2457:
1201:. Areas under and immediately adjacent to the downburst receive the highest winds and rainfall, if any is present. Also, because the rain-cooled air is descending from the middle troposphere, a significant drop in temperatures is noticed. Due to interaction with the surface, the downburst quickly loses strength as it fans out and forms the distinctive "curl shape" that is commonly seen at the periphery of the microburst (see image). Downbursts usually last only a few minutes and then dissipate, except in the case of squall lines and derecho events. However, despite their short lifespan, microbursts are a serious hazard to aviation and property and can result in substantial damage to the area.
1296:
1269:
689:
2452:, Canada. Maximum wind speeds reaching 190 km/h (120 mph) were surveyed and analyzed by the Northern Tornados Project, in an area measuring approximately 36 km (22 mi) long and 5 km (3 mi) wide. 10 people were killed and many communities experienced significant damage and power outages spanning days as a result of the derecho that moved across Ontario and Quebec. It was one of Canada's most destructive wind storms in its history, with over $ 875 million in damages across both provinces.
1257:
1932:, which results from precipitation-evaporated air compressionally heating as it descends from very high altitude, usually on the backside of a dying squall line or outflow boundary. Heat bursts are chiefly a nocturnal occurrence, can produce winds over 160 km/h (100 mph), are characterized by exceptionally dry air, can suddenly raise the surface temperature to 38 °C (100 °F) or more, and sometimes persist for several hours.
1965:
1984:
880:
1230:
948:
993:
47:
2637:. Field reports and damage assessments show that Charlottesville experienced numerous downbursts during the storm, with wind estimates at over 75 mph (120 km/h). In a matter of minutes, trees and downed power lines littered the roadways. A number of houses were hit by trees. Immediately after the storm, up to 60,000 Dominion Power customers in Charlottesville and surrounding
2396:, causing a sudden decrease in the amount of air flowing across the wings. The decrease in airflow over the wings of the aircraft causes a drop in the amount of lift produced. This decrease in lift combined with a strong downward flow of air can cause the thrust required to remain at altitude to exceed what is available, thus causing the aircraft to
2673:
On 13 May 1989, a microburst with winds over 95 mph (150 km/h) hit Fort Hood, Texas. Over 200 U.S. Army helicopters were damaged. The storm damaged at least 20 percent of the fort's buildings, forcing 25 military families from their quarters. In a preliminary damage estimate, the Army said
2391:
are notable exceptions). The microburst is an extremely powerful gust of air that, once hitting the surface, spreads in all directions. As the aircraft is coming in to land, the pilots try to slow the plane to an appropriate speed. When the microburst hits, the pilots will see a large spike in their
1913:
negative buoyancy. Even a relatively modest negative buoyancy can result in a substantial downdraft if it is maintained over a relatively large depth. A downward speed of 25 m/s (56 mph; 90 km/h) results from the relatively modest NAPE value of 312.5 m s. To a first approximation, the
887:
A downburst is created by a column of sinking air that after hitting the surface spreads out in all directions and is capable of producing straight-line winds of over 240 km/h (150 mph), often producing damage similar to, but distinguishable from, that caused by tornadoes. Downburst damage
2432:
in 2008. The aftermath left approximately 324,000 customers without power and caused extensive damage to CenterPoint Energy's equipment and infrastructure. The storm caused significant damage to buildings, with at least 243 homes damaged. The storm was strong enough to flip a small plane and push
1164:
of a thunderstorm or originate with a downburst from a thunderstorm. These events can cause considerable damage, even in the absence of a tornado. The winds can gust to 58 m/s (130 mph) and winds of 26 m/s (58 mph) or more can last for more than twenty minutes. In the United
963:
process cools the air. The denser cool air descends and accelerates as it approaches the surface. When the cool air approaches the surface, it spreads out in all directions. High winds spread out in this type of pattern showing little or no curvature are known as straight-line winds.
2526:
by 10:20 p.m. Lightning struck 10 times per minute over
Cleveland Heights. and 80 mph (130 km/h) winds knocked down hundreds of trees and utility poles. More than 45,000 people lost power, with damage so severe that nearly 6,000 homes remained without power two days
2711:. As the derecho moved east-southeast, it became very intense over central Minnesota around midday. From that time through the afternoon the system produced winds of 80 to more than 100 mph (160 km/h), with areas of extreme damage from central Minnesota into northern
938:
as affecting an area 4 km (2.5 mi) in diameter or less, distinguishing them as a type of downburst and apart from common wind shear which can encompass greater areas. Fujita also coined the term macroburst for downbursts larger than 4 km (2.5 mi).
1747:
to contribute substantially to the downward acceleration of air parcels. This term is associated with storms having high precipitation rates. Comparing the effects of water loading to those associated with buoyancy, if a parcel has a liquid water mixing ratio of
1564:
2648:. It caused major damage to four homes, all of which were occupied. No injuries were reported. Roofs were blown off of garages and walls were flattened by the estimated 100 mph (160 km/h) winds. The cost of repairs was thought to be $ 500,000 or more.
2696:. Sudden torrential rain cut visibility to zero and straight-line winds estimated at over 70 mph (110 km/h) pushed the ship into a support pier, causing the catastrophic collapse of the southbound span and 35 deaths as several private vehicles and a
888:
radiates from a central point as the descending column spreads out when hitting the surface, whereas tornado damage tends towards convergent damage consistent with rotating winds. To differentiate between tornado damage and damage from a downburst, the term
2507:, with 80 to 100 mph (130 to 160 km/h) winds knocking down trees and power lines. Significant damage to structures was reported across Sealy. Twenty students were slightly injured by flying debris while attending a function at Sealy High School.
1708:
1165:
States, such straight-line wind events are most common during the spring when instability is highest and weather fronts routinely cross the country. Straight-line wind events in the form of derechos can take place throughout the eastern half of the U.S.
967:
Dry microbursts are typically produced by high based thunderstorms that contain little to no surface rainfall. They occur in environments characterized by a thermodynamic profile exhibiting an inverted-V at thermal and moisture profile, as viewed on a
2538:. Numerous fallen trees were reported, as well as downed powerlines and minimal property damage. Thousands of people were without power for several days, even as long as over 4 days. The storm occurred late at night, and no injuries were reported.
1723:
The second term is the effect of buoyancy on vertical motion. Clearly, in the case of microbursts, one expects to find that B is negative, meaning the parcel is cooler than its environment. This cooling typically takes place as a result of
2500:, Texas at 11:53 p.m., causing an aircraft hangar to partially collapse. Six business jets (four stored in the hangar and two outside) were damaged. A severe thunderstorm warning was issued just seconds before the microburst struck.
2465:
On 31 March 2019, a very destructive downburst cluster with characteristics of a small derecho, but too small to satisfy the criteria, impacted across a 33 km (21 mi) wide and 45 km (28 mi) long swath in the
2545:
hit portions of
Gloucester and Camden Counties in New Jersey causing widespread damage mostly due to falling trees. Electrical utilities were affected for several days causing protracted traffic signal disruption and closed
923:, which covers huge areas of more than 320 km (200 mi) wide and over 1,600 km (1,000 mi) long, persisting for 12 hours or more, and which is associated with some of the most intense straight-line winds.
907:. These generally are formed by precipitation-cooled air rushing to the surface, but they perhaps also could be powered by strong winds aloft being deflected toward the surface by dynamical processes in a thunderstorm (see
2626:, causing extensive damage to trees, buildings, and vehicles in an area 8 miles long and 5 miles wide. Approximately 3,000 trees were knocked down by some reports. There was one fatality when a tree fell onto a car on the
2493:, causing significant damage. Nearly a half million people lost power and 5 people were killed. Winds were recorded in excess of 100 mph (160 km/h) and several tornadoes and macrobursts were confirmed by the NWS.
