2410:, at levels of hazardous waste concern, is a growing problem. In particular, hazardous waste scale chemical contamination of buried water systems was first discovered in the U.S. in 2017, and has since been increasingly documented in Hawaii, Colorado, and Oregon after wildfires. In 2021, Canadian authorities adapted their post-fire public safety investigation approaches in British Columbia to screen for this risk, but have not found it as of 2023. Another challenge is that private drinking wells and the plumbing within a building can also become chemically contaminated and unsafe. Households experience a wide-variety of significant economic and health impacts related to this contaminated water. Evidence-based guidance on how to inspect and test wildfire impacted wells and building water systems was developed for the first time in 2020. In Paradise, California, for example, the 2018 Camp Fire caused more than $ 150 million dollars worth of damage. This required almost a year of time to decontaminate and repair the municipal drinking water system from wildfire damage.
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1065:: intentionally igniting smaller less-intense fires to minimize the amount of flammable material available for a potential wildfire. Vegetation may be burned periodically to limit the accumulation of plants and other debris that may serve as fuel, while also maintaining high species diversity. While other people claim that controlled burns and a policy of allowing some wildfires to burn is the cheapest method and an ecologically appropriate policy for many forests, they tend not to take into account the economic value of resources that are consumed by the fire, especially merchantable timber. Some studies conclude that while fuels may also be removed by logging, such thinning treatments may not be effective at reducing fire severity under extreme weather conditions.
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1495:, or misapplication. Fire retardant's effects on drinking water remain inconclusive. Dilution factors, including water body size, rainfall, and water flow rates lessen the concentration and potency of fire retardant. Wildfire debris (ash and sediment) clog rivers and reservoirs increasing the risk for floods and erosion that ultimately slow and/or damage water treatment systems. There is continued concern of fire retardant effects on land, water, wildlife habitats, and watershed quality, additional research is needed. However, on the positive side, fire retardant (specifically its nitrogen and phosphorus components) has been shown to have a fertilizing effect on nutrient-deprived soils and thus creates a temporary increase in vegetation.
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762:, and regional weather patterns, such as high-pressure ridges, can increase the risk and alter the behavior of wildfires dramatically. Years of high precipitation can produce rapid vegetation growth, which when followed by warmer periods can encourage more widespread fires and longer fire seasons. High temperatures dry out the fuel loads and make them more flammable, increasing tree mortality and posing significant risks to global forest health. Since the mid-1980s, in the Western US, earlier snowmelt and associated warming has also been associated with an increase in length and severity of the wildfire season, or the most fire-prone time of the year. A 2019 study indicates that the increase in
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reproduce and grow. Fire helps to return nutrients from plant matter back to the soil. The heat from fire is necessary to the germination of certain types of seeds, and the snags (dead trees) and early successional forests created by high-severity fire create habitat conditions that are beneficial to wildlife. Early successional forests created by high-severity fire support some of the highest levels of native biodiversity found in temperate conifer forests. Post-fire logging has no ecological benefits and many negative impacts; the same is often true for post-fire seeding. The exclusion of wildfires can contribute to vegetation regime shifts, such as
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suppress a fire. Wildfires have continually been a threat to human populations. However, human-induced geographic and climatic changes are exposing populations more frequently to wildfires and increasing wildfire risk. It is speculated that the increase in wildfires arises from a century of wildfire suppression coupled with the rapid expansion of human developments into fire-prone wildlands. Wildfires are naturally occurring events that aid in promoting forest health. Global warming and climate changes are causing an increase in temperatures and more droughts nationwide which contributes to an increase in wildfire risk.
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However, a period of increased fire frequency between 1750 and 1870 was suggested by charcoal data from North
America and Asia, attributed to human population growth and influences such as land clearing practices. This period was followed by an overall decrease in burning in the 20th century, linked to the expansion of agriculture, increased livestock grazing, and fire prevention efforts. A meta-analysis found that 17 times more land burned annually in California before 1800 compared to recent decades (1,800,000 hectares/year compared to 102,000 hectares/year).
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1560:, wildfire modeling involves the statistical analysis of past fire events to predict spotting risks and front behavior. Various wildfire propagation models have been proposed in the past, including simple ellipses and egg- and fan-shaped models. Early attempts to determine wildfire behavior assumed terrain and vegetation uniformity. However, the exact behavior of a wildfire's front is dependent on a variety of factors, including wind speed and slope steepness. Modern growth models utilize a combination of past ellipsoidal descriptions and
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reduces oxygen delivery to the body's vital organs. At high concentrations, it can cause headaches, weakness, dizziness, confusion, nausea, disorientation, visual impairment, coma, and even death. Even at lower concentrations, such as those found at wildfires, individuals with cardiovascular disease may experience chest pain and cardiac arrhythmia. A recent study tracking the number and cause of wildfire firefighter deaths from 1990 to 2006 found that 21.9% of the deaths occurred from heart attacks.
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Considerable airway development occurs during the 2nd and 3rd trimesters and continues until 3 years of age. It is hypothesized that exposure to these toxins during this period could have consequential effects, as the epithelium of the lungs during this time could have increased permeability to toxins. Exposure to air pollution during parental and pre-natal stage could induce epigenetic changes which are responsible for the development of asthma. Studies have found significant association between PM
793:). In Australia, the annual number of hot days (above 35 °C) and very hot days (above 40 °C) has increased significantly in many areas of the country since 1950. The country has always had bushfires but in 2019, the extent and ferocity of these fires increased dramatically. For the first time catastrophic bushfire conditions were declared for Greater Sydney. New South Wales and Queensland declared a state of emergency but fires were also burning in South Australia and Western Australia.
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1254:(AVHRR) for detection of fire and smoke plume locations. However, satellite detection is prone to offset errors, anywhere from 2 to 3 kilometers (1 to 2 mi) for MODIS and AVHRR data and up to 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) for GOES data. Satellites in geostationary orbits may become disabled, and satellites in polar orbits are often limited by their short window of observation time. Cloud cover and image resolution may also limit the effectiveness of satellite imagery.
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2511:. Exposure to residents is greatly dependent on individual susceptibility. Vulnerable persons such as children (ages 0–4), the elderly (ages 65 and older), smokers, and pregnant women are at an increased risk due to their already compromised body systems, even when the exposures are present at low chemical concentrations and for relatively short exposure periods. They are also at risk for future wildfires and may move away to areas they consider less risky.
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1333:. Complete fire suppression is no longer an expectation, but the majority of wildfires are often extinguished before they grow out of control. While more than 99% of the 10,000 new wildfires each year are contained, escaped wildfires under extreme weather conditions are difficult to suppress without a change in the weather. Wildfires in Canada and the US burn an average of 54,500 square kilometers (13,000,000 acres) per year.
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0.1 to 2.5 micrometers, and ultrafine particle are less than 0.1 micrometer. lmpact on the body upon inhalation varies by size. Coarse PM is filtered by the upper airways and can accumulate and cause pulmonary inflammation. This can result in eye and sinus irritation as well as sore throat and coughing. Coarse PM is often composed of heavier and more toxic materials that lead to short-term effects with stronger impact.
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914:(SOA) over hours to days after emission. In addition, the formation of the other pollutants as the air is transported can lead to harmful exposures for populations in regions far away from the wildfires. While direct emissions of harmful pollutants can affect first responders and residents, wildfire smoke can also be transported over long distances and impact air quality across local, regional, and global scales.
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1469:. To reduce smoke exposure, wildfire fighting crews should, whenever possible, rotate firefighters through areas of heavy smoke, avoid downwind firefighting, use equipment rather than people in holding areas, and minimize mop-up. Camps and command posts should also be located upwind of wildfires. Protective clothing and equipment can also help minimize exposure to smoke and ash.
1653:, but smoke and other wildfire emissions have been detected from the lower stratosphere. Pyrocumulus clouds can reach 6,100 meters (20,000 ft) over wildfires. Satellite observation of smoke plumes from wildfires revealed that the plumes could be traced intact for distances exceeding 1,600 kilometers (1,000 mi). Computer-aided models such as
1188:: able to recharge their battery systems using the small electrical currents in plant material. Larger, medium-risk areas can be monitored by scanning towers that incorporate fixed cameras and sensors to detect smoke or additional factors such as the infrared signature of carbon dioxide produced by fires. Additional capabilities such as
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hazards wildland firefighters face include slips, trips, falls, burns, scrapes, and cuts from tools and equipment, being struck by trees, vehicles, or other objects, plant hazards such as thorns and poison ivy, snake and animal bites, vehicle crashes, electrocution from power lines or lightning storms, and unstable building structures.
1211:, based in Brazil and Toronto, has released a sensor device that continuously monitors 14 different variables common in forests, ranging from soil temperature to salinity. This information is connected live back to clients through dashboard visualizations, while mobile notifications are provided regarding dangerous levels.
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cools, creating air currents that travel downhill. Wildfires are fanned by these winds and often follow the air currents over hills and through valleys. Fires in Europe occur frequently during the hours of 12:00 p.m. and 2:00 p.m. Wildfire suppression operations in the United States revolve around a 24-hour
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while being exposed to peak concentrations of PM in smoke. Another epidemiological study found a 7.2% (95% confidence interval: 0.25%, 15%) increase in risk of respiratory related hospital admissions during smoke wave days with high wildfire-specific particulate matter 2.5 compared to matched non-smoke-wave days.
733:. This can cause vegetation and soils to dry out. When a fire starts in an area with very dry vegetation, it can spread rapidly. Higher temperatures can also lengthen the fire season. This is the time of year in which severe wildfires are most likely, particularly in regions where snow is disappearing.
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suggests that, while many fires occurred during severe drought conditions, an increase in the number of fires during 850 BC and 1660 AD can be attributed to human influence. Charcoal evidence from the
Americas suggested a general decrease in wildfires between 1 AD and 1750 compared to previous years.
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The source of this contamination was first proposed after the 2018 Camp Fire in
California as originating from thermally degraded plastics in water systems, smoke and vapors entering depressurized plumbing, and contaminated water in buildings being sucked into the municipal water system. In 2020, it
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The EPA has defined acceptable concentrations of PM in the air, through the
National Ambient Air Quality Standards and monitoring of ambient air quality has been mandated. Due to these monitoring programs and the incidence of several large wildfires near populated areas, epidemiological studies have
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Benzene is one of many chemicals that have been found in drinking water systems after wildfires. Benzene can permeate certain plastic pipes and thus require long times to be removed from the water distribution infrastructure. Researchers estimated that, in worst case scenarios, more than 286 days of
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layers. Afterwards, wind erosion stripped the ash and the exposed soil, revealing archaeological remains dating to 10,000 BC. Wildfires can also have an effect on climate change, increasing the amount of carbon released into the atmosphere and inhibiting vegetation growth, which affects overall
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Especially in hot weather conditions, fires present the risk of heat stress, which can entail feeling heat, fatigue, weakness, vertigo, headache, or nausea. Heat stress can progress into heat strain, which entails physiological changes such as increased heart rate and core body temperature. This can
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which directly affects the country's economy. While costs vary wildly from year to year, depending on the severity of each fire season, in the United States, local, state, federal and tribal agencies collectively spend tens of billions of dollars annually to suppress wildfires. In the United States,
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Wildfire suppression depends on the technologies available in the area in which the wildfire occurs. In less developed nations the techniques used can be as simple as throwing sand or beating the fire with sticks or palm fronds. In more advanced nations, the suppression methods vary due to increased
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Intensity also increases during daytime hours. Burn rates of smoldering logs are up to five times greater during the day due to lower humidity, increased temperatures, and increased wind speeds. Sunlight warms the ground during the day which creates air currents that travel uphill. At night the land
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fires are fueled by low-lying vegetative matter on the forest floor such as leaf and timber litter, debris, grass, and low-lying shrubbery. This kind of fire often burns at a relatively lower temperature than crown fires (less than 400 °C (752 °F)) and may spread at slow rate, though steep
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Children participating in the
Children's Health Study were also found to have an increase in eye and respiratory symptoms, medication use and physician visits. Mothers who were pregnant during the fires gave birth to babies with a slightly reduced average birth weight compared to those who were not
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The
Western US has seen an increase in both the frequency and intensity of wildfires over the last several decades. This has been attributed to the arid climate of there and the effects of global warming. An estimated 46 million people were exposed to wildfire smoke from 2004 to 2009 in the Western
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and development of asthma during childhood despite heterogeneity among studies. Furthermore, maternal exposure to chronic stressors is most likely present in distressed communities, and as this can be correlated with childhood asthma, it may further explain links between early childhood exposure to
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Particulate matter (PM) is a type of air pollution made up of particles of dust and liquid droplets. They are characterized into three categories based on particle diameter: coarse PM, fine PM, and ultrafine PM. Coarse particles are between 2.5 micrometers and 10 micrometers, fine particles measure
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In 2014, an international campaign was organized in South Africa's Kruger
National Park to validate fire detection products including the new VIIRS active fire data. In advance of that campaign, the Meraka Institute of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research in Pretoria, South Africa, an
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5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 ft) wide between the forest and their village, and patrol these lines during summer months or seasons of dry weather. Continued residential development in fire-prone areas and rebuilding structures destroyed by fires has been met with criticism. The ecological benefits
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making similar assertions became the most popular offering on the newspaper's website," the New York Times writes. "It's all part of what critics see as a relentless effort led by the powerful media outlet to do what it has also done in the United States and
Britain – shift blame to
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Another important and somewhat less obvious health effect of wildfires is psychiatric diseases and disorders. Both adults and children from various countries who were directly and indirectly affected by wildfires were found to demonstrate different mental conditions linked to their experience with
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are traits of plants and animals that help them survive wildfire or to use resources created by wildfire. These traits can help plants and animals increase their survival rates during a fire and/or reproduce offspring after a fire. Both plants and animals have multiple strategies for surviving and
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Debris and chemical runoff into waterways after wildfires can make drinking water sources unsafe. Though it is challenging to quantify the impacts of wildfires on surface water quality, research suggests that the concentration of many pollutants increases post-fire. The impacts occur during active
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Wildfire prevention refers to the preemptive methods aimed at reducing the risk of fires as well as lessening its severity and spread. Prevention techniques aim to manage air quality, maintain ecological balances, protect resources, and to affect future fires. Prevention policies must consider the
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Research in 2007 stated that black carbon in snow changed temperature three times more than atmospheric carbon dioxide. As much as 94 percent of Arctic warming may be caused by dark carbon on snow that initiates melting. The dark carbon comes from fossil fuels burning, wood and other biofuels, and
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Odimayomi, Tolulope O.; Proctor, Caitlin R.; Wang, Qi Erica; Sabbaghi, Arman; Peterson, Kimberly S.; Yu, David J.; Lee, Juneseok; Shah, Amisha D.; Ley, Christian J.; Noh, Yoorae; Smith, Charlotte D.; Webster, Jackson P.; Milinkevich, Kristin; Lodewyk, Michael W.; Jenks, Julie A.; Smith, James F.;
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Direct risks to building residents in fire-prone areas can be moderated through design choices such as choosing fire-resistant vegetation, maintaining landscaping to avoid debris accumulation and to create firebreaks, and by selecting fire-retardant roofing materials. Potential compounding issues
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An increase in PM smoke emitted from the Hayman fire in
Colorado in June 2002, was associated with an increase in respiratory symptoms in patients with COPD. Looking at the wildfires in Southern California in 2003, investigators have shown an increase in hospital admissions due to asthma symptoms
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causes inflammation but also increases oxidative stress in the epithelial cells. These particulates also cause apoptosis and autophagy in lung epithelial cells. Both processes damage the cells and impact cell function. This damage impacts those with respiratory conditions such as asthma where the
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Above all, fighting wildfires can become deadly. A wildfire's burning front may also change direction unexpectedly and jump across fire breaks. Intense heat and smoke can lead to disorientation and loss of appreciation of the direction of the fire, which can make fires particularly dangerous. For
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The demand for timely, high-quality fire information has increased in recent years. Fast and effective detection is a key factor in wildfire fighting. Early detection efforts were focused on early response, accurate results in both daytime and nighttime, and the ability to prioritize fire danger.
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noted the native use of fire for tobacco cultivation, to encourage deer into smaller areas for hunting purposes, and to improve foraging for honey and grasshoppers. Charcoal found in sedimentary deposits off the
Pacific coast of Central America suggests that more burning occurred in the 50 years
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habitat (also called "snag forest habitat"), which often has higher species richness and diversity than unburned old forest. Plant and animal species in most types of North American forests evolved with fire, and many of these species depend on wildfires, and particularly high-severity fires, to
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Fire retardants are used to slow wildfires by inhibiting combustion. They are aqueous solutions of ammonium phosphates and ammonium sulfates, as well as thickening agents. The decision to apply retardant depends on the magnitude, location and intensity of the wildfire. In certain instances, fire
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and respiratory conditions, extend beyond immediate exposure, contributing to nearly 16,000 annual deaths, a number expected to rise to 30,000 by 2050. The economic impact is also significant, with projected costs reaching $ 240 billion annually by 2050, surpassing other climate-related damages.
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Wildfires can be classified by cause of ignition, physical properties, combustible material present, and the effect of weather on the fire. Wildfire severity results from a combination of factors such as available fuels, physical setting, and weather. Climatic cycles with wet periods that create
1156:, time of day, time of year, and geographic location. Electronic systems have gained popularity in recent years as a possible resolution to human operator error. These systems may be semi- or fully automated and employ systems based on the risk area and degree of human presence, as suggested by
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Carbon monoxide (CO) is a colorless, odorless gas that can be found at the highest concentration at close proximity to a smoldering fire. Thus, it is a serious threat to the health of wildfire firefighters. CO in smoke can be inhaled into the lungs where it is absorbed into the bloodstream and
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is of the largest concern in regards to wildfire. This is particularly hazardous to the very young, elderly and those with chronic conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), cystic fibrosis and cardiovascular conditions. The illnesses most commonly associated with
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The degree of wildfire smoke exposure to an individual is dependent on the length, severity, duration, and proximity of the fire. People are exposed directly to smoke via the respiratory tract through inhalation of air pollutants. Indirectly, communities are exposed to wildfire debris that can
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Wildfire risk is the chance that a wildfire will start in or reach a particular area and the potential loss of human values if it does. Risk is dependent on variable factors such as human activities, weather patterns, availability of wildfire fuels, and the availability or lack of resources to
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Firefighters are also at risk of cardiac events including strokes and heart attacks. Firefighters should maintain good physical fitness. Fitness programs, medical screening and examination programs which include stress tests can minimize the risks of firefighting cardiac problems. Other injury
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Cardoso, Anabelle W.; Archibald, Sally; Bond, William J.; Coetsee, Corli; Forrest, Matthew; Govender, Navashni; Lehmann, David; Makaga, Loïc; Mpanza, Nokukhanya; Ndong, Josué Edzang; Koumba Pambo, Aurélie Flore; Strydom, Tercia; Tilman, David; Wragg, Peter D.; Staver, A. Carla (28 June 2022).
1772:. Also, fires in the rainforest, along with drought and human involvement, could damage or destroy more than half of the Amazon rainforest by 2030. Wildfires generate ash, reduce the availability of organic nutrients, and cause an increase in water runoff, eroding other nutrients and creating
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Asthma is one of the most common chronic disease among children in the United States, affecting an estimated 6.2 million children. Research on asthma risk focuses specifically on the risk of air pollution during the gestational period. Several pathophysiology processes are involved in this.
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There are also significant indirect or second-order societal impacts from wildfire, such as demands on utilities to prevent power transmission equipment from becoming ignition sources, and the cancelation or nonrenewal of homeowners insurance for residents living in wildfire-prone areas.
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In June and July 2019, fires in the Arctic emitted more than 140 megatons of carbon dioxide, according to an analysis by CAMS. To put that into perspective this amounts to the same amount of carbon emitted by 36 million cars in a year. The recent wildfires and their massive
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that is subjected to enough heat and has an adequate supply of oxygen from the ambient air. A high moisture content usually prevents ignition and slows propagation, because higher temperatures are needed to evaporate any water in the material and heat the material to its
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5718:"Resisting Another Record-Breaking Year of Deforestation and Destruction in the Brazilian Amazon – While Brazilian authorities deny the impact of the criminal arson, Amazon Watch and our allies exposed and challenged the growing fires and deforestation in the Amazon"
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was developed for fire detection in the 1960s. However, information analysis and delivery was often delayed by limitations in communication technology. Early satellite-derived fire analyses were hand-drawn on maps at a remote site and sent via overnight mail to the
2035:, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and benzene. Small airborne particulates (in solid form or liquid droplets) are also present in smoke and ash debris. 80–90% of wildfire smoke, by mass, is within the fine particle size class of 2.5 micrometers in diameter or smaller.
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may also be used to predict the size of large wildfires. However, large fires that exceed suppression capabilities are often regarded as statistical outliers in standard analyses, even though fire policies are more influenced by large wildfires than by small
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from the wildfire front warms the air to 800 °C (1,470 °F), which pre-heats and dries flammable materials, causing materials to ignite faster and allowing the fire to spread faster. High-temperature and long-duration surface wildfires may encourage
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leaves to resist heat and drought, ensuring their dominance over less fire-tolerant species. Dense bark, shedding lower branches, and high water content in external structures may also protect trees from rising temperatures. Fire-resistant seeds and reserve
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Climate change promotes the type of weather that makes wildfires more likely. In some areas, an increase of wildfires has been attributed directly to climate change. Evidence from Earth's past also shows more fire in warmer periods. Climate change increases
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of wood at 230 °C (450 °F) releases flammable gases. Finally, wood can smolder at 380 °C (720 °F) or, when heated sufficiently, ignite at 590 °C (1,000 °F). Even before the flames of a wildfire arrive at a particular location,
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with poor air quality and heat during warmer months may be addressed with MERV 11 or higher outdoor air filtration in building ventilation systems, mechanical cooling, and a provision of a refuge area with additional air cleaning and cooling, if needed.
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exposure to fine PM from wildfire smoke are bronchitis, exacerbation of asthma or COPD, and pneumonia. Symptoms of these complications include wheezing and shortness of breath and cardiovascular symptoms include chest pain, rapid heart rate and fatigue.
480:, is dependent on the density of the suspended material, canopy height, canopy continuity, sufficient surface and ladder fires, vegetation moisture content, and weather conditions during the blaze. Stand-replacing fires lit by humans can spread into the
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ages altered pre-existing landscapes and fire regimes. Woodlands were gradually replaced by smaller vegetation that facilitated travel, hunting, seed-gathering and planting. In recorded human history, minor allusions to wildfires were mentioned in the
619:. Torching and fires in tree canopies encourage spotting, and dry ground fuels around a wildfire are especially vulnerable to ignition from firebrands. Spotting can create spot fires as hot embers and firebrands ignite fuels downwind from the fire. In
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When many fires started at once in Quebec then people took that as evidence of arson, and their claims got millions of views online. These claims were debunked by meteorologist Wagstaffe who explained that a series of lightning strikes can cause many
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during winter months by as much as 15%. The Amazon is estimated to hold around 90 billion tons of carbon. As of 2019, the earth's atmosphere has 415 parts per million of carbon, and the destruction of the Amazon would add about 38 parts per million.
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that may have adverse effects upon the human respiratory system. Evidence of the health effects should be relayed to the public so that exposure may be limited. The evidence can also be used to influence policy to promote positive health outcomes.
591:(FROS) when burning through dense uninterrupted fuels. They can move as fast as 10.8 kilometres per hour (6.7 mph) in forests and 22 kilometres per hour (14 mph) in grasslands. Wildfires can advance tangential to the main front to form a
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8356:. Tymstra, C.; Bryce, R.W.; Wotton, B.M.; Armitage, O.B. 2009. Development and structure of Prometheus: the Canadian wildland fire growth simulation model. Inf. Rep. NOR-X-417. Nat. Resour. Can., Can. For. Serv., North. For. Cent., Edmonton, AB.
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constant flushing of a contaminated HDPE service line were needed to reduce benzene below safe drinking water limits. Temperature increases caused by fires, including wildfires, can cause plastic water pipes to generate toxic chemicals such as
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among the group sampled. Projected climate scenarios of wildfire occurrences predict significant increases in respiratory conditions among young children. PM triggers a series of biological processes including inflammatory immune response,
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hotspots underneath rain-moistened surface fuels; and then when those surface fuels are all dried by the daytime wind simultaneously, then they are all ignited into full blown fires simultaneously. Wagstaffe also corrected the idea that
535:, and are therefore less susceptible to wildfires. Less dense material such as grasses and leaves are easier to ignite because they contain less water than denser material such as branches and trunks. Plants continuously lose water by
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Hartmann, Henrik; Bastos, Ana; Das, Adrian J.; Esquivel-Muelbert, Adriane; Hammond, William M.; Martínez-Vilalta, Jordi; McDowell, Nate G.; Powers, Jennifer S.; Pugh, Thomas A.M.; Ruthrof, Katinka X.; Allen, Craig D. (20 May 2022).
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and lower-elevation deserts in the American Southwest. The increased fire frequency in these ordinarily fire-dependent areas has upset natural cycles, damaged native plant communities, and encouraged the growth of non-native weeds.
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at close proximity for longer periods of time. A case study on the exposure of wildfire smoke among wildland firefighters shows that firefighters are exposed to significant levels of carbon monoxide and respiratory irritants above
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was first shown that thermal degradation of plastic drinking water materials was one potential contamination source. In 2023, the second theory was confirmed where contamination could be sucked into pipes that lost water pressure.
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into the atmosphere. These emissions affect radiation, clouds, and climate on regional and even global scales. Wildfires also emit substantial amounts of semi-volatile organic species that can partition from the gas phase to form
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with the force of tornadoes at speeds of more than 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Rapid rates of spread, prolific crowning or spotting, the presence of fire whirls, and strong convection columns signify extreme conditions.
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Sutherland, E. Rand; Make, Barry J.; Vedal, Sverre; Zhang, Lening; Dutton, Steven J.; Murphy, James R.; Silkoff, Philip E. (2005). "Wildfire smoke and respiratory symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease".
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agriculture damage fire-resistant forests and promote the growth of flammable brush, creating a cycle that encourages more burning. Fires in the rainforest threaten its collection of diverse species and produce large amounts of
1273:(NPP) satellite to detect smaller fires in more detail than previous space-based products. The high-resolution data is used with a computer model to predict how a fire will change direction based on weather and land conditions.
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Over the past century, wildfires have accounted for 20–25% of global carbon emissions, the remainder from human activities. Global carbon emissions from wildfires through August 2020 equaled the average annual emissions of the
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Dore, S.; Kolb, T.E.; Montes-Helu, M.; Eckert, S.E.; Sullivan, B.W.; Hungate, B.A.; Kaye, J.P.; Hart, S.C.; Koch, G.W. (1 April 2010). "Carbon and water fluxes from ponderosa pine forests disturbed by wildfire and thinning".
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of wildfires to comprehend and predict fire behavior. Wildfire modeling aims to aid wildfire suppression, increase the safety of firefighters and the public, and minimize damage. Wildfire modeling can also aid in protecting
10345:"The San Diego 2007 wildfires and Medi-Cal emergency department presentations, inpatient hospitalizations, and outpatient visits: An observational study of smoke exposure periods and a bidirectional case-crossover analysis"
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2715:. However, while ancient Hebrew, Greek, and Roman writers were aware of fires, they were not very interested in the uncultivated lands where wildfires occurred. Wildfires were used in battles throughout human history as
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biome are particularly susceptible. Wildfires can severely impact humans and their settlements. Effects include for example the direct health impacts of smoke and fire, as well as destruction of property (especially in
2094:(AQI), a public resource that provides national air quality standard concentrations for common air pollutants. The public can use it to determine their exposure to hazardous air pollutants based on visibility range.
2915:. The Smokey Bear fire prevention campaign has yielded one of the most popular characters in the United States; for many years there was a living Smokey Bear mascot, and it has been commemorated on postage stamps.
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J.R. Marlon; P.J. Bartlein; C. Carcaillet; D.G. Gavin; S.P. Harrison; P.E. Higuera; F. Joos; M.J. Power; I.C. Prentice (2008). "Climate and human influences on global biomass burning over the past two millennia".
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Liu, Zhihua; Yang, Jian; Chang, Yu; Weisberg, Peter J.; He, Hong S. (June 2012). "Spatial patterns and drivers of fire occurrence and its future trend under climate change in a boreal forest of Northeast China".
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are fires ignited by government agencies under less dangerous weather conditions. Other objectives can include maintenance of healthy forests, rangelands, and wetlands, and support of ecosystem diversity.
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Mellon, Robert C.; Papanikolau, Vasiliki; Prodromitis, Gerasimos (2009). "Locus of control and psychopathology in relation to levels of trauma and loss: Self-reports of Peloponnesian wildfire survivors".
8313:
12676:
Henderson, Martha; Kalabokidis, Kostas; Marmaras, Emmanuel; Konstantinidis, Pavlos; Marangudakis, Manussos (2005). "Fire and Society: A Comparative Analysis of Wildfire in Greece and the United States".
2078:
and calcium were found in numerous California fires as well. Other chemicals are considered to be significant hazards but are found in concentrations that are too low to cause detectable health effects.
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exposed. Suggesting that pregnant women may also be at greater risk to adverse effects from wildfire. Worldwide, it is estimated that 339,000 people die due to the effects of wildfire smoke each year.
6419:
6147:
Page, Susan E.; Florian Siegert; John O. Rieley; Hans-Dieter V. Boehm; Adi Jaya & Suwido Limin (11 July 2002). "The amount of carbon released from peat and forest fires in Indonesia during 1997".
8331:
6343:
5772:"Jair Bolsonaro launches assault on Amazon rainforest protections – Executive order transfers regulation and creation of indigenous reserves to agriculture ministry controlled by agribusiness lobby"
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5342:
Brando, Paulo M.; Paolucci, Lucas; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Ordway, Elsa M.; Hartmann, Henrik; Cattau, Megan E.; Rattis, Ludmila; Medjibe, Vincent; Coe, Michael T.; Balch, Jennifer (30 May 2019).
3105:
2514:
Wildfires affect large numbers of people in Western Canada and the United States. In California alone, more than 350,000 people live in towns and cities in "very high fire hazard severity zones".
13824:
10859:
Marshall, G.N.; Schell, T.L.; Elliott, M.N.; Rayburn, N.R.; Jaycox, L.H. (2007). "Psychiatric Disorders Among Adults Seeking Emergency Disaster Assistance After a Wildland-Urban Interface Fire".
2407:
1222:
and aerial monitoring through the use of planes, helicopter, or UAVs can provide a wider view and may be sufficient to monitor very large, low risk areas. These more sophisticated systems employ
383:
The spread of wildfires varies based on the flammable material present, its vertical arrangement and moisture content, and weather conditions. Fuel arrangement and density is governed in part by
261:
Sources of human-caused fire may include arson, accidental ignition, or the uncontrolled use of fire in land-clearing and agriculture such as the slash-and-burn farming in Southeast Asia. In the
13359:
2632:, their high flammability increased fire frequency, promoting grasslands over woodlands. However, fire-prone habitats may have contributed to the prominence of trees such as those of the genera
1207:
for the installation of 360 degree 'rapid detection' cameras around the Pacific northwest, which are mounted on cell towers and are capable of 24/7 monitoring of a 15 mile radius. Additionally,
2603:
Wildfires during the Paleozoic and Mesozoic periods followed patterns similar to fires that occur in modern times. Surface fires driven by dry seasons are evident in Devonian and Carboniferous
11466:
1692:
Wildfires are common in climates that are sufficiently moist to allow the growth of vegetation but feature extended dry, hot periods. Such places include the vegetated areas of Australia and
154:
At a global level, human practices have made the impacts of wildfire worse, with a doubling in land area burned by wildfires compared to natural levels. Humans have impacted wildfire through
9031:
7856:
6098:
6040:
10796:
Papanikolaou, V.; Adamis, D.; Mellon, R.C.; Prodromitis, G. (2011). "Psychological distress following wildfires disaster in a rural part of Greece: A case-control population-based study".
10655:
Hehua, Zhang; Qing, Chang; Shanyan, Gao; Qijun, Wu; Yuhong, Zhao (November 2017). "The impact of prenatal exposure to air pollution on childhood wheezing and asthma: A systematic review".
