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perpendicular to the Earth's axis of rotation at the equator, while the axis of rotation and the vertical are the same at the pole; this causes the Earth's rotation to influence the atmospheric circulation more strongly at high latitudes than low latitudes. Because of these two factors, clouds and rainstorms in the tropics can occur more spontaneously compared to those at higher latitudes, where they are more tightly controlled by larger-scale forces in the atmosphere. Because of these differences, clouds and rain are more difficult to forecast in the tropics than at higher latitudes. On the other hand, the temperature is easily forecast in the tropics, because it does not change much.
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1136:. As a result, small changes to one part of the system can accumulate and magnify to cause large effects on the system as a whole. This atmospheric instability makes weather forecasting less predictable than tidal waves or eclipses. Although it is difficult to accurately predict weather more than a few days in advance,
1197:
Weather, seen from an anthropological perspective, is something all humans in the world constantly experience through their senses, at least while being outside. There are socially and scientifically constructed understandings of what weather is, what makes it change, the effect it has on humans in
1166:
Weather is one of the fundamental processes that shape the Earth. The process of weathering breaks down the rocks and soils into smaller fragments and then into their constituent substances. During rains precipitation, the water droplets absorb and dissolve carbon dioxide from the surrounding air.
1368:
nature of the atmosphere, the massive computational power required to solve the equations that describe the atmosphere, the error involved in measuring the initial conditions, and an incomplete understanding of atmospheric processes mean that forecasts become less accurate as of the difference in
1398:
Tropical weather forecasting is different from that at higher latitudes. The sun shines more directly on the tropics than on higher latitudes (at least on average over a year), which makes the tropics warm (Stevens 2011). And, the vertical direction (up, as one stands on the Earth's surface) is
2792:
1617:
On Earth, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (100 °F to −40 °F) annually. The range of climates and latitudes across the planet can offer extremes of temperature outside this range. The coldest air temperature ever recorded on Earth is −89.2 °C (−128.6 °F), at
2796:
951:. Almost all familiar weather phenomena occur in the troposphere (the lower part of the atmosphere). Weather does occur in the stratosphere and can affect weather lower down in the troposphere, but the exact mechanisms are poorly understood.
841:
Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. Higher altitudes are cooler than lower altitudes, as most atmospheric heating is due to contact with the Earth's surface while radiative losses to space are mostly constant.
1063:) can also be due to the weather itself in the form of cloudiness and precipitation. Higher altitudes are typically cooler than lower altitudes, which is the result of higher surface temperature and radiational heating, which produces the
1356:
are now used to determine future conditions. On the other hand, human input is still required to pick the best possible forecast model to base the forecast upon, which involves many disciplines such as pattern recognition skills,
1451:
in an effort to keep rain away from the opening ceremony of the games on 8 August 2008. Guo Hu, head of the
Beijing Municipal Meteorological Bureau (BMB), confirmed the success of the operation with 100 millimeters falling in
1202:
has an annual report for fatalities, injury, and total damage costs which include crop and property. They gather this data via
National Weather Service offices located throughout the 50 states in the United States as well as
3359:
M. Fulchignoni; F. Ferri; F. Angrilli; A. Bar-Nun; M.A. Barucci; G. Bianchini; et al. (2002). "The
Characterisation of Titan's Atmospheric Physical Properties by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (Hasi)".
962:
angle at any particular spot, which varies by latitude in the tropics. In other words, the farther from the tropics one lies, the lower the sun angle is, which causes those locations to be cooler due to the spread of the
1336:
for a future time and a given location. Human beings have attempted to predict the weather informally for millennia, and formally since at least the nineteenth century. Weather forecasts are made by collecting
3589:
Knutson, Heather A.; David
Charbonneau; Lori E. Allen; Jonathan J. Fortney; Eric Agol; Nicolas B. Cowan; et al. (10 May 2007). "A map of the day–night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733b".
2423:. Walnut Creek, CA: Left Coast Press. pp. 70–86, i.e. the chapter 'Climate and weather discourse in anthropology: from determinism to uncertain futures' by Nicholas Peterson & Kenneth Broad.
1690:
Studying how the weather works on other planets has been seen as helpful in understanding how it works on Earth. Weather on other planets follows many of the same physical principles as weather on
1467:
Whereas there is inconclusive evidence for these techniques' efficacy, there is extensive evidence that human activity such as agriculture and industry results in inadvertent weather modification:
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2099:
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There are a variety of end users to weather forecasts. Weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. Forecasts based on temperature and
1739:, the lack of a surface allows the wind to reach enormous speeds: gusts of up to 600 metres per second (about 2,100 km/h or 1,300 mph) have been measured on the planet
1310:
to expand. The 1690s saw the worst famine in France since the Middle Ages. Finland suffered a severe famine in 1696–1697, during which about one-third of the
Finnish population died.
755:
is the term for the averaging of atmospheric conditions over longer periods of time. When used without qualification, "weather" is generally understood to mean the weather of Earth.
1380:
are important to agriculture, and therefore to commodity traders within stock markets. Temperature forecasts are used by utility companies to estimate demand over coming days.
2424:
1097:
Surface temperature differences in turn cause pressure differences. A hot surface warms the air above it causing it to expand and lower the density and the resulting surface
826:
at different times of the year. On Earth's surface, temperatures usually range ±40 °C (−40 °F to 104 °F) annually. Over thousands of years, changes in Earth's
1306:(1560–1630), volcanic forcing events seem to have led to more extreme weather events. These included droughts, storms and unseasonal blizzards, as well as causing the Swiss
1910:
1757:
of that received by Earth, yet the intensity of weather phenomena on
Neptune is far greater than on Earth. As of 2007, the strongest planetary winds discovered are on the
3173:
3314:
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This causes the rainwater to be slightly acidic, which aids the erosive properties of water. The released sediment and chemicals are then free to take part in
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2524:
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deposited in the seas/oceans. The sediment may reform in time and by geological forces into other rocks and soils. In this way, weather plays a major role in
1263:
events have caused smaller scale population movements and intruded directly in historical events. One such event is the saving of Japan from invasion by the
1044:). This effect causes seasons. Over thousands to hundreds of thousands of years, changes in Earth's orbital parameters affect the amount and distribution of
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is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin atmosphere throughout the Solar System. The movement of mass ejected from the
2504:
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3426:
1544:, generated by large metropolitan areas have been shown to minutely affect nearby weather, even at distances as far as 1,600 kilometres (990 mi).
2950:
2124:
2632:
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1215:. As of 2019, tornadoes have had the greatest impact on humans with 42 fatalities while costing crop and property damage over 3 billion dollars.