1972:
Downbursts, particularly microbursts, are exceedingly dangerous to aircraft which are taking off or landing due to the strong vertical wind shear caused by these events. Several fatal crashes are attributed to downbursts.
1390:
1740:). Precipitation particles that are small, but are in great quantity, promote a maximum contribution to cooling and, hence, to creation of negative buoyancy. The major contribution to this process is from evaporation.
2392:
airspeed, caused by the force of the headwind created by the microburst. A pilot inexperienced with microbursts would try to decrease the speed. The plane would then travel through the microburst, and fly into the
1192:
from surrounding air and cooling it considerably. Cooler air has a higher density than the warmer air around it, so it sinks to the surface. As the cold air hits the ground or water it spreads out and a mesoscale
1905:
1016:, appears to play an important role in downburst formation (Wakimoto and Bringi, 1988), especially in the lowest 1 km (0.6 mi) above surface level (Proctor, 1989). These factors, among others, make
50:
Illustration of a microburst at an airport. The air moves in a downward motion until it hits the surface. It then spreads outward in all directions. The wind regime in a microburst is opposite to that of a
1826:
853:
training goes to great lengths on how to properly recognize and recover from a downburst/wind shear event; wind shear recovery, among other adverse weather events, are standard topics across the world in
866:
technology was also implemented in much of the world and particularly around major airports, which in many cases actually have wind shear detection equipment on the field. This detection equipment helps
1287:
in
Huntsville, Alabama, in 2012. The radar is on the right side of the image and the downburst is along the line separating the velocity towards the radar (green), and the one moving away (red).
1446:
1605:
4434:
3444:
2600:, causing severe localized damage. Five people were killed and at least 140 people were injured. Later research showed that the wind reached speeds of 170 km/h (110 mph).
1576:
correction usually is rather small and to a good approximation; it can be ignored when computing buoyancy. Finally, the effects of precipitation loading on the vertical motion are
1239:
822:
where rainfall is lacking. Heat bursts generate significantly higher temperatures due to the lack of rain-cooled air in their formation and compressional heating during descent.
4156:
1248:
1000:
Wet microbursts are downbursts accompanied by significant precipitation at the surface. These downbursts rely more on the drag of precipitation for downward acceleration of
2560:. The roof was ripped off of a local business; the debris damaged several houses and cars near the business. Due to the time, between 1 am and 2 am, there were no injuries.
1439:
2908:
1216:
A downburst initially develops as the downdraft begins its descent from the cloud base. The downdraft accelerates, and within minutes reaches the surface (contact stage).
1160:) are very strong winds that can produce damage, demonstrating a lack of the rotational damage pattern associated with tornadoes. Straight-line winds are common with the
2611:, a wet microburst hit, causing severe localized damage and localized power outages, including fallen-tree impacts into at least four homes. No fatalities were reported.
2974:
2941:
980:
of the United States) of a dry microburst environment that comprised three important variables: mid-level moisture, cloud base in the mid troposphere, and low surface
1760:
of negative buoyancy; the latter is a large (but not extreme) value. Therefore, in general terms, negative buoyancy is typically the major contributor to downdrafts.
1909:
and where LFS denotes the level of free sink for a descending parcel and SFC denotes the surface. This means that the maximum downward motion is associated with the
1598:
758:, where high-velocity winds circle a central area, and air moves inward and upward. These usually last for seconds to minutes. Downbursts are particularly strong
3839:
2482:
around 18:45 local time, the 30-45 min duration winds flattened many and severely damaged numerous buildings, leading to 28 deaths and hundreds of injuries.
3783:
2670:
campus buildings sustained some form of damage from the storm. Preliminary estimates put the cost of repairs at between $ 6 million and $ 7 million.
3176:
1283:
Doppler display, a downburst is seen as a couplet of radial winds in the outburst and cushion stages. The rightmost image shows such a display from the
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4324:
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746:, that is, in straight lines in all directions from the area of impact at surface level. It originates under deep, moist convective conditions like
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1316:
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4374:
2015:
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The last term is the effect of water loading. Whereas evaporation is promoted by large numbers of small droplets, it only requires a few large
1168:
Straight-line winds may be damaging to marine interests. Small ships, cutters and sailboats are at risk from this meteorological phenomenon.
4463:
4234:
3411:"Runway excursion, USAir Inc., Flight 183, McDonnell Douglas DC9-31, N964VJ, Detroit Metropolitan Airport, Detroit, Michigan, June 13 1983"
4483:
4431:
2384:
2578:, causing severe damage to trees, apartment buildings, and local roads. The storm caused an outage in which 40,000 customers lost power.
2571:, causing severe damage to two buildings. One of the buildings was a children's cheerleading center. Two serious injuries were reported.
984:. These conditions evaporate the moisture from the air as it falls, cooling the air and making it fall faster because it is more dense.
1839:
628:
2674:
repairs to almost 200 helicopters would cost $ 585 million and repairs to buildings and other facilities about $ 15 million.
2553:. It ripped the roof off of half a building and a shed, nearly damaging the surrounding buildings. No serious injuries were reported.
2530:
On 22 July 2016, a wet microburst hit portions of Kent and
Providence Counties in Rhode Island, causing wind damage in the cities of
1976:
The following are some fatal crashes and/or aircraft incidents that have been attributed to microbursts in the vicinity of airports:
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1712:
The first term is the effect of perturbation pressure gradients on vertical motion. In some storms this term has a large effect on
4112:
2456:
1219:
During the outburst stage, the wind "curls" as the cold air of the downburst moves away from the point of impact with the surface.
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2460:
Strong microburst winds flipped a several-ton shipping container up the side of a hill at
Vaughan, Ontario, Canada in April 2007.
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2400:. If the plane is at a low altitude shortly after takeoff or during landing, it will not have sufficient altitude to recover.
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2938:
2093:
2029:
1831:
1212:
The evolution of microbursts is broken down into three stages: the contact stage, the outburst stage, and the cushion stage:
4381:
National
Weather Service. "Downbursts". National Weather Service Forecast Office Columbia, SC. 5 May 2010. 4 December 2010.
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4196:
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During the cushion stage, winds about the curl continue to accelerate, while the winds at the surface slow due to friction.
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1991:
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4391:
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871:
and pilots make decisions on the safety and feasibility of operating on or in the vicinity of the airport during storms.
618:
4134:
4086:
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2121:
1559:{\displaystyle B\equiv -{\rho ^{\prime } \over {\bar {\rho }}}g=g{T_{v}^{\prime }-{\bar {T}}_{v} \over {\bar {T}}_{v}}}
675:
623:
3999:
3916:
717:
2354:
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2704:
846:
605:
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2219:
2191:
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1703:{\displaystyle {dw^{\prime } \over dt}={1 \over {\bar {\rho }}}{\partial p^{\prime } \over \partial z}+B-g\ell }
4028:
1737:
4113:"8 injured at Nellis AFB when aircraft shelters collapse in windstorm – Thursday, Sept. 8, 2011 | 9 p.m."
3180:
2564:
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2298:
2023:
919:. Downbursts can occur over large areas. In the extreme case, a series of continuing downbursts results in a
503:
3064:
2589:
causing several aircraft shelters to collapse. Multiple aircraft were damaged and eight people were injured.
1012:
are necessary for these downbursts to form (hence the name "wet" microbursts). Melting of ice, particularly
2177:
2149:
2135:
4332:
3967:
Kumar
Pokharel, Ashok (2021). "A straight-line wind hit some parts of Bara and Parsa districts of Nepal".
