237:
1321:
312:
783:
149:
669:
907:, said that civil protection requires "not just more resources, but first and foremost better governance of the resources that are available including better synergies between humanitarian aid and civil protection". In recent years there has been emphasis on preparedness for technological disasters resulting from terrorist attack. Within EU countries the term "crisis-management" emphasizes the political and security dimension rather than measures to satisfy the immediate needs of the population.
610:
802:" (MAD) by making provisions for survivors. It was also considered that a full-fledged total defense would have not been worth the very large expense. For whatever reason, the public saw efforts at civil defense as fundamentally ineffective against the powerful destructive forces of nuclear weapons, and therefore a waste of time and money, although detailed scientific research programs did underlie the much-mocked government civil defense pamphlets of the 1950s and 1960s.
480:
696:(1961â63) launched an ambitious effort to install fallout shelters throughout the United States. These shelters would not protect against the blast and heat effects of nuclear weapons, but would provide some protection against the radiation effects that would last for weeks and even affect areas distant from a nuclear explosion. In order for most of these preparations to be effective, there had to be some degree of warning. In 1951,
1093:
369:
29:
461:. Like the Civil Air Patrol, the Coast Guard Auxiliary was established in the run up to World War II. Auxiliarists were sometimes armed during the war, and extensively participated in port security operations. After the war, the Auxiliary shifted its focus to promoting boating safety and assisting the Coast Guard in performing search and rescue and marine safety and environmental protection.
700:(Control of Electromagnetic Radiation) was established. Under the system, a few primary stations would be alerted of an emergency and would broadcast an alert. All broadcast stations throughout the country would be constantly listening to an upstream station and repeat the message, thus passing it from station to station.
2270:
1280:
showed that lightly trained (40 hours or less) civilians in organised teams can perform up to 95% of emergency activities when trained, liaised and supported by local government. In this plan, the populace rescues itself from most situations, and provides information to a central office to prioritize
707:
analysis, looking at varying levels of war escalation, warning and pre-emptive attacks in the late 1950s early 1960s, it was estimated that approximately 27 million US citizens would have been saved with civil defense education. At the time, however, the cost of a full-scale civil defense program was
584:
caused international controversy when it announced plans to disband its Civil
Defence committee because the councillors had decided that hydrogen bombs meant that there could be no recovery from a nuclear attack. The British government opposed such a move and held a provocative Civil Defence exercise
464:
In the United States a federal civil defense program existed under Public Law 920 of the 81st
Congress, as amended, from 1951 to 1994. That statutory scheme was made so-called all-hazards by Public Law 103â160 in 1993 and largely repealed by Public Law 103â337 in 1994. Parts now appear in Title VI of
393:
failed to break the morale of the
British people, destroy the Royal Air Force or significantly hinder British industrial production. Despite a significant investment in civil and military defense, British civilian losses during the Blitz were higher than in most strategic bombing campaigns throughout
1256:
Staffing a response is always full of problems in a civil defense emergency. After an attack, conventional full-time emergency services are dramatically overloaded, with conventional fire fighting response times often exceeding several days. Some capability is maintained by local and state agencies,
1010:
Shelter intended to protect against nuclear blast effects would include thick concrete and other sturdy elements which are resistant to conventional explosives. The biggest threats from a nuclear attack are effects from the blast, fires and radiation. One of the most prepared countries for a nuclear
1311:
Preparation for recovery can be very helpful. If mitigating resources are dispersed before the attack, cascades of social failures can be prevented. One hedge against bridge damage in riverine cities is to subsidize a "tourist ferry" that performs scenic cruises on the river. When a bridge is down,
403:
during the war proved slightly less lethal than what was observed in the UK, with an estimated 400,000-600,000 German civilian fatalities for approximately 1.35 million tons of bombs dropped on
Germany, an estimated resulting rate therefore of 0.30-0.44 civilian fatalities per ton of bombs dropped.
209:
there would be 9,000 casualties in the first two days and then a continuing rate of 17,500 casualties a week. These rates were thought conservative. It was believed that there would be "total chaos and panic" and hysterical neurosis as the people of London would try to flee the city. To control the
388:
As the war progressed, the military effectiveness of
Germany's aerial bombardment was very limited. Thanks to the Luftwaffe's shifting aims, the strength of British air defenses, the use of early warning radar and the life-saving actions of local civil defense units, the aerial "Blitz" during the
1307:
Recovery consists of rebuilding damaged infrastructure, buildings and production. The recovery phase is the longest and ultimately most expensive phase. Once the immediate "crisis" has passed, cooperation fades away and recovery efforts are often politicized or seen as economic opportunities.
1140:
and pre-positioning information, supplies, and emergency infrastructure. For example, most larger cities in the U.S. now have underground emergency operations centers that can perform civil defense coordination. FEMA also has many underground facilities for the same purpose located near major
365:. The ARP also helped rescue people after air raids and other attacks, and some women became ARP Ambulance Attendants whose job was to help administer first aid to casualties, search for survivors, and in many grim instances, help recover bodies, sometimes those of their own colleagues.
941:
In the United States, the federal civil defense program was authorized by statute and ran from 1951 to 1994. Originally authorized by Public Law 920 of the 81st
Congress, it was repealed by Public Law 93â337 in 1994. Small portions of that statutory scheme were incorporated into the
957:
was the so-called "Crisis
Relocation Program" administered as part of the federal civil defense program. That effort largely lapsed under President Ronald Reagan, who discontinued the Carter initiative because of opposition from areas potentially hosting the relocated population.
747:
planned to minimize, as far as possible, the effects of nuclear weapon strikes on its territory, and therefore spent considerably more thought on civil defense preparations than in U.S., with defense plans that have been assessed to be far more effective than those in the U.S.
878:, the triangle CD logo continues to be widely used. Created in 1939 by Charles Coiner of the N. W. Ayer Advertising Agency, it was used throughout World War II and the Cold War era. In the U.S., 2006 saw the retirement of the old triangle logo, to be replaced with a stylised
1031:", uses an explosive to spread radioactive material. This is a theoretical risk, and such weapons have not been used by terrorists. Depending on the quantity of the radioactive material, the dangers may be mainly psychological. Toxic effects can be managed by standard
438:. The CAP was created on December 1, 1941, with the main civil defense mission of search and rescue. The CAP also sank two Axis submarines and provided aerial reconnaissance for Allied and neutral merchant ships. In 1946, the Civil Air Patrol was barred from combat by
934:, a country's population is more valuable than all of the land, factories and other assets that it possesses. People rebuild a country after its destruction, and it is therefore important for the economic security of a country that it protect its people. According to
247:
The organization of civil defense was the responsibility of the local authority. Volunteers were ascribed to different units depending on experience or training. Each local civil defense service was divided into several sections. Wardens were responsible for local
1019:(shelter) against the initial nuclear bomb and explosion followed by the fall-out. Because of this, many people use it as a safe to protect valuables, photos, financial information and so on. Switzerland also has air-raid and nuclear-raid sirens in every village.
