Archived 16536:cite web 16502:Archived 16498:BBC News 16456:Archived 15510:, p. 111 15417:Archived 15204:Archived 15055:Archived 15025:: 1–16. 14993:Archived 14870:Archived 14766:Archived 14725:Archived 14640:Archived 14622:(1977). 14466:Archived 14441:Archived 14372:26986937 14232:3 August 14103:Archived 14060:15 April 13871:Archived 12646:27672986 12335:Archived 11985:Archived 11896:(1999). 11802:Archived 11730:Archived 11700:Archived 11634:Archived 11325:(2001), 11289:, p. 324 11203:, p. 271 11125:(2005), 11033:, p. 109 10999:, p. 245 10903:, p. 113 10882:, p. 625 10862:vol. 2, 10674:, p. 643 10614:(2008), 10573:, p. 253 10505:, p. 339 10480:, p. 160 10459:, p. 625 10438:, p. 342 10392:, p. 439 10372:(2001), 10317:(2006), 10162:, p. 116 9987:Rotfront 9948:Carlists 9946:) among 9837:and the 9569:See also 9224:created 9216:Guernica 9201:Guernica 9198:painted 9190:Guernica 9040:pacifist 8997:May Days 8980:industry 8932:Albacete 8816:, named 8793:Ecclesia 8741:Guernica 8682:Galician 8668:such as 8651:limpieza 8590:— 8585:limpieza 8355:800,000 8287:Companys 8263:Republic 8076:Winnipeg 8074:SS 7928:XYZ Line 7843:Zaragoza 7802:May Days 7791:Guernica 7780:Guernica 7680:Caudillo 7585:Gipuzkoa 7547:A large 7491:Loire 46 7470:Loire 46 7299:(ICRC), 7148:members 6978:Ion Moța 6885:and the 6870:ordnance 6844:Viriatos 6838:Portugal 6711:blockade 6420:Carlists 6391:Requetés 6272:Asturias 6237:Marxists 6146:Viriatos 6092:Baleares 6082:Canarias 6042:Asturias 6033:Valencia 5775:Sotelo. 5666:Pamplona 5631:General 5505:and the 5325:Republic 5255:brought 5189:societal 5185:cultural 5127:Amadeo I 4963:and the 4917:Valencia 4885:Zaragoza 4877:Pamplona 4862:Carlists 4713:and the 4705:) was a 4537:Scotland 4477:Barbados 4128:Republic 4044:Prescott 4014:Naysmith 4004:McKechin 3964:La Malfa 3959:Khomeini 3919:Iorwerth 3884:Griffith 3859:Gambetta 3854:Galloway 3839:Ferguson 3819:Davidson 3814:Cromwell 3809:Connolly 3789:Campbell 3706:Sunstein 3691:Rousseau 3686:Polybius 3621:Franklin 3601:Chappell 3596:Cattaneo 3533:People's 3518:Imperial 3450:Kemalism 3387:Republic 3321:Concepts 3134:incident 2762:Timeline 2185:Bourbons 2016:Hispania 1923:a series 1921:Part of 1812:Alicante 1802:Balaguer 1748:Alfambra 1701:Zaragoza 1639:Asturias 1621:Guernica 1528:Aceituna 1465:Talavera 1447:Gipuzkoa 1416:Sigüenza 1208:~10,000 1113:31 ships 1099:Strength 487:Requetés 236:victory 216:Portugal 185:Location 25953:Carlism 25927:Outline 25877:Marxism 25777:Vietnam 25767:Uruguay 25752:Ukraine 25742:Tunisia 25692:Romania 25647:Nigeria 25627:Morocco 25577:Ireland 25557:Iceland 25552:Hungary 25532:Germany 25527:Georgia 25512:Finland 25507:Estonia 25492:Ecuador 25477:Denmark 25462:Croatia 25417:Bolivia 25412:Belgium 25407:Belarus 25392:Austria 25382:Armenia 25372:Andorra 25367:Algeria 25362:Albania 25282:Yarchuk 25257:Tolstoy 25252:Thoreau 25247:Stirner 25242:Spooner 25207:Parsons 25132:Graeber 25122:Goldman 25082:Durruti 25067:Chomsky 25057:Bonanno 25052:Berkman 25047:Bakunin 24826:History 24776:May Day 24698:Culture 24091:Anarchy 24010:Outline 23963:Symbols 23883:Cuisine 23855:Culture 23743:Society 23714:Tourism 23620:Economy 23459:Islands 23442:Forests 23420:Climate 23415:Borders 23224:History 22896:sidebar 22806:Belarus 22801:Ireland 22765:Germany 22159:at the 21721:4832126 21658:9369478 21302:6 April 20476:18 July 20055:4059942 19976:2613142 19881:3 April 19627:Sources 19618:Publico 19594:, p. 44 19300:, p. 87 19241:, p. 95 19208:, p. 45 18979:Op.Cit. 18580:24 June 18536:27 July 17534:28 July 17083:, p. 21 17020:, p. 28 16508:24 June 16462:24 June 16426:24 June 15423:20 June 15189:橄欖桂冠的召喚 14111:Reuters 13880:30 July 13651:studies 11520:burbuja 11345:, p. 17 11182:, p. 44 11161:, p. 76 11076:, p. 90 10968:, p. 22 10813:, p. 14 10792:, p. 57 10771:, p. xi 10552:, p. 76 10333:El Pais 10209:burbuja 10103:, p. 20 10032:, p. 14 9854:in the 9589:History 9575:Portals 9270:Victims 9250:Navarre 9029:Spanish 8805:secular 8745:Durango 8706:Badajoz 8702:Cordoba 8658:laicism 8460:Estépar 8267:Germany 8099:of the 7832:Brunete 7809:Segovia 7771:first. 7638:of the 7560:" and " 7553:sealift 7472:of the 7447:Morelia 7407:Piraeus 7379:Metaxas 7367:Germany 7158:Ireland 7108:Hungary 7088:Austria 6888:NRP Dão 6718:Germany 6691:Italian 6600:Britain 6483:Spanish 6465:. 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