4487:
3671:"ASN Aircraft accident Canadair CL-600-2B19 Regional Jet CRJ-100ER 4L-GAE Kinshasa-N'Djili Airport (FIH)"
3019:
2376:
2326:
2211:
2085:
1284:
977:
38:
1946:
in August 2024 was attributed, in part, to a downburst, after previously being attributed to a tornado.
4443:
3005:
2535:
2485:
On 15 May 2018, an extremely powerful front moved through the northeastern United States, specifically
2388:
2383:
A microburst often causes aircraft to crash when they are attempting to land or shortly after takeoff (
2197:
2057:
1256:
1057:
859:
665:
17:
4295:
3410:
2518:. The storm developed very quickly. Thunderstorms developed west of Cleveland at 9 p.m., and the
4157:"New York News, Local Video, Traffic, Weather, NY City Schools and Photos – Homepage – NY Daily News"
3569:
3427:
3334:"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31 N994VJ Philadelphia International Airport, PA (PHL)"
2991:
2645:
2634:
2253:
1959:
670:
4421:
3722:
3514:
4473:
4235:"Strong Winds Rip Through SF Neighborhood – News for Sioux Falls, South Dakota, Minnesota and Iowa"
3697:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-236A AP-BKC Islamabad-Benazir Bhutto International Airport (ISB)"
3256:"ASN Aircraft accident Fairchild FH-227B N4215 Saint Louis-Lambert International Airport, MO (STL)"
3038:
2766:
2568:
2519:
2497:
2264:
1405:
1048:
863:
804:
are downbursts at very small and larger scales, respectively. A rare variety of dry downburst, the
4238:
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2511:
2312:
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Downbursts go through three stages in their cycle: the downburst, outburst, and cushion stages.
4087:"About 4,000 customers, mostly in Cleveland Heights, still without power from Tuesday's storms"
3778:
3474:
3060:
2745:
2739:
2689:
2531:
2479:
2397:
2302:
2243:
2173:
2117:
529:
3308:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-224 N88777 Denver-Stapleton International Airport, CO (DEN)"
1716:(Rotunno and Klemp, 1982) but there is not much reason to believe it has much of an impact on
4477:
3591:
3360:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 727-224 Advanced N32725 Tucson International Airport, AZ (TUS)"
2863:
2627:
2582:
2575:
2523:
2393:
2330:
2292:
2033:
1052:
931:
759:
710:
524:
282:
206:
3807:"Record-breaking winds detected during Wednesday night's storm, stronger than Hurricane Ike"
3489:"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-31 N954VJ Charlotte-Douglas Airport, NC (CLT)"
2644:
On 11 June 2010, around 3:00 a.m., a wet microburst hit a neighborhood in southwestern
4426:
2667:
2438:
2340:
2225:
2215:
2141:
2127:
2099:
1583:
969:
908:
642:
240:
8:
3723:"ASN Aircraft accident Embraer ERJ 190AR XA-GAL Durango-Guadalupe Victoria Airport (DGO)"
2750:
2284:
1573:
1395:
1308:
1100:
1017:
743:
637:
534:
473:
299:
4282:
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1968:
A series of photographs of the surface curl soon after a microburst impacted the surface
4300:
4200:
3980:
2659:
football team was flattened by a microburst, according to the
National Weather Service.
2404:
2334:
2274:
2270:
2113:
2051:
763:
309:
287:
194:
155:
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845:), where airspeed performance windows are the most narrow. Several fatal and historic
4404:
4369:
3984:
3228:
3204:"ASN Aircraft accident Canadair C-4 Argonaut G-ALHE Kano International Airport (KAN)"
2682:
2239:
2155:
2071:
1295:
981:
911:). Most downbursts are less than 4 km (2.5 mi) in extent: these are called
762:
within thunderstorms (or deep, moist convection as sometimes downbursts emanate from
747:
539:
31:
4400:(1985). "The Downburst, microburst and macroburst". SMRP Research Paper 210, 122 pp.
3619:"ASN Aircraft accident McDonnell Douglas DC-9-32 5N-BFD Port Harcourt Airport (PHC)"
3282:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-321B N454PA Pago Pago International Airport (PPG)"
2961:(1985). "The Downburst, microburst and macroburst". SMRP Research Paper 210, 122 pp.
4390:(1981). "Tornadoes and Downbursts in the Context of Generalized Planetary Scales".
4359:(1981). "Tornadoes and Downbursts in the Context of Generalized Planetary Scales".
4214:
4058:"Wind gusts reached 58 mph, lightning struck 10 times a minute in Tuesday's storms"
3972:
3120:
3033:
2836:
2663:
2638:
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2368:
1995:
1942:
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855:
815:
703:
417:
304:
216:
59:
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688:
4438:
4221:
3840:"With 230 homes damaged in storm, Montgomery County extends disaster declaration"
3163:
2978:
2945:
2912:
2772:
2715:. The derecho continued rapidly southeast before finally weakening over northern
2557:
2522:
issued a severe thunderstorm warning at 9:55 p.m. The storm had passed over
2417:
2183:
610:
385:
88:
3097:
2633:
On 24 June 2010, shortly after 4:30 p.m., a wet microburst hit the city of
2428:, surpassing the previous record of 82 mph (132 km/h) recorded during
2407:, on 1 August 1983, with wind speeds reaching 240.5 km/h (149.4 mph).
915:. Downbursts larger than 4 km (2.5 mi) in extent are sometimes called
4513:
3645:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-2B7 5N-BFK Abuja International Airport (ABV)"
3156:
2783:
2656:
2471:
2444:
On 21 May 2022, a particularly intense downburst was responsible for damage in
2278:
2145:
2061:
2047:
1768:
Using pure "parcel theory" results in a prediction of the maximum downdraft of
1302:
973:
693:
600:
434:
1580:
by including a term that decreases buoyancy as the liquid water mixing ratio (
4508:
4497:
3428:"Collision with localizer on takeoff, United Airlines Flight 663, Boeing 727"
2697:
2652:
2623:
2550:
2467:
2434:
2429:
2424:. A record-breaking wind gust of 97 mph (156 km/h) was observed at
1744:
1399:
1385:{\displaystyle {dw \over dt}=-{1 \over \rho }{\partial p \over \partial z}-g}
1280:
1194:
775:
556:
510:
456:
405:
292:
3749:"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 737-8AS (WL) VQ-BJI Adler/Sochi Airport (AER)"
3386:"ASN Aircraft accident Tupolev Tu-154B-2 CCCP-85355 Alma-Ata Airport (ALA)"
2504:
2233:
2037:
2019:
1009:
789:
754:. Capable of producing damaging winds, it may sometimes be confused with a
751:
446:
370:
201:
1600:) increases, leading to the final form of the parcel's momentum equation:
3825:"Photos and videos | Strong storms cause damage across Houston area"
2811:
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2358:
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321:
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160:
4197:"Charlottesville Continues Storm Cleanup; Hundreds Remain Without Power"
3943:"Derecho Storm Ranks 6th Largest Insured Loss Event in Canadian History"
796:
are created by thunderstorms with significant amounts of precipitation.
4397:
4387:
4356:
3858:"Strong winds flip plane upside down at Hooks Airport north of Houston"
2958:
2761:
2678:
2615:
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326:
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250:
177:
172:
130:
118:
4407:(2001). "The Discovery of the Downburst – TT Fujita's Contribution".
4372:(2001). "The Discovery of the Downburst – TT Fujita's Contribution".