5894:
Wofsy, S.C.; Sachse, G. W.; Gregory, G.L.; Blake, D.R.; Bradshaw, J.D.; Sandholm, S.T.; Singh, H.B.; Barrick, J.A.; Harriss, R.C.; Talbot, R.W.; Shipham, M.A.; Browell, E.V.; Jacob, D.J.;
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contain fine particulate matter which can cause cardiovascular and respiratory problems. Increased fire byproducts in the troposphere can increase ozone concentrations beyond safe levels.
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9359:
7377:
6125:
4835:
3906:
3466:
9484:
2588:. Low atmospheric oxygen during the Middle and Late Devonian was accompanied by a decrease in charcoal abundance. Additional charcoal evidence suggests that fires continued through the
3039:
2448:
Firefighters are at greatest risk for acute and chronic health effects resulting from wildfire smoke exposure. Due to firefighters' occupational duties, they are frequently exposed to
1061:
Strategies for wildfire prevention, detection, control and suppression have varied over the years. One common and inexpensive technique to reduce the risk of uncontrolled wildfires is
17702:
519:
Wildfires occur when all the necessary elements of a fire triangle come together in a susceptible area: an ignition source is brought into contact with a combustible material such as
17927:
7719:
7244:
2879:
Wildfires have a place in many cultures. "To spread like wildfire" is a common idiom in English, meaning something that "quickly affects or becomes known by more and more people".
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1993:
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burning and up to years later. Increases in nutrients and total suspended sediments can happen within a year while heavy metal concentrations may peak 1–2 years after a wildfire.
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8231:
Between 2000–2016, based on data compiled in the NIOSH Wildland Fire Fighter On-Duty Death Surveillance System from three data sources, over 350 on-duty WFF fatalities occurred.
6494:
5781:
5119:
5062:
12308:
Meyer, G.A.; Wells, S.G.; Jull, A.J.T. (1995). "Fire and alluvial chronology in Yellowstone National Park: Climatic and intrinsic controls on Holocene geomorphic processes".
13044:
4245:
12402:
Stephens, Scott L.; Martin, Robert E.; Clinton, Nicholas E. (2007). "Prehistoric fire area and emissions from California's forests, woodlands, shrublands, and grasslands".
11324:
Whelton, Andrew J.; Seidel, Chad; Wham, Brad P.; Fischer, Erica C.; Isaacson, Kristofer; Jankowski, Caroline; MacArthur, Nathan; McKenna, Elizabeth; Ley, Christian (2023).
6244:
3396:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
973:. Due to the complex oxidative chemistry occurring during the transport of wildfire smoke in the atmosphere, the toxicity of emissions was indicated to increase over time.
15423:
11281:
Proctor, Caitlin R.; Lee, Juneseok; Yu, David; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2020). "Wildfire caused widespread drinking water distribution network contamination".
9212:
Proctor, Caitlin R.; Lee, Juneseok; Yu, David; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2020). "Wildfire caused widespread drinking water distribution network contamination".
6974:
2772:, socio-economic changes led more stringent air quality standards and bans on fires that eliminated traditional burning practices. In the mid-19th century, explorers from
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occurred among wildland firefighters. In addition to heat and chemical hazards, firefighters are also at risk for electrocution from power lines; injuries from equipment;
2210:
An observational study of smoke exposure related to the 2007 San Diego wildfires revealed an increase both in healthcare utilization and respiratory diagnoses, especially
2059:
9770:
11189:
5717:
2400:
After a wildfire, hazards remain. Residents returning to their homes may be at risk from falling fire-weakened trees. Humans and pets may also be harmed by falling into
700:
Wildfire disasters have increased substantially in recent decades. Climate change intensifies heatwaves and droughts that dry vegetation, which in turn fuels wildfires.
387:, as land shape determines factors such as available sunlight and water for plant growth. Overall, fire types can be generally characterized by their fuels as follows:
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2507:
Residents in communities surrounding wildfires are exposed to lower concentrations of chemicals, but they are at a greater risk for indirect exposure through water or
1629:, the part of the atmosphere that extends from the surface of the planet to a height of about 10 kilometers (6 mi). The vertical lift of a severe thunderstorm or
311:
gained traction on social media; however, arson is generally not a main cause of wildfires in Canada. In California, generally 6–10% of wildfires annually are arson.
13360:"National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide for Wildland Fire Management: Fire Education, Prevention, and Mitigation Practices, Wildland Fire Overview"
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1370:
spends about $ 200 million per year to suppress 98% of wildfires and up to $ 1 billion to suppress the other 2% of fires that escape initial attack and become large.
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emissions mean that it will be important to take them into consideration when implementing measures for reaching greenhouse gas reduction targets accorded with the
777:
suffered its worst recorded wildfire, when 15% of Australia's land mass suffered "extensive fire damage". Fires that summer burned up an estimated 117 million
10129:
2031:
Wildfire smoke is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and water vapor. Other common components present in lower concentrations are carbon monoxide, formaldehyde,
11407:
Whelton, Andrew J. (3 May 2021). "Water safety attitudes, risk perception, experiences, and education for households impacted by the 2018 Camp Fire, California".
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4133:
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11491:
8306:
3898:
12218:"History of Fire in Land-Use Systems of the Baltic Region: Implications on the Use of Prescribed Fire in Forestry, Nature Conservation and Landscape Management"
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Liu, Jia Coco; Wilson, Ander; Mickley, Loretta J.; Dominici, Francesca; Ebisu, Keita; Wang, Yun; Sulprizio, Melissa P.; Peng, Roger D.; Yue, Xu (January 2017).
3626:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1893:. Such adaptations include physical protection against heat, increased growth after a fire event, and flammable materials that encourage fire and may eliminate
5400:
3383:
Parmesan, C., M.D. Morecroft, Y. Trisurat, R. Adrian, G.Z. Anshari, A. Arneth, Q. Gao, P. Gonzalez, R. Harris, J. Price, N. Stevens, and G.H. Talukdarr, 2022:
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The most noticeable adverse effect of wildfires is the destruction of property. However, hazardous chemicals released also significantly impact human health.
515:
A dirt road acted as a fire barrier in South Africa. The effects of the barrier can clearly be seen on the unburnt (left) and burnt (right) sides of the road.
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13828:
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8214:
7619:
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2404:. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) also reports that wildfires cause significant damage to electric systems, especially in dry regions.
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however studies show that it works into the blood much quicker. The inflammation and epithelial damage done by UFP has also shown to be much more severe. PM
14694:
6335:
5686:
5017:
1152:
in towers, and ground and aerial patrols can be used as a means of early detection of forest fires. However, accurate human observation may be limited by
13614:
5585:
5526:
5180:
Provenzale, Antonello; Llasat, Maria Carmen; Montávez, Juan Pedro; Jerez, Sonia; Bedia, Joaquín; Rosa-Cánovas, Juan José; Turco, Marco (2 October 2018).
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often engages in prescribed burns to mitigate fire risk and promote natural forest cycles. However, controlled burns can turn into wildfires by mistake.
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13185:
12654:
7329:
4663:
3556:"Contrasting Stratospheric Smoke Mass and Lifetime From 2017 Canadian and 2019/2020 Australian Megafires: Global Simulations and Satellite Observations"
1445:
Smoke, ash, and debris can also pose serious respiratory hazards for wildland firefighters. The smoke and dust from wildfires can contain gases such as
539:, but water loss is usually balanced by water absorbed from the soil, humidity, or rain. When this balance is not maintained, often as a consequence of
13158:
11442:
10944:
Jones, R.T.; Ribbe, D.P.; Cunningham, P.B.; Weddle, J.D.; Langley, A.K. (2002). "Psychological impact of fire disaster on children and their parents".
9056:
Zedler, P.H. (1995). "Fire frequency in southern California shrublands: biological effects and management options". In Keeley, J.E.; Scott, T. (eds.).
6942:
5641:
13521:
13018:
7644:
Zhang, Junguo; Li, Wenbin; Han, Ning & Kan, Jiangming (September 2008). "Forest fire detection system based on a ZigBee wireless sensor network".
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3617:
2364:
Besides the size of PM, their chemical composition should also be considered. Antecedent studies have demonstrated that the chemical composition of PM
12991:
9716:
6751:
5320:
2596:
was accompanied by a more widespread distribution of wildfires. Later, a decrease in wildfire-related charcoal deposits from the late Permian to the
1243:
1238:'s Along-Track Scanning Radiometer can measure infrared radiation emitted by fires, identifying hot spots greater than 39 °C (102 °F). The
1176:
A small, high risk area that features thick vegetation, a strong human presence, or is close to a critical urban area can be monitored using a local
11747:
11459:
9016:
8553:
Bravo, A.H.; E.R. Sosa; A.P. Sánchez; P.M. Jaimes & R.M.I. Saavedra (2002). "Impact of wildfires on the air quality of Mexico City, 1992–1999".
6199:
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4363:
2897:
initiated a nationwide fire prevention campaign, highlighting the role of human carelessness in forest fires. Later posters of the program featured
7989:
7852:
6574:
6094:
6033:
15189:
10188:
Forsberg, Nicole T.; Longo, Bernadette M.; Baxter, Kimberly; Boutté, Marie (2012). "Wildfire Smoke Exposure: A Guide for the Nurse Practitioner".
8112:
4779:
3527:
13446:
13130:
7914:
3131:
1752:, can grow rapidly in areas that were damaged by fires. Because they are highly flammable, they can increase the future risk of fire, creating a
1239:
12731:
12104:
recognizes a slightly extended Quaternary as well as the Paleogene and a truncated Neogene, the Tertiary having been demoted to informal status.
9348:
7569:
7369:
6373:
6121:
4853:
3014:
1940:
National map of groundwater and soil moisture in the United States. It shows the very low soil moisture associated with the 2011 fire season in
917:
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7143:
5899:
3497:
3458:
2305:
1208:
12895:
10343:
Hutchinson, Justine A.; Vargo, Jason; Milet, Meredith; French, Nancy H.F.; Billmire, Michael; Johnson, Jeffrey; Hoshiko, Sumi (10 July 2018).
9684:
9474:
9285:
Raoelison, Onja D.; Valenca, Renan; Lee, Allison; Karim, Samiha; Webster, Jackson P.; Poulin, Brett A.; Mohanty, Sanjay K. (15 January 2023).
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13714:
9920:
3028:
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2353:
been conducted and demonstrate an association between human health effects and an increase in fine particulate matter due to wildfire smoke.
2270:
2087:
1958:
1247:
554:
transition between unburned and burned material. As the front approaches, the fire heats both the surrounding air and woody material through
206:
12217:
8404:
G.D. Richards, "An Elliptical Growth Model of Forest Fire Fronts and Its Numerical Solution", Int. J. Numer. Meth. Eng.. 30:1163–1179, 1990.
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5976:
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10002:
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8152:
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5572:
Approximately 15 per cent of Australia's physical land mass sustained extensive fire damage. This equates to roughly around 117 million ha.
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7711:
1160:
data analyses. An integrated approach of multiple systems can be used to merge satellite data, aerial imagery, and personnel position via
17635:
13406:
12134:
11517:
Isaacson, Kristofer P.; Proctor, Caitlin R.; Wang, Q. Erica; Edwards, Ethan Y.; Noh, Yoorae; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2021).
9433:
Isaacson, Kristofer P.; Proctor, Caitlin R.; Wang, Q. Erica; Edwards, Ethan Y.; Noh, Yoorae; Shah, Amisha D.; Whelton, Andrew J. (2021).
7267:
7170:
6729:
5687:"Opinion: Watching Earth Burn – For 10 days in September, satellites in orbit sent tragic evidence of climate change's destructive power"
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8284:
8218:
5744:
4500:
14902:
14444:
13273:
11858:
11618:
10991:
9085:
8841:
6639:
4731:
2832:, the number of natural and human-caused fires decreased by 24.3% between 1998 and 2015. Researchers explain this as a transition from
12447:
10779:
8181:
6665:
6502:
3255:
Trigo, Ricardo M.; Provenzale, Antonello; Llasat, Maria Carmen; AghaKouchak, Amir; Hardenberg, Jost von; Turco, Marco (6 March 2017).
1727:
Although some ecosystems rely on naturally occurring fires to regulate growth, some ecosystems suffer from too much fire, such as the
15957:
8711:
8489:"Meteorological Conditions Associated with the Rapid Transport of Canadian Wildfire Products into the Northeast during 5–8 July 2002"
7013:
6071:
2368:
from wildfire smoke can yield different estimates of human health outcomes as compared to other sources of smoke such as solid fuels.
1226:
and aircraft-mounted infrared or high-resolution visible cameras to identify and target wildfires. Satellite-mounted sensors such as
12179:
9887:
7490:
5771:
5438:
5054:
4689:
4146:
An independent study found online bots and trolls exaggerating the role of arson in the fires, at the same time that an article in
4107:
2173:
Smaller PM moves further into the respiratory system creating issues deep into the lungs and the bloodstream. In asthma patients, PM
1434:. Various factors can contribute to the risks posed by heat stress, including strenuous work, personal risk factors such as age and
1366:
it was reported that approximately $ 6 billion was spent between 2004–2008 to suppress wildfires in the country. In California, the
11887:
7887:
5111:
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1251:
1204:
1184:
that act as automated weather systems: detecting temperature, humidity, and smoke. These may be battery-powered, solar-powered, or
736:
Weather conditions are raising the risks of wildfires. But the total area burnt by wildfires has decreased. This is mostly because
13051:
9386:"Numerical Model for Decontamination of Organic Contaminants in Polyethylene Drinking Water Pipes in Premise Plumbing by Flushing"
4612:
4237:
1304:
1280:
Between 2022–2023, wildfires throughout North America prompted an uptake in the delivery and design of various technologies using
17874:
16166:
11836:
Ryan Sabalow; Phillip Reese; Dale Kasler. "A real life gamble: California races to predict which town could be the next victim".
6248:
1262:
175:
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7298:
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4268:
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Typical fire retardants contain the same agents as fertilizers. Fire retardants may also affect water quality through leaching,
13975:
13885:
10541:
Nishimura, Katherine K.; Galanter, Joshua M.; Roth, Lindsey A.; Oh, Sam S.; Thakur, Neeta; Nguyen, Elizabeth A. (August 2013).
10462:
Reid, Colleen E.; Brauer, Michael; Johnston, Fay H.; Jerrett, Michael; Balmes, John R.; Elliott, Catherine T. (15 April 2016).
9763:
8243:
A. Agueda; E. Pastor; E. Planas (2008). "Different scales for studying the effectiveness of long-term forest fire retardants".
7779:
7516:
7464:
6472:
5900:"Atmospheric chemistry in the Arctic and subarctic: Influence of natural fires, industrial emissions, and stratospheric inputs"
5141:
2393:
825:
817:
615:(hot wood embers) and other burning materials through the air over roads, rivers, and other barriers that may otherwise act as
476:
fires burn suspended material at the canopy level, such as tall trees, vines, and mosses. The ignition of a crown fire, termed
292:
13227:
13070:
12708:
11519:"Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response"
11230:
10598:
Hsu, Hsiao-Hsien Leon; Chiu, Yueh-Hsiu Mathilda; Coull, Brent A.; Kloog, Itai; Schwartz, Joel; Lee, Alison (1 November 2015).
10028:
9577:
9435:"Drinking water contamination from the thermal degradation of plastics: Implications for wildfire and structure fire response"
4474:
3230:
17917:
13596:
13262:
13140:
12620:
11604:
9507:
8379:
7688:
7216:
6886:"Severity of an uncharacteristically large wildfire, the Rim Fire, in forests with relatively restored frequent fire regimes"
4847:
4407:
3997:
3706:
3008:
15204:
6834:
6699:
5460:
Williams, A. Park; Abatzoglou, John T.; Gershunov, Alexander; Guzman-Morales, Janin; Bishop, Daniel A.; Balch, Jennifer K.;
17205:
17017:
14602:
13691:
Sierra Nevada Ecosystem Project: Final Report to Congress, Vol. II, Assessments and Scientific Basis for Management Options
13683:
9554:
8780:
8488:
4434:
3821:
3799:
3769:
2765:
2492:
946:. In 2020, the carbon released by California's wildfires was significantly larger than the state's other carbon emissions.
13615:"Active Fire Detection for Fire Emergency Management: Potential and Limitations for the Operational Use of Remote Sensing"
10600:"Prenatal Particulate Air Pollution and Asthma Onset in Urban Children. Identifying Sensitive Windows and Sex Differences"
8528:
8012:
5182:"Exacerbated fires in Mediterranean Europe due to anthropogenic warming projected with non-stationary climate-fire models"
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4202:
4018:
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10190:
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In 1974–75 in this season fires burnt over 117 million hectares or 15 per cent of the total land area of this continent.
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Balch, Jennifer K.; Bradley, Bethany A.; Abatzoglou, John T.; Nagy, R. Chelsea; Fusco, Emily J.; Mahood, Adam L. (2017).
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2421:
follows. For example, wildfires make soil less able to absorb precipitation, so heavy rainfall can result in more severe
13585:
13274:"The impact of fire suppression, vegetation, and weather on the area burned by lightning-caused forest fires in Ontario"
10121:
7407:
5622:
220:
17935:
17912:
17091:
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14853:
14449:
14250:
14096:
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10716:"The Environmental 'Riskscape' and Social Inequality: Implicationsfor Explaining Maternal and Child Health Disparities"
9795:
7749:
5077:
4125:
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338:
205:
Global fires during the year 2008 for the months of August (top image) and February (bottom image), as detected by the
12875:
12558:
11255:
7801:
7542:
1353:, at least 173 people died and over 2,029 homes and 3,500 structures were lost when they became engulfed by wildfire.
961:
into the atmosphere, which is between 13–40% of the annual global carbon dioxide emissions from burning fossil fuels.
17977:
17724:
17610:
17104:
17099:
15127:
15107:
11782:
11043:"The relationship of respiratory and cardiovascular hospital admissions to the southern California wildfires of 2003"
10896:"Posttraumatic stress disorder and general psychopathology in children and adolescents following a wildfire disaster"
8438:
The physical mechanism of injecting biomass burning materials into the stratosphere during fire-induced thunderstorms
4558:
2969:
2727:
as well as customs and laws that governed the use of fire. In Germany, regular burning was documented in 1290 in the
2335:
2042:, particularly 2.5 μm in diameter and smaller, have been identified as the major health threats. High levels of
1350:
1349:
died when they lost their communication links, became disoriented, and were overtaken by the fire. In the Australian
1235:
11365:
Jankowski, Caroline; Isaacson, Kristofer; Larsen, Madeline; Ley, Christian; Cook, Myles; Whelton, Andrew J. (2023).
9846:
8802:
Donato, Daniel C.; Fontaine, Joseph B.; Robinson, W. Douglas; Kauffman, J. Boone; Law, Beverly E. (1 January 2009).
5595:
5408:
1012:
A short video on managing and protecting the natural habitat between a town and the hillside, from the risk of fire.
193:
that have evolved with fire. In fact, many plant species depend on the effects of fire for growth and reproduction.
17904:
16308:
14881:
12528:
8648:
7612:
5261:"Climate Change Risks to Global Forest Health: Emergence of Unexpected Events of Elevated Tree Mortality Worldwide"
3980:
de Rigo, Daniele; Libertà, Giorgio; Houston Durrant, Tracy; Artés Vivancos, Tomàs; San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesús (2017).
2146:
Inhalation of smoke from a wildfire can be a health hazard. Wildfire smoke is composed of combustion products i.e.
821:
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12849:
6002:
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2066:
that killed 85 people, lead levels increased by around 50 times in the hours following the fire at a site nearby (
1072:
be maintained by clearing flammable materials within a prescribed distance from the structure. Communities in the
901:
Wildfires release large amounts of carbon dioxide, black and brown carbon particles, and ozone precursors such as
17650:
17387:
16777:
15947:
15199:
14409:
8046:
5522:
3431:
3398:
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2226:
related to PM from wildfires, a possible explanation for these counterintuitive findings is the increased use of
1658:
1200:
1069:
1068:
Building codes in fire-prone areas typically require that structures be built of flame-resistant materials and a
828:. The smoke from the fires expanded on huge territory including major cities, dramatically reducing air quality.
280:, the most common human causes of wildfires are equipment generating sparks (chainsaws, grinders, mowers, etc.),
77:
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11965:
2111:
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14689:
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5811:
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and other compounds. The principal health concern is the inhalation of particulate matter and carbon monoxide.
1642:
1458:
684:
675:
that begins at 10:00 a.m. due to the predictable increase in intensity resulting from the daytime warmth.
433:
slopes and wind can accelerate the rate of spread. This fuel type is especially susceptible to ignition due to
419:
13536:. Missoula, Montana: The International Association of Wildland Fire, Hot Springs, South Dakota. Archived from
13208:
12646:
11765:"CDC – NIOSH Publications and Products – Wildland Fire Fighting: Hot Tips to Stay Safe and Healthy (2013–158)"
9764:"The National Wildfire Mitigation Programs Database: State, County, and Local Efforts to Reduce Wildfire Risk"
6395:
Baumgardner, D.; et al. (2003). "Warming of the Arctic lower stratosphere by light absorbing particles".
5514:
976:
Atmospheric models suggest that these concentrations of sooty particles could increase absorption of incoming
18029:
17985:
17960:
17265:
15272:
14782:
14499:
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forests, there is evidence of high frequency, light surface fires. The increase of fire activity in the late
1439:
1157:
813:
550:
is the portion sustaining continuous flaming combustion, where unburned material meets active flames, or the
450:
fires consume material between low-level vegetation and tree canopies, such as small trees, downed logs, and
83:. Depending on the type of vegetation present, a wildfire may be more specifically identified as a bushfire (
13112:. Fort Collins, CO: United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station
11909:
Glasspool, IJ; Edwards, D; Axe, L (2004). "Charcoal in the Silurian as evidence for the earliest wildfire".
6935:
5638:
1277:
early adopter of the VIIRS 375 m fire product, put it to use during several large wildfires in Kruger.
17436:
17185:
17165:
16917:
14704:
14699:
14679:
13537:
13528:
13025:
12998:
7078:"An Integration of Remote Sensing, GIS, and Information Distribution for Wildfire Detection and Management"
3614:
2939:
2107:
2019:
1367:
1266:
988:
forest fires. Melting can occur even at low concentrations of dark carbon (below five parts per billion)".
148:
30:
13854:
13386:
13316:
8642:"Quantification of the health impacts associated with fine particulate matter due to wildfires. MS Thesis"
6755:
5586:"What Caused the Wildfires in Australia? Amid Worst Blazes for a Decade, 24 People are Charged with Arson"
5260:
5144:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite and Information Service. Archived from
2038:
Carbon dioxide in smoke poses a low health risk due to its low toxicity. Rather, carbon monoxide and fine
1081:
of fire are often overridden by the economic and safety benefits of protecting structures and human life.
17541:
17195:
16399:
16393:
15082:
14888:
14474:
14429:
9688:
8015:. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Intermountain Research Station. Archived from
6516:
Liu, Cheng-Cheng; Portmann, Robert W.; Liu, Shang; Rosenlof, Karen H.; Peng, Yifeng; Yu, Pengfei (2022).
6218:
5837:; Mickley, Loretta J.; Park, Rokjin J.; Yevich, Rosemarie; Westerling, Anthony L.; Jaffe, Dan A. (2007).
5551:
4355:
2752:
2677:
2592:
period. Later, the overall increase of atmospheric oxygen from 13% in the Late Devonian to 30–31% by the
326:
12874:. Council of Australian Governments (COAG) Inquiry on Bushfire Mitigation and Management. Archived from
11698:
8357:
8104:
7985:
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18044:
17969:
17869:
17792:
17200:
17030:
16860:
15596:
15238:
14874:
14722:
14454:
14393:
13878:
13663:
13556:
Pitkänen, Aki; Huttunen, Pertti; Jungner, Högne; Meriläinen, Jouko; Tolonen, Kimmo (28 February 2003).
13501:
10066:"Wildfire-specific Fine Particulate Matter and Risk of Hospital Admissions in Urban and Rural Counties"
8382:. FireModels.org – Fire Behavior and Danger Software, Missoula Fire Sciences Laboratory. Archived from
7921:
7039:
4787:
3519:
2960:
1716:
1519:
217:
The ignition of a fire takes place through either natural causes or human activity (deliberate or not).
26:
11699:"A screening-level assessment of the health risks of chronic smoke exposure for wildland firefighters"
9286:
7959:
7827:"Wildfire startup puts AI-powered eyes in the forest to watch for new blazes and provide rapid alerts"
7199:
Chaczko, Z.; Ahmad, F. (July 2005). "Wireless Sensor Network Based System for Fire Endangered Areas".
4398:
Andrew C. Scott; David M. J. S. Bowman; William J. Bond; Stephen J. Pyne; Martin E. Alexander (2014).
3170:
562:. First, wood is dried as water is vaporized at a temperature of 100 °C (212 °F). Next, the
18054:
17672:
17630:
17592:
17157:
16951:
16070:
15559:
15379:
15248:
14909:
14434:
13965:
11944:
Edwards, D.; Axe, L. (April 2004). "Anatomical Evidence in the Detection of the Earliest Wildfires".
9287:"Wildfire impacts on surface water quality parameters: Cause of data variability and reporting needs"
8804:"Vegetation response to a short interval between high-severity wildfires in a mixed-evergreen forest"
6365:
3554:
D’Angelo, Gennaro; Guimond, Steve; Reisner, Jon; Peterson, David A.; Dubey, Manvendra (27 May 2022).
2998:
2948:
2807:
2497:
2259:
2178:
lung tissues and function are already compromised. Particulates less than 0.1 micrometer are called
2001:
1600:
1223:
1161:
1138:
1047:
911:
902:
22:
12639:
11997:"The diversification of Paleozoic fire systems and fluctuations in atmospheric oxygen concentration"
11718:
7147:
5943:
5038:
3489:
2613:
forests dating to the Carboniferous period have charred peaks, evidence of crown fires. In Jurassic
1664:
Wildfires can affect local atmospheric pollution, and release carbon in the form of carbon dioxide.
18034:
17667:
17190:
17131:
17042:
16171:
15698:
15384:
14992:
14957:
14794:
14752:
14469:
14363:
14275:
14001:
13642:
5076:
Jones, Matthew; Smith, Adam; Betts, Richard; Canadell, Josep; Prentice, Collin; Le Quéré, Corrine.
3555:
2760:
2222:
Although some studies demonstrated no significant acute changes in lung function among people with
1721:
1383:
1116:
were used in the United States in the early 20th century and fires were reported using telephones,
895:
183:
15334:
13753:
9913:
9597:
8864:
4397:
2457:-permissible exposure limits (PEL) and ACGIH threshold limit values (TLV). 5–10% are overexposed.
1649:. Previously, prevailing scientific theory held that most particles in the stratosphere came from
17879:
17645:
17175:
16726:
16585:
15939:
15527:
15418:
15314:
15309:
14818:
14439:
14348:
12225:
8144:
7430:
5965:
5839:"Wildfires drive interannual variability of organic carbon aerosol in the western U.S. in summer"
3072:
2863:) have in some cases also increased the intensity of wildfires. Examples include species such as
2860:
2673:
2473:
1665:
1515:
1322:
1281:
1181:
1165:
970:
767:
713:
459:
322:
304:
36:
11492:"Fire Destroyed This California Town's Water System. But That Didn't Slow the Effort to Rebuild"
10543:"Early-Life Air Pollution and Asthma Risk in Minority Children. The GALA II and SAGE II Studies"
9120:
8453:
Smoke in the Stratosphere: What Wildfires have Taught Us About Nuclear Winter; abstract #U14A-04
7597:
7092:
6336:"Wildfire Smoke Toxicity Increases Over Time, Poses Public Health Risk, According to UK Chemist"
2783:
using fire for ground clearing, hunting, and regeneration of plant food in a method later named
1936:
1442:. Rest, cool water, and occasional breaks are crucial to mitigating the effects of heat stress.
706:
18039:
17838:
17228:
16075:
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15179:
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14076:
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13637:
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12915:
12442:
11713:
10895:
10402:
Wu, Jin-Zhun; Ge, Dan-Dan; Zhou, Lin-Fu; Hou, Ling-Yun; Zhou, Ying; Li, Qi-Yuan (8 June 2018).
9592:
8087:
2665:
2349:
US. Evidence has demonstrated that wildfire smoke can increase levels of airborne particulate.
2230:, such as inhalers, in response to elevated levels of smoke among those already diagnosed with
1966:
1813:
1753:
1362:
1100:
922:
805:
797:
620:
250:
84:
41:
13421:
12131:
7271:
7174:
6725:
4504:
2694:. These fires are lit by local farmers every year to promote the growth of a certain mushroom.
531:
Dense forests usually provide more shade, resulting in lower ambient temperatures and greater
402:. Ground fires typically burn by smoldering, and can burn slowly for days to months, such as
18059:
17808:
17640:
17516:
17424:
17114:
17007:
16807:
16264:
15812:
15798:
15469:
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14622:
14204:
13970:
13871:
13812:
10226:
Wu, Jin-Zhun; Ge, Dan-Dan; Zhou, Lin-Fu; Hou, Ling-Yun; Zhou, Ying; Li, Qi-Yuan (June 2018).
10151:
9982:
9712:"Global trends in wildfire and its impacts: perceptions versus realities in a changing world"
8206:
6643:
5461:
2894:
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2716:
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1997:
1861:
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1683:
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1561:
1557:
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856:
852:
139:
15406:
13296:
11851:
11584:
10987:
10772:
9081:
8803:
8174:
7570:"A probabilistic zonal approach for swarm-inspired wildfire detection using sensor networks"
7541:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Satellite and Information Service.
6200:"Fires in Indonesia: Causes, Costs, and Policy Implications (CIFOR Occasional Paper No. 38)"
4724:
3654:"Effects of Climate Change on Natural-Caused Fire Activity in Western U.S. National Forests"
2074:
concentration also increased significantly in Modesto, 150 miles away. Heavy metals such as
949:
Forest fires in Indonesia in 1997 were estimated to have released between 0.81 and 2.57 giga
17615:
17270:
16966:
16301:
15688:
15428:
15369:
15339:
15209:
14997:
14663:
14617:
14504:
14041:
14036:
13935:
13729:
13629:
13461:
13331:
12930:
12484:
12437:
12411:
12366:
12317:
12008:
11953:
11918:
11653:
11416:
11378:
11337:
11290:
10664:
10296:
9401:
9298:
9221:
9017:"Future of California floristics and systematics: wildfire threats to the California flora"
8936:
8876:
8815:
8746:
8598:
8456:
8307:"Impact of wildfire in Clear Creek Watershed of the city of Golden's drinking water supply"
8252:
6897:
6677:
6529:
6446:
6283:
6272:"Oxidation of Phenolic Aldehydes by Ozone and Hydroxyl Radicals at the Air–Water Interface"
6156:
5911:
5850:
5477:
5355:
5272:
5193:
4053:
3938:
3862:
3735:
3665:
3567:
3333:
3268:
2811:
2788:
2724:
1918:. Smoke, charred wood, and heat can stimulate the germination of seeds in a process called
1565:
1538:
1293:
1145:, permitting the delivery of satellite-based fire information in approximately four hours.
1129:
171:
16271:
10285:"Health effects of wildfire smoke in children and public health tools: a narrative review"
8703:
8647:. Nicholas School of the Environment and Earth Sciences of Duke University. Archived from
7009:
6063:
5284:
2649:
623:, spot fires are known to occur as far as 20 kilometres (12 mi) from the fire front.
201:
8:
17682:
17620:
17587:
17526:
17458:
17323:
17318:
17296:
16870:
16512:
16447:
15889:
15260:
15077:
15045:
14522:
14378:
14368:
14235:
14164:
14144:
13781:
12167:
11809:
7565:
7486:
5620:
As Smoke From Bushfires Chokes Sydney, Australian Prime Minister Dodges on Climate Change
5430:
4685:
2908:
2815:
2477:
2465:
2117:
2062:
was organised in fear of the health effects from exposure. In the devastating California
1732:
1709:
1604:
1255:
809:
747:
372:
281:
151:), and economic losses. There is also the potential for contamination of water and soil.
