966:
954:
902:
the level. Level 1 represents normal summer conditions. Level 2 occurs when there is a 60% or higher risk that the temperature will be above the threshold levels for two days and the intervening night. Level 3 arises when the temperature has been above the threshold for the preceding day and night, and there is a 90% or higher chance that it will stay above the threshold in the following day. Level 4 is triggered if conditions are more severe than those of the preceding three levels. Each of the first three levels gives rise to a particular state of readiness and response by the social and health services. Level 4 involves a more widespread response. The threshold for a heat wave occurs when there are at least three days above 25 °C (77 °F) across much of the country. Greater London has a threshold of 28 °C (82 °F).
983:
1117:
2192:
769:
914:, a heat wave is typically when the temperature reaches or exceeds 90 °F (32.2 °C) for three consecutive days. This is not always the case. This is because the high temperature ties in with humidity levels to determine a heat index threshold. The same does not apply to drier climates. A heat storm is a Californian term for an extended heat wave. Heat storms occur when the temperature reaches 100 °F (37.8 °C) for three or more consecutive days over a wide area (tens of thousands of square miles). The
1266:
2137:
2491:- Since May 2024, the longest heat wave has occurred in India and Pakistan with a new record temperature for India’s capital New Delhi of 49 °C (120 °F) (an even higher record of 53 °C (127 °F) had initially been reported in New Delhi on May 29 but was later found to be attributable to a faulty sensor), and temperatures in Pakistan getting as high as 52.2 °C (126.0 °F).
47:
1067:. The air warms as it descends from the Karoo interior. The temperature will rise about 10 Celsius from the interior to the coast. Humidity is usually very low. The temperature can be over 40 Celsius in summer. The highest temperature recorded in South Africa (51.5 Celsius) occurred one summer during a berg wind along the Eastern Cape coastline.
5550:
Bin-Jumah, May; Abd El-Hack, Mohamed E.; Abdelnour, Sameh A.; Hendy, Yasmeen A.; Ghanem, Hager A.; Alsafy, Sara A.; Khafaga, Asmaa F.; Noreldin, Ahmed E.; Shaheen, Hazem; Samak, Dalia; Momenah, Maha A.; Allam, Ahmed A.; AlKahtane, Abdullah A.; Alkahtani, Saad; Abdel-Daim, Mohamed M.; Aleya, Lotfi (19
2512:
from countries including
Indonesia, Jordan, Tunisia, and India. It is reported that as many as 1300 people may have died. Saudi authorities have said most who died were not officially authorized to perform Hajj. Forecasts predicted temperatures as high as 113 °F (45 °C) on 19 June 2024. The
2288:
of livestock is less effective when they suffer from heat stress. So far, heat stress had been estimated by researchers using inconsistent definitions, and current livestock models have limited correlation with experimental data. Notably, since livestock like cows spend much of their day laying down,
1074:
can intensify heat waves in Europe. Low soil moisture leads to a number of complex feedback mechanisms. These in turn can result in increased surface temperatures. One of the main mechanisms is reduced evaporative cooling of the atmosphere. When water evaporates, it consumes energy. So, it will lower
1316:
The number of heat fatalities is probably highly underreported. This is due to a lack of reports and to misreporting. When considering heat-related illnesses as well, actual death tolls from extreme heat may be six times higher than official figures. This is based on studies of
California and Japan.
1039:
area at the surface leads to surface wind from lower latitudes that brings warm air, enhancing the warming. The surface winds could also blow from the hot continental interior towards the coastal zone. This would lead to heat waves on the coast. They could also blow from high towards low elevations.
901:
operates a Heat Health Watch system. This places each Local
Authority region into one of four levels. Heat wave conditions occur when the maximum daytime temperature and minimum nighttime temperature rise above the threshold for a particular region. The length of time above that threshold determines
1331:
in 2003 showed that heat wave dangers result from a combination of natural and social factors. Social invisibility is one such factor. Heat-related deaths can occur indoors, for instance among elderly people living alone. In these cases it can be challenging to assign heat as a contributing factor.
990:
It is possible to compare heat waves in different regions of the world with different climates thanks to a general indicator that appeared in 2015. With these indicators, experts estimated heat waves at the global scale from 1901 to 2010. They found a substantial and sharp increase in the number of
2667:
In July 2019, there were over 50 million people in the United States in jurisdictions with heat advisories. Scientists predicted that many records for highest low temperatures would be broken in the days following these warnings. This means the lowest temperature in a 24-hour period will be higher
2298:
Heat waves cause roads and highways to buckle and melt, water lines to burst, and power transformers to detonate, causing fires. A heat wave can also damage railways, by buckling and kinking rails. This can slow down or delay traffic. It can even lead to cancellations of service when rails are too
2389:
may cause mass mortality in fish populations, especially for species that are better adapted to cooler temperatures. Species that have adapted to warmer temperatures may expand their range during a heatwave. These invasive species may outcompete the native species that experience higher mortality
2234:
Livestock can also suffer multiple sublethal impacts from heat stress, such as reduced milk production. Once the temperatures exceed 30 °C (86 °F), cattle, sheep, goats, pigs and chickens all begin to consume 3–5% less feed for each subsequent degree of temperature increase. At the same
6108:
Smale, Dan A.; Wernberg, Thomas; Oliver, Eric C. J.; Thomsen, Mads; Harvey, Ben P.; Straub, Sandra C.; Burrows, Michael T.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Benthuysen, Jessica A.; Donat, Markus G.; Feng, Ming; Hobday, Alistair J.; Holbrook, Neil J.; Perkins-Kirkpatrick, Sarah E.; Scannell, Hillary A. (April
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Experts can often attribute the intensity of individual heat waves to global warming. Some extreme events would have been nearly impossible without human influence on the climate system. A heatwave that would occur once every ten years before global warming started now occurs 2.8 times as often.
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that describes the temperatures where they perform best. Temperature conditions that are outside of this range may experience decreased fitness and the inability to reproduce. The species with sufficient genetic variation will be able to ensure some individuals can survive frequent days of high
1047:
originating in the Gulf of Mexico becomes stationary just off the
Atlantic Seaboard. Hot humid air masses form over the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. At the same time hot dry air masses form over the desert Southwest and northern Mexico. The southwest winds on the back side of the high
2709:
The relationship between extreme temperature and mortality in the United States varies by location. Heat is more likely to increase the risk of death in cities in the northern part of the country than in southern regions. As a whole, people in the United States appear to be adapting to hotter
881:
defines a heat wave as occurring over three consecutive days with temperatures at 39 °C (102 °F) or higher. In the same period the minimum temperature is 26 °C (79 °F) or more. During this period, there are either no winds or only weak winds. These conditions occur in a broad area.
78:
is usually measured relative to the usual climate in the area and to normal temperatures for the season. Temperatures that humans from a hotter climate consider normal, can be regarded as a heat wave in a cooler area. This would be the case if the warm temperatures are outside the normal
2118:
One study looked at fine particle concentrations and ozone concentrations from 1860 to 2000. It found that the global population-weighted fine particle concentrations increased by 5 percent due to climate change. Near-surface ozone concentrations rose by 2 percent.
2499:- Since mid-June 2024, Greece has been experiencing a heatwave, Europe's first heatwave of the year. Temperatures in Greece are forecast to reach to 43 °C (109 °F). Turkey has also been affected with temperatures hitting 44 °C (111 °F).
2289:
comprehensive heat stress estimation needs to take account of ground temperature as well, but the first model to do so was only published in 2021, and it still tends to systematically overestimate body temperature while underestimating breathing rate.
2147:
Heat waves often have complex effects on economies. They reduce labour productivity, disrupt agricultural and industrial processes and damage infrastructure that is not suitable for extreme heat. In 2016, a marine heatwave in Chile and its subsequent
102:
in the upper atmosphere strengthens and remains over a region for several days up to several weeks. This traps heat near the earth's surface. It is usually possible to forecast heat waves, thus allowing the authorities to issue a warning in advance.
3930:. In: Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US.
2092:
High temperatures also have a significant effect on income. A study of countries in the United States found that the economic productivity of individual days declines by about 1.7 percent for each degree
Celsius above 15 °C (59 °F).
106:
Heat waves have an impact on the economy. They can reduce labour productivity, disrupt agricultural and industrial processes and damage infrastructure. Severe heat waves have caused catastrophic crop failures and thousands of deaths from
2333:, fires raged through Portugal. They destroyed over 3,010 square kilometres (1,160 sq mi) of forest and 440 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of agricultural land. They caused about €1 billion worth of damage. High end
3548:
Zampieri, Matteo; Russo, Simone; Di
Sabatino, Silvana; Michetti, Melania; Scoccimarro, Enrico; Gualdi, Silvio (2016). "Global assessment of heatwave magnitudes from 1901 to 2010 and implications for the river discharge of the Alps".
1324:. In some heat waves there is a decrease in overall mortality in the weeks after a heat wave. These compensatory reductions in mortality suggest that heat affects people who would have died anyway, and brings their deaths forward.
1014:
at an altitude of 10,000–25,000 feet (3,000–7,600 metres) strengthens and remains over a region for several days and up to several weeks. This is common in summer in both the
Northern and Southern Hemispheres. This is because the
2365:
Researchers have predicted that roughly 10-40% of all land vertebrate species will be affected by heat waves by 2099, depending on the amount of future greenhouse gas emissions. Heatwaves present an additional form of stress and
2683:, one of the worst in US history, led to approximately 739 heat-related deaths over 5 days. In the United States, the loss of human life in hot spells in summer exceeds that caused by all other weather events. These include
2088:
rates go up when temperatures go up. This is particularly the case with violent crimes such as assault, murder and rape. In politically unstable countries, high temperatures can exacerbate factors that lead to civil war.
2674:
Heat waves are the most lethal type of weather phenomenon in the United States. Between 1992 and 2001, deaths from excessive heat in the United States numbered 2,190, compared with 880 deaths from floods and 150 from
1151:. It includes minor conditions such as heat cramps, heat syncope, and heat exhaustion as well as the more severe condition known as heat stroke. It can affect any or all anatomical systems. Heat illnesses include:
933:
defines a heat wave as three or more days of unusual maximum and minimum temperatures. Before this new Pilot
Heatwave Forecast there was no national definition for heat waves or measures of heat wave severity.
6808:
2122:
An investigation to assess the joint mortality effects of ozone and heat during the
European heat waves in 2003 concluded that these appear to be reinforce each other and increase mortality when combined.
2328:
A heat wave occurring during a drought can contribute to bushfires and wildfires. This is because a drought dries out vegetation, so it is more likely to catch fire. During the disastrous heat wave that
1022:
Weather patterns are generally slower to change in summer than in winter. So, this upper level high pressure also moves slowly. Under high pressure, the air sinks toward the surface. It warms and dries
889:
exceeds 25 °C (77 °F). During this period the maximum temperature in De Bilt must exceed 30 °C (86 °F) for at least three days. Belgium also uses this definition of a heat wave with
2402:
A possible public health measure during heat waves is to set up air-conditioned public cooling centres. Adding air conditioning in schools provides a cooler work place. But it can result in additional
2084:. This can affect performance. It may also lead to an increase in violent crime. High temperatures are associated with increased conflict between individuals and at the social level. In every society,
874:). It defines this using the same criteria for a 25 °C (77.0 °F) temperature. Sweden defines a heat wave as at least five days in a row with a daily high exceeding 25 °C (77.0 °F).
1307:
Due to climate change temperatures rose in Europe and heat mortality increased. From 2003–12 to 2013–22 alone, it increased by 17 deaths per 100,000 people, while women are more vulnerable than men.
1075:
the surrounding temperature. If the soil is very dry, then incoming radiation from the sun will warm the air. But there will be little or no cooling effect from moisture evaporating from the soil.
3292:
2311:, thousands of homes and businesses went without power, especially in California. In Los Angeles, electrical transformers failed, leaving thousands without power for as long as five days. The
1297:
and all-cause mortality. Heat-related deaths in people older than 65 years reached a record high of an estimated 345 000 deaths in 2019". More than 70,000 Europeans died as a result of the
2658:. Many government agencies have declared local emergencies and advised safety measures to protect residents from the heat, and some countries have closed schools or shortened their hours.
1107:
Under further warming, heatwaves are set to become more frequent. An event that would occur every ten years would occur every other year if global warming reaches 2 °C (3.6 °F).
2115:
pollution in urban areas worse. This raises heat-related mortality during heat waves. During heat waves in urban areas, ground level ozone pollution can be 20 percent higher than usual.
2414:
1187:
91:
countries. Heat waves have become more frequent, and more intense over land, across almost every area on Earth since the 1950s, the increase in frequency and duration being caused by
6864:
6059:
Smith, Kathryn E.; Burrows, Michael T.; Hobday, Alistair J.; King, Nathan G.; Moore, Pippa J.; Sen Gupta, Alex; Thomsen, Mads S.; Wernberg, Thomas; Smale, Dan A. (16 January 2023).
