Natural disaster - Knowledge

1578: 29: 1382: 473: 1128: 1362: 561: 585: 1353: 1373: 2206: 1925: 3519: 2337: 984: 2135: 2436: 1213: 1717: 900: 273:(FEMA) explains the relationship between natural disasters and natural hazards as follows: "Natural hazards and natural disasters are related but are not the same. A natural hazard is the threat of an event that will likely have a negative impact. A natural disaster is the negative impact following an actual occurrence of natural hazard in the event that it significantly harms a community. An example of the distinction between a natural hazard and a 766: 999: 1825: 6818: 2050:, and measures of intensity and impact. These complexities result in "single-hazard" assessments being commonplace, where the hazard potential from one particular hazard type is constrained. In these examples, hazards are often treated as isolated or independent. An alternative is a "multi-hazard" approach which seeks to identify all possible natural hazards and their interactions or interrelationships. 1131: 1130: 1135: 1134: 1129: 1136: 1979: 1674: 1708:, becoming higher than usual, causing some of the water to escape its usual boundaries. While the size of a lake or other body of water will vary with seasonal changes in precipitation and snow melt, a flood is not considered significant unless the water covers land used by humans, such as a village, city or other inhabited area, roads or expanses of farmland. 1133: 1793:. It is characterized by strong winds, heavy rainfall and thunderstorms. The determining factor on which term is used is based on where the storm originates. In the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific, the term "hurricane" is used; in the Northwest Pacific, it is referred to as a "typhoon"; a "cyclone" occurs in the South Pacific and Indian Ocean. 748:

election. Indeed, some evidence, based on data from the United States, reveals that incumbent parties can lose votes if citizens perceives them as responsible for a poor disaster response or gain votes based on perceptions of well-executed relief work. The latter study also finds, however, that voters do not reward incumbent parties for

2417:(FEMA) proposed out a basic four-stage vision of preparedness flowing from mitigation to preparedness to response to recovery and back to mitigation in a circular planning process. This circular, overlapping model has been modified by other agencies, taught in emergency classes, and discussed in academic papers. 747:

Disasters stress government capacity, as the government tries to conduct routine as well as emergency operations. Some theorists of voting behavior propose that citizens update information about government effectiveness based on their response to disasters, which affects their vote choice in the next

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During and after natural disasters, routine health behaviors become interrupted. In addition, health care systems may have broken down as a result of the disaster, further reducing access to contraceptives. Unprotected intercourse during this time can lead to increased rates of childbirth, unintended

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washed up on the coasts of Canada and the United States in late 2011. Along the west coast of the United States, this increased the amount of litter by a factor of 10 and may have transported alien species. Storms are also important generators of plastic litter. A study by Lo et al. (2020) reported a

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The recovery phase starts after the immediate threat to human life has subsided. The immediate goal of the recovery phase is to bring the affected area back to normalcy as quickly as possible. During reconstruction, it is recommended to consider the location or construction material of the property.

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DRR activities are part of the national strategies and budget planning in most countries. However the priorities for DRR are often lower than for other development priorities. This has an impact on public sector budget allocations. For many countries, less than 1% of the national budget is available

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There are some challenges for successful DRR. Local communities and organisations should be actively involved in the planning process. The role and funding of local government needs to be considered. Also, DRR strategies should be mindful of gender aspects. For example, studies have shown that women

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Avalanches occur in two general forms, or combinations thereof: slab avalanches made of tightly packed snow, triggered by a collapse of an underlying weak snow layer, and loose snow avalanches made of looser snow. After being set off, avalanches usually accelerate rapidly and grow in mass and volume

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for nearly 45 years. As waste collection services are underfunded and there is no recycling facility, plastics have flooded the camps’ streets and surroundings. In contrast, the Azraq camp in Jordan for refugees from Syria has waste management services; of 20.7 tonnes of waste produced per day, 15%

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A fire storm is characterized by strong to gale force winds blowing toward the fire everywhere around the fire perimeter and results from the rising column of hot gases over an intense, mass fire drawing in the cool air from the periphery. These winds blow the fire brands into the burning area and

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less likely to happen. The approach, also called DRR or disaster risk management, also aims to make disasters less damaging when they do occur. DRR aims to make communities stronger and better prepared to handle disasters. In technical terms, it aims to make them more resilient or less vulnerable.

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reduced the human population to 10,000 or even 1,000 breeding pairs, creating a bottleneck in human evolution, and killed three-quarters of all plant life in the northern hemisphere. However, there is considerable debate regarding the veracity of this theory. The main danger from a supervolcano is

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Globally, the total number of deaths from natural disasters has been reduced by 75% over the last 100 years, due to the increased development of countries, increased preparedness, better education, better methods, and aid from international organizations. Since the global population has grown over

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year. 45% were meteorological (storms), 36% were hydrological (floods), 12% were climatological (heat waves, cold waves, droughts, wildfires) and 7% were geophysical events (earthquakes and volcanic eruptions). Between 1980 and 2011 geophysical events accounted for 14% of all natural catastrophes.

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Pregnant women are one of the groups disproportionately affected by natural disasters. Inadequate nutrition, little access to clean water, lack of health-care services and psychological stress in the aftermath of the disaster can lead to a significant increase in maternal morbidity and mortality.

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food packages were distributed although there was no operational waste management system. Over 700,000 plastic tarpaulins and 100,000 tents were required for emergency shelters. The increase in plastic waste, combined with poor disposal practices, resulted in open drainage channels being blocked,

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Between 1995 and 2015, the greatest number of natural disasters occurred in America, China and India. In 2012, there were 905 natural disasters worldwide, 93% of which were weather-related disasters. Overall costs were US$ 170 billion and insured losses $ 70 billion. 2012 was a moderate

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A tsunami (plural: tsunamis or tsunami; from Japanese: 津波, lit. "harbour wave"; English pronunciation: /tsuːˈnɑːmi/), also known as a seismic sea wave or tidal wave, is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a large lake.

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may form a cloud (generally after cooling) and settle thickly in nearby locations. When mixed with water, this forms a concrete-like material. In sufficient quantities, ash may cause roofs to collapse under its weight. Even small quantities will harm humans if inhaled – it has the consistency of

4425:. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1055–1210, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.010. 610:

During emergencies such as natural disasters and armed conflicts more waste may be produced, while waste management is given low priority compared with other services. Existing waste management services and infrastructures can be disrupted, leaving communities with unmanaged waste and increased

419:. Nature alone is blamed for disasters even when disasters result from failures in development. Disasters also result from failure of societies to prepare. Examples for such failures include inadequate building norms, marginalization of people, inequities, overexploitation of resources, extreme 415:. But disasters can be avoided. Earthquakes, droughts, floods, storms, and other events lead to disasters because of human action and inaction. Poor land and policy planning and deregulation can create worse conditions. They often involve development activities that ignore or fail to reduce the 2265:

Spending on DRR is difficult to quantify for many countries. Global estimates of costs are therefore not available. However an indication of the costs for developing countries is given by the Us$ 215 billion to $ 387 billion per year (up to 2030) estimated costs for climate adaptation. DRR and

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Once a vulnerable population has experienced a disaster, the community can take many years to repair and that repair period can lead to further vulnerability. The disastrous consequences of natural disaster also affect the mental health of affected communities, often leading to post-traumatic

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Because of the social, political and cultural context of many places throughout the world, women are often disproportionately affected by disaster. In the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, more women died than men, partly due to the fact that fewer women knew how to swim. During and after a natural

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may increase the probability of landslides being generated in the future. A detailed review of such interactions across 21 natural hazards identified 90 possible interactions, of varying likelihood and spatial importance. There may also be interactions between these natural hazards and

1741:. Apart from the damage typically associated with storms, such as winds, hail and flooding, the lightning itself can damage buildings, ignite fires and kill by direct contact. Most deaths from lightning occur in the poorer countries of the Americas and Asia, where lightning is common and 442:

to describe disasters misleads people to think the devastating results are inevitable, out of our control, and are simply part of a natural process. Hazards (earthquakes, hurricanes, pandemics, drought etc.) are inevitable, but the impact they have on society is not.

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A sinkhole is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer. When natural erosion, human mining or underground excavation makes the ground too weak to support the structures built on it, the ground can collapse and produce a

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is a physical process by which shorelines in coastal areas around the world shift and change, primarily in response to waves and currents that can be influenced by tides and storm surge. Coastal erosion can result from long-term processes (see also

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Natural hazards occur across different time scales as well as area scales. Tornadoes and flash floods are rapid onset events, meaning they occur with a short warning time and are short-lived. Slow onset events can also be very damaging, for example

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factors have contributed to this trend of increasing losses, such as population growth and increased wealth. This shows that increased exposure is the most important driver of economic losses. However, part of these are also due to human-induced

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Disaster risk reduction progress score for some countries in 2011. The score of 5 is best. Assessments include four indicators that reflect the degree to which countries have prioritised disaster risk reduction and the strengthening of relevant

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Global economic losses due to extreme weather, climate and water events are increasing. Costs have increased sevenfold from the 1970s to the 2010s. Direct losses from disasters have averaged above US$ 330 billion annually between 2015 and 2021.

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and girls are disproportionately impacted by disasters. A gender-sensitive approach would identify how disasters affect men, women, boys and girls differently. It would shape policy that addresses people's specific vulnerabilities and needs.

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refers to the actions taken directly before, during, or immediately after a disaster. The objective is to save lives, ensure health and safety, and meet the subsistence needs of the people affected. It includes warning and evacuation,

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Douville, H., K. Raghavan, J. Renwick, R.P. Allan, P.A. Arias, M. Barlow, R. Cerezo-Mota, A. Cherchi, T.Y. Gan, J. Gergis, D. Jiang, A. Khan, W. Pokam Mba, D. Rosenfeld, J. Tierney, and O. Zolina, 2021:

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ground glass and therefore causes laceration to the throat and lungs. Volcanic ash can also cause abrasion damage to moving machinery such as engines. The main killer of humans in the immediate surroundings of a volcanic eruption is

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Hartmann, Henrik; Bastos, Ana; Das, Adrian J.; Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane; Hammond, William M.; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi; McDowell, Nate G.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Pugh, Thomas A.M.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Allen, Craig D. (20 May 2022).