13844:
13733:
13633:
13530:
Eighth International Wildland Firefighter Safety Summit – Human Factors – 10 Years Later
13465:
13335:
13228:"Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of Federal Wildland Fire Management Policy"
12934:
12488:
12415:
12370:
12321:
12012:
11957:
11922:
11883:
11657:
11420:
11382:
11341:
11294:
10668:
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8940:
8880:
8819:
8750:
8602:
8460:
8256:
7891:
6901:
6533:
6450:
6287:
6160:
5915:
5854:
5481:
5368:
5359:
5343:
5276:
5197:
4328:
4057:
3942:
3866:
3739:
3669:
3571:
3337:
3272:
626:
Especially large wildfires may affect air currents in their immediate vicinities by the
237:
Natural occurrences that can ignite wildfires without the involvement of humans include
18049:
18024:
17995:
17956:
17889:
17864:
17859:
17677:
17554:
17348:
17220:
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16855:
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16719:
15915:
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15354:
15184:
15147:
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15055:
14962:
14952:
14562:
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14343:
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13915:
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13655:
13493:
13347:
12942:
12686:
12505:
12470:
12039:
11996:
11977:
11739:
11679:
11610:
11306:
11217:
11165:
11140:
11139:
Holstius, David M.; Reid, Colleen E.; Jesdale, Bill M.; Morello-Frosch, Rachel (2012).
11116:
11091:
11067:
11042:
10969:
10926:
10748:
10715:
10696:
10632:
10599:
10575:
10542:
10496:
10463:
10436:
10403:
10379:
10344:
10317:
10284:
10260:
10227:
10098:
10065:
9965:
9938:
9740:
9711:
9666:
9456:
9410:
9385:
9330:
9237:
9194:
9142:
Refern, Neil; Vyner, Blaise. "Fylingdales Moor a lost landscape rises from the ashes".
8967:
8924:
7661:
7589:
7222:
6547:
6464:
6317:
6180:
5935:
5876:
5660:"Wildfires are burning around the world. The most alarming is in the Amazon rainforest"
5381:
5312:
5222:
5181:
5020:. Wildfire disasters are those claiming at least 10 lives or affecting over 100 people.
4084:
4041:
3982:
Forest fire danger extremes in Europe under climate change: variability and uncertainty
3962:
3297:
3256:
3162:
2784:
2744:
2622:
2508:
2182:(UFP). It is a major component of wildfire smoke. UFP can enter the bloodstream like PM
2179:
2159:
2039:
1503:
1415:
1134:
1113:
934:
730:
694:
536:
481:
13103:"Science Basis for Changing Forest Structure to Modify Wildfire Behavior and Severity"
8566:
6789:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management
4966:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management
4875:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management
4616:
4542:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management
3899:"Human-caused ignitions spark California's worst wildfires but get little state focus"
3874:
3208:
National Wildfire Coordinating Group Communicator's Guide For Wildland Fire Management
2058:, and copper were found in the ash debris following the 2007 Californian wildfires. A
17884:
17744:
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15142:
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15117:
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14839:
14727:
14587:
14582:
14184:
14159:
14129:
13592:
13572:
13485:
13343:
13258:
13186:"Fire intensity, fire severity and burn severity: a brief review and suggested usage"
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12510:
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10841:
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10688:
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10619:
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10562:
10501:
10483:
10441:
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10366:
10322:
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10247:
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10085:
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9880:
9745:
9658:
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9415:
9334:
9322:
9314:
9241:
9198:
9186:
9151:
8972:
8954:
8892:
8833:
8828:
8772:
8764:
8622:
8614:
8570:
8013:"General Technical Report INT-GTR-299 – Mann Gulch Fire: A Race That Couldn't Be Won"
7294:
7212:
6854:
6830:
6551:
6468:
6321:
6309:
6301:
6210:
6172:
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5927:
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3993:
3954:
3950:
3761:
3753:
3702:
3593:
3359:
3351:
3302:
3284:
3257:"On the key role of droughts in the dynamics of summer fires in Mediterranean Europe"
3154:
3004:
2928:
2828:
2371:
2274:
2091:
2067:
2023:
1760:
1534:
1527:
1242:'s Hazard Mapping System combines remote-sensing data from satellite sources such as
878:
848:
844:
832:
801:
643:
559:
242:
224:
Lightning-sparked wildfires are frequent occurrences during the dry summer season in
179:
100:
13749:
13659:
13497:
13351:
13234:
13077:
11743:
11090:
Kunzli, N.; Avol, E.; Wu, J.; Gauderman, W.J.; Rappaport, E.; Millstein, J. (2006).
10930:
10700:
9670:
9610:
7771:
7665:
7593:
7512:
7460:
7226:
7201:
Third International Conference on Information Technology and Applications (ICITA'05)
6434:
5939:
5145:
4581:"Influence of Forest Structure on Wildfire Behavior and the Severity of Its Effects"
3966:
3223:
2237:
There is consistent evidence between wildfire smoke and the exacerbation of asthma.
2015:
1657:
may help predict the size and direction of wildfire-generated smoke plumes by using
87:), desert fire, grass fire, hill fire, peat fire, prairie fire, vegetation fire, or
17828:
17729:
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17503:
17463:
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14119:
13737:
13647:
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13339:
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13200:
13094:
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12774:
12704:
12559:"The Great Lie: Monoculture Trees as Forests | News & Views | UNRISD"
12500:
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11772:
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11386:
11345:
11326:"The Marshall Fire: Scientific and policy needs for water system disaster response"
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3224:"National Wildfire Coordinating Group Fireline Handbook, Appendix B: Fire Behavior"
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In 1974, 117 million hectares of land was burnt in wildfires in central Australia.
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8888:
7681:"Forest Fires & Climate Change | Effects of Deforestation on Wildfires | GFW"
6909:
6703:
5645:
5626:
4151:
the left, protect conservative leaders, and divert attention from climate change.
3828:
3795:
3632:
3621:
3402:
3391:
2787:. Such careful use of fire has been employed for centuries in lands protected by
2740:
2644:
2449:
2418:
2151:
1962:
1915:
1748:
1618:
1446:
1338:
1192:, brightness detection, and color change detection may also be incorporated into
1062:
1031:
997:
977:
343:
210:
167:
96:
13741:
13557:
12896:"Otways Fire No. 22 – 1982/83 Aspects of fire behaviour. Research Report No. 20"
11585:"Post-Fire Mudflow Prevention by Biopolymer Treatment of Water Repellent Slopes"
11141:"Birth Weight Following Pregnancy During the 2003 Southern California Wildfires"
10957:
9878:
8495:
8305:
Boerner, C.; Coday B.; Noble, J.; Roa, P.; Roux V.; Rucker K.; Wing, A. (2012).
6884:
Lydersen, Jamie M.; North, Malcolm P.; Collins, Brandon M. (15 September 2014).
6122:"'Off the chart': CO2 from California fires dwarf state's fossil fuel emissions"
4438:
4014:
1849:
1756:
that increases fire frequency and further alters native vegetation communities.
1426:. Between 2000 and 2016, more than 350 wildland firefighters died on-duty.
111:
and heat, often precede severe wildfires. These cycles have been intensified by
18005:
17739:
17625:
17582:
17576:
17572:
17417:
17402:
17353:
17343:
17255:
17109:
16865:
16836:
16229:
15983:
15973:
15826:
15750:
15745:
15678:
15586:
15574:
15539:
15497:
15445:
15440:
15364:
15282:
15174:
15017:
15007:
14607:
14557:
14459:
14383:
14308:
14260:
14230:
14149:
14081:
13613:
San-Miguel-Ayanz, Jesus; Ravail, Nicolas; Kelha, Vaino; Ollero, Anibal (2005).
13126:
13102:
12355:
12163:
12001:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
11666:
11641:
11568:
11551:
11428:
11019:
10914:
10615:
10558:
10419:
10308:
10243:
8990:
Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of the Federal Wildland Fire Policy
8734:
8521:
8264:
8016:
6936:"California's Fire Hazard Severity Zone Update and Building Standards Revision"
6777:
Interagency Strategy for the Implementation of the Federal Wildland Fire Policy
6067:
5895:
5834:
5205:
4913:
4194:
4147:
3723:
3280:
3130:
Flannigan, M.D.; B.D. Amiro; K.A. Logan; B.J. Stocks & B.M. Wotton (2005).
2883:
2848:
2687:
2481:
2163:
2147:
2121:
1911:
1764:
1693:
1547:
1492:
1482:
1450:
1423:
1318:
1177:
1125:
1117:
1090:
1017:
role that humans play in wildfires, since, for example, 95% of forest fires in
943:
836:
639:
463:
399:
314:
266:
155:
112:
13770:
13769:(U.S. Government public domain material published in Association journal. See
13651:
12595:
12224:. Radom-Katowice, Poland: Global Fire Monitoring Center (GFMC). Archived from
11727:
11596:
11107:
9822:
9060:. Fairfield, WA: International Association of Wildland Fire. pp. 101–112.
7657:
7611:
Miller, Jerry; Borne, Kirk; Thomas, Brian; Huang Zhenping & Chi, Yuechen.
7169:
Fok, Chien-Liang; Roman, Gruia-Catalin & Lu, Chenyang (29 November 2004).
6061:
5743:
Colón, Marcos; de Camões Lima Boaventura, Luís; Jennings, Erik (1 June 2020).
3827:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. March 1998. p. 17. Archived from
3640:
3520:"B.C. wildfires: State of emergency declared in Kelowna, evacuations underway"
3423:
3410:
3320:
Westerling, A.L.; Hidalgo, H.G.; Cayan, D.R.; Swetnam, T.W. (18 August 2006).
3150:
2882:
Wildfire activity has been attributed as a major factor in the development of
2219:, which are associated with harmful changes in allergic respiratory diseases.
2199:
Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated a close association between
18018:
17990:
17759:
17660:
17446:
17375:
17147:
16895:
16759:
16384:
16253:
15952:
15908:
15854:
15835:
15760:
15720:
15673:
15512:
15484:
15349:
15287:
15226:
15221:
15030:
14982:
14747:
14597:
14464:
14338:
14313:
14298:
14255:
14194:
13808:
13576:
13558:"Holocene fire history of middle boreal pine forest sites in eastern Finland"
13489:
13473:
12788:
12732:"Smokey Bear, Iconic Symbol of Wildfire Prevention, Still Going Strong at 70"
12030:
11973:
11777:
11041:
Delfino, R.J.; Brummel, S; Wu, J.; Stern, H.; Ostro, B.; Lipsett, M. (2009).
10872:
10739:
10684:
10623:
10566:
10487:
10427:
10370:
10251:
10089:
9318:
9155:
8958:
8896:
8837:
8768:
8618:
8070:
7399:
6858:
6305:
6296:
6271:
6214:
5931:
5872:
5619:
5499:
5377:
5292:
5213:
4417:
4075:
3958:
3757:
3597:
3355:
3288:
3158:
2933:
2769:
2682:
2629:
2609:
2604:
2589:
2501:
2317:
2200:
2125:
1857:
1584:
1314:
891:
890:
The carbon released from wildfires can add to greenhouse gas concentrations.
840:
568:
360:
300:
13586:
The Effectiveness and Efficiency of Aerial Firefighting in Australia: Part 1
13165:
13159:"Community Involvement in and Management of Forest Fires in South East Asia"
12848:. Parliament House, Canberra: Bushfire CRC. 27 February 2007. Archived from
12496:
12021:
11058:
9653:
9636:
9634:
9182:
8949:
7741:
7563:
7431:"New Wildfire-detection Research Will Pinpoint Small Fires From 10,000 feet"
7120:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) Digital Archives. 21 August 1957.
5466:"Observed Impacts of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Wildfire in California"
5085:
4066:
3459:"The Far-Reaching Consequences of Siberia's Climate-Change-Driven Wildfires"
3346:
3321:
2851:) can increase wildfire risk, especially if these trees are also planted in
1039:
refers to any fire of natural causes that is monitored but allowed to burn.
1024:
Wildfire prevention programs around the world may employ techniques such as
329:. They can also flare up unexpectedly and ignite nearby flammable material.
17780:
17754:
17734:
17558:
17521:
17485:
17121:
17068:
16944:
16900:
16885:
16814:
16608:
16594:
16204:
16145:
15988:
15868:
15703:
15399:
15389:
15374:
15344:
15267:
15243:
15157:
15122:
15087:
15002:
14977:
14933:
14653:
14638:
14537:
14328:
14293:
14179:
14154:
14139:
14114:
14109:
14086:
14013:
13940:
13920:
13894:
12514:
12048:
11764:
11735:
11675:
11552:"Pilot Study on Fire Effluent Condensate from Full Scale Residential Fires"
11259:
11226:
11174:
11125:
11076:
11027:
10965:
10922:
10880:
10845:
10809:
10757:
10692:
10641:
10584:
10505:
10445:
10388:
10326:
10269:
10107:
9974:
9749:
9730:
9662:
9479:
9419:
9326:
9190:
8976:
8776:
8626:
8574:
7538:
7208:
6313:
6176:
5776:
5308:
5231:
4093:
3979:
3765:
3363:
3322:"Warming and Earlier Spring Increase Western U.S. Forest Wildfire Activity"
3306:
3095:"Drought, Tree Mortality, and Wildfire in Forests Adapted to Frequent Fire"
2954:
2803:
2756:
2748:
2739:, firebreaks were used for wildfire protection. In Spain during the 1550s,
2732:
2593:
2550:
2469:
2443:
2139:
2103:
2043:
1705:
1677:
1646:
1638:
1588:
1454:
1419:
1299:
1193:
1189:
1149:
627:
498:
395:
296:
246:
92:
12675:
9955:
8925:"Quantifying the environmental limits to fire spread in grassy ecosystems"
8416:
6366:"As smoke from forest fires ages in the atmosphere its toxicity increases"
4554:
3678:
3653:
2130:
484:, damaging ecosystems not particularly suited for heat or arid conditions.
17717:
17712:
17397:
17392:
17363:
17328:
17301:
16831:
16567:
16442:
16234:
16150:
16124:
15998:
15993:
15735:
15715:
15708:
15668:
15635:
15216:
14967:
14658:
14333:
14318:
14225:
14199:
14189:
14124:
14104:
14046:
13991:
13945:
13902:
12869:"Automatic remote surveillance system for the prevention of forest fires"
8522:"User Assessment of Smoke-Dispersion Models for Wildland Biomass Burning"
8199:
7332:. San Diego, CA: San Diego State University. 23 June 2005. Archived from
6542:
6518:"Significant Effective Radiative Forcing of Stratospheric Wildfire Smoke"
6517:
6459:
6034:"Wildfire smoke contributes to thousands of deaths each year in the U.S."
5863:
5838:
5490:
5465:
5459:
5344:"Droughts, Wildfires, and Forest Carbon Cycling: A Pantropical Synthesis"
4217:
3579:
2912:
2868:
2852:
2837:
2799:
2720:
2699:
2559:
2384:
2155:
1925:
1906:
1894:
1890:
1773:
1633:
can be enhanced in the area of a large wildfire, which can propel smoke,
1626:
1551:
1431:
1430:
lead to heat-related illnesses, such as heat rash, cramps, exhaustion or
1391:
1346:
1095:
1073:
1053:
790:
49:
12690:
11208:
11156:
10479:
10003:"Wildfire smoke can increase hazardous toxic metals in air, study finds"
8672:
8450:
7610:
7171:"Mobile Agent Middleware for Sensor Networks: An Application Case Study"
7038:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Archived from
6168:
4042:"Human-started wildfires expand the fire niche across the United States"
3129:
2890:
and figures prominently in the social and economic lives of its people.
1914:
that sprout after a fire encourage species preservation, as embodied by
1801:
355:
17894:
17511:
16826:
16819:
16802:
16787:
16659:
16540:
16214:
15978:
15730:
15725:
15451:
15072:
14567:
14353:
14323:
14303:
14240:
14210:
14174:
14018:
13925:
13481:
12078:
11535:
11518:
11190:"Estimated global mortality attributable to smoke from landscape fires"
9451:
9434:
6062:
Laura Millan Lombrana; Hayley Warren; Akshat Rathi (10 February 2020).
5745:"Offensive against the Amazon: An incontrollable pandemic (commentary)"
5112:"Explainer: How climate change is affecting wildfires around the world"
3588:
2864:
2810:
was linked to the period between AD 1050 and 1200, coinciding with the
2773:
2703:
2698:
The human use of fire for agricultural and hunting purposes during the
2634:
2614:
2577:). Smoldering surface fires started to occur sometime before the Early
1929:
1901:
1886:
1614:
1488:
retardant may also be applied as a precautionary fire defense measure.
1390:
Wildland fire fighters face several life-threatening hazards including
1378:
1153:
1121:
647:
608:
555:
525:
520:
494:
407:
384:
270:
127:
80:
12779:
12762:
11391:
11366:
11350:
11325:
11302:
11092:"Health Effects of the 2003 Southern California Wildfires on Children"
10837:
9717:
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
9233:
8759:
8610:
7643:
6666:"UK: The Role of Fire in the Ecology of Heathland in Southern Britain"
6064:"Measuring the Carbon-Dioxide Cost of Last Year's Worldwide Wildfires"
5923:
5742:
5300:
3748:
3625:
3395:
2794:
Wildfires typically occur during periods of increased temperature and
2134:
Animation of diaphragmatic breathing with the diaphragm shown in green
759:
403:
291:
Arson may account for over 20% of human caused fires. However, in the
17823:
17775:
17749:
17697:
17531:
17493:
17243:
17233:
16905:
16767:
16742:
16618:
16580:
16535:
16525:
16465:
16286:
16219:
16209:
16199:
16140:
16112:
16008:
15613:
15591:
15492:
15434:
15050:
14916:
14592:
14572:
14552:
14542:
14532:
14414:
14358:
14288:
14283:
14134:
13407:"The 2003 Southern California Wildfires: Constructing Their Cause(s)"
13076:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. November 2008. Archived from
12090:
11930:
10731:
8552:
7268:"Detecting Forest Fires using Wireless Sensor Networks with Waspmote"
4477:. Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. Archived from
2898:
2583:
2572:
2426:
2075:
1781:
1728:
1609:
1543:
1361:
The suppression of wild fires takes up a large amount of a country's
1326:
1270:
1219:
1077:
954:
774:
751:
741:
635:
616:
573:
563:
506:
502:
415:
238:
190:
159:
135:
16275:
13292:
13204:
12807:
Alvarado, Ernesto; Sandberg, David V.; Pickford, Stewart G. (1998).
12378:
10770:
10019:
9911:
9475:"Plastic pipes are polluting drinking water systems after wildfires"
8863:
O'Connor, Tim G.; Puttick, James R.; Hoffman, M. Timm (4 May 2014).
8207:"CDC – Fighting Wildfires – NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic"
7585:
7461:"Airborne campaign tests new instrumentation for wildfire detection"
6885:
5803:
3984:. Luxembourg: Publication Office of the European Union. p. 71.
2886:. In modern Greece, as in many other regions, it is the most common
2532:
367:
17468:
17412:
16922:
16890:
16669:
16613:
16480:
16366:
16354:
16326:
15693:
15663:
15658:
15618:
15564:
15554:
14862:
14648:
14643:
14056:
13955:
12843:"Are Big Fires Inevitable? A Report on the National Bushfire Forum"
12082:
12074:
11367:"Wildfire damage and contamination to private drinking water wells"
10795:
9937:
Finlay SE, Moffat A, Gazzard R, Baker D, Murray V (November 2012).
9824:
White House explains the link between Climate Change and Wild Fires
9349:"Considerations for Decontaminating HDPE Service Lines by Flushing"
9169:
Running, S.W. (2008). "Ecosystem Disturbance, Carbon and Climate".
9058:
Brushfires in California wildlands: ecology and resource management
8704:"The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires – ScienceDirect"
8304:
7168:
5590:
4198:
4168:
3698:
3635:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge & New York, pp. 3−32,
3405:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York, pp. 197–377,
3385:
Chapter 2: Terrestrial and Freshwater Ecosystems and Their Services
2844:
2833:
2736:
2728:
2691:
2618:
2597:
2578:
2567:
2555:
2537:
2422:
2032:
1920:
1687:
1462:
1330:
926:
642:. Great vertical differences in temperature and humidity encourage
532:
511:
189:
Naturally occurring wildfires can have beneficial effects on those
13684:"Use of a Deterministic Fire Growth Model to Test Fuel Treatments"
11697:
Booze, T.F.; Reinhardt, T.E.; Quiring, S.J.; Ottmar, R.D. (2004).
5257:
3989:
1928:
in other types of plants by inducing the production of the orange
984:
Some research has shown wildfire smoke can have a cooling effect.
17429:
16932:
16910:
16797:
16792:
16664:
16652:
16590:
16520:
16495:
16455:
16434:
16404:
15683:
15579:
15549:
15544:
15532:
15522:
15507:
15060:
13612:
13555:
13387:"The Amazon's Vicious Cycles: Drought and Fire in the Greenhouse"
13233:. National Interagency Fire Council. 20 June 2003. Archived from
13101:
Graham, Russell; McCaffrey, Sarah; Jain, Theresa B (April 2004).
13019:"FARSITE: Fire Area Simulator – Model Development and Evaluation"
12997:. National Interagency Fire Center. 18 April 2005. Archived from
12086:
11443:"After a Wildfire: Water Safety Considerations for Private Wells"
11138:
8735:"The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot"
7613:"Automated Wildfire Detection Through Artificial Neural Networks"
7428:
6435:"Wildfire smoke cools summer river and stream water temperatures"
5037:. Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre (CIFFC). October 2023.
3724:"The Ecological Importance of Severe Wildfires: Some Like It Hot"
2819:
2814:. However, human influence caused an increase in fire frequency.
2795:
2542:
2401:
2055:
2051:
1865:
1838:
1654:
1650:
1342:
1227:
778:
755:
737:
664:
631:
630:: air rises as it is heated, and large wildfires create powerful
551:
540:
411:
262:
163:
123:
108:
45:
21:"Brushfire" and "Forest fire" redirect here. For other uses, see
15863:
13584:
Plucinski, M.; Gould, J.; McCarthy, G.; Hollis, J. (June 2007).
12529:"Fires spark biodiversity criticism of Sweden's forest industry"
11835:
11460:"After a Wildfire: Water Safety Considerations Inside Buildings"
10773:"Wildland firefighter fatalities in the United States 1990–2006"
10404:"Effects of particulate matter on allergic respiratory diseases"
10228:"Effects of particulate matter on allergic respiratory diseases"
6209:. Bogor, Indonesia: Center for International Forestry Research.
5055:"Earth's climate shatters heat records. These 5 charts show how"
4919:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. March 2003. p. 19.
3652:
Heidari, Hadi; Arabi, Mazdak; Warziniack, Travis (August 2021).
3254:
1511:
1164:(GPS) into a collective whole for near-realtime use by wireless
885:
99:, which are carried out to provide a benefit for people. Modern
17833:
17813:
17707:
17382:
16875:
16647:
16640:
16349:
16344:
16318:
16034:
15517:
15255:
15092:
15040:
14939:
13863:
11550:
Horn, Gavin P.; Dow, Nicholas W.; Neumann, Danielle L. (2023).
9117:"Bushfire and Catchments: Effects of Fire on Soils and Erosion"
8071:
Ellison, A; Evers, C.; Moseley, C.; Nielsen-Pincus, M. (2012).
7853:"Transport Canada SFOC Granted to Support Wildfire Suppression"
7370:"is artificial intelligence the future of wildfire prevention?"
5030:
4126:"How Rupert Murdoch Is Influencing Australia's Bushfire Debate"
2751:. As early as the 17th century, Native Americans were observed
2563:
2389:
2278:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2211:
2204:
1701:
1466:
1104:
1018:
376:
225:
53:
10464:"Critical Review of Health Impacts of Wildfire Smoke Exposure"
8801:
5341:
4842:. Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission, Australia. July 2010.
3553:
2548:
The first evidence of wildfires is fossils of the giant fungi
1708:, the forested areas of the United States and Canada, and the
1284:
for early detection, prevention, and prediction of wildfires.
595:
front, or burn in the opposite direction of the main front by
17843:
17785:
17126:
17058:
16956:
16848:
16677:
16635:
16628:
16623:
16460:
16414:
16376:
16334:
16091:
16049:
16044:
15849:
15569:
14215:
9575:
8675:"Wildfires Cause Ozone Pollution to Violate Health Standards"
8353:
6095:"Global fires are up 13% from 2019's record-breaking numbers"
5179:
4662:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). October 2005.
3319:
2942: – Transition zone between wilderness and developed land
2903:
2712:
2708:
1941:
1564:
to simulate fire growth as a continuously expanding polygon.
1411:
1399:
1231:
950:
455:
308:
285:
143:
16711:
13583:
13315:
McKenzie, D.; Gedalof, Z.; Peterson, D.L.; Mote, P. (2004).
11405:
10858:
10822:
8673:
National Center for Atmospheric Research (13 October 2008).
6828:
4615:. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). Archived from
2541:, an award-winning photograph of elk avoiding a wildfire in
654:
17818:
16939:
16927:
16843:
16555:
16490:
16485:
16475:
16470:
16339:
16039:
16029:
15931:
15628:
15603:
15277:
14831:
13314:
12330:
10.1130/0016-7606(1995)107<1211:FAACIY>2.3.CO;2
11966:
10.1669/0883-1351(2004)019<0113:AEITDO>2.0.CO;2
11696:
10714:
Morello-Frosch, Rachel; Shenassa, Edmond D. (August 2006).
9847:"How Have Forest Fires Affected Air Quality in California?"
9635:
Flematti GR; Ghisalberti EL; Dixon KW; Trengove RD (2004).
8921:
8242:
8175:"Wildland Fire Fighting: Hot Tips to Stay Safe and Healthy"
8045:. New South Wales Government. 13 March 2009. Archived from
6754:. Voice of America (VOA) News. 24 June 2009. Archived from
5552:"New South Wales, December 1974 Bushfire – New South Wales"
4195:"Who's fuelling the wild theories about Canada's wildfires"
2071:
2047:
1868:. The pictures were taken one and two years after the fire.
1785:
1697:
1634:
1596:
1407:
1403:
782:
451:
348:
88:
73:
13447:"A Burning Story: The Role of Fire in the History of Life"
11516:
11364:
11096:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
10943:
10604:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
10547:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
10342:
9628:
9432:
8865:"Bush encroachment in southern Africa: changes and causes"
8862:
7709:
7270:. Libelium Comunicaciones Distribuidas S.L. Archived from
6835:"Managing fire-prone forests in the western United States"
5001:
4999:
4039:
2840:
that lead to a drop in the use of fire for land clearing.
16224:
13132:
The Nature of Mediterranean Europe: An Ecological History
10894:
McDermott, B.M.; Lee, E.M.; Judd, M.; Gibbon, P. (2005).
10461:
10187:
9914:"Smoke management guide for prescribed and wildland fire"
9879:
Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment (2008).
9542:
8587:
8440:. San Francisco: American Geophysical Union fall meeting.
8180:. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.
7802:"Faster satellite detection of extreme wildfires eminent"
7319:"Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems", 6
6433:
David, Aaron T.; Asarian, J. Eli; Lake, Frank K. (2018).
6412:"What you need to know about the Amazon rainforest fires"
5832:
5515:"Bushfires – An Integral Part of Australia's Environment"
2304:
deal primarily with United States and do not represent a
2250:
air pollution, neighborhood poverty, and childhood risk.
1625:
Most of Earth's weather and air pollution resides in the
1261:
In 2015 a new fire detection tool is in operation at the
929:
burned more than 250,000 acres (1,000 km) of forest.
906:
723:
317:
burn in the thousands around the world, such as those in
12806:
11323:
11004:
10063:
9936:
9820:
9508:"Section Three: Problems, Cares, Economics, and Species"
9284:
8151:. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health.
8073:"Forest service spending on large wildfires in the West"
7487:"World fire maps now available online in near-real time"
6851:
10.1890/1540-9295(2006)4[481:MFFITW]2.0.CO;2
6086:
3853:
Scott, A. (2000). "The Pre-Quaternary history of fire".
933:
The health effects of wildfire smoke, such as worsening
15900:
12901:. Victoria Department of Sustainability and Environment
12761:
Auer, Matthew R.; Hexamer, Benjamin E. (18 July 2022).
11840:. Reno Gazette Journal. The Sacramento Bee. p. 1A.
10540:
6270:
Rana, Md. Sohel; Guzman, Marcelo I. (22 October 2020).
5893:
4996:
2965:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
13365:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. Archived from
12958:"Evaluation of three wildfire smoke detection systems"
12913:
12469:
Andela, N.; Morton, D.C.; et al. (30 June 2017).
12384:
University of Oregon Summary, accessed 2 February 2010
11523:
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
10893:
10713:
10152:"1 Wildfire Smoke A Guide for Public Health Officials"
10022:"Air quality index: A guide to air quality and health"
9637:"A compound from smoke that promotes seed germination"
9439:
Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology
9256:"Wildfires and Water Quality | U.S. Geological Survey"
9119:. eWater Cooperative Research Center's. Archived from
7241:"Wireless Weather Sensor Networks for Fire Management"
6829:
Noss, Reed F.; Franklin, Jerry F.; Baker, William L.;
6603:
6601:
6515:
5006:
Haddad, Mohammed; Hussein, Mohammed (19 August 2021).
4730:. Florida Alliance for Safe Homes (FLASH). p. 5.
3651:
3139:
Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change
3087:
2768:
than after the colonization. In the post-World War II
2648:, which have thick bark to withstand fires and employ
13829:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
13405:
Olson, Richard Stuart; Gawronski, Vincent T. (2005).
12763:"Income and Insurability as Factors in Wildfire Risk"
12401:
11089:
11040:
10654:
9881:"Wildfire smoke: A guide for public health officials"
8300:
8298:
8215:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
6752:"International Experts Study Ways to Fight Wildfires"
4475:"Global Commodities Boom Fuels New Assault on Amazon"
4296:
4294:
3132:"Forest Fires and Climate Change in the 21st century"
2600:
periods is explained by a decrease in oxygen levels.
1573:
847:'s existence is threatened by fires. Record-breaking
303:
exaggerating the role of arson in the fires." In the
16:
Uncontrolled fires in countryside or wilderness areas
11642:"The devastating mudslides that follow forest fires"
8520:
Breyfogle, Steve; Sue A., Ferguson (December 1996).
8167:
7710:
Earth Science Data Systems, NASA (28 January 2016).
7429:
Rochester Institute of Technology (4 October 2003).
7297:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) News.
7173:. Washington University in St. Louis. Archived from
6883:
6718:
5966:"The Impact of Wildfires on Climate and Air Quality"
5401:"What Causes Wildfires? Understand The Science Here"
5018:
Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters
3927:
3229:. National Wildfire Coordinating Group. April 2006.
3065:"Forest fire videos – See how fire started on Earth"
2203:
and respiratory allergic diseases such as bronchial
1996:
The 2009 Station Fire burns in the foothills of the
1905:
contain flammable oils that encourage fire and hard
13445:Pausas, Juli G.; Keeley, Jon E (July–August 2009).
13164:. Project FireFight South East Asia. Archived from
13100:
11908:
9796:"Extreme wildfires may be fueled by climate change"
8451:Fromm, M.; Stocks, B.; Servranckx, R.; Lindsey, D.
7988:. National Climatic Data Center. 11 December 2008.
6598:
5804:"Wildfires: How are they linked to climate change?"
5678:
5075:
4686:"Satellites are tracing Europe's forest fire scars"
1961:Smoke trail from a fire seen while looking towards
1763:, drought, logging, cattle ranching practices, and
543:, plants dry out and are therefore more flammable.
12992:"Federal Fire and Aviation Operations Action Plan"
12914:de Souza Costa, Fernando; Sandberg, David (2004).
12067:
11583:Movasat, Mahta; Tomac, Ingrid (21 February 2020).
10771:National Wildfire Coordinating Group (June 2007).
8295:
8278:
8276:
8274:
8142:
7400:"Devastating wildfires spur new detection systems"
7243:. University of Montana – Missoula. Archived from
6245:"The Effects of Wildfires on a Zero Carbon Future"
5142:"Chronological List of U.S. Billion Dollar Events"
4519:
4503:. National Interagency Fire Center. Archived from
4291:
4017:. NOVA online – Public Broadcasting System (PBS).
3029:"CIFFC Canadian Wildland Fire Management Glossary"
3003:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 2008.
1214:
773:In the summer of 1974–1975 (southern hemisphere),
11706:Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
10597:
10520:"American Lung Association and Asthma Fact sheet"
9987:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
9578:"Trace gas emission in smoke-induced germination"
8494:. American Meteorological Society. Archived from
8455:. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2006.