1198:
include people with low incomes, minority groups, women (in particular pregnant women), children, older adults (over 65 years old), people with chronic diseases, disabilities and
4058:
Mora, Camilo; Counsell, Chelsie W. W.; Bielecki, Coral R.; Louis, Leo V. (November 2017), "Twenty-Seven Ways a Heat Wave Can Kill You: Deadly Heat in the Era of
Climate Change",
2560:- At least 59 heat-related deaths were recorded in Japan, with at least 62 temperature observation posts across Japan breaking temperature records in July 2024. According to the
2483:, resulting in unprecedented high temperatures of up to 38.8 °C (101.8 °F) that have caused school closures and prompted urgent health advisories throughout the region.
2706:
About 6,200 Americans need hospital treatment each summer, according to data from 2008. This is due to excessive heat, and those at highest risk are poor, uninsured or elderly.
6344:
2792:
Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
2315:
caused major power disruptions in the city of Melbourne. They left over half a million people without power as the heat wave blew transformers and overloaded a power grid.
2518:
929:
In Adelaide, South Australia, a heat wave is five consecutive days at or above 35 °C (95 °F), or three consecutive days at or over 40 °C (104 °F). The
3383:
1048:
continue to pump hot, humid Gulf air northeastwards. This results in a spell of hot and humid weather for much of the eastern United States and into southeastern Canada.
6898:
2307:
Heat waves often lead to spikes in electricity demand because there is more use of air conditioning. This can create power outages, making the problem worse. During the
2916:
2353:
regions. For example, the record-breaking heat wave that afflicted Pakistan beginning in May 2022 led to glacier melt and moisture flow. These were factors in the
1327:
Social institutions and structures influence the effects of risks. This factor can also help explain the underreporting of heat waves as a health risk. The deadly
6800:
6594:
4217:
3945:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
3403:
Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
6671:
5384:
Trainer, Vera L.; Moore, Stephanie K.; Hallegraeff, Gustaaf; Kudela, Raphael M.; Clement, Alejandro; Mardones, Jorge I.; Cochlan, William P. (1 January 2020).
1002:
effect) during those years is excluded, the exposure increased a further 50%. The researchers compiled a comprehensive list of past urban extreme heat events.
866:) as a period of at least 3 consecutive days in which the average maximum temperature across more than half the country exceeds 28 °C (82.4 °F). The
6831:
6646:
3852:
Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Corti, Thierry; Davin, Edouard L.; Hirschi, Martin; Jaeger, Eric B.; Lehner, Irene; Orlowsky, Boris; Teuling, Adriaan J. (1 May 2010).
2602:
A temperature of 52.9°C recorded in Mungeshpur, Delhi, originally thought to be record-breaking, turned out to be roughly 3°C too high due to a faulty sensor.
6030:
2184:
965:
3910:
1278:
2564:(JMA), the average temperatures reached during the heatwaves represented the hottest for Japan in April and July since its record-keeping began in 1898.
2349:
Heat waves can also contribute to flooding. Because hot air is able to carry more moisture, heatwaves may be followed by extreme rainfall especially in
1181:
Prevention includes avoiding medications that can increase the risk of heat illness, gradual adjustment to heat, and sufficient fluids and electrolytes.
6929:
6287:
3303:
6698:
4545:
910:
In the United States, definitions also vary by region. They usually involve a period of at least two or more days of excessively hot weather. In the
3382:. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) NCEI.NOAA.gov of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). November 2023.
6567:
4505:
Robine, Jean-Marie; Cheung, Siu Lan K; Le Roy, Sophie; Van Oyen, Herman; Griffiths, Clare; Michel, Jean-Pierre; Herrmann, François Richard (2008).
829:
is that a heat wave occurs when the daily maximum temperature of more than five consecutive days exceeds the average maximum temperature by 5
3740:
3353:
6385:
4321:"Ambient heat and acute kidney injury: case-crossover analysis of 1 354 675 automated e-alert episodes linked to high-resolution climate data"
3618:
Tuholske, Cascade; Caylor, Kelly; Funk, Chris; Verdin, Andrew; Sweeney, Stuart; Grace, Kathryn; Peterson, Pete; Evans, Tom (12 October 2021).
2710:
temperatures further north each decade. This might be due to better infrastructure, more modern building design and better public awareness.
2144:
Calculations from 2022 suggest that heat waves will shrink the global economy by about 1 percent decrease by the middle of the 21st century.
6997:
6214:
4319:
Hajat, Shakoor; Casula, Anna; Murage, Peninah; Omoyeni, Daniel; Gray, Tom; Plummer, Zoe; Steenkamp, Retha; Nitsch, Dorothea (1 March 2024).
6856:
3380:"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for October from 1951-2023"
822:
as "a period of abnormally hot weather, often defined with reference to a relative temperature threshold, lasting from two days to months."
3758:
2312:
1085:
6775:
6359:
5970:
2646:
In some countries, the high heat has caused excessive energy demand. Drought conditions have worsened across the region. In Indonesia,
708:
6262:
4821:
3159:
953:
815:
4389:
Romanello, Marina; Di Napoli, Claudia; Drummond, Paul; Green, Carole; Kennard, Harry; Lampard, Pete; et al. (5 November 2022).
3776:
2161:
1100:
are twice as likely as they were in 1980. Climate change will lead to more very hot days and fewer very cold days. There are fewer
7469:
6462:
5319:
García-León, David; Casanueva, Ana; Standardi, Gabriele; Burgstall, Annkatrin; Flouris, Andreas D.; Nybo, Lars (4 October 2021).
4216:
Romanello, Marina; McGushin, Alice; Di Napoli, Claudia; Drummond, Paul; Hughes, Nick; Jamart, Louis; et al. (October 2021).
4123:
3229:
2989:
García-León, David; Casanueva, Ana; Standardi, Gabriele; Burgstall, Annkatrin; Flouris, Andreas D.; Nybo, Lars (4 October 2021).
6305:
7764:
3379:
2174:
involved temperatures as high as 40 °C (104 °F). This and a late rain season scorched tea leaves and reduced yields.
986:
Map of increasing heat wave trends (frequency and cumulative intensity) over the midlatitudes and Europe, July–August 1979–2020
6975:
6890:
7743:
7638:
6008:
5425:
4688:
4506:
4429:"Climate Change and the Emergent Epidemic of CKD from Heat Stress in Rural Communities: the Case for Heat Stress Nephropathy"
3328:
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during a heatwave, which disrupts ecosystem functioning. Marine heatwaves have also been correlated with negative impacts on
6330:
7703:
7693:
7688:
7643:
7617:
7612:
7581:
7576:
7571:
7290:
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can help address oxidative stress and prevent it from leading to other pathological conditions, but only in a limited way.
1019:'follows the sun'. The high pressure area is on the equator side of the jet stream in the upper layers of the atmosphere.
7671:
7658:
7464:
7250:
7163:
3593:
2284:
is also known to be impaired in heat-stressed animals, rendering them more susceptible to various infections. Similarly,
698:
4195:
2072:
in the table above is a measure of how hot it feels when relative humidity is factored with the actual air temperature.
1147:
is a spectrum of disorders due to increased body temperature. It can be caused by either environmental conditions or by
7586:
5909:
755:
703:
4480:
982:
885:
The Netherlands defines a heat wave as a period of at least five consecutive days in which the maximum temperature in
7836:
7300:
7054:
4103:
3687:"A Model Study of Heat Waves over North America: Meteorological Aspects and Projections for the Twenty-First Century"
3274:
3143:
2421:. This advocates for naming heat waves, measuring them, and ranking them to build better awareness of their impacts.
2215:". Livestock mortality rates are already known to be higher during the hottest months of the year, as well as during
1256:(CKD). Prolonged heat exposure, physical exertion, and dehydration are sufficient factors for the development of CKD.
838:
797:
5869:
Sauter, Christoph; Fowler, Hayley J.; Westra, Seth; Ali, Haider; Peleg, Nadav; White, Christopher J. (1 June 2023).
5511:
Bett, B.; Kiunga, P.; Gachohi, J.; Sindato, C.; Mbotha, D.; Robinson, T.; Lindahl, J.; Grace, D. (23 January 2017).
4145:
Lipman, GS; Eifling, KP; Ellis, MA; Gaudio, FG; Otten, EM; Grissom, CK; Wilderness Medical Society (December 2013).
3299:
2729:
2671:
According to a 2022 study, 107 million people in the US will experience extremely dangerous heat in the year 2053.
1092:
Heatwaves over land have become more frequent and more intense in almost all world regions since the 1950s, due to
1024:
685:
6237:"Over 150 monkey deaths now linked to heat wave in Mexico: "There are going to be a lot of casualties" - CBS News"
3068:
Frich, A.; L.V. Alexander; P. Della-Marta; B. Gleason; M. Haylock; A.M.G. Klein Tank; T. Peterson (January 2002).
2199:
Once the body temperature of livestock animals is 3–4 °C (5.4–7.2 °F) above normal, this soon leads to "
3899:
2787:
2509:
867:
6749:
2887:
2862:
7733:
7698:
6436:
5295:"Rising Heat is Making it Harder to Work in the U.S. — the Costs for the Economy Will Soar with Climate Change"
4715:
4276:
Demain, Jeffrey G. (24 March 2018). "Climate Change and the Impact on Respiratory and Allergic Disease: 2018".
2374:
959:
New high temperature records have outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.
119:. They can lead to widespread electricity outages because more air conditioning is used. A heat wave counts as
6517:
5600:
Bagath, M.; Krishnan, G.; Deravaj, C.; Rashamol, V. P.; Pragna, P.; Lees, A. M.; Sejian, V. (21 August 2019).
4571:
7795:
7713:
7683:
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7663:
7653:
7648:
7591:
7512:
7350:
7285:
2613:
2480:
2451:
2308:
583:
6921:
1116:
7774:
7769:
7607:
7428:
7411:
7395:
7193:
3940:
3477:
3398:
2537:
said it transported a higher-than-normal number of bodies to the morgue during the period of 20 to 25 June.
2152:
caused $ 800 million (USD) in export losses for the aquaculture industry as salmon and shellfish died off.
5601:
5512:
7499:
7482:
7433:
7421:
7390:
6060:
5996:
4390:
4147:"Wilderness Medical Society practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of heat-related illness"
2964:
2768:
2561:
1305:, Pakistan in June 2015 due to a severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 49 °C (120 °F).
7095:
6952:
1328:
7841:
3927:
3744:
3357:
3054:
998:
above 30 Celsius tripled between 1983 and 2016, and if the effect of population growth (increasing the
995:
911:
745:
124:
38:
6236:
5870:
5817:
5385:
3853:
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activities, which can result in an imbalance of oxidant and antioxidant molecules, otherwise known as
7357:
7255:
7224:
6159:
6135:
4647:"Relation between Elevated Ambient Temperature and Mortality: A Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence"
4218:"The 2021 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: code red for a healthy future"
1210:. Exposure to extreme heat poses an acute health hazard for many of the people deemed as vulnerable.
750:
7856:
7738:
7708:
7494:
4849:
2403:
915:
5386:"Pelagic harmful algal blooms and climate change: Lessons from nature's experiments with extremes"
2600:
recorded 50.5 °C (122.9 °F), which was the highest temperature in India in eight years.
7851:
7544:
7537:
7532:
7507:
7487:
7340:
7320:
7280:
7268:
7156:
7005:
6976:"An 'extreme heat belt' will impact over 100 million Americans in the next 30 years, study finds"
5224:
4763:
Huynen, Maud M. T. E; Martens, Pim; Schram, Dieneke; Weijenberg, Matty P; Kunst, Anton E (2001).
3424:"Accelerated western European heatwave trends linked to more-persistent double jets over Eurasia"
2526:
2496:
2220:
1298:
1290:
740:
7096:
Robert E. Davis; Paul C. Knappenberger; Patrick J. Michaels; Wendy M. Novicoff (November 2003).
5034:
Diem, Jeremy E.; Stauber, Christine E.; Rothenberg, Richard (16 May 2017). Añel, Juan A. (ed.).
3070:"Observed coherent changes in climatic extremes during the second half of the twentieth century"
7622:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7416:
5871:"Compound extreme hourly rainfall preconditioned by heatwaves most likely in the mid-latitudes"
5761:
Li, Jinghui; Narayanan, Vinod; Kebreab, Ermias; Dikmen, Sedal; Fadel, James G. (23 July 2021).