5316: 2247:. People from local communities, agencies or federal governments can all propose DRR strategies. DRR policies aim to "define goals and objectives across different timescales and with concrete targets, indicators and time frames." 2105:. For other types of natural hazard the calculation of risk is more challenging, principally because of the lack of functions linking the intensity of a hazard and the probability of different levels of damage (fragility curves). 3628: 3069:

Organization of American States, Department of Regional Development; Organization of American States, Natural Hazards Project; United States Agency for International Development, Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance (1990).

258:" itself is defined as follows: "Disasters are serious disruptions to the functioning of a community that exceed its capacity to cope using its own resources. Disasters can be caused by natural, man-made and technological 3445:

Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate. In Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate

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with transport, temporary shelter, and food. Or it can involve establishing semi-permanent settlements in camps and other locations. It may also involve initial repairs to damage to infrastructure, or diverting

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Bouwer, Laurens M. (2019), Mechler, Reinhard; Bouwer, Laurens M.; Schinko, Thomas; Surminski, Swenja (eds.), "Observed and Projected Impacts from Extreme Weather Events: Implications for Loss and Damage",

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Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021:

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Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019).

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tornadoes can attain wind speeds of more than 480 km/h (300 mph), stretch more than 3 km (2 mi) across, and stay on the ground for perhaps more than 100 km (60 mi).

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and are increasingly vulnerable to sexual violence. Disrupted police enforcement, lax regulations, and displacement all contribute to increased risk of gender based violence and sexual assault.

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resulted in severe heat waves which killed over 2,000 people. The heat caused hundreds of wildfires which led to widespread air pollution and burned thousands of square kilometers of forest.

509:). The Asia-Pacific region is the world's most disaster prone region. A person in Asia-Pacific is five times more likely to be hit by a natural disaster than someone living in other regions. 430:

Defining disasters as solely natural events has serious implications when it comes to understanding the causes of a disaster and the distribution of political and financial responsibility in

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Preventive or mitigation measures vary for different types of disasters. In earthquake prone areas, these preventive measures might include structural changes such as the installation of an

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Hail is precipitation in the form of ice that does not melt before it hits the ground. Hailstorms are produced by thunderstorms. Hailstones usually measure between 5 and 150 mm (

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A natural disaster may cause loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.

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There are many classification systems for the different forms of avalanches. Avalanches can be described by their size, destructive potential, initiation mechanism, composition, and

4246: 3504: 2322:. Emergency response aims to provide immediate help to keep people alive, improve their health and support their morale. It can involve specific but limited aid, such as helping 1897:

Most tornadoes have wind speeds of less than 180 km/h (110 mph), are approximately 75 m (250 ft) across, and travel a few kilometers before dissipating. The

1018:. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by vibration, shaking, and sometimes displacement of the ground. Earthquakes are caused by slippage within geological 3321: 6437: 5452: 4394:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

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which attains such intensity that it creates and sustains its own wind system. It is most commonly a natural phenomenon, created during some of the largest bushfires and

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in managing the interconnected risks of natural hazards and climate hazards. Between 2007 and 2022, GFDRR provided $ 890 million in technical assistance, analytics, and

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Each of the natural hazard types outlined above have very different characteristics, in terms of the spatial and temporal scales they influence, hazard frequency and

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Haflidason, Haflidi; Sejrup, Hans Petter; Nygård, Atle; Mienert, Jurgen; Bryn, Petter; Lien, Reidar; Forsberg, Carl Fredrik; Berg, Kjell; Masson, Doug (2004-12-15).

2089:) should ideally include an examination of all relevant hazards and their interactions. To be of most use for risk reduction, hazard analysis should be extended to 1155:

may also be released during the eruption of a volcano; as it leaves the volcano, it can destroy buildings, plants and animals due to its extreme heat. In addition,

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defines a flood as a temporary covering of land that is usually dry with water. In the sense of 'flowing water', the word may also be applied to the inflow of the

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Conflicts can result in large-scale displacement of communities. People living under these conditions are often provided with minimal waste management facilities.

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occurs. The equipment and procedures can be used to reduce vulnerability to disaster, to mitigate the impacts of a disaster, or to respond more efficiently in an

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or other severe storm events. Coastal erosion is one of the most significant coastal hazards. It forms a threat to infrastructure, capital assets and property.

646:, the generation of waste from relief operations was referred to as a "second disaster". The United States military reported that millions of water bottles and 2171:

and breakables to the walls, and the addition of cabinet latches. In flood prone areas, houses can be built on stilts. In areas prone to prolonged electricity

4173:"Investigation on Farmland Abandonment of Terraced Slopes Using Multitemporal Data Sources Comparison and Its Implication on Hydro-Geomorphological Processes" 6480: 5866: 4367: 5470: 4842: 4418: 2614: 6475: 3765:"The responsibility of communicating difficult truths about climate influenced societal disruption and collapse: an introduction to psychological research" 2651: 1648:

experienced three days in a row of temperatures exceeding 40 °C (104 °F), with some regional areas sweltering through much higher temperatures.

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Some of the 18 natural hazards included in the National Risk Index of FEMA now have a higher probability of occurring, and at higher intensity, due to the

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symptoms. These increased emotional experiences can be supported through collective processing, leading to resilience and increased community engagement.

6442: 4755: 2274: 4813: 4455: 2835: 1030:. Earthquakes by themselves rarely kill people or wildlife – it is usually the secondary events that they trigger, such as building collapse, fires, 1970:

originated in the Gulf of Mexico and traveled north, causing damage in 26 American states as well as in Canada and leading to more than 300 deaths.

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and volcanic eruptions, that cause death. Many of these can possibly be avoided by better construction, safety systems, early warning and planning.

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that produce specific conditions that make a slope prone to failure. In many cases, the landslide is triggered by a specific event (such as a heavy

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foods and appropriate storage and preparation equipment, and eat the food as part of normal life. A simple balanced diet can be constructed from

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in Australia which led to a water supply crisis across much of the country. As a result, many desalination plants were built for the first time (

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Natural disasters (e.g. earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes) have the potential to generate a significant amount of waste within a short period.

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Gasper, John T.; Reeves, Andrew (April 2011). "Make It Rain? Retrospection and the Attentive Electorate in the Context of Natural Disasters".

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Nature, Tourism and Ethnicity as Drivers of (De)Marginalization: Insights to Marginality from Perspective of Sustainability and Development

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in the United States, which killed at least 1700 people. Another one is the 2009 Victorian bushfires in Australia (collectively known as "

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Many examples exist of one natural hazard triggering or increasing the probability of one or more other natural hazards. For example, an

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was already challenged in 1976. Human choices in architecture, fire risk, and resource management can cause or worsen natural disasters.

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are widely used to dispose of mixed wastes, including plastics. Air pollution can lead to respiratory and other illnesses. For example,

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lived under a drought emergency declaration for the entire calendar year and suffered severe economic losses. The drought caused the

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Furthermore, shortage of healthcare resources during this time can convert even routine obstetric complications into emergencies.

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is a period of drier-than-normal conditions. A drought can last for days, months or years. Drought often has large impacts on the

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Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology relating to disaster risk reduction

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wherein the vulnerability of the built environment to each of the hazards is taken into account. This step is well developed for

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are angry with women's independent, freethinking behaviour, such as dressing 'immodestly', having sex or abortions. For example,

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describes the policy and practices for reducing the risk of human impacts of landslides, reducing the risk of natural disaster.

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Towards recognition and protection of forced environmental migrants in the public international law: Refugee or IDPs umbrella?

2638: 944:. Primarily composed of flowing snow and air, large avalanches have the capability to capture and move ice, rocks, and trees. 5911: 5397:"The Gendered Nature of Natural Disasters: The Impact of Catastrophic Events on the Gender Gap in Life Expectancy, 1981–2002" 4863: 4649: 4313: 3816: 3429: 3364: 2974: 2923: 2775: 1898: 3651: 3238: 2310:, providing immediate assistance, assessing damage, continuing assistance, and the immediate restoration or construction of 1258: 619: 6487: 5916: 4928: 3776: 2730: 2258:

is an international initiative that has helped 123 countries adopt both federal and local DRR strategies (as of 2022). The

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A heat wave is a period of unusually and excessively hot weather. Heat waves are rare and require specific combinations of

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and 6 in) in diameter. These can damage the location in which they fall. Hailstorms can be especially devastating to

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Report of the open-ended intergovernmental expert working group on indicators and terminology for disaster risk reduction

5212:"Reviewing and visualising relationships between anthropic processes and natural hazards within a multi-hazard framework" 2552: 2414: 2097:, where the possible effect of future earthquakes on structures and infrastructure is assessed, as well as for risk from 2011: 1966:, were the deadliest blizzards in history; in the former, an area the size of Wisconsin was entirely buried in snow. The 623: 599: 270: 4688: 4005: 6497: 6492: 5881: 5435: 5114: 5049: 4883: 4705:

tend to cool the unignited fuel outside so that ignition by radiated heat is more difficult, thus limiting fire spread.

4525: 3111: 1122: 936:, such as a hill or mountain. Avalanches can be triggered spontaneously, by factors such as increased precipitation or 176:

could be used. At the same time the type of hazard would be specified. A disaster happens when a natural or human-made

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systems can be out of action or curtailed, often requiring considerable time and funding to restore. For example, the

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The Report of the Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030.

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characterized by heavy snow and strong winds. When high winds stir up snow that has already fallen, it is known as a

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The Report of the Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030

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The Report of the Midterm Review of the Implementation of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030

2262:, on October 13 every year, has helped increase the visibility of DRR. It aims to promote a culture of prevention. 569:

the same time period, the decrease in number of deaths per capita is larger, dropping to 6% of the original amount.

4784: 4594:"Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Events | National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)" 4546:"Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide" 5725: 4359: 4171:

Giacomo Pepe; Andrea Mandarino; Emanuele Raso; Patrizio Scarpellini; Pierluigi Brandolini; Andrea Cevasco (2019).