7513:"Earth from Space: California's 'Esperanza' fire"
6558:
6003:"Wildland Fire Research: Health Effects Research"
4429:
4427:
3855:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology
3695:The Ecological Importance of Mixed-Severity Fires
3693:DellaSalla, Dominick A.; Hanson, Chad T. (2015).
3488:Australia, Government Geoscience (25 July 2017).
1924:. Exposure to smoke from burning plants promotes
1889:often survive through adaptations to their local
1885:reproducing after fire. Plants in wildfire-prone
1438:, dehydration, sleep deprivation, and burdensome
1244:Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite
466:that scale trees may also encourage ladder fires.
394:fires are fed by subterranean roots, duff on the
18016:
13715:"The History and Evolution of Wildland Fire Use"
13591:(Report). Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre.
13392:. World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF International)
11280:
10798:International Journal of Emergency Mental Health
10282:
9874:
9872:
9870:
9868:
9211:
7198:
6432:
5078:"Climate Change Increases the Risk of Wildfires"
4660:"Archimedes Death Ray: Idea Feasibility Testing"
4557:. NBC News. Associated Press. 15 November 2008.
4555:"Ashes cover areas hit by Southern Calif. fires"
3692:
2628:-type grasses. As these grasses shifted to more
1780:burned off 2.5 square kilometers (600 acres) of
1406:, as well as the risk of other injuries such as
1356:
1258:provides detailed daily updates on fire alerts.
824:. The fires in the latter were caused mainly by
716:was more than twice that of any year since 1983.
422:that unintentionally drained and dried the peat.
359:Charred landscape following a crown fire in the
174:. The carbon released from wildfires can add to
72:is an unplanned, uncontrolled and unpredictable
12809:"Modeling Large Forest Fires as Extreme Events"
12199:
12197:
12158:
12156:
10283:Holm SM, Miller MD, Balmes JR (February 2021).
9919:. Boise, ID: National Interagency Fire Center.
9384:Haupert, Levi M.; Magnuson, Matthew L. (2019).
9383:
9141:
8929:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
8519:
8329:
8271:
7564:Ramachandran, Chandrasekar; Misra, Sudip &
7374:designboom | architecture & design magazine
7072:
7070:
6394:
6120:Alberts, Elizabeth Claire (18 September 2020).
5973:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
4331:. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News.
4238:"How Arson factors into California's Wildfires"
4046:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3424:"Main Types of Disasters and Associated Trends"
1373:
1240:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
339:Surface-area-to-volume ratio § Fire spread
176:carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere
52:burned more than 70,000 acres (280 km) of
13712:
13681:
13404:
12651:definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary
12471:"A human-driven decline in global burned area"
12307:
12060:
12058:
11994:
11884:"Earliest evidence of wildfire found in Wales"
11549:
8677:. Geophysical Research Letters. Archived from
8138:
8136:
8134:
8132:
8130:
7539:"Hazard Mapping System Fire and Smoke Product"
7330:"SDSU Tests New Wildfire-Detection Technology"
7085:Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing
6968:"California Senate Bill No. 1595, Chapter 366"
4424:
4165:"Did climate change cause Canada's wildfires?"
3549:
3547:
3545:
3218:
3216:
3021:
2936: – Study of the distribution of wildfires
2826:According to a paper published in the journal
1308:A Russian firefighter extinguishing a wildfire
16727:
16302:
15916:
14847:
13879:
13317:"Climatic change, wildfire, and conservation"
13257:. United States: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
12729:
12211:
12209:
12168:"Fire in the European Mediterranean: History"
10276:
10020:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (2009).
9912:National Wildlife Coordination Group (2001).
9865:
9576:Keeley, J.E. & C.J. Fotheringham (1997).
9514:. California State University. Archived from
8869:African Journal of Range & Forage Science
7146:. Alabama Forestry Commission. Archived from
5583:
5348:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences
5105:
5103:
5005:
4537:
4535:
4356:"When bogs burn, the environment takes a hit"
4187:
2963: – Estimate of the soil moisture deficit
2417:Other post-fire risks, can increase if other
2302:The examples and perspective in this section
2112:Household air pollution § Health impacts
1382:Wildland firefighter working a brush fire in
1248:Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
886:Carbon dioxide and other emissions from fires
835:were 13% worse than in 2019 due primarily to
207:Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer
14613:Wildfire suppression equipment and personnel
13444:
13124:
12468:
12194:
12153:
11582:
9798:. Michigan State University. 1 August 2013.
9014:
8332:"Colorado Wildfires Threaten Water Supplies"
8285:"Officials: Fire slurry poses little threat"
8143:Campbell, Corey; Liz Dalsey (13 July 2012).
7888:"China Makes Snow to Extinguish Forest Fire"
7118:"Radio communication keeps rangers in touch"
7067:
5904:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
5769:
5639:The facts about bushfires and climate change
5556:Australian Institute for Disaster Resilience
5512:
5023:
4828:
4435:"Global Fire Initiative: Fire and Invasives"
3609:
3607:
3560:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres
2836:to settled lifestyle and intensification of
2747:due to the harmful effects of fires used in
13527:. In Butler, B.W.; Alexander, M.E. (eds.).
12760:
12438:"Researchers Detect a Global Drop in Fires"
12055:
10408:Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine
10401:
10232:Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine
10225:
10122:"Side Effects of Wildfire Smoke Inhalation"
9710:Doerr, Stefan H.; Santín, Cristina (2016).
9709:
9548:
8127:
8105:"Region 5 – Land & Resource Management"
8066:
8064:
7920:. NASA-Ames Research Center. Archived from
7293:Thomson, Elizabeth A. (23 September 2008).
7091:(10): 977–985. October 1998. Archived from
4725:"Protecting Your Home From Wildfire Damage"
3793:
3542:
3213:
2686:Aerial view of deliberate wildfires on the
16734:
16720:
16309:
16295:
15923:
15909:
14854:
14840:
14445:International Association of Fire Fighters
13886:
13872:
13271:
12248:"Wildland fire – An American legacy|"
12206:
11988:
11943:
11902:
11188:Johnston, Fay H.; et al. (May 2012).
11008:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
9821:Rajamanickam Antonimuthu (5 August 2014).
9551:"How Plants Use Fire (And Are Used By It)"
8145:"Wildland Fire Fighting Safety and Health"
8031:
7890:. FOXNews.com. 18 May 2006. Archived from
7463:. European Space Agency. 11 October 2006.
6973:. State of California. 27 September 2008.
6269:
5100:
5069:
5052:
4532:
3796:"How Plants Use Fire (And Are Used By It)"
3789:
3787:
2957: – Estimation of the risk of wildfire
2951: – Estimation of the risk of wildfire
2818:fire scar data and charcoal layer data in
2320:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
1317:can be used to encourage snow fall, while
685:Effects of climate change § Wildfires
638:new, cooler air from surrounding areas in
584:and their subsequent ignition from below.
15958:Native American use of fire in ecosystems
13641:
13255:The Chemistry and Uses of Fire Retardants
12778:
12504:
12215:
12038:
12020:
11776:
11717:
11665:
11567:
11534:
11390:
11349:
11216:
11164:
11115:
11066:
10747:
10631:
10574:
10495:
10435:
10378:
10360:
10316:
10259:
10097:
9964:
9954:
9739:
9729:
9687:. Oregon State University. Archived from
9652:
9596:
9450:
9409:
8966:
8948:
8827:
8758:
8486:
8245:Progress in Energy and Combustion Science
8010:
7986:"Climate of 2008 Wildfire Season Summary"
7915:"Disaster Management Applications – Fire"
7295:"Preventing forest fires with tree power"
6541:
6495:"How Extreme Weather can Cool the Planet"
6458:
6295:
5862:
5489:
5367:
5221:
4840:2009 Victorian Bushfires Royal Commission
4771:
4678:
4573:
4083:
4065:
3852:
3846:
3747:
3677:
3604:
3587:
3487:
3345:
3296:
3057:
2991:
2755:for many purposes including cultivation,
2336:Learn how and when to remove this message
2253:
1271:Suomi National Polar-orbiting Partnership
863:, thought to be linked to climate change.
678:
655:Intensity variations during day and night
13135:. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
13050:. NSW Rural Fire Service. Archived from
12916:"Mathematical model of a smoldering log"
11187:
8639:
8061:
7912:
7515:. European Space Agency. 11 March 2006.
7265:
7036:"Extreme Events: Wild & Forest Fire"
6839:Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment
6242:
5398:
5251:
4437:. The Nature Conservancy. Archived from
4162:
3456:
3123:
3102:UC Berkeley College of Natural Resources
2843:Increases of certain tree species (i.e.
2743:was discouraged in certain provinces by
2681:
2531:
2491:
2383:
2370:
2129:
1935:
1848:
1608:
1510:
1502:
1377:
1303:
1252:Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
1232:Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer
1171:
1094:
1046:
1001:
916:
865:
658:
510:
371:Forest fires visible from a distance in
366:
354:
347:A surface fire in the western desert of
342:
219:
200:
35:
17875:Pollutant release and transfer register
16167:International Flame Research Foundation
13384:
13071:"Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology"
12893:
12222:First Baltic Conference on Forest Fires
12162:
11047:Occupational and Environmental Medicine
10778:. NWCG Safety and Health Working Team.
10457:
10455:
10338:
10336:
10221:
10219:
10217:
10215:
10213:
10183:
10181:
10179:
10059:
10057:
10055:
10053:
10051:
10049:
9168:
9079:
7292:
7007:
7001:
6397:American Geophysical Union fall meeting
6197:
6119:
6031:
5506:
4688:. European Space Agency. 27 July 2004.
4266:
3784:
3036:Canadian Interagency Forest Fire Centre
3000:Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary
1844:
1321:and water can be dropped onto fires by
18017:
16316:
13784:. Congressional Research Service. 2022
13193:International Journal of Wildland Fire
13183:
13016:
11995:Scott, C.; Glasspool, J. (July 2006).
11852:"Design Discussion Primer – Wildfires"
11639:
10530:from the original on 16 November 2015.
10157:. US Environmental Protection Agency.
9505:
9055:
8698:
8696:
8319:from the original on 12 November 2012.
8282:
7678:
7557:
7489:. European Space Agency. 24 May 2006.
7367:
6824:
6822:
6564:
6243:Bassetti, Francesco (31 August 2019).
6000:
5724:from the original on 12 September 2023
5716:Vargas, Ana Paula (10 December 2020).
5715:
5684:
5666:from the original on 13 September 2019
5335:
4472:
4353:
4326:
3896:
2874:
2666:Deforestation § Historical causes
2408:Chemically contaminated drinking water
2194:
1969:, Victoria, Australia, 11 January 2007
724:Increasing risks due to climate change
488:
16715:
16290:
15904:
14835:
13867:
13519:
13252:
13156:
13110:General Technical Report RMRS-GTR-120
12216:Goldammer, Johann G. (5–9 May 1998).
11864:from the original on 20 December 2022
11785:from the original on 22 November 2016
11498:from the original on 17 December 2023
11472:from the original on 17 December 2023
9926:from the original on 11 October 2016.
9776:from the original on 7 September 2012
8733:Hutto, Richard L. (1 December 2008).
8732:
8534:from the original on 26 February 2009
7712:"VIIRS I-Band 375 m Active Fire Data"
7519:from the original on 10 November 2008
7301:from the original on 29 December 2008
7028:
6948:from the original on 26 February 2009
6916:from the original on 13 February 2020
6865:from the original on 13 February 2023
6833:; Moyle, Peter B. (1 November 2006).
6676:: 80–81. January 1998. Archived from
6092:
5657:
5529:from the original on 6 September 2023
5285:10.1146/annurev-arplant-102820-012804
5122:from the original on 19 December 2023
5109:
5065:from the original on 24 October 2023.
4991:Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology
4945:Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology
4692:from the original on 10 November 2008
4649:de Sousa Costa and Sandberg, 229–230.
4638:Glossary of Wildland Fire Terminology
4593:from the original on 17 December 2008
4561:from the original on 30 November 2020
4335:from the original on 19 December 2008
4012:
4006:
3722:Hutto, Richard L. (1 December 2008).
3721:
3500:from the original on 1 September 2022
3379:
3377:
3375:
3373:
3236:from the original on 17 December 2008
2083:contaminate soil and water supplies.
269:method of clearing fields during the
91:fire. Some natural forest ecosystems
17965:
17206:Electromagnetic radiation and health
16260:
14778:
14603:Modular Airborne FireFighting System
12450:from the original on 8 December 2017
12182:from the original on 11 October 2008
11829:
11817:from the original on 24 January 2021
10994:from the original on 15 August 2012.
10980:
10452:
10333:
10210:
10176:
10046:
9835:from the original on 11 August 2014.
9390:Journal of Environmental Engineering
9266:from the original on 26 October 2023
8435:
8360:from the original on 3 February 2011
8221:from the original on 25 October 2004
7992:from the original on 23 October 2015
7545:from the original on 14 January 2009
7008:Manning, Richard (1 December 2007).
6732:from the original on 1 November 2020
6728:. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service.
6726:"Fire Management: Wildland Fire Use"
6577:from the original on 7 November 2023
6101:from the original on 14 January 2021
6074:from the original on 28 January 2023
6032:Borunda, Alejandra (18 April 2024).
5814:from the original on 12 October 2023
5685:Benson, Michael (28 December 2020).
5562:from the original on 13 January 2020
5544:
5041:from the original on 25 October 2023
5014:from the original on 19 August 2021.
5008:"Mapping wildfires around the world"
4926:from the original on 16 January 2009
4777:
4666:from the original on 7 February 2009
4586:. US Forest Service. November 2003.
4493:
4021:from the original on 27 October 2009
3017:from the original on 13 August 2009.
2972: – Australian fire danger index
2859:, moved in by humans (i.e., for the
2766:Spanish colonization of the Americas
2655:
2288:
2088:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1974:
1796:
1578:
1141:, a data station was established in
1124:. Aerial and land photography using
744:, so there are fewer trees to burn.
17981:
17973:
17064:Radium and radon in the environment
15779:
13281:Canadian Journal of Forest Research
13272:Martell, David L; Sun, Hua (2008).
13024:. US Forest Service. Archived from
12657:from the original on 29 August 2017
11256:"IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 2022"
10988:"Particulate Matter (PM) Standards"
10785:from the original on 15 March 2012.
10191:The Journal for Nurse Practitioners
9365:from the original on 13 August 2023
9088:from the original on 13 August 2009
8726:
8714:from the original on 1 January 2017
8693:
8115:from the original on 23 August 2016
7859:from the original on 14 August 2023
7833:from the original on 14 August 2023
7782:from the original on 25 August 2023
7722:from the original on 12 August 2023
7493:from the original on 13 August 2009
7467:from the original on 13 August 2009
7410:from the original on 14 August 2023
7380:from the original on 14 August 2023
7124:from the original on 13 August 2009
6960:
6928:
6877:
6819:
6806:
6794:
6770:
6276:The Journal of Physical Chemistry A
5648:, Climate Council, 13 November 2019
5369:10.1146/annurev-earth-082517-010235
5053:Livingston, Ian (24 October 2023).
4366:from the original on 3 January 2020
4248:from the original on 30 August 2023
4163:Kaminski, Isabella (12 June 2023).
3715:
3530:from the original on 18 August 2023
2901:, characters from the Disney movie
2888:disaster caused by a natural hazard
2621:is possibly due to the increase of
2468:; injuries from vehicle rollovers;
2009:
1776:conditions. A 2003 wildfire in the
881:are linked to fire-season severity.
295:"an independent study found online
13:
14251:Self-contained breathing apparatus
13951:Firefighter assist and search team
13827:from websites or documents of the
13811:from websites or documents of the
12943:10.1016/j.combustflame.2004.07.009
12569:from the original on 6 August 2021
12095:2009 version of the ICS time chart
11465:. Purdue University. 16 May 2021.
9802:from the original on 3 August 2013
9557:from the original on 8 August 2009
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8844:from the original on 30 March 2023
8187:from the original on 22 March 2014
8155:from the original on 9 August 2012
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6980:from the original on 30 March 2012
6409:
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5784:from the original on 26 April 2019
5519:1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 1995
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4402:. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley.
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3802:from the original on 8 August 2009
3370:
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2976:National Fire Danger Rating System
2379:
2375:Sediment off the Yucatán Peninsula
1574:Impacts on the natural environment
1476:
1021:are related to human involvement.
293:2019–20 Australian bushfire season
14:
18071:
15128:Global Forest Information Service
13045:"Fire. The Australian Experience"
12711:from the original on 6 March 2010
12268:from the original on 1 April 2010
11753:from the original on 30 May 2017.
11621:from the original on 4 March 2022
11448:. Purdue University. 16 May 2021.
11197:Environmental Health Perspectives
11145:Environmental Health Perspectives
10720:Environmental Health Perspectives
10468:Environmental Health Perspectives
9080:Lindsey, Rebecca (5 March 2008).
8903:from the original on 1 April 2023
7966:from the original on 19 June 2009
7752:from the original on 26 July 2023
7691:from the original on 25 July 2023
7368:burgos, matthew (1 August 2023).
7266:Solobera, Javier (9 April 2010).
7203:. Vol. 2. pp. 203–207.
7016:from the original on 30 June 2008
6475:from the original on 26 July 2023
6376:from the original on 4 April 2023
6346:from the original on 4 April 2023
6128:from the original on 30 June 2023
5751:from the original on 10 June 2023
5697:from the original on 4 April 2023
4914:"The New Generation Fire Shelter"
4836:"Volume 1: The Kilmore East Fire"
4737:from the original on 19 July 2011
4329:"Asian peat fires add to warming"
4205:from the original on 17 June 2023
4175:from the original on 12 June 2023
4136:from the original on 21 June 2023
3909:from the original on 19 June 2023
3457:Machemer, Theresa (9 July 2020).
3045:from the original on 10 June 2023
2970:McArthur Forest Fire Danger Index
2907:, and the official mascot of the
2759:, and warfare. Scottish botanist
2711:and by classical writers such as
2432:
2097:
1899:For example, plants of the genus
1351:February 2009 Victorian bushfires
1236:European Remote-Sensing Satellite
1099:Dry Mountain Fire Lookout in the
766:may be partially attributable to
663:A wildfire in Venezuela during a
256:
232:
17999:
17989:
17980:
17972:
17964:
17952:
17951:
16696:
16695:
16270:
16259:
16249:
16248:
15884:
15875:
15874:
15862:
15848:
15834:
15820:
15806:
15792:
15778:
14813:
14801:
14789:
14777:
14766:
14765:
13976:Fire department ranks by country
13893:
13837:
13823: This article incorporates
13818:
13807: This article incorporates
13802:
13520:Peuch, Eric (26–28 April 2005).
13344:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2004.00492.x
12822:(Special): 66–75. Archived from
12754:
12742:from the original on 6 July 2018
12723:
12697:
12669:
12613:
12581:
12551:
12539:from the original on 9 July 2023
12521:
12462:
12430:
12395:
12349:
12336:
12301:
12292:
12280:
12240:
12144:
12125:
12116:
12107:
11937:
11890:from the original on 1 June 2023
11876:
11844:
11797:
11757:
11690:
11640:Palmer, Jane (12 January 2022).
11633:
11576:
11543:
11510:
11484:
11452:
11435:
11399:
11358:
11317:
11274:
11248:
11181:
11132:
11083:
11034:
10998:
10937:
10887:
10852:
10816:
10789:
10764:
10707:
10648:
10591:
10534:
10512:
10395:
10144:
10132:from the original on 9 July 2023
10114:
10013:
9995:
9930:
9905:
9893:from the original on 16 May 2012
9839:
9814:
9788:
9756:
9703:
9677:
9569:
9530:
9499:
9487:from the original on 26 May 2023
9467:
9426:
9377:
9341:
9278:
9248:
9205:
9162:
9135:
9109:
9100:
9073:
9064:
9049:
9008:
8995:
8983:
8915:
8856:
8829:10.1111/j.1365-2745.2008.01456.x
8795:
8783:from the original on 9 July 2023
8666:
8633:
8581:
8546:
8513:
8480:
8467:
8444:
8429:
8407:
8398:
8372:
8346:
8323:
8236:
8097:
8004:
7978:
7952:
7939:
7906:
7880:
7871:
7845:
7819:
7794:
7764:
7734:
7703:
7672:
7637:
7625:from the original on 22 May 2010
7604:
7531:
7505:
7479:
7453:
7441:from the original on 5 June 2008
7422:
7392:
7361:
7348:
7322:
7313:
7286:
7259:
7233:
7192:
7162:
7144:"Wildfire Detection and Control"
7136:
7110:
7054:
6992:
6782:
6744:
6702:. SmokeyBear.com. Archived from
6692:
6658:
6632:
6619:
6610:
6589:
6509:
6487:
6426:
6403:
6388:
6358:
6328:
6263:
6236:
6191:
6140:
6113:
6093:Boyle, Louise (27 August 2020).
6055:
6025:
5982:from the original on 2 June 2019
5584:Cole, Brendan (7 January 2020).
5441:from the original on 7 July 2022
4956:de Souza Costa and Sandberg, 228
4112:National Interagency Fire Center
3951:10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02649.x
3822:"Wildfire Prevention Strategies"
3772:from the original on 9 July 2023
3469:from the original on 5 June 2023
3438:from the original on 3 June 2023
2460:Between 2001 and 2012, over 200
2293:
1985:
1950:
1873:This section is an excerpt from
1800:
1671:
1526:This section is an excerpt from
1269:(USFS) which uses data from the
1180:. Detection systems may include
877:Video to explain how increasing
705:
693:
97:controlled or prescribed burning
16778:Atmospheric dispersion modeling
15948:Control of fire by early humans
15885:
14814:
14450:International Firefighters' Day
14410:Candidate Physical Ability Test
13713:van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (2007).
13682:van Wagtendonk, Jan W. (1996).
13522:"Firefighting Safety in France"
12730:Kathryn Sosbe (7 August 2014).
12287:Fire. The Australian Experience
12261:(3): 4, 5, 9, 11. Summer 2000.
10164:from the original on 9 May 2013
10034:from the original on 7 May 2012
9537:Fire. The Australian Experience
9037:from the original on 7 May 2009
6801:Fire. The Australian Experience
6501:. 6 August 2021. Archived from
6198:Tacconi, Luca (February 2003).
6013:from the original on 2 May 2023
5994:
5958:
5887:
5826:
5796:
5770:Dom Phillips (2 January 2019).
5763:
5736:
5709:
5658:Irfan, Umair (21 August 2019).
5651:
5632:
5613:
5577:
5523:Australian Bureau of Statistics
5513:Cheney, N.P. (1 January 1995).
5453:
5423:
5392:
5238:
5173:
5160:
5134:
4984:
4971:
4959:
4950:
4938:
4906:
4893:
4880:
4868:
4815:
4802:
4758:
4749:
4717:
4704:
4652:
4643:
4631:
4605:
4547:
4466:
4453:
4391:
4378:
4354:Hamers, Laurel (29 July 2019).
4347:
4320:
4307:
4260:
4230:
4156:
4118:
4100:
4033:
3973:
3921:
3890:
3881:
3814:
3686:
3645:
3512:
3481:
3450:
3416:
3313:
2662:Control of fire by early humans
2437:
2284:
2024:Joss paper § Health impact
1792:
1715:High-severity wildfire creates
1659:atmospheric dispersion modeling
1215:Satellite and aerial monitoring
1201:Department of Natural Resources
118:Wildfires are a common type of
107:substantial fuels, followed by
13961:Special operations firefighter
13414:Quick Response Research Report
13017:Finney, Mark A. (March 1998).
12971:(4). June 2004. Archived from
10903:Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
8336:National Geographic Daily News
7646:Frontiers of Forestry in China
6670:International Forest Fire News
5265:Annual Review of Plant Biology
4501:"The Science of Wildland fire"
4473:Butler, Rhett (19 June 2008).
4400:Fire on earth: an introduction
3248:
3201:
3188:
2798:. An increase in fire-related
2388:Charred shrubland in suburban
2271:post-traumatic stress disorder
1287:
1263:U.S. Department of Agriculture
925:, United States, in 2013. The
894:do not yet fully reflect this
843:and agricultural burning. The
798:2019, extreme heat and dryness
48:, United States, in 2020. The
1:
17266:Electrical resistance heating
16741:
14500:Wildfire emergency management
14067:Hazardous materials apparatus
12404:Forest Ecology and Management
12077:has been divided up into the
9959:(inactive 5 September 2024).
9939:"Health impacts of wildfires"
9607:10.1126/science.276.5316.1248
8567:10.1016/S0269-7491(01)00277-9
8043:Parliament of New South Wales
7960:"Fighting fire in the forest"
7913:Ambrosia, Vincent G. (2003).
6890:Forest Ecology and Management
6642:. MSN Encarta. Archived from
6565:Biello, David (8 June 2007).
6001:US EPA, ORD (30 March 2017).
5110:Dunne, Daisy (14 July 2020).
4327:Rincon, Paul (9 March 2005).
3875:10.1016/S0031-0182(00)00192-9
2984:
2978: – Wildfire hazard scale
2269:the wildfires. These include
1440:personal protective equipment
1357:Costs of wildfire suppression
1128:were used in the 1950s until
991:
440:
327:coal-sustained fires in China
265:, farmers often practice the
95:Wildfires are different from
16918:Persistent organic pollutant
14861:
13772:WERC Highlights – April 2008
12424:10.1016/j.foreco.2007.06.005
10677:10.1016/j.envres.2017.08.038
10362:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002601
10289:J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol
10204:10.1016/j.nurpra.2011.07.001
10082:10.1097/ede.0000000000000556
9685:"About Oregon wildfire risk"
9512:The Eucalyptus of California
9311:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120713
9084:. Earth Observatory (NASA).
8889:10.2989/10220119.2014.939996
8312:. Colorado School of Mines.
7746:firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov
6910:10.1016/j.foreco.2014.06.005
6616:van Wagtendonk (1996), 1156.
6522:Geophysical Research Letters
6399:. San Francisco, California.
5843:Geophysical Research Letters
5399:Anuprash (28 January 2022).
3432:Legislative Analyst's Office
2487:
2394:2019–20 Australian bushfires
2108:Health effects of wood smoke
2020:Health effects of wood smoke
2016:Heavy metals § Toxicity
1374:Wildland firefighting safety
1084:
768:human-induced climate change
712:The area that burned in the
325:, Pennsylvania; and several
31:Forest fire (disambiguation)
7:
17928:Least polluted cities by PM
14475:World Police and Fire Games
14430:Fire protection engineering
13742:10.4996/fireecology.0302003
13693:: 1155–1166. Archived from
10958:10.1177/0145445502026002003
10826:Journal of Traumatic Stress
8487:John R. Scala; et al.
8080:Ecosystem Workforce Program
6567:"Impure as the Driven Snow"
5558:. Government of Australia.
4267:Krajick, Kevin (May 2005).
2922:
2791:to encourage biodiversity.
2723:, accounts were written of
2678:Native American use of fire
2316:, discuss the issue on the
2004:, near Pasadena, California
1498:
438:
196:
178:and thus contribute to the
122:in some regions, including
10:
18076:
17870:Pollution haven hypothesis
17793:Brain health and pollution
17031:Ecological light pollution
16861:Internal combustion engine
15239:Growth and yield modelling
14723:Glossary of wildfire terms
14455:List of firefighting films
13903:Personnel and organization
13385:Nepstad, Daniel C (2007).
12799:
12166:(November–December 2003).
11805:"Living under a time bomb"
11667:10.1038/d41586-022-00028-3
11569:10.1007/s10694-023-01487-4
11429:10.1007/s11069-021-04714-9
11020:10.1016/j.jaci.2004.11.030
10915:10.1177/070674370505000302
10616:10.1164/rccm.201504-0658OC
10559:10.1164/rccm.201302-0264oc
10420:10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.04.001
10309:10.1038/s41370-020-00267-4
10244:10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.04.001
9506:Santos, Robert L. (1997).
9082:"Amazon fires on the rise"
8265:10.1016/j.pecs.2008.06.001
7962:. CBS News. 17 June 2009.
7772:"NASA VIIRS Land Products"
6607:van Wagtendonk (2007), 14.
5206:10.1038/s41467-018-06358-z
4225:are state-sponsored arson.
3281:10.1038/s41598-017-00116-9
2961:Keetch-Byram Drought Index
2659:
2525:
2521:
2441:
2257:
2115:
2101:
2060:national clean-up campaign
2013:
1872:
1717:complex early seral forest
1681:
1675:
1582:
1525:
1480:
1345:, United States, thirteen
1297:
1291:
1088:
995:
903:volatile organic compounds
682:
599:. They may also spread by
492:
336:
27:Brushfire (disambiguation)
20:
17949:
17903:
17852:
17801:
17768:
17673:Nonpoint source pollution
17601:
17593:War and environmental law
17540:
17502:
17484:
17284:
17219:
17156:
17082:
17051:
17016:
17000:
16965:
16952:Volatile organic compound
16758:
16749:
16691:
16604:
16563:
16554:
16511:
16433:
16375:
16325:
16243:
16180:
16159:
16133:
16105:
16084:
16058:
16022:
15966:
15938:
15813:Earth sciences portal
15799:Climate change portal
15774:
15651:
15483:
15380:Great Green Wall (Africa)
15325:
15016:
14926:
14869:
14761:
14740:
14715:
14672:
14631:
14513:
14492:
14483:
14435:Geography of firefighting
14402:
14274:
14095:
14027:
13984:
13966:Volunteer fire department
13901:
13652:10.1007/s11069-004-1797-2
12589:"Plant flammability list"
12389:27 September 2008 at the
12085:sub-eras, as well as the
11728:10.1080/15459620490442500
11597:10.1061/9780784482834.019
11108:10.1164/rccm.200604-519OC
10524:American Lung Association
10126:www.cleanairresources.com
7685:www.globalforestwatch.org
7658:10.1007/s11461-008-0054-3
4013:Krock, Lexi (June 2002).
3641:10.1017/9781009157896.001
3411:10.1017/9781009325844.004
3151:10.1007/s11027-005-9020-7
2949:Forest fire weather index
2808:Yellowstone National Park
2498:2020 California wildfires
2260:Carbon monoxide poisoning
2002:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
1789:carbon uptake by plants.
1601:1997 Southeast Asian haze
1337:example, during the 1949
1162:Global Positioning System
1139:Yellowstone fires of 1988
912:secondary organic aerosol
420:riceland creation project
332:
149:wildland–urban interfaces
23:Wildfire (disambiguation)
17132:Marine mammals and sonar
17043:Radio spectrum pollution
16172:The Combustion Institute
15930:
15385:Great Green Wall (China)
14958:Close to nature forestry
14753:Template:Fire protection
14470:World Firefighters Games
14364:Gaseous fire suppression
13565:Annales Botanici Fennici
13474:10.1525/bio.2009.59.7.10
12894:Billing, P (June 1983).
12137:1 September 2015 at the
12100:29 December 2009 at the
11898:– via www.bbc.com.
11778:10.26616/NIOSHPUB2013158
10873:10.1176/appi.ps.58.4.509
8330:Eichenseher, T. (2012).
6439:Water Resources Research
6297:10.1021/acs.jpca.0c05944
5833:Spracklen, Dominick V.;
5644:16 December 2019 at the
5629:, Time 21 November 2019.
4778:Shea, Neil (July 2008).
4613:"Prepare for a Wildfire"
4108:"Wildfire Investigation"
3615:Summary for Policymakers
3401:28 February 2022 at the
2940:Wildland–urban interface
2893:In 1937, U.S. President
2228:quick-relief medications
2138:Wildfire smoke contains
1722:woody plant encroachment
1700:in southern Africa, the
1323:unmanned aerial vehicles
1313:technological capacity.