3976:
2841:
2788:
2712:
2708:
2693:
2604:
2593:
2515:
2478:. Occurring at an elevation of 83 to 109 m (270 to 360 ft)
1717:
1185:
771:
585:
580:
375:
365:
277:
245:
228:
189:
123:
1964:
1128:
Shallow dry layer/high relative humidity/moist adiabatic lapse rate
3541:"ASN Aircraft accident Airbus A320-214 EC-HKJ Bilbao Airport (BIO)"
3125:
2729:
2257:
1910:
1753:
1720:(at least to a first approximation) and therefore will be ignored.
1569:
1005:
879:
858:
training that flight crews receive and must successfully complete.
834:
826:
380:
3081:
Extreme
Convective Windstorms: Current Understanding and Research.
2688:
just as it was about to pass through the narrow channel under the
2677:
On May 9, 1980, a microburst at the leading edge of an advancing
2608:
2597:
2449:
2422:
larger tornado outbreak sequence that occurred on 20–26 June 2023
1900:{\displaystyle {\hbox{NAPE}}=-\int _{\rm {SFC}}^{\rm {LFS}}B\,dz}
1733:
1713:
1140:
920:
842:
838:
774:). Downbursts are most often created by an area of significantly
755:
546:
424:
412:
360:
343:
314:
272:
235:
182:
111:
67:
46:
2862:
Fernando
Caracena, Ronald L. Holle, and Charles A. Doswell III.
2618:
with winds of 125 mph (200 km/h) hit parts of Central
1290:
1238:
1229:
947:
37:"Microburst" redirects here. For the networking phenomenon, see
2778:
2734:
2619:
2586:
2445:
1757:
1247:
348:
336:
331:
98:
93:
83:
76:
1914:
maximum gust is roughly equal to the maximum downdraft speed.
1821:{\displaystyle -w_{\rm {max}}={\sqrt {2\times {\hbox{NAPE}}}}}
1125:
Deep dry layer/low relative humidity/dry adiabatic lapse rate
992:
2592:
On 18 August 2011, a wet microburst hit the musical festival
2581:
On 8 September 2011, at 5:01 p.m., a dry microburst hit
2475:
2288:
1095:
896:
551:
488:
150:
143:
4449:
Dry downburst event ~ North Carolina statewide, 7 March 2004
1303:
Basic physical processes using simplified buoyancy equations
4467:
4262:"Their view on matter: Patriots checking practice facility"
3515:"ASN Aircraft accident Xian Yunshuji Y-7-100C B-3479 Wuhan"
3121:"Five things we learned from Sicily yacht press conference"
2716:
1749:
1181:
1177:
1013:
1008:
which tend to drive "dry" microbursts. As a result, higher
739:
568:
468:
451:
429:
355:
27:
Strong surface-level winds that radiate from a single point
2651:
On 2 May 2009, the lightweight steel and mesh building in
2420:
resulted in a powerful downburst. The storm was part of a
959:
or is mixed with dry air, it begins to evaporate and this
782:), spreads out in all directions producing strong winds.
895:
Downbursts in air that is precipitation free or contains
742:
system that emanates from a point source above and blows
563:
4175:"Power Restored to Tornado Slammed Residents: Officials"
3096:. USA Today|1999-07-08. 8 July 1999. Archived from
1044:
Location of highest probability within the United States
2614:
On 16 September 2010, just after 5:30 p.m., a wet
2403:
The strongest microburst recorded thus far occurred at
3873:"Severe storms flip airplane at Houston-area airfield"
2510:
On 9 August 2016, a wet microburst struck the city of
1844:
1810:
1764:
Negative vertical motion associated only with buoyancy
1394:
By decomposing the variables into a basic state and a
2809:
1842:
1776:
1608:
1586:
1449:
1408:
1319:
849:
in past decades are attributed to the phenomenon and
1207:
903:; those accompanied with precipitation are known as
4000:"What happened in Cleveland Heights Tuesday night?"
4029:"Damage in Cleveland Heights caused by microburst"
3917:"Ottawa storm winds reached 190 km/h: researchers"
3094:"Oklahoma "heat burst" sends temperatures soaring"
2864:Microbursts: A Handbook for Visual Identification.
2574:On 22 June 2012, a wet microburst hit the town of
1928:A special, and much rarer, kind of downburst is a
1899:
1820:
1702:
1592:
1558:
1433:
1384:
4444:Downburst event ~ Northern Wisconsin, 4 July 1977
3020:"Facts About Derechos - Very Damaging Windstorms"
2992:"Facts About Derechos - Very Damaging Windstorms"
2700:plummeted 150 ft (46 m) into the water.
4495:
4283:"One year after microburst, recovery progresses"
4215:http://www.nbc29.com/Global/story.asp?S=12705577
3891:"NTP extends May 21st Ottawa-area EF2 downburst"
3229:"Katasztrófa Koppenhágában: a gyilkos leáramlás"
2563:On 9 July 2012, a wet microburst hit an area of
1441:), then the equation can be written in the form
825:Downbursts are a topic of notable discussion in
4409:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
4383:http://www.erh.noaa.gov/cae/svrwx/downburst.htm
4375:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society
3445:"Accident Database: Accident Synopsis 07241992"
3118:
2016:1950 Air France multiple Douglas DC-4 accidents
1756:, this is roughly equivalent to about 0.3
4454:The Semi-official Microburst Handbook Homepage
4022:
4020:
3966:
2681:struck the 606 ft (185 m) freighter
2416:On 21 June 2023, a severe thunderstorm in the
1115:Precipitation loading and evaporative cooling
976:(1985) developed a conceptual model (over the
778:-cooled air that, after reaching the surface (
4232:
4135:"Microbursts reported in Hegewisch, Wheeling"
1291:Physical processes of dry and wet microbursts
833:, which has the potential to be dangerous to
711:
4051:
4049:
2874:
2872:
4427:NWS JetStream Project Online Weather School
4027:Steer, Jen; Wright, Matt (10 August 2016).
4026:
4017:
3112:
1398:, defining the basic states, and using the
1274:Mircobursts' vertical cross-section by time
4137:. Chicago Breaking News. 22 September 2010
4080:
4078:
2556:On 21 December 2013, a wet microburst hit
718:
704:
4046:
3897:. Northern Tornadoes Project. 9 June 2022
3837:
2869:
2496:On 3 April 2018, a wet microburst struck
1890:
1176:The formation of a downburst starts with
738:is a strong downward and outward gushing
4484:Forecasting Microbursts & Downbursts
3804:
3119:Clarke-Billings, Lucy (24 August 2024).
3075:
3073:
2549:On 23 August 2014, a dry microburst hit
2503:On 23 May 2017, a wet microburst struck
2455:
1963:
991:
946:
878:
45:
4075:
4055:
3997:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3143:
3006:"The Corn Belt Derecho of 29 June 1998"
2248:Charlotte/Douglas International Airport
2206:Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport
892:is applied to damage from microbursts.
14:
4496:
4432:Downburst event ~ Denton County, Texas
4322:
4259:
4110:
3870:
3157:Making the Skies Safer From Windshear.
2410:
1188:melt and raindrops evaporate, pulling
1134:
4422:University of Illinois WW2010 Project
4260:Gasper, Christopher L. (6 May 2009).
4084:
3838:Dominguez, Catherine (27 June 2023).
3070:
2094:John F. Kennedy International Airport
2030:1956 Kano Airport BOAC Argonaut crash
1949:
1935:
883:Downburst damages in a straight line.
792:that exhibit very little rain, while
3998:Roberts, Samantha (10 August 2016).
3140:
2951:
2891:Peter S. Parke and Norvan J. Larson.
