418:. Fire horns, large compressed air horns, also were and still are used as an alternative to a fire siren. Many fire horn systems were wired to fire pull boxes that were located around a town, and this would "blast out" a code in respect to that box's location. For example, pull box number 233, when pulled, would trigger the fire horn to sound two blasts, followed by a pause, followed by three blasts, followed by a pause, followed by three more blasts. In the days before telephones, this was the only way firefighters would know the location of a fire. The coded blasts were usually repeated several times. This technology was also applied to many steam whistles as well. Some fire sirens are fitted with brakes and dampers, enabling them to sound out codes as well. These units tended to be unreliable, and are now uncommon.
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136:. Although there is no standard signaling of fire sirens, some utilize codes to inform firefighters of the location of the fire. Civil defense sirens also used as fire sirens often can produce an alternating "hi-lo" signal (similar to emergency vehicles in many European countries) as the fire signal, or attack (slow wail), typically 3x, as to not confuse the public with the standard civil defense signals of alert (steady tone) and fast wail (fast wavering tone). Fire sirens are often tested once a day at noon and are also called
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753:) when spinning up to operating speed. Appropriate wiring and transient protection for engine control computers is a necessary part of an installation. Wiring should be similar in size to the wiring to the vehicle engine starter motor. Mechanical vehicle mounted devices usually have an electric brake, a solenoid that presses a friction pad against the siren rotor. When an emergency vehicle arrives on-scene or is cancelled en route, the operator can rapidly stop the siren.
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upon the spacing of the speakers. These phase differences also account for increases, based upon the frequency and the speaker spacing. However, sirens are designed to sweep the frequency of their sound output, typically, no less than one octave. This sweeping minimizes the effects of phase cancellation. The result is that the average sound output from a dual speaker siren system is 3 dB greater than a single speaker system.
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electric siren, which was the first dual tone siren. The popularity of fire sirens took off by the 1920s, with many manufacturers including the
Federal Electric Company and Decot Machine Works creating their own sirens. Since the 1970s, many communities have since deactivated their fire sirens as pagers became available for fire department use. Some sirens still remain as a backup to pager systems.
1086:: "Si l'on fait passer de l'eau dans la sirène, au lieu d'air, elle produit également le son, lors même qu'elle est entièrement immergée dans ce fluide, et les mêmes nombres de chocs produisent les mêmes nombre de notes par l'air. C'est à cause de cette propriété d'être sonore dans l'eau, que j'ai cru pouvoir lui donner le nom sous lequel elle est désignée."
170:. De la Tour's siren consisted of two perforated disks that were mounted coaxially at the outlet of a pneumatic tube. One disk was stationary, while the other disk rotated. The rotating disk periodically interrupted the flow of air through the fixed disk, producing a tone. De la Tour's siren could produce sound under water, suggesting a link with the
1094:: If one runs water through the siren instead of air, it still produces sound even though it is fully immersed in this fluid, and the same number of shocks produce the same number of audible vibrations as in air. It is because of this property of making sound in water that I thought I could give it the name by which it is designated.
619:, sirens are designated Class A or Class B. A Class A siren is loud enough that it can be mounted nearly anywhere on a vehicle. Class B sirens are not as loud and must be mounted on a plane parallel to the level roadway and parallel to the direction the vehicle travels when driving in a straight line.