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and may last a year or more. Then recovery will take place inside the home. Planners for these events usually buy

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as they capture more snow. If an avalanche moves fast enough, some of the snow may mix with the air, forming a

819:. Landslides occur in a variety of environments, characterized by either steep or gentle slope gradients, from 4747: 1850:

is a violent and dangerous rotating column of air that is in contact with both the surface of the Earth and a

5946: 4988: 4805: 4452: 3652:"Hate Mongers on Twitter Blamed Women, Beef, Muslims, Christians and Communism for Causing the Kerala Floods" 2698:"Beyond 'natural-disasters-are-not-natural': the work of state and nature after the 2010 earthquake in Chile" 2671: 2266:

climate adaptation share similar goals and strategies. They both require increased finance to address rising

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of property, and the securing of items inside a building. The latter may include the mounting of furniture,

7216: 6706: 6452: 6356: 3414:, Climate Risk Management, Policy and Governance, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 63–82, 3045: 1381: 712: 5498:"A proposal for the reconstruction of a historical masonry building constructed in Ottoman Era (Istanbul)" 5265: 1640:"). In that year, a summer heat wave in Victoria, Australia, created conditions which fuelled the massive 1204:

the immense cloud of ash, which has a disastrous global effect on climate and temperature for many years.

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A significant amount of plastic waste can be produced during disaster relief operations. Following the

5497: 5396: 4125: 472: 6716: 5834: 5639: 2761:"Factors determining human casualty levels in earthquakes: mortality prediction in building collapse" 2388:. Vegetables, fruits, spices and meats, both prepared and fresh-gardened, are included when possible. 2238: 1967: 1963: 1496: 1270: 611:

littering. Under these circumstances human health and the environment are often negatively impacted.

309: 297: 2350: 1954:. Blizzards can impact local economic activities, especially in regions where snowfall is rare. The 7272: 6782: 6721: 5211: 5054: 5018: 2497: 1641: 1637: 1460: 1072: 770: 506: 2805: 6670: 6665: 6641: 6604: 6465: 5794: 4297: 2491: 2213: 2198: 2086: 1801: 1582: 1192: 520: 431: 416: 227: 6761: 6711: 6675: 6422: 3623: 3465: 3381:

WMO Atlas of Mortality and Economic Losses from Weather, Climate and Water Extremes (1970–2019)

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Factfulness: Ten Reasons We're Wrong About the World – and Why Things Are Better Than You Think

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circulation. Tornadoes come in many shapes and sizes but typically take the form of a visible

1451:. This dries out forests and other vegetation, and increases the amount of fuel for wildfires. 5174: 4170: 3444: 3071: 2514: 2102: 1682: 1624:. They can spread to populated areas and thus be a threat to humans and property, as well as 1528: 1472: 1303: 949: 840:

is the primary driving force for a landslide to occur, but there are other factors affecting

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produced huge amounts of debris: estimates of 5 million tonnes of waste were reported by the

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can cause widespread destruction and consequent disaster in several ways. One hazard is the

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due to the lower quality of building construction, infrastructure, and medical facilities.

160:. It typically causes economic damage. How bad the damage is depends on how well people are 6922: 6726: 6062: 5617: 5577: 5357: 5280: 5183: 5129: 4488: 4137: 4082: 3308: 3140: 2176: 2118: 1600: 1361: 974: 955: 887: 524: 435: 412: 235: 181: 161: 4562: 4545: 4434: 3844: 3523: 3518: 560: 184:. It results from the combination of the hazard and the exposure of a vulnerable society. 8: 6832: 6432: 5756: 5664: 4305: 1524: 1084: 831: 708: 5581: 5284: 5187: 5133: 5013: 4501: 4492: 4476: 4141: 4086: 3144: 3129:"Anthropogenic processes, natural hazards, and interactions in a multi-hazard framework" 1804:, which devastated Martinique, St. Eustatius and Barbados. Another notable hurricane is 7277: 6731: 6577: 6502: 5824: 5787: 5525: 5145: 4106: 4044: 3968: 3918: 3872: 3709: 3684: 3564: 3547: 2889: 2864: 2467: 2278: 1959: 1958:

affected the United States, when many tons of wheat crops were destroyed. In Asia, the

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Waking the Giant: How a changing climate triggers earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanoes

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the effects of disasters. This means DRR can make risky events fewer and less severe.

1439:

significantly increase the chances of a drought developing, with subsequent increased

584: 214:

Some things can make natural disasters worse. Examples are inadequate building norms,

7231: 6941: 6875: 6736: 6371: 6081: 6015: 5595: 5566:"Home gardens: a promising approach to enhance household food security and wellbeing" 5529: 5517: 5416: 5412: 5377: 5298: 5239: 5149: 5113:

Kappes, Melanie S.; Keiler, Margreth; von Elverfeldt, Kirsten; Glade, Thomas (2012).

4958: 4645: 4575: 4567: 4506: 4338: 4309: 4218: 4210: 4153: 4098: 4027: 3960: 3914: 3864: 3812: 3714: 3569: 3425: 3360: 3107: 3025: 3000: 2970: 2919: 2894: 2771: 2581: 2307: 2302: 2296: 2282: 2114: 1871: 1805: 1173: 1161: 1080: 1049: 978: 219: 4110: 3972: 3876: 3153: 3128: 2030:

fields, ruining crops and damaging equipment. A particularly damaging hailstorm hit

485:

As of 2019, the countries with the highest share of disability-adjusted life years (

7163: 7157: 6959: 6701: 6303: 6297: 6099: 5585: 5509: 5436:"How Should the new international disaster risk framework address gender equality?" 5408: 5369: 5288: 5191: 5137: 4557: 4496: 4397: 4301: 4200: 4190: 4145: 4090: 3952: 3910: 3856: 3804: 3704: 3696: 3559: 3473: 3449: 3415: 3148: 2962: 2884: 2876: 2709: 2244: 2205: 2160: 2156: 2098: 1887: 1693: 1508: 1372: 1352: 1333: 1180:

in which the town of Armero was buried and an estimated 23,000 people were killed.

1106: 1011: 867: 752:, which may end up affecting government incentives to invest in such preparedness. 663: 615: 360: 336: 105: 33: 5768: 1140:

Video of lava agitating and bubbling in the volcano eruption of Litli-Hrútur, 2023

7062: 6572: 6538: 6202: 4915: 4870: 4459: 4441: 4422: 4177: 4149: 3700: 3354: 3305: 2369: 2234: 2184: 2090: 2082: 1951: 1924: 1878:, the narrow end of which touches the Earth and is often encircled by a cloud of 1307: 1254: 1102: 1097: 1019: 883: 841: 699:

for natural disasters: fanatical religious leaders or adherents may claim that a

519:

often have ineffective communication systems as well as insufficient support for

325: 215: 208: 204: 157: 3420: 2966: 407:

has been called a misnomer already in 1976. A disaster is a result of a natural

7015: 6931: 6614: 6155: 6071: 5760: 5513: 3764: 3589:"The easiest way to respond to a natural disaster? Blame God or global warming" 3477: 3103: 2544: 2311: 2230: 2172: 1813: 1808:, which devastated the Gulf Coast of the United States in 2005. Hurricanes may 1778: 1770: 1668: 1177: 875: 594: 424: 200: 165: 5141: 4401: 4222: 4094: 3956: 3808: 3453: 2954: 2880: 2336: 1151:

itself, with the force of the explosion and falling rocks able to cause harm.

7261: 7226: 7024: 6778: 6757: 6741: 6636: 6626: 6543: 6366: 6164: 5599: 5521: 5420: 5381: 5302: 5293: 4571: 4510: 4214: 4157: 4102: 3964: 3868: 3619:"Kerala flood blamed on women's entry into Sabarimala by Hindu Makkal Katchi" 3272: 2319: 2222: 2168: 2124: 2047: 1855: 1678: 1633: 1553: 987: 983: 933: 908: 863: 812: 632: 263: 5564:

Galhena, Dilrukshi Hashini; Freed, Russell; Maredia, Karim M. (2013-05-31).

5063: 4070: 3997: 2696:

Gould, Kevin A.; Garcia, M. Magdalena; Remes, Jacob A.C. (1 December 2016).

7221: 7143: 7138: 6971: 6936: 6884: 6685: 6507: 6361: 6283: 6278: 6111: 6076: 6024: 5496:

Akcay, Cemil; Şolt, Ayşen; Korkmaz, Nail Mahir; Sayin, Baris (2020-11-01).

5084: 4718: 4593: 4579: 3843:

Ashworth, Scott; Bueno de Mesquita, Ethan; Friedenberg, Amanda (May 2017).

3718: 3573: 3466:

The global costs of extreme weather that are attributable to climate change

3073:

Disaster, planning and development: managing natural hazards to reduce loss

2898: 2267: 2180: 2164: 2094: 1947: 1875: 1728: 1188: 1156: 1015: 855: 800: 696: 420: 250:

is the highly harmful impact on a society or community following a natural

141: 5590: 5565: 2639:#NoNaturalDisasters – Changing the discourse of natural disaster reporting 2405:

Preparedness focuses on preparing equipment and procedures for use when a

2134: 2131:: mitigation and prevention, disaster response, recovery and preparedness. 1022:. The underground point of origin of the earthquake is called the seismic 331:

There are 18 natural hazards included in the National Risk Index of FEMA:

234:. An adverse event only becomes a disaster if it occurs in an area with a 7236: 7122: 7055: 7034: 7029: 6907: 6470: 6376: 6262: 6195: 6174: 6169: 6047: 5196: 4477:"Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis" 3860: 3412:

Loss and Damage from Climate Change: Concepts, Methods and Policy Options

2385: 2377: 2315: 2071: 1561: 1428: 1212: 816: 688: 490: 4205: 3922: 3384: 3380: 2714: 2697: 2435: 1716: 6917: 6057: 4776: 3497:"Drowning in Plastics – Marine Litter and Plastic Waste Vital Graphics" 2479: 2381: 2226: 2058: 2054: 1586: 1492: 1485: 1399: 1273:. This applies to heat waves, droughts, wildfire and coastal flooding. 1092: 1023: 1007: 968: 941: 899: 871: 849: 716: 692: 392: 348: 313: 278: 211:" are floods, heat waves, wildfires, tropical cyclones, and the like. 121: 89: 41: 5689: 4929:"Deadly lightning strike in Mexico reveals plight of poorest citizens" 4393: 4195: 4172: 2913: 1195:, 75,000 to 80,000 years ago, a supervolcanic eruption at what is now 765: 7246: 7241: 7189: 7104: 7099: 7094: 6897: 6892: 6386: 6381: 6329: 6244: 6239: 6234: 6037: 6032: 5769:"Natural Disaster and Extreme Weather. Searchable Information Center" 5729: 4334: 3769:

Institute for Leadership and Sustainability (IFLAS) Occasional Papers

3656: 2577: 2410: 2341: 2243:

It is possible to include DRR in almost all areas of development and

2067: 2035: 1914: 1910: 1891: 1774: 1745: 1738: 1732: 1645: 1613: 1568:

towards the storm's center, where the air is heated and then ascends.