4844:
2680:
2459:
2330:
1321:
1253:
1237:
1028:
923:
609:
6723:
5036:"Heat in the southeastern United States: Characteristics, trends, and potential health impact"
3762:
3185:
7527:
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7474:
7380:
7330:
7275:
7263:
7240:
5103:"Long-term Changes in Extreme Air Pollution Meteorology and the Implications for Air Quality"
4651:
2624:
countries have experienced record-breaking temperatures which have left several people dead.
2577:
2488:
2367:
1188:
Effects of climate change on human health § Heat-related health effects for vulnerable people
1124:
930:
790:
604:
362:
286:
5649:"Thermodynamic assessment of heat stress in dairy cattle: lessons from human biometeorology"
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Rousi, Efi; Kornhuber, Kai; Beobide-Arsuaga, Goratz; Luo, Fei; Coumou, Dim (4 July 2022).
3207:
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on 28 April 2024. The heat wave has been attributed to a combination of causes, including
8:
7846:
7831:
7310:
6410:
6076:
5848:
3533:
3405:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 3−32,
2921:
2917:"This Summer’s Record-Breaking Heat Waves Would Not Have Happened without Climate Change"
2754:
2474:, and over 48 deaths in Mexico with over 950 people suffering from heat-related ailments.
2149:
2140:
2009 southeastern Australia heat wave, thermal map approximate affected area shown in red
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4731:
4689:"Heat waves are far deadlier than we think. How California neglects this climate threat"
4023:
Lugo-Amador, Nannette M; Rothenhaus, Todd; Moyer, Peter (2004). "Heat-related illness".
3947:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, US, pp. 3−32,
3869:
3814:
3797:
Miralles, D. G.; van den Berg, M. J.; Teuling, A. J.; de Jeu, R. A. M. (November 2012).
3780:
3702:
3635:
3562:
3524:
3439:
3088:
3006:
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2829:
2679:. About 400 deaths a year on average are directly due to heat in the United States. The
2191:
1040:
This enhances the subsidence or sinking of the air and therefore the adiabatic warming.
7385:
7345:
7183:
7149:
7122:
7097:
7027:
6111:"Marine heatwaves threaten global biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services"
5738:
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5681:
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4005:
3834:
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3619:
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3423:
3388:(change "202310" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 10=October)
3031:
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2724:
2467:
2466:, leading to dozens of broken temperature records, mass deaths of animals from several
2430:
2391:
2334:
2244:
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994:
One study in 2021 investigated 13,115 cities. It found that extreme heat exposure of a
943:
389:
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235:
99:
51:
5449:
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5445:
5443:
5007:"Does the Environment Still Matter? Daily Temperature and Income in the United States"
4498:
4410:
4337:
4320:
4236:
3964:
Clarke, Ben; Otto, Friederike; Stuart-Smith, Rupert; Harrington, Luke (28 June 2022).
2223:, for instance, thousands of pigs, poultry, and rabbits died in the French regions of
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4765:"The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population"
4749:
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1203:
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999:
619:
6189:"Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance: Reducing Extreme Heat Risk for Vulnerable People"
6110:
5569:
5552:
5528:
5513:"Effects of climate change on the occurrence and distribution of livestock diseases"
4991:
4874:
4072:
3877:
3838:
3570:
2592:, which typically lasts from March to July with peak temperatures in April and May.
1285:
Health experts warn that "exposure to extreme heat increases the risk of death from
7805:
7117:
7109:
6857:"Delhi weather station that recorded 52.9°C had '3°C sensor error': Union Minister"
6130:
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3594:"Exposure to extreme urban heat has tripled worldwide since the 1980s, study finds"
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3010:
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58:
traps heat near the ground, forming a heat wave (for North America in this example)
55:
6346:‘Inside an oven’: sweltering heat ravages crops and takes lives in south-east Asia
3854:"Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review"
3726:
3506:"Top ten European heatwaves since 1950 and their occurrence in the coming decades"
2166:
Heat waves are a big threat to agricultural production. In 2019 heat waves in the
1244:. Adverse pregnancy outcomes due to high ambient temperatures include for example
768:
7810:
7208:
7203:
7198:
6891:"Searing heat is back across Southeast Asia and it's not going away anytime soon"
6832:"Delhi's record 52.9C temperature reading was wrong by three degrees, India says"
6620:
6542:
6488:
6288:"Experts warn of hail, whirlwinds in Mexico after new heat record in the capital"
6215:"The world's getting hotter. Can naming heat waves raise awareness of the risks?"
5060:
4970:
Hsiang, Solomon; Burke, Marshall; Miguel, Edward (2015). "Climate and Conflict".
2547:
2530:
2463:
2386:
2102:
1156:
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465:
168:
120:
88:
6192:
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4422:
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4382:
3892:
3278:
2814:"More Intense, More Frequent, and Longer Lasting Heat Waves in the 21st Century"
7790:
7188:
6884:
6882:
5948:
5886:
5706:"Environmental parameters to assessing of heat stress in dairy cattle—a review"
5672:
5617:
5504:
5344:
5241:
4613:
4522:
4481:"The world's torrid future is etched in the crippled kidneys of Nepali workers"
3982:
3965:
3448:
3014:
2637:
2621:
2597:
1199:
1172:
1093:
773:
680:
514:
92:
6801:"Rajasthan's Churu records 50.5 degree celsius, becomes hottest city in India"
6126:
5839:
Bell, M.; A. Giannini; E. Grover; M. Hopp; B. Lyon; A. Seth (September 2003).
5729:
5402:
5183:
4289:
4163:
4146:
4036:
3952:
3711:
3686:
3410:
2799:
7825:
6167:
6144:
6094:
5956:
5894:
5802:
5479:
5411:
5352:
5191:
5134:
5069:
4939:"Thermal stress in the U.S.A.: effects on violence and on employee behaviour"
4915:
4469:
4417:
4379:
4346:
4187:
4001:
3885:
3830:
3653:
3022:
2629:
2281:
1249:
1071:
919:
848:
is: "A period of abnormally and uncomfortably hot and usually humid weather."
636:
590:
536:
485:
372:
74:, is a period of abnormally hot weather. Definitions vary but are similar. A
7083:
6879:
4889:
4665:
4646:
4598:"How climate change is hitting Europe: three graphics reveal health impacts"
4395:
Countdown on health and climate change: health at the mercy of fossil fuels"
4269:
3644:
2838:
2813:
7800:
7748:
7131:
6953:"50 Million Americans Are Currently Living Under Some Type of Heat Warning"
5747:
5690:
5625:
5578:
5536:
5497:
5370:
5250:
5209:
5152:
5087:
4866:
4806:
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4621:
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4297:
4254:
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2847:
2625:
2407:
1221:
1195:
1160:
1144:
1137:
1052:
526:
450:
281:
123:. It poses danger to human health, because heat and sunlight overwhelm the
108:
6568:"At least 1,300 hajj pilgrims died during extreme heat, Saudi Arabia says"
5602:"The impact of heat stress on the immune system in dairy cattle: A review"
4740:
3162:(in Danish). Danish Meteorological Institute. 22 July 2008. Archived from
2521:
to temporarily stop distribution of electricity to portions of the nation.
1320:
Part of the mortality during a heat wave may be due to short-term forward
1265:
1212:
Climate change increases the frequency and severity of heatwaves and thus
1031:
and prevents the formation of clouds. A reduction of clouds increases the
6776:"In pictures: India records 'longest' heatwave, Delhi faces water crisis"
6360:"In pictures: India records 'longest' heatwave, Delhi faces water crisis"
6085:
6031:"Extreme heat triggers mass die-offs and stress for wildlife in the West"
5553:"Potential use of chromium to combat thermal stress in animals: A review"
4444:
4245:
3822:
3799:"Soil moisture-temperature coupling: A multiscale observational analysis"
2794:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, pp. 2897–2930,
2633:
2285:
2271:
2260:
2259:
its fat stores to sustain itself. Heat stress also causes an increase in
2208:
2200:
1217:
1213:
1168:
1152:
1120:
1043:
In the eastern regions of the United States a heat wave can occur when a
837:), the normal period being 1961–1990. The same definition is used by the
675:
563:
558:
521:
470:
401:
347:
303:
291:
240:
27:
6750:"Climate change, El Nino factor into Japan's warmest April in 130 years"
6463:"Hundreds of Hajj pilgrims die as Mecca temperatures hit 120 Fahrenheit"
5471:
5321:"Current and projected regional economic impacts of heatwaves in Europe"
2991:"Current and projected regional economic impacts of heatwaves in Europe"
6922:"Large swathes of Asia sweltering through record breaking temperatures"
4788:
3966:"Extreme weather impacts of climate change: an attribution perspective"
3798:
2938:
2589:
2256:
2069:
1345:
1202:. Other people at risk include those in urban environments (due to the
1164:
1016:
898:
834:
670:
653:
595:
543:
406:
342:
337:
330:
257:
252:
210:
198:
87:
often occurs during heat waves as well. This is especially the case in
34:
20:
5971:"Physiological Optima and Critical Limits | Learn Science at Scitable"
5318:
5126:
4906:
3944:
3402:
2988:
2791:
2641:
2185:
Effects of climate change on livestock § Health impacts of heat stress
2136:
7113:
5931:
Murali, Gopal; Iwamura, Takuya; Meiri, Shai; Roll, Uri (March 2023).
5818:"Heat Eases, but Thousands of Southern Californians Still Lack Power"
4955:
4938:
4822:"The 2003 Heat Wave in France: Dangerous Climate Change Here and Now"
3097:
2719:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2593:
1233:
1101:
660:
455:
445:
357:
325:
308:
269:
247:
203:
6511:
6509:
6332:
Wave of exceptionally hot weather scorches south and south-east Asia
6229:
5908:
Clarke, Ben; Otto, Friederike; Harrington, Luke (2 September 2022).
4780:
2370:
for species that already deal with habitat loss and climate change.
1130:
1096:. Heat waves are more likely to occur simultaneously with droughts.
6621:"Pakistan: More than 500 die in six days as heatwave grips country"
5704:
Herbut, Piotr; Angrecka, Sabina; Walczak, Jacek (27 October 2018).
5019:
5006:
3933:
3920:
2471:
2275:
2240:
2224:
2216:
1335:
1148:
1064:
460:
112:
84:
5549:
4215:
3909:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2021. pp. 8–10.
2654:, the heat wave exacerbated the humanitarian crisis caused by the
1279:
Effects of climate change on human health § Heat-related mortality
6913:
6699:"Heat Sears Paris and London While Wildfires Hit Southern Europe"
6506:
6263:"Photos: Submerged homes and heatwaves fuel Mexico climate angst"
4546:"Heat Wave Death Toll Rises to 2,000 in Pakistan's Financial Hub"
3796:
2905:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 2021. pp. 8–10.
2700:
2651:
2551:
2534:
2248:
2167:
1302:
886:
830:
626:
504:
492:
440:
423:
394:
352:
315:
262:
191:
147:
116:
80:
6595:"Kuwait Forced to Cut Power to Some Areas as Heat Raises Demand"
6461:
Kent, Lauren; Faraj, Caroline; Atay Alam, Hande (19 June 2024).
6386:"India heatwave kills at least 33, including election officials"
4507:"Death toll exceeded 70,000 in Europe during the summer of 2003"
3963:
3547:
3421:
7070:
5838:
4388:
2647:
2514:
2455:
2263:
2252:
2171:
2080:
Excessive heat causes psychological stress as well as physical
1176:
1086:
Effects of climate change § Heat waves and temperature extremes
975:
events (for increasing degrees of global warming) are expected.
428:
416:
411:
178:
173:
163:
156:
1236:. Furthermore, it may cause the deterioration of pre-existing
7141:
5599:
5383:
5168:"The Interplay of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Health"
4762:
2692:
2585:
2505:
2112:
2085:
1225:
891:
878:
631:
568:
230:
223:
33:"Heat waves" redirects here. For the Glass Animals song, see
6647:"Karachi Sees a Surge in Deaths as Heat Wave Sears Pakistan"
6306:"Photos: Southeast Asia swelters in record-setting heatwave"
3851:
46:
7074:
By Eric Klinenberg. Slate.com. Posted Tuesday, 30 July 2002
7071:
Dead Heat: Why don't Americans sweat over heat-wave deaths?
7028:
Near-Fatal Heat Stroke during the 1995 Heat Wave in Chicago
2888:
10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040<0762:OTDOAH>2.0.CO;2
2338:
1341:
648:
548:
531:
509:
435:
6672:"After rainy start, heatwave announced for Paris Olympics"
6107:
4504:
4022:
2243:
rates, and the combination of these responses can lead to
4716:"Estimation of Excess Deaths during Hot Summers in Japan"
4057:
3779:. City of Cape Town, South Africa Website. Archived from
2584:
Since May 2024, a severe and long heat wave has impacted
2397:
2075:
1055:
Province of South Africa, a heat wave can occur when the
643:
5760:
5510:
4890:"Can Japan really reach "zero deaths" from heat stroke?"