1105:
moves the air from higher to lower pressure regions, creating a wind, and the Earth's rotation then causes deflection of this airflow due to the
2247:
1603:
In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface
1383:
In some areas, people use weather forecasts to determine what to wear on a given day. Since outdoor activities are severely curtailed by heavy
3023:
2655:
2377:
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1943:
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Forecast of surface pressures five days into the future for the north
Pacific, North America, and the north Atlantic Ocean as on 9 June 2008
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1973:
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3442:
3409:
3166:"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for July from 1951-2023"
2008:
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865:
Studying how the weather works on other planets has been helpful in understanding how weather works on Earth. A famous landmark in the
618:
2821:
1275:
winds in 1281. French claims to
Florida came to an end in 1565 when a hurricane destroyed the French fleet, allowing Spain to conquer
3213:
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1144:
research and refining current methodologies in weather prediction. However, it is theoretically impossible to make useful day-to-day
3172:. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). August 2023.
2735:
3233:
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United States. National
Weather Service. Office of Climate, Water, Weather Services, & National Climatic Data Center. (2000).
2415:
2036:
2033:
1808:, form a system that has features analogous to conventional weather systems (such as pressure and wind) and is generally known as
1599:
1086:
thunderstorm development. On local scales, temperature differences can occur because different surfaces (such as oceans, forests,
854:; as a result, small changes to one part of the system can grow to have large effects on the system as a whole. Human attempts to
1373:
of the forecast) increases. The use of ensembles and model consensus helps to narrow the error and pick the most likely outcome.
3118:
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1918:
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2140:
Milankovitch, Milutin. Canon of
Insolation and the Ice Age Problem. Zavod za Udz̆benike i Nastavna Sredstva: Belgrade, 1941.
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are sometimes grouped together as "mesoscale and microscale meteorology" (MMM) and together study all phenomena smaller than
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is incident at different angles at different times of the year. In June the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the
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The effects of inadvertent weather modification may pose serious threats to many aspects of civilization, including
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2521:
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banded appearance shows many such zones, Titan has a single jet stream near the 50th parallel north latitude, and
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1981:
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is evident throughout human history: from ancient rituals intended to bring rain for crops to the U.S. Military
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1747:. The weather is ultimately created by solar energy and the amount of energy received by Neptune is only about
1041:
1040:, so at any given Northern Hemisphere latitude sunlight falls more directly on that spot than in December (see
835:
771:
3197:
2501:
1850:
493:
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1622:, Antarctica on 21 July 1983. The hottest air temperature ever recorded was 57.7 °C (135.9 °F) at
3563:
1353:
36:
2947:
1764:, which is thought to have easterly winds moving at more than 9,600 kilometres per hour (6,000 mph).
1395:, forecasts can be used to plan activities around these events and to plan ahead to survive through them.
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2012:
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known to have existed for at least 300 years. However, the weather is not limited to planetary bodies. A
823:
2121:
1712:. Earth's atmosphere includes six latitudinal circulation zones, three in each hemisphere. In contrast,
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and can cause mountaintops to be warmer than the valleys below. Inversions can lead to the formation of
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2502:
The Other Diaspora: New Orleans Student Evacuation Impacts and Responses Surrounding Hurricane Katrina.
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655:
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1307:
1070:. In some situations, the temperature actually increases with height. This phenomenon is known as an
811:
727:, describing for example the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or
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25:
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1951:
1845:
1634:, Ethiopia. The coldest recorded average annual temperature was −55.1 °C (−67.2 °F) at
1612:
1303:
1071:
972:
779:
778:. The strong temperature contrast between polar and tropical air gives rise to the largest scale
650:
3509:
Suomi, V.E.; Limaye, S.S.; Johnson, D.R. (1991). "High Winds of Neptune: A possible mechanism".
1985:
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1855:
1694:, but occurs on different scales and in atmospheres having different chemical composition. The
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different situations, etc. Therefore, weather is something people often communicate about. The
519:
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3406:
4362:
2713:
The Use of Ensemble Forecasts to Produce Improved Medium Range (3–15 days) Weather Forecasts.
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2016:
1805:
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1333:
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Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the
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1591:. These include small and generally fleeting cloud "puffs" and other small cloud features.
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The uneven solar heating (the formation of zones of temperature and moisture gradients, or
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discovered clouds formed from methane or ethane which deposit rain composed of liquid
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1804:. Inconsistencies in this wind and larger events on the surface of the star, such as
1758:
1744:
1630:. The highest recorded average annual temperature was 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) at
1608:
1509:
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1338:
1280:
1079:
1064:
529:
3548:
3178:(change "202307" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 07=July)
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Brown, Dwayne; Cabbage, Michael; McCarthy, Leslie; Norton, Karen (20 January 2016).
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1645:, in Canada, where the annual average temperature is −19.7 °C (−3.5 °F).
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differences between one place and another. These differences can occur due to the
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The coldest average annual temperature in a permanently inhabited location is at
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The Concept of Frontogenesis and its Application to Winter Weather Forecasting.
2090:"NASA, NOAA Analyses Reveal Record-Shattering Global Warm Temperatures in 2015"
1728:
1635:
1619:
1523:
1519:
1483:
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New Orleans, Louisiana, after being struck by Hurricane Katrina. Katrina was a
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sheets, or human-made objects) have differing physical characteristics such as
1012:
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20:
This article is about the atmospheric process. For the geological process, see
3381:
2838:
2712:
1668:, Washington, US. It was recorded as 31,102 mm (102.04 ft) of snow.
1435:
dispersion techniques employed by major airports, techniques used to increase
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differences from one place to another. These differences can occur due to the
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4716:
4646:
4598:
4565:
4437:
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is constantly being lost to space, creating what is essentially a very thin
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on Record (since 1880) as of 2021 – Colors indicate temperature anomalies (
1000:
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Carlyle H. Wash, Stacey H. Heikkinen, Chi-Sann Liou, and Wendell A. Nuss.
4518:
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4261:
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3917:
2543:"Weird weather in Bristol during the Grindelwald Fluctuation (1560–1630)"
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1342:
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is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the
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Jupiter's Great Red Spot in February 1979, photographed by the uncrewed
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1447:. China shot 1,104 rain dispersal rockets from 21 sites in the city of
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Futures/Options; Cold Weather Brings Surge In Prices of Heating Fuels.
2264:
1587:; that is they study features generally too small to be depicted on a
1443:. A recent example of weather control was China's preparation for the
806:, are caused by instabilities of the jet streamflow. Because Earth's
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4339:
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Shock to the (Solar) System: Coronal Mass Ejection Tracked to Saturn.
3407:
Overview – Climate: The Spherical Shape of the Earth: Climatic Zones.
3341:
2711:
Klaus Weickmann, Jeff Whitaker, Andres Roubicek and Catherine Smith.
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2542:
2481:
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current time and the time for which the forecast is being made (the
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and thus other weather phenomena. Large scale examples include the
850:
for a future time and a given location. Earth's weather system is a
4144:
4088:
4020:
3955:
3841:
3829:
3801:
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that have caused the gradual drift of populations (for example the
1176:
1168:
1033:
964:
955:
944:
819:
815:
775:
767:
735:, most weather phenomena occur in the lowest layer of the planet's
370:
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1652:
Bay (George V Coast). Here the gales reach 199 mph (320
1231:
when it struck although it had been a category 5 hurricane in the
862:
such as agriculture and industry have modified weather patterns.