1549: 1542: 1504: 1444: 1424: 1287: 1196: 1027: 925: 917: 904: 796: 789: 647: 636: 627: 384: 372: 368: 364: 356: 340: 332: 312:. Natural hazard events can be classified into two broad categories: 133: 125: 109: 101: 97: 81: 69: 49: 5744: 5266:"Physical vulnerability modelling in natural hazard risk assessment" 4239:"Climate Change Could Trigger More Landslides in High Mountain Asia" 4026:

McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 11th Edition,

3842: 3019: 1700:. Flooding may result from the volume of a body of water, such as a 1310:, or other phenomena. The worst heat wave in recent history was the 998: 450:

is unsuitable and should be abandoned in favour of the simpler term

7196: 7184: 7089: 6989: 6562: 6550: 6407: 6336: 6324: 6229: 6129: 5810: 5373: 2768:

Proceedings of the tenth world conference on earthquake engineering

2406: 2365: 2217: 2062: 1941: 1933: 1929: 1629: 1625: 1609: 1605: 1594: 1557: 1440: 1056: 1043: 940:

weakening, or by external means such as humans, other animals, and

937: 854:

Landslides are frequently made worse by human development (such as

820: 808: 804: 724: 704: 659: 498: 388: 274: 255: 230:

systems. This makes them more vulnerable to natural disasters than

137: 117: 113: 5465: 5463: 5461: 4623:"Airborne Dust: A Hazard to Human Health, Environment and Society" 4542: 4126:"The Storegga Slide: architecture, geometry and slide development" 4069:

Hungr, Oldrich; Leroueil, Serge; Picarelli, Luciano (2014-04-01).

1026:. The point directly above the focus on the surface is called the 7179: 7153: 7114: 7050: 6981: 6902: 6319: 6293: 6254: 6190: 6121: 6042: 2652:

Vulnerability Analysis and The Explanation Of 'Natural' Disasters

2494: – Type of emergency that causes severe environmental damage 2488: – Disaster to the natural environment due to human activity 2466:

The 1998 UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and 2009

2373: 2323: 1867: 1847: 1829: 1824: 1766: 1762: 1617: 1565: 1456: 1436: 1432: 1420: 1340: 1327: 1299: 1233: 1225: 1200: 1165: 1144: 1031: 837: 695:, women are also disproportionately victimized by religion-based 667: 652: 544:

is a natural hazards that develops slowly, sometimes over years.

541: 502: 380: 376: 344: 317: 172:

is unsuitable and should be abandoned. Instead, the simpler term

149: 145: 85: 65: 53: 37: 4396:. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge and New York, pp. 3–33, 2179:

ensures continuation of electrical service. The construction of

1390:

Droughts cause a range of impacts and are often worsened by the

6680: 6533: 5772: 5458: 5358:"Climate hazards and disasters: the need for capacity building" 5338: 5336: 5170:"Reviewing and visualizing the interactions of natural hazards" 5112: 3299:

Natural Catastrophes in 2012 Dominated by U.S. Weather Extremes

3022:

At Risk – Natural hazards, people's vulnerability and disasters

2836:"Humans cause 96% of wildfires that threaten homes in the U.S." 2759:

Coburn, Andrew W.; Spence, Robin JS; Pomonis, Antonios (1992).

2361: 2031: 1879: 1870:

is used in meteorology in a wider sense to refer to any closed

1737:

Severe storms, dust clouds and volcanic eruptions can generate

1395: 1217: 859: 799:, also known as landslips, or rockslides, are several forms of 408: 305: 282: 259: 251: 177: 77: 4992: 4474: 3239:"Asia-Pacific: the world's most disaster-prone region – World" 2806:"Wildfire Causes and Evaluations (U.S. National Park Service)" 2571: 1264: 7010: 6964: 6150: 6104: 5445: 4123: 3683:

Harville, Emily; Xiong, Xu; Buekens, Pierre (November 2010).

1790: 1786: 1782: 1742: 1701: 1697: 1689: 1662: 1621: 1527:

and suspension, a process that moves soil from one place and

1468: 1407: 1169: 827: 824: 700: 494: 301: 262:, as well as various factors that influence the exposure and 93: 45: 5779: 5333: 527:. This makes them more vulnerable to natural disasters than 7147: 6287: 4186: 2027: 2005: 1983: 1886:. Tornadoes can occur one at a time, or can occur in large 1883: 1705: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1500: 1245:

Tsunamis can be caused by undersea earthquakes such as the

1152: 929: 845: 803:

that may include a wide range of ground movements, such as

680:

disaster, women are at increased risk of being affected by

352: 129: 6862: 6002: 5427: 5388: 2953:

Zorn, Matija (2018), Pelc, Stanko; Koderman, Miha (eds.),

2517: – Suffering of wild animals due to natural processes 2034:, Germany, on July 12, 1984, causing about $ 2 billion in 1978: 1673: 1447:

can significantly worsen drought conditions by increasing

454:, while also specifying the category (or type) of hazard. 4625:. WMO - Bulletin: Vol 64 (2) - 2015. 2022. Archived from 4071:"The Varnes classification of landslide types, an update" 3800:

Dull Disasters? How planning ahead will make a difference

3734:"Pregnant women are particularly vulnerable to disasters" 3522: This article incorporates text available under the 2360:

The most extreme home confinement scenarios include war,

1620:

but wildfires may also be started by human negligence or

755: 731:

pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs).

438:, compensation, insurance and disaster prevention. Using 5752: 3020:

B. Wisner; P. Blaikie; T. Cannon & I. Davis (2004).

2574:

Mapping Vulnerability: Disasters, Development and People

882:, can increase the frequency of natural events (such as 5543: 3548:"Maternal Health Considerations During Disaster Relief" 4068: 3352: 2221:

When DRR is successful, it makes communities less the

1692:

is an overflow of water that 'submerges' land. The EU

1523:

from a dry surface. Fine particles are transported by

742: 674: 476:

Number of recorded natural disaster events (1900–2022)

5495: 5476: 5115:"Challenges of analyzing multi-hazard risk: a review" 4716: 4268:"Snow Avalanches | National Snow and Ice Data Center" 4045:"USGS factsheet, Landslide Types and Processes, 2004" 3685:"Disasters and Perinatal Health: A Systematic Review" 1894:

or in other large areas of thunderstorm development.

1781:

that forms over an ocean. It is caused by evaporated

588:

Global damage cost from natural disasters (1980–2022)

4991:. Center for Severe Weather Research. Archived from 3682: 2187:

are further examples of personal mitigative actions.

572:

The death rate from natural disasters is highest in

564:

Global death rate from natural disasters (1900–2022)

5563: 3079:. Washington, D.C.: Organization of American States 2758: 2470:protect people displaced due to natural disasters. 2314:. An example of this would be building provisional 2275:

Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery

1810:

become more intense and produce more heavy rainfall

1010:is the result of a sudden release of energy in the 1002:

Global number of deaths from earthquake (1960–2017)