596:
and the perceived likelihood of such an attack precipitated a greater response than had yet been required of civil defense. Civil defense, previously considered an important and commonsense step, became divisive and controversial in the charged atmosphere of the
950:(Public Law 93-288). In the portions of the civil defense statute incorporated into the Stafford Act, the primary modification was to use the term "Emergency Preparedness" wherever the term "Civil Defence" had previously appeared in the statutory language.
89:, the focus of civil defense has largely shifted from responding to military attack to dealing with emergencies and disasters in general. The new concept is characterised by a number of terms, each of which has its own specific shade of meaning, such as
2397:
605:
created a 162-page document outlining a model civil defense structure for the U.S. Called the "Blue Book" by civil defense professionals in reference to its solid blue cover, it was the template for legislation and organization for the next 40 years.
902:
to refer to government-approved systems and resources tasked with protecting the non-combat population, primarily in the event of natural and technological disasters. For example, the EU's humanitarian aid policy director on the Ebola Crisis,
398:
dropped only an estimated 30,000 tons of ordinance during the battle. Granted, this resulting 0.47-0.67 civilian fatalities per ton of bombs dropped was lower than the earlier 121 casualties per ton prediction. However, in comparison, Allied
210:
population harsh measures were proposed: bringing London under almost military control, and physically cordoning off the city with 120,000 troops to force people back to work. A different government department proposed setting up camps for
334:, local authorities dug trenches to provide shelter. After the crisis, the British Government decided to make these a permanent feature, with a standard design of precast concrete trench lining. They also decided to issue the
1965:
1336:
Civil
Defense is also the name of a number of organizations around the world dedicated to protecting civilians from military attacks, as well as to providing rescue services after natural and human-made disasters alike.
894:
Homeland
Security/Office of Civil Defense. In Great Britain, a charity providing a Civil Defense response was launched during 2015 to fill the gap since the disbandment of the Government run Civil Defense service.
465:
the Robert T. Stafford
Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act, Public Law 100-107 . The term EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS was largely codified by that repeal and amendment. See 42 USC Sections 5101 and following.
326:, because of the apparently irreconcilable conflict between the need to send the public underground for shelter and the need to keep them above ground for protection against gas attacks. In February 1936 the
2193:
2056:
585:
on the streets of Coventry which Labour council members protested against. The government also decided to implement its own committee at the city's cost until the council reinstituted its committee.
252:
and reporting, and leadership, organization, guidance and control of the general public. Wardens would also advise survivors of the locations of rest and food centers, and other welfare facilities.
1160:, the dispersal of lorry-transportable bridges, water purification, mobile refineries, mobile de-contamination facilities, mobile general and special purpose disaster mortuary facilities such as
577:
Each division was divided into several sections, including the Headquarters, Intelligence and Operations, Scientific and Reconnaissance, Warden & Rescue, Ambulance and First Aid and Welfare.
1341:
677:
794:. As of 2006, there were about 300,000 shelters in private and public buildings for a total of 8.6 million places, a level of coverage corresponding to 114% of the Swiss population.
1296:, under the Department of Homeland Security, which certifies training programs by local governments, and registers "certified disaster service workers" who complete such training.
1918:
1747:
739:, with its stops and starts in civil defense depending on the whims of each newly elected government, the military strategy in the comparatively more ideologically consistent
860:
maintain a national Civil Defence Corps, usually having a wide brief for assisting in large scale civil emergencies such as flood, earthquake, invasion, or civil disorder.
282:
teams to the scenes of reported bombing. If local services were deemed insufficient to deal with the incident then the controller could request assistance from surrounding
2702:
926:
Relatively small investments in preparation can speed up recovery by months or years and thereby prevent millions of deaths by hunger, cold and disease. According to
70:
and recovery. Programs of this sort were initially discussed at least as early as the 1920s and were implemented in some countries during the 1930s as the threat of
1077:
938:, it is important for people to feel as though they are in control of their own destiny, and preparing for uncertainty via civil defense may help to achieve this.
2145:
1276:
However, the traditional response to massed attack on civilian population centers is to maintain a mass-trained force of volunteer emergency workers. Studies in
1441:
is still very much an active organization and is occasionally called upon for its Auxiliary Fire Service and ambulance/rescue services when emergencies such as
546:. As a civilian volunteer organization, it was tasked to take control in the aftermath of a major national emergency, principally envisaged as being a Cold War
233:(NFS)), fire watchers, rescue, first aid post, stretcher party and industry. Over 1.9 million people served within the CD; nearly 2,400 died from enemy action.
886:). A reference to the old CD logo (without the red CD letters) can be seen above the eagle's head in the FEMA seal. The name and logo continue to be used by
809:
was stood down in Great Britain in 1968 due to the financial crisis of the mid-1960s. Its neighbors, however, remained committed to Civil Defence, namely the
2204:
2067:
943:
1220:
To set up and implement training programs for intervention and coordination teams as well as assessment experts including joint courses and exchange systems
767:
Civil Defense Brigade. The task force performed some high-risk tasks including, with the failure of their robotic machinery, the manual removal of highly-
3541:
1450:
2321:
Recruitment continued well into the 1960s, until the financial crisis of the mid 1960s resulted in the standing-down of the Civil Defence Corps in 1968.
1722:
1292:. The program was widely adopted, providing standard terms for organization. In the U.S., this is now official federal policy, and it is implemented by
3697:
2585:
1202:
To establish a framework for effective and rapid cooperation between different civil protection services when mutual assistance is needed (police,
2172:
394:
the war. For example, there were 14,000-20,000 UK civilian fatalities during the Battle of Britain, a relatively high number considering that the
255:
Rescue Parties were required to assess and then access bombed-out buildings and retrieve injured or dead people. In addition they would turn off
1223:
To enhance the coherence of actions undertaken at international level in the field of civil protection, especially in the context of cooperation
798:
In Western countries, strong civil defense policies were never properly implemented, because it was fundamentally at odds with the doctrine of "
1682:
3489:
2575:
1981:
National Security Resources Board. United States Civil Defense. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (GPO), 1950. LCCN 51060552.