2856:
2805:
2803:
2426:George Bush Intercontinental Airport
2321:Nnamdi Azikiwe International Airport
1978:
4392:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
4362:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
4253:
3786:from the original on 6 January 2022
2662:On 12 March 2006, a microburst hit
2307:Port Harcourt International Airport
24:
4325:"The Day Skyway Fell: May 9, 1980"
3746:
3720:
3694:
3668:
3642:
3616:
3538:
3512:
3486:
3383:
3357:
3331:
3305:
3279:
3253:
3201:
2122:Philadelphia International Airport
1881:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1792:
1789:
1786:
1676:
1669:
1661:
1620:
1507:
1466:
1367:
1359:
1294:
987:
970:Skew-T log-P thermodynamic diagram
942:
25:
4530:
4415:
4177:. NBC New York. 20 September 2010
4056:Reardon, Kelly (10 August 2016).
3568:. 11 October 2006. Archived from
2810:US Department of Commerce, NOAA.
2800:
2567:, near the border of the city of
2164:New Orleans International Airport
1208:Development stages of microbursts
4111:Gorman, Tom (8 September 2011).
4085:Higgs, Robert (11 August 2016).
3844:The Courier of Montgomery County
3805:Fonstein, Clare (22 June 2023).
2756:Low level windshear alert system
2705:Independence Day Derecho of 1977
1982:
1267:
1255:
1246:
1237:
1228:
687:
4464:Taming the Microburst Windshear
4350:
4316:
4288:
4285:KU.edu. Retrieved 21 July 2009.
4276:
4226:
4189:
4167:
4149:
4127:
4104:
3991:
3960:
3935:
3909:
3883:
3864:
3850:
3831:
3817:
3798:
3766:
3740:
3714:
3688:
3662:
3636:
3610:
3584:
3558:
3532:
3506:
3480:
3467:
3437:
3420:
3403:
3377:
3351:
3325:
3299:
3273:
3247:
3221:
3195:
3169:
3086:
3054:
3026:
3012:
2998:
2984:
2964:
2349:Islamabad International Airport
2220:Pattimura International Airport
2192:Stapleton International Airport
2108:Stapleton International Airport
2080:Pago Pago International Airport
2066:St. Louis International Airport
4237:. Keloland.com. Archived from
4233:Brian Kushida (11 June 2010).
3592:"Blimp Crash-Lands In Florida"
3451:. 20 July 2012. Archived from
2931:
2918:
2898:
2885:
2829:
2355:Aeroméxico Connect Flight 2431
1917:
1650:
1542:
1522:
1477:
770:clouds that are not producing
13:
1:
4504:Severe weather and convection
3179:. 6 July 2011. Archived from
3155:NASA Langley Air Force Base.
2794:
2603:On 22 September 2010, in the
2565:Spotsylvania County, Virginia
2363:Durango International Airport
2299:Sosoliso Airlines Flight 1145
2024:Bahrain International Airport
1434:{\displaystyle p=\rho RT_{v}}
874:
829:, since they create vertical
3871:Carson, Dan (22 June 2023).
3177:"St. Christophers Cathedral"
2291:(N1A, "Stars and Stripes"),
2178:Detroit Metropolitan Airport
2150:Almaty International Airport
2136:Tucson International Airport
1262:Downburst on a weather radar
1171:
1121:Environment below cloud base
7:
4519:Weather hazards to aircraft
4488:Forecast Systems Laboratory
4323:Heller, Jean (7 May 2000).
2981:Retrieved on 1 August 2008.
2723:
2655:, used for practice by the
2385:American Airlines Flight 63
2377:Sochi International Airport
2327:Georgian Airways Flight 834
2212:Mandala Airlines Flight 660
2086:Eastern Air Lines Flight 66
1830:where NAPE is the negative
1285:ARMOR Doppler Weather Radar
1184:falling through drier air.
1020:wet microbursts difficult.
615:Severe weather terminology
77:Temperate and polar seasons
39:Micro-bursting (networking)
10:
4535:
4296:"Storm Wrecks New Copters"
2895:Retrieved on 30 July 2008.
2893:Boundary Waters Windstorm.
2882:Retrieved on 30 July 2008.
2536:West Warwick, Rhode Island
2433:another off the tarmac at
2389:Delta Air Lines Flight 318
2198:Delta Air Lines Flight 191
2058:Ozark Air Lines Flight 809
1953:
1921:
1832:available potential energy
1309:vertical momentum equation
1138:
955:When rain falls below the
36:
29:
3473:Aviation Safety Network.
2970:Glossary of Meteorology.
2937:Glossary of Meteorology.
2924:Glossary of Meteorology.
2904:Glossary of Meteorology.
2878:Glossary of Meteorology.
2866:Retrieved on 9 July 2008.
2707:formed over west-central
2646:Sioux Falls, South Dakota
2635:Charlottesville, Virginia
2254:Wuhan Airlines Flight 343
1960:Cumulonimbus and aviation
1940:The sinking of the yacht
1158:hurricanes of the prairie
1091:Features below cloud base
810:, is created by vertical
30:For the music album, see
3477:Retrieved on 2008-08-01.
3166:Retrieved on 2006-10-22.
3083:Retrieved on 2008-08-04.
3079:Charles A. Doswell III.
3067:Retrieved on 2008-08-04.
3039:National Weather Service
2948:Retrieved on 2008-08-01.
2928:Retrieved on 2008-07-30.
2915:Retrieved on 2008-07-30.
2767:Planetary boundary layer
2520:National Weather Service
2498:William P. Hobby Airport
2265:Wuhan Wangjiadun Airport
1085:As high as 850 hPa (mb)
1082:As high as 500 hPa (mb)
1004:as well as the negative
951:Dry microburst schematic
3727:www.aviation-safety.net
3519:www.aviation-safety.net
3034:"What is a Microburst?"
2514:, an eastern suburb of
2512:Cleveland Heights, Ohio
2405:Andrews Field, Maryland
2313:ADC Airlines Flight 053
2230:McDonnell Douglas DC-10
2202:Lockheed L-1011 TriStar
869:air traffic controllers
814:on the backside of old
3779:Guinness World Records
3774:"Strongest microburst"
3061:University of Illinois
2746:List of derecho events
2740:Line echo wave pattern
2690:Sunshine Skyway Bridge
2532:Cranston, Rhode Island
2461:
2303:McDonnell Douglas DC-9
2244:McDonnell Douglas DC-9
2174:McDonnell Douglas DC-9
2054: – 28 August 1971
1969:
1901:
1822:
1704:
1594:
1560:
1435:
1386:
1299:
997:
952:
884:
676:Tropical cyclone terms
52:
4478:University of Wyoming
4403:Wilson, James W. and
4368:Wilson, James W. and
4220:6 August 2016 at the
2977:15 April 2008 at the
2628:Grand Central Parkway
2583:Nellis Air Force Base
2576:Bladensburg, Maryland
2459:
2293:Pompano Beach Airpark
2034:Canadair C-4 Argonaut
2026:– 12 and 14 June 1950
2022:(F-BBDE and F-BBDM),
1967:
1954:Further information:
1902:
1823:
1705:
1595:
1593:{\displaystyle \ell }
1561:
1436:
1387:
1298:
1197:can be observed as a
995:
950:
932:mesoscale meteorology
882:
283:Extratropical cyclone
207:Air-mass thunderstorm
49:
4437:13 June 2017 at the
4329:St. Petersburg Times
4241:on 27 September 2011
3947:ca.finance.yahoo.com
3063:– Urbana Champaign.