5434:Le Masson, Virginie; Langston, Lara (March 2014). 5168:Gill, Joel C.; Malamud, Bruce D. (December 2014). 4526:"A Drier Future Sets the Stage for More Wildfires" 3194:"Global health estimates: Leading causes of DALYs" 1431:of affected regions, and causes harm to the local 870:frequently leads to less stabilization of soil by 830:or even underwater, in which case they are called 5637: 5433: 5401:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 4777:"2009 Victorian Bushfires | Victorian Government" 4470: 4468: 3353:Rosling, H.; Rosling, O.; Rönnlund, A.R. (2018). 2572:G. Bankoff; G. Frerks; D. Hilhorst, eds. (2003). 320:. Natural hazards can be provoked or affected by 7259: 4536: 4517: 3097: 2955:"Natural Disasters and Less Developed Countries" 2695: 2277:(GFDRR) is a multi-donor partnership to support 2237:. So development efforts often consider DRR and 1183:Volcanoes rated at 8 (the highest level) on the 6789:International Association of Emergency Managers 5753:"Global Disaster Alert and Coordination System" 5645:. Vanderbilt Center for Transportation Research 5394: 5163: 5161: 5159: 5060:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5024:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3541: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3228:Asia-Pacific World's Most Disaster-Prone Region 3127:Gill, Joel C.; Malamud, Bruce D. (2017-03-01). 2997:Principles of Emergency planning and Management 2672:"Why natural disasters aren't all that natural" 2607:"Why natural disasters aren't all that natural" 2500: – Hypothetical global-scale disaster risk 2127:authorities. It should address all four of the 1777:are different names for the same phenomenon: a 164:and how strong the buildings, roads, and other 5745:"Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disasters" 5006: 4986: 4465: 3348: 3346: 2482: – Natural disaster outside human control 2159:to instantly shut off the natural gas supply, 1720:A classic anvil-shaped, and clearly-developed 534: 391:, winter weather. In addition, there are also 32:Economic loss risk for six natural disasters: 6848: 5988: 5795: 5355: 5047: 4481:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 4331:CRC handbook of coastal processes and erosion 3939:Healy, Andrew; Malhotra, Neil (August 2009). 3938: 3845:"Accountability and Information in Elections" 3359:. Flatiron Books. pp. 107–109, 299–325. 3322:"Natural hazards and disaster risk reduction" 3098:Burton, I.; Kates, R.W.; White, G.F. (1993). 2810:NPS.gov Homepage (U.S. National Park Service) 2731:"There's No Such Thing as a Natural Disaster" 2506: – Cataloging of environmental disasters 2260:International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction 2085:in any given area (e.g., for the purposes of 1410:; drought and high temperatures worsened the 1172:is a volcanic mudflow or landslide. The 1953 168:are. Scholars have been saying that the term 5156: 4980: 4839:Australian Disaster Resilience Knowledge Hub 4678:"Problems of Fire in Nuclear Warfare (1961)" 4360:"Human Ancestors Were an Endangered Species" 4164: 4062: 3900: 3796: 3762: 3676: 3649: 3530: 3169:"Time to say goodbye to "natural" disasters" 2994: 2256:Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2142: 1392:effects of climate change on the water cycle 5167: 4835:"Bushfire – Black Saturday, Victoria, 2009" 3941:"Myopic Voters and Natural Disaster Policy" 3379:World Meteorological Society (WMO) (2021). 3343: 3126: 2510:World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction 1800:; the deadliest Atlantic hurricane was the 1265:Disasters caused by extreme weather hazards 635:on beaches surveyed following a typhoon in 187:Nowadays it is hard to distinguish between 6855: 6841: 6794:International Disaster and Risk Conference 5995: 5981: 5802: 5788: 5356:McBean, Gordon; Rodgers, Caroline (2010). 5085:"Natural Hazards – Snow & Hail Storms" 4407: 3797:Clarke, Daniel J.; Dercon, Stefan (2016). 3268:"Weather-related disasters are increasing" 2191: 2150:Emergency management § Mitigation strategy 2123:Disaster management is a main function of 1105:) as well as from episodic events such as 468:List of countries by natural disaster risk 5662: 5589: 5486:. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). 5346:. United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). 5292: 5195: 4884:"Directive 2007/60/EC Chapter 1 Article2" 4639: 4561: 4530:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 4500: 4243:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 4204: 4194: 3849:American Economic Journal: Microeconomics 3708: 3563: 3419: 3152: 2888: 2713: 2654:. Disasters, Development and Environment. 1276: 874:. Additionally, global warming caused by 723:, purportedly inflicted by the angry god 626:. Some of this waste, mostly plastic and 6804:International Disaster Emergency Service 5395:Neumayer, Eric; Plümper, Thomas (2007). 5317:"Disaster risk reduction progress score" 4523: 4004:. Roget's 21st Century Thesaurus. 2013. 2833: 2335: 2204: 2133: 2041: 1977: 1923: 1823: 1715: 1672: 1651: 1576: 1211: 1126: 997: 982: 898: 764: 583: 559: 480: 471: 203:also affects how often disasters due to 27: 5263: 5041: 4357: 4291: 4132:. COSTA - Continental Slope Stability. 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 2911: 2545:"Natural Hazards | National Risk Index" 1842:List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks 1253:, or by volcanic eruptions such as the 1176:was caused by a lahar, as was the 1985 1168:was destroyed by a pyroclastic flow. A 713:women's struggle for the right to enter 464:List of natural disasters by death toll 7260: 5640:"The "Phases" of Emergency Management" 4245:. NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. 4008:from the original on 24 September 2020 3731: 3689:Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey 3664:from the original on 28 September 2019 3631:from the original on 28 September 2019 3599:from the original on 28 September 2019 3408: 3260: 2865:"China's great famine: 40 years later" 2421: 1904: 1302:events to take place, and may include 1261:and spread through the Pacific Ocean. 1259:tsunami occurred near Fukushima, Japan 756:Disasters caused by geological hazards 6836: 5976: 5783: 5726:"World Bank's Hazard Risk Management" 5702:from the original on 11 December 2021 5544:"Federal Emergency Management Agency" 4907:Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). 4563:10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804 4453:Australian Drought and Climate Change 4328: 3934: 3932: 3903:American Journal of Political Science 3385:https://library.wmo.int/idurl/4/57564 2948: 2946: 2728: 1796:The deadliest hurricane ever was the 1608:are large fires which often start in 1112: 858:) and resource exploitation (such as 605: 300:that might have a negative effect on 116:. Additional natural hazards include 4873:Retrieved on 2006-12-28. 2009-10-31. 4370:from the original on 8 December 2020 4236: 3586: 3552:Reviews in Obstetrics and Gynecology 3545: 3482: 3389: 2952: 2862: 2827: 2770:. Vol. 10. pp. 5989–5994. 2666: 2664: 2662: 2660: 2633: 2631: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2430: 2426: 1758:Tropical cyclones and climate change 1748:housing provides little protection. 1402:due to drought; droughts negatively 666:have been living in five camps near 624:Japanese Ministry of the Environment 489:) lost due to natural disasters are 6817: 6783:List of civil defense organisations 5616:. Training.fema.gov. Archived from 4939:from the original on 6 January 2017 4666:Dresden 1945: The Devil's Tinderbox 4502:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235 3744:from the original on 1 October 2020 3458: 3280:from the original on 30 August 2017 2415:Federal Emergency Management Agency 2400:Emergency management § Preparedness 2340:A car driving on a flooded road in 2285:support to more than 157 countries. 2125:civil protection (or civil defence) 2012:List of costly or deadly hailstorms 1854:, or, in rare cases, the base of a 1751: 1228:overwhelms the ships in the harbor. 743:On governments and voting processes 675:On women and vulnerable populations 271:Federal Emergency Management Agency 13: 4524:Merzdorf, Jessica (July 9, 2019). 4306:10.1093/oso/9780198866930.001.0001 3929: 3732:Meyers, Talya (23 December 2019). 2943: 1812:as a consequence of human-induced 1507:regions. Dust storms arise when a 1123:List of largest volcanic eruptions 1062: 375:, riverine flooding, strong wind, 14: 7289: 6461:Structural failures and collapses 5718: 5690:"2009 Kampala Convention on IDPs" 5441:. Overseas Development Institute. 4748:"Massive fire burns in Wisconsin" 4717:US Department of Commerce, NOAA. 3945:American Political Science Review 3587:Lord, Leighann (1 October 2019). 2863:Smil, Vaclav (18 December 1999). 2657: 2628: 2594: 2528: 1251:one in 1958 at Lituya Bay, Alaska 1220:in ruins and in flames after the 579: 555: 21:Natural disaster (disambiguation) 6816: 5682: 5656: 5631: 5606: 5413:10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00563.x 4640:Scawthorn, Charles, ed. (2005). 4358:Gibbons, Ann (19 January 2010). 3915:10.1111/j.1540-5907.2010.00503.x 3517: 3218:from the original on 2022-03-31. 3200:from the original on 2021-01-06. 2434: 2398:This section is an excerpt from 2349:This section is an excerpt from 2295:This section is an excerpt from 2197:This section is an excerpt from 2148:This section is an excerpt from 1711: 1541:This section is an excerpt from 1495:, also called a sandstorm, is a 1484:This section is an excerpt from 1380: 1371: 1360: 1351: 1339:This section is an excerpt from 1216:1755 copper engraving depicting 916:This section is an excerpt from 788:This section is an excerpt from 76:event. Some examples of natural 64:is the very harmful impact on a 6799:Disaster Accountability Project 5671:from the original on 2022-04-18 5570:Agriculture & Food Security 5557: 5536: 5502:Journal of Building Engineering 5489: 5349: 5309: 5257: 5232: 5204: 5106: 5095:from the original on 2017-02-03 5077: 5030:from the original on 2014-08-20 4969:from the original on 2021-01-05 4951: 4921: 4901: 4890:from the original on 2015-11-06 4876: 4856: 4845:from the original on 2021-03-26 4827: 4816:from the original on 2021-04-23 4798: 4787:from the original on 2021-04-28 4769: 4758:from the original on 2021-04-15 4740: 4729:from the original on 2021-04-25 4710: 4670: 4658: 4633: 4615: 4604:from the original on 2014-04-01 4586: 4446: 4428: 4382: 4351: 4322: 4285: 4260: 4249:from the original on 2023-02-04 4230: 4117: 4051:from the original on 2020-10-04 4037: 4020: 3990: 3979:from the original on 2021-10-04 3894: 3883:from the original on 2021-10-04 3836: 3825:from the original on 2021-10-04 3790: 3779:from the original on 2021-03-10 3756: 3725: 3650:Asmita Nandy (20 August 2018). 3643: 3611: 3580: 3507:from the original on 2022-03-21 3501:UNEP – UN Environment Programme 3437: 3402: 3373: 3314: 3292: 3249:from the original on 2018-10-04 3231: 3222: 3204: 3186: 3161: 3154:10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.01.002 3120: 3091: 3062: 3038: 3013: 2999:. Harpended: Terra publishing. 2988: 2932:from the original on 2022-04-18 2905: 2856: 2845:from the original on 2020-12-10 2816:from the original on 2021-01-01 2798: 2787:from the original on 2020-11-12 2741:from the original on 2021-01-22 2617:from the original on 2020-11-29 2504:List of environmental disasters 2392: 2351:Emergency management § Recovery 1316:2010 Northern Hemisphere summer 1249:, or by landslides such as the 903:A powder snow avalanche in the 880:human impact on the environment 631:100% increase in the amount of 152:. A natural disaster can cause 4550:Annual Review of Plant Biology 4227:, at the introductory section. 