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4480:
4296:
4139:
4127:
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1832:, and can play havoc with electrically sensitive systems such as
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1420:
1361:, knowledge of model performance, and knowledge of model biases.
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received by Earth, thus influencing long-term climate and global
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Weather is not limited to planetary bodies. Like all stars, the
967:
over a greater surface. The strong temperature contrast between
4500:
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4347:
4122:
4115:
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3564:"Hubble Provides a Moving Look at Neptune's Stormy Disposition"
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88:
83:
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2541:
Jones, Evan T.; Hewlett, Rose; Mackay, Anson W. (5 May 2021).
2375:
NASA Mission Finds New Clues to Guide Search for Life on Mars.
1423:. The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve
954:
Weather occurs primarily due to air pressure, temperature and
897:
4688:
4465:
4447:
4217:
4152:
4110:
4103:
4098:
3935:
3889:
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1812:. Coronal mass ejections have been tracked as far out in the
1772:
1735:
storm known to have existed for at least 300 years. On other
1717:
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1531:
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have occurred throughout history, and there is evidence that
827:
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541:
478:
140:
133:
1800:. The movement of mass ejected from the Sun is known as the
1239:
The weather has played a large and sometimes direct part in
1148:
more than about two weeks ahead, imposing an upper limit to
4737:
4357:
4030:
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3945:
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2417:
Anthropology and Climate Change: From Encounters to Actions
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1208:
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Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation.
2342:"The Discovery of Global Warming: Chaos in the Atmosphere"
2087:
2923:
1428:
1287:
elsewhere across the United States, becoming the largest
1087:
1075:
1037:
959:
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with the terrestrial atmosphere can produce spectacular
1348:
Once an all-human endeavor based mainly upon changes in
2757:
TPC/NHC’S Review of the NCEP Production Suite For 2006.
2733:
Tropical cyclone motion and intensity talk (June 2007).
2334:
2315:. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from
1283:
redistributed over one million people from the central
1171:
reactions that can affect the surface further (such as
2177:
1140:
are continually working to extend this limit through
3693:"Space Weather: What is it? How Will it Affect You?"
2500:
Anthony E. Ladd, John Marszalek, and Duane A. Gill.
1526:
into the air is expected to affect the frequency of
1341:
about the current state of the atmosphere and using
3081:"Cities Affect Temperatures for Thousands of Miles"
2948:
The Seven Key Messages of the Energy Drill Program.
2531:, NASA, 28 July 2020). Date retrieved: 28 May 2021.
2009:"Weather Forecasters May Look Sky-high For Answers"
1820:. The activity of this system can affect planetary
1648:The windiest place ever recorded is in Antarctica,
35:"Fair weather" redirects here. For other uses, see
3427:Jupiter's "Jet Stream" Heated by Surface, Not Sun.
2540:
1824:and occasionally surfaces. The interaction of the
1109:. The simple systems thus formed can then display
3144:. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 61–62.
1579:, about 1 km or less. These two branches of
1352:, current weather conditions, and sky condition,
1343:scientific understanding of atmospheric processes
4803:
2859:Peach Orchard Establishment and Young Tree Care.
2602:Famine in Scotland: The 'Ill Years' of the 1690s
2306:"How Much Better Can Weather Prediction Become?"
2210:
2450:Weather Related Fatality and Injury Statistics.
971:and tropical air gives rise to the large scale
3001:"Planned and Inadvertent Weather Modification"
2968:"Tropical Weather | Learn Science at Scitable"
1530:events such as drought, extreme temperatures,
4202:
3777:
3251:"Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000 – Eureka"
3024:"Beijing disperses rain to dry Olympic night"
2882:After Freeze, Counting Losses to Orange Crop.
2793:"National Meteorological Service of Slovenia"
2076:A Rapid Cyclogenesis Event during GALE IOP 9.
2006:
701:
3698:Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics
2414:Crate, Susan A; Nuttall, Mark, eds. (2009).
2413:
2297:
2182:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2081:
1003:systems, are caused by different processes.
751:, and other atmospheric conditions, whereas
747:. Weather refers to day-to-day temperature,
3277:"The Places with the Most Extreme Climates"
2773:National Weather Service Mission Statement.
2673:Applying The Barometer To Weather Watching.
2122:Earth's Tilt Is the Reason for the Seasons!
2043:(10 March 2013). Retrieved on 27 June 2008.
1671:
1439:over mountains, and techniques to suppress
1345:to project how the atmosphere will evolve.
1155:
995:). Weather systems in the tropics, such as
4209:
4195:
3784:
3770:
3562:Sromovsky, Lawrence A. (14 October 1998).
2819:Dry weather conditions continue for Texas.
2628:An Economic History of Weather Forecasting
1302:in Europe. During the period known as the
830:can affect the amount and distribution of
774:at any particular spot, which varies with
708:
694:
3603:
3561:
3502:
3158:
2578:1983/28c52f89-91be-4ae4-80e9-918cd339da95
2576:
2566:
2245:Relation between density and temperature.
2007:O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (18 October 2001).
1563:
1251:of the Middle East, and the formation of
1218:
1032:is tilted relative to its orbital plane,
3475:
3111:"The Regional Impacts of Climate Change"
3050:"The Regional Impacts of Climate Change"
2215:(8th ed.). Brooks/Cole Publishing.
1771:
1723:One of the most famous landmarks in the
1675:
1598:
1464:recording a rainfall of 25 millimeters.
1323:
1222:
1005:
896:
3690:
3582:
3481:
3338:"The Worst Weather in the Solar System"
1121:while a smaller scale example would be
4804:
3791:
3139:
3021:
2995:
2993:
2303:
1052:and influence long-term climate. (See
4190:
3765:
3335:
3078:
2978:from the original on 8 September 2020
2705:
2653:Weather Forecasting Through the Ages.
2430:from the original on 27 February 2021
2352:from the original on 28 November 2016
2046:
1522:caused by human activities that emit
1291:in the history of the United States.
987:, are caused by instabilities of the
4761:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
3709:from the original on 23 October 2015
3570:from the original on 11 October 2008
3486:. Hayden Planetarium. Archived from
3181:
3176:from the original on 14 August 2023.
2751:Richard J. Pasch, Mike Fiorino, and
2180:Fundamentals of Atmospheric Modeling
2102:from the original on 20 January 2016
1938:
1936:
1594:
1419:by lengthening the North Vietnamese
3283:. 10 September 2020. Archived from
2990:
2725:
2693:Field Forecasting: A Short Summary.
1720:has a single jet near the equator.
1626:, Libya, on 13 September 1922, but
1186:
13:
3336:Britt, Robert Roy (6 March 2001).
3317:from the original on 4 August 2020
3060:from the original on 24 March 2023
2928:Heatwave causes electricity surge.