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In a pneumatic siren, the stator is the part which cuts off and reopens air as rotating blades of a chopper move past the port holes of the stator, generating sound. The pitch of the siren's sound is a function of the speed of the rotor and the number of holes in the stator. A siren with only one row
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developed a siren to announce the silent arrival of his electric boats. Two early fire siren manufacturers were
William A. Box Iron Works, who made the "Denver" sirens as early as 1905, and the Inter-State Machine Company (later the Sterling Siren Fire Alarm Company) who made the ubiquitous Model "M"
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Multi-speaker electronic sirens often are alleged to have dead spots at certain angles to the vehicle's direction of travel. These are caused by phase differences. The sound coming from the speaker array can phase cancel in some situations. This phase cancellation occurs at single frequencies, based
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The worst installations are those where the siren sound is emitted above and slightly behind the vehicle occupants such as cases where a light-bar mounted speaker is used on a sedan or pickup. Vehicles with concealed sirens also tend to have high noise levels inside. In some cases, concealed or poor
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Two tone sirens are often designed to emit a minor third, musically considered a "sad" sound. To do this, they have two rotors with different numbers of openings. The upper tone is produced by a rotor with a count of openings divisible by six. The lower tone's rotor has a count of openings divisible
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The rotating disk of such a siren is driven by air pressure alone: The holes in each disk are not drilled perpendicularly to the disk. Instead, the holes slope in a clockwise direction in one disk and counterclockwise in the other. To escape, the flowing air must therefore change direction sharply,
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Siren speakers, or mechanical sirens, should always be mounted ahead of the passenger compartment. This reduces the noise for occupants and makes two-way radio and mobile telephone audio more intelligible during siren use. It also puts the sound where it will be useful. A 2007 study found passenger
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to synthesize a selected siren tone (wail, yelp, pierce/priority/phaser, hi-lo, scan, airhorn, manual, and a few more) which is played through external speakers. It is not unusual, especially in the case of modern fire engines, to see an emergency vehicle equipped with both types of sirens. Often,
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Instead of disks, most modern mechanical sirens use two concentric cylinders, which have slots parallel to their length. The inner cylinder rotates while the outer one remains stationary. As air under pressure flows out of the slots of the inner cylinder and then escapes through the slots of the
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Research has shown that sirens mounted behind the engine grille or under the wheel arches produces less unwanted noise inside the passenger cabin and to the side and rear of the vehicle while maintaining noise levels to give adequate warnings. The inclusion of broadband sound to sirens has the
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or musical quality of a mechanical siren is caused because it is a triangle wave, when graphed as pressure over time. As the openings widen, the emitted pressure increases. As they close, it decreases. So, the characteristic frequency distribution of the sound has harmonics at odd (1, 3, 5...)
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The dials atop the siren are connected, via reduction gears, to the perforated disks (in the cylinder beneath the dials) which produce the siren's sound. The dials allow the siren's frequency to be determined. During the 19th century, sirens were among the few sources of sound having a known
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In
Germany and some other European countries, the pneumatic two-tone (hi-lo) siren consists of two sets of air horns, one high pitched and the other low pitched. An air compressor blows the air into one set of horns, and then it automatically switches to the other set. As this back and forth
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to it, one can repeatedly close and open all of the stator ports thus creating a tone called a pulse. If this is done while the siren is wailing (rather than sounding a steady tone) then it is called a pulse wail. By doing this separately over each row of ports on a dual tone siren, one can
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288:), such that the material between the holes interrupts a flow of air from fixed holes on the outside of the unit (called a stator). As the holes in the rotating disk alternately prevent and allow air to flow it results in alternating compressed and rarefied air pressure, i.e.
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The frequency, i.e. the cycles per second of the sound of a mechanical siren is controlled by the speed of its rotor, and the number of openings. The wailing of a mechanical siren occurs as the rotor speeds and slows. Wailing usually identifies an attack or urgent emergency.
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switching occurs, the sound changes tones. Its sound power varies, but could get as high as approximately 125 dB, depending on the compressor and the horns. Comparing with the mechanical sirens, it uses much less electricity but needs more maintenance.
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sirens, alerting an entire community of impending danger. Most fire sirens are either mounted on the roof of a fire station or on a pole next to the fire station. Fire sirens can also be mounted on or near government buildings, on tall structures such as
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alternately sound each of the two tones back and forth, creating a tone known as Hi/Lo. If this is done while the siren is wailing, it is called a Hi/Lo wail. This equipment can also do pulse or pulse wail. The ports can be opened and closed to send
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Mechanical sirens blow air through a slotted disk or rotor. The cyclic waves of air pressure are the physical form of sound. In many sirens, a centrifugal blower and rotor are integrated into a single piece of material, spun by an electric motor.
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approves specific models for use on emergency vehicles in the state. The approval is important because it ensures the devices perform adequately. Moreover, using unapproved devices could be a factor in determining fault if a collision occurs.