1514:
2440:
1367:. In most countries, however, civil defense is a government-managed, volunteer-staffed organization, separate from the fire brigade and the
2572:â Features much historical information about Civil Defense history, its equipment and methods, and many historical photographs and posters.
2018:
621:
Perhaps the most memorable aspect of the Cold War civil defense effort was the educational effort made or promoted by the government. In
3516:
1165:
1161:
1157:
168:
2309:
1755:
3692:
1374:
As the threat of Cold War eased, a number of such civil defense organizations have been disbanded or mothballed (as in the case of the
1124:
gathering and direct action against terrorist groups. Mitigation may also be reflected in long-term planning such as the design of the
236:
3236:
2594:
688:
US & "Russian" strategic weapons (ready for use) were far less than this, reaching a maximum of about 10,000 apiece in the 1980s.
297:
by dousing it with buckets of sand or water or by smothering. Additionally, 'Gas Decontamination Teams' kitted out with gas-tight and
130:
refers to the commitment of a wide range of national resources to defense, including the protection of all aspects of civilian life.
2485:
915:
308:. They were trained to decontaminate buildings, roads, rail and other material that had been contaminated by liquid or jelly gases.
3474:
3321:
2622:
2609:
2496:
1529:
3509:
1474:
274:
The expected stream of information that would be generated during an attack was handled by 'Report and Control' teams. A local
2677:
2709:
2093:
2000:
1882:
1852:
1658:
554:, with a centralized administrative establishment, the corps was administered locally by Corps Authorities. In general every
400:
1993:"In Case Atom Bombs Fall": An Anthology of Governmental Explanations, Instructions and Warnings from the 1940s to the 1960s
1320:
1121:
776:
2612:â A site with details of the UK's Civil Defence preparations, including those implemented during the Cold War such as the
821:
1830:. Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration. pp. 752â.
198:
Committee (ARP) was established in 1924 to investigate ways for ensuring the protection of civilians from the danger of
3414:
3316:
2384:
Civil protection and humanitarian aid in the Ebola response: lessons for the humanitarian system from the EU experience
2120:"Previously Classified Interviews with Former Soviet Officials Reveal U.S. Strategic Intelligence Failure Over Decades"
1509:
1329:
998:
designed to protect only from radiation and fallout would be much more vulnerable to conventional explosives. See also
840:
have caused attention to be focused away from traditional civil defense and into new forms of civil protection such as
829:
496:
2149:
3531:
3526:
3078:
2407:
1403:
1293:
602:
376:
in 1942. The group served as ARP Fire Wardens, equipped with water hoses and buckets, some wearing FW (Fire Watcher)
2663:
199:
2658:
914:. In most former Soviet countries civil defense is the responsibility of governmental ministries, such as Russia's
665:
including children's songs and distributed them to radio stations to educate the public in case of nuclear attack.
318:
were widely distributed in the United Kingdom by civil defense authorities, in preparation for aerial bombardment.
3521:
3286:
1919:"'No protection against the H-bomb': press and popular reactions to the Coventry civil defence controversy, 1954"
825:
810:
2569:
2528:
1194:
To support and supplement efforts at national, regional and local level with regard to disaster prevention, the
311:
3536:
3504:
3454:
2639:
2554:
2459:
1539:
1187:. Another measure is to cover the nose, mouth and eyes with a piece of cloth and sunglasses to protect against
763:(as in a case of war) from throughout the USSR to join the Chernobyl task force and formed on the basis of the
555:
33:
2271:"Architects of Armageddon: the Home Office Scientific Advisers' Branch and civil defence in Britain, 1945â68â "
1386:), while others have changed their focuses into providing rescue services after natural disasters (as for the
3687:
2961:
2522:
1489:
1360:
3231:
2480:
3494:
2936:
2669:
1625:
1414:
1153:
662:
641:
614:
3499:
3326:
2358:
1544:
1383:
1328:
logo. The triangle emphasized the 3-step Civil Defense philosophy used before the foundation of FEMA and
1325:
1285:
947:
867:
in 2001, in the United States the concept of civil defense has been revisited under the umbrella term of
653:
413:
163:
The advent of civil defense was stimulated by the experience of the bombing of civilian areas during the
2333:
751:
Soviet Civil Defense Troops played the main role in the massive disaster relief operation following the
3439:
3281:
3276:
3266:
3221:
2951:
2508:
1612:
Enterprise vs Bureaucracy â The Development of Structural Air Raid Precautions during the 2nd World War
1587:
799:
423:
2038:
1651:
Warfare and armed conflicts : a statistical encyclopedia of casualty and other figures, 1492â2015
523:
during the 1950s and 1960s, many civil defense practices took place to prepare for the aftermath of a
430:
and established similar groups to the British ARP. One of these groups that still exists today is the
3246:
2534:
1823:
713:
458:
3612:
3484:
2580:
1572:
1504:
1462:
1113:
857:
78:
grew. Civil-defense structures became widespread after authorities recognised the threats posed by
946:(Public Law 100â707) which partly superseded in part, partly amended, and partly supplemented the
3098:
2971:
2718:
1607:
1577:
1479:
1387:
911:
447:
443:
293:
and pass on news of any fires that had broken out to the NFS. They could deal with an individual
2015:
773:
decorated with medals for their work at containing the release of radiation into the environment
289:
Fire Guards were responsible for a designated area/building and required to monitor the fall of
3682:
3251:
2890:
1723:"There Are Still Thousands of Tons of Unexploded Bombs in Germany, Left Over From World War II"
1534:
1231:
To contribute to informing the public, in view of increasing citizens' level of self-protection
1043:
The threat here is primarily from disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses.
772:
427:
338:
free to poorer households and to provide steel props to create shelters in suitable basements.
226:
2931:
1872:
1825:
187:
bombers surpassed the zeppelins. The most devastating raids inflicted 121 casualties for each
3649:
3256:
2559:
1842:
1499:
1438:
1237:
To pool information on national civil protection capabilities, military and medical resources
1117:
986:
involves studying each threat so that preventative measures can be built into civilian life.