2065:and wind. Retrieved on 8 May 2008.
1094:, roughness, or moisture content.
16:Short-term state of the atmosphere
14:
4823:
3728:
3091:from the original on 4 March 2021
2393:West Gulf River Forecast Center.
1933:
1460:, to the southwest and Beijing's
4784:
4783:
4171:
4170:
3746:
3734:
3672:What Causes the Aurora Borealis?
3307:"Greatest snowfall in 12 months"
3121:from the original on 14 May 2023
3079:Zhang, Guang (28 January 2012).
2482:Fort Caroline National Memorial.
2285:The Discovery of Global Warming.
1767:
1743:. This has created a puzzle for
1175:), and sodium and chloride ions
677:
30:Weather systems (disambiguation)
4491:Human impact on the environment
3691:Viereck, Rodney (Summer 2007).
3684:
3664:
3644:
3555:
3452:
3432:
3419:
3396:
3352:
3329:
3299:
3269:
3243:
3223:
3203:
3142:A Short Course in Cloud Physics
3133:
3103:
3072:
3042:
3015:
3005:American Meteorological Society
2960:
2940:
2917:
2894:
2871:
2851:
2831:
2811:
2785:
2762:
2745:
2685:
2665:
2642:
2619:
2593:
2534:
2514:
2494:
2474:
2454:
2442:
2407:
2395:Glossary of Hydrologic Terms: E
2387:
2364:
2277:
2257:
2237:
2204:
2171:
2151:
2134:
2114:
1982:American Meteorological Society
1402:
1152:for improved prediction skill.
4320:Climate variability and change
3702:University of Colorado Boulder
2722:Retrieved on 16 February 2007.
2178:Mark Zachary Jacobson (2005).
2068:
2023:
2000:
1966:
1903:
1878:
1313:
1042:Effect of sun angle on climate
983:in the mid-latitudes, such as
1:
4756:Evolution of the Solar System
3231:Coldest Temperature On Earth.
3211:Hottest Temperature on Earth.
3198:National Climatic Data Center
3022:Huanet, Xin (9 August 2008).
1871:
1851:Indigenous Australian seasons
1656:). Furthermore, the greatest
1556:, food and fiber production,
931:. Less common events include
4496:Evolutionary history of life
3533:10.1126/science.251.4996.929
3200:. Retrieved on 21 June 2007.
2522:Volcanoes and Climate Change
2304:Lorenz, Edward (July 1969).
2034:World Book at NASA: Weather.
1571:is the study of short-lived
37:Fairweather (disambiguation)
7:
3026:. Chinaview. Archived from
2639:Retrieved on 15 April 2007.
2605:". Karen J. Cullen (2010).
2511:Retrieved on 29 March 2008.
2013:Goddard Space Flight Center
1839:
1101:. The resulting horizontal
605:Severe weather terminology
67:Temperate and polar seasons
10:
4828:
3681:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3661:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3484:"Jupiter's Great Red Spot"
3472:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3449:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3429:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3416:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3240:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
3220:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2946:Toronto Catholic Schools.
2742:Retrieved on 21 July 2007.
2607:Edinburgh University Press
2491:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2471:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2404:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2384:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2294:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2274:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2254:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2168:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2131:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
2078:Retrieved on 28 June 2008.
1900:Retrieved on 27 June 2008.
1890:Merriam-Webster Dictionary
1781:
1606:
1317:
1190:
1159:
18:
4779:
4746:
4730:
4687:
4632:
4574:
4509:
4456:
4386:
4338:
4295:
4242:
4224:
4216:
4166:
4079:
4038:
4029:
3986:
3908:
3850:
3800:
3463:The Environment of Venus.
3403:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
3236:10 September 2007 at the
2957:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2937:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2914:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2891:Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
2868:Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
2848:Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
2828:Retrieved on 26 May 2008.
2782:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2702:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2682:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2662:Retrieved on 25 May 2008.
2658:10 September 2005 at the
2211:C. Donald Ahrens (2006).
2120:Windows to the Universe.
2058:27 September 2007 at the
1445:2008 Summer Olympic Games
1298:caused crop failures and
892:
798:. Weather systems in the
4766:Location in the Universe
4697:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4396:List of sovereign states
3459:Georgia State University
3440:The jet stream of Titan.
3216:14 February 2021 at the
2953:17 February 2012 at the
2910:14 December 2023 at the
2864:24 December 2008 at the
2778:24 November 2013 at the
2769:National Weather Service
2759:Retrieved on 5 May 2008.
2738:27 February 2021 at the
2718:15 December 2007 at the
2487:17 November 2012 at the
2250:27 November 2022 at the
1672:Extraterrestrial weather
1415:, an attempt to disrupt
1200:National Weather Service
1156:Shaping the planet Earth
780:atmospheric circulations
26:Weather (disambiguation)
3445:25 January 2012 at the
3382:10.1023/A:1023688607077
2462:Relics of the Kamikaze.
2400:16 January 2009 at the
2263:Encyclopedia of Earth.
2164:24 October 2013 at the
1978:Glossary of Meteorology
1948:Glossary of Meteorology
1915:Glossary of Meteorology
1846:Glossary of meteorology
1628:that reading is queried
1613:List of weather records
1575:phenomena smaller than
1474:, caused by industrial
1304:Grindelwald Fluctuation
1013:5th Warmest Global Year
973:atmospheric circulation
3751:Quotations related to
3657:1 January 2011 at the
3438:ESA: Cassini–Huygens.
3311:Guinness World Records
2844:5 October 2011 at the
2015:(NASA). Archived from
1856:Outline of meteorology
1806:coronal mass ejections
1779:
1687:
1660:in a period of twelve
1604:
1569:Microscale meteorology
1564:Microscale meteorology
1329:
1236:
1219:Effects on populations
1025:
985:extratropical cyclones
908:
804:extratropical cyclones
666:Tropical cyclone terms
24:. For other uses, see
4476:Biogeochemical cycles
4401:dependent territories
3362:Space Science Reviews
2887:31 March 2021 at the
2698:25 March 2009 at the
2157:Ron W. Przybylinski.
2127:8 August 2007 at the
1775:
1679:
1602:
1327:
1226:
1191:Further information:
1009:
900:
758:Weather is driven by
273:Extratropical cyclone
197:Air-mass thunderstorm
4524:Computer cartography
4257:Prebiotic atmosphere
4051:Evolutionary history
3743:at Wikimedia Commons
3677:3 March 2016 at the
3468:7 March 2019 at the
3412:26 July 2009 at the
3313:. 18 February 1972.
2839:Drought Corn Silage.
2507:24 June 2008 at the
2467:6 March 2011 at the
2380:11 June 2008 at the
1954:on 28 September 2012
1745:planetary scientists
1560:, and human health.