1182:wireless sensor networks
1166:Incident Command Centers
418:, which resulted from a
40:Wildfire burning in the
17978:WikiProject Environment
17936:Most polluted countries
17880:Polluter pays principle
17611:Agricultural wastewater
15419:Million Tree Initiative
14440:History of firefighting
12621:"Fire-prone plant list"
12497:10.1126/science.aal4108
12022:10.1073/pnas.0604090103
11059:10.1136/oem.2008.041376
9654:10.1126/science.1099944
9291:Environmental Pollution
9183:10.1126/science.1159607
8950:10.1073/pnas.2110364119
8739:Ecological Applications
8591:Ecological Applications
8555:Environmental Pollution
7776:viirsland.gsfc.nasa.gov
5625:2 December 2019 at the
4067:10.1073/pnas.1617394114
3903:San Diego Union-Tribune
3728:Ecological Applications
3347:10.1126/science.1128834
2945:Wildfire risk indices:
2861:pulp and paper industry
2674:History of firefighting
2586: million years ago
2575: million years ago
2474:insect bites and stings
2466:slips, trips, and falls
1704:in the Western Cape of
1516:2003 Canberra bushfires
1282:artificial intelligence
1203:signed a contract with
1051:A prescribed burn in a
971:Paris climate agreement
953:(0.89 and 2.83 billion
831:As of August 2020, the
764:fire risk in California
714:2023 Canadian wildfires
587:Wildfires have a rapid
460:Old World climbing fern
305:2023 Canadian wildfires
251:spontaneous combustions
184:climate change feedback
17996:Environment portal
17229:Agricultural pollution
16014:Spontaneous combustion
15841:Environment portal
15273:Sustainable management
15168:Trillion Tree Campaign
14578:Firefighting apparatus
14266:Thermal imaging camera
14246:Secure information box
14062:Firefighting apparatus
13825:public domain material
13809:public domain material
13253:Lyons, John W (1971).
13157:Karki, Sameer (2002).
12647:"Spread Like Wildfire"
12443:NASA Earth Observatory
12150:Pausas and Keeley, 597
12122:Pausas and Keeley, 596
12113:Pausas and Keeley, 595
12064:Pausas and Keeley, 594
10990:. EPA. 24 April 2016.
10657:Environmental Research
9731:10.1098/rstb.2015.0345
9356:engineering.purdue.edu
8086:: 1–16. Archived from
7209:10.1109/ICITA.2005.313
6941:. CAL FIRE. May 2007.
5462:Lettenmaier, Dennis P.
3620:11 August 2021 at the
2735:. In the 14th century
2695:
2545:
2504:
2397:
2376:
2254:Carbon monoxide danger
2135:
1945:
1869:
1856:after a wildfire in a
1754:positive feedback loop
1622:
1522:
1508:
1507:Fire Propagation Model
1387:
1363:gross domestic product
1309:
1108:
1101:Ochoco National Forest
1058:
1013:
930:
923:Yosemite National Park
882:
833:wildfires in that year
740:has been converted to
679:Climate change effects
667:
607:as winds and vertical
589:forward rate of spread
516:
380:
364:
352:
229:
214:
140:Mediterranean climates
57:
42:Kaibab National Forest
17651:Industrial wastewater
17517:Clutter (advertising)
17425:Municipal solid waste
17271:Soil guideline values
17115:Sustainable transport
17008:Information pollution
16808:Open burning of waste
15766:Wood process engineer
15470:Urban forest inequity
14623:Wildland water tender
14205:Hydraulic rescue tool
13971:Women in firefighting
13813:National Park Service
13782:"Wildfire Statistics"
12255:Fire Management Today
10946:Behavior Modification
9956:10.1371/4f959951cce2c
9769:. US Forest Service.
9015:Keeley, J.E. (1995).
8708:www.sciencedirect.com
8640:Douglass, R. (2008).
8527:. US Forest Service.
8039:"Victorian Bushfires"
5186:Nature Communications
3931:Global Change Biology
3679:10.3390/atmos12080981
2895:Franklin D. Roosevelt
2781:Australian Aborigines
2717:early thermal weapons
2685:
2670:Environmental history
2535:
2528:Fossil record of fire
2526:Further information:
2495:
2387:
2374:
2162:, organic chemicals,
2133:
2116:Further information:
1998:San Gabriel Mountains
1939:
1862:Lahemaa National Park
1854:Ecological succession
1852:
1778:North Yorkshire Moors
1743:Lygodium microphyllum
1684:Disturbance (ecology)
1645:as high as the lower
1612:
1593:Atmospheric chemistry
1558:computational science
1514:
1506:
1381:
1307:
1172:Local sensor networks
1098:
1050:
1011:
920:
907:nitrogen oxides (NOx)
876:
662:
514:
370:
358:
346:
249:from rock falls, and
223:
204:
39:
18030:Emergency management
17923:Most polluted cities
17616:Biological pollution
17527:Overhead power lines
16576:Evolutionary history
15429:Shifting cultivation
15370:Forest fragmentation
15340:Carbon sequestration
15210:Woodland Carbon Code
15175:Forest certification
15083:Even-aged management
14998:Sustainable forestry
14664:Wildland fire module
14618:Wildland fire engine
14505:Wildfire suppression
14042:Fire command vehicle
14037:Airport crash tender
13936:Retained firefighter
13543:on 28 September 2007
13372:on 17 September 2008
13324:Conservation Biology
13184:Keeley, J E (2009).
12923:Combustion and Flame
12679:Human Ecology Review
12172:AridLands Newsletter
11591:. pp. 170–178.
11494:. 12 December 2023.
10861:Psychiatric Services
9483:. 28 December 2020.
8681:on 27 September 2011
8093:on 23 November 2020.
7574:Int. J. Commun. Syst
7566:Obaidat, Mohammad S.
6543:10.1029/2022GL100175
6460:10.1029/2018WR022964
5910:(D15): 16731–16746.
5864:10.1029/2007GL030037
5491:10.1029/2019EF001210
5148:on 15 September 2001
4273:Smithsonian Magazine
3580:10.1029/2021JD036249
3463:Smithsonian Magazine
2847:) over others (i.e.
2812:Medieval Warm Period
2789:Kakadu National Park
2725:occupational burning
2470:heat-related illness
2314:improve this section
2090:(EPA) developed the
1845:On plant and animals
1566:Extreme value theory
1539:numerical simulation
1294:Wildfire suppression
646:, strong winds, and
621:Australian bushfires
282:overhead power lines
172:wildfire suppression
17986:WikiProject Ecology
17683:Ocean acidification
17588:Unexploded ordnance
17459:Post-consumer waste
17319:Foam food container
17297:Biodegradable waste
16871:Global distillation
16513:Natural environment
15234:Formally designated
15078:Ecological thinning
14988:Plantation forestry
14896:Research institutes
14523:Aerial firefighting
14379:Stop, drop and roll
14369:Multiple-alarm fire
14236:Portable water tank
14145:Fire proximity suit
13759:on 2 September 2016
13734:2007FiEco...3b...3V
13700:on 26 February 2009
13634:2005NatHa..35..361S
13466:2009BiSci..59..593P
13336:2004ConBi..18..890M
13031:on 26 February 2009
13004:on 1 September 2009
12978:on 26 February 2009
12935:2004CoFl..139..227D
12855:on 26 February 2009
12829:on 26 February 2009
12489:2017Sci...356.1356A
12483:(6345): 1356–1362.
12416:2007ForEM.251..205S
12371:2008NatGe...1..697M
12322:1995GSAB..107.1211M
12013:2006PNAS..10310861S
12007:(29): 10861–10865.
11958:2004Palai..19..113E
11923:2004Geo....32..381G
11810:The Washington Post
11658:2022Natur.601..184P
11421:2021NatHa.108..947O
11383:2023AWWWS...5E1319J
11342:2023AWWWS...5E1318W
11295:2020AWWWS...2E1183P
11209:10.1289/ehp.1104422
11157:10.1289/ehp.1104515
10669:2017ER....159..519H
10526:. 19 October 2018.
10480:10.1289/ehp.1409277
10301:2021JESEE..31....1H
9851:www.purakamasks.com
9691:on 18 February 2013
9591:(5316): 1248–1250.
9303:2023EPoll.31720713R
9226:2020AWWWS...2E1183P
9144:Current Archaeology
8941:2022PNAS..11910364C
8935:(26): e2110364119.
8881:2014AJRFS..31...67O
8820:2009JEcol..97..142D
8751:2008EcoAp..18.1827H
8603:2010EcoAp..20..663D
8501:on 26 February 2009
8461:2006AGUFM.U14A..04F
8436:Wang, P.K. (2003).
8386:on 15 February 2008
8257:2008PECS...34..782A
8049:on 27 February 2010
7358:, 366–369, 373–375.
7336:on 1 September 2006
7150:on 20 November 2008
7010:"Our Trial by Fire"
6902:2014ForEM.328..326L
6571:Scientific American
6534:2022GeoRL..4900175L
6499:National Geographic
6451:2018WRR....54.7273D
6342:. 15 October 2020.
6288:2020JPCA..124.8822R
6251:on 28 November 2020
6224:on 26 February 2009
6169:10.1038/nature01131
6161:2002Natur.420...61P
6097:. The Independent.
5916:1992JGR....9716731W
5855:2007GeoRL..3416816S
5598:on 14 February 2020
5482:2019EaFut...7..892W
5411:on 14 February 2022
5360:2019AREPS..47..555B
5277:2022ARPB...73..673H
5198:2018NatCo...9.3821T
5059:The Washington Post
4790:on 15 February 2009
4784:National Geographic
4279:on 3 September 2010
4244:. 15 October 2021.
4058:2017PNAS..114.2946B
4015:"The World on Fire"
3943:2012GCBio..18.2041L
3867:2000PPP...164..281S
3740:2008EcoAp..18.1827H
3670:2021Atmos..12..981H
3631:26 May 2023 at the
3572:2022JGRD..12736249D
3434:. 10 January 2019.
3390:21 May 2023 at the
3338:2006Sci...313..940W
3273:2017NatSR...7...81T
2909:U.S. Forest Service
2875:Society and culture
2816:Dendrochronological
2731:and in 1344 in the
2450:hazardous chemicals
2195:Asthma exacerbation
2118:Manganese poisoning
1784:and the underlying
1733:southern California
1710:Mediterranean Basin
1605:2005 Malaysian haze
1386:, New Hampshire, US
1368:U.S. Forest Service
1256:Global Forest Watch
1114:Fire lookout towers
748:Climate variability
489:Physical properties
398:, and other buried
373:Dajti National Park
321:, New South Wales;
158:(e.g. more intense
93:depend on wildfire.
18006:Ecology portal
17890:Waste minimisation
17865:Industrial ecology
17860:Cleaner production
17678:Nutrient pollution
17555:Herbicidal warfare
17349:Construction waste
16985:Introduced species
16856:Indoor air quality
16783:Chlorofluorocarbon
15827:Ecology portal
15360:Forest degradation
15355:Ecosystem services
14963:Community forestry
14563:Fire retardant gel
14548:Fire lookout tower
14221:New York roof hook
14072:Light and air unit
14009:Fire lookout tower
13916:Chief fire officer
12707:. Smokeybear.com.
12705:"Smokey's Journey"
12073:Historically, the
11536:10.1039/D0EW00836B
11371:AWWA Water Science
11330:AWWA Water Science
11283:AWWA Water Science
9949:: e4f959951cce2c.
9724:(1696): 20150345.
9452:10.1039/D0EW00836B
9214:AWWA Water Science
8808:Journal of Ecology
8149:NIOSH Science Blog
7354:San-Miguel-Ayanz,
7060:San-Miguel-Ayanz,
7042:on 14 January 2009
6831:Schoennagel, Tania
6706:on 20 October 2008
6700:"Prescribed Fires"
6625:San-Miguel-Ayanz,
6422:on 27 August 2019.
5835:Logan, Jennifer A.
5810:. 11 August 2021.
5691:The New York Times
5431:"Fire Terminology"
5088:on 26 January 2024
4977:San-Miguel-Ayanz,
4856:on 29 October 2013
4619:on 29 October 2008
4507:on 5 November 2008
4269:"Fire in the hole"
4132:. 8 January 2020.
4130:The New York Times
3834:on 9 December 2008
3261:Scientific Reports
3075:on 16 October 2015
2867:in California and
2785:fire-stick farming
2696:
2546:
2509:soil contamination
2505:
2398:
2377:
2180:ultrafine particle
2160:particulate matter
2136:
2040:particulate matter
1946:
1870:
1860:next to Hara Bog,
1858:boreal pine forest
1812:. You can help by
1666:Wildfire emissions
1643:particulate matter
1623:
1613:Wildfire smoke in
1562:Huygens' Principle
1537:is concerned with
1523:
1509:
1388:
1310:
1109:
1063:controlled burning
1059:
1014:
931:
883:
879:ocean temperatures
781:(290 million
731:evapotranspiration
668:
644:pyrocumulus clouds
537:evapotranspiration
517:
482:Amazon rain forest
381:
365:
353:
243:volcanic eruptions
230:
215:
209:(MODIS) on NASA's
58:
18045:Natural disasters
18012:
18011:
17885:Pollution control
17565:Nuclear holocaust
17474:Thermal treatment
17442:Plastic pollution
17359:Mercury poisoning
17312:Battery recycling
17211:Radioactive waste
16980:Genetic pollution
16975:Biological hazard
16773:Air quality index
16709:
16708:
16687:
16686:
16360:chemical elements
16284:
16283:
16193:List of wildfires
15898:
15897:
15855:Plants portal
15641:green woodworking
14829:
14828:
14736:
14735:
14728:List of wildfires
14588:Helicopter bucket
14583:Firefighting foam
14185:Hard suction hose
14130:Fire extinguisher
14120:Fire brigade keys
13598:978-0-643-06534-5
13264:978-0-471-55740-1
13142:978-0-300-10055-6
13083:on 21 August 2008
12816:Northwest Science
12780:10.3390/f13071130
12359:Nature Geoscience
12346:, 15–16 and 27–30
12316:(10): 1211–1230.
12228:on 16 August 2009
11652:(7892): 184–186.
11606:978-0-7844-8283-4
11589:Geo-Congress 2020
11392:10.1002/aws2.1319
11351:10.1002/aws2.1318
11303:10.1002/aws2.1183
11102:(11): 1221–1228.
10838:10.1002/jts.20411
10128:. 11 March 2019.
9853:. 5 February 2019
9549:Stephen J. Pyne.
9358:. 18 March 2019.
9234:10.1002/aws2.1183
9177:(5889): 652–653.
9123:on 30 August 2007
8760:10.1890/08-0895.1
8611:10.1890/09-0934.1
8109:US Forest Service
8019:on 13 August 2009
7894:on 13 August 2009
7829:. 9 August 2023.
7580:(10): 1047–1073.
7406:. 3 August 2023.
7218:978-0-7695-2316-3
7180:on 3 January 2007
7098:on 16 August 2009
6758:on 7 January 2010
6505:on 6 August 2021.
6445:(10): 7273–7290.
6282:(42): 8822–8833.
5924:10.1029/92JD00622
5031:"Fire Statistics"
4849:978-0-9807408-2-0
4463:., iv, 8, 11, 15.
4409:978-1-119-95357-9
4242:High Country News
4052:(11): 2946–2951.
3999:978-92-79-77046-3
3794:Stephen J. Pyne.
3749:10.1890/08-0895.1
3708:978-0-12-802749-3
3332:(5789): 940–943.
3010:978-0-521-85804-5
2929:List of wildfires
2656:Human involvement
2425:and damages like
2346:
2345:
2338:
2092:air quality index
1975:Impacts on humans
1830:
1829:
1761:Amazon rainforest
1579:On the atmosphere
1535:Wildfire modeling
1528:Wildfire modeling
1186:tree-rechargeable
1148:Public hotlines,
1130:infrared scanning
1057:stand in Portugal
1037:Wildland fire use
1026:wildland fire use
1009:
874:
849:wildfires in 2021
845:Amazon rainforest
822:Amazon rainforest
787:square kilometres
560:thermal radiation
182:. This creates a
180:greenhouse effect
130:(United States),
101:forest management
18067:
18055:Wildfire ecology
18004:
18003:
18002:
17994:
17993:
17984:
17983:
17976:
17975:
17968:
17967:
17955:
17954:
17829:Legacy pollution
17688:Oil exploitation
17550:Chemical warfare
17464:Waste management
17371:Industrial waste
17339:Biomedical waste
17307:Electronic waste
17292:Advertising mail
17276:Phytoremediation
17251:Land degradation
17036:Overillumination
16990:Invasive species
16736:
16729:
16722:
16713:
16712:
16699:
16698:
16571:
16561:
16560:
16501:tropical cyclone
16451:
16311:
16304:
16297:
16288:
16287:
16274:
16263:
16262:
16252:
16251:
16097:Death by burning
16059:Individual fires
15925:
15918:
15911:
15902:
15901:
15888:
15887:
15878:
15877:
15869:Trees portal
15867:
15866:
15853:
15852:
15839:
15838:
15825:
15824:
15823:
15811:
15810:
15809:
15797:
15796:
15795:
15782:
15781:
15503:Forest gardening
15460:Timber recycling
15407:Invasive species
15295:Tree measurement
14856:
14849:
14842:
14833:
14832:
14817:
14816:
14805:
14804:
14793:
14792:
14781:
14780:
14769:
14768:
14490:
14489:
14425:Fire photography
14207:("Jaws of life")
14165:Fireman's switch
13888:
13881:
13874:
13865:
13864:
13841:
13840:
13822:
13821:
13806:
13805:
13793:
13791:
13789:
13768:
13766:
13764:
13758:
13752:. Archived from
13719:
13709:
13707:
13705:
13699:
13688:
13678:
13676:
13674:
13669:on 20 March 2009
13668:
13662:. Archived from
13645:
13619:
13609:
13607:
13605:
13590:
13580:
13562:
13552:
13550:
13548:
13542:
13535:
13526:
13516:
13514:
13512:
13506:
13500:. Archived from
13451:
13436:
13434:
13432:
13426:
13420:. Archived from
13411:
13401:
13399:
13397:
13391:
13381:
13379:
13377:
13371:
13364:
13355:
13321:
13311:
13309:
13307:
13302:on 25 March 2009
13301:
13295:. Archived from
13287:(6): 1547–1563.
13278:
13268:
13249:
13247:
13245:
13239:
13232:
13223:
13221:
13219:
13213:
13207:. Archived from
13190:
13180:
13178:
13176:
13170:
13163:
13153:
13151:
13149:
13121:
13119:
13117:
13107:
13092:
13090:
13088:
13082:
13075:
13066:
13064:
13062:
13056:
13049:
13040:
13038:
13036:
13030:
13023:
13013:
13011:
13009:
13003:
12996:
12987:
12985:
12983:
12977:
12962:
12953:
12951:
12949:
12920:
12910:
12908:
12906:
12900:
12890:
12888:
12886:
12880:
12873:
12864:
12862:
12860:
12854:
12847:
12838:
12836:
12834:
12828:
12813:
12793:
12792:
12782:
12758:
12752:
12751:
12749:
12747:
12727:
12721:
12720:
12718:
12716:
12701:
12695:
12694:
12673:
12667:
12666:
12664:
12662:
12643:
12637:
12636:
12634:
12632:
12627:on 9 August 2018
12623:. Archived from
12617:
12611:
12610:
12608:
12606:
12600:
12594:. Archived from
12593:
12585:
12579:
12578:
12576:
12574:
12555:
12549:
12548:
12546:
12544:
12525:
12519:
12518:
12508:
12466:
12460:
12459:
12457:
12455:
12446:. 30 June 2017.
12434:
12428:
12427:
12399:
12393:
12382:
12353:
12347:
12340:
12334:
12333:
12305:
12299:
12296:
12290:
12284:
12278:
12277:
12275:
12273:
12267:
12252:
12244:
12238:
12237:
12235:
12233:
12213:
12204:
12203:Rackham, 229–230
12201:
12192:
12191:
12189:
12187:
12160:
12151:
12148:
12142:
12129:
12123:
12120:
12114:
12111:
12105:
12071:
12065:
12062:
12053:
12052:
12042:
12024:
11992:
11986:
11985:
11941:
11935:
11934:
11931:10.1130/G20363.1
11906:
11900:
11899:
11897:
11895:
11886:. 27 June 2022.
11880:
11874:
11873:
11871:
11869:
11863:
11856:
11848:
11842:
11841:
11838:Destined to Burn
11833:
11827:
11826:
11824:
11822:
11801:
11795:
11794:
11792:
11790:
11780:
11761:
11755:
11754:
11752:
11721:
11703:
11694:
11688:
11687:
11669:
11637:
11631:
11630:
11628:
11626:
11580:
11574:
11573:
11571:
11547:
11541:
11540:
11538:
11514:
11508:
11507:
11505:
11503:
11488:
11482:
11481:
11479:
11477:
11471:
11464:
11456:
11450:
11449:
11447:
11439:
11433:
11432:
11403:
11397:
11396:
11394:
11362:
11356:
11355:
11353:
11321:
11315:
11314:
11278:
11272:
11271:
11269:
11267:
11258:. Archived from
11252:
11246:
11245:
11243:
11241:
11235:
11229:. Archived from
11220:
11194:
11185:
11179:
11178:
11168:
11151:(9): 1340–1345.
11136:
11130:
11129:
11119:
11087:
11081:
11080:
11070:
11038:
11032:
11031:
11002:
10996:
10995:
10984:
10978:
10977:
10941:
10935:
10934:
10900:
10891:
10885:
10884:
10856:
10850:
10849:
10820:
10814:
10813:
10793:
10787:
10786:
10784:
10777:
10768:
10762:
10761:
10751:
10732:10.1289/ehp.8930
10726:(8): 1150–1153.
10711:
10705:
10704:
10652:
10646:
10645:
10635:
10610:(9): 1052–1059.
10595:
10589:
10588:
10578:
10538:
10532:
10531:
10516:
10510:
10509:
10499:
10474:(9): 1334–1343.
10459:
10450:
10449:
10439:
10399:
10393:
10392:
10382:
10364:
10340:
10331:
10330:
10320:
10280:
10274:
10273:
10263:
10223:
10208:
10207:
10185:
10174:
10173:
10171:
10169:
10163:
10156:
10148:
10142:
10141:
10139:
10137:
10118:
10112:
10111:
10101:
10061:
10044:
10043:
10041:
10039:
10033:
10026:
10017:
10011:
10010:
9999:
9993:
9992:
9986:
9978:
9968:
9958:
9934:
9928:
9927:
9925:
9918:
9909:
9903:
9902:
9900:
9898:
9892:
9885:
9876:
9863:
9862:
9860:
9858:
9843:
9837:
9836:
9818:
9812:
9811:
9809:
9807:
9792:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9781:
9775:
9768:
9760:
9754:
9753:
9743:
9733:
9707:
9701:
9700:
9698:
9696:
9681:
9675:
9674:
9656:
9632:
9626:
9625:
9623:
9621:
9615:
9609:. Archived from
9600:
9582:
9573:
9567:
9566:
9564:
9562:
9546:
9540:
9534:
9528:
9527:
9525:
9523:
9503:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9492:
9471:
9465:
9464:
9454:
9430:
9424:
9423:
9413:
9381:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9364:
9353:
9345:
9339:
9338:
9282:
9276:
9275:
9273:
9271:
9252:
9246:
9245:
9209:
9203:
9202:
9166:
9160:
9159:
9139:
9133:
9132:
9130:
9128:
9113:
9107:
9104:
9098:
9097:
9095:
9093:
9077:
9071:
9070:Nepstad, 4, 8–11
9068:
9062:
9061:
9053:
9047:
9046:
9044:
9042:
9036:
9021:
9012:
9006:
8999:
8993:
8987:
8981:
8980:
8970:
8952:
8919:
8913:
8912:
8910:
8908:
8860:
8854:
8853:
8851:
8849:
8831:
8799:
8793:
8792:
8790:
8788:
8762:
8745:(8): 1827–1834.
8730:
8724:
8723:
8721:
8719:
8700:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8670:
8664:
8663:
8661:
8659:
8653:
8646:
8637:
8631:
8630:
8585:
8579:
8578:
8550:
8544:
8543:
8541:
8539:
8533:
8526:
8517:
8511:
8510:
8508:
8506:
8500:
8493:
8484:
8478:
8471:
8465:
8464:
8448:
8442:
8441:
8433:
8427:
8420:
8414:
8411:
8405:
8402:
8396:
8395:
8393:
8391:
8376:
8370:
8369:
8367:
8365:
8350:
8344:
8343:
8342:on 10 July 2012.
8338:. Archived from
8327:
8321:
8320:
8318:
8311:
8302:
8293:
8292:
8280:
8269:
8268:
8240:
8234:
8233:
8228:
8226:
8203:
8197:
8196:
8194:
8192:
8186:
8179:
8171:
8165:
8164:
8162:
8160:
8140:
8125:
8124:
8122:
8120:
8101:
8095:
8094:
8092:
8077:
8068:
8059:
8058:
8056:
8054:
8035:
8029:
8028:
8026:
8024:
8008:
8002:
8001:
7999:
7997:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7971:
7956:
7950:
7943:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7926:
7919:
7910:
7904:
7903:
7901:
7899:
7884:
7878:
7875:
7869:
7868:
7866:
7864:
7849:
7843:
7842:
7840:
7838:
7823:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7812:
7798:
7792:
7791:
7789:
7787:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7738:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7727:
7707:
7701:
7700:
7698:
7696:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7624:
7617:
7608:
7602:
7601:
7596:. Archived from
7561:
7555:
7554:
7552:
7550:
7535:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7524:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7498:
7483:
7477:
7476:
7474:
7472:
7457:
7451:
7450:
7448:
7446:
7426:
7420:
7419:
7417:
7415:
7396:
7390:
7389:
7387:
7385:
7365:
7359:
7352:
7346:
7345:
7343:
7341:
7326:
7320:
7317:
7311:
7310:
7308:
7306:
7290:
7284:
7283:
7281:
7279:
7274:on 17 April 2010
7263:
7257:
7256:
7254:
7252:
7237:
7231:
7230:
7196:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7185:
7179:
7166:
7160:
7159:
7157:
7155:
7140:
7134:
7133:
7131:
7129:
7114:
7108:
7107:
7105:
7103:
7097:
7082:
7074:
7065:
7058:
7052:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7032:
7026:
7025:
7023:
7021:
7005:
6999:
6996:
6990:
6989:
6987:
6985:
6979:
6972:
6964:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6947:
6940:
6932:
6926:
6925:
6923:
6921:
6881:
6875:
6874:
6872:
6870:
6826:
6817:
6810:
6804:
6798:
6792:
6786:
6780:
6774:
6768:
6767:
6765:
6763:
6748:
6742:
6741:
6739:
6737:
6722:
6716:
6715:
6713:
6711:
6696:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6685:
6662:
6656:
6655:
6653:
6651:
6636:
6630:
6623:
6617:
6614:
6608:
6605:
6596:
6593:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6582:
6562:
6556:
6555:
6545:
6513:
6507:
6506:
6491:
6485:
6484:
6482:
6480:
6462:
6430:
6424:
6423:
6418:. Archived from
6410:Mufson, Steven.
6407:
6401:
6400:
6392:
6386:
6385:
6383:
6381:
6362:
6356:
6355:
6353:
6351:
6332:
6326:
6325:
6299:
6267:
6261:
6260:
6258:
6256:
6247:. Archived from
6240:
6234:
6233:
6231:
6229:
6223:
6217:. Archived from
6207:Occasional Paper
6204:
6195:
6189:
6188:
6144:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6133:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6108:
6106:
6090:
6084:
6083:
6081:
6079:
6059:
6053:
6052:
6050:
6048:
6029:
6023:
6022:
6020:
6018:
5998:
5992:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5981:
5970:
5962:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5942:. Archived from
5891:
5885:
5884:
5866:
5830:
5824:
5823:
5821:
5819:
5800:
5794:
5793:
5791:
5789:
5767:
5761:
5760:
5758:
5756:
5740:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5720:. Amazon Watch.
5713:
5707:
5706:
5704:
5702:
5682:
5676:
5675:
5673:
5671:
5655:
5649:
5636:
5630:
5617:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5603:
5594:. Archived from
5581:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5567:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5536:
5534:
5510:
5504:
5503:
5493:
5457:
5451:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5427:
5421:
5420:
5418:
5416:
5407:. Archived from
5396:
5390:
5389:
5371:
5339:
5333:
5332:
5330:
5328:
5255:
5249:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5225:
5177:
5171:
5164:
5158:
5157:
5155:
5153:
5138:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5107:
5098:
5097:
5095:
5093:
5084:. Archived from
5073:
5067:
5066:
5050:
5048:
5046:
5027:
5021:
5015:
5003:
4994:
4988:
4982:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4954:
4948:
4942:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4931:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4904:
4897:
4891:
4884:
4878:
4872:
4866:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4852:. Archived from
4832:
4826:
4819:
4813:
4806:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4795:
4786:. Archived from
4775:
4769:
4762:
4756:
4753:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4736:
4729:
4721:
4715:
4708:
4702:
4701:
4699:
4697:
4682:
4676:
4675:
4673:
4671:
4656:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4624:
4609:
4603:
4602:
4600:
4598:
4592:
4585:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4568:
4566:
4551:
4545:
4539:
4530:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4481:on 11 April 2009
4470:
4464:
4457:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4446:
4441:on 12 April 2009
4431:
4422:
4421:
4395:
4389:
4382:
4376:
4375:
4373:
4371:
4351:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4324:
4318:
4311:
4305:
4298:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4275:. Archived from
4264:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4253:
4234:
4228:
4227:
4223:controlled burns
4212:
4210:
4201:. 15 June 2023.
4191:
4185:
4184:
4182:
4180:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4122:
4116:
4115:
4104:
4098:
4097:
4087:
4069:
4037:
4031:
4030:
4028:
4026:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3937:(6): 2041–2056.
3925:
3919:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3894:
3888:
3887:Karki, 7, 11–19.
3885:
3879:
3878:
3861:(1–4): 281–329.
3850:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3818:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3751:
3734:(8): 1827–1834.
3719:
3713:
3712:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3649:
3643:
3611:
3602:
3601:
3591:
3551:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3516:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3443:
3420:
3414:
3381:
3368:
3367:
3349:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3300:
3252:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3211:
3205:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3176:on 25 March 2009
3175:
3169:. Archived from
3136:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3110:
3099:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3071:. Archived from
3061:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3044:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3018:
2995:
2966:
2857:invasive species
2806:of northeastern
2587:
2576:
2566:, dating to the
2558:, discovered in
2341:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2321:
2297:
2296:
2289:
2217:oxidative stress
2064:Camp Fire (2018)
2010:Airborne hazards
1989:
1954:
1882:Fire adaptations
1875:Fire adaptations
1825:
1822:
1804:
1797:
1738:Invasive species
1631:pyrocumulonimbus
1520:Parliament House
1154:operator fatigue
1143:West Yellowstone
1070:defensible space
1041:Controlled burns
1032:controlled burns
1010:
875:
709:
697:
580:: the drying of
443:
319:Burning Mountain
307:false claims of
278:middle latitudes
132:British Columbia
18075:
18074:
18070:
18069:
18068:
18066:
18065:
18064:
18035:Fire prevention
18015:
18014:
18013:
18008:
18000:
17998:
17988:
17945:
17931:
17899:
17848:
17797:
17764:
17703:Pharmaceuticals
17693:Oil exploration
17597:
17569:Nuclear fallout
17536:
17498:
17480:
17454:Packaging waste
17408:Deep sea mining
17334:Hazardous waste
17280:
17261:Open defecation
17215:
17181:Nuclear fallout
17176:Nuclear fission
17152:
17078:
17047:
17018:Electromagnetic
17012:
16996:
16961:
16881:Ozone depletion
16754:
16745:
16740:
16710:
16705:
16683:
16600:
16569:
16550:
16507:
16449:
16429:
16420:Gaia hypothesis
16410:Plate tectonics
16371:
16321:
16315:
16285:
16280:
16239:
16176:
16155:
16129:
16101:
16080:
16054:
16018:
16004:Fire protection
15962:
15934:
15929:
15899:
15894:
15861:
15847:
15833:
15821:
15819:
15807:
15805:
15793:
15791:
15770:
15647:
15624:spruce-pine-fir
15597:Christmas trees
15479:
15395:Illegal logging
15327:
15321:
15036:Controlled burn
15021:
15012:
14993:Social forestry
14973:Energy forestry
14953:Bamboo forestry
14948:Analog forestry
14922:
14865:
14860:
14830:
14825:
14802:
14790:
14757:
14732:
14711:
14668:
14627:
14528:Controlled burn
14515:
14509:
14479:
14420:Fire engine red
14398:
14389:Two-in, two-out
14344:Fireman's carry
14270:
14170:Flame retardant
14091:
14052:Fire motorcycle
14023:
13997:Fire department
13980:
13931:Station officer
13911:Battalion chief
13897:
13892:
13862:
13861:
13860:
13842:
13838:
13819:
13803:
13787:
13785:
13780:
13778:
13762:
13760:
13756:
13717:
13703:
13701:
13697:
13686:
13672:
13670:
13666:
13622:Natural Hazards
13617:
13603:
13601:
13599:
13588:
13560:
13546:
13544:
13540:
13533:
13524:
13510:
13508:
13507:on 12 June 2011
13504:
13449:
13430:
13428:
13427:on 13 July 2007
13424:
13409:
13395:
13393:
13389:
13375:
13373:
13369:
13362:
13358:
13319:
13305:
13303:
13299:
13293:10.1139/X07-210
13276:
13265:
13243:
13241:
13237:
13230:
13226:
13217:
13215:
13214:on 28 June 2010
13211:
13205:10.1071/WF07049
13188:
13174:
13172:
13171:on 30 July 2007
13168:
13161:
13147:
13145:
13143:
13127:Rackham, Oliver
13115:
13113:
13105:
13086:
13084:
13080:
13073:
13069:
13060:
13058:
13057:on 22 July 2008
13054:
13047:
13043:
13034:
13032:
13028:
13021:
13007:
13005:
13001:
12994:
12990:
12981:
12979:
12975:
12960:
12956:
12947:
12945:
12918:
12904:
12902:
12898:
12884:
12882:
12878:
12871:
12867:
12858:
12856:
12852:
12845:
12841:
12832:
12830:
12826:
12811:
12802:
12797:
12796:
12759:
12755:
12745:
12743:
12728:
12724:
12714:
12712:
12703:
12702:
12698:
12674:
12670:
12660:
12658:
12645:
12644:
12640:
12630:
12628:
12619:
12618:
12614:
12604:
12602:
12598:
12591:
12587:
12586:
12582:
12572:
12570:
12557:
12556:
12552:
12542:
12540:
12527:
12526:
12522:
12467:
12463:
12453:
12451:
12436:
12435:
12431:
12400:
12396:
12391:Wayback Machine
12379:10.1038/ngeo313
12365:(10): 697–702.