2703:On 4 July 1977, the
2668:University of Kansas
2666:. 60 percent of the
2418:Greater Houston area
2341:Bhoja Air Flight 213
2226:Martinair Flight 495
2216:Vickers Viscount 816
2142:Aeroflot Flight 4225
2128:Continental Airlines
2100:Continental Airlines
1996:adding missing items
1840:
1774:
1606:
1584:
1447:
1406:
1317:
1112:Evaporative cooling
909:rear flank downdraft
837:, especially during
788:are associated with
643:Weather modification
241:Anticyclonic tornado
4203:on 3 September 2012
3753:aviation-safety.net
3701:aviation-safety.net
3675:aviation-safety.net
3649:aviation-safety.net
3623:aviation-safety.net
3545:aviation-safety.net
3493:aviation-safety.net
3390:aviation-safety.net
3364:aviation-safety.net
3338:aviation-safety.net
3312:aviation-safety.net
3286:aviation-safety.net
3260:aviation-safety.net
3208:aviation-safety.net
3100:on 25 December 1996
2972:Straight-line wind.
2939:Straight-line wind.
2751:List of microbursts
2641:were without power.
2541:On 23 June 2015, a
2411:Danger to buildings
1886:
1574:virtual temperature
1511:
1307:Start by using the
1146:Straight-line winds
1135:Straight-line winds
1101:Precipitation shaft
890:straight-line winds
638:Weather forecasting
474:Rain and snow mixed
300:Subtropical cyclone
4301:The New York Times
4264:. The Boston Globe
3572:on 11 October 2006
3162:2010-03-29 at the
2944:2008-04-15 at the
2911:2008-12-12 at the
2462:
2379:– 1 September 2018
2309:– 10 December 2005
2271:Iberia Flight 1456
2236:– 21 December 1992
2114:Allegheny Airlines
2052:Copenhagen Airport
1994:; you can help by
1970:
1950:Danger to aviation
1936:Danger to shipping
1897:
1856:
1848:
1818:
1814:
1700:
1590:
1556:
1497:
1431:
1382:
1300:
1072:Moderate or heavy
998:
953:
885:
816:outflow boundaries
694:Weather portal
310:Atlantic hurricane
288:European windstorm
195:Volcanic lightning
156:Cumulonimbus cloud
53:
4405:Roger M. Wakimoto
4370:Roger M. Wakimoto
3811:Houston Chronicle
2331:Bombardier CRJ100
2323:– 29 October 2006
2281:– 7 February 2001
2240:USAir Flight 1016
2156:Pan Am Flight 759
2082:– 30 January 1974
2072:Pan Am Flight 806
2012:
2011:
1847:
1816:
1813:
1683:
1656:
1653:
1634:
1554:
1545:
1525:
1483:
1480:
1374:
1354:
1338:
1132:
1131:
982:relative humidity
768:cumulus congestus
748:cumulus congestus
728:
727:
32:Downburst (album)
16:(Redirected from
4526:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4340:
4335:on 23 March 2018
4331:. Archived from
4320:
4314:
4313:
4311:
4309:
4292:
4286:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4230:
4224:
4212:
4210:
4208:
4199:. Archived from
4193:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4182:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4153:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4142:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4097:
4091:The Plain Dealer
4082:
4073:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4062:The Plain Dealer
4053:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4039:
4024:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3995:
3989:
3988:
3977:10.1002/wea.4050
3964:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3953:
3939:
3933:
3932:
3930:
3928:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3887:
3881:
3880:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3848:
3847:
3835:
3829:
3828:
3821:
3815:
3814:
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3733:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3707:
3692:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3681:
3666:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3629:
3614:
3608:
3607:
3605:
3603:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3562:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3525:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3499:
3484:
3478:
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3432:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3381:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3344:
3329:
3323:
3322:
3320:
3318:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3277:
3271:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3251:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3240:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3214:
3199:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3173:
3167:
3153:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3133:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3090:
3084:
3077:
3068:
3058:
3052:
3051:
3049:
3047:
3030:
3024:
3023:
3016:
3010:
3009:
3002:
2996:
2995:
2988:
2982:
2968:
2962:
2955:
2949:
2935:
2929:
2922:
2916:
2902:
2896:
2889:
2883:
2876:
2867:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2833:
2827:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2807:
2664:Lawrence, Kansas
2639:Albemarle County
2607:neighborhood of
2369:UTair Flight 579
2335:Kinshasa Airport
2044:Malév Flight 731
2007:
2004:
1986:
1985:
1979:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1872:
1871:
1849:
1845:
1827:
1825:
1824:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1802:
1797:
1796:
1795:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1684:
1682:
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1673:
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1659:
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1654:
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1610:
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1546:
1538:
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1527:
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1518:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1484:
1482:
1481:
1473:
1470:
1469:
1460:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1373:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1337:
1329:
1321:
1271:
1259:
1250:
1241:
1232:
1108:Primary catalyst
1023:
1022:
996:A wet microburst
856:flight simulator
720:
713:
706:
692:
691:
305:Tropical cyclone
217:Dry thunderstorm
112:Tropical seasons
55:
54:
21:
4534:
4533:
4529:
4528:
4527:
4525:
4524:
4523:
4494:
4493:
4439:Wayback Machine
4418:
4353:
4348:
4338:
4336:
4321:
4317:
4307:
4305:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4281:
4277:
4267:
4265:
4258:
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4244:
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4231:
4227:
4222:Wayback Machine
4206:
4204:
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4194:
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4180:
4178:
4173:
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4155:
4154:
4150:
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4054:
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3926:
3924:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3889:
3888:
3884:
3869:
3865:
3860:. 22 June 2023.
3856:
3855:
3851:
3836:
3832:
3827:. 21 June 2023.
3823:
3822:
3818:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3747:Ranter, Harro.
3745:
3741:
3731:
3729:
3721:Ranter, Harro.
3719:
3715:
3705:
3703:
3695:Ranter, Harro.
3693:
3689:
3679:
3677:
3669:Ranter, Harro.
3667:
3663:
3653:
3651:
3643:Ranter, Harro.
3641:
3637:
3627:
3625:
3617:Ranter, Harro.
3615:
3611:
3601:
3599:
3596:www.cbsnews.com
3590:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3564:
3563:
3559:
3549:
3547:
3539:Ranter, Harro.
3537:
3533:
3523:
3521:
3513:Ranter, Harro.
3511:
3507:
3497:
3495:
3487:Ranter, Harro.
3485:
3481:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3455:on 20 July 2012
3443:
3442:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3425:
3421:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3404:
3394:
3392:
3384:Ranter, Harro.
3382:
3378:
3368:
3366:
3358:Ranter, Harro.
3356:
3352:
3342:
3340:
3332:Ranter, Harro.
3330:
3326:
3316:
3314:
3306:Ranter, Harro.
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3280:Ranter, Harro.
3278:
3274:
3264:
3262:
3254:Ranter, Harro.
3252:
3248:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3212:
3210:
3202:Ranter, Harro.