1558:economic development
1490:, adversely affects
1437:winter precipitation
1229:Category 3 hurricane
1028:Because the Earth's
723:is the state of the
633:Weather modification
231:Anticyclonic tornado
4667:Geologic time scale
4388:Culture and society
4252:Atmosphere of Earth
3988:Natural environment
3719:powerpoint download
3622:10.1038/nature05782
3614:2007Natur.447..183K
3525:1991Sci...251..929S
3374:2002SSRv..104..395F
3257:on 11 November 2007
3140:Rogers, R. (1989).
2933:20 May 2009 at the
2857:Kathryn C. Taylor.
2824:3 July 2009 at the
2559:2021Wthr...76..104J
2527:29 May 2021 at the
2290:7 June 2011 at the
1896:9 July 2017 at the
1836:and radio signals.
1427:; they include the
1409:control the weather
1350:barometric pressure
1320:Weather forecasting
1308:Grindelwald Glacier
1138:weather forecasters
1078:and often act as a
1054:Milankovitch cycles
1023:; 20 January 2016).
856:control the weather
844:Weather forecasting
628:Weather forecasting
464:Rain and snow mixed
290:Subtropical cyclone
4662:Geological history
4536:Geodetic astronomy
3650:Bill Christensen.
2901:The New York Times
2678:9 May 2008 at the
2635:3 May 2007 at the
2460:James P. Delgado.
2270:9 May 2013 at the
2243:Michel Moncuquet.
1780:
1688:
1605:
1534:, high winds, and
1508:pollutants reduce
1407:The aspiration to
1330:
1237:
1111:emergent behaviour
1026:
909:
902:Cumulonimbus cloud
875:anticyclonic storm
684:Weather portal
300:Atlantic hurricane
278:European windstorm
185:Volcanic lightning
146:Cumulonimbus cloud
4797:
4796:
4748:Planetary science
4731:Natural satellite
4652:Extremes on Earth
4619:Signal processing
4184:
4183:
4162:
4161:
3835:chemical elements
3739:Media related to
3598:(7141): 183–186.
3519:(4996): 929–932.
3151:978-0-7506-3215-7
3030:on 12 August 2008
2837:Dr. Terry Mader.
2731:Todd Kimberlain.
2222:978-0-495-01162-0
2213:Meteorology Today
2189:978-0-521-83970-9
1834:electricity grids
1759:extrasolar planet
1710:organic compounds
1686:NASA space probe.
1609:Extremes on Earth
1595:Extremes on Earth
1554:natural resources
1462:Fangshan District
1339:quantitative data
1281:Hurricane Katrina
1279:. More recently,
1103:pressure gradient
933:natural disasters
917:weather phenomena
743:, just below the
718:
717:
4819:
4787:
4786:
4679:History of Earth
4330:Paleoclimatology
4211:
4204:
4197:
4188:
4187:
4174:
4173:
4046:
4036:
4035:
3976:tropical cyclone
3926:
3786:
3779:
3772:
3763:
3762:
3750:
3738:
3722:
3721:
3716:
3714:
3688:
3682:
3668:
3662:
3648:
3642:
3641:
3607:
3586:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3575:
3559:
3553:
3552:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3490:on 8 August 2007
3479:
3473:
3456:
3450:
3436:
3430:
3423:
3417:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3356:
3350:
3349:
3344:. Archived from
3333:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3322:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3273:
3267:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3253:. Archived from
3247:
3241:
3227:
3221:
3207:
3201:
3185:
3179:
3177:
3162:
3156:
3155:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3107:
3101:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3037:
3035:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3011:on 12 June 2010.
3007:. Archived from
2997:
2988:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2964:
2958:
2944:
2938:
2921:
2915:
2898:
2892:
2878:Associated Press
2875:
2869:
2855:
2849:
2835:
2829:
2815:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2795:. Archived from
2789:
2783:
2766:
2760:
2749:
2743:
2729:
2723:
2709:
2703:
2689:
2683:
2671:Weather Doctor.
2669:
2663:
2646:
2640:
2623:
2617:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2568:10.1002/wea.3846
2538:
2532:
2518:
2512:
2498:
2492:
2478:
2472:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2429:
2422:
2411:
2405:
2391:
2385:
2368:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2357:
2348:. January 2017.
2338:
2332:
2331:
2329:
2327:
2322:on 17 April 2016
2321:
2310:
2301:
2295:
2281:
2275:
2261:
2255:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2208:
2202:
2201:
2175:
2169:
2155:
2149:
2138:
2132:
2118:
2112:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2066:
2052:John P. Stimac.
2050:
2044:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2019:on 12 July 2009.
2004:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1993:
1984:. Archived from
1970:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1950:. Archived from
1940:
1931:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1921:on 15 March 2012
1917:. Archived from
1907:
1901:
1882:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1524:greenhouse gases
1492:freshwater lakes
1413:Operation Popeye
1245:climatic changes
1187:Effect on humans
1183:of the surface.
1113:to produce more
1048:received by the
885:is known as the
860:human activities
824:different angles
810:relative to its
800:middle latitudes
710:
703:
696:
682:
681:
295:Tropical cyclone
207:Dry thunderstorm
102:Tropical seasons
45:
44:
40:
33:
4827:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4775:
4742:
4726:
4683:
4674:Geologic record
4628:
4614:Plate tectonics
4604:Mineral physics
4584:Earth structure
4570:
4505:
4452:
4382:
4334:
4291:
4238:
4220:
4215:
4185:
4180:
4158:
4075:
4044:
4025:
3982:
3924:
3904:
3895:Gaia hypothesis
3885:Plate tectonics
3846:
3796:
3790:
3759:
3731:
3726:
3725:
3712:
3710:
3689:
3685:
3679:Wayback Machine
3669:
3665:
3659:Wayback Machine
3649:
3645:
3587:
3583:
3573:
3571:
3560:
3556:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3480:
3476:
3470:Wayback Machine
3457:
3453:
3447:Wayback Machine
3437:
3433:
3424:
3420:
3414:Wayback Machine
3401:
3397:
3357:
3353:
3334:
3330:
3320:
3318:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3287:on 5 April 2024
3275:
3274:
3270:
3260:
3258:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3238:Wayback Machine
3228:
3224:
3218:Wayback Machine
3208:
3204:
3193:25 May 2012 at
3186:
3182:
3164:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3138:
3134:
3124:
3122:
3109:
3108:
3104:
3094:
3092:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3061:
3048:
3047:
3043:
3033:
3031:
3020:
3016:
2999:
2998:
2991:
2981:
2979:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2955:Wayback Machine
2945:
2941:
2935:Wayback Machine
2922:
2918:
2912:Wayback Machine
2899:
2895:
2889:Wayback Machine
2876:
2872:
2866:Wayback Machine
2856:
2852:
2846:Wayback Machine
2836:
2832:
2826:Wayback Machine
2816:
2812:
2802:
2800:
2799:on 18 June 2012
2791:
2790:
2786:
2780:Wayback Machine
2767:
2763:
2750:
2746:
2740:Wayback Machine
2730:
2726:
2720:Wayback Machine
2710:
2706:
2700:Wayback Machine
2690:
2686:
2680:Wayback Machine
2670:
2666:
2660:Wayback Machine
2647:
2643:
2637:Wayback Machine
2625:Eric D. Craft.