4819:
4318:
4144:
4098:(6th ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 1186.
3617:
3504:
Russo, Simone; Sillmann, Jana; Fischer, Erich M (2015).
6741:
6716:
6543:"At least 1,301 people died during Hajj - Saudi Arabia"
6437:"Deadly Toll in Greece as Heat Waves Sweep the Country"
5933:"Future temperature extremes threaten land vertebrates"
5815:
5456:"Impact of climate change on animal health and welfare"
4820:
Poumadère, M.; Mays, C.; Le Mer, S.; Blong, R. (2005).
4369:"Hot weather increases the risk of acute kidney injury"
3127:
2510:
resulted in the deaths of pilgrims in the city for Hajj
2424:
2413:
Policymakers, funders and researchers have created the
1216:
for people. Human responses to heat stress can include
971:
Large increases in both the frequency and intensity of
7098:"Changing heat-related mortality in the United States"
6280:
6058:
5930:
5426:"Malawi heatwaves threaten tea yields and livelihoods"
4433:
Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology
3743:. Pasquotank County, NC, U. S. Website. Archived from
2529:- In June 2024, Pakistan experienced a heat wave. The
6518:"A Deadly Toll as an Intense Heat Grips Saudi Arabia"
6255:
5910:"Pakistan floods: what role did climate change play?"
5868:
5763:"A mechanistic thermal balance model of dairy cattle"
5703:
5033:
5005:
Solomon, Hsiang; Tatyana, Deryugina (December 2014).
4644:
6974:
Miller, Brandon; Waldrop, Theresa (16 August 2022).
5907:
4640:
4638:
4138:
3503:
2895:
5995:Cullum, A. J. (1 January 2008), Fath, Brian (ed.),
4936:
3792:
3790:
2519:
Ministry of Electricity, Water and Renewable Energy
7047:Heat Wave: A Social Autopsy of Disaster in Chicago
6460:
3620:"Global urban population exposure to extreme heat"
2517:, where heightened demand caused officials at the
2357:that began in June and claimed over 1,100 lives.
5647:Foroushani, Sepehr; Amon, Thomas (11 July 2022).
4969:
4635:
2470:, water shortages requiring rationing, increased
1269:The National Weather Service risk categories for
1131:Heat-related health effects for vulnerable humans
7823:
5816:Doan, Lynn; Covarrubias, Amanda (27 July 2006).
3787:
2096:
1336:Heat index for temperature and relative humidity
926:when it expects unusual periods of hot weather.
7084:Most People Struck Down by Summer Heat Are Poor
6489:"At least 14 Hajj pilgrims die in intense heat"
6411:"India's heat wave longest ever, worse to come"
6160:"A City Prepares for a Warm Long-Term Forecast"
5165:
4930:
4713:
4188:"Summer Heat Can Be Deadly for Outdoor Workers"
4179:
4112:
4096:Emergency Medicine: A Comprehensive Study Guide
4087:
3907:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
3624:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
3275:"Half the country wilts under unrelenting heat"
3254:. NOAA's National Weather Service. 25 June 2009
2903:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis
2155:
1311:
1252:.Heat waves have also resulted in epidemics of
1206:), outdoor workers and people who take certain
5646:
5004:
4544:Haider, Kamran; Anis, Khurrum (24 June 2015).
26:For the disease that is produced by heat, see
7157:
6973:
6724:"Japan sees hottest July since records began"
6697:Farhat, Eamon; Tugwell, Paul (29 July 2024).
6696:
3478:"Why Europe Is Becoming a Heat Wave Hot Spot"
2962:
2318:
1224:. Extreme heat is also linked to low quality
810:There are several definitions of heat waves:
791:
6998:"Hot Weather Tips and the Chicago Heat Plan"
6920:Ward, Taylor; Regan, Helen (19 April 2023).
4937:Simister, John; Cary Cooper (October 2004).
4756:
4572:"Heatstroke leaves another 26 dead in Sindh"
3372:
2941:. US Department of Commerce NOAA weather.gov
2479:Since April 2024 Southeast Asia has faced a
2255:bodies, caused by the animal's body rapidly
2195:Impacts of heat stress on livestock animals.
7038:
6434:
5392:. Climate change and harmful algal blooms.
5222:
5166:Orru, H.; Ebi, K. L.; Forsberg, B. (2017).
4720:Scientific Online Letters on the Atmosphere
4025:Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America
3329:"Extreme Heat Services for South Australia"
2805:
2588:. The heat wave occurred during the Indian
2435:
2313:early 2009 southeastern Australia heat wave
2131:
2111:High temperatures also make the effects of
2107:Ozone § Low level ozone in urban areas
870:also has a definition for a "warmth wave" (
16:Prolonged period of excessively hot weather
7164:
7150:
7044:
4543:
4185:
4093:
2668:than any low temperature measured before.
2546:, host city Paris, along with portions of
1111:
894:as a reference point. So does Luxembourg.
798:
784:
7121:
6919:
6592:
6136:2160/3a9b534b-03ab-4619-9637-2ab06054fe70
6134:
6084:
5786:
5737:
5680:
5568:
5487:
5401:
5360:
5240:
5199:
5142:
5077:
5059:
5018:
4954:
4905:
4848:
4796:
4739:
4664:
4452:
4336:
4244:
4162:
4071:
3991:
3981:
3710:
3661:
3643:
3532:
3457:
3447:
3096:
3030:
2965:"Deadly heatwaves threaten economies too"
2886:
2837:
2293:
852:
6515:
6061:"Biological Impacts of Marine Heatwaves"
6001:Encyclopedia of Ecology (Second Edition)
5453:
4714:Fujibe, Fumiaki; Matsumoto, Jun (2021).
3475:
3331:. Bureau of Meteorology. 15 January 2010
3186:"Värmebölja Klimat: Kunskapsbanken SMHI"
3133:
2860:
2190:
2162:Effects of climate change on agriculture
2135:
1264:
1115:
991:affected areas in the last two decades.
981:
879:Hellenic National Meteorological Service
45:
6829:
6644:
6157:
6151:
5710:International Journal of Biometeorology
5653:International Journal of Biometeorology
5270:
4984:10.1146/annurev-economics-080614-115430
4608:(8018). Lancet Public Health: 800–801.
4569:
4151:Wilderness & Environmental Medicine
3684:
3356:. Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from
2360:
2126:
7824:
7063:
6747:
6618:
6486:
6054:
6052:
6003:, Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 640–646,
5994:
4645:Basu, Rupa; Jonathan M. Samet (2002).
4426:
4275:
4186:Jacklitsch, Brenda L. (29 June 2011).
3386:from the original on 16 November 2023.
2628:peaked at 53 °C (127 °F) in
2398:Options for reducing impacts on humans
2076:Psychological and sociological effects
1301:. Also more than 2,000 people died in
862:Denmark defines a national heat wave (
7145:
6773:
6357:
5100:
4198:from the original on 4 December 2012.
3916:from the original on 4 November 2021.
3348:
3346:
2984:
2982:
2811:
2782:
2780:
2778:
6888:
6574:. Agence France-Presse. 23 June 2024
6516:Vinograd, Cassandra (19 June 2024).
6383:
6077:10.1146/annurev-marine-032122-121437
5172:Current Environmental Health Reports
5101:Hou, Pei; Wu, Shiliang (July 2016).
4595:
4478:
2958:
2956:
2933:
2931:
2425:Recent examples by country or region
1123:treatment at Baton Rouge during the
7086:Newswise, Retrieved on 9 July 2008.
6049:
5788:10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2021.06.009
5454:Lacetera, Nicola (3 January 2019).
4060:Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes
3138:. American Meteorological Society.
2771:. gcunoxfohoarnersdictionaries.com.
2337:have irrigation systems to back up
13:
6950:
6435:Kitsantonis, Niki (16 June 2024).
4888:Ro, Christine (1 September 2022).
4887:
4278:Current Allergy and Asthma Reports
4192:NIOSH: Workplace Safety and Health
3591:
3343:
3272:
3105:
2979:
2863:"On the Definition of a Heat Wave"
2775:
2504:In mid-June, high temperatures in
111:. They have increased the risk of
14:
7868:
7102:Environmental Health Perspectives
6867:from the original on 30 June 2024
6811:from the original on 29 June 2024
6774:Jacob, Charmaine (14 June 2024).
6619:Davies, Caroline (26 June 2024).
6593:MacDonald, Fiona (19 June 2024).
6358:Jacob, Charmaine (14 June 2024).
4769:Environmental Health Perspectives
3160:"Danmark får varme- og hedebølge"
2953:
2928:
2606:
2299:dangerous to traverse by trains.
2177:
1194:Vulnerable people with regard to
1078:
839:World Meteorological Organization
7089:
7077:
7020:
6990:
6967:
6944:
6932:from the original on 6 July 2023
6901:from the original on 26 May 2024
6849:
6823:
6793:
6767:
6690:
6664:
6645:Dilawar, Ismail (27 June 2024).
6638:
6612:
6586:
6560:
6535:
6480:
6454:
6428:
6403:
6377:
6351:
6337:
6323:
6298:
5557:Science of the Total Environment
4859:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2005.00694.x
4126:from the original on 4 July 2014
3761:. 1stweather.com. Archived from
3551:Science of the Total Environment
3476:Fountain, Henry (18 July 2022).
3354:"Australia Weather and Warnings"
3300:Pacific Gas and Electric Company
2730:List of severe weather phenomena
2662:
2612:This section is an excerpt from
2576:This section is an excerpt from
2508:, characterized as a heat wave,
2441:This section is an excerpt from
2415:Extreme Heat Resilience Alliance
2302:
2183:This section is an excerpt from
2103:Ozone § Ozone air pollution
1277:This section is an excerpt from
1186:This section is an excerpt from
1136:This section is an excerpt from
1084:This section is an excerpt from
964:
952:
931:Australian Bureau of Meteorology
905:
767:
6889:Chen, Heather (10 April 2024).
6830:Kaushik, Krishn (2 June 2024).
6487:Pelham, Lipika (16 June 2024).
6329:theguardian.com 26 April 2024:
6207:
6181:
6158:Kaufman, Leslie (23 May 2011).
6101:
6065:Annual Review of Marine Science
6023:
5988:
5963:
5924:
5901:
5862:
5832:
5809:
5795:
5754:
5697:
5640:
5593:
5570:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135996
5543:
5529:10.1016/j.prevetmed.2016.11.019
5418:
5377:
5312:
5287:
5264:
5216:
5159:
5094:
5027:
4998:
4963:
4881:
4813:
4707:
4681:
4589:
4570:Mansoor, Hasan (30 June 2015).
4361:
4312:
4073:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.117.004233
4051:
4016:
3970:Environmental Research: Climate
3957:
3878:10.1016/j.earscirev.2010.02.004
3845:
3769:
3751:
3733:
3719:
3678:
3611:
3585:
3571:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.008
3541:
3497:
3415:
3391:
3321:
3302:. 24 March 2017. Archived from
3285:
3266:
3244:
3222:
3200:
3178:
3152:
3061:
3047:
2251:, or the rapid accumulation of
937:
868:Danish Meteorological Institute
7734:Australian flying fox die-offs
7171:
6384:Dash, Jatindra (31 May 2024).
5606:Research in Veterinary Science
5517:Preventive Veterinary Medicine
5271:Benedek, Réfi (12 July 2022).
5225:"The 2003 European heat waves"
4479:Shih, Gerry (6 January 2023).
3729:. US National Weather Service.
3685:Lau, N; Nath, Mary Jo (2012).
3534:10.1088/1748-9326/10/12/124003
3513:Environmental Research Letters
2909:
2867:Journal of Applied Meteorology
2854:
2769:"Heatwave – noun – Definition"
2761:
2755:"Heatwave – noun – Definition"
2747:
130:
1:
7796:Heat waves and climate change
6191:. wcr.ethz.ch. Archived from
4411:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01540-9
4338:10.1016/s2542-5196(24)00008-1
4237:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01787-6
3777:"Natural Hazards - Heat Wave"
3277:. Yahoo! News. Archived from
2740:
2614:2024 Southeast Asia heat wave
2309:2006 North American heat wave
2097:Surface ozone (air pollution)
7049:. Chicago University Press.
6748:Kaneko, Karin (2 May 2024).
6343:theguardian.com 4 May 2024:
5875:Weather and Climate Extremes
5061:10.1371/journal.pone.0177937
5011:NBER Working Paper No. 20750
4427:Glaser; et al. (2016).
3803:Geophysical Research Letters
3210:. Met Office. 31 August 2011
2939:"NWS JetStream - Heat Index"
2378:temperatures in the future.