814:
709:
623:
581:
535:
454:
442:. The CAP then received its current mission: search and rescue for downed aircraft. When the
230:
218:
20:
1799:
426:
was established in May 1941 to coordinate civilian defense efforts. It coordinated with the
225:
in 1935. Its remit included the pre-existing ARP as well as wardens, firemen (initially the
183:
bombing operations of the First World War were surprisingly effective, especially after the
3661:
3434:
3419:
3399:
3383:
2695:
2591:
2544:
1519:
1375:
904:
883:
864:
841:
782:
240:
195:
97:
67:
59:
2576:
Annotated bibliography for civil defense from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues
2252:
8:
3617:
3341:
3336:
3226:
3008:
1494:
1434:
1109:
806:
743:
held that, amongst other things, a winnable nuclear war was possible. To this effect the
729:
704:
543:
330:
appointed a technical Committee on Structural Precautions against Air Attack. During the
301:
2619:
2493:
1789:
Texas Wing Civil Air Patrol 2014 Summer Encampment Standard Operating Instructions (SOI)
1198:
of those responsible for civil protection and the intervention in the event of disaster
3639:
3624:
3449:
3143:
2885:
2880:
2290:
1957:
1676:
1125:
971:
752:
647:
362:
148:
194:
After the war, attention was turned toward civil defense in the event of war, and the
3557:
3205:
2739:
2403:
2294:
2016:
Hans M. Kristensen 2012, "Estimated US-Russian Nuclear Warhead Inventories 1977â2018.
1996:
1961:
1949:
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1848:
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1654:
1567:
1562:
1426:
1097:
983:
868:
845:
721:
693:
658:
563:
439:
390:
126:
Some countries treat civil defense as a key part of defense in general. For example,
91:
75:
1777:"History of Civil Air Patrol â Civil Air Patrol â United States Air Force Auxiliary"
1195:
3634:
3409:
3346:
3331:
3195:
3138:
3133:
3048:
2998:
2946:
2926:
2895:
2674:
2282:
2123:
1941:
1933:
1176:
1056:
975:
833:
636:
431:
358:
354:
350:
342:
335:
323:
315:
294:
107:
55:
1152:
Other measures would include continual government inventories of grain silos, the
538:
was disbanded in 1945, followed by the ARP in 1946. With the onset of the growing
3261:
3068:
2966:
2956:
2905:
2816:
2764:
2681:
2643:
2626:
2598:
2512:
2500:
2235:
2177:
2119:
2022:
1937:
1557:
1524:
1270:
1262:
1250:
1172:
1032:
999:
967:
787:
668:
628:
547:
524:
290:
279:
164:
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poster, bringing attention to the threat posed by aerial bombardment from German
153:
63:
37:
1824:
United States. President; United States. Office of the Federal Register (1958).
820:
In the United States, the various civil defense agencies were replaced with the
3607:
3602:
3597:
3306:
3296:
3163:
2838:
1697:
1442:
1410:
1379:
1266:
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and an emergency reserve is provided by specialized military units, especially
1211:
1188:
1105:
899:
632:
593:
559:
504:
327:
249:
176:
79:
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system and the placement of military bases further away from populated areas.
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3582:
3301:
3168:
3158:
3128:
3113:
3103:
3058:
3023:
2941:
2900:
2848:
2843:
2759:
2146:"Soviet Civil Defense U.S.S.R. preparations for industrial-base war survival"
1953:
1668:
1484:
1445:
occur and require additional manpower. The organization has units of trained
1399:
1395:
1258:
1146:
1142:
1137:
1081:
995:
927:
768:
500:
419:
377:
346:
331:
127:
51:
32:
The international distinctive sign of civil defense, defined by the rules of
2653:
2606:â The official preparedness site of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security
1214:
661:
combined hit music with civil defense advice. Government institutes created
609:
474:
3562:
3424:
3378:
3291:
3190:
2870:
2781:
2200:
2063:
1430:
1364:
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1203:
954:
760:
673:
508:
264:
2427:
1874:
United States Code, 2006, Supplement 1, January 4, 2007 to January 8, 2008
267:, and repair or pull down unsteady buildings. Medical services, including
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3629:
3577:
3567:
3311:
3241:
3200:
3178:
3118:
2769:
1582:
1240:
To ensure efficient information sharing between the different authorities
1012:
910:
In Australia, civil defense is the responsibility of the volunteer-based
828:. The focus was shifted from nuclear war to an "all-hazards" approach of
791:
551:
516:
512:
275:
260:
222:
1945:
1776:
1120:. In the case of counter-terrorism, mitigation would include diplomacy,
191:
of bombs dropped; this figure was then used as a basis for predictions.
3656:
3429:
3271:
2921:
2865:
2821:
2744:
2170:
1394:). However, the ideals of Civil Defense have been brought back in the
1289:
1207:
1104:
Mitigation is the process of actively preventing war or the release of
1028:
935:
756:
446:
was created, in 1947, the Civil Air Patrol became the auxiliary of the
305:
298:
2518:
Special Event Amateur Ham Radio Station operated from Bangalore, INDIA
3572:
3444:
3153:
3038:
3028:
2811:
2801:
2796:
2256:
1391:
1368:
1356:
1092:
1052:
931:
837:
717:
395:
381:
373:
268:
2636:
2588:â Cold War community getaway in case of nuclear war located in Idaho
1840:
1413:
Civil Defence work is carried out by Emergency Responders under the
1168:, and other aids such as temporary housing to speed civil recovery.
479:
278:
would have an ARP controller who would direct rescue, first aid and
3185:
3173:
3083:
3063:
3053:
3033:
3013:
3003:
2875:
2806:
2791:
725:
697:
681:
598:
571:
539:
488:
361:), the upkeep of local public shelters, and the maintenance of the
256:
172:
157:
86:
2540:
2194:"Why the Soviet Union Thinks It Could Fight and Win a Nuclear War"
2057:"Why the Soviet Union Thinks It Could Fight and Win a Nuclear War"
1342:
United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
368:
3479:
3404:
3351:
3088:
3043:
2858:
2749:
2118:
Burr, William; Savranskaya, Svetlana, eds. (September 11, 2009).