117:, as well as in systems where several sirens are distributed around a town for better sound coverage. Most fire sirens are single tone and mechanically driven by electric motors with a rotor attached to the shaft. Some newer sirens are
639:. Though this version remains quite similar to the California Title 13 standard for sound output at various angles, this updated practice enables an acoustic laboratory to test a dual speaker siren system for compliant sound output.
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multiples of the fundamental. The power of the harmonics roll off in an inverse square to their frequency. Distant sirens sound more "mellow" or "warmer" because their harsh high frequencies are absorbed by nearby objects.
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When testing, a frightening sound is not desirable. So, electronic sirens then usually emit musical tones: Westminster chimes is common. Mechanical sirens sometimes self-test by "growling", i.e. operating at low speeds.
296:. To reduce the energy consumption without losing sound volume, some designs of pneumatic sirens are boosted by forcing compressed air from a tank that can be refilled by a low powered compressor through the siren disk.
464:. To achieve tempered ratios in a mechanical siren, the rotors must either be geared, run by different motors, or have very large numbers of openings. Electronic sirens can easily produce a tempered minor third.
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Emergency
Warning Lights and Devices committee oversees the SAE emergency vehicle lighting practices and the siren practice, J1849. This practice was updated through cooperation between the SAE and the
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A mechanical siren that can alternate between its tones uses solenoids to move rotary shutters that cut off the air supply to one rotor, then the other. This is often used to identify a fire warning.
194:. When commercial electric power became available, sirens were no longer driven by external sources of compressed air, but by electric motors, which generated the necessary flow of air via a simple
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244:, the British civil defence used a network of sirens to alert the general population to the imminence of an air raid. A single tone denoted an "all clear". A series of tones denoted an air raid.
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were also used as a warning device if a supply of steam was present, such as a sawmill or factory. These were common before fire sirens became widely available, particularly in the former
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to help draw attention. The first electronic siren that mimicked the sound of a mechanical siren was invented in 1965 by
Motorola employees Ronald H. Chapman and Charles W. Stephens.
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Sirens often use horns to aim the pressure waves. This uses the siren's energy more efficiently by aiming it. Exponential horns achieve similar efficiencies with less material.
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of ports is called a single tone siren. A siren with two rows of ports is known as a dual tone siren. By placing a second stator over the main stator and attaching a
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The first emergency vehicles relied on a bell. In the 1970s, they switched to a duotone airhorn, which was itself overtaken in the 1980s by an electronic wail.
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sirens, to differentiate them from electronic devices. Mechanical sirens driven by an electric motor are often called "electromechanical". One example is the
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outer cylinder, the flow is periodically interrupted, creating a tone. The earliest such sirens were developed during 1877–1880 by James
Douglass and
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434:, with specialized amplifiers and tone generation. They usually imitate the sounds of mechanical sirens in order to be recognizable as sirens.
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159:. Robison's sirens were used as musical instruments; specifically, they powered some of the pipes in an organ. Robison's siren consisted of a
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de la Tour (1819) "Sur la Sirène, nouvelle machine d'acoustique destinée à mésures les vibrations de l'air qui contient la son,"
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Some sirens have two pairs of slotted cylinders, allowing such a siren to produce two tones having a musical interval of a
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586:". Some heavy metal bands also use air raid type siren intros at the beginning of their shows. The opening measure of
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974:(London, England: Longmans, Green, and Co., 1875). (Reprinted in 1954 by Dover Publishing Inc. of N.Y., N.Y.)
921:"Sur la Sirène, nouvelle machine d'acoustique destinée à mésures les vibrations de l'air qui contient la son"
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205:, which transforms the high-pressure sound waves in the siren to lower-pressure sound waves in the open air.
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A Whelen WPS electronic siren imported to Saudi Arabia by HSS Engineering for use as a Civil
Defense siren.
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1541:"Regulatory requirements for sirens on California-licensed vehicles, (Author: California Highway Patrol)"
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that opened and closed a pneumatic tube. The stopcock was apparently driven by the rotation of a wheel.