12354:
12350:
12341:
12337:
12306:
12302:
12297:
12293:
12285:
12281:
12271:
12269:
12265:
12250:
12246:
12245:
12241:
12231:
12229:
12214:
12207:
12202:
12195:
12185:
12183:
12164:Rackham, Oliver
12161:
12154:
12149:
12145:
12139:Wayback Machine
12132:"Redwood Trees"
12130:
12126:
12121:
12117:
12112:
12108:
12102:Wayback Machine
12072:
12068:
12063:
12056:
11993:
11989:
11942:
11938:
11907:
11903:
11893:
11891:
11882:
11881:
11877:
11867:
11865:
11861:
11854:
11850:
11849:
11845:
11834:
11830:
11820:
11818:
11803:
11802:
11798:
11788:
11786:
11763:
11762:
11758:
11750:
11719:10.1.1.541.5076
11701:
11695:
11691:
11638:
11634:
11624:
11622:
11607:
11581:
11577:
11556:Fire Technology
11548:
11544:
11515:
11511:
11501:
11499:
11490:
11489:
11485:
11475:
11473:
11469:
11462:
11458:
11457:
11453:
11445:
11441:
11440:
11436:
11409:Natural Hazards
11404:
11400:
11363:
11359:
11322:
11318:
11279:
11275:
11265:
11263:
11262:on 4 April 2022
11254:
11253:
11249:
11239:
11237:
11233:
11192:
11186:
11182:
11137:
11133:
11088:
11084:
11039:
11035:
11003:
10999:
10986:
10985:
10981:
10942:
10938:
10898:
10892:
10888:
10857:
10853:
10821:
10817:
10794:
10790:
10782:
10775:
10769:
10765:
10712:
10708:
10653:
10649:
10596:
10592:
10539:
10535:
10518:
10517:
10513:
10460:
10453:
10400:
10396:
10355:(7): e1002601.
10341:
10334:
10281:
10277:
10224:
10211:
10186:
10177:
10167:
10165:
10161:
10154:
10150:
10149:
10145:
10135:
10133:
10120:
10119:
10115:
10062:
10047:
10037:
10035:
10031:
10024:
10018:
10014:
10009:. 21 July 2021.
10001:
10000:
9996:
9980:
9979:
9935:
9931:
9923:
9916:
9910:
9906:
9896:
9894:
9890:
9883:
9877:
9866:
9856:
9854:
9845:
9844:
9840:
9819:
9815:
9805:
9803:
9794:
9793:
9789:
9779:
9777:
9773:
9766:
9762:
9761:
9757:
9708:
9704:
9694:
9692:
9683:
9682:
9678:
9633:
9629:
9619:
9617:
9613:
9580:
9574:
9570:
9560:
9558:
9553:. NOVA online.
9547:
9543:
9535:
9531:
9521:
9519:
9504:
9500:
9490:
9488:
9473:
9472:
9468:
9431:
9427:
9382:
9378:
9368:
9366:
9362:
9351:
9347:
9346:
9342:
9283:
9279:
9269:
9267:
9254:
9253:
9249:
9210:
9206:
9167:
9163:
9140:
9136:
9126:
9124:
9115:
9114:
9110:
9105:
9101:
9091:
9089:
9078:
9074:
9069:
9065:
9054:
9050:
9040:
9038:
9034:
9019:
9013:
9009:
9000:
8996:
8988:
8984:
8920:
8916:
8906:
8904:
8861:
8857:
8847:
8845:
8800:
8796:
8786:
8784:
8731:
8727:
8717:
8715:
8702:
8701:
8694:
8684:
8682:
8671:
8667:
8657:
8655:
8654:on 10 June 2010
8651:
8644:
8638:
8634:
8586:
8582:
8551:
8547:
8537:
8535:
8531:
8524:
8518:
8514:
8504:
8502:
8498:
8491:
8485:
8481:
8472:
8468:
8449:
8445:
8434:
8430:
8421:
8417:
8412:
8408:
8403:
8399:
8389:
8387:
8378:
8377:
8373:
8363:
8361:
8352:
8351:
8347:
8328:
8324:
8316:
8309:
8303:
8296:
8281:
8272:
8241:
8237:
8224:
8222:
8217:. 31 May 2018.
8205:
8204:
8200:
8190:
8188:
8184:
8177:
8173:
8172:
8168:
8158:
8156:
8141:
8128:
8118:
8116:
8103:
8102:
8098:
8090:
8075:
8069:
8062:
8052:
8050:
8037:
8036:
8032:
8022:
8020:
8009:
8005:
7995:
7993:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7969:
7967:
7958:
7957:
7953:
7944:
7940:
7930:
7928:
7927:on 24 July 2009
7924:
7917:
7911:
7907:
7897:
7895:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7876:
7872:
7862:
7860:
7851:
7850:
7846:
7836:
7834:
7825:
7824:
7820:
7810:
7808:
7800:
7799:
7795:
7785:
7783:
7770:
7769:
7765:
7755:
7753:
7740:
7739:
7735:
7725:
7723:
7708:
7704:
7694:
7692:
7677:
7673:
7642:
7638:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7615:
7609:
7605:
7600:on 25 May 2017.
7586:10.1002/dac.937
7568:(9 June 2008).
7562:
7558:
7548:
7546:
7537:
7536:
7532:
7522:
7520:
7511:
7510:
7506:
7496:
7494:
7485:
7484:
7480:
7470:
7468:
7459:
7458:
7454:
7444:
7442:
7427:
7423:
7413:
7411:
7398:
7397:
7393:
7383:
7381:
7366:
7362:
7353:
7349:
7339:
7337:
7328:
7327:
7323:
7318:
7314:
7304:
7302:
7291:
7287:
7277:
7275:
7264:
7260:
7250:
7248:
7247:on 4 April 2009
7239:
7238:
7234:
7219:
7197:
7193:
7183:
7181:
7177:
7167:
7163:
7153:
7151:
7142:
7141:
7137:
7127:
7125:
7116:
7115:
7111:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7080:
7076:
7075:
7068:
7059:
7055:
7045:
7043:
7034:
7033:
7029:
7019:
7017:
7012:. onearth.org.
7006:
7002:
6997:
6993:
6983:
6981:
6977:
6970:
6966:
6965:
6961:
6951:
6949:
6945:
6938:
6934:
6933:
6929:
6919:
6917:
6882:
6878:
6868:
6866:
6827:
6820:
6811:
6807:
6799:
6795:
6787:
6783:
6775:
6771:
6761:
6759:
6750:
6749:
6745:
6735:
6733:
6724:
6723:
6719:
6709:
6707:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6683:
6681:
6680:on 16 July 2011
6664:
6663:
6659:
6649:
6647:
6646:on 10 July 2009
6638:
6637:
6633:
6624:
6620:
6615:
6611:
6606:
6599:
6594:
6590:
6580:
6578:
6563:
6559:
6514:
6510:
6493:
6492:
6488:
6478:
6476:
6431:
6427:
6416:Washington post
6408:
6404:
6393:
6389:
6379:
6377:
6364:
6363:
6359:
6349:
6347:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6268:
6264:
6254:
6252:
6241:
6237:
6227:
6225:
6221:
6202:
6196:
6192:
6155:(6911): 61–65.
6145:
6141:
6131:
6129:
6118:
6114:
6104:
6102:
6091:
6087:
6077:
6075:
6060:
6056:
6046:
6044:
6030:
6026:
6016:
6014:
5999:
5995:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5959:
5949:
5947:
5946:on 26 June 2021
5892:
5888:
5831:
5827:
5817:
5815:
5802:
5801:
5797:
5787:
5785:
5768:
5764:
5754:
5752:
5741:
5737:
5727:
5725:
5714:
5710:
5700:
5698:
5683:
5679:
5669:
5667:
5656:
5652:
5646:Wayback Machine
5637:
5633:
5627:Wayback Machine
5618:
5614:
5601:
5599:
5582:
5578:
5565:
5563:
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5532:
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5511:
5507:
5458:
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5442:
5429:
5428:
5424:
5414:
5412:
5397:
5393:
5340:
5336:
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5256:
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5239:
5178:
5174:
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5149:
5140:
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5125:
5123:
5108:
5101:
5091:
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5074:
5070:
5044:
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5029:
5028:
5024:
5004:
4997:
4989:
4985:
4976:
4972:
4964:
4960:
4955:
4951:
4943:
4939:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4907:
4898:
4894:
4885:
4881:
4873:
4869:
4859:
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4850:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4820:
4816:
4807:
4803:
4793:
4791:
4776:
4772:
4763:
4759:
4754:
4750:
4740:
4738:
4734:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4693:
4684:
4683:
4679:
4669:
4667:
4658:
4657:
4653:
4648:
4644:
4636:
4632:
4622:
4620:
4611:
4610:
4606:
4596:
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4583:
4579:
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4574:
4564:
4562:
4553:
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4540:
4533:
4524:
4520:
4510:
4508:
4499:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4482:
4471:
4467:
4458:
4454:
4444:
4442:
4433:
4432:
4425:
4410:
4396:
4392:
4383:
4379:
4369:
4367:
4352:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4325:
4321:
4312:
4308:
4299:
4292:
4282:
4280:
4265:
4261:
4251:
4249:
4236:
4235:
4231:
4208:
4206:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4178:
4176:
4161:
4157:
4139:
4137:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4038:
4034:
4024:
4022:
4011:
4007:
4000:
3978:
3974:
3926:
3922:
3912:
3910:
3895:
3891:
3886:
3882:
3851:
3847:
3837:
3835:
3831:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3815:
3805:
3803:
3798:. NOVA online.
3792:
3785:
3775:
3773:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3691:
3687:
3650:
3646:
3633:Wayback Machine
3622:Wayback Machine
3612:
3605:
3552:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3503:
3501:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3470:
3455:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3422:
3421:
3417:
3403:Wayback Machine
3392:Wayback Machine
3382:
3371:
3318:
3314:
3253:
3249:
3239:
3237:
3233:
3226:
3222:
3221:
3214:
3206:
3202:
3193:
3189:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3134:
3128:
3124:
3114:
3112:
3108:
3097:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3031:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3011:
2997:
2996:
2992:
2987:
2964:
2925:
2877:
2849:deciduous trees
2741:sheep husbandry
2680:
2658:
2626:
2582:
2571:
2530:
2524:
2496:Smoke from the
2490:
2446:
2440:
2435:
2419:extreme weather
2382:
2380:Post-fire risks
2367:
2342:
2331:
2325:
2322:
2311:
2298:
2294:
2287:
2277:, anxiety, and
2262:
2256:
2248:
2244:
2197:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2164:nitrogen oxides
2152:carbon monoxide
2128:
2114:
2100:
2026:
2012:
2007:
2006:
2005:
1995:
1990:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1960:
1955:
1934:
1933:
1916:pioneer species
1878:
1847:
1826:
1820:
1817:
1810:needs expansion
1795:
1771:
1749:Bromus tectorum
1690:
1680:
1674:
1619:U.S. West Coast
1607:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1531:
1518:, visible from
1501:
1485:
1479:
1477:Fire retardants
1447:carbon monoxide
1376:
1359:
1339:Mann Gulch fire
1319:fire retardants
1302:
1296:
1290:
1217:
1174:
1126:instant cameras
1118:carrier pigeons
1107:, US circa 1930
1093:
1087:
1002:
1000:
998:Fire protection
994:
978:solar radiation
968:
960:
888:
866:
826:illegal logging
800:caused massive
726:
721:
720:
719:
718:
717:
710:
702:
701:
698:
687:
681:
657:
640:thermal columns
509:
491:
464:invasive plants
363:, United States
351:, United States
341:
335:
315:Coal seam fires
259:
235:
211:Terra satellite
199:
168:land-use change
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
18073:
18063:
18062:
18057:
18052:
18047:
18042:
18037:
18032:
18027:
18010:
18009:
17950:
17947:
17946:
17944:
17943:
17938:
17933:
17929:
17925:
17920:
17918:Law by country
17915:
17909:
17907:
17901:
17900:
17898:
17897:
17892:
17887:
17882:
17877:
17872:
17867:
17862:
17856:
17854:
17850:
17849:
17847:
17846:
17841:
17836:
17831:
17826:
17821:
17816:
17811:
17805:
17803:
17799:
17798:
17796:
17795:
17790:
17789:
17788:
17783:
17772:
17770:
17766:
17765:
17763:
17762:
17757:
17752:
17747:
17742:
17740:Surface runoff
17737:
17732:
17727:
17722:
17721:
17720:
17715:
17705:
17700:
17695:
17690:
17685:
17680:
17675:
17670:
17665:
17664:
17663:
17653:
17648:
17643:
17638:
17633:
17628:
17626:Eutrophication
17623:
17618:
17613:
17607:
17605:
17599:
17598:
17596:
17595:
17590:
17585:
17583:Scorched earth
17580:
17577:nuclear winter
17573:nuclear famine
17562:
17552:
17546:
17544:
17538:
17537:
17535:
17534:
17529:
17524:
17519:
17514:
17508:
17506:
17500:
17499:
17497:
17496:
17490:
17488:
17482:
17481:
17479:
17478:
17477:
17476:
17471:
17461:
17456:
17451:
17450:
17449:
17439:
17434:
17433:
17432:
17422:
17421:
17420:
17418:Uranium mining
17415:
17410:
17405:
17403:Surface mining
17400:
17395:
17385:
17380:
17379:
17378:
17368:
17367:
17366:
17361:
17356:
17354:Lead poisoning
17351:
17346:
17344:Chemical waste
17341:
17331:
17326:
17321:
17316:
17315:
17314:
17304:
17299:
17294:
17288:
17286:
17282:
17281:
17279:
17278:
17273:
17268:
17263:
17258:
17256:Bioremediation
17253:
17248:
17247:
17246:
17241:
17236:
17225:
17223:
17217:
17216:
17214:
17213:
17208:
17203:
17198:
17193:
17188:
17183:
17178:
17173:
17171:Bioremediation
17168:
17162:
17160:
17154:
17153:
17151:
17150:
17145:
17142:
17139:
17136:
17135:
17134:
17124:
17119:
17118:
17117:
17112:
17107:
17102:
17097:
17092:Transportation
17088:
17086:
17080:
17079:
17077:
17076:
17071:
17066:
17061:
17055:
17053:
17049:
17048:
17046:
17045:
17040:
17039:
17038:
17033:
17022:
17020:
17014:
17013:
17011:
17010:
17004:
17002:
16998:
16997:
16995:
16994:
16993:
16992:
16982:
16977:
16971:
16969:
16963:
16962:
16960:
16959:
16954:
16949:
16948:
16947:
16937:
16936:
16935:
16925:
16920:
16915:
16914:
16913:
16908:
16903:
16898:
16893:
16883:
16878:
16873:
16868:
16866:Global dimming
16863:
16858:
16853:
16852:
16851:
16841:
16840:
16839:
16837:Diesel exhaust
16829:
16824:
16823:
16822:
16812:
16811:
16810:
16805:
16800:
16795:
16785:
16780:
16775:
16770:
16764:
16762:
16756:
16755:
16750:
16747:
16746:
16739:
16738:
16731:
16724:
16716:
16707:
16706:
16704:
16703:
16692:
16689:
16688:
16685:
16684:
16682:
16681:
16674:
16673:
16672:
16667:
16657:
16656:
16655:
16650:
16645:
16644:
16643:
16633:
16632:
16631:
16616:
16611:
16605:
16602:
16601:
16599:
16598:
16588:
16583:
16578:
16573:
16564:
16558:
16552:
16551:
16549:
16548:
16543:
16538:
16533:
16528:
16523:
16517:
16515:
16509:
16508:
16506:
16505:
16504:
16503:
16498:
16488:
16483:
16478:
16473:
16468:
16463:
16458:
16453:
16445:
16439:
16437:
16431:
16430:
16428:
16427:
16422:
16417:
16412:
16407:
16402:
16397:
16387:
16381:
16379:
16373:
16372:
16370:
16369:
16364:
16363:
16362:
16357:
16347:
16342:
16337:
16331:
16329:
16323:
16322:
16314:
16313:
16306:
16299:
16291:
16282:
16281:
16279:
16278:
16267:
16256:
16244:
16241:
16240:
16238:
16237:
16232:
16230:Slash-and-burn
16227:
16222:
16217:
16212:
16207:
16202:
16197:
16196:
16195:
16184:
16182:
16178:
16177:
16175:
16174:
16169:
16163:
16161:
16157:
16156:
16154:
16153:
16148:
16143:
16137:
16135:
16131:
16130:
16128:
16127:
16122:
16121:
16120:
16109:
16107:
16103:
16102:
16100:
16099:
16094:
16088:
16086:
16082:
16081:
16079:
16078:
16073:
16068:
16062:
16060:
16056:
16055:
16053:
16052:
16047:
16042:
16037:
16032:
16026:
16024:
16020:
16019:
16017:
16016:
16011:
16006:
16001:
15996:
15991:
15986:
15984:Dust explosion
15981:
15976:
15974:Chain reaction
15970:
15968:
15964:
15963:
15961:
15960:
15955:
15953:Historic fires
15950:
15944:
15942:
15936:
15935:
15928:
15927:
15920:
15913:
15905:
15896:
15895:
15893:
15892:
15882:
15872:
15858:
15844:
15830:
15816:
15802:
15788:
15775:
15772:
15771:
15769:
15768:
15763:
15758:
15756:Timber cruiser
15753:
15751:Shingle weaver
15748:
15743:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15723:
15718:
15713:
15712:
15711:
15706:
15701:
15696:
15686:
15681:
15676:
15671:
15666:
15661:
15655:
15653:
15649:
15648:
15646:
15645:
15644:
15643:
15633:
15632:
15631:
15626:
15621:
15616:
15611:
15601:
15600:
15599:
15589:
15587:Rail transport
15584:
15583:
15582:
15577:
15572:
15567:
15562:
15557:
15552:
15547:
15537:
15536:
15535:
15530:
15528:pulp and paper
15525:
15520:
15510:
15505:
15500:
15498:Forest farming
15495:
15489:
15487:
15481:
15480:
15478:
15477:
15472:
15467:
15462:
15457:
15456:
15455:
15448:
15446:slash-and-char
15443:
15441:slash-and-burn
15438:
15426:
15421:
15416:
15415:
15414:
15404:
15403:
15402:
15392:
15387:
15382:
15377:
15372:
15367:
15365:Forest dieback
15362:
15357:
15352:
15347:
15342:
15337:
15331:
15329:
15323:
15322:
15320:
15319:
15318:
15317:
15312:
15307:
15302:
15292:
15291:
15290:
15285:
15275:
15270:
15265:
15264:
15263:
15253:
15252:
15251:
15241:
15236:
15231:
15230:
15229:
15224:
15214:
15213:
15212:
15207:
15202:
15197:
15192:
15187:
15182:
15172:
15171:
15170:
15165:
15160:
15155:
15150:
15145:
15140:
15135:
15130:
15125:
15120:
15115:
15110:
15105:
15100:
15090:
15085:
15080:
15075:
15070:
15069:
15068:
15063:
15058:
15053:
15048:
15038:
15033:
15027:
15025:
15014:
15013:
15011:
15010:
15008:Urban forestry
15005:
15000:
14995:
14990:
14985:
14980:
14975:
14970:
14965:
14960:
14955:
14950:
14945:
14944:
14943:
14930:
14928:
14924:
14923:
14921:
14920:
14913:
14906:
14899:
14892:
14885:
14878:
14870:
14867:
14866:
14859:
14858:
14851:
14844:
14836:
14827:
14826:
14824:
14823:
14811:
14799:
14787:
14775:
14762:
14759:
14758:
14756:
14755:
14750:
14744:
14742:
14738:
14737:
14734:
14733:
14731:
14730:
14725:
14719:
14717:
14713:
14712:
14710:
14709:
14708:
14707:
14702:
14697:
14687:
14682:
14676:
14674:
14670:
14669:
14667:
14666:
14661:
14656:
14651:
14646:
14641:
14635:
14633:
14629:
14628:
14626:
14625:
14620:
14615:
14610:
14605:
14600:
14595:
14590:
14585:
14580:
14575:
14570:
14565:
14560:
14558:Fire retardant
14555:
14550:
14545:
14540:
14535:
14530:
14525:
14519:
14517:
14511:
14510:
14508:
14507:
14502:
14496:
14494:
14487:
14481:
14480:
14478:
14477:
14472:
14467:
14462:
14457:
14452:
14447:
14442:
14437:
14432:
14427:
14422:
14417:
14412:
14406:
14404:
14400:
14399:
14397:
14396:
14391:
14386:
14384:Structure fire
14381:
14376:
14371:
14366:
14361:
14356:
14351:
14346:
14341:
14336:
14331:
14326:
14321:
14316:
14311:
14309:Door breaching
14306:
14301:
14296:
14291:
14286:
14280:
14278:
14272:
14271:
14269:
14268:
14263:
14261:Smoke detector
14258:
14253:
14248:
14243:
14238:
14233:
14228:
14223:
14218:
14213:
14208:
14202:
14197:
14192:
14187:
14182:
14177:
14172:
14167:
14162:
14160:Fireman's pole
14157:
14152:
14150:Fire retardant
14147:
14142:
14137:
14132:
14127:
14122:
14117:
14112:
14107:
14101:
14099:
14093:
14092:
14090:
14089:
14084:
14082:Rescue vehicle
14079:
14074:
14069:
14064:
14059:
14054:
14049:
14044:
14039:
14033:
14031:
14025:
14024:
14022:
14021:
14016:
14011:
14006:
14005:
14004:
13994:
13988:
13986:
13982:
13981:
13979:
13978:
13973:
13968:
13963:
13958:
13953:
13948:
13943:
13938:
13933:
13928:
13923:
13918:
13913:
13907:
13905:
13899:
13898:
13891:
13890:
13883:
13876:
13868:
13843:
13836:
13835:
13834:
13833:
13832:
13816:
13794:
13777:
13776:
13710:
13679:
13643:10.1.1.475.880
13628:(3): 361–376.
13610:
13597:
13581:
13553:
13517:
13460:(7): 593–601.
13442:
13402:
13382:
13356:
13330:(4): 890–902.
13312:
13269:
13263:
13250:
13240:on 14 May 2009
13224:
13199:(1): 116–126.
13181:
13154:
13141:
13122:
13098:
13067:
13041:
13014:
12988:
12954:
12929:(3): 227–238.
12911:
12891:
12881:on 15 May 2009
12865:
12839:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12795:
12794:
12753:
12722:
12696:
12685:(2): 169–182.
12668:
12638:
12612:
12601:on 6 June 2023
12580:
12563:www.unrisd.org
12550:
12520:
12461:
12429:
12410:(3): 205–216.
12394:
12348:
12335:
12300:
12291:
12279:
12239:
12205:
12193:
12152:
12143:
12124:
12115:
12106:
12066:
12054:
11987:
11952:(2): 113–128.
11936:
11917:(5): 381–383.
11901:
11875:
11857:. BC Housing.
11843:
11828:
11796:
11756:
11712:(5): 296–305.
11689:
11632:
11605:
11575:
11542:
11529:(2): 274–284.
11509:
11483:
11451:
11434:
11415:(1): 947–975.
11398:
11357:
11316:
11273:
11247:
11236:on 22 May 2016
11203:(5): 695–701.
11180:
11131:
11082:
11053:(3): 189–197.
11033:
11014:(2): 420–422.
10997:
10979:
10952:(2): 163–186.
10936:
10909:(3): 137–143.
10886:
10867:(4): 509–514.
10851:
10832:(3): 189–196.
10815:
10788:
10763:
10706:
10647:
10590:
10553:(3): 309–318.
10533:
10511:
10451:
10394:
10332:
10275:
10209:
10175:
10143:
10113:
10045:
10012:
9994:
9929:
9904:
9864:
9838:
9813:
9787:
9755:
9702:
9676:
9627:
9568:
9541:
9529:
9518:on 2 June 2010
9498:
9466:
9445:(2): 274–284.
9425:
9376:
9340:
9277:
9247:
9204:
9161:
9150:(226): 20–27.
9134:
9108:
9099:
9072:
9063:
9048:
9007:
8994:
8982:
8914:
8855:
8814:(1): 142–154.
8794:
8725:
8692:
8665:
8632:
8597:(3): 663–683.
8580:
8561:(2): 243–253.
8545:
8512:
8479:
8466:
8443:
8428:
8415:
8406:
8397:
8371:
8345:
8322:
8294:
8289:Coloradoan.com
8270:
8251:(6): 782–796.
8235:
8198:
8166:
8126:
8096:
8060:
8030:
8003:
7977:
7951:
7938:
7905:
7879:
7870:
7844:
7818:
7793:
7763:
7733:
7702:
7671:
7652:(3): 369–374.
7636:
7603:
7556:
7530:
7504:
7478:
7452:
7421:
7391:
7360:
7347:
7321:
7312:
7285:
7258:
7232:
7217:
7191:
7161:
7135:
7109:
7066:
7053:
7027:
7000:
6991:
6959:
6927:
6876:
6845:(9): 481–487.
6818:
6805:
6793:
6781:
6769:
6743:
6717:
6691:
6657:
6631:
6618:
6609:
6597:
6588:
6557:
6508:
6486:
6425:
6402:
6387:
6357:
6327:
6262:
6235:
6190:
6139:
6112:
6085:
6054:
6024:
5993:
5957:
5886:
5825:
5795:
5762:
5735:
5708:
5677:
5650:
5631:
5612:
5576:
5543:
5505:
5476:(8): 892–910.
5470:Earth's Future
5452:
5422:
5391:
5354:(1): 555–581.
5334:
5271:(1): 673–702.
5250:
5237:
5172:
5159:
5133:
5099:
5068:
5022:
5010:. Al Jazeera.
4995:
4983:
4970:
4958:
4949:
4937:
4905:
4892:
4879:
4867:
4848:
4827:
4814:
4801:
4770:
4757:
4748:
4716:
4703:
4677:
4651:
4642:
4630:
4604:
4572:
4546:
4531:
4518:
4492:
4465:
4452:
4423:
4408:
4390:
4377:
4346:
4319:
4306:
4290:
4259:
4229:
4186:
4155:
4148:The Australian
4117:
4099:
4032:
4005:
3998:
3972:
3920:
3889:
3880:
3845:
3813:
3783:
3714:
3707:
3685:
3644:
3603:
3541:
3511:
3480:
3449:
3415:
3369:
3312:
3247:
3212:
3200:
3187:
3145:(4): 847–859.
3122:
3086:
3056:
3020:
3009:
2989:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2980:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2958:
2952:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2924:
2921:
2884:Ancient Greece
2876:
2873:
2871:in Australia.