1834:
1800:"About the Coast Guard Auxiliary and District 11 Southern Region"
1446:
1180:
1171:
On an individual scale, one means of preparation for exposure to
435:
283:
211:
184:
180:
2592:
Comprehensive Emergency Management Reference Material Repository
2094:"Why the Soviet Union thinks it can fight and win a Nuclear War"
1804:
United States Coast Guard Auxiliary -District 11 Southern Region
898:
The term "civil protection" is currently widely used within the
16:
Protection of citizens from natural disaster and military attack
3587:
3123:
3108:
3093:
3018:
2828:
2786:
2754:
1422:
1352:
1249:
Response consists first of warning civilians so they can enter
1184:
1085:
944:
Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act
887:
875:
744:
520:
206:
28:
2687:
2631:
2517:
2362:
1363:), civil defense is essentially the same organization as the
1108:. It includes policy analysis, diplomacy, political measures,
434:, which was originally created as a civilian auxiliary to the
380:. Men are in uniform while women wear plain clothes. Composer
3073:
2833:
2548:
2337:
1060:
567:
2505:
3148:
2853:
2776:
2648:
2637:
The official Civil Defense site of SĂŁo Paulo State â Brazil
2632:
The official Civil Defence site for the Republic of Ireland
1345:
979:
891:
764:
740:
736:
720:) system, and as the Soviet adversary was increasing their
50:
is an effort to protect the citizens of a state (generally
1234:
To collect and disseminate validated emergency information
2560:
Civil Defense Logo dies at 67, and Some Mourn its Passing
2310:"Civil Defence: From the First World War to the Cold War"
2148:. Air University Review, MarchâApril 1977. Archived from
188:
71:
2603:
2486:
Large gallery of Bulgaria's Civil Defense Mechanization
2359:"Guam Homeland Security | Office of Civil Defense"
2236:"Chernobyl: Disaster, Response & Fallout - HISTORY"
2143:
1418:
735:
Contrary to the largely noncommittal approach taken in
2666:â online resources for emergency planners and managers
1179:(KI) tablets as a safety measure to protect the human
1076:
2173:"War Survival in Soviet Strategy: USSR Civil Defense"
1817:
1626:"Battle of Britain | European history [1940]"
657:
were also commonplace. The transcribed radio program
2033:
2031:
1898:
McReynolds, David (2008). "Ralph DiGia, 1914â2008".
966:
Threats to civilians and civilian life include NBC (
3542:
Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy
2494:
The UK Civil Defence Project â History & Photos
678:
total number of nuclear bombs/warheads in existence
515:, and especially in the neutral countries, such as
214:for a few days before sending them back to London.
2616:Central Government War HQ., at Corsham, Wiltshire.
2259:, 23 October 2009 (page visited on 5 August 2015).
1841:Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U S ) (July 2009).
271:Parties, provided on the spot medical assistance.
205:The Committee produced figures estimating that in
2028:
243:testing his equipment in Brisbane in October 1942
3674:
2171:Leon Gouré Reviewed by John C. Campbell (1977).
1417:, with assistance from voluntary groups such as
982:(Chemical Biological Radiological and Nuclear).
824:(FEMA) in 1979. In 2002 this became part of the
2117:
1866:
1864:
1183:gland from the uptake of dangerous radioactive
2275:The British Journal for the History of Science
1653:(Fourth ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina.
1315:
1284:In the 1990s, this concept was revived by the
1051:Various chemical agents are a threat, such as
1015:. Almost every building in Switzerland has an
384:stands next to the woman with a black sweater.
2703:
2191:
2091:
2054:
1877:. Government Printing Office. pp. 137â.
1515:Effects of nuclear explosions on human health
1227:Preparing also includes sharing information:
345:, the ARP was responsible for the issuing of
2506:National Civil Defence College, Nagpur INDIA
2395:
1861:
1847:. Government Printing Office. pp. 52â.
953:An important concept initiated by President
295:magnesium alloy ("Elektron") incendiary bomb
3517:Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining
2659:Dutch civil defense instructions in English
2537:(originally a Civil Defence team in the UK)
2386:. Humanitarian Practice Network. pp. nr 64.
1695:
1162:Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Team
771:debris. Many of their personnel were later
322:Little progress was made over the issue of
3490:History of hard rock miners' organizations
2710:
2696:
2675:German Federal Agency for Technical Relief
1995:. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company.
1897:
1681:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1648:
527:, which seemed quite likely at that time.
457:performs a similar role in support of the
3698:1948 establishments in the United Kingdom
1990:
836:and the emergence of new threats such as
542:, the service was revived in 1949 as the
3475:American Society of Reclamation Sciences
3322:North American Aerospace Defense Command
1870:
1720:
1530:International Civil Defence Organization
1319:
1091:
1075:
1027:A "radiologically enhanced weapon", or "
978:) and others, like the more modern term
781:
667:
608:
478:
367:
310:
235:
147:
66:, mitigation, preparation, response, or
27:
2457:
2111:
1916:
1593:
1453:based in key areas around the country.
1340:Worldwide protection is managed by the
1288:to cope with civil emergencies such as
3675:
2581:The American Civil Defense Association
2307:
2039:"Net Evaluation Subcommittee. page 27"
1827:Code of federal regulations: President
1475:The American Civil Defense Association
1112:and more military responses such as a
871:and all-hazards emergency management.
684:and post-Cold War era. However, total
550:. Although under the authority of the
2691:
2424:Presidential Review Memorandum/NSC-32
2396:Sharma, M. D.; Sharma, M. C. (2008).
2268:
2048:
1698:"How dangerous are unexploded bombs?"
1606:
1191:, which are only an internal hazard.
994:Refers to conventional explosives. A
617:, was common during the Cold War Era.
217:A special government department, the
171:began on 19 January 1915 when German
2460:"Swiss still braced for nuclear war"
2441:"Swiss Renew Push for Bomb Shelters"
2438:
2334:"Hawaii Emergency Management Agency"
1745:
961:
558:was a Corps Authority, as were most
468:
2428:Presidential Decision Memorandum 42
2308:Thomas, Roger J.C. (October 2016).
2242:
822:Federal Emergency Management Agency
13:
3415:Journey to the Center of the Earth
3317:Naples underground geothermal zone
2620:Emergency Planning in Lincolnshire
2566:, 1 December 2006 by David Dunlap.
1696:Leatherdale, Duncan (2015-08-11).
1649:Clodfelter, Micheal (2017-05-09).
1510:Critical infrastructure protection
1330:comprehensive emergency management
1294:community emergency response teams
1080:Civil defense logo on an Air raid
830:comprehensive emergency management
613:Civil Defense literature, such as
497:North Atlantic Treaty Organization
483:Civil Defense literature, such as
14:
3709:
3693:Organizations established in 1948
3532:Research Centre for Deep Drilling
3527:International Union of Speleology
2649:Doctors for Disaster Preparedness
2570:Cold War Era Civil Defense Museum
2474:
1404:Community Emergency Response Team
1281:professional emergency services.
1136:Preparation consists of building
603:National Security Resources Board
143:
2555:Civil Protection Villena â Spain
1991:Scheibach, Michael, ed. (2009).
1971:from the original on 2020-03-06.
1917:Barnett, Nicholas (2015-07-03).
916:Ministry of Emergency Situations
407:
3522:Institution of Mining Engineers
3287:Underground Great Wall of China
2717:
2451:
2432:
2416:
2389:
2376:
2351:
2326:
2301:
2262:
2228:
2222:
2185:
2164:
2137:
2085:
2009:
1984:
1975:
1910:
1891:
826:Department of Homeland Security
811:Isle of Man Civil Defence Corps
777:the 56 deaths from the accident
753:1986 Chernobyl nuclear accident
676:/Russia nuclear stockpiles, in
3537:Society of Economic Geologists
3505:National Speleological Society
3455:Wonderland (fictional country)
2458:Foulkes, Imogen (2007-02-10).