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To improve the efficiency of the siren, it uses a relatively low frequency, usually several hundred
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are mounted in fixed locations and used to warn of natural disasters or attacks. Sirens are used on
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Catchpole, Ken; Denis
Mckeown (8 June 2007). "A framework for the design of ambulance sirens".
875:"Temperament of the scale of music" in: John Robison with David Brewster and James Watt, ed.s,
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became available, the first fire sirens were manufactured. In 1886 French electrical engineer
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installations produce noise levels which can permanently damage vehicle occupants' hearing.
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To direct a siren's sound and to maximize its power output, a siren is often fitted with a
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by five. Unlike an organ, a mechanical siren's minor third is almost always physical, not
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and rescue-squad vehicles. Its distinct tone of urgency, high sound pressure level (123
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See also: Michael Lamm, "Feel the noise: The art and science of making sound alarming,"
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1203:(St. Benedict, Oregon: Mount Angel Abbey, 2002), pages 170-171. Available on-line at:
1192:, vol. 6, no. 4, pages 20–23 (Summer 1990) and "The history of fog signals – part 2,"
1000:, vol. 18, no. 3, pages 22–27 (Winter 2003). (Lamm's article is available on-line at:
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On the
Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music, 3rd ed.
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Some time before 1799, the siren was invented by the
Scottish natural philosopher
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Many fire sirens (used for summoning volunteer firefighters) serve double duty as
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Electric-motor-driven mechanical sirens may draw 50 to 200 amperes at 12 volts (
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Sirens must also be approved by local agencies, in some cases. For example, the
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The earliest way of summoning volunteer firemen to a fire was by ringing of a
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U.S. Patent no. 3,324,408 (filed: Nov. 23, 1965; published: June 6, 1967).
1137:. For a brief biography of George Slight, see the Spanish Knowledge article
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Governments may have standards for vehicle-mounted sirens. For example, in
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441:. Lower frequency sound waves go around corners and through holes better.
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1196:, vol. 7, no.1, pages 8–17 (Fall 1990). See especially page 11 of part 2.
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1167:, vol. 89, pages 297-303. Regarding the siren, see pages 300 and 301.
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545:'s "The Klaxon: March of the Automobiles" (1929), which features a
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54:. They are tested once a year, on the first Wednesday in February.
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280:, consists of a rotating disk with holes in it (called a chopper,
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The electrically powered cylinder siren used to alert the town of
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frequency. Hence they were used in research on hearing and sound.
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1174:(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1913),
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Minutes of the Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers
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Die Sirenen: Ein Beitrag zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Akustik
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usage, vehicular pneumatic sirens are sometimes referred to as
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1245:"Electronic siren including a shock excited resonant circuit,"
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when power is applied) its application is normally limited to
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of Greek mythology; hence the name he gave to the instrument.
1929:
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1998 by Canadian band Sloan uses multiple sirens overlapped.
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1361:"J1849_202002: Emergency Vehicle Sirens - SAE International"
1318:"Cal. Code Regs. Tit. 13, § 1028 - Performance Requirements"
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For descriptions of Robison's and de la Tour's sirens, see:
19:
This article is about the alarm device. For other uses, see
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Emergency vehicle siren noise: A potential for hearing loss
198:, which was incorporated into the siren's inner cylinder.
101:. There are two general types: mechanical and electronic.
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Elementary Treatise on Physics: Experimental and Applied
339:) and square sound waves account for its effectiveness.
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Art Attack: A Short Cultural History of the Avant-Garde
1201:
Transportation-markings: A Historical Survey, 1750–2000
186:; the final version was first installed in 1887 at the
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1188:
Wayne Wheeler, "The history of fog signals – part 1,"
1126:(Latheronwheel, Scotland: Whittles Publishing, 2001),
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In 1819, an improved siren was developed and named by
1296:. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 84.
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ability to increase localisation of sirens, as in a
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Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics
943:
Sounds of Our Times: Two Hundred Years of Acoustics
483:. They have been prominently featured in works by
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1386:"A framework for the design of ambulance sirens"
1383:
1032:, 8th ed. (N.Y., N.Y.: Wm. Wood and Co., 1877),
986:driving the rotating disk like a turbine. See:
956:. De la Tour's siren is illustrated on page 31.