2323:
2270:. Feed supplementation with
2156:Reduced agricultural outputs
1312:Underreporting of fatalities
1260:
83:pattern for that area. High
7:
7033:Annals of Internal Medicine
4325:The Lancet Planetary Health
4120:"Heat Illness: MedlinePlus"
4094:Tintinalli, Judith (2004).
2963:Bottollier-Depois, Amélie.
2713:
2562:Japan Meteorological Agency
897:In the United Kingdom, the
695:Severe weather terminology
157:Temperate and polar seasons
10:
7873:
7749:2012–2013 ("Angry Summer")
5949:10.1038/s41586-022-05606-z
5887:10.1016/j.wace.2023.100563
5673:10.1007/s00484-022-02321-2
5618:10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.08.011
5345:10.1038/s41467-021-26050-z
5242:10.2807/esm.10.07.00552-en
4972:Annual Review of Economics
4614:10.1038/d41586-024-02006-3
4523:10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001
3900:"Summary for Policymakers"
3449:10.1038/s41467-022-31432-y
3134:Glickman, Todd S. (2000).
3015:10.1038/s41467-021-26050-z
2861:Robinson, Peter J (2001).
2620:Since April 2024, several
2611:
2575:
2440:
2428:
2319:Impacts on the environment
2182:
2159:
2100:
1344:national weather service:
1276:
1185:
1135:
1083:
996:wet bulb globe temperature
941:
825:A definition based on the
125:thermoregulation in humans
39:Heat wave (disambiguation)
32:
25:
18:
7783:
7757:
7726:
7631:
7600:
7564:
7557:
7442:
7404:
7373:
7366:
7358:List of Indian heat waves
7301:2022 (India and Pakistan)
7291:2019 (India and Pakistan)
7233:
7217:
7179:
7045:Klinenberg, Eric (2002).
6127:10.1038/s41558-019-0412-1
5805:. BBC News. 15 July 2013.
5730:10.1007/s00484-018-1629-9
5403:10.1016/j.hal.2019.03.009
5223:Kosatsky T. (July 2005).
5184:10.1007/s40572-017-0168-6
4290:10.1007/s11882-018-0777-7
4164:10.1016/j.wem.2013.07.004
4037:10.1016/j.emc.2004.01.004
3953:10.1017/9781009157896.001
3712:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00575.1
3411:10.1017/9781009157896.001
3232:. Met Office. 26 May 2023
3115:. Encyclopedia Britannica
2800:10.1017/9781009325844.029
2650:infections increased. In
2554:, experienced a heatwave.
2443:List of heat waves § 2024
2381:
2344:
1982:
1939:
1895:
1850:
1805:
1759:
1712:
1664:
1615:
1565:
1514:
1462:
1458:136 °F (58 °C)
1409:
1405:110 °F (43 °C)
1404:
1402:108 °F (42 °C)
1401:
1399:106 °F (41 °C)
1398:
1396:104 °F (40 °C)
1395:
1393:102 °F (39 °C)
1392:
1390:100 °F (38 °C)
1389:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1063:inland combine to form a
1005:
857:
70:, sometimes described as
7837:Meteorological phenomena
5803:"When does tarmac melt?"
4511:Comptes Rendus Biologies
4391:"The 2022 report of the
3983:10.1088/2752-5295/ac6e7d
3941:Summary for Policymakers
3928:Summary for Policymakers
3399:Summary for Policymakers
2570:
2436:Around the world in 2024
2404:greenhouse gas emissions
2394:such as coral and kelp.
2203:, heat exhaustion, heat
2132:Reduced economic outputs
2001:132 °F (56 °C)
1998:121 °F (49 °C)
1995:112 °F (44 °C)
1992:103 °F (39 °C)
1958:127 °F (53 °C)
1955:117 °F (47 °C)
1952:108 °F (42 °C)
1949:100 °F (38 °C)
1917:131 °F (55 °C)
1914:122 °F (50 °C)
1911:113 °F (45 °C)
1908:105 °F (41 °C)
1875:135 °F (57 °C)
1872:126 °F (52 °C)
1869:117 °F (47 °C)
1866:110 °F (43 °C)
1863:102 °F (39 °C)
1830:129 °F (54 °C)
1827:121 °F (49 °C)
1824:113 °F (45 °C)
1821:106 °F (41 °C)
1818:100 °F (38 °C)
1787:132 °F (56 °C)
1784:124 °F (51 °C)
1781:116 °F (47 °C)
1778:109 °F (43 °C)
1775:103 °F (39 °C)
1743:134 °F (57 °C)
1740:126 °F (52 °C)
1737:119 °F (48 °C)
1734:112 °F (44 °C)
1731:105 °F (41 °C)
1728:100 °F (38 °C)
1698:136 °F (58 °C)
1695:128 °F (53 °C)
1692:121 °F (49 °C)
1689:114 °F (46 °C)
1686:108 °F (42 °C)
1683:103 °F (39 °C)
1652:137 °F (58 °C)
1649:129 °F (54 °C)
1646:123 °F (51 °C)
1643:116 °F (47 °C)
1640:110 °F (43 °C)
1637:105 °F (41 °C)
1634:100 °F (38 °C)
1605:137 °F (58 °C)
1602:130 °F (54 °C)
1599:124 °F (51 °C)
1596:117 °F (47 °C)
1593:112 °F (44 °C)
1590:106 °F (41 °C)
1587:101 °F (38 °C)
1557:137 °F (58 °C)
1554:131 °F (55 °C)
1551:124 °F (51 °C)
1548:118 °F (48 °C)
1545:113 °F (45 °C)
1542:108 °F (42 °C)
1539:103 °F (39 °C)
1508:137 °F (58 °C)
1505:130 °F (54 °C)
1502:124 °F (51 °C)
1499:119 °F (48 °C)
1496:114 °F (46 °C)
1493:109 °F (43 °C)
1490:104 °F (40 °C)
1487:100 °F (38 °C)
1455:130 °F (54 °C)
1452:124 °F (51 °C)
1449:119 °F (48 °C)
1446:114 °F (46 °C)
1443:109 °F (43 °C)
1440:105 °F (41 °C)
1437:101 °F (38 °C)
1387:98 °F (37 °C)
1384:96 °F (36 °C)
1381:94 °F (34 °C)
1378:92 °F (33 °C)
1375:90 °F (32 °C)
1372:88 °F (31 °C)
1369:86 °F (30 °C)
1366:84 °F (29 °C)
1363:82 °F (28 °C)
1360:80 °F (27 °C)
1204:urban heat island effect
1035:reaching the surface. A
916:National Weather Service
827:Heat Wave Duration Index
19:Not to be confused with
5428:. Future Climate Africa
5273:"The cost of heatwaves"
3645:10.1073/pnas.2024792118
3298:. Oakland, California:
3293:"Staying Cool and Safe"
3136:Glossary of Meteorology
3113:"Heat wave meteorology"
2839:10.1126/science.1098704
2527:2024 Pakistan heat wave
2497:2024 European heatwaves
2373:Species have a thermal
2221:2003 European heat wave
1989:95 °F (35 °C)
1986:87 °F (31 °C)
1946:93 °F (34 °C)
1943:86 °F (30 °C)
1905:98 °F (37 °C)
1902:91 °F (33 °C)
1899:86 °F (30 °C)
1860:96 °F (36 °C)
1857:90 °F (32 °C)
1854:85 °F (29 °C)
1815:94 °F (34 °C)
1812:89 °F (32 °C)
1809:84 °F (29 °C)
1772:97 °F (36 °C)
1769:92 °F (33 °C)
1766:88 °F (31 °C)
1763:84 °F (29 °C)
1725:95 °F (35 °C)
1722:90 °F (32 °C)
1719:86 °F (30 °C)
1716:83 °F (28 °C)
1680:98 °F (37 °C)
1677:93 °F (34 °C)
1674:89 °F (32 °C)
1671:85 °F (29 °C)
1668:82 °F (28 °C)
1631:95 °F (35 °C)
1628:91 °F (33 °C)
1625:88 °F (31 °C)
1622:84 °F (29 °C)
1619:82 °F (28 °C)
1584:97 °F (36 °C)
1581:93 °F (34 °C)
1578:89 °F (32 °C)
1575:86 °F (30 °C)
1572:84 °F (29 °C)
1569:81 °F (27 °C)
1536:99 °F (37 °C)
1533:95 °F (35 °C)
1530:91 °F (33 °C)
1527:88 °F (31 °C)
1524:85 °F (29 °C)
1521:83 °F (28 °C)
1518:81 °F (27 °C)
1484:96 °F (36 °C)
1481:93 °F (34 °C)
1478:89 °F (32 °C)
1475:87 °F (31 °C)
1472:84 °F (29 °C)
1469:82 °F (28 °C)
1466:80 °F (27 °C)
1434:97 °F (36 °C)
1431:94 °F (34 °C)
1428:91 °F (33 °C)
1425:88 °F (31 °C)
1422:85 °F (29 °C)
1419:83 °F (28 °C)
1416:81 °F (27 °C)
1413:80 °F (27 °C)
1299:2003 European heat wave
1232:and complications with
1112:Impacts on human health
1010:Heat waves form when a
924:excessive heat warnings
846:Glossary of Meteorology
98:Heat waves form when a
6162:. The New York Times.
5767:Biosystems Engineering
4596:Wong, Carissa (2024).
4194:. Medscape and NIOSH.
3055:"Heat Waves Explained"
2786:IPCC, 2022: Annex II:
2681:1995 Chicago heat wave
2460:Southern United States
2294:Infrastructural damage
2196:
2141:
1322:mortality displacement
1295:respiratory conditions
1273:
1254:chronic kidney disease
1127:
987:
853:Definitions by country
844:A definition from the
756:Tropical cyclone terms
59:
37:. For other uses, see
7500:2021 (UK and Ireland)
7286:2018 (Northeast Asia)
6115:Nature Climate Change
5325:Nature Communications
4741:10.2151/sola.2021-038
4666:10.1093/epirev/mxf007
4652:Epidemiologic Reviews
3858:Earth-Science Reviews
3428:Nature Communications
3230:"What is a heatwave?"
3188:(in Swedish). Smhi.se
2995:Nature Communications
2578:2024 Indian heat wave
2489:2024 Indian heat wave
2368:evolutionary pressure
2331:struck Europe in 2003
2194:
2139:
2101:Further information:
2046: Extreme caution
1268:
1125:2016 Louisiana floods
1119:
985:
363:Extratropical cyclone
287:Air-mass thunderstorm
49:
6217:. The World from PRX
4445:10.2215/CJN.13841215
4405:(10363): 1619–1654.
4231:(10311): 1619–1662.
3823:10.1029/2012gl053703
2812:Meehl, G. A (2004).
2558:2024 Japan heatwaves
2544:2024 Summer Olympics
2417:coalition under the
2361:Wild animals on land
2235:time, they increase
2127:Impacts on societies
2064: Extreme danger
1045:high pressure system
723:Weather modification
321:Anticyclonic tornado
52:high pressure system
7744:2008–2009 (SE Aus.)
5849:The Earth Institute
5820:. Los Angeles Times
5779:2021BiSyE.209..256L
5722:2018IJBm...62.2089H
5665:2022IJBm...66.1811F
5337:2021NatCo..12.5807G
5119:2016NatSR...623792H
5052:2017PLoSO..1277937D
4841:2005RiskA..25.1483P
4732:2021SOLA...17..220F
4485:The Washington Post
4031:(2): 315–27, viii.
3870:2010ESRv...99..125S
3815:2012GeoRL..3921707M
3703:2012JCli...25.4761L
3636:2021PNAS..11824792T
3630:(41): e2024792118.
3563:2016ScTEn.571.1330Z
3525:2015ERL....10l4003R
3440:2022NatCo..13.3851R
3208:"Heat-health watch"
3089:2002ClRes..19..193F
3007:2021NatCo..12.5807G
2922:Scientific American
2879:2001JApMe..40..762R
2830:2004Sci...305..994M
2513:heat also impacted
2245:metabolic disorders
2150:harmful algal bloom
1348:
1242:respiratory disease
1230:acute kidney injury
1033:shortwave radiation
718:Weather forecasting
554:Rain and snow mixed
380:Subtropical cyclone
7639:2000 (Southern US)
6522:The New York Times
6441:The New York Times
5912:. The Conversation
5845:IRI Climate Digest
5107:Scientific Reports
3691:Journal of Climate
3482:The New York Times
3360:on 16 October 2015
2915:Thompson, Andrea,
2757:. Merriam-Webster.