3200:
3196:
3186:
3184:
3175:
3174:
3170:
3164:Wayback Machine
3154:
3141:
3131:
3129:
3117:
3113:
3103:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3087:
3078:
3071:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3043:
3032:
3031:
3027:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3004:
3003:
2999:
2990:
2989:
2985:
2979:Wayback Machine
2969:
2965:
2956:
2952:
2946:Wayback Machine
2936:
2932:
2923:
2919:
2913:Wayback Machine
2903:
2899:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2870:
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2820:
2818:
2816:www.weather.gov
2808:
2801:
2797:
2773:Rear-inflow jet
2726:
2558:Brunswick, Ohio
2524:Cuyahoga County
2472:Parsa Districts
2413:
2351:– 20 April 2012
2267:– 22 June 2000
2208:– 2 August 1985
2184:United Airlines
2110:– 7 August 1975
2008:
2002:
1999:
1983:
1962:
1952:
1938:
1926:
1920:
1907:
1874:
1873:
1861:
1860:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1837:
1828:
1809:
1801:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1766:
1710:
1675:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1645:
1644:
1639:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1603:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1566:
1548:
1537:
1536:
1535:
1528:
1517:
1516:
1515:
1506:
1501:
1496:
1494:
1472:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1459:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1425:
1421:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1392:
1366:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1330:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1305:
1293:
1275:
1272:
1263:
1260:
1251:
1242:
1233:
1210:
1174:
1148:(also known as
1143:
1137:
1069:Little or none
990:
988:Wet microbursts
945:
943:Dry microbursts
930:was defined by
877:
724:
686:
681:
680:
656:
648:
647:
506:
496:
495:
408:
398:
397:
386:Ground blizzard
146:
136:
135:
114:
104:
103:
79:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4532:
4522:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4492:
4491:
4481:
4471:
4461:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4429:
4424:
4417:
4416:External links
4414:
4413:
4412:
4401:
4395:
4385:
4379:
4366:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4346:
4315:
4287:
4275:
4252:
4225:
4188:
4166:
4148:
4126:
4103:
4074:
4045:
4016:
3990:
3959:
3934:
3908:
3882:
3863:
3849:
3830:
3816:
3797:
3765:
3739:
3713:
3687:
3661:
3635:
3609:
3598:. 17 June 2005
3583:
3557:
3531:
3505:
3479:
3475:Damage Report.
3466:
3436:
3419:
3402:
3376:
3350:
3324:
3298:
3272:
3246:
3235:(in Hungarian)
3220:
3194:
3183:on 6 July 2011
3168:
3139:
3111:
3085:
3069:
3053:
3025:
3011:
2997:
2983:
2963:
2950:
2930:
2917:
2897:
2884:
2868:
2855:
2828:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2791:
2786:
2784:Vertical draft
2781:
2776:
2770:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2737:
2732:
2725:
2722:
2721:
2720:
2701:
2685:Summit Venture
2675:
2671:
2660:
2657:Dallas Cowboys
2649:
2642:
2631:
2612:
2601:
2590:
2579:
2572:
2569:Fredericksburg
2561:
2554:
2547:
2539:
2528:
2508:
2501:
2494:
2483:
2454:
2453:
2442:
2412:
2409:
2381:
2380:
2366:
2365:– 31 July 2018
2352:
2338:
2337:– 4 April 2011
2324:
2310:
2296:
2295:– 16 June 2005
2285:Goodyear Blimp
2282:
2279:Bilbao Airport
2268:
2251:
2237:
2223:
2222:– 24 July 1992
2209:
2195:
2181:
2180:– 13 June 1984
2167:
2153:
2148:(CCCP-85355),
2146:Tupolev Tu-154
2139:
2125:
2124:– 23 June 1976
2111:
2097:
2096:– 24 June 1975
2083:
2069:
2068:– 23 July 1973
2062:Fairchild F-27
2055:
2048:Ilyushin Il-18
2041:
2040:– 24 June 1956
2027:
2010:
2009:
1989:
1987:
1951:
1948:
1937:
1934:
1922:Main article:
1919:
1916:
1896:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1852:
1836:
1808:
1805:
1800:
1794:
1791:
1788:
1783:
1779:
1770:
1765:
1762:
1699:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1652:
1649:
1643:
1638:
1632:
1629:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1602:
1589:
1551:
1544:
1541:
1531:
1524:
1521:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1479:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1443:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1381:
1378:
1372:
1369:
1364:
1361:
1353:
1350:
1345:
1342:
1336:
1333:
1328:
1325:
1313:
1304:
1301:
1292:
1289:
1277:
1276:
1273:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1254:
1252:
1245:
1243:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1224:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1209:
1206:
1173:
1170:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1074:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1055:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:Wet Microburst
1034:
1032:Dry Microburst
1029:
1027:Characteristic
989:
986:
944:
941:
905:wet downbursts
901:dry downbursts
876:
873:
794:wet downbursts
786:Dry downbursts
726:
725:
723:
722:
715:
708:
700:
697:
696:
683:
682:
679:
678:
673:
668:
666:Climate change
663:
657:
654:
653:
650:
649:
646:
645:
640:
635:
634:
633:
632:
631:
626:
621:
613:
608:
601:Severe weather
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
577:
576:
571:
561:
560:
559:
549:
544:
543:
542:
537:
532:
527:
519:
518:
513:
507:
502:
501:
498:
497:
494:
493:
492:
491:
486:
481:
476:
466:
461:
460:
459:
449:
444:
439:
438:
437:
435:Megacryometeor
427:
422:
421:
420:
409:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:
394:
393:
388:
383:
378:
368:
363:
358:
353:
352:
351:
341:
340:
339:
334:
324:
319:
318:
317:
312:
302:
297:
296:
295:
290:
280:
275:
270:
265:
260:
255:
254:
253:
248:
243:
233:
232:
231:
221:
220:
219:
214:
209:
199:
198:
197:
187:
186:
185:
180:
175:
165:
164:
163:
158:
147:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
133:
128:
127:
126:
115:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:
96:
91:
86:
80:
75:
74:
71:
70:
64:
63:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4531:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4489:
4485:
4482:
4479:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4462:
4459:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4436:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4410:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4380:
4377:
4376:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4358:
4357:Fujita, T. T.
4355:
4354:
4334:
4330:
4326:
4319:
4304:. 20 May 1989
4303:
4302:
4297:
4291:
4284:
4279:
4263:
4256:
4240:
4236:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4216:
4202:
4198:
4192:
4176:
4170:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4136:
4130:
4115:Las Vegas Sun
4114:
4107:
4092:
4088:
4081:
4079:
4063:
4059:
4052:
4050:
4034:
4030:
4023:
4021:
4005:
4001:
3994:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3948:
3944:
3938:
3923:. 25 May 2022
3922:
3918:
3912:
3896:
3892:
3886:
3878:
3874:
3867:
3859:
3853:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3826:
3820:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3785:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3754:
3750:
3743:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3702:
3698:
3691:
3676:
3672:
3665:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3624:
3620:
3613:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3520:
3516:
3509:
3494:
3490:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3440:
3429:
3423:
3412:
3406:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3365:
3361:
3354:
3339:
3335:
3328:
3313:
3309:
3302:
3287:
3283:
3276:
3261:
3257:
3250:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3165:
3161:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3148:
3146:
3144:
3128:
3127:
3122:
3115:
3099:
3095:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3074:
3066:
3062:
3057:
3041:
3040:
3035:
3029:
3021:
3015:
3007:
3001:
2993:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2967:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2943:
2940:
2934:
2927:
2921:
2914:
2910:
2907:
2901:
2894:
2888:
2881:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2859:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2832:
2817:
2813:
2806:
2804:
2799:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2699:
2698:Greyhound Bus
2695:
2691:
2687:
2686:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2669:
2665:
2661:
2658:
2654:
2653:Irving, Texas
2650:
2647:
2643:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2624:New York City
2621:
2617:
2613:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2559:
2555:
2552:
2551:Mesa, Arizona
2548:
2544:
2540:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2502:
2499:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2464:
2463:
2458:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2440:
2439:Harris County
2437:in northwest
2436:
2435:Hooks Airport
2431:
2430:Hurricane Ike
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2406:
2401:
2399:
2395:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2325:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2266:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2252:
2250:– 2 July 1994
2249:
2245:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2196:
2194:– 31 May 1984
2193:
2189:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2166:– 9 July 1982
2165:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2152:– 8 July 1980
2151:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2138:– 3 June 1977
2137:
2133:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1990:This list is
1988:
1981:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1933:
1931:
1925:
1915:
1912:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1835:
1833:
1806:
1803:
1798:
1781:
1777:
1769:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1739:
1735:
1731:
1727:
1726:phase changes
1721:
1719:
1715:
1697:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1679:
1665:
1647:
1641:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1616:
1612:
1601:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1549:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1512:
1502:
1498:
1491:
1488:
1485:
1474:
1462:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1442:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1401:
1400:ideal gas law
1397:
1379:
1376:
1370:
1362:
1351:
1348:
1343:
1340:
1334:
1331:
1326:
1323:
1312:
1310:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:weather radar
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1249:
1244:
1240:
1235:
1231:
1226:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1169:
1166:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1118:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1065:Precipitation
1063:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1010:mixing ratios
1007:
1003:
994:
985:
983:
979:
975:
971:
965:
962:
958:
949:
940:
937:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
899:are known as
898:
893:
891:
881:
872:
870:
865:
861:
857:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:thunderstorms
787:
783:
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629:United States
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4398:Fujita, T.T.