2624:
2620:
2598:
2594:
2539:
2535:
2529:Wayback Machine
2519:
2515:
2509:Wayback Machine
2499:
2495:
2489:Wayback Machine
2479:
2475:
2469:Wayback Machine
2459:
2455:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2427:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2402:Wayback Machine
2392:
2388:
2382:Wayback Machine
2369:
2365:
2355:
2353:
2346:history.aip.org
2340:
2339:
2335:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2308:
2302:
2298:
2292:Wayback Machine
2283:Spencer Weart.
2282:
2278:
2272:Wayback Machine
2262:
2258:
2252:Wayback Machine
2242:
2238:
2223:
2209:
2205:
2190:
2176:
2172:
2166:Wayback Machine
2156:
2152:
2139:
2135:
2129:Wayback Machine
2119:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2086:
2082:
2073:
2069:
2060:Wayback Machine
2051:
2047:
2028:
2024:
2005:
2001:
1991:
1989:
1972:
1971:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1942:
1941:
1934:
1924:
1922:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1898:Wayback Machine
1883:
1879:
1874:
1866:Weather of 2024
1861:Weather station
1842:
1796:throughout the
1786:
1777:Aurora borealis
1770:
1753:
1749:
1748:
1697:Cassini–Huygens
1674:
1643:Eureka, Nunavut
1615:
1607:Main articles:
1597:
1566:
1528:extreme weather
1484:nitrogen oxides
1405:
1359:teleconnections
1354:forecast models
1322:
1316:
1261:extreme weather
1249:desertification
1221:
1195:
1189:
1164:
1158:
1123:coastal breezes
1115:complex systems
1107:Coriolis effect
1024:
895:
822:is incident at
714:
676:
671:
670:
646:
638:
637:
496:
486:
485:
398:
388:
387:
376:Ground blizzard
136:
126:
125:
104:
94:
93:
69:
41:
34:
19:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4825:
4815:
4814:
4795:
4794:
4792:
4791:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4774:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4744:
4743:
4741:
4740:
4734:
4732:
4728:
4727:
4725:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:Atlantic Ocean
4704:
4699:
4693:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4644:
4638:
4636:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4621:
4616:
4611:
4606:
4601:
4596:
4591:
4589:Fluid dynamics
4586:
4580:
4578:
4572:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4563:
4561:Geopositioning
4558:
4556:Remote Sensing
4553:
4548:
4543:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4515:
4513:
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4405:
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4381:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4350:
4344:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4315:Climate change
4312:
4310:Energy balance
4307:
4305:Climate system
4301:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4290:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4259:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4231:
4225:
4222:
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4206:
4199:
4191:
4182:
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4178:
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4157:
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4108:
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4091:
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4073:
4063:
4058:
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4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3984:
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3978:
3973:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
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3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3789:
3788:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3757:
3756:
3744:
3730:
3729:External links
3727:
3724:
3723:
3683:
3670:AlaskaReport.
3663:
3643:
3581:
3566:. HubbleSite.
3554:
3501:
3474:
3451:
3431:
3418:
3395:
3368:(1): 395–431.
3351:
3348:on 2 May 2001.
3328:
3298:
3268:
3242:
3222:
3202:
3180:
3157:
3150:
3132:
3102:
3071:
3041:
3014:
2989:
2972:www.nature.com
2959:
2939:
2916:
2893:
2870:
2850:
2830:
2817:Blair Fannin.
2810:
2784:
2761:
2744:
2724:
2704:
2684:
2664:
2641:
2618:
2592:
2553:(4): 104–110.
2533:
2513:
2493:
2473:
2453:
2441:
2406:
2386:
2363:
2333:
2296:
2276:
2256:
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2221:
2203:
2188:
2170:
2150:
2133:
2113:
2080:
2067:
2045:
2022:
1999:
1988:on 7 July 2011
1965:
1932:
1902:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1782:Main article:
1769:
1766:
1729:Great Red Spot
1673:
1670:
1638:, Antarctica.
1636:Vostok Station
1620:Vostok Station
1596:
1593:
1585:synoptic scale
1565:
1562:
1546:
1545:
1539:
1520:Climate change
1517:
1503:
1480:sulfur dioxide
1458:Hebei Province
1404:
1401:
1318:Main article:
1315:
1312:
1296:Little Ice Age
1233:Gulf of Mexico
1220:
1217:
1213:Virgin Islands
1193:Biometeorology
1188:
1185:
1160:Main article:
1157:
1154:
1142:meteorological
1134:chaotic system
1010:
975:cells and the
923:, rain, snow,
919:include wind,
904:surrounded by
894:
891:
871:Great Red Spot
852:chaotic system
836:climate change
808:axis is tilted
716:
715:
713:
712:
705:
698:
690:
687:
686:
673:
672:
669:
668:
663:
658:
656:Climate change
653:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
636:
635:
630:
625:
624:
623:
622:
621:
616:
611:
603:
598:
591:Severe weather
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
567:
566:
561:
551:
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532:
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482:
481:
476:
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456:
451:
450:
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439:
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429:
428:
427:
425:Megacryometeor
417:
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399:
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378:
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54:
53:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4824:
4813:
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4809:
4807:
4800:
4790:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4772:
4769:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4759:
4757:
4754:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4745:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4733:
4729:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4717:Pacific Ocean
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4664:
4663:
4660:
4658:
4655:
4653:
4650:
4648:
4647:Earth science
4645:
4643:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4635:
4631:
4625:
4622:
4620:
4617:
4615:
4612:
4610:
4607:
4605:
4602:
4600:
4599:Magnetosphere
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4581:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4567:
4566:Virtual globe
4564:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4531:Earth's orbit
4529:
4525:
4522:
4521:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4461:
4459:
4455:
4449:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4438:World history
4436:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4428:World economy
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4385:
4379:
4378:South America
4376:
4374:
4373:North America
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
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4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4298:
4294:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4275:
4273:
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4268:
4265:
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4260:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
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4241:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4226:
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4207:
4205:
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4189:
4177:
4169:
4168:
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4155:
4154:
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4146:
4143:
4141:
4138:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4117:
4114:
4113:
4112:
4109:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4078:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4045:(abiogenesis)
4041:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3985:
3977:
3974:
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3969:
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3967:
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3954:
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3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
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3929:
3927:
3921:
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3916:
3915:
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3911:
3907:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3860:Earth science
3858:
3857:
3855:
3853:
3849:
3843:
3840:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3787:
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3673:
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3660:
3656:
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3647:
3639:
3635:
3631:
3627:
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3615:
3611:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3585:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3513:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3482:Ellen Cohen.
3478:
3471:
3467:
3464:
3460:
3455:
3448:
3444:
3441:
3435:
3428:
3425:Anne Minard.