2725:List of heat waves
2468:threatened species
2450:Since March 2024,
2431:List of heat waves
2392:foundation species
2375:range of tolerance
2355:devastating floods
2247:. One examples is
2197:
2142:
1340:
1274:
1208:prescription drugs
1128:
1061:high-pressure area
1012:high pressure area
988:
944:List of heat waves
774:Weather portal
390:Atlantic hurricane
368:European windstorm
275:Volcanic lightning
236:Cumulonimbus cloud
100:high-pressure area
60:
7842:Natural disasters
7819:
7818:
7722:
7721:
7689:2020-2023 drought
7618:1988–1990 drought
7613:1983-1985 drought
7553:
7552:
7108:(14): 1712–1718.
6195:on 21 August 2020
6010:978-0-444-64130-4
5997:"Tolerance Range"
5943:(7952): 461–467.
5841:"Climate Impacts"
5716:(12): 2089–2097.
5523:(Pt B): 119–129.
5472:10.1093/af/vfy030
5127:10.1038/srep23792
4943:Stress and Health
4907:10.1136/bmj.o2107
4693:Los Angeles Times
4375:. 13 August 2024.
3765:on 15 April 2012.
3747:on 18 March 2012.
3697:(14): 4761–4784.
3273:Singer, Stephen.
2824:(5686): 994–997.
2735:Urban heat island
2677:tropical cyclones
2656:ongoing civil war
2452:severe heat waves
2213:organ dysfunction
2211:, and ultimately
2025:
2024:
1356:Relative humidity
1353:Temperature
1059:offshore and the
1057:low-pressure area
1000:urban heat island
808:
807:
7864:
7806:List of droughts
7765:2009 (Argentina)
7709:2023 (Caribbean)
7562:
7561:
7371:
7370:
7166:
7159:
7152:
7143:
7142:
7136:
7135:
7125:
7114:10.1289/ehp.6336
7093:
7087:
7081:
7075:
7067:
7061:
7060:
7042:
7036:
7035:Vol. 129 Issue 3
7024:
7018:
7017:
7015:
7013:
7004:. Archived from
6994:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6983:
6971:
6965:
6964:
6962:
6960:
6951:Rosane, Olivia.
6948:
6942:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6917:
6911:
6910:
6908:
6906:
6886:
6877:
6876:
6874:
6872:
6853:
6847:
6846:
6844:
6842:
6827:
6821:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6805:Financialexpress
6797:
6791:
6790:
6788:
6786:
6771:
6765:
6764:
6762:
6760:
6745:
6739:
6738:
6736:
6734:
6720:
6714:
6713:
6711:
6709:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6685:
6683:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6642:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6616:
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6564:
6558:
6557:
6555:
6553:
6539:
6533:
6532:
6530:
6528:
6513:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6499:
6484:
6478:
6477:
6475:
6473:
6458:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6447:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6423:
6421:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6396:
6381:
6375:
6374:
6372:
6370:
6355:
6349:
6341:
6335:
6327:
6321:
6320:
6318:
6316:
6302:
6296:
6295:
6284:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6259:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6248:
6233:
6227:
6226:
6224:
6222:
6211:
6205:
6204:
6202:
6200:
6185:
6179:
6178:
6176:
6174:
6155:
6149:
6148:
6138:
6105:
6099:
6098:
6088:
6056:
6047:
6046:
6044:
6042:
6027:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6017:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5983:
5981:
5967:
5961:
5960:
5928:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5917:
5905:
5899:
5898:
5866:
5860:
5859:
5857:
5855:
5836:
5830:
5829:
5827:
5825:
5813:
5807:
5806:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5790:
5758:
5752:
5751:
5741:
5701:
5695:
5694:
5684:
5659:(9): 1811–1827.
5644:
5638:
5637:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5572:
5551:December 2019).
5547:
5541:
5540:
5508:
5502:
5501:
5491:
5460:Animal Frontiers
5451:
5438:
5437:
5435:
5433:
5422:
5416:
5415:
5405:
5381:
5375:
5374:
5364:
5316:
5310:
5309:
5307:
5305:
5291:
5285:
5284:
5282:
5280:
5268:
5262:
5261:
5259:
5257:
5244:
5229:Eurosurveillance
5220:
5214:
5213:
5203:
5163:
5157:
5156:
5146:
5098:
5092:
5091:
5081:
5063:
5031:
5025:
5024:
5022:
5002:
4996:
4995:
4967:
4961:
4960:
4958:
4956:10.1002/smi.1029
4934:
4928:
4927:
4909:
4885:
4879:
4878:
4852:
4835:(6): 1483–1494.
4826:
4817:
4811:
4810:
4800:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4743:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4702:
4700:
4695:. 7 October 2021
4685:
4679:
4678:
4668:
4642:
4633:
4632:
4630:
4628:
4593:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4567:
4561:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4541:
4535:
4534:
4502:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4491:
4476:
4467:
4466:
4456:
4424:
4415:
4414:
4386:
4377:
4376:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4340:
4331:(3): e156–e162.
4316:
4310:
4309:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4248:
4222:
4213:
4200:
4199:
4183:
4177:
4176:
4166:
4142:
4136:
4135:
4133:
4131:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4075:
4055:
4049:
4048:
4020:
4014:
4013:
3995:
3985:
3961:
3955:
3937:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3917:
3915:
3904:
3896:
3890:
3889:
3849:
3843:
3842:
3794:
3785:
3784:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3755:
3749:
3748:
3737:
3731:
3730:
3723:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3682:
3676:
3675:
3665:
3647:
3615:
3609:
3608:
3606:
3604:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3545:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3510:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3471:
3461:
3451:
3419:
3413:
3395:
3389:
3387:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3350:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3336:
3325:
3319:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3297:
3289:
3283:
3282:
3281:on 16 July 2012.
3270:
3264:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3226:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3198:
3197:
3195:
3193:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3156:
3150:
3149:
3131:
3125:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3098:10.3354/cr019193
3077:Climate Research
3074:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3034:
2986:
2977:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2960:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2946:
2935:
2926:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2841:
2809:
2803:
2784:
2773:
2772:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2751:
2419:Atlantic Council
2387:Marine heatwaves
2268:oxidative stress
2229:Pays-de-la-Loire
2065:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2041:
2038:
2036:
2032:
1349:
1339:
1329:French heat wave
1246:low birth weight
1098:Marine heatwaves
1027:. This inhibits
968:
956:
800:
793:
786:
772:
771:
385:Tropical cyclone
297:Dry thunderstorm
192:Tropical seasons
135:
134:
56:upper atmosphere
7872:
7871:
7867:
7866:
7865:
7863:
7862:
7861:
7857:Weather hazards
7822:
7821:
7820:
7815:
7811:Marine heatwave
7779:
7753:
7718:
7627:
7596:
7549:
7438:
7400:
7362:
7281:2017 (Pakistan)
7229:
7213:
7175:
7170:
7140:
7139:
7094:
7090:
7082:
7078:
7068:
7064:
7057:
7043:
7039:
7025:
7021:
7011:
7009:
7008:on 21 June 2006
6996:
6995:
6991:
6981:
6979:
6972:
6968:
6958:
6956:
6949:
6945:
6935:
6933:
6918:
6914:
6904:
6902:
6887:
6880:
6870:
6868:
6863:. 1 June 2024.
6855:
6854:
6850:
6840:
6838:
6828:
6824:
6814:
6812:
6807:. 28 May 2024.
6799:
6798:
6794:
6784:
6782:
6772:
6768:
6758:
6756:
6754:The Japan Times
6746:
6742:
6732:
6730:
6722:
6721:
6717:
6707:
6705:
6695:
6691:
6681:
6679:
6670:
6669:
6665:
6655:
6653:
6643:
6639:
6629:
6627:
6617:
6613:
6603:
6601:
6591:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6566:
6565:
6561:
6551:
6549:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6526:
6524:
6514:
6507:
6497:
6495:
6485:
6481:
6471:
6469:
6459:
6455:
6445:
6443:
6433:
6429:
6419:
6417:
6409:
6408:
6404:
6394:
6392:
6382:
6378:
6368:
6366:
6356:
6352:
6342:
6338:
6328:
6324:
6314:
6312:
6304:
6303:
6299:
6286:
6285:
6281:
6271:
6269:
6261:
6260:
6256:
6246:
6244:
6241:www.cbsnews.com
6235:
6234:
6230:
6220:
6218:
6213:
6212:
6208:
6198:
6196:
6187:
6186:
6182:
6172:
6170:
6156:
6152:
6106:
6102:
6057:
6050:
6040:
6038:
6037:. 19 April 2024
6029:
6028:
6024:
6015:
6013:
6011:
5993:
5989:
5979:
5977:
5969:
5968:
5964:
5929:
5925:
5915:
5913:
5906:
5902:
5867:
5863:
5853:
5851:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5814:
5810:
5801:
5800:
5796:
5759:
5755:
5702:
5698:
5645:
5641:
5598:
5594:
5548:
5544:
5509:
5505:
5452:
5441:
5431:
5429:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5382:
5378:
5317:
5313:
5303:
5301:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5278:
5276:
5269:
5265:
5255:
5253:
5221:
5217:
5164:
5160:
5099:
5095:
5046:(5): e0177937.
5032:
5028:
5003:
4999:
4968:
4964:
4935:
4931:
4886:
4882:
4824:
4818:
4814:
4781:10.2307/3454704
4761:
4757:
4712:
4708:
4698:
4696:
4687:
4686:
4682:
4643:
4636:
4626:
4624:
4594:
4590:
4580:
4578:
4568:
4564:
4554:
4552:
4542:
4538:
4503:
4499:
4489:
4487:
4477:
4470:
4425:
4418:
4387:
4380:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4317:
4313:
4274:
4270:
4220:
4214:
4203:
4184:
4180:
4143:
4139:
4129:
4127:
4122:. Nlm.nih.gov.
4118:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4092:
4088:
4056:
4052:
4021:
4017:
3962:
3958:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3921:
3913:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3850:
3846:
3795:
3788:
3783:on 8 June 2012.
3775:
3774:
3770:
3759:"Bergwind Info"
3757:
3756:
3752:
3739:
3738:
3734:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3683:
3679:
3616:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3598:Washington Post
3590:
3586:
3546:
3542:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3486:
3484:
3420:
3416:
3396:
3392:
3378:
3377:
3373:
3363:
3361:
3352:
3351:
3344:
3334:
3332:
3327:
3326:
3322:
3312:
3310:
3309:on 27 June 2023
3306:
3295:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3213:
3211:
3206:
3205:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3166:on 23 July 2008
3158:
3157:
3153:
3146:
3132:
3128:
3118:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3072:
3066:
3062:
3053:
3052:
3048:
2987:
2980:
2970:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2944:
2942:
2937:
2936:
2929:
2914:
2910:
2901:
2900:
2896:
2859:
2855:
2810:
2806:
2785:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2743:
2716:
2665:
2660:
2659:
2622:Southeast Asian
2617:
2609:
2604:
2603:
2581:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2548:Southern France
2531:Edhi Foundation
2481:severe heatwave
2464:Central America
2446:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2400:
2384:
2363:
2347:
2326:
2321:
2305:
2296:
2291:
2290:
2188:
2180:
2164:
2158:
2134:
2129:
2109:
2099:
2078:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2052:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2039:
2034:
2033:
2030:
1357:
1354:
1338:
1314:
1309:
1308:
1291:cerebrovascular
1282:
1263:
1258:
1257:
1191:
1183:
1182:
1157:heat exhaustion
1141:
1133:
1114:
1109:
1108:
1089:
1081:
1008:
980:
979:
978:
977:
976:
973:extreme weather
969:
961:
960:
957:
946:
940:
920:heat advisories
908:
877:In Greece, the
860:
855:
804:
766:
761:
760:
736:
728:
727:
586:
576:
575:
488:
478:
477:
466:Ground blizzard
226:
216:
215:
194:
184:
183:
159:
133:
121:extreme weather
89:oceanic climate
42:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7870:
7860:
7859:
7854:
7852:Weather events
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7817:
7816:
7814:
7813:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7793:
7791:Cooling center
7787:
7785:
7781:
7780:
7778:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7761:
7759:
7755:
7754:
7752:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7736:
7730:
7728:
7724:
7723:
7720:
7719:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7701:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7680:
7679:
7674:
7666:
7661:
7656:
7651:
7646:
7641:
7635:
7633:
7629:
7628:
7626:
7625:
7623:1995 (Chicago)
7620:
7615:
7610:
7604:
7602:
7598:
7597:
7595:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7568:
7566:
7559:
7555:
7554:
7551:
7550:
7548:
7547:
7542:
7541:
7540:
7535:
7530:
7522:
7521:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7502:
7497:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7485:
7477:
7472:
7467:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7439:
7437:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7425:
7424:
7422:UK and Ireland
7414:
7408:
7406:
7402:
7401:
7399:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7377:
7375:
7368:
7364:
7363:
7361:
7360:
7355:
7354:
7353:
7351:Southeast Asia
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7325:
7324:
7323:
7318:
7308:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7288:
7283:
7278:
7273:
7272:
7271:
7266:
7258:
7253:
7248:
7243:
7237:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7228:
7227:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7180:
7177:
7176:
7169:
7168:
7161:
7154:
7146:
7138:
7137:
7088:
7076:
7062:
7055:
7037:
7019:
6989:
6966:
6943:
6912:
6878:
6848:
6822:
6792:
6766:
6740:
6715:
6689:
6678:. 29 July 2024
6663:
6637:
6611:
6585:
6559:
6534:
6505:
6479:
6453:
6427:
6402:
6376:
6350:
6336:
6322:
6297:
6294:. 26 May 2024.