3763:Kieft, J.; Bendell, J (2021). 2834:DeWeerdt, Sarah (2020-09-15). 2752: 2722: 2689: 2644: 2565: 2076:groundwater-related subsidence 1858:. It is also referred to as a 1564:winds from every point of the 962: 241: 218:of people and poor choices on 1: 5809: 5455:. UNDRR: Geneva, Switzerland. 4987:Wurman, Joshua (2008-08-29). 4462:, retrieved on June 7th 2007. 3399:. UNDRR: Geneva, Switzerland. 2521: 1973: 1612:areas. Common causes include 1535: 1478: 1281: 1255:ancient eruption of Santorini 1073:Coastal and oceanic landforms 894: 760: 328:, drainage and construction. 287:1906 San Francisco earthquake 7217:Potentially hazardous object 6707:Emergency population warning 6400:Unrelated to natural hazards 6357:Potentially hazardous object 5728:. World Bank. Archived from 5273:Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci 5048:Roger Edwards (2006-04-04). 4810:National Museum of Australia 4150:10.1016/j.margeo.2004.10.007 3701:10.1097/OGX.0b013e31820eddbe 3328:. 2015-12-01. Archived from 2702:Journal of Political Ecology 2108: 1919: 1819: 1628:. One example for a notable 1572: 1435:. Annual dry seasons in the 1037: 886:) which trigger landslides. 505:(probably mainly due to the 7: 6600:Crowd collapses and crushes 5663:Terminski, Bogumil (2012). 5473:UNDRR: Geneva, Switzerland. 3803:. Oxford University Press. 3421:10.1007/978-3-319-72026-5_3 3212:"2019 WHO DALY report data" 2967:10.1007/978-3-319-59002-8_4 2918:. Oxford University Press. 2473: 2331: 2289: 1412:2020 bushfires in Australia 1321: 1240:List of historical tsunamis 1119:Types of volcanic eruptions 1077:Coastal development hazards 535:Slow and rapid onset events 398: 10: 7294: 5638:Baird, Malcolm E. (2010). 5514:10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101493 5264:Douglas, J. (2007-04-05). 4806:"Black Saturday bushfires" 4292:Louchet, Francois (2021). 3478:10.1038/s41467-023-41888-1 2729:Smith, Neil (2006-06-11). 2397: 2348: 2294: 2196: 2147: 2112: 2009: 2003: 1939: 1908: 1839: 1832:in its dissipating stage, 1755: 1726: 1666: 1660: 1598: 1592: 1540: 1483: 1338: 1331: 1325: 1312:European Heat Wave of 2003 1291: 1285: 1237: 1231: 1207: 1185:Volcanic Explosivity Index 1116: 1066: 1047: 1041: 972: 966: 915: 787: 776: 547: 461: 18: 7209: 7172: 7131: 7113: 7082: 7075: 7043: 7009: 7002: 6980: 6950: 6916: 6883: 6874: 6812: 6771: 6750: 6717:Earthquake warning system 6694: 6658: 6590: 6526: 6451: 6415: 6406: 6399: 6349: 6312: 6271: 6253: 6222: 6215: 6183: 6149: 6142: 6120: 6090: 6056: 6023: 6014: 5972: 5965: 5877:Great Britain and Ireland 5817: 5244:USGS Water Science School 5142:10.1007/s11069-012-0294-2 5014:"Hallam Nebraska Tornado" 4642:Fire following earthquake 4402:10.1017/9781009325844.001 4095:10.1007/s10346-013-0436-y 3957:10.1017/S0003055409990104 3454:10.1017/9781009157896.013 3100:The environment as hazard 2881:10.1136/bmj.319.7225.1619 2239:climate change adaptation 2143:Mitigation and prevention 2070:processes. For example, 1964:2008 Afghanistan blizzard 1656: 1497:meteorological phenomenon 1467:). In 2011, the State of 1271:effects of climate change 811:, shallow or deep-seated 5294:10.5194/nhess-7-283-2007 5055:National Weather Service 5050:"The Online Tornado FAQ" 5019:National Weather Service 4918:Retrieved on 2009-01-09. 4862:MSN Encarta Dictionary. 4390:Summary for Policymakers 3024:. Wiltshire: Routledge. 2498:Global catastrophic risk 2273:for DRR activities. The 2074:abstraction may trigger 1638:Black Saturday bushfires 771:San Clemente, California 644:2010 earthquake in Haiti 620:tsunami in Japan in 2011 457: 6671:Earthquake preparedness 6666:Disaster risk reduction 6610:Environmental disasters 4963:www.merriam-webster.com 4959:"Definition of CYCLONE" 4329:Komar, Paul D. (1983). 4298:Oxford University Press 2650:Cannon, Terry. (1994). 2492:Environmental emergency 2214:Disaster risk reduction 2199:Disaster risk reduction 2192:Disaster risk reduction 2138:Haiti earthquake damage 2101:and to a lesser extent 2087:disaster risk reduction 1802:Great Hurricane of 1780 1257:. On March 11, 2011, a 1247:2004 Boxing Day tsunami 1193:Toba catastrophe theory 651:increasing the risk of 521:disaster risk reduction 432:disaster risk reduction 322:anthropogenic processes 228:disaster risk reduction 207:hazards happen. These " 6762:List of disaster films 6712:Emergency Alert System 6676:Hurricane preparedness 5614:"Animals in Disasters" 3624:The New Indian Express 3546:Nour, Nawal N (2011). 2912:McGuire, Bill (2012). 2486:Environmental disaster 2345: 2211: 2139: 2001: 1956:Great Blizzard of 1888 1937: 1837: 1785:that comes off of the 1724: 1685: 1590: 1459:include the 1997–2009 1455:Well-known historical 1304:temperature inversions 1277:Hot and dry conditions 1229: 1222:1755 Lisbon earthquake 1141: 1089:Coastal morphodynamics 1003: 995: 912: 774: 719:temple for the August 589: 565: 477: 162:prepared for disasters 57: 5591:10.1186/2048-7010-2-8 5175:Reviews of Geophysics 4629:on December 18, 2023. 3173:www.preventionweb.net 3133:Earth-Science Reviews 3046:"What is a disaster?" 2995:D. Alexander (2002). 2676:www.preventionweb.net 2515:Wild animal suffering 2339: 2208: 2137: 2042:Multi-hazard analysis 2000: in) in diameter 1981: 1946:Blizzards are severe 1927: 1827: 1719: 1683:2000 Mozambique flood 1676: 1652:Storms and heavy rain 1580: 1215: 1139: 1001: 990:was devastated by an 986: 950:powder snow avalanche 902: 768: 750:disaster preparedness 682:gender based violence 587: 563: 529:high income countries 481:By region and country 475: 236:vulnerable population 232:high income countries 31: 16:Type of adverse event 6727:Emergency management 5362:WIREs Climate Change 5197:10.1002/2013RG000445 3998:"Landslide synonyms" 3861:10.1257/mic.20150349 3464:Newman, R., Noy, I. 3332:on December 18, 2023 3309:Worldwatch Institute 2279:developing countries 2119:Emergency management 1866:, although the word 1601:List of forest fires 1394:: a dry riverbed in 975:Lists of earthquakes 888:Landslide mitigation 832:submarine landslides 574:developing countries 525:emergency management 517:Developing countries 413:vulnerable community 224:developing countries 195:disasters. The term 182:vulnerable community 19:For other uses, see 6632:Terrorist incidents 5763:website initiative. 5757:European Commission 5695:. UNHCR. May 2019. 5582:2013AgFS....2....8G 5285:2007NHESS...7..283D 5188:2014RvGeo..52..680G 5134:2012NatHa..64.1925K 4989:"Doppler on Wheels" 4719:"The Peshtigo Fire" 4694:on 18 February 2013 4493:2019AREPS..47..555B 4435:Living With Drought 4416:Water Cycle Changes 4237:Merzdorf, Jessica. 4142:2004MGeol.213..201H 4087:2014Lands..11..167H 3245:. 10 October 2017. 3145:2017ESRv..166..246G 3050:www.ifrc.org – IFRC 2875:(7225): 1619–1621. 2715:10.2458/v23i1.20181 2678:. 14 September 2017 2422:Society and culture 2129:phases of disasters 1986:, about 6 cm ( 1905:Cold-weather events 1876:condensation funnel 1191:. According to the 1085:Coastal engineering 928:is a rapid flow of 709:Hindu Makkal Katchi 436:disaster management 226:do not have proper 6868:list by death toll 6732:Hurricane response 6578:Disease of despair 6488:Civilian radiation 6008:list by death toll 4914:2007-08-24 at the 4869:2011-02-04 at the 4664:Alexander Mckee's 4458:2018-07-26 at the 4440:2007-02-18 at the 4421:2022-09-29 at the 3809:20.500.12657/32368 3627:. 15 August 2018. 3304:2013-07-02 at the 2641:(16 November 2018) 2468:Kampala Convention 2446:. You can help by 2346: 2212: 2175:installation of a 2140: 2002: 1960:1972 Iran blizzard 1938: 1852:cumulonimbus cloud 1838: 1834:Tecumseh, Oklahoma 1798:1970 Bhola cyclone 1725: 1722:Cumulonimbus incus 1686: 1591: 1461:Millennium Drought 1449:evapotranspiration 1404:impact agriculture 1294:List of heat waves 1230: 1142: 1113:Volcanic eruptions 1069:Coastal management 1004: 996: 913: 783:List of avalanches 779:List of landslides 775: 721:2018 Kerala floods 711:and others blamed 606:On the environment 590: 566: 478: 298:natural phenomenon 58: 7268:Natural disasters 7255: 7254: 7232:Geomagnetic storm 7205: 7204: 7071: 7070: 6998: 6997: 6942:Soil liquefaction 6864:Natural disasters 6830: 6829: 6737:Crisis management 6654: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6586: 6585: 6395: 6394: 6372:Geomagnetic storm 6345: 6344: 6211: 6210: 6138: 6137: 6082:Soil liquefaction 6004:Natural disasters 5321:Our World in Data 5240:"Land Subsidence" 5219:Copernicus Office 4651:978-0-7844-0739-4 4598:www.ncdc.noaa.gov 4315:978-0-19-886693-0 4196:10.3390/w11081552 3818:978-0-19-878557-6 3472:14, 6103 (2023). 3431:978-3-319-72026-5 3366:978-1-250-10781-7 2976:978-3-319-59002-8 2925:978-0-19-959226-5 2777:978-90-5410-060-7 2464: 2463: 2427:International law 2308:search and rescue 2303:Disaster response 2297:Disaster response 2283:capacity building 2245:humanitarian work 2161:seismic retrofits 2115:Disaster response 1888:tornado outbreaks 1806:Hurricane Katrina 1174:Tangiwai disaster 1162:pyroclastic flows 1149:volcanic eruption 1137: 1107:tropical cyclones 1081:Coastal geography 1050:List of sinkholes 979:Soil liquefaction 507:Spitak Earthquake 385:volcanic activity 285:which caused the 266:of a community." 254:event. The term " 220:land use planning 110:volcanic activity 106:tropical cyclones 34:tropical cyclones 7285: 7164:Tropical cyclone 7158:Tornado outbreak 7080: 7079: 7007: 7006: 6960:Pyroclastic flow 6952:Volcano eruption 6881: 6880: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6834: 6833: 6820: 6819: 6702:Humanitarian aid 6498:Military nuclear 6493:Civilian nuclear 6413: 6412: 6404: 6403: 6304:Tropical cyclone 6298:Tornado outbreak 6220: 6219: 6147: 6146: 6100:Pyroclastic flow 6092:Volcano eruption 6021: 6020: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5974: 5973: 5970: 5969: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5764: 5748: 5740: 5738: 5737: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5694: 5686: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5676: 5660: 5654: 5653: 5651: 5650: 5644: 5635: 5629: 5628: 5626: 5625: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5593: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5551: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5474: 5467: 5456: 5449: 5443: 5442: 5440: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5353: 5347: 5340: 5331: 5330: 5328: 5327: 5313: 5307: 5306: 5296: 5270: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5252: 5250: 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5225: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5165: 5154: 5153: 5128:(2): 1925–1958. 5119: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5100: 5081: 5075: 5074: 5072: 5071: 5062:. 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Archived from 4682: 4674: 4668: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4637: 4631: 4630: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4590: 4584: 4583: 4565: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4504: 4472: 4463: 4450: 4444: 4432: 4426: 4411: 4405: 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4300:. pp. 1–2. 