3422:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3332:
3316:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3272:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3239:
3235:
3232:
3229:Glenn Elert.
3226:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3209:Glenn Elert.
3206:
3199:
3196:
3195:archive.today
3192:
3189:
3184:
3175:
3171:
3170:NCEI.NOAA.gov
3167:
3161:
3153:
3147:
3143:
3136:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3106:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3075:
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3055:
3051:
3045:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2963:
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2949:
2943:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2879:
2874:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2814:
2798:
2794:
2788:
2781:
2777:
2774:
2770:
2765:
2758:
2754:
2753:Chris Landsea
2748:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2728:
2721:
2717:
2714:
2708:
2701:
2697:
2694:
2688:
2681:
2677:
2674:
2668:
2661:
2657:
2654:
2650:
2645:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2622:
2616:
2615:0-7486-3887-3
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:Jason Wolfe,
2517:
2510:
2506:
2503:
2497:
2490:
2486:
2483:
2480:Mike Strong.
2477:
2470:
2466:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2426:
2419:
2418:
2410:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2390:
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2343:
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2318:
2314:
2307:
2300:
2293:
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2286:
2280:
2273:
2269:
2266:
2260:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2154:
2147:
2146:86-17-06619-9
2143:
2137:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2117:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2091:
2084:
2077:
2071:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2054:
2049:
2042:
2038:
2037:Archived copy
2035:
2031:
2026:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2003:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1944:"Troposphere"
1939:
1937:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:"Hydrosphere"
1906:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1837:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1810:space weather
1807:
1803:
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1784:Space weather
1778:
1774:
1768:Space weather
1765:
1763:
1760:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1737:giant planets
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1685:
1684:
1678:
1669:
1667:
1666:Mount Rainier
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1644:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1614:
1610:
1601:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1536:severe storms
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1506:Anthropogenic
1504:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1425:cloud seeding
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1379:
1378:precipitation
1374:
1372:
1367:
1362:
1360:
1355:
1351:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1335:
1326:
1321:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1277:Fort Caroline
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:. Aside from
1242:
1241:human history
1234:
1230:
1225:
1216:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1194:
1184:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1153:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1061:frontogenesis
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1008:
1004:
1002:
999:or organized
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
966:
961:
957:
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
915:, the common
914:
907:
906:stratocumulus
903:
899:
890:
888:
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880:
879:star's corona
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868:
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849:
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829:
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812:orbital plane
809:
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797:
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749:precipitation
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4799:
4771:Solar System
4722:Oceanography
4712:Indian Ocean
4702:Arctic Ocean
4642:Age of Earth
4594:Geomagnetism
4286:
4277:Thermosphere
4267:Stratosphere
4151:
4084:Biodiversity
4070:astrobiology
3909:
3792:Elements of
3758:
3755:at Wikiquote
3718:
3711:. Retrieved
3696:
3686:
3666:
3646:
3595:
3591:
3584:
3572:. Retrieved
3557:
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3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3488:the original
3477:
3454:
3434:
3421:
3398:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3346:the original
3331:
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3310:
3301:
3289:. Retrieved
3285:the original
3280:
3271:
3259:. Retrieved
3255:the original
3245:
3225:
3205:
3183:
3169:
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3141:
3135:
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3115:www.grida.no
3114:
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3093:. Retrieved
3085:ScienceDaily
3084:
3074:
3062:. Retrieved
3054:www.grida.no
3053:
3044:
3032:. Retrieved
3028:the original
3017:
3009:the original
3004:
2980:. Retrieved
2971:
2962:
2942:
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2896:
2873:
2853:
2833:
2813:
2801:. Retrieved
2797:the original
2787:
2764:
2747:
2727:
2707:
2691:Mark Moore.
2687:
2667:
2644:
2627:
2621:
2600:
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2550:
2546:
2536:
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2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2416:
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2366:
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2345:
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2317:the original
2313:web.mit.edu/
2312:
2299:
2279:
2259:
2239:
2212:
2206:
2179:
2173:
2153:
2136:
2116:
2104:. Retrieved
2093:
2083:
2070:
2063:Air pressure
2048:
2025:
2017:the original
2002:
1990:. Retrieved
1986:the original
1977:
1968:
1956:. Retrieved
1952:the original
1947:
1923:. Retrieved
1919:the original
1914:
1905:
1889:
1880:
1814:Solar System
1798:Solar System
1790:Sun's corona
1787:
1733:anticyclonic
1727:, Jupiter's
1725:Solar System
1722:
1695:
1689:
1681:
1664:occurred in
1650:Commonwealth
1647:
1640:
1616:
1567:
1547:
1466:
1417:supply lines
1406:
1403:Modification
1397:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1347:
1331:
1293:
1253:land bridges
1238:
1196:
1165:
1127:
1099:air pressure
1096:
1092:reflectivity
1058:
1046:solar energy
1027:
1001:thunderstorm
953:
910:
869:, Jupiter's
867:Solar System
864:
840:
832:solar energy
814:(called the
760:air pressure
757:
745:stratosphere
720:
719:
437:Diamond dust
361:Winter storm
192:Thunderstorm
57:
42:
4519:Cartography
4458:Environment
4325:Climatology
4262:Troposphere
4135:Prokaryotes
3923:Atmosphere
3918:Meteorology
3494:16 November
3321:11 February
2803:25 February
1822:atmospheres
1762:HD 189733 b
1700:mission to
1589:weather map
1581:meteorology
1573:atmospheric
1510:air quality
1314:Forecasting
1269:Kublai Khan
1205:Puerto Rico
1146:predictions
1119:Hadley cell
993:baroclinity
929:dust storms
788:Ferrel cell
784:Hadley cell
772:Sun's angle
764:temperature
741:troposphere
651:Meteorology
586:Meteorology
474:Snow roller
469:Snow grains
432:Ice pellets
381:Snow squall
312:Storm surge
258:Anticyclone
214:Mesocyclone
202:Thundersnow
151:Arcus cloud
4624:Tomography
4609:Seismology
4576:Geophysics
4551:Navigation
4443:Time zones
4408:In culture
4353:Antarctica
4340:Continents
4272:Mesosphere
4244:Atmosphere
4016:Wilderness
3869:geological
2982:8 February
2106:21 January
1958:11 October
1872:References
1826:solar wind
1802:solar wind
1794:atmosphere
1708:and other
1550:ecosystems
1514:visibility
1500:structures
1496:vegetation
1488:atmosphere
1431:- and low
1393:wind chill
1334:atmosphere
1285:Gulf coast
1259:periods),
1211:, and the
1162:Weathering
1130:atmosphere
1084:suppresses
1068:lapse rate
991:flow (see
989:jet stream
979:. Weather
977:jet stream
949:ice storms
941:hurricanes
887:solar wind
848:atmosphere
802:, such as
796:jet stream
794:, and the
792:polar cell
737:atmosphere
725:atmosphere
645:Glossaries
581:Jet stream
520:Convection
506:Atmosphere
454:Cloudburst
317:Dust storm
283:Nor'easter
253:Fire whirl
248:Dust devil
241:Waterspout
168:Heat burst
163:Microburst
121:Wet season
109:Dry season
22:Weathering
4541:Geomatics
4486:Ecosystem
4471:Biosphere
4433:Etymology
4413:Earth Day
4363:Australia
4282:Exosphere
4094:Eukaryota
4061:Hierarchy
4056:Biosphere
4021:Wildfires
4011:Radiation
4001:Ecosystem
3941:Moonlight
3875:Structure
3830:particles
3605:0705.0993
3574:6 January
3390:189778612
3342:Space.com
3281:Inkerman™
3034:24 August
2609:. p. 21.