6279:
6254:
6228:
6206:
6180:
6150:
6121:(4): 306–312.
6100:
6071:(1): 119–145.
6048:
6022:
6009:
5987:
5975:www.nature.com
5962:
5923:
5900:
5861:
5831:
5808:
5794:
5753:
5696:
5639:
5592:
5542:
5503:
5439:
5417:
5376:
5311:
5286:
5275:. HYPEANDHYPER
5263:
5215:
5178:(4): 504–513.
5158:
5093:
5026:
5020:10.3386/w20750
4997:
4978:(1): 577–617.
4962:
4929:
4880:
4850:10.1.1.577.825
4812:
4755:
4706:
4680:
4659:(2): 190–202.
4634:
4588:
4562:
4550:Bloomberg News
4536:
4497:
4468:
4439:(8): 1472–83.
4416:
4378:
4360:
4311:
4268:
4201:
4178:
4137:
4111:
4104:
4086:
4050:
4015:
3956:
3932:
3919:
3891:
3864:(3): 125–161.
3844:
3786:
3768:
3750:
3732:
3718:
3677:
3610:
3584:
3540:
3519:(12): 124003.
3496:
3494:
3493:
3414:
3390:
3371:
3342:
3320:
3284:
3265:
3243:
3221:
3199:
3177:
3151:
3144:
3126:
3104:
3060:
3046:
2978:
2952:
2927:
2908:
2894:
2873:(4): 762–775.
2853:
2804:
2774:
2760:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2715:
2712:
2664:
2661:
2638:climate change
2618:
2610:
2608:
2607:Southeast Asia
2605:
2582:
2574:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2555:
2539:
2538:
2523:
2522:
2501:
2500:
2493:
2492:
2485:
2484:
2476:
2475:
2447:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2429:Main article:
2426:
2423:
2399:
2396:
2383:
2380:
2362:
2359:
2346:
2343:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2304:
2301:
2295:
2292:
2189:
2181:
2179:
2178:Farmed animals
2176:
2160:Main article:
2157:
2154:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2098:
2095:
2077:
2074:
2028:Key to colors:
2026:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2008:
2006:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1965:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1937:
1936:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1792:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1782:
1779:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1681:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1647:
1644:
1641:
1638:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1613:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1597:
1594:
1591:
1588:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1570:
1567:
1563:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1519:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1494:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1364:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1337:
1334:
1313:
1310:
1287:cardiovascular
1283:
1275:
1262:
1259:
1250:pre-term birth
1238:cardiovascular
1200:co-morbidities
1196:heat illnesses
1192:
1184:
1142:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1113:
1110:
1094:climate change
1090:
1082:
1080:
1079:Climate change
1077:
1007:
1004:
970:
963:
962:
958:
951:
950:
949:
948:
947:
942:Main article:
939:
936:
907:
904:
859:
856:
854:
851:
850:
849:
842:
823:
806:
805:
803:
802:
795:
788:
780:
777:
776:
763:
762:
759:
758:
753:
748:
746:Climate change
743:
737:
734:
733:
730:
729:
726:
725:
720:
715:
714:
713:
712:
711:
706:
701:
693:
688:
681:Severe weather
678:
673:
668:
663:
658:
657:
656:
651:
641:
640:
639:
629:
624:
623:
622:
617:
612:
607:
599:
598:
593:
587:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
573:
572:
571:
566:
561:
556:
546:
541:
540:
539:
529:
524:
519:
518:
517:
515:Megacryometeor
507:
502:
501:
500:
489:
484:
483:
480:
479:
476:
475:
474:
473:
468:
463:
458:
448:
443:
438:
433:
432:
431:
421:
420:
419:
414:
404:
399:
398:
397:
392:
382:
377:
376:
375:
370:
360:
355:
350:
345:
340:
335:
334:
333:
328:
323:
313:
312:
311:
301:
300:
299:
294:
289:
279:
278:
277:
267:
266:
265:
260:
255:
245:
244:
243:
238:
227:
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
213:
208:
207:
206:
195:
190:
189:
186:
185:
182:
181:
176:
171:
166:
160:
155:
154:
151:
150:
144:
143:
132:
129:
115:in areas with
93:climate change
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7869:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7829:
7827:
7812:
7809:
7807:
7804:
7802:
7799:
7797:
7794:
7792:
7789:
7788:
7786:
7782:
7776:
7773:
7771:
7768:
7766:
7763:
7762:
7760:
7758:South America
7756:
7750:
7747:
7745:
7742:
7740:
7739:2000s drought
7737:
7735:
7732:
7731:
7729:
7725:
7715:
7712:
7710:
7707:
7705:
7702:
7700:
7697:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7678:
7675:
7673:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7660:
7657:
7655:
7652:
7650:
7647:
7645:
7642:
7640:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7630:
7624:
7621:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7609:
7606:
7605:
7603:
7599:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7587:1934 and 1935
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7563:
7560:
7558:North America
7556:
7546:
7543:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7529:
7526:
7525:
7523:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7501:
7498:
7496:
7493:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7480:
7478:
7476:
7475:2014 (Sweden)
7473:
7471:
7468:
7466:
7463:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7447:
7445:
7441:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7423:
7420:
7419:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7409:
7407:
7403:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7378:
7376:
7372:
7369:
7365:
7359:
7356:
7352:
7349:
7347:
7344:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7334:
7332:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7322:
7319:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7307:
7304:
7302:
7299:
7297:
7294:
7292:
7289:
7287:
7284:
7282:
7279:
7277:
7274:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7261:
7259:
7257:
7254:
7252:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7242:
7239:
7238:
7236:
7232:
7226:
7223:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7210:
7207:
7205:
7202:
7200:
7197:
7195:
7192:
7190:
7187:
7185:
7182:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7167:
7162:
7160:
7155:
7153:
7148:
7147:
7144:
7133:
7129:
7124:
7119:
7115:
7111:
7107:
7103:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7080:
7073:
7072:
7066:
7058:
7056:9780226443218
7052:
7048:
7041:
7034:
7030:
7029:
7023:
7007:
7003:
6999:
6993:
6977:
6970:
6954:
6947:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6916:
6900:
6896:
6892:
6885:
6883:
6866:
6862:
6858:
6852:
6837:
6833:
6826:
6810:
6806:
6802:
6796:
6781:
6777:
6770:
6755:
6751:
6744:
6729:
6725:
6719:
6704:
6703:Bloomberg.com
6700:
6693:
6677:
6673:
6667:
6652:
6648:
6641:
6626:
6622:
6615:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6573:
6569:
6563:
6548:
6544:
6538:
6523:
6519:
6512:
6510:
6494:
6490:
6483:
6468:
6464:
6457:
6442:
6438:
6431:
6416:
6412:
6406:
6391:
6387:
6380:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6348:
6347:
6340:
6334:
6333:
6326:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6268:
6264:
6258:
6243:. 28 May 2024
6242:
6238:
6232:
6216:
6210:
6194:
6190:
6184:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6154:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6112:
6104:
6096:
6092:
6087:
6086:11250/3095845
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6055:
6053:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6012:
6006:
6002:
5998:
5991:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5958:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5927:
5911:
5904:
5896:
5892:
5888:
5884:
5880:
5876:
5872:
5865:
5850:
5846:
5842:
5835:
5819:
5812:
5804:
5798:
5789:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5768:
5764:
5757:
5749:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5715:
5711:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5674:
5670:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5654:
5650:
5643:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5623:
5619:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5603:
5596:
5588:
5584:
5580:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5546:
5538:
5534:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5514:
5507:
5499:
5495:
5490:
5485:
5481:
5477:
5473:
5469:
5465:
5461:
5457:
5450:
5448:
5446:
5444:
5427:
5421:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5395:
5391:
5390:Harmful Algae
5387:
5380:
5372:
5368:
5363:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5346:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5330:
5326:
5322:
5315:
5300:
5296:
5290:
5274:
5267:
5252:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5234:
5230:
5226:
5219:
5211:
5207:
5202:
5197:
5193:
5189:
5185:
5181:
5177:
5173:
5169:
5162:
5154:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5097:
5089:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5071:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5021:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4989:
4985:
4981:
4977:
4973:
4966:
4957:
4952:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4925:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4908:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4891:
4884:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4842:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4829:Risk Analysis
4823:
4816:
4808:
4804:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4782:
4778:
4775:(5): 463–70.
4774:
4770:
4766:
4759:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4694:
4690:
4684:
4676:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4648:
4641:
4639:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4592:
4577:
4573:
4566:
4551:
4547:
4540:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4501:
4486:
4482:
4475:
4473:
4464:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4446:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4421:
4412:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4394:
4385:
4383:
4374:
4373:NIHR Evidence
4370:
4364:
4356:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4322:
4315:
4307:
4303:
4299:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4283:
4279:
4272:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4247:
4246:10278/3746207
4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4206:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4182:
4174:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4157:(4): 351–61.
4156:
4152:
4148:
4141:
4125:
4121:
4115:
4107:
4105:0-07-138875-3
4101:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4054:
4046:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4019:
4011:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3994:
3993:10044/1/97290
3989:
3984:
3979:
3976:(1): 012001.
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3950:
3946:
3942:
3936:
3929:
3923:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3895:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3848:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3824:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3778:
3772:
3764:
3760:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3736:
3728:
3722:
3713:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3599:
3595:
3592:Henson, Bob.
3588:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3544:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3500:
3483:
3479:
3474:News report:
3473:
3472:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3425:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3385:
3381:
3375:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3330:
3324:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3288:
3280:
3276:
3269:
3253:
3247:
3231:
3225:
3209:
3203:
3187:
3181:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3147:
3145:9781878220493
3141:
3137:
3130:
3114:
3108:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3056:
3050:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2983:
2966:
2959:
2957:
2940:
2934:
2932:
2924:
2923:
2918:
2912:
2904:
2898:
2889:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2808:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2770:
2764:
2756:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2711:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2678:
2672:
2669:
2663:United States
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2615:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2448:
2444:
2432:
2422:
2420:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2388:
2379:
2376:
2371:
2369:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2303:Power outages
2300:
2287:
2283:
2282:immune system
2279:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2219:. During the
2218:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2202:
2193:
2186:
2175:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2145:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2073:
2071:
2037: Caution
2029:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2013:
2011:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1964:
1962:
1960:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1894:
1891:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1883:
1881:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1853:
1849:
1846:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1820:
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1189:
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1174:
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1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1139:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1087:
1076:
1073:
1072:soil moisture
1070:The level of
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1025:adiabatically
1020:
1018:
1013:
1003:
1001:
997:
992:
984:
974:
967:
955:
945:
935:
932:
927:
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921:
917:
913:
906:Other regions
903:
900:
895:
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751:Tornado terms
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
738:
732:
731:
724:
721:
719:
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710:
709:United States
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592:
591:Air pollution
589:
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579:
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486:Precipitation
482:
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86:
82:
77:
73:
69:
65:
57:
53:
48:
44:
40:
36:
29:
22:
7801:Hyperthermia
7632:2000–present
7443:2000–present
7346:Saudi Arabia
7306:2022 (Japan)
7296:2022 (China)
7276:2016 (India)
7241:2002 (India)
7172:
7105:
7101:
7091:
7079:
7069:
7065:
7046:
7040:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7010:. Retrieved
7006:the original
7001:
6992:
6980:. Retrieved
6969:
6957:. Retrieved
6946:
6934:. Retrieved
6925:
6915:
6903:. Retrieved
6894:
6869:. Retrieved
6860:
6851:
6839:. Retrieved
6835:
6825:
6813:. Retrieved
6804:
6795:
6783:. Retrieved
6779:
6769:
6757:. Retrieved
6753:
6743:
6731:. Retrieved
6727:
6718:
6706:. Retrieved
6702:
6692:
6680:. Retrieved
6675:
6666:
6654:. Retrieved
6650:
6640:
6628:. Retrieved
6624:
6614:
6602:. Retrieved
6598:
6588:
6576:. Retrieved
6572:The Guardian
6571:
6562:
6550:. Retrieved
6546:
6537:
6525:. Retrieved
6521:
6496:. Retrieved
6492:
6482:
6470:. Retrieved
6466:
6456:
6444:. Retrieved
6440:
6430:
6418:. Retrieved
6414:
6405:
6393:. Retrieved
6389:
6379:
6367:. Retrieved
6363:
6353:
6345:
6339:
6331:
6325:
6313:. Retrieved
6309:
6300:
6291:
6282:
6270:. Retrieved
6266:
6257:
6245:. Retrieved
6240:
6231:
6219:. Retrieved
6209:
6197:. Retrieved
6193:the original
6183:
6171:. Retrieved
6153:
6118:
6114:
6103:
6068:
6064:
6039:. Retrieved
6034:
6025:
6014:, retrieved
6000:
5990:
5978:. Retrieved
5974:
5965:
5940:
5936:
5926:
5914:. Retrieved
5903:
5878:
5874:
5864:
5852:. Retrieved
5844:
5834:
5822:. Retrieved
5811:
5797:
5770:
5766:
5756:
5713:
5709:
5699:
5656:
5652:
5642:
5609:
5605:
5595:
5560:
5556:
5545:
5520:
5516:
5506:
5466:(1): 26–31.