4289: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4278: 4264: 4258: 4257: 4255: 4254: 4234: 4228: 4226: 4208: 4198: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4056: 4041: 4035: 4024: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4013: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3984: 3936: 3927: 3926: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3888: 3840: 3834: 3833: 3831: 3830: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3785: 3784: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3751: 3749: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3712: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3647: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3636: 3615: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3567: 3543: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3513: 3512: 3493: 3480: 3462: 3456: 3441: 3435: 3434: 3423: 3406: 3400: 3393: 3387: 3377: 3371: 3370: 3350: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3337: 3318: 3312: 3296: 3290: 3289: 3287: 3285: 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management 448:natural disaster 405:natural disaster 361:tropical cyclone 337:coastal flooding 248:natural disaster 197:natural disaster 170:natural disaster 62:natural disaster 7293: 7292: 7288: 7287: 7286: 7284: 7283: 7282: 7273:Natural hazards 7258: 7257: 7256: 7251: 7201: 7168: 7132:Cyclonic storms 7127: 7109: 7067: 7063:Limnic eruption 7039: 7013: 6994: 6982:Natural erosion 6976: 6946: 6920: 6912: 6870: 6861: 6831: 6826: 6808: 6767: 6746: 6695:Countermeasures 6690: 6646: 6642:Nightclub fires 6605:Economic crises 6582: 6573:Opioid epidemic 6522: 6447: 6391: 6341: 6308: 6272:Cyclonic storms 6267: 6249: 6207: 6203:Limnic eruption 6179: 6153: 6134: 6122:Natural erosion 6116: 6086: 6060: 6052: 6010: 6001: 5961: 5813: 5808: 5767: 5751: 5743: 5735: 5733: 5724: 5721: 5716: 5715: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5692: 5688: 5687: 5683: 5674: 5672: 5661: 5657: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5636: 5632: 5623: 5621: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5562: 5558: 5549: 5547: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5494: 5490: 5481: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5432: 5428: 5393: 5389: 5354: 5350: 5341: 5334: 5325: 5323: 5315: 5314: 5310: 5268: 5262: 5258: 5248: 5246: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5223: 5221: 5214: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5166: 5157: 5122:Natural Hazards 5117: 5111: 5107: 5098: 5096: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5069: 5067: 5046: 5042: 5033: 5031: 5012: 5011: 5007: 4998: 4996: 4985: 4981: 4972: 4970: 4957: 4956: 4952: 4942: 4940: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4916:Wayback Machine 4906: 4902: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4881: 4877: 4871:Wayback Machine 4861: 4857: 4848: 4846: 4833: 4832: 4828: 4819: 4817: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4790: 4788: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4761: 4759: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4730: 4723:www.weather.gov 4715: 4711: 4697: 4695: 4691: 4680: 4676: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4638: 4634: 4621: 4620: 4616: 4607: 4605: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4541: 4537: 4522: 4518: 4473: 4466: 4460:Wayback Machine 4451: 4447: 4442:Wayback Machine 4433: 4429: 4423:Wayback Machine 4412: 4408: 4387: 4383: 4373: 4371: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4327: 4323: 4316: 4294:Snow Avalanches 4290: 4286: 4276: 4274: 4266: 4265: 4261: 4252: 4250: 4235: 4231: 4169: 4165: 4122: 4118: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4052: 4043: 4042: 4038: 4025: 4021: 4011: 4009: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3982: 3980: 3937: 3930: 3899: 3895: 3886: 3884: 3841: 3837: 3828: 3826: 3819: 3795: 3791: 3782: 3780: 3761: 3757: 3747: 3745: 3730: 3726: 3695:(11): 713–728. 3681: 3677: 3667: 3665: 3648: 3644: 3634: 3632: 3617: 3616: 3612: 3602: 3600: 3585: 3581: 3544: 3531: 3510: 3508: 3495: 3494: 3483: 3463: 3459: 3442: 3438: 3432: 3407: 3403: 3394: 3390: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3351: 3344: 3335: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3306:Wayback Machine 3297: 3293: 3283: 3281: 3276:. 29 Aug 2017. 3266: 3265: 3261: 3252: 3250: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3227: 3223: 3210: 3209: 3205: 3192: 3191: 3187: 3178: 3176: 3167: 3166: 3162: 3125: 3121: 3114: 3096: 3092: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3067: 3063: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3032: 3018: 3014: 3007: 2993: 2989: 2981: 2979: 2977: 2951: 2944: 2935: 2933: 2926: 2910: 2906: 2861: 2857: 2848: 2846: 2832: 2828: 2819: 2817: 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1125: 1115: 1103:beach evolution 1098:Coastal erosion 1095: 1065: 1063:Coastal erosion 1052: 1046: 1040: 981: 971: 965: 960: 959: 921: 897: 892: 891: 884:extreme weather 842:slope stability 793: 785: 769:A landslide in 763: 758: 745: 687:In addition to 677: 671:is recyclable. 608: 582: 558: 550: 537: 483: 470: 462:Main articles: 460: 446:Thus, the term 401: 326:land-use change 244: 216:marginalization 209:climate hazards 205:extreme weather 158:damage property 80:events include 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7291: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7253: 7252: 7250: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7203: 7202: 7200: 7199: 7194: 7193: 7192: 7182: 7176: 7174: 7170: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7161: 7151: 7141: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7128: 7126: 7125: 7119: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7086: 7084: 7077: 7076:Meteorological 7073: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7065: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7047: 7045: 7041: 7040: 7038: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7019: 7004: 7000: 6999: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6992: 6986: 6984: 6978: 6977: 6975: 6974: 6969: 6968: 6967: 6956: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6932:Seismic hazard 6928: 6926: 6914: 6913: 6911: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6895: 6889: 6887: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6860: 6859: 6852: 6845: 6837: 6828: 6827: 6825: 6824: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6807: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6775: 6773: 6769: 6768: 6766: 6765: 6754: 6752: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6698: 6696: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6683: 6678: 6673: 6668: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6651: 6648: 6647: 6645: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6615:Sacrifice zone 6607: 6602: 6596: 6594: 6588: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6559: 6558: 6548: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6530: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6518:Infrastructure 6515: 6513:Mast and tower 6510: 6505: 6500: 6495: 6490: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6473: 6468: 6463: 6457: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6419: 6417: 6410: 6401: 6397: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6379: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6359: 6353: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6340: 6339: 6334: 6333: 6332: 6322: 6316: 6314: 6310: 6309: 6307: 6306: 6301: 6291: 6281: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6259: 6257: 6251: 6250: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6237: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6217: 6216:Meteorological 6213: 6212: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6187: 6185: 6181: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6161: 6159: 6144: 6140: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6132: 6126: 6124: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6096: 6094: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6084: 6079: 6074: 6072:Seismic hazard 6068: 6066: 6054: 6053: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6035: 6029: 6027: 6018: 6012: 6011: 6000: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5977: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5904: 5899: 5894: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5874: 5869: 5867:Czech Republic 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5837: 5832: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5784: 5778: 5777: 5765: 5761:United Nations 5749: 5741: 5720: 5719:External links 5717: 5714: 5713: 5681: 5655: 5630: 5605: 5556: 5535: 5488: 5475: 5469:UNDRR (2023). 5457: 5451:UNDRR (2023). 5444: 5426: 5407:(3): 551–566. 5387: 5374:10.1002/wcc.77 5368:(6): 871–884. 5348: 5332: 5308: 5279:(2): 283–288. 5256: 5231: 5203: 5182:(4): 680–722. 5155: 5105: 5076: 5040: 5026:. 2005-10-02. 5005: 4979: 4950: 4920: 4900: 4875: 4855: 4826: 4812:. 2023-02-07. 4797: 4781:www.vic.gov.au 4768: 4739: 4709: 4669: 4657: 4650: 4632: 4614: 4585: 4556:(1): 673–702. 4535: 4516: 4487:(1): 555–581. 4464: 4445: 4427: 4406: 4381: 4350: 4343: 4321: 4314: 4284: 4259: 4229: 4163: 4136:(1): 201–234. 4130:Marine Geology 4116: 4081:(2): 167–194. 4061: 4036: 4019: 3989: 3951:(3): 387–406. 3928: 3909:(2): 340–355. 3893: 3835: 3817: 3789: 3755: 3724: 3675: 3642: 3610: 3579: 3529: 3503:. 2021-10-21. 3481: 3457: 3436: 3430: 3401: 3395:UNDRR (2023). 3388: 3372: 3365: 3342: 3326:public.wmo.int 3313: 3291: 3259: 3230: 3221: 3203: 3185: 3175:. 16 July 2020 3160: 3119: 3113:978-0898621594 3112: 3104:Guilford Press 3090: 3061: 3037: 3030: 3012: 3005: 2987: 2975: 2942: 2924: 2904: 2855: 2826: 2812:. 2018-11-27. 2797: 2776: 2751: 2721: 2688: 2656: 2643: 2627: 2613:. 2020-11-26. 2593: 2586: 2564: 2526: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2519: 2518: 2512: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2483: 2475: 2472: 2462: 2461: 2441: 2439: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2404: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2380:wheat, beans, 2355: 2347: 2333: 2330: 2320:diversion dams 2312:infrastructure 2301: 2293: 2291: 2288: 2231:Climate change 2203: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2154: 2146: 2144: 2141: 2110: 2107: 2043: 2040: 2004:Main article: 1975: 1972: 1940:Main article: 1921: 1918: 1906: 1903: 1821: 1818: 1814:climate change 1789:and becomes a 1779:tropical storm 1771:cyclonic storm 1753: 1750: 1713: 1710: 1669:List of floods 1661:Main article: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1593:Main article: 1574: 1571: 1547: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1531:it in another. 