2382:Fink-Hooijer, Florika (2015).
2269:Smith, Melissa (1 June 2010).
1844:Nuclear Regulatory Legislation
1792:
1783:
1769:
1739:
1714:
1689:
1642:
1618:
1600:
1540:State Council of Civil Defense
1141:railheads such as the ones in
1131:
708:regarded as less effective in
540:tensions between East and West
372:Jewish Civil Defense group in
34:international humanitarian law
1:
2962:Subterranean rivers of London
1490:Civil-defense Geiger counters
1456:
1361:Singapore Civil Defence Force
1312:the ferry takes up the load.
1071:
921:
495:In most of the states of the
169:bombing of the United Kingdom
3495:National Mine Map Repository
2937:Jewel Cave National Monument
2654:Physicians for Civil Defense
2439:Ball, Deborah (2011-06-25).
2399:Paramilitary Forces of India
2144:Captain John W. Dorough Jr.
1938:10.1080/14682745.2014.968558
1415:Civil Contingencies Act 2004
1154:Strategic National Stockpile
779:being Civil defense troops.
663:public service announcements
642:Survival Under Atomic Attack
615:Survival Under Atomic Attack
401:strategic bombing of Germany
58:. It uses the principles of
7:
3500:National Mining Association
3327:Raven Rock Mountain Complex
2684:â THW Technisches Hilfswerk
2670:The Norwegian Civil Defence
2664:Emergency Management Portal
2297:– via Cambridge Core.
1545:List of civil defense ranks
1467:
1384:United States civil defense
1351:In a few countries such as
1326:United States civil defense
1316:Civil defense organizations
1302:
1286:Los Angeles Fire Department
1244:
1158:Strategic Petroleum Reserve
948:Disaster Relief Act of 1974
790:of the civil protection in
654:Nuclear War Survival Skills
414:United States civil defense
10:
3714:
3440:Tunnels in popular culture
3282:Underground City, Montreal
3277:Underground City (Beijing)
3222:816 Nuclear Military Plant
2952:Mammoth Cave National Park
1588:Weapon of mass destruction
1460:
800:mutual assured destruction
472:
424:Office of Civilian Defense
411:
179:area, killing six people.
138:
133:
19:For the Russian band, see
18:
3550:
3467:
3392:
3371:
3364:
3247:Cheyenne Mountain Complex
3214:
2991:
2984:
2914:
2732:
2725:
2426:(September 30, 1977) and
2402:. Gyan Publishing House.
2287:10.1017/S0007087409990392
1871:Congress (October 2009).
1066:
786:The reinforced door of a
714:ballistic missile defense
631:advocated that children "
221:, was established by the
3613:Underground construction
3485:Cave Research Foundation
1573:Industrial antiterrorism
1505:Continuity of government
1463:Civil defense by country
1114:National Missile Defense
1096:Civil Defense logo on a
890:State Civil Defense and
851:
703:In a once classified US
487:, was common during the
3099:Missile launch facility
2972:Wind Cave National Park
2535:SEBEV Search and Rescue
2445:The Wall Street Journal
1752:humanities.exeter.ac.uk
1630:Encyclopedia Britannica
1578:Infrastructure security
1480:French Civil Protection
1388:State Emergency Service
1156:, the uncapping of the
912:State Emergency Service
817:(Republic of Ireland).
728:of both would follow a
229:(AFS) and latterly the
3252:Chicago Tunnel Company
2891:Subterranean waterfall
2192:Richard Pipes (1977).
2092:Richard Pipes (1977).
2055:Richard Pipes (1977).
1748:"University of Exeter"
1535:Mass fatality incident
1333:
1101:
1089:
795:
689:
672:The United States and
618:
492:
428:Department of the Army
385:
319:
304:were to deal with any
244:
227:Auxiliary Fire Service
160:
103:emergency preparedness
54:) from human-made and
40:
3267:KĆbĂĄnya cellar system
3257:Houston tunnel system
3237:Almadén Mercury Mines
3232:The Caves of ĂgissĂĂ°a
2525:Italian Civil Defense
2253:"Ă chacun son bunker"
1500:Collective protection
1419:Joint Civil Aid Corps
1323:
1217:, voluntary agencies)
1118:air defense artillery
1095:
1079:
815:Civil Defence Ireland
785:
710:cost-benefit analysis
671:
639:." Booklets such as
635:" when they "see the
612:
592:, the sheer power of
582:Coventry City Council
536:Civil Defence Service
482:
455:Coast Guard Auxiliary
371:
314:
239:
231:National Fire Service
219:Civil Defence Service
175:dropped bombs on the
151:
85:Since the end of the
31:
21:Grazhdanskaya Oborona
3688:Emergency management
3662:Subterranean warfare
3435:Subterranea (comics)
3420:Moria (Middle-earth)
3400:Allegory of the cave
3384:Subterranean fiction
2545:Ministry of Interior
2529:Dublin Civil Defence
2210:on December 14, 2013
2152:on December 17, 2013
2073:on December 14, 2013
1721:Higginbotham, Adam.
1594:Notes and references
1520:Emergency management
1376:Royal Observer Corps
1253:and protect assets.
905:Florika Fink-Hooijer
884:emergency management
865:September 11 attacks
842:emergency management
196:Air Raid Precautions
108:contingency planning
98:emergency management
68:emergency evacuation
60:emergency management
36:and to be used as a
3618:Tunnel construction
3342:Subterranean Toledo
3337:Subterranean London
3227:Caves of Maastricht
2586:Civil Defense Caves
1900:The Catholic Worker
1495:Civil defense siren
1110:nuclear disarmament
807:Civil Defence Corps
775:, with a number of
730:diminishing returns
544:Civil Defence Corps
302:protective clothing
3640:Mining engineering
3625:Underground living
3450:Underland (Narnia)
3365:Fictional features
3144:Underground hangar
2886:Subterranean river
2881:Subterranean fauna
2680:2014-05-11 at the
2642:2006-09-02 at the
2625:2006-05-19 at the
2597:2014-01-31 at the
2564:The New York Times
2511:2009-02-12 at the
2499:2010-01-25 at the
2312:. Historic England
2021:2015-01-12 at the
1746:Robinson, Debbie.