897:(Berlin, Germany: R. Gaertners, 1891), part 1,
722:compartment sound levels could exceed 90dB(A).
372:Electronic sirens incorporate circuits such as
327:, though it has seen increasing use on type IV
1343:"Siren Standards (Office of Justice Programs)"
637:National Institute of Standards and Technology
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1593:
2327:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
1243:Ronald H. Chapman and Charles W. Stephens,
1124:Lost Sounds: The Story of Coast Fog Signals
993:(New York: Springer Verlag, 1998), page 30.
292:. Such sirens can consume large amounts of
2159:International Association of Fire Fighters
1600:
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959:De la Tour's siren is also illustrated on
1384:Catchpole, K.; Mckeown, D. (2007-08-01).
1155:“Ailsa Craig lighthouse and fog signals,”
1043:(London: Charles Griffin and Co., 1899),
693:Learn how and when to remove this message
385:police sirens also use the interval of a
1265:"Varese and his Fire Siren: Not So Wild"
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319:. Because of its high current draw (100
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574:. A variation of a siren, played on a
430:Electronic sirens are high efficiency
30:Electronic Sirens Pavian by Telegrafia
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879:(Edinburgh, Scotland: 1822), vol. 4,
819:J1849, 2020 Edition, February 2020 -
276:The pneumatic siren, which is a free
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2317:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
675:adding citations to reliable sources
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945:(New York: Springer Verlag, 1998),
919:Charles Cagniard de la Tour (1819)
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1965:Self-contained breathing apparatus
1665:Firefighter assist and search team
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1322:LII / Legal Information Institute
998:Invention and Technology Magazine
877:A System of Mechanical Philosophy
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168:Baron Charles Cagniard de la Tour
46:There are 8,200 alarm sirens for
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1690:Fire department ranks by country
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1067:Annales de chimie et de physique
1039:J.H. Poynting and J.J. Thomson,
926:Annales de chimie et de physique
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570:segment played by percussionist
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2164:International Firefighters' Day
2124:Candidate Physical Ability Test
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1028:(translator: Edmund Atkinson),
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662:needs additional citations for
578:, are the opening notes of the
404:electronic siren (WPS-2750) in
368:Hörmann HLS-381 Pneumatic siren
81:is a loud noise-making device.
1675:Special operations firefighter
1512:Theses: Doctorates and Masters
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1781:Hazardous materials apparatus
1504:Riach, Douglas (2003-01-01).
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261:A motor siren (a German E57)
124:Fire sirens are often called
1568:- Pictures of Siren whistles
491:composers. Examples include
252:
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2189:World Police and Fire Games
2144:Fire protection engineering
1221:(1911), 11th ed., vol. 16,
970:of: Hermann von Helmholtz,
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732:Interaural level difference
611:Approvals or certifications
564:" (1992) and in a CBS News
556:, sirens have been used in
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10:
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2437:Glossary of wildfire terms
2169:List of firefighting films
1617:Personnel and organization
1172:Lighthouses and Lightships
1153:David A. Stevenson (1887)
736:interaural time difference
519:Symphony of Factory Sirens
317:Federal Signal Corporation
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1574:- pictures of fire sirens
1453:10.1080/00140130701318780
1402:10.1080/00140130701318780
929:, vol. 12, pages 167–171.
717:A fire truck uses a siren
624:California Highway Patrol
190:lighthouse in Scotland's
2467:Template:Fire protection
2184:World Firefighters Games
2078:Gaseous fire suppression
821:Emergency Vehicle Sirens
479:Sirens are also used as
247:
2154:History of firefighting
1219:Encyclopædia Britannica
870:Encyclopædia Britannica
772:Chrysler air raid siren
606:mounted on a fire truck
2292:Firefighting apparatus
1980:Thermal imaging camera
1960:Secure information box
1776:Firefighting apparatus
1290:Aronson, Marc (1998).