5463:
5459:
5432:24 September
5430:. Retrieved
5420:
5393:
5389:
5379:
5328:
5324:
5314:
5302:. Retrieved
5298:
5289:
5277:. Retrieved
5266:
5254:. Retrieved
5232:
5228:
5218:
5175:
5171:
5161:
5113:(1): 23792.
5110:
5106:
5096:
5043:
5039:
5029:
5010:
5000:
4975:
4971:
4965:
4946:
4942:
4932:
4897:
4893:
4883:
4832:
4828:
4815:
4772:
4768:
4758:
4723:
4719:
4709:
4697:. Retrieved
4692:
4683:
4656:
4650:
4625:. Retrieved
4605:
4601:
4591:
4579:. Retrieved
4575:
4565:
4553:. Retrieved
4549:
4539:
4517:(2): 171–8.
4514:
4510:
4500:
4488:. Retrieved
4484:
4436:
4432:
4402:
4398:
4392:
4372:
4363:
4328:
4324:
4314:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4228:
4224:
4191:
4181:
4154:
4150:
4140:
4128:. Retrieved
4114:
4095:
4089:
4063:
4059:
4053:
4028:
4024:
4018:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3939:IPCC, 2021:
3935:
3926:IPCC, 2013:
3922:
3906:
3894:
3861:
3857:
3847:
3806:
3802:
3781:the original
3771:
3763:the original
3753:
3745:the original
3741:"Heat Index"
3735:
3727:"Heat Index"
3721:
3694:
3690:
3680:
3627:
3623:
3613:
3601:. Retrieved
3597:
3587:
3554:
3550:
3543:
3516:
3512:
3499:
3485:. Retrieved
3481:
3431:
3427:
3417:
3397:IPCC, 2021:
3393:
3374:
3362:. Retrieved
3358:the original
3333:. Retrieved
3323:
3311:. Retrieved
3304:the original
3287:
3279:the original
3268:
3256:. Retrieved
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3224:
3212:. Retrieved
3202:
3190:. Retrieved
3180:
3168:. Retrieved
3164:the original
3154:
3135:
3129:
3117:. Retrieved
3107:
3080:
3076:
3063:
3049:
2998:
2994:
2969:. Retrieved
2943:. Retrieved
2925:25 July 2023
2920:
2911:
2902:
2897:
2870:
2866:
2856:
2821:
2817:
2807:
2763:
2749:
2708:
2705:
2673:
2670:
2666:
2626:Heat indices
2619:
2583:
2472:forest fires
2412:
2408:solar energy
2401:
2385:
2372:
2364:
2351:mid-latitude
2348:
2327:
2306:
2297:
2272:antioxidants
2257:catabolizing
2233:
2198:
2165:
2146:
2143:
2121:
2117:
2110:
2091:
2079:
2067:
2055: Danger
2027:
1326:
1319:
1315:
1284:
1271:NWS HeatRisk
1270:
1222:hyperthermia
1193:
1161:heat syncope
1145:Heat illness
1143:
1138:Heat illness
1091:
1069:
1053:Western Cape
1050:
1042:
1037:low pressure
1021:
1009:
993:
989:
938:Observations
928:
909:
896:
884:
876:
871:
863:
861:
845:
826:
819:
809:
665:
527:Diamond dust
451:Winter storm
282:Thunderstorm
109:hyperthermia
105:
97:
75:
72:extreme heat
71:
67:
63:
61:
43:
7694:2021 (West)
7644:2001 (East)
7582:1911 (East)
7577:1901 (East)
7572:1896 (East)
7565:Before 1950
7374:Before 1950
6861:India Today
6676:Le Monde.fr
6547:www.bbc.com
6221:2 September
6199:2 September
5916:4 September
5773:: 256–270.
5331:(1): 5807.
4949:(1): 3–15.
4726:: 220–223.
4699:4 September
3809:(21): n/a.
3603:15 November
3434:(1): 3851.
3083:: 193–212.
3001:(1): 5807.
2634:Philippines
2542:During the
2286:vaccination
2261:antioxidant
2237:respiratory
2209:heat cramps
2201:heat stroke
1218:heat stroke
1214:heat stress
1169:heat cramps
1153:heat stroke
1121:Heat stroke
741:Meteorology
676:Meteorology
564:Snow roller
559:Snow grains
522:Ice pellets
471:Snow squall
402:Storm surge
348:Anticyclone
304:Mesocyclone
292:Thundersnow
241:Arcus cloud
131:Definitions
28:Heat stroke
7847:Torridness
7832:Heat waves
7826:Categories
7533:Heat waves
7218:Antarctica
7173:Heat waves
6955:. Ecowatch
6310:Al Jazeera
6267:Al Jazeera
6173:8 February
5881:: 100563.
5612:: 94–102.
5563:: 135996.
5396:: 101591.
5256:14 January
5235:(7): 3–4.
4490:20 January
4399:The Lancet
4225:The Lancet
3557:: 1330–9.
3364:17 January
3252:"Glossary"
2967:. phys.org
2945:9 February
2741:References
2697:hurricanes
2590:dry season
2170:region of
2070:heat index
1346:heat index
1165:heat edema
1102:cold waves
1029:convection
1017:jet stream
899:Met Office
872:varmebølge
735:Glossaries
671:Jet stream
610:Convection
596:Atmosphere
544:Cloudburst
407:Dust storm
373:Nor'easter
343:Fire whirl
338:Dust devil
331:Waterspout
258:Heat burst
253:Microburst
211:Wet season
199:Dry season
35:Heat Waves
21:heat burst
7608:1980 (US)
7601:1950–1999
7470:2013 (UK)
7434:1995 (UK)
7429:1990 (UK)
7412:1955 (UK)
7405:1950–1999
7396:1911 (UK)
7391:1906 (UK)
7386:July 1757
7256:2013 haze
7002:About.com
6982:22 August
6651:Bloomberg
6599:Bloomberg
6168:0362-4331
6145:1758-6798
6095:1941-1405
5957:1476-4687
5895:2212-0947
5634:201204108
5587:209447429
5480:2160-6056
5412:1568-9883
5353:2041-1723
5192:2196-5412
5135:2045-2322
5070:1932-6203
4924:251954370
4916:1756-1833
4900:: o2107.
4845:CiteSeerX
4750:241577645
4347:2542-5196
4284:(4): 22.
4263:239046862
4010:250134589
4002:2752-5295
3886:0012-8252
3831:0094-8276
3654:0027-8424
3487:21 August
3023:2041-1723
2720:Cold wave
2701:tornadoes
2685:lightning
2594:Rajasthan
2454:impacted
2410:is used.
2335:farmlands
2324:Wildfires
2217:heatwaves
1261:Mortality
1234:pregnancy
1173:heat rash
912:Northeast
864:hedebølge
666:Heat wave
661:Cold wave
605:Chemistry
456:Ice storm
446:Firestorm
358:Polar low
326:Landspout
309:Supercell
270:Lightning
248:Downburst
204:Harmattan
138:Part of
113:wildfires
76:heat wave
64:heat wave
7538:Cerberus
7341:Pakistan
7321:Pakistan
7269:Pakistan
7132:14594620
6936:29 April
6930:Archived
6899:Archived
6865:Archived
6809:Archived
6759:3 August
6733:3 August
6728:phys.org
6415:phys.org
6041:19 April
6016:26 April
5980:19 April
5748:30368680
5691:35821443
5626:31445399
5579:31865090
5537:28040271
5498:32002236
5371:34608159
5251:29208081
5210:29080073
5153:27029386
5088:28520817
5040:PLOS ONE
4992:17657019
4875:25784074
4867:16506977
4807:11401757
4675:12762092
4622:38890517
4581:9 August
4555:3 August
4531:18241810
4463:27151892
4355:38453381
4298:29574605
4255:34687662
4196:Archived
4173:24140191
4124:Archived
4082:29122837
4045:15163570
3911:Archived
3839:53668167
3672:34607944
3579:27418520
3468:35788585
3384:Archived
3041:34608159
2848:15310900
2788:Glossary
2714:See also
2276:chromium
2241:sweating
2225:Brittany
1149:exertion
1065:bergwind
833:(9
820:heatwave
818:defines
537:Freezing
498:Freezing
461:Blizzard
140:a series
85:humidity
68:heatwave
7784:Related
7727:Oceania
7528:Drought
7518:Drought
7123:1241712
7012:27 July
6959:19 July
6871:30 June
6841:29 June
6836:Reuters
6815:29 June
6785:14 June
6708:29 July
6682:29 July
6656:27 June
6630:27 June
6604:20 June
6578:25 June
6552:25 June
6527:19 June
6498:19 June
6472:20 June
6446:18 June
6420:21 June
6395:18 June
6390:Reuters
6369:14 June
6292:Reuters
6109:2019).
6035:Animals
5854:28 July
5824:16 June
5775:Bibcode
5739:6244856
5718:Bibcode
5682:9418108
5661:Bibcode
5489:6951873
5362:8490455
5333:Bibcode
5304:15 July
5279:15 July
5201:5676805
5144:4815017
5115:Bibcode
5079:5433771
5048:Bibcode
4837:Bibcode
4798:1240305
4789:3454704
4728:Bibcode
4627:27 June
4454:4974898
4306:4440737
4130:10 July
3866:Bibcode
3811:Bibcode
3699:Bibcode
3663:8521713
3632:Bibcode
3559:Bibcode
3521:Bibcode
3459:9253148
3436:Bibcode
3335:17 July
3313:26 June
3258:17 July
3214:17 July
3192:17 July
3170:18 July
3119:1 April
3085:Bibcode
3032:8490455
3003:Bibcode
2971:15 July
2875:Bibcode
2826:Bibcode
2818:Science
2652:Myanmar
2642:El Niño
2632:in the
2552:England
2535:Karachi
2406:unless
2249:ketosis
2231:alone.
2205:syncope
2168:Mulanje
1303:Karachi
1175:, heat
1051:In the
918:issues
887:De Bilt
691:Extreme
637:Physics
627:Climate
615:Physics
505:Graupel
493:Drizzle
441:Sirocco
424:Monsoon
395:Typhoon
353:Cyclone
316:Tornado
263:Derecho
148:Weather
117:drought
81:climate
54:in the
7677:Summer
7508:Europe
7488:Europe
7367:Europe
7130:
7120:
7053:
6905:26 May
6272:29 May
6247:29 May
6166:
6143:
6093:
6007:
5955:
5937:Nature
5893:
5746:
5736:
5689:
5679:
5632:
5624:
5585:
5577:
5535:
5496:
5486:
5478:
5410:
5369:
5359:
5351:
5249:
5208:
5198:
5190:
5151:
5141:
5133:
5086:
5076:
5068:
4990:
4922:
4914:
4873:
4865:
4847:
4805:
4795:
4787:
4748:
4673:
4620:
4602:Nature
4529:
4461:
4451:
4393:Lancet
4353:
4345:
4304:
4296:
4261:
4253:
4171:
4102:
4080:
4066:(11),
4043:
4008:
4000:
3943:. In:
3884:
3837:
3829:
3670:
3660:
3652:
3577:
3466:
3456:
3401:. In:
3236:26 May
3142:
3039:
3029:
3021:
2846:
2790:. In:
2699:, and
2693:floods
2648:dengue
2515:Kuwait
2462:, and
2458:, the
2456:Mexico
2382:Oceans
2345:Floods
2264:enzyme
2253:ketone
2172:Malawi
2105:, and
2082:stress
2062:
2058:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
1293:, and
1177:tetany
1006:Causes
858:Europe
699:Canada
654:Season
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