1451:medical responders
1334:
1126:interstate highway
1102:
1090:
796:
690:
648:Fallout Protection
619:
493:
485:Fallout Protection
386:
320:
245:
161:
76:aerial bombardment
41:
3670:
3669:
3558:Cave conservation
3463:
3462:
3360:
3359:
3206:Ventilation shaft
2985:Man-made features
2980:
2979:
2523:Protezione Civile
2490:
2251:Daniele Mariani,
2002:978-0-7864-4541-7
1906:(MarchâApril): 6.
1884:978-0-16-083512-4
1854:978-0-16-083614-5
1660:978-0-7864-7470-7
1568:Nuclear terrorism
1563:Nuclear holocaust
1427:Search and Rescue
984:Threat assessment
962:Threat assessment
869:homeland security
846:homeland security
834:Natural disasters
722:nuclear stockpile
694:President Kennedy
659:Stars for Defense
564:England and Wales
511:, as well as the
469:PostâWorld War II
440:Public Law 79-476
391:Battle of Britain
359:Morrison shelters
355:Anderson shelters
351:air-raid shelters
349:, pre-fabricated
324:air-raid shelters
316:Anderson shelters
113:civil contingency
92:crisis management
56:natural disasters
3705:
3635:Mine exploration
3410:Greek Underworld
3369:
3368:
3347:Turda Salt Mines
3332:Shanghai tunnels
3196:Smuggling tunnel
3139:Underground base
3134:Underground city
3049:Dugout (shelter)
2999:Air raid shelter
2989:
2988:
2947:Lechuguilla Cave
2927:Castellana Caves
2896:Underground lake
2730:
2729:
2726:Natural features
2712:
2705:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2541:Civil Protection
2488:
2468:
2467:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2436:
2430:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2393:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2370:
2361:. Archived from
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2345:
2336:. Archived from
2330:
2324:
2323:
2318:
2317:
2305:
2299:
2298:
2266:
2260:
2250:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2209:
2203:. Archived from
2198:
2189:
2183:
2182:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2141:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2124:Washington, D.C.
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2072:
2066:. Archived from
2061:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2043:
2035:
2026:
2013:
2007:
2006:
1988:
1982:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1970:
1926:Cold War History
1923:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1868:
1859:
1858:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1821:
1815:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1796:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1764:
1763:
1754:. Archived from
1743:
1737:
1736:
1734:
1733:
1718:
1712:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1680:
1672:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1614:, Pergamon Press
1608:Baker, Lord John
1604:
1271:combat engineers
1251:fallout shelters
1177:potassium iodide
1098:Thunderbolt 1003
976:Chemical warfare
759:were officially
755:. Defense Troop
459:U.S. Coast Guard
432:Civil Air Patrol
343:Second World War
336:Anderson shelter
291:incendiary bombs
121:civil protection
48:civil protection
3713:
3712:
3708:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3702:
3673:
3672:
3671:
3666:
3546:
3459:
3388:
3356:
3262:Kosvinsky Kamen
3210:
3069:Fallout shelter
3039:Crypt Mausoleum
2976:
2967:Veryovkina Cave
2957:Reed Flute Cave
2910:
2817:Solutional cave
2765:Communal burrow
2721:
2716:
2682:Wayback Machine
2644:Wayback Machine
2627:Wayback Machine
2610:"Civil Defence"
2599:Wayback Machine
2513:Wayback Machine
2501:Wayback Machine
2489:(archived link)
2477:
2472:
2471:
2456:
2452:
2437:
2433:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2394:
2390:
2381:
2377:
2368:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2352:
2343:
2341:
2332:
2331:
2327:
2315:
2313:
2306:
2302:
2267:
2263:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2223:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2196:
2190:
2186:
2178:Foreign Affairs
2169:
2165:
2155:
2153:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2126:
2116:
2112:
2102:
2100:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2074:
2070:
2059:
2053:
2049:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2029:
2023:Wayback Machine
2014:
2010:
2003:
1989:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1921:
1915:
1911:
1896:
1892:
1885:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1839:
1835:
1822:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1761:
1759:
1744:
1740:
1731:
1729:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1690:
1674:
1673:
1661:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1624:
1623:
1619:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1558:Nuclear warfare
1549:
1525:Fallout shelter
1470:
1465:
1459:
1318:
1305:
1299:
1267:Judge Advocates
1263:Military Police
1247:
1189:alpha particles
1173:nuclear fallout
1134:
1106:nuclear weapons
1084:control box in
1074:
1069:
1063:, and so on.).
1000:fallout shelter
964:
924:
854:
788:fallout shelter
680:throughout the
629:Bert the Turtle
601:. In 1950, the
594:nuclear weapons
560:county boroughs
477:
471:
416:
410:
280:decontamination
241:Air Raid Warden
165:First World War
154:First World War
146:
141:
136:
80:nuclear weapons
38:protective sign
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3711:
3701:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3668:
3667:
3665:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3621:
3620:
3610:
3608:Trench warfare
3605:
3603:Tunnel network
3600:
3598:Tunnel warfare
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3551:Related topics
3548:
3547:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3471:
3469:
3465:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3407:
3402:
3396:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3386:
3381:
3375:
3373:
3366:
3362:
3361:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3307:Mount Yamantau
3304:
3299:
3297:Mines of Paris
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3171:
3166:
3164:Secret passage
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
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532:United Kingdom
505:United Kingdom
499:, such as the
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412:Main article:
409:
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378:Brodie helmets
328:Home Secretary
265:water supplies
250:reconnaissance
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3104:Passage grave
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2942:Kazumura Cave
2940:
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2849:Maternity den
2847:
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2409:9788178357089
2405:
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2392:
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2379:
2365:on 2010-02-04
2364:
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2062:. Commentary
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1143:Denton, Texas
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356:
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44:Civil defense
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
3592:
3563:Cave dweller
3425:Nome Kingdom
3379:Hollow Earth
3292:Maginot Line
3191:Storm cellar
3009:Burial vault
2871:Rock shelter
2782:Glacier cave
2613:
2563:
2463:
2453:
2444:
2434:
2418:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2378:
2367:. Retrieved
2363:the original
2353:
2342:. Retrieved
2338:the original
2328:
2320:
2314:. Retrieved
2303:
2278:
2274:
2264:
2244:
2230:
2224:
2214:September 4,
2212:. Retrieved
2205:the original
2201:Reed College
2199:. Commentary
2187:
2176:
2166:
2156:September 4,
2154:. Retrieved
2150:the original
2139:
2113:
2101:. Retrieved
2097:
2087:
2077:September 4,
2075:. Retrieved
2068:the original
2064:Reed College
2050:
2011:
1992:
1986:
1977:
1946:10026.1/9392
1929:
1925:
1912:
1903:
1899:
1893:
1873:
1843:
1836:
1826:
1819:
1808:. Retrieved
1806:. 2016-05-14
1803:
1794:
1785:
1771:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:the original
1751:
1741:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1716:
1705:. Retrieved
1701:
1691:
1650:
1644:
1633:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1611:
1602:
1551:
1550:
1431:4x4 Response
1408:
1373:
1365:fire brigade
1350:
1339:
1335:
1310:
1306:
1298:
1283:
1278:World War II
1275:
1255:
1248:
1226:
1204:fire service
1196:preparedness
1193:
1170:
1164:(DMORT) and
1151:
1149:, Virginia.
1135:
1122:intelligence
1103:
1050:
1042:
1035:techniques.
1026:
1016:
1009:
993:
990:Conventional
965:
955:Jimmy Carter
952:
940:
925:
909:
897:
879:
873:
862:
855:
819:
804:
797:
750:
734:
702:
691:
685:
674:Soviet Union
652:
646:
640:
622:
620:
589:
587:
579:
576:
531:
529:
509:West Germany
494:
484:
463:
452:
417:
387:
340:
321:
288:
276:headquarters
273:
254:
246:
216:
204:
193:
162:
125:
120:
116:
112:
106:
102:
96:
90:
84:
47:
43:
42:
25:
3645:Mole people
3630:Mine rescue
3578:Cave rescue
3568:Cave diving
3312:Mogao Caves
3242:Coober Pedy
3201:Spider hole
3179:Septic tank
3119:Root cellar
2770:Paleoburrow
2719:Subterranea
2249:(in French)
1727:Smithsonian
1583:Survivalism
1290:earthquakes
1132:Preparation
1013:Switzerland
792:Switzerland
769:radioactive
552:Home Office
525:nuclear war
517:Switzerland
513:Soviet Bloc
341:During the
306:gas attacks
261:electricity
223:Home Office
3677:Categories
3657:Speleology
3650:in fiction
3430:Pellucidar
3272:Kome Caves
2922:Balve Cave
2866:Pit crater
2822:Talus cave
2745:Ant colony
2614:Burlington
2369:2010-01-25
2344:2010-01-25
2316:2021-04-01
2127:Retrieved
2098:Commentary
1810:2016-08-19
1762:2018-10-07
1732:2018-10-07
1707:2018-10-07
1635:2018-10-07
1457:By country
1429:Teams and
1208:healthcare
1072:Mitigation
1039:Biological
1029:dirty bomb
1023:Dirty Bomb
1011:attack is
972:Biological
936:psychology
930:theory in
922:Importance
863:After the
757:reservists
566:and large
475:Leon Gouré
473:See also:
299:waterproof
64:prevention
3573:Cave gate
3445:Underdark
3393:Exemplars
3215:Exemplars
3154:Wine cave
3029:Catacombs
2915:Exemplars
2812:Show cave
2802:Lava tube
2797:Lava cave
2604:Ready.gov
2295:145729137
2257:Swissinfo
2129:April 21,
2103:April 21,
1962:154550156
1954:1468-2745
1677:cite book
1669:959922692
1392:Australia
1371:service.
1369:ambulance
1357:Singapore
1210:service,
1166:DMORT-WMD
1053:nerve gas
932:economics
858:countries
838:terrorism
761:mobilized
718:Nike Zeus
448:Air Force
444:Air Force
396:Luftwaffe
382:Josef Tal
374:Jerusalem
353:(such as
347:gas masks
269:First Aid
200:air-raids
173:zeppelins
158:Zeppelins
117:civil aid
3186:Stepwell
3174:Sewerage
3084:Hypogeum
3064:Erdstall
3054:Dry well
3034:Casemate
3014:Borehole
3004:Basement
2876:Sinkhole
2807:Pit Cave
2792:Ice cave
2678:Archived
2640:Archived
2623:Archived
2595:Archived
2509:Archived
2497:Archived
2464:BBC News
2019:Archived
1966:Archived
1702:BBC News
1610:(1978),
1552:General:
1468:See also
1406:(CERT).
1382:and the
1324:The old
1303:Recovery
1245:Response
1215:provider
1047:Chemical
726:efficacy
705:war game
698:CONELRAD
686:deployed
682:Cold War
599:Cold War
580:In 1954
572:Scotland
489:Cold War
363:blackout
284:boroughs
212:refugees
152:British
87:Cold War
3480:Bergamt
3405:Batcave
3352:Yaodong
3089:Manhole
3079:Foxhole
3044:Dungeon
2750:Aquifer
2531:Ireland
1447:firemen
1435:Ireland
1409:In the
1378:in the
1181:thyroid
1006:Nuclear
968:Nuclear
745:Soviets
732:trend.
712:than a
692:The US
588:In the
530:In the
519:and in
418:In the
139:Origins
134:History
3588:Caving
3510:Grotto
3124:Tunnel
3109:Quarry
3019:Bunker
2906:Warren
2829:Cenote
2787:Grotto
2755:Burrow
2740:Alcove
2481:Greece
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1960:
1952:
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1851:
1667:
1657:
1437:, the
1423:RAYNET
1353:Jordan
1185:iodine
1086:Kansas
1067:Stages
1033:hazmat
974:, and
888:Hawaii
876:Europe
724:, the
568:burghs
556:county
534:, the
521:Sweden
503:, the
422:, the
207:London
181:German
167:. The
3372:Types
3074:Fogou
2992:Types
2834:Karst
2733:Types
2549:Spain
2291:S2CID
2208:(PDF)
2197:(PDF)
2071:(PDF)
2060:(PDF)
2042:(PDF)
1969:(PDF)
1958:S2CID
1922:(PDF)
1433:. In
1359:(see
1100:siren
1082:siren
1061:Sarin
882:(for
856:Many
852:Today
637:flash
185:Gotha
3149:Well
3094:Mine
2854:Nest
2777:Cave
2422:See
2404:ISBN
2216:2013
2158:2013
2131:2013
2105:2013
2079:2013
1997:ISBN
1950:ISSN
1904:LXXV
1879:ISBN
1849:ISBN
1683:link
1665:OCLC
1655:ISBN
1449:and
1402:and
1355:and
1346:OCHA
1269:and
1145:and
1116:and
1088:, US
1017:abri
980:CBRN
892:Guam
844:and
813:and
805:The
765:Kyiv
741:USSR
737:NATO
651:and
507:and
491:era.
453:The
436:Army
263:and
119:and
74:and
2859:Bee
2283:doi
1942:hdl
1934:doi
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1348:).
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