4388:Fujita, T.T.
4373:
4360:
4351:Bibliography
4337:. Retrieved
4333:the original
4328:
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3626:. Retrieved
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3600:. Retrieved
3595:
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3570:the original
3566:"ATL05CA100"
3560:
3550:12 September
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3453:the original
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3181:the original
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3098:the original
3088:
3065:Microbursts.
3056:
3044:. Retrieved
3037:
3028:
3014:
3000:
2986:
2966:
2959:Fujita, T.T.
2953:
2933:
2920:
2900:
2887:
2858:
2846:. Retrieved
2840:
2837:"Downbursts"
2831:
2819:. Retrieved
2815:
2812:"Downbursts"
2684:
2505:Sealy, Texas
2402:
2382:
2261:
2234:Faro Airport
2186:Flight 663,
2172:Flight 183,
2118:Douglas DC-9
2116:Flight 121,
2102:Flight 426,
2038:Kano Airport
2020:Douglas DC-4
2000:
1975:
1971:
1941:
1939:
1927:
1908:
1829:
1767:
1742:
1722:
1711:
1578:parametrized
1567:
1396:perturbation
1393:
1306:
1278:
1211:
1203:
1175:
1167:
1157:
1154:thundergusts
1153:
1150:plough winds
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1120:
1107:
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886:
824:
820:squall lines
805:
801:
797:
793:
785:
784:
764:cumulonimbus
752:cumulonimbus
735:
729:
447:Diamond dust
371:Winter storm
202:Thunderstorm
167:
43:
4474:Microbursts
4245:30 November
4181:30 November
4163:. New York.
4141:30 November
4119:30 November
2926:Macroburst.
2906:Microburst.
2880:Macroburst.
2546:businesses.
2491:Connecticut
2359:Embraer 190
2275:Airbus A320
2130:Flight 63,
2003:August 2022
1918:Heat bursts
1738:sublimation
1730:evaporation
1568:where B is
1190:latent heat
1078:Cloud bases
1018:forecasting
978:High Plains
961:evaporation
917:macrobursts
913:microbursts
851:flight crew
802:macrobursts
798:Microbursts
732:meteorology
661:Meteorology
596:Meteorology
484:Snow roller
479:Snow grains
442:Ice pellets
391:Snow squall
322:Storm surge
268:Anticyclone
224:Mesocyclone
212:Thundersnow
161:Arcus cloud
4498:Categories
4161:Daily News
3895:www.uwo.ca
3758:1 November
3449:archive.ph
2795:References
2762:Mesovortex
2679:cold front
2616:macroburst
2543:macroburst
2375:(VQ-BJI),
2373:Boeing 737
2361:(XA-GAL),
2347:(AP-BKC),
2345:Boeing 737
2333:(4L-GAE),
2319:(5N-BFK),
2317:Boeing 737
2305:(5N-BFD),
2277:(EC-HKJ),
2246:(N954VJ),
2232:(PH-MBN),
2218:(PK-RVU),
2204:(N726DA),
2190:(N7647U),
2188:Boeing 727
2176:(N964VJ),
2160:Boeing 727
2134:(N32725),
2132:Boeing 727
2120:(N994VJ),
2106:(N88777),
2104:Boeing 727
2092:(N8845E),
2090:Boeing 727
2078:(N454PA),
2076:Boeing 707
2050:(HA-MOC),
2036:(G-ALHE),
1992:incomplete
1956:Wind shear
1930:heat burst
1924:Heat burst
1911:integrated
1718:downdrafts
1199:gust front
1186:Hailstones
1162:gust front
1139:See also:
957:cloud base
936:Ted Fujita
928:microburst
875:Definition
864:nowcasting
831:wind shear
807:heat burst
760:downdrafts
655:Glossaries
591:Jet stream
530:Convection
516:Atmosphere
464:Cloudburst
327:Dust storm
293:Nor'easter
263:Fire whirl
258:Dust devil
251:Waterspout
178:Heat burst
173:Microburst
131:Wet season
119:Dry season
18:Microburst
4411:, 82 (1).
4394:, 38 (8).
4378:, 82 (1).
4365:, 38 (8).
4096:15 August
4067:15 August
4038:15 August
4009:15 August
3985:238649713
3790:6 January
3132:26 August
2842:PennState
2789:Windthrow
2713:Wisconsin
2709:Minnesota
2694:Tampa Bay
2605:Hegewisch
2594:Pukkelpop
2516:Cleveland
2162:(N4737),
2064:(N4215),
1858:∫
1854:−
1807:×
1778:−
1748:1.0
1698:ℓ
1692:−
1677:∂
1670:′
1662:∂
1651:¯
1648:ρ
1621:′
1588:ℓ
1543:¯
1523:¯
1513:−
1508:′
1478:¯
1475:ρ
1467:′
1463:ρ
1457:−
1454:≡
1416:ρ
1377:−
1368:∂
1360:∂
1352:ρ
1344:−
1182:raindrops
1180:or large
1172:Formation
1058:Southeast
926:The term
860:Detection
780:subsiding
772:lightning
736:downburst
586:Heat wave
581:Cold wave
525:Chemistry
376:Ice storm
366:Firestorm
278:Polar low
246:Landspout
229:Supercell
190:Lightning
168:Downburst
124:Harmattan
58:Part of
4435:Archived
4218:Archived
4033:Fox8.com
3784:Archived
3459:5 August
3239:5 August
3213:5 August
3187:5 August
3160:Archived
3126:BBC News
3046:10 March
2975:Archived
2942:Archived
2909:Archived
2730:Bow echo
2724:See also
2487:New York
2394:tailwind
2258:Xian Y-7
1943:Bayesian
1714:updrafts
1570:buoyancy
1006:buoyancy
974:Wakimoto
835:aviation
827:aviation
812:currents
766:or even
744:radially
457:Freezing
418:Freezing
381:Blizzard
60:a series
51:tornado.
4207:26 June
3969:Weather
3952:16 June
3927:16 June
3901:16 June
3524:21 July
2848:15 June
2821:15 June
2758:(LLWAS)
2609:Chicago
2598:Hasselt
2450:Ontario
2260:(B-3479
1734:melting
1141:Derecho
1049:Midwest
1002:parcels
934:expert
921:derecho
847:crashes
843:takeoff
839:landing
756:tornado
611:Extreme
557:Physics
547:Climate
535:Physics
425:Graupel
413:Drizzle
361:Sirocco
344:Monsoon
315:Typhoon
273:Cyclone
236:Tornado
183:Derecho
68:Weather
4339:4 July
4308:2 June
4268:12 May
3983:
3921:Ottawa
3732:10 