2688:Khun Tan Range
2657:
2654:
2630:mesic habitats
2624:
2570:period (about
2523:
2520:
2489:
2486:
2482:rhabdomyolysis
2442:Main article:
2439:
2436:
2434:
2433:At-risk groups
2431:
2381:
2378:
2365:
2344:
2343:
2308:of the subject
2306:worldwide view
2301:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2283:
2258:Main article:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2196:
2193:
2187:
2183:
2174:
2148:carbon dioxide
2122:Lead poisoning
2099:
2098:Health effects
2096:
2011:
2008:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1983:
1982:
1976:
1973:
1957:
1956:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1879:
1871:
1846:
1843:
1828:
1827:
1807:
1805:
1794:
1791:
1769:
1765:slash-and-burn
1694:Southeast Asia
1676:Main article:
1673:
1670:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1532:
1524:
1500:
1497:
1493:eutrophication
1483:Fire retardant
1481:Main article:
1478:
1475:
1451:sulfur dioxide
1424:rhabdomyolysis
1375:
1372:
1358:
1355:
1292:Main article:
1289:
1286:
1267:Forest Service
1216:
1213:
1178:sensor network
1173:
1170:
1091:Remote sensing
1086:
1083:
1076:also maintain
1030:prescribed or
993:
990:
966:
958:
944:European Union
935:cardiovascular
921:Wildfire near
892:Climate models
887:
884:
837:climate change
814:Canary Islands
725:
722:
711:
704:
703:
699:
692:
691:
690:
689:
688:
680:
677:
656:
653:
611:columns carry
490:
487:
486:
485:
467:
445:
423:
400:organic matter
361:North Cascades
334:
331:
267:slash-and-burn
258:
257:Human activity
255:
234:
233:Natural causes
231:
198:
195:
156:climate change
134:(Canada), and
113:climate change
76:in an area of
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
18072:
18061:
18058:
18056:
18053:
18051:
18048:
18046:
18043:
18041:
18040:Types of fire
18038:
18036:
18033:
18031:
18028:
18026:
18023:
18022:
18020:
18007:
17997:
17992:
17987:
17979:
17971:
17962:
17958:
17948:
17942:
17939:
17937:
17934:
17932:
17926:
17924:
17921:
17919:
17916:
17914:
17911:
17910:
17908:
17906:
17902:
17896:
17893:
17891:
17888:
17886:
17883:
17881:
17878:
17876:
17873:
17871:
17868:
17866:
17863:
17861:
17858:
17857:
17855:
17851:
17845:
17842:
17840:
17837:
17835:
17832:
17830:
17827:
17825:
17822:
17820:
17817:
17815:
17812:
17810:
17807:
17806:
17804:
17800:
17794:
17791:
17787:
17784:
17782:
17779:
17778:
17777:
17774:
17773:
17771:
17767:
17761:
17760:Water quality
17758:
17756:
17753:
17751:
17748:
17746:
17743:
17741:
17738:
17736:
17733:
17731:
17728:
17726:
17723:
17719:
17716:
17714:
17711:
17710:
17709:
17706:
17704:
17701:
17699:
17696:
17694:
17691:
17689:
17686:
17684:
17681:
17679:
17676:
17674:
17671:
17669:
17666:
17662:
17659:
17658:
17657:
17654:
17652:
17649:
17647:
17644:
17642:
17639:
17637:
17634:
17632:
17629:
17627:
17624:
17622:
17619:
17617:
17614:
17612:
17609:
17608:
17606:
17604:
17600:
17594:
17591:
17589:
17586:
17584:
17581:
17578:
17574:
17570:
17566:
17563:
17560:
17556:
17553:
17551:
17548:
17547:
17545:
17543:
17539:
17533:
17530:
17528:
17525:
17523:
17522:Traffic signs
17520:
17518:
17515:
17513:
17510:
17509:
17507:
17505:
17501:
17495:
17492:
17491:
17489:
17487:
17483:
17475:
17472:
17470:
17467:
17466:
17465:
17462:
17460:
17457:
17455:
17452:
17448:
17447:Microplastics
17445:
17444:
17443:
17440:
17438:
17437:Nanomaterials
17435:
17431:
17428:
17427:
17426:
17423:
17419:
17416:
17414:
17411:
17409:
17406:
17404:
17401:
17399:
17396:
17394:
17391:
17390:
17389:
17386:
17384:
17381:
17377:
17376:Lead smelting
17374:
17373:
17372:
17369:
17365:
17362:
17360:
17357:
17355:
17352:
17350:
17347:
17345:
17342:
17340:
17337:
17336:
17335:
17332:
17330:
17327:
17325:
17322:
17320:
17317:
17313:
17310:
17309:
17308:
17305:
17303:
17300:
17298:
17295:
17293:
17290:
17289:
17287:
17283:
17277:
17274:
17272:
17269:
17267:
17264:
17262:
17259:
17257:
17254:
17252:
17249:
17245:
17242:
17240:
17237:
17235:
17232:
17231:
17230:
17227:
17226:
17224:
17222:
17218:
17212:
17209:
17207:
17204:
17202:
17199:
17197:
17196:Radioactivity
17194:
17192:
17189:
17187:
17184:
17182:
17179:
17177:
17174:
17172:
17169:
17167:
17164:
17163:
17161:
17159:
17155:
17149:
17148:Noise control
17146:
17143:
17140:
17137:
17133:
17130:
17129:
17128:
17125:
17123:
17120:
17116:
17113:
17111:
17108:
17106:
17103:
17101:
17098:
17095:
17094:
17093:
17090:
17089:
17087:
17085:
17081:
17075:
17072:
17070:
17067:
17065:
17062:
17060:
17057:
17056:
17054:
17050:
17044:
17041:
17037:
17034:
17032:
17029:
17028:
17027:
17024:
17023:
17021:
17019:
17015:
17009:
17006:
17005:
17003:
16999:
16991:
16988:
16987:
16986:
16983:
16981:
16978:
16976:
16973:
16972:
16970:
16968:
16964:
16958:
16955:
16953:
16950:
16946:
16943:
16942:
16941:
16938:
16934:
16931:
16930:
16929:
16926:
16924:
16921:
16919:
16916:
16912:
16909:
16907:
16904:
16902:
16899:
16897:
16896:Metal working
16894:
16892:
16889:
16888:
16887:
16884:
16882:
16879:
16877:
16874:
16872:
16869:
16867:
16864:
16862:
16859:
16857:
16854:
16850:
16847:
16846:
16845:
16842:
16838:
16835:
16834:
16833:
16830:
16828:
16825:
16821:
16818:
16817:
16816:
16813:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16799:
16796:
16794:
16791:
16790:
16789:
16786:
16784:
16781:
16779:
16776:
16774:
16771:
16769:
16766:
16765:
16763:
16761:
16757:
16753:
16748:
16744:
16737:
16732:
16730:
16725:
16723:
16718:
16717:
16714:
16702:
16694:
16693:
16690:
16680:
16679:
16675:
16671:
16668:
16666:
16663:
16662:
16661:
16658:
16654:
16651:
16649:
16646:
16642:
16639:
16638:
16637:
16634:
16630:
16627:
16626:
16625:
16622:
16621:
16620:
16617:
16615:
16612:
16610:
16607:
16606:
16603:
16596:
16592:
16589:
16587:
16584:
16582:
16579:
16577:
16574:
16572:
16570:(abiogenesis)
16566:
16565:
16562:
16559:
16557:
16553:
16547:
16544:
16542:
16539:
16537:
16534:
16532:
16529:
16527:
16524:
16522:
16519:
16518:
16516:
16514:
16510:
16502:
16499:
16497:
16494:
16493:
16492:
16489:
16487:
16484:
16482:
16479:
16477:
16474:
16472:
16469:
16467:
16464:
16462:
16459:
16457:
16454:
16452:
16446:
16444:
16441:
16440:
16438:
16436:
16432:
16426:
16423:
16421:
16418:
16416:
16413:
16411:
16408:
16406:
16403:
16401:
16398:
16395:
16391:
16388:
16386:
16385:Earth science
16383:
16382:
16380:
16378:
16374:
16368:
16365:
16361:
16358:
16356:
16353:
16352:
16351:
16348:
16346:
16343:
16341:
16338:
16336:
16333:
16332:
16330:
16328:
16324:
16320:
16312:
16307:
16305:
16300:
16298:
16293:
16292:
16289:
16277:
16273:
16268:
16266:
16257:
16255:
16246:
16245:
16242:
16236:
16233:
16231:
16228:
16226:
16223:
16221:
16218:
16216:
16213:
16211:
16208:
16206:
16203:
16201:
16198:
16194:
16191:
16190:
16189:
16186:
16185:
16183:
16179:
16173:
16170:
16168:
16165:
16164:
16162:
16160:Organizations
16158:
16152:
16149:
16147:
16144:
16142:
16139:
16138:
16136:
16132:
16126:
16123:
16119:
16116:
16115:
16114:
16111:
16110:
16108:
16104:
16098:
16095:
16093:
16090:
16089:
16087:
16083:
16077:
16074:
16072:
16069:
16067:
16064:
16063:
16061:
16057:
16051:
16048:
16046:
16043:
16041:
16038:
16036:
16033:
16031:
16028:
16027:
16025:
16021:
16015:
16012:
16010:
16007:
16005:
16002:
16000:
15997:
15995:
15992:
15990:
15987:
15985:
15982:
15980:
15977:
15975:
15972:
15971:
15969:
15965:
15959:
15956:
15954:
15951:
15949:
15946:
15945:
15943:
15941:
15937:
15933:
15926:
15921:
15919:
15914:
15912:
15907:
15906:
15903:
15891:
15883:
15881:
15873:
15871:
15870:
15865:
15859:
15857:
15856:
15851:
15845:
15843:
15842:
15837:
15831:
15829:
15828:
15817:
15815:
15814:
15803:
15801:
15800:
15789:
15787:
15786:
15777:
15776:
15773:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15759:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15746:Rubber tapper
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15717:
15714:
15710:
15707:
15705:
15702:
15700:
15697:
15695:
15692:
15691:
15690:
15687:
15685:
15682:
15680:
15677:
15675:
15674:Choker setter
15672:
15670:
15667:
15665:
15662:
15660:
15657:
15656:
15654:
15650:
15642:
15639:
15638:
15637:
15634:
15630:
15627:
15625:
15622:
15620:
15617:
15615:
15612:
15610:
15607:
15606:
15605:
15602:
15598:
15595:
15594:
15593:
15590:
15588:
15585:
15581:
15578:
15576:
15573:
15571:
15568:
15566:
15563:
15561:
15558:
15556:
15553:
15551:
15548:
15546:
15543:
15542:
15541:
15538:
15534:
15531:
15529:
15526:
15524:
15521:
15519:
15516:
15515:
15514:
15513:Manufacturing
15511:
15509:
15506:
15504:
15501:
15499:
15496:
15494:
15491:
15490:
15488:
15486:
15482:
15476:
15473:
15471:
15468:
15466:
15463:
15461:
15458:
15454:
15453:
15449:
15447:
15444:
15442:
15439:
15437:
15436:
15432:
15431:
15430:
15427:
15425:
15422:
15420:
15417:
15413:
15410:
15409:
15408:
15405:
15401:
15398:
15397:
15396:
15393:
15391:
15388:
15386:
15383:
15381:
15378:
15376:
15373:
15371:
15368:
15366:
15363:
15361:
15358:
15356:
15353:
15351:
15350:Deforestation
15348:
15346:
15343:
15341:
15338:
15336:
15333:
15332:
15330:
15326:Environmental
15324:
15316:
15313:
15311:
15308:
15306:
15303:
15301:
15298:
15297:
15296:
15293:
15289:
15286:
15284:
15281:
15280:
15279:
15276:
15274:
15271:
15269:
15266:
15262:
15259:
15258:
15257:
15254:
15250:
15247:
15246:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15228:
15227:reforestation
15225:
15223:
15222:afforestation
15220:
15219:
15218:
15215:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15203:
15201:
15198:
15196:
15193:
15191:
15188:
15186:
15183:
15181:
15178:
15177:
15176:
15173:
15169:
15166:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15154:
15151:
15149:
15146:
15144:
15141:
15139:
15136:
15134:
15131:
15129:
15126:
15124:
15121:
15119:
15116:
15114:
15111:
15109:
15106:
15104:
15101:
15099:
15096:
15095:
15094:
15091:
15089:
15086:
15084:
15081:
15079:
15076:
15074:
15071:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15057:
15054:
15052:
15049:
15047:
15044:
15043:
15042:
15039:
15037:
15034:
15032:
15031:Arboriculture
15029:
15028:
15026:
15024:
15019:
15015:
15009:
15006:
15004:
15001:
14999:
14996:
14994:
14991:
14989:
14986:
14984:
14983:Permaforestry
14981:
14979:
14976:
14974:
14971:
14969:
14966:
14964:
14961:
14959:
14956:
14954:
14951:
14949:
14946:
14942:
14941:
14937:
14936:
14935:
14932:
14931:
14929:
14925:
14919:
14918:
14914:
14912:
14911:
14907:
14905:
14904:
14900:
14898:
14897:
14893:
14891:
14890:
14886:
14884:
14883:
14879:
14877:
14876:
14872:
14871:
14868:
14864:
14857:
14852:
14850:
14845:
14843:
14838:
14837:
14834:
14822:
14821:
14812:
14810:
14809:
14800:
14798:
14797:
14788:
14786:
14785:
14776:
14774:
14773:
14764:
14763:
14760:
14754:
14751:
14749:
14748:Template:Fire
14746:
14745:
14743:
14739:
14729:
14726:
14724:
14721:
14720:
14718:
14714:
14706:
14703:
14701:
14698:
14696:
14693:
14692:
14691:
14690:United States
14688:
14686:
14683:
14681:
14678:
14677:
14675:
14671:
14665:
14662:
14660:
14657:
14655:
14652:
14650:
14647:
14645:
14642:
14640:
14637:
14636:
14634:
14630:
14624:
14621:
14619:
14616:
14614:
14611:
14609:
14606:
14604:
14601:
14599:
14596:
14594:
14591:
14589:
14586:
14584:
14581:
14579:
14576:
14574:
14571:
14569:
14566:
14564:
14561:
14559:
14556:
14554:
14551:
14549:
14546:
14544:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14534:
14531:
14529:
14526:
14524:
14521:
14520:
14518:
14512:
14506:
14503:
14501:
14498:
14497:
14495:
14491:
14488:
14486:
14482:
14476:
14473:
14471:
14468:
14466:
14465:Saint Florian
14463:
14461:
14458:
14456:
14453:
14451:
14448:
14446:
14443:
14441:
14438:
14436:
14433:
14431:
14428:
14426:
14423:
14421:
14418:
14416:
14413:
14411:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14403:Miscellaneous
14401:
14395:
14392:
14390:
14387:
14385:
14382:
14380:
14377:
14375:
14372:
14370:
14367:
14365:
14362:
14360:
14357:
14355:
14352:
14350:
14347:
14345:
14342:
14340:
14339:Fire triangle
14337:
14335:
14332:
14330:
14327:
14325:
14322:
14320:
14317:
14315:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14305:
14302:
14300:
14299:Dead man zone
14297:
14295:
14292:
14290:
14287:
14285:
14282:
14281:
14279:
14277:
14273:
14267:
14264:
14262:
14259:
14257:
14254:
14252:
14249:
14247:
14244:
14242:
14239:
14237:
14234:
14232:
14229:
14227:
14224:
14222:
14219:
14217:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14206:
14203:
14201:
14198:
14196:
14195:Heat detector
14193:
14191:
14188:
14186:
14183:
14181:
14178:
14176:
14173:
14171:
14168:
14166:
14163:
14161:
14158:
14156:
14153:
14151:
14148:
14146:
14143:
14141:
14138:
14136:
14133:
14131:
14128:
14126:
14123:
14121:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14111:
14108:
14106:
14103:
14102:
14100:
14098:
14094:
14088:
14085:
14083:
14080:
14078:
14075:
14073:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14063:
14060:
14058:
14055:
14053:
14050:
14048:
14045:
14043:
14040:
14038:
14035:
14034:
14032:
14030:
14026:
14020:
14017:
14015:
14012:
14010:
14007:
14003:
14000:
13999:
13998:
13995:
13993:
13990:
13989:
13987:
13983:
13977:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13967:
13964:
13962:
13959:
13957:
13954:
13952:
13949:
13947:
13944:
13942:
13939:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13929:
13927:
13924:
13922:
13919:
13917:
13914:
13912:
13909:
13908:
13906:
13904:
13900:
13896:
13889:
13884:
13882:
13877:
13875:
13870:
13869:
13866:
13858:
13857:
13856:
13850:
13846:
13830:
13826:
13817:
13814:
13810:
13801:
13800:
13799:
13798:
13783:
13779:
13774:
13773:
13755:
13751:
13747:
13743:
13739:
13735:
13731:
13727:
13723:
13716:
13711:
13696:
13692:
13685:
13680:
13665:
13661:
13657:
13653:
13649:
13644:
13639:
13635:
13631:
13627:
13623:
13616:
13611:
13600:
13594:
13587:
13582:
13578:
13574:
13570:
13566:
13559:
13554:
13539:
13532:
13531:
13523:
13518:
13503:
13499:
13495:
13491:
13487:
13483:
13479:
13475:
13471:
13467:
13463:
13459:
13455:
13448:
13443:
13440:
13423:
13419:
13415:
13408:
13403:
13388:
13383:
13368:
13361:
13357:
13353:
13349:
13345:
13341:
13337:
13333:
13329:
13325:
13318:
13313:
13298:
13294:
13290:
13286:
13282:
13275:
13270:
13266:
13260:
13256:
13251:
13236:
13229:
13225:
13210:
13206:
13202:
13198:
13194:
13187:
13182:
13167:
13160:
13155:
13144:
13138:
13134:
13133:
13128:
13125:Grove, A.T.;
13123:
13111:
13106:(2.79 MB PDF)
13104:
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12993:
12989:
12974:
12970:
12966:
12959:
12955:
12944:
12940:
12936:
12932:
12928:
12924:
12917:
12912:
12897:
12892:
12877:
12870:
12866:
12851:
12844:
12840:
12825:
12821:
12817:
12810:
12805:
12804:
12790:
12786:
12781:
12776:
12772:
12768:
12764:
12757:
12741:
12737:
12733:
12726:
12710:
12706:
12700:
12692:
12688:
12684:
12680:
12672:
12656:
12652:
12648:
12642:
12626:
12622:
12616:
12597:
12590:
12584:
12568:
12564:
12560:
12554:
12538:
12534:
12530:
12524:
12516:
12512:
12507:
12502:
12498:
12494:
12490:
12486:
12482:
12478:
12477:
12472:
12465:
12449:
12445:
12444:
12439:
12433:
12425:
12421:
12417:
12413:
12409:
12405:
12398:
12392:
12388:
12385:
12380:
12376:
12372:
12368:
12364:
12360:
12352:
12345:
12339:
12331:
12327:
12323:
12319:
12315:
12311:
12304:
12295:
12288:
12283:
12264:
12260:
12256:
12249:
12243:
12227:
12223:
12219:
12212:
12210:
12200:
12198:
12181:
12177:
12173:
12169:
12165:
12159:
12157:
12147:
12140:
12136:
12133:
12128:
12119:
12110:
12103:
12099:
12096:
12093:periods. The
12092:
12088:
12084:
12080:
12076:
12070:
12061:
12059:
12050:
12046:
12041:
12036:
12032:
12028:
12023:
12018:
12014:
12010:
12006:
12002:
11998:
11991:
11983:
11979:
11975:
11971:
11967:
11963:
11959:
11955:
11951:
11947:
11940:
11932:
11928:
11924:
11920:
11916:
11912:
11905:
11889:
11885:
11879:
11860:
11853:
11847:
11839:
11832:
11816:
11812:
11811:
11806:
11800:
11784:
11779:
11774:
11770:
11766:
11760:
11749:
11745:
11741:
11737:
11733:
11729:
11725:
11720:
11715:
11711:
11707:
11700:
11693:
11685:
11681:
11677:
11673:
11668:
11663:
11659:
11655:
11651:
11647:
11643:
11636:
11620:
11616:
11612:
11608:
11602:
11598:
11594:
11590:
11586:
11579:
11570:
11565:
11561:
11557:
11553:
11546:
11537:
11532:
11528:
11524:
11520:
11513:
11497:
11493:
11487:
11468:
11461:
11455:
11444:
11438:
11430:
11426:
11422:
11418:
11414:
11410:
11402:
11393:
11388:
11384:
11380:
11376:
11372:
11368:
11361:
11352:
11347:
11343:
11339:
11335:
11331:
11327:
11320:
11312:
11308:
11304:
11300:
11296:
11292:
11288:
11284:
11277:
11261:
11257:
11251:
11232:
11228:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11210:
11206:
11202:
11198:
11191:
11184:
11176:
11172:
11167:
11162:
11158:
11154:
11150:
11146:
11142:
11135:
11127:
11123:
11118:
11113:
11109:
11105:
11101:
11097:
11093:
11086:
11078:
11074:
11069:
11064:
11060:
11056:
11052:
11048:
11044:
11037:
11029:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11009:
11001:
10993:
10989:
10983:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10955:
10951:
10947:
10940:
10932:
10928:
10924:
10920:
10916:
10912:
10908:
10904:
10897:
10890:
10882:
10878:
10874:
10870:
10866:
10862:
10855:
10847:
10843:
10839:
10835:
10831:
10827:
10819:
10811:
10807:
10803:
10799:
10792:
10781:
10774:
10767:
10759:
10755:
10750:
10745:
10741:
10737:
10733:
10729:
10725:
10721:
10717:
10710:
10702:
10698:
10694:
10690:
10686:
10682:
10678:
10674:
10670:
10666:
10662:
10658:
10651:
10643:
10639:
10634:
10629:
10625:
10621:
10617:
10613:
10609:
10605:
10601:
10594:
10586:
10582:
10577:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10537:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10515:
10507:
10503:
10498:
10493:
10489:
10485:
10481:
10477:
10473:
10469:
10465:
10458:
10456:
10447:
10443:
10438:
10433:
10429:
10425:
10421:
10417:
10414:(2): 95–102.
10413:
10409:
10405:
10398:
10390:
10386:
10381:
10376:
10372:
10368:
10363:
10358:
10354:
10350:
10349:PLOS Medicine
10346:
10339:
10337:
10328:
10324:
10319:
10314:
10310:
10306:
10302:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10279:
10271:
10267:
10262:
10257:
10253:
10249:
10245:
10241:
10238:(2): 95–102.
10237:
10233:
10229:
10222:
10220:
10218:
10216:
10214:
10205:
10201:
10198:(2): 98–106.
10197:
10193:
10192:
10184:
10182:
10180:
10160:
10153:
10147:
10131:
10127:
10123:
10117:
10109:
10105:
10100:
10095:
10091:
10087:
10083:
10079:
10075:
10071:
10067:
10060:
10058:
10056:
10054:
10052:
10050:
10030:
10023:
10016:
10008:
10004:
9998:
9990:
9984:
9976:
9972:
9967:
9962:
9957:
9952:
9948:
9944:
9943:PLOS Currents
9940:
9933:
9922:
9915:
9908:
9889:
9882:
9875:
9873:
9871:
9869:
9852:
9848:
9842:
9834:
9830:
9826:
9825:
9817:
9801:
9797:
9791:
9772:
9765:
9759:
9751:
9747:
9742:
9737:
9732:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9718:
9713:
9706:
9690:
9686:
9680:
9672:
9668:
9664:
9660:
9655:
9650:
9647:(5686): 977.
9646:
9642:
9638:
9631:
9616:on 6 May 2009
9612:
9608:
9604:
9599:
9598:10.1.1.3.2708
9594:
9590:
9586:
9579:
9572:
9556:
9552:
9545:
9538:
9533:
9517:
9513:
9509:
9502:
9486:
9482:
9481:
9476:
9470:
9462:
9458:
9453:
9448:
9444:
9440:
9436:
9429:
9421:
9417:
9412:
9407:
9403:
9399:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9380:
9361:
9357:
9350:
9344:
9336:
9332:
9328:
9324:
9320:
9316:
9312:
9308:
9304:
9300:
9296:
9292:
9288:
9281:
9265:
9261:
9257:
9251:
9243:
9239:
9235:
9231:
9227:
9223:
9219:
9215:
9208:
9200:
9196:
9192:
9188:
9184:
9180:
9176:
9172:
9165:
9157:
9153:
9149:
9145:
9138:
9122:
9118:
9112:
9103:
9087:
9083:
9076:
9067:
9059:
9052:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9018:
9011:
9004:
8998:
8991:
8986:
8978:
8974:
8969:
8964:
8960:
8956:
8951:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8926:
8918:
8902:
8898:
8894:
8890:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8859:
8843:
8839:
8835:
8830:
8825:
8821:
8817:
8813:
8809:
8805:
8798:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8752:
8748:
8744:
8740:
8736:
8729:
8713:
8709:
8705:
8699:
8697:
8680:
8676:
8669:
8650:
8643:
8636:
8628:
8624:
8620:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8584:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8560:
8556:
8549:
8530:
8523:
8516:
8497:
8490:
8483:
8476:
8470:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8447:
8439:
8432:
8425:
8419:
8410:
8401:
8385:
8381:
8375:
8359:
8355:
8349:
8341:
8337:
8333:
8326:
8315:
8308:
8301:
8299:
8290:
8286:
8279:
8277:
8275:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8250:
8246:
8239:
8232:
8220:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8202:
8183:
8176:
8170:
8154:
8150:
8146:
8139:
8137:
8135:
8133:
8131:
8114:
8110:
8106:
8100:
8089:
8085:
8081:
8074:
8067:
8065:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8034:
8018:
8014:
8007:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7965:
7961:
7955:
7948:
7942:
7923:
7916:
7909:
7893:
7889:
7883:
7874:
7858:
7854:
7848:
7832:
7828:
7822:
7807:
7803:
7797:
7781:
7777:
7773:
7767:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7737:
7721:
7717:
7713:
7706:
7690:
7686:
7682:
7675:
7667:
7663:
7659:
7655:
7651:
7647:
7640:
7621:
7614:
7607:
7599:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7560:
7544:
7540:
7534:
7518:
7514:
7508:
7492:
7488:
7482:
7466:
7462:
7456:
7440:
7436:
7432:
7425:
7409:
7405:
7401:
7395:
7379:
7375:
7371:
7364:
7357:
7351:
7335:
7331:
7325:
7316:
7300:
7296:
7289:
7273:
7269:
7262:
7246:
7242:
7236:
7228:
7224:
7220:
7214:
7210:
7206:
7202:
7195:
7176:
7172:
7165:
7149:
7145:
7139:
7123:
7119:
7113:
7094:
7090:
7086:
7079:
7073:
7071:
7063:
7057:
7041:
7037:
7031:
7015:
7011:
7004:
6995:
6976:
6969:
6963:
6944:
6937:
6931:
6915:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6887:
6880:
6864:
6860:
6856:
6852:
6848:
6844:
6840:
6836:
6832:
6825:
6823:
6815:
6809:
6802:
6797:
6791:, entire text
6790:
6785:
6779:, entire text
6778:
6773:
6757:
6753:
6747:
6731:
6727:
6721:
6705:
6701:
6695:
6679:
6675:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6645:
6641:
6635:
6628:
6622:
6613:
6604:
6602:
6592:
6576:
6572:
6568:
6561:
6553:
6549:
6544:
6539:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6504:
6500:
6496:
6490:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6461:
6456:
6452:
6448:
6444:
6440:
6436:
6429:
6421:
6417:
6413:
6406:
6398:
6391:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6361:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6323:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6289:
6285:
6281:
6277:
6273:
6266:
6250:
6246:
6239:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6208:
6201:
6194:
6186:
6182:
6178:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6162:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6143:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6100:
6096:
6089:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6058:
6042:
6038:
6035:
6028:
6012:
6008:
6004:
5997:
5978:
5974:
5967:
5961:
5945:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5909:
5905:
5901:
5897:
5890:
5882:
5878:
5874:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5856:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5829:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5783:
5779:
5778:
5773:
5766:
5750:
5746:
5739:
5723:
5719:
5712:
5696:
5692:
5688:
5681:
5665:
5661:
5654:
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5643:
5640:
5635:
5628:
5624:
5621:
5616:
5609:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5580:
5573:
5561:
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5553:
5547:
5540:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5509:
5501:
5497:
5492:
5487:
5483:
5479:
5475:
5471:
5467:
5463:
5456:
5440:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5410:
5406:
5402:
5395:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5361:
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5353:
5349:
5345:
5338:
5322:
5318:
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5310:
5306:
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5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
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5266:
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5254:
5247:
5241:
5233:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5215:
5211:
5207:
5203:
5199:
5195:
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5187:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5163:
5147:
5143:
5137:
5121:
5117:
5113:
5106:
5104:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5072:
5064:
5060:
5056:
5040:
5036:
5032:
5026:
5019:
5016:Data source:
5013:
5009:
5002:
5000:
4992:
4987:
4980:
4974:
4967:
4962:
4953:
4946:
4941:
4922:
4915:
4909:
4902:
4896:
4889:
4883:
4876:
4871:
4855:
4851:
4845:
4841:
4837:
4831:
4824:
4818:
4811:
4805:
4789:
4785:
4781:
4774:
4767:
4761:
4752:
4733:
4726:
4720:
4713:
4707:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4665:
4661:
4655:
4646:
4639:
4634:
4618:
4614:
4608:
4589:
4582:
4576:
4560:
4556:
4550:
4543:
4538:
4536:
4528:
4522:
4506:
4502:
4496:
4480:
4476:
4469:
4462:
4456:
4440:
4436:
4430:
4428:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4394:
4388:., iv, 10, 14
4387:
4381:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4350:
4334:
4330:
4323:
4316:
4310:
4303:
4297:
4295:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4263:
4247:
4243:
4239:
4233:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4204:
4200:
4196:
4190:
4174:
4170:
4166:
4159:
4152:
4149:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4113:
4109:
4103:
4095:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4059:
4055:
4051:
4047:
4043:
4036:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4001:
3995:
3991:
3990:10.2760/13180
3987:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3924:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3860:
3856:
3849:
3830:
3823:
3817:
3801:
3797:
3790:
3788:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3680:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3599:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3550:
3548:
3546:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3515:
3499:
3495:
3494:www.ga.gov.au
3491:
3484:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3386:
3380:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3251:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3217:
3209:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3172:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3140:
3133:
3126:
3107:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3060:
3041:
3037:
3030:
3024:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3001:
2994:
2990:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2934:Pyrogeography
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2880:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2804:alluvial fans
2801:
2797:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2777:
2771:
2770:Baltic region
2767:
2762:
2761:David Douglas
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2734:
2730:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2693:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2647:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2610:Lepidodendron
2606:
2605:progymnosperm
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2590:Carboniferous
2585:
2580:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2554:preserved as
2553:
2552:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2519:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2503:
2502:San Francisco
2500:settles over
2499:
2494:
2485:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2430:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2415:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2403:
2395:
2391:
2386:
2373:
2369:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2340:
2337:
2329:
2319:
2315:
2309:
2307:
2300:
2291:
2290:
2282:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2266:
2261:
2251:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2202:
2201:air pollution
2192:
2181:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2144:
2141:
2132:
2127:
2126:Chronic cough
2123:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2095:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1988:
1981:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1953:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1876:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1842:
1840:
1834:
1824:
1815:
1811:
1808:This section
1806:
1803:
1799:
1798:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1672:On ecosystems
1669:
1667:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1641:), and other
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:Air pollution
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1496:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1474:
1470:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1457:, as well as
1456:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1380:
1371:
1369:
1364:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1316:
1315:Silver iodide
1306:
1301:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1257:
1253:
1250:(MODIS), and
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1197:
1195:
1194:sensor arrays
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:fire lookouts
1146:
1144:
1140:
1137:. During the
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1106:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1027:
1022:
1020:
999:
989:
985:
982:
979:
974:
972:
962:
956:
952:
947:
945:
939:
936:
928:
924:
919:
915:
913:
908:
904:
899:
897:
893:
880:
864:
862:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
841:deforestation
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
820:, and in the
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
771:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
743:
739:
734:
732:
715:
708:
696:
686:
676:
674:
666:
661:
652:
649:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
585:
583:
582:tree canopies
579:
575:
570:
569:heat transfer
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
529:
527:
522:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
483:
479:
475:
471:
470:Crown, canopy
468:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
446:
442:
436:
431:
427:
424:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
390:
389:
388:
386:
378:
374:
369:
362:
357:
350:
345:
340:
330:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
227:
222:
218:
212:
208:
203:
194:
192:
187:
185:
181:
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
152:
150:
145:
141:
138:. Areas with
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
104:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
55:
51:
47:
43:
38:
32:
28:
24:
19:
18060:Weather lore
17839:Point source
17781:Heavy metals
17755:Urban runoff
17735:Sulfur water
17713:Septic tanks
17559:Agent Orange
17413:Mining waste
17239:Manure waste
17073:
17069:Volcanic ash
16945:Black carbon
16901:Oil refining
16886:Particulates
16815:Construction
16676:
16609:Biodiversity
16595:astrobiology
16545:
16317:Elements of
16205:Firefighting
16187:
16146:Fire worship
15989:Fire ecology
15860:
15846:
15832:
15818:
15804:
15790:
15783:
15761:Tree planter
15741:Resin tapper
15721:Truck driver
15716:River driver
15474:
15465:Tree hugging
15450:
15433:
15400:timber mafia
15390:High grading
15375:Ghost forest
15345:Clearcutting
15268:Silviculture
15244:Horticulture
15088:Fire ecology
15003:Urban forest
14978:Mycoforestry
14938:
14934:Agroforestry
14915:
14908:
14901:
14894:
14887:
14882:Forest areas
14880:
14873:
14819:
14807:
14795:
14783:
14771:
14680:Ancient Rome
14654:Hotshot crew
14639:Fire lookout
14538:Fire flapper
14484:
14329:Fire control
14294:Chimney fire
14180:Halligan bar
14155:Fire shelter
14140:Fire hydrant
14115:Fire blanket
14110:Escape chair
14087:Water tender
14014:Fire station
13941:Fire marshal
13921:Fire captain
13895:Firefighting
13853:
13852:
13851:profile for
13848:
13796:
13795:
13786:. Retrieved
13771:
13761:. Retrieved
13754:the original
13725:
13722:Fire Ecology
13721:
13702:. Retrieved
13695:the original
13690:
13671:. Retrieved
13664:the original
13625:
13621:
13602:. Retrieved
13568:
13564:
13547:27 September
13545:. Retrieved
13538:the original
13529:
13509:. Retrieved
13502:the original
13457:
13453:
13439:HTML version
13429:. Retrieved
13422:the original
13417:
13413:
13394:. Retrieved
13374:. Retrieved
13367:the original
13327:
13323:
13304:. Retrieved
13297:the original
13284:
13280:
13254:
13242:. Retrieved
13235:the original
13216:. Retrieved
13209:the original
13196:
13192:
13173:. Retrieved
13166:the original
13146:. Retrieved
13131:
13114:. Retrieved
13109:
13095:HTML version
13085:. Retrieved
13078:the original
13059:. Retrieved
13052:the original
13033:. Retrieved
13026:the original
13006:. Retrieved
12999:the original
12980:. Retrieved
12973:the original
12968:
12964:
12946:. Retrieved
12926:
12922:
12903:. Retrieved
12883:. Retrieved
12876:the original
12857:. Retrieved
12850:the original
12831:. Retrieved
12824:the original
12819:
12815:
12770:
12766:
12756:
12744:. Retrieved
12735:
12725:
12713:. Retrieved
12699:
12682:
12678:
12671:
12661:21 September
12659:. Retrieved
12650:
12641:
12629:. Retrieved
12625:the original
12615:
12603:. Retrieved
12596:the original
12583:
12571:. Retrieved
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12541:. Retrieved
12532:
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12452:. Retrieved
12441:
12432:
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12338:
12313:
12310:GSA Bulletin
12309:
12303:
12294:
12286:
12282:
12270:. Retrieved
12258:
12254:
12242:
12230:. Retrieved
12226:the original
12221:
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12000:
11990:
11949:
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11892:. Retrieved
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11819:. Retrieved
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11787:. Retrieved
11768:
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11635:
11623:. Retrieved
11588:
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11500:. Retrieved
11486:
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11454:
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11370:
11360:
11333:
11329:
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11286:
11282:
11276:
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11260:the original
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11231:the original
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10231:
10195:
10189:
10166:. Retrieved
10146:
10134:. Retrieved
10125:
10116:
10076:(1): 77–85.