1096:
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815:Standard available at
718:
607:
501:(1918–21, rev. 1927),
489:contemporary classical
408:
369:
273:
217:
74:
66:
39:
31:
2337:Wildland water tender
1919:Hydraulic rescue tool
1685:Women in firefighting
1170:Frederick A. Talbot,
1089:
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716:
601:
558:The Chemical Brothers
400:
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216:during World War Two.
211:
72:
45:
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29:
2378:Wildland fire module
2332:Wildland fire engine
2219:Wildfire suppression
1756:Fire command vehicle
1751:Airport crash tender
1650:Retained firefighter
1341:Little, R A (1970).
1205:University of Oregon
803:Notes and references
671:improve this article
584:Ridin' the Storm Out
533:Dimitri Shostakovich
422:Physics of the sound
83:Civil defense sirens
2237:Aerial firefighting
2093:Stop, drop and roll
2083:Multiple-alarm fire
1950:Portable water tank
1859:Fire proximity suit
1483:"Alarms and Sirens"
1269:The Washington Post
777:Civil defense siren
481:musical instruments
451:The characteristic
73:An 1860s-era siren.
16:Noise-making device
2277:Fire retardant gel
2262:Fire lookout tower
1935:New York roof hook
1786:Light and air unit
1723:Fire lookout tower
1630:Chief fire officer
1250:2017-02-06 at the
1228:2022-11-13 at the
1210:2016-03-03 at the
1181:2022-11-13 at the
1160:2022-11-13 at the
1133:2022-11-13 at the
1076:2015-10-15 at the
1050:2022-11-13 at the
1007:2008-02-18 at the
966:2022-11-13 at the
952:2022-11-13 at the
904:2022-11-13 at the
886:2022-11-13 at the
842:2020-02-08 at the
719:
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602:Warning siren and
588:Money City Maniacs
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2449:
2442:List of wildfires
2302:Helicopter bucket
2297:Firefighting foam
1899:Hard suction hose
1844:Fire extinguisher
1834:Fire brigade keys
1572:The Siren Archive
1271:. 27 January 1978
1002:American Heritage
989:Robert T. Beyer,
941:Robert T. Beyer,
792:Thunderbolt siren
728:directional siren
714:
703:
702:
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632:SAE International
562:Song to the Siren
121:driven speakers.
89:vehicles such as
87:emergency service
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2139:Fire photography
1921:("Jaws of life")
1879:Fireman's switch
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2058:Fireman's carry
1984:
1884:Flame retardant
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1766:Fire motorcycle
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1553:on 2007-02-06.
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572:Evelyn Glennie
543:Henry Fillmore
538:Symphony No. 2
523:George Antheil
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412:Steam whistles
394:
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315:siren sold by
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192:Firth of Clyde
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2368:Hotshot crew
2353:Fire lookout
2252:Fire flapper
2043:Fire control
2008:Chimney fire
1969:
1894:Halligan bar
1869:Fire shelter
1854:Fire hydrant
1829:Fire blanket
1824:Escape chair
1801:Water tender
1728:Fire station
1655:Fire marshal
1635:Fire captain
1609:Firefighting
1548:the original
1516:. Retrieved
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1487:. Retrieved
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1368:. Retrieved
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1275:15 September
1273:. Retrieved
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683:October 2016
680:
669:Please help
664:verification
661:
629:
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541:(1927), and
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507:(1924), and
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466:
458:
450:
446:
443:
436:
432:loudspeakers
429:
425:
416:Soviet Union
410:
406:Milpitas, CA
371:
345:
341:
308:
304:
298:
275:
267:Sound sample
239:
219:
200:
176:
165:
157:John Robison
154:
146:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
123:
115:water towers
103:
99:fire engines
78:
76:
60:Sound sample
2387:By location
2373:Smokejumper
2230:and tactics
2108:Ventilation
2048:Fire safety
2033:False alarm
1990:Terminology
1940:PASS device
1914:Hose bridge
1904:Hazmat suit
1839:Fire bucket
1819:Bunker gear
1761:Fire engine
1706:Drill tower
1660:Fire police
1365:www.sae.org
1111:major third
1092:Translation
1069:, vol. 12,
485:avant-garde
393:Other types
374:oscillators
240:During the
230:electricity
188:Ailsa Craig
138:noon sirens
130:fire alarms
95:police cars
52:Switzerland
50:throughout
2419:Washington
2414:California
2282:Fire trail
2228:Equipment
2068:Flash fire
2038:Fire class
2018:Deluge gun
1955:Rotary saw
1925:Kelly tool
1889:Fog nozzle
1733:Hose tower
1699:Facilities
1640:Fire chief
1557:(206
1518:2022-11-13
1489:25 October
1441:Ergonomics
1390:Ergonomics
1370:2022-11-13
1327:2022-11-13
899:pages 7–10
617:California
567:60 Minutes
547:klaxophone
510:Ionisation
504:Hyperprism
382:amplifiers
378:modulators
360:Electronic
354:Morse code
329:ambulances
305:mechanical
282:siren disk
134:fire horns
91:ambulances
2399:Australia
2346:Personnel
2307:Hose pack
2287:Firebreak
2267:Fire rake
2257:Fire hose
2247:Driptorch
2199:Wildfires
2129:Fire camp
2073:Flashover
2003:Barn fire
1998:Backdraft
1849:Fire hose
1811:Equipment
1743:Apparatus
1410:0014-0139
498:Amériques
278:aerophone
253:Pneumatic
2550:Category
2510:Glossary
2486:Category
2455:See also
2363:Helitack
2358:Handcrew
2088:Rollover
2063:Firewall
1771:Fireboat
1670:Handcrew
1514:(Thesis)
1469:28283263
1461:17558670
1426:28283263
1418:17558670
1248:Archived
1226:Archived
1223:page 647
1208:Archived
1179:Archived
1158:Archived
1131:Archived
1084:Original
1074:Archived
1071:page 171
1048:Archived
1005:Archived
964:Archived
950:Archived
902:Archived
884:Archived
840:Archived
761:See also
576:keyboard
531:(1926);
521:(1922);
513:(1931);
475:In music
462:tempered
349:solenoid
161:stopcock
2534:Outline
2498:Commons
2409:History
2322:Pulaski
2207:General
1945:The pig
1176:page 62
1128:page 51
1045:page 37
961:page 12
947:page 30
782:Foghorn
387:tritone
309:coaster
151:History
106:tornado
2556:Sirens
2312:McLeod
2174:Muster
1555:
1467:
1459:
1424:
1416:
1408:
1300:
787:Klaxon
582:song "
453:timbre
402:Whelen
380:, and
335:at 10
294:energy
226:church
172:sirens
97:, and
2522:Index
2430:Lists
2028:Draft
1970:Siren
1930:Nomex
1791:Quint
1551:(PDF)
1544:(PDF)
1465:S2CID
1422:S2CID
1347:NCJRS
1150:See:
1109:or a
1107:minor
1041:Sound
1022:See;
865:See:
439:hertz
290:sound
286:rotor
248:Types
228:. As
132:, or
79:siren
21:Siren
1716:list
1491:2012
1457:PMID
1414:PMID
1406:ISSN
1298:ISBN
1277:2019
738:and
630:The
487:and
337:feet
321:amps
222:bell
203:horn
1559:KiB
1449:doi
1398:doi
817:SAE
673:by
560:' "
552:In
535:'s
525:'s
517:'s
313:Q2B
307:or
299:In
284:or
140:or
108:or
2552::
1510:.
1463:.
1455:.
1445:50
1443:.
1420:.
1412:.
1404:.
1394:50
1392:.
1388:.
1363:.
1345:.
1320:.
1267:.
1080::
1011:.)
751:DC
742:.
734:,
549:.
376:,
333:dB
144:.
128:,
93:,
77:A
1601:e
1594:t
1587:v
1561:)
1521:.
1493:.
1471:.
1451::
1428:.
1400::
1373:.
1349:.
1330:.
1306:.
1279:.
1232:.
1214:.
1185:.
1113:.
1054:.
1036:.
908:.
890:.
696:)
690:(
685:)
681:(
667:.
23:.
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