2587:225239334
2231:224863929
2198:243560910
1974:"Climate"
1714:Jupiter's
1683:Voyager 1
1577:mesoscale
1486:into the
1472:Acid rain
1267:fleet of
1173:acid rain
1150:potential
1072:inversion
1065:adiabatic
937:tornadoes
576:Heat wave
571:Cold wave
515:Chemistry
366:Ice storm
356:Firestorm
268:Polar low
236:Landspout
219:Supercell
180:Lightning
158:Downburst
114:Harmattan
48:Part of
4806:Category
4789:Category
4176:Category
4145:bacteria
4128:protista
4089:Organism
3956:Sunlight
3802:Universe
3707:Archived
3675:Archived
3655:Archived
3630:17495920
3568:Archived
3549:46419483
3541:17847386
3466:Archived
3443:Archived
3410:Archived
3315:Archived
3234:Archived
3214:Archived
3191:Archived
3174:Archived
3119:Archived
3089:Archived
3058:Archived
2976:Archived
2951:Archived
2931:Archived
2908:Archived
2885:Archived
2862:Archived
2842:Archived
2822:Archived
2776:Archived
2736:Archived
2716:Archived
2696:Archived
2676:Archived
2656:Archived
2633:Archived
2525:Archived
2505:Archived
2485:Archived
2465:Archived
2425:Archived
2398:Archived
2378:Archived
2350:Archived
2288:Archived
2268:Archived
2248:Archived
2162:Archived
2125:Archived
2100:Archived
2056:Archived
1894:Archived
1886:Weather.
1840:See also
1731:, is an
1658:snowfall
1624:'Aziziya
1532:flooding
1476:emission
1456:City of
1391:and the
1289:diaspora
1273:Kamikaze
1169:chemical
1034:sunlight
997:monsoons
965:sunlight
956:moisture
945:typhoons
935:such as
873:, is an
820:sunlight
816:ecliptic
776:latitude
768:moisture
447:Freezing
408:Freezing
371:Blizzard
50:a series
4812:Weather
4634:Geology
4546:Gravity
4511:Geodesy
4481:Ecology
4297:Climate
4287:Weather
4234:History
4229:Outline
4153:Viruses
4140:archaea
4116:animals
4068: (
4066:Biology
4043:Origin
3996:Ecology
3971:tornado
3931:Climate
3925:(Earth)
3910:Weather
3880:Geology
3867: (
3865:History
3753:Weather
3741:Weather
3713:28 June
3638:4402268
3610:Bibcode
3521:Bibcode
3512:Science
3370:Bibcode
3291:5 April
3261:28 June
3095:9 March
2555:Bibcode
2547:Weather
2356:21 July
2326:21 July
2041:WebCite
1925:27 June
1830:aurorae
1752:⁄
1741:Neptune
1706:methane
1454:Baoding
1449:Beijing
1433:stratus
1421:monsoon
1366:chaotic
1300:famines
1271:by the
1257:glacial
1255:during
1181:erosion
1011:2015 –
981:systems
753:climate
721:Weather
601:Extreme
547:Physics
537:Climate
525:Physics
415:Graupel
403:Drizzle
351:Sirocco
334:Monsoon
305:Typhoon
263:Cyclone
226:Tornado
173:Derecho
58:Weather
4689:Oceans
4657:Future
4501:Nature
4423:Symbol
4368:Europe
4348:Africa
4104:plants
3936:Clouds
3900:Future
3890:Oceans
3842:Change
3825:Matter
3820:Energy
3794:nature
3636:
3628:
3592:Nature
3547:
3539:
3388:
3148:
3125:14 May
3064:14 May
2613:
2585:
2434:21 May
2229:
2219:
2196:
2186:
2144:
1992:14 May
1818:Saturn
1662:months
1632:Dallol
1498:, and
1265:Mongol
1177:(salt)
893:Causes
790:, the
786:, the
782:: the
766:, and
739:, the
729:cloudy
609:Canada
564:Season
494:Topics
339:Amihan
327:Haboob
322:Simoom
134:Storms
89:Autumn
84:Summer
79:Spring
74:Winter
4466:Biome
4448:World
4218:Earth
4123:fungi
4111:fauna
4099:flora
4006:Field
3961:Tides
3852:Earth
3810:Space
3634:S2CID
3600:arXiv
3545:S2CID
3386:S2CID
2583:S2CID
2428:(PDF)
2421:(PDF)
2320:(PDF)
2309:(PDF)
2265:Wind.
1718:Venus
1702:Titan
1692:Earth
1371:range
1132:is a
1082:that
1050:Earth
969:polar
921:cloud
913:Earth
828:orbit
733:Earth
731:. On
614:Japan
542:Cloud
530:River
479:Slush
141:Cloud
4738:Moon
4418:Flag
4358:Asia
4031:Life
3966:Wind
3951:Snow
3946:Rain
3815:Time
3715:2008
3626:PMID
3576:2006
3537:PMID
3496:2007
3323:2021
3293:2024
3263:2008
3146:ISBN
3127:2023
3097:2018
3066:2023
3036:2008
2984:2020
2805:2012
2649:NASA
2611:ISBN
2436:2014
2371:NASA
2358:2017
2328:2017
2227:OCLC
2217:ISBN
2194:OCLC
2184:ISBN
2142:ISBN
2108:2016
2095:NASA
2030:NASA
1994:2008
1960:2020
1927:2008
1654:km/h
1611:and
1542:Heat
1512:and
1482:and
1441:hail
1389:snow
1385:rain
1364:The
1294:The
1209:Guam
1128:The
1030:axis
1021:NOAA
1017:NASA
947:and
927:and
596:List
559:Mist
459:Snow
442:Rain
420:Hail
346:Gale
28:and
3700:at
3618:doi
3596:447
3529:doi
3517:251
3378:doi
3366:104
2924:BBC
2573:hdl
2563:doi
2039:at
1816:as
1754:900
1478:of
1429:fog
1088:ice
1080:cap
1076:fog
1056:).
1038:Sun
960:sun
925:fog
911:On
883:Sun
818:),
554:Fog
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2992:^
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2373:.
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2098:.
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2032:.
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