10073:
10070:Epidemiology
10069:
10036:. Retrieved
10015:
10007:the Guardian
10006:
9997:
9983:cite journal
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9907:
9895:. Retrieved
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9850:
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9516:the original
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9480:Ars Technica
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9367:. Retrieved
9355:
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9260:www.usgs.gov
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9121:the original
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8875:(2): 67–88.
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8418:
8413:Finney, 1–3.
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8384:the original
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8354:"Prometheus"
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7821:
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7784:. Retrieved
7775:
7766:
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7745:
7742:"NASA-FIRMS"
7736:
7724:. Retrieved
7715:
7705:
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7684:
7679:Vizzuality.
7674:
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7435:ScienceDaily
7434:
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6746:
6736:26 September
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6720:
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6124:. Mongabay.
6115:
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6088:
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6057:
6045:. Retrieved
6036:
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5944:the original
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5777:The Guardian
5775:
5765:
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5738:
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5596:the original
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5518:
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5409:the original
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5327:21 September
5325:. Retrieved
5268:
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5146:the original
5136:
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5116:Carbon Brief
5115:
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5086:the original
5082:ScienceBrief
5081:
5071:
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5043:. Retrieved
5034:
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4854:the original
4839:
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4809:
4804:
4792:. Retrieved
4788:the original
4783:
4780:"Under Fire"
4773:
4765:
4760:
4755:Billing, 5–6
4751:
4739:. Retrieved
4719:
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4680:
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4654:
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4617:the original
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4439:the original
4399:
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4380:
4368:. Retrieved
4360:Science News
4359:
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4322:
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4277:the original
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4008:
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3902:
3892:
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3829:the original
3816:
3804:. Retrieved
3774:. Retrieved
3731:
3727:
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3694:
3688:
3661:
3657:
3647:
3613:IPCC, 2021:
3563:
3559:
3532:. Retrieved
3523:
3514:
3504:22 September
3502:. Retrieved
3493:
3483:
3473:22 September
3471:. Retrieved
3462:
3452:
3442:22 September
3440:. Retrieved
3427:
3418:
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3325:
3315:
3264:
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3238:. Retrieved
3207:
3203:
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3190:
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3171:the original
3142:
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3125:
3113:. Retrieved
3101:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3073:the original
3068:
3059:
3047:. Retrieved
3035:
3023:
2999:
2993:
2955:Haines Index
2917:
2902:
2892:
2881:
2878:
2853:monocultures
2842:
2827:
2825:
2793:
2775:
2749:transhumance
2733:Black Forest
2697:
2643:
2639:
2633:
2608:
2602:
2594:Late Permian
2551:Prototaxites
2549:
2547:
2536:
2516:
2513:
2506:
2459:
2447:
2444:Firefighting
2438:Firefighters
2416:
2412:
2406:
2399:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2351:
2347:
2332:
2323:
2303:
2285:Epidemiology
2267:
2263:
2239:
2236:
2221:
2209:
2198:
2172:
2168:
2145:
2140:particulates
2137:
2104:Particulates
2085:
2081:
2046:, including
2044:heavy metals
2037:
2030:
2027:
1978:
1967:Swifts Creek
1919:
1900:
1880:
1835:
1831:
1821:January 2021
1818:
1814:adding to it
1809:
1793:On waterways
1758:
1747:
1741:
1726:
1714:
1706:South Africa
1691:
1678:Fire ecology
1663:
1647:stratosphere
1639:black carbon
1624:
1589:Carbon cycle
1533:
1490:
1486:
1471:
1459:particulates
1455:formaldehyde
1444:
1428:
1420:animal bites
1389:
1360:
1347:smokejumpers
1335:
1311:
1300:Firefighting
1279:
1275:
1260:
1218:
1209:Sensaio Tech
1198:
1190:night vision
1185:
1175:
1147:
1135:fire manager
1110:
1067:
1060:
1052:
1040:
1036:
1029:
1025:
1023:
1015:
986:
983:
975:
963:
948:
940:
932:
900:
889:
851:occurred in
830:
795:
791:square miles
785:; 1,170,000
772:
746:
735:
727:
672:
669:
628:stack effect
625:
612:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
586:
577:
547:
545:
530:
518:
499:Fire control
477:
473:
469:
462:, and other
447:
434:
429:
425:
410:and Eastern
396:forest floor
391:
382:
313:
290:
275:
260:
236:
216:
188:
153:
117:
105:
85:in Australia
69:
65:
61:
59:
18:
17809:Area source
17718:Pit latrine
17641:Groundwater
17398:Gold mining
17393:Coal mining
17364:Toxic waste
17329:Green waste
17302:Brown waste
17285:Solid waste
16832:Exhaust gas
16660:Prokaryotes
16448:Atmosphere
16443:Meteorology
16235:Fire making
16151:Terra preta
16125:Firefighter
15999:Flash point
15994:Fire piston
15785:WikiProject
15709:smokejumper
15689:Firefighter
15652:Occupations
15636:Woodworking
15217:Forestation
15148:restoration
15103:informatics
14968:Ecoforestry
14673:By location
14659:Smokejumper
14516:and tactics
14394:Ventilation
14334:Fire safety
14319:False alarm
14276:Terminology
14226:PASS device
14200:Hose bridge
14190:Hazmat suit
14125:Fire bucket
14105:Bunker gear
14047:Fire engine
13992:Drill tower
13946:Fire police
13797:Attribution
13728:(2): 3–17.
13482:10261/57324
13376:11 December
13244:21 December
13175:13 February
13087:18 December
12773:(7): 1130.
12573:16 November
11821:15 December
11789:22 November
11769:www.cdc.gov
11502:17 December
11476:17 December
10663:: 519–530.
10295:(1): 1–20.
9857:11 February
9030:: 175–179.
8283:Magill, B.
8225:27 November
8211:www.cdc.gov
7945:Plucinski,
7806:Mirage News
6984:18 December
6952:18 December
6896:: 326–334.
6710:21 November
6255:16 November
6105:8 September
6037:www.npr.org
6017:28 November
5986:21 February
5896:Logan, J.A.
5602:14 February
5445:28 February
5415:14 February
5192:(1): 3821.
5126:17 February
5092:16 February
4597:19 November
4511:21 November
4218:smouldering
3913:25 November
3589:11603/27223
3524:Global News
3240:11 December
3079:13 February
2913:Smokey Bear
2869:gamba grass
2838:agriculture
2800:debris flow
2764:before the
2721:Middle Ages
2719:. From the
2700:Paleolithic
2560:South Wales
2156:water vapor
1926:germination
1907:sclerophyll
1895:competition
1891:fire regime
1774:flash flood
1627:troposphere
1552:air quality
1432:heat stroke
1422:, and even
1392:heat stress
1331:helicopters
1288:Suppression
1122:heliographs
1074:Philippines
1054:Pinus nigra
648:fire whirls
546:A wildfire
78:combustible
66:forest fire
50:Mangum Fire
18019:Categories
17961:by country
17957:Categories
17895:Zero waste
17776:Pollutants
17730:Stagnation
17668:Monitoring
17636:Freshwater
17512:Air travel
17324:Food waste
17244:Pesticides
17234:Herbicides
17138:Industrial
16967:Biological
16827:Demolition
16820:Renovation
16803:Joss paper
16788:Combustion
16541:Wilderness
16394:geological
16276:Wiktionary
16215:Fire whirl
16113:Pyromanias
16071:By country
16023:Components
15979:Combustion
15731:Lumberjack
15726:Log scaler
15609:engineered
15560:non-timber
15533:sawmilling
15485:Industries
15452:svedjebruk
15163:transition
15143:protection
15133:old-growth
15118:governance
15073:Dendrology
15023:management
14889:Ministries
14705:Washington
14700:California
14568:Fire trail
14514:Equipment
14354:Flash fire
14324:Fire class
14304:Deluge gun
14241:Rotary saw
14211:Kelly tool
14175:Fog nozzle
14019:Hose tower
13985:Facilities
13926:Fire chief
13788:19 October
13704:5 February
13454:BioScience
13116:6 February
13061:4 February
13035:5 February
12982:13 January
12948:6 February
12833:6 February
12715:26 January
12605:10 January
12342:Pitkänen,
12298:Karki, 27.
12232:9 December
12079:Quaternary
11240:9 December
10168:19 January
9780:19 January
9491:10 January
9297:: 120713.
9270:26 October
9106:Nepstad, 4
8848:3 December
8685:4 February
8538:6 February
8505:4 February
8422:Alvarado,
8053:26 January
7629:15 January
7549:15 January
7523:12 January
7497:12 January
7471:12 January
7445:12 January
7340:12 January
7305:15 January
7251:19 January
7184:15 January
7154:12 January
7128:6 February
6998:Karki, 14.
6869:3 December
6640:"Backburn"
6581:7 November
6380:31 October
6350:31 October
6228:6 February
5566:13 January
5533:14 January
5166:McKenzie,
5152:4 February
5045:25 October
4930:16 January
4860:26 October
4794:8 December
4696:12 January
4670:1 February
4623:1 December
4565:4 December
4445:3 December
4339:9 December
3838:3 December
3664:(8): 981.
3658:Atmosphere
3490:"Bushfire"
3428:lao.ca.gov
2985:References
2865:Eucalyptus
2753:using fire
2704:Mesolithic
2660:See also:
2650:pyriscence
2635:Eucalyptus
2615:gymnosperm
2462:fatalities
2427:mud slides
2275:depression
2102:See also:
2014:See also:
2000:above the
1930:butenolide
1902:Eucalyptus
1887:ecosystems
1740:, such as
1682:See also:
1615:atmosphere
1583:See also:
1548:watersheds
1544:ecosystems
1298:See also:
1089:See also:
1078:fire lines
1028:(WFU) and
996:See also:
992:Prevention
955:short tons
789:; 450,000
752:heat waves
750:including
683:See also:
634:that will
617:firebreaks
613:firebrands
609:convection
556:convection
552:smoldering
526:fire point
521:vegetation
495:Combustion
493:See also:
408:Kalimantan
404:peat fires
385:topography
337:See also:
271:dry season
191:ecosystems
160:heat waves
142:or in the
128:California
126:(Russia),
81:vegetation
18050:Pollution
18025:Wildfires
17853:Responses
17824:Garbology
17750:Turbidity
17698:Oil spill
17631:Firewater
17532:Vandalism
17494:Satellite
17191:Poisoning
17186:Plutonium
17166:Actinides
17158:Radiation
16906:Wood dust
16768:Acid rain
16743:Pollution
16619:Eukaryota
16586:Hierarchy
16581:Biosphere
16546:Wildfires
16536:Radiation
16526:Ecosystem
16466:Moonlight
16400:Structure
16355:particles
16220:Blue lava
16210:Firestorm
16200:Backdraft
16188:Wildfires
16141:Cremation
16009:Pyrolysis
15679:Ecologist
15592:Tree farm
15493:Coppicing
15435:chitemene
15335:Acid rain
15283:allometry
15205:SmartWood
15153:secondary
15138:pathology
15113:inventory
15051:driftwood
14917:Arbor Day
14685:Australia
14632:Personnel
14593:Hose pack
14573:Firebreak
14553:Fire rake
14543:Fire hose
14533:Driptorch
14485:Wildfires
14415:Fire camp
14359:Flashover
14289:Barn fire
14284:Backdraft
14135:Fire hose
14097:Equipment
14029:Apparatus
13763:24 August
13638:CiteSeerX
13577:0003-3847
13571:: 15–33.
13490:0006-3568
12965:Advantage
12859:9 January
12789:1999-4907
12091:Paleogene
12031:0027-8424
11982:129438858
11974:0883-1351
11714:CiteSeerX
11684:245907336
11615:213023120
11311:225641536
10740:0091-6765
10685:0013-9351
10624:1535-4970
10567:1073-449X
10488:0091-6765
10428:2095-882X
10371:1549-1676
10252:2095-882X
10090:1044-3983
9593:CiteSeerX
9461:230567682
9335:253859681
9319:0269-7491
9242:225641536
9199:206513681
9156:0011-3212
9127:8 January
8959:0027-8424
8897:1022-0119
8838:1365-2745
8787:27 August
8769:1939-5582
8718:22 August
8619:1939-5582
8380:"FARSITE"
8364:1 January
8119:22 August
7996:7 January
7877:Karki, 16
7863:15 August
7837:15 August
7811:14 August
7716:Earthdata
7414:14 August
7384:14 August
7046:7 January
7020:7 January
6859:1540-9309
6595:Karki, 6.
6552:252148515
6469:134898973
6322:221747201
6306:1089-5639
6215:0854-9818
6132:1 January
6078:1 January
6068:Bloomberg
5932:2156-2202
5873:1944-8007
5818:6 October
5788:1 January
5755:1 January
5728:1 January
5701:1 January
5670:23 August
5500:2328-4277
5435:Fs.fed.us
5405:TechiWiki
5386:189975585
5378:0084-6597
5317:247188778
5293:1543-5008
5214:2041-1723
5051:Cited by
5035:CIFFC.net
4890:., 16–17.
4825:., 9, 16.
4714:., 10–11.
4418:854761793
4370:15 August
4252:30 August
4076:1091-6490
3959:1354-1013
3776:27 August
3758:1939-5582
3598:2169-897X
3534:18 August
3356:0036-8075
3289:2045-2322
3267:(1): 81.
3159:1381-2386
3069:BBC Earth
3049:16 August
2899:Uncle Sam
2779:observed
2774:HMS
2757:signaling
2745:Philip II
2607:forests.
2488:Residents
2326:July 2023
2318:talk page
2076:manganese
1729:chaparral
1651:volcanoes
1384:Hopkinton
1220:Satellite
1085:Detection
818:Australia
802:wildfires
775:Australia
574:flashover
564:pyrolysis
507:Firestorm
503:Heat wave
416:Indonesia
379:, Albania
323:Centralia
239:lightning
136:Australia
17941:Treaties
17913:Diseases
17725:Shipping
17621:Diseases
17469:Landfill
17144:Abstract
17141:Military
17074:Wildfire
16923:Smelting
16891:Asbestos
16701:Category
16670:bacteria
16653:protista
16614:Organism
16481:Sunlight
16327:Universe
16254:Category
15880:Category
15694:handcrew
15664:Arborist
15659:Forester
15619:mahogany
15565:palm oil
15555:charcoal
15540:Products
15475:Wildfire
15288:breeding
15249:GM trees
15098:dynamics
14910:Journals
14903:Colleges
14863:Forestry
14796:Glossary
14772:Category
14741:See also
14649:Helitack
14644:Handcrew
14374:Rollover
14349:Firewall
14057:Fireboat
13956:Handcrew
13855:Wildfire
13750:85841606
13660:89606739
13498:43217453
13352:54617780
13129:(2001).
12740:Archived
12709:Archived
12691:24707531
12655:Archived
12631:9 August
12567:Archived
12543:9 August
12537:Archived
12533:phys.org
12515:28663495
12448:Archived
12387:Archived
12263:Archived
12180:Archived
12135:Archived
12098:Archived
12083:Tertiary
12075:Cenozoic
12049:16832054
11888:Archived
11859:Archived
11815:Archived
11783:Archived
11771:. 2013.
11748:Archived
11744:24889908
11736:15238338
11676:35022598
11619:Archived
11562:: 1–18.
11496:Archived
11467:Archived
11227:22456494
11175:22645279
11126:16946126
11077:19017694
11028:15696107
10992:Archived
10966:11961911
10931:38364512
10923:15830823
10881:17412853
10846:19452533
10810:21957753
10780:Archived
10758:16882517
10701:22300866
10693:28888196
10642:26176842
10585:23750510
10528:Archived
10506:27082891
10446:29988900
10389:29990362
10327:32952154
10270:29988900
10159:Archived
10130:Archived
10108:27648592
10029:Archived
9975:23145351
9921:Archived
9888:Archived
9833:Archived
9806:1 August
9800:Archived
9771:Archived
9750:27216515
9671:42979006
9663:15247439
9555:Archived
9485:Archived
9420:32801447
9360:Archived
9327:36435284
9264:Archived
9191:18669853
9086:Archived
9032:Archived
9001:Graham,
8992:, 3, 37.
8977:35733267
8907:10 April
8901:Archived
8842:Archived
8781:Archived
8777:19263880
8712:Archived
8627:20437955
8575:11924549
8529:Archived
8473:Graham,
8426:., 66–68
8358:Archived
8314:Archived
8219:Archived
8191:21 March
8182:Archived
8159:6 August
8153:Archived
8113:Archived
7990:Archived
7964:Archived
7857:Archived
7831:Archived
7780:Archived
7750:Archived
7720:Archived
7689:Archived
7666:76650011
7620:Archived
7618:. NASA.
7594:30988736
7543:Archived
7517:Archived
7491:Archived
7465:Archived
7439:Archived
7408:Archived
7404:BBC News
7378:Archived
7299:Archived
7227:14472324
7122:Archived
7014:Archived
6975:Archived
6943:Archived
6914:Archived
6863:Archived
6812:Graham,
6730:Archived
6575:Archived
6473:Archived
6374:Archived
6370:phys.org
6344:Archived
6314:32931271
6177:12422213
6126:Archived
6099:Archived
6072:Archived
6047:27 April
6041:Archived
6011:Archived
5977:Archived
5940:53612820
5898:(1992).
5812:Archived
5808:BBC News
5782:Archived
5749:Archived
5722:Archived
5695:Archived
5664:Archived
5642:Archived
5623:Archived
5591:Newsweek
5560:Archived
5527:Archived
5464:(2019).
5439:Archived
5321:Archived
5309:35231182
5244:Graham,
5232:30279564
5120:Archived
5063:Archived
5039:Archived
5012:Archived
4921:Archived
4886:Graham,
4821:Graham,
4808:Graham,
4764:Graham,
4732:Archived
4710:Graham,
4690:Archived
4664:Archived
4588:Archived
4559:Archived
4525:Graham,
4459:Graham,
4384:Graham,
4364:Archived
4333:Archived
4317:., 9, 13
4313:Graham,
4300:Graham,
4246:Archived
4203:Archived
4199:CBC News
4173:Archived
4169:BBC News
4134:Archived
4094:28242690
4019:Archived
3967:26410408
3907:Archived
3800:Archived
3770:Archived
3766:19263880
3699:Elsevier
3629:Archived
3618:Archived
3528:Archived
3498:Archived
3467:Archived
3436:Archived
3399:Archived
3388:Archived
3364:16825536
3307:28250442
3231:Archived
3198:, 12, 36
3194:Graham,
3115:15 March
3106:Archived
3040:Archived
3015:Archived
2923:See also
2845:conifers
2834:nomadism
2737:Sardinia
2729:Odenwald
2692:Thailand
2619:Tertiary
2598:Triassic
2579:Devonian
2568:Silurian
2556:charcoal
2538:Elk Bath
2423:flooding
2402:ash pits
2312:You may
2273:(PTSD),
2033:acrolein
1921:serotiny
1688:Forestry
1617:off the
1499:Modeling
1461:such as
1246:(GOES),
927:Rim Fire
896:feedback
779:hectares
756:droughts
742:cropland
673:fire day
632:updrafts
605:spotting
593:flanking
578:torching
541:droughts
533:humidity
478:crowning
435:spotting
426:Crawling
197:Ignition
164:droughts
120:disaster
70:bushfire
62:wildfire
17970:Commons
17745:Thermal
17646:Hypoxia
17430:Garbage
17201:Uranium
17052:Natural
17001:Digital
16933:Aerosol
16911:Welding
16798:Biomass
16793:Biofuel
16752:History
16678:Viruses
16665:archaea
16641:animals
16593: (
16591:Biology
16568:Origin
16521:Ecology
16496:tornado
16456:Climate
16450:(Earth)
16435:Weather
16405:Geology
16392: (
16390:History
16265:Commons
16134:Culture
16076:By year
16066:By type
15967:Science
15940:History
15890:Outline
15704:lookout
15699:hotshot
15580:tanbark
15550:biomass
15545:biochar
15523:plywood
15508:Logging
15412:wilding
15061:log jam
15018:Ecology
14820:Outline
14784:Commons
14695:History
14608:Pulaski
14493:General
14231:The pig
13845:Scholia
13730:Bibcode
13673:5 March
13630:Bibcode
13604:4 March
13462:Bibcode
13431:15 July
13332:Bibcode
13306:26 June
13148:17 July
13008:26 June
12931:Bibcode
12905:26 June
12885:10 July
12800:Sources
12767:Forests
12506:6047075
12485:Bibcode
12476:Science
12412:Bibcode
12367:Bibcode
12318:Bibcode
12272:31 July
12186:17 July
12087:Neogene
12040:1544139
12009:Bibcode
11954:Bibcode
11946:PALAIOS
11919:Bibcode
11911:Geology
11894:30 July
11868:16 July
11654:Bibcode
11625:4 March
11417:Bibcode
11379:Bibcode
11338:Bibcode
11291:Bibcode
11266:7 April
11218:3346787
11166:3440113
11117:2648104
11068:4176821
10749:1551987
10665:Bibcode
10633:4642201
10576:3778732
10497:5010409
10437:6034084
10380:6038982
10318:7502220
10297:Bibcode
10261:6034084
10136:3 April
10099:5130603
9966:3492003
9829:YouTube
9741:4874420
9641:Science
9620:26 June
9585:Science
9561:30 June
9522:26 June
9411:7424390
9369:14 July
9299:Bibcode
9222:Bibcode
9171:Science
9041:26 June
9024:Madroño
8968:9245651
8937:Bibcode
8877:Bibcode
8816:Bibcode
8747:Bibcode
8658:1 April
8599:Bibcode
8457:Bibcode
8253:Bibcode
8023:26 June
7970:26 June
7931:21 July
7898:10 July
7786:25 July
7756:25 July
7695:25 July
7102:26 June
6920:16 July
6898:Bibcode
6530:Bibcode
6479:26 July
6447:Bibcode
6284:Bibcode
6185:4379529
6157:Bibcode
5950:26 June
5912:Bibcode
5881:5642896
5851:Bibcode
5662:. Vox.
5478:Bibcode
5356:Bibcode
5301:1876701
5273:Bibcode
5223:6168540
5194:Bibcode
4899:Olson,
4741:3 March
4283:30 July
4209:17 June
4179:18 June
4140:21 June
4085:5358354
4054:Bibcode
4025:13 July
3939:Bibcode
3863:Bibcode
3806:30 June
3736:Bibcode
3666:Bibcode
3568:Bibcode
3334:Bibcode
3326:Science
3298:5427854
3269:Bibcode
3180:26 June
3167:2757472
2855:. Some
2829:Science
2820:Finland
2796:drought
2645:Sequoia
2581:period
2543:Montana
2522:History
2279:phobias
2184:2.5–0.1
2056:cadmium
2052:arsenic
1866:Estonia
1839:benzene
1782:heather
1759:In the
1655:CALPUFF
1621:in 2020
1436:fitness
1416:scrapes
1396:fatigue
1343:Montana
1265:(USDA)
1228:Envisat
957:) of CO
806:Siberia
760:El Niño
738:savanna
665:drought
636:draw in
601:jumping
597:backing
430:surface
412:Sumatra
263:tropics
124:Siberia
109:drought
68:, or a
46:Arizona
17834:Midden
17814:Debris
17769:Topics
17708:Sewage
17661:debris
17656:Marine
17504:Visual
17388:Mining
17383:Litter
16876:Mining
16629:plants
16461:Clouds
16425:Future
16415:Oceans
16367:Change
16350:Matter
16345:Energy
16319:nature
16269:
16258:
16247:
16106:People
16035:Oxygen
15736:Ranger
15684:Feller
15669:Bucker
15575:rubber
15518:lumber
15328:topics
15315:volume
15310:height
15256:i-Tree
15093:Forest
15046:coarse
15041:Debris
14940:dehesa
14598:McLeod
14460:Muster
13847:has a
13748:
13658:
13640:
13595:
13575:
13511:28 May
13496:
13488:
13396:9 July
13350:
13261:
13218:28 May
13139:
12787:
12746:6 July
12689:
12513:
12503:
12454:4 July
12344:et al.
12047:
12037:
12029:
11980:
11972:
11742:
11734:
11716:
11682:
11674:
11646:Nature
11613:
11603:
11309:
11225:
11215:
11173:
11163:
11124:
11114:
11075:
11065:
11026:
10974:629959
10972:
10964:
10929:
10921:
10879:
10844:
10808:
10756:
10746:
10738:
10699:
10691:
10683:
10640:
10630:
10622:
10583:
10573:
10565:
10504:
10494:
10486:
10444:
10434:
10426:
10387:
10377:
10369:
10325:
10315:
10268:
10258:
10250:
10106:
10096:
10088:
10038:9 July
9973:
9963:
9897:9 July
9748:
9738:
9695:9 July
9669:
9661:
9595:
9459:
9418:
9408:
9333:
9325:
9317:
9240:
9197:
9189:
9154:
9092:9 July
8975:
8965:
8957:
8895:
8836:
8775:
8767:
8625:
8617:
8573:
8390:1 July
7947:et al.
7726:5 July
7664:
7592:
7356:et al.
7278:5 July
7225:
7215:
7064:, 362.
7062:et al.
6857:
6816:., 15.
6803:, 5–6.
6762:9 July
6684:9 July
6650:9 July
6629:, 361.
6627:et al.
6550:
6528:(17).
6467:
6320:
6312:
6304:
6213:
6183:
6175:
6149:Nature
6007:US EPA
5938:
5930:
5879:
5871:
5849:(16).
5498:
5384:
5376:
5315:
5307:
5299:
5291:
5230:
5220:
5212:
5168:et al.
4981:, 364.
4979:et al.
4901:et al.
4846:
4812:., 16.
4529:., 12.
4485:9 July
4416:
4406:
4304:., iv.
4092:
4082:
4074:
3996:
3965:
3957:
3764:
3756:
3705:
3624:. In:
3596:
3566:(10).
3394:. In:
3362:
3354:
3305:
3295:
3287:
3210:, 4–6.
3196:et al.
3165:
3157:
3007:
2776:Beagle
2676:, and
2564:Poland
2480:; and
2478:stress
2390:Sydney
2232:asthma
2224:asthma
2212:asthma
2205:asthma
2124:, and
2110:, and
2022:, and
1912:shoots
1702:fynbos
1696:, the
1603:, and
1569:fires.
1556:Using
1550:, and
1467:silica
1329:, and
1327:planes
1205:PanoAI
1120:, and
1105:Oregon
1019:Europe
951:tonnes
861:Russia
857:Greece
853:Turkey
810:Alaska
758:, and
505:, and
474:aerial
448:Ladder
392:Ground
377:Tirana
333:Spread
301:trolls
284:, and
247:sparks
226:Nevada
170:, and
54:forest
29:, and
17905:Lists
17844:Waste
17786:Paint
17603:Water
17486:Space
17127:Sonar
17122:Urban
17100:Water
17084:Noise
17059:Ozone
17026:Light
16957:Waste
16849:Smoke
16648:fungi
16636:fauna
16624:flora
16531:Field
16486:Tides
16377:Earth
16335:Space
16181:Other
16118:Child
16092:Arson
16085:Crime
16050:Smoke
16045:Flame
15570:rayon
15305:girth
15300:crown
15261:urban
15158:stand
15066:slash
15056:large
14927:Types
14875:Index
14808:Index
14716:Lists
14314:Draft
14256:Siren
14216:Nomex
14077:Quint
13849:topic
13757:(PDF)
13746:S2CID
13718:(PDF)
13698:(PDF)
13687:(PDF)
13667:(PDF)
13656:S2CID
13618:(PDF)
13589:(PDF)
13561:(PDF)
13541:(PDF)
13534:(PDF)
13525:(PDF)
13505:(PDF)
13494:S2CID
13450:(PDF)
13425:(PDF)
13410:(PDF)
13390:(PDF)
13370:(PDF)
13363:(PDF)
13348:S2CID
13320:(PDF)
13300:(PDF)
13277:(PDF)
13238:(PDF)
13231:(PDF)
13212:(PDF)
13189:(PDF)
13169:(PDF)
13162:(PDF)
13081:(PDF)
13074:(PDF)
13055:(PDF)
13048:(PDF)
13029:(PDF)
13022:(PDF)
13002:(PDF)
12995:(PDF)
12976:(PDF)
12961:(PDF)
12919:(PDF)
12899:(PDF)
12879:(PDF)
12872:(PDF)
12853:(PDF)
12846:(PDF)
12827:(PDF)
12812:(PDF)
12687:JSTOR
12599:(PDF)
12592:(PDF)
12266:(PDF)
12251:(PDF)
11978:S2CID
11862:(PDF)
11855:(PDF)
11751:(PDF)
11740:S2CID
11702:(PDF)
11680:S2CID
11611:S2CID
11470:(PDF)
11463:(PDF)
11446:(PDF)
11377:(1).
11336:(1).
11307:S2CID
11289:(4).
11234:(PDF)
11193:(PDF)
10970:S2CID
10927:S2CID
10899:(PDF)
10783:(PDF)
10776:(PDF)
10697:S2CID
10162:(PDF)
10155:(PDF)
10032:(PDF)
10025:(PDF)
9924:(PDF)
9917:(PDF)
9891:(PDF)
9884:(PDF)
9774:(PDF)
9767:(PDF)
9667:S2CID
9614:(PDF)
9581:(PDF)
9457:S2CID
9396:(7).
9363:(PDF)
9352:(PDF)
9331:S2CID
9238:S2CID
9220:(4).
9195:S2CID
9035:(PDF)
9020:(PDF)
9005:., 3.
9003:et al
8652:(PDF)
8645:(PDF)
8532:(PDF)
8525:(PDF)
8499:(PDF)
8492:(PDF)
8477:., 17
8475:et al
8424:et al
8317:(PDF)
8310:(PDF)
8185:(PDF)
8178:(PDF)
8091:(PDF)
8076:(PDF)
7925:(PDF)
7918:(PDF)
7662:S2CID
7623:(PDF)
7616:(PDF)
7590:S2CID
7223:S2CID
7178:(PDF)
7096:(PDF)
7081:(PDF)
6978:(PDF)
6971:(PDF)
6946:(PDF)
6939:(PDF)
6814:et al
6548:S2CID
6465:S2CID
6340:UKNow
6318:S2CID
6222:(PDF)
6203:(PDF)
6181:S2CID
5980:(PDF)
5969:(PDF)
5936:S2CID
5877:S2CID
5382:S2CID
5313:S2CID
5246:et al
5170:, 893
4993:, 73.
4947:, 69.
4924:(PDF)
4917:(PDF)
4888:et al
4823:et al
4810:et al
4768:., 12
4766:et al
4735:(PDF)
4728:(PDF)
4712:et al
4640:, 74.
4591:(PDF)
4584:(PDF)
4527:et al
4461:et al
4386:et al
4315:et al
4302:et al
3963:S2CID
3832:(PDF)
3825:(PDF)
3234:(PDF)
3227:(PDF)
3174:(PDF)
3163:S2CID
3135:(PDF)
3109:(PDF)
3098:(PDF)
3043:(PDF)
3032:(PDF)
2904:Bambi
2713:Homer
2709:Bible
2640:Pinus
2068:Chico
1965:from
1963:Dargo
1942:Texas
1408:burns
1400:smoke
783:acres
548:front
472:, or
456:Kudzu
452:vines
441:below
309:arson
286:arson
144:taiga
17819:Dust
17802:Misc
17221:Soil
17110:Rail
17096:Land
16940:Soot
16928:Smog
16844:Haze
16556:Life
16491:Wind
16476:Snow
16471:Rain
16340:Time
16040:Heat
16030:Fuel
15932:Fire
15629:teak
15614:fuel
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15424:REDD
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