1490: 1482: 1480: 1477: 1389: 1388: 1379: 1378: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1345: 1337: 1326:Main article: 1323: 1320: 1286:Main article: 1283: 1280: 1278: 1275: 1266: 1263: 1232:Main article: 1209: 1206: 1189:supervolcanoes 1178:Armero tragedy 1114: 1111: 1064: 1061: 1042:Main article: 1039: 1036: 967:Main article: 964: 961: 922: 914: 896: 893: 876:climate change 813:slope failures 794: 786: 762: 759: 757: 754: 744: 741: 676: 673: 607: 604: 600:climate change 595:Socio-economic 581: 580:On the economy 578: 557: 556:On death rates 554: 549: 546: 536: 533: 482: 479: 459: 456: 425:climate change 417:disaster risks 400: 397: 294:natural hazard 243: 240: 201:Climate change 74:natural hazard 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7290: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7227:Meteor shower 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7198: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7175: 7171: 7165: 7162: 7159: 7155: 7152: 7149: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7130: 7124: 7121: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7112: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7085: 7081: 7078: 7074: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7042: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7025:Coastal flood 7023: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7012: 7008: 7005: 7001: 6991: 6988: 6987: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6973: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6957: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6943: 6940: 6938: 6935: 6933: 6930: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6919: 6915: 6909: 6906: 6904: 6901: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6858: 6853: 6851: 6846: 6844: 6839: 6838: 6835: 6823: 6815: 6814: 6811: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6780: 6779:Civil defense 6777: 6776: 6774: 6772:Organizations 6770: 6763: 6759: 6758:Disaster film 6756: 6755: 6753: 6749: 6743: 6742:Disaster area 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6684: 6682: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6672: 6669: 6667: 6664: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6595: 6593: 6589: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6552: 6549: 6545: 6544:Famine scales 6542: 6540: 6537: 6536: 6535: 6532: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6516: 6514: 6511: 6509: 6506: 6504: 6501: 6499: 6496: 6494: 6491: 6489: 6486: 6482: 6481:by death toll 6479: 6478: 6477: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6458: 6456: 6454: 6450: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6418: 6414: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6385: 6383: 6380: 6378: 6375: 6373: 6370: 6368: 6367:Meteor shower 6365: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6352: 6348: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6321: 6318: 6317: 6315: 6311: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6241: 6238: 6236: 6233: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6221: 6218: 6214: 6204: 6201: 6197: 6194: 6193: 6192: 6189: 6188: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6165:Coastal flood 6163: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6089: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6013: 6009: 6005: 5998: 5993: 5991: 5986: 5984: 5979: 5978: 5975: 5971: 5968: 5964: 5958: 5955: 5953: 5952:United States 5950: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5933: 5930: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5908: 5905: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5893: 5890: 5888: 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5843: 5840: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5830:by death toll 5828: 5827: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5805: 5800: 5798: 5793: 5791: 5786: 5785: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5732:on 2010-04-09 5731: 5727: 5723: 5722: 5698: 5691: 5685: 5670: 5666: 5659: 5641: 5634: 5620:on 2015-07-14 5619: 5615: 5609: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5560: 5545: 5539: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5485: 5482:UNGA (2016). 5479: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5454: 5448: 5437: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5410: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5391: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5352: 5345: 5342:UNGA (2016). 5339: 5337: 5322: 5318: 5312: 5304: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5286: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5267: 5260: 5245: 5241: 5235: 5220: 5213: 5207: 5198: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5176: 5171: 5164: 5162: 5160: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5109: 5094: 5090: 5089:www.n-d-a.org 5086: 5080: 5066:on 2006-09-29 5065: 5061: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5044: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5015: 5009: 4995:on 2007-02-05 4994: 4990: 4983: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4954: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4924: 4917: 4913: 4910: 4904: 4889: 4885: 4879: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4859: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4830: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4801: 4786: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4673: 4667: 4661: 4653: 4647: 4643: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4618: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4589: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4471: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4436: 4431: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4410: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4344:9780849302251 4340: 4336: 4332: 4325: 4317: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4273: 4269: 4263: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4233: 4224: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4207: 4202: 4197: 4192: 4188: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4120: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4050: 4046: 4040: 4033: 4032:9780071778343 4029: 4023: 4007: 4003: 4002:thesaurus.com 3999: 3993: 3978: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3933: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3897: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3855:(2): 95–138. 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3824: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3801: 3793: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3759: 3743: 3739: 3738:Direct Relief 3735: 3728: 3720: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3679: 3663: 3659: 3658: 3653: 3646: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3620: 3614: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3571: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3527: 3525: 3520: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3440: 3433: 3427: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3405: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3376: 3368: 3362: 3358: 3357: 3349: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3300: 3295: 3279: 3275: 3274: 3273:The Economist 3269: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3240: 3234: 3225: 3217: 3213: 3207: 3199: 3195: 3189: 3174: 3170: 3164: 3155: 3150: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3123: 3115: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3075: 3074: 3065: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3033: 3031:0-415-25216-4 3027: 3023: 3016: 3008: 3006:1-903544-10-6 3002: 2998: 2991: 2978: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2949: 2947: 2931: 2927: 2921: 2917: 2916: 2908: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2859: 2844: 2840: 2837: 2830: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2801: 2783: 2779: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2755: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2716: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2692: 2677: 2673: 2667: 2665: 2663: 2661: 2653: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2632: 2616: 2612: 2611:openDemocracy 2608: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2589: 2587:1-85383-964-7 2583: 2579: 2575: 2568: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2527: 2516: 2513: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2487: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2471: 2469: 2458: 2455:February 2023 2449: 2445: 2442:This section 2440: 2437: 2433: 2432: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2364:, and severe 2363: 2359: 2352: 2343: 2338: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2284: 2280: 2276: 2271: 2269: 2268:climate risks 2263: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2248: 2246: 2240: 2236: 2233:can increase 2232: 2228: 2224: 2219: 2216:aims to make 2215: 2210:institutions. 2207: 2200: 2186: 2182: 2181:storm cellars 2178: 2174: 2170: 2169:water heaters 2166: 2165:refrigerators 2162: 2158: 2151: 2136: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2120: 2116: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2079: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2051: 2049: 2048:return period 2039: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2013: 2007: 1985: 1980: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1948:winter storms 1943: 1935: 1931: 1926: 1916: 1912: 1902: 1900: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1856:cumulus cloud 1853: 1849: 1843: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1744: 1740: 1734: 1730: 1723: 1718: 1712:Thunderstorms 1709: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1684: 1680: 1679:Limpopo River 1675: 1670: 1664: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1634:Peshtigo Fire 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1596: 1588: 1584: 1579: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554:conflagration 1551: 1544: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1494: 1487: 1476: 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1383: 1374: 1363: 1354: 1342: 1335: 1329: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1295: 1289: 1274: 1272: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1241: 1235: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1205: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1187:are known as 1186: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1124: 1120: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1078: 1074: 1070: 1060: 1058: 1051: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1016:seismic waves 1014:that creates 1013: 1012:Earth's crust 1009: 1000: 993: 989: 988:San Francisco 985: 980: 976: 970: 957: 953: 951: 945: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 919: 910: 909:Mount Everest 906: 901: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 864:deforestation 861: 857: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 833: 829: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 806: 802: 798: 791: 784: 780: 772: 767: 753: 751: 740: 736: 732: 728: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 685: 683: 672: 669: 665: 661: 656: 654: 649: 645: 640: 638: 634: 633:microplastics 629: 625: 621: 617: 612: 603: 601: 596: 586: 577: 575: 570: 562: 553: 545: 543: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 474: 469: 465: 455: 453: 449: 444: 441: 437: 433: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 396: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 329: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 299: 295: 290: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 267: 265: 264:vulnerability 261: 257: 253: 249: 239: 237: 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 185: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 142:thunderstorms 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 26: 22: 7222:Impact event 7210:Astronomical 7144:Thunderstorm 7139:Bomb cyclone 7003:Hydrological 6972:Volcanic ash 6937:Seismic risk 6885:Mass wasting 6863: 6686:Survival kit 6508:Levee breach 6362:Impact event 6350:Astronomical 6284:Thunderstorm 6279:Bomb cyclone 6143:Hydrological 6112:Volcanic ash 6077:Seismic risk 6025:Mass wasting 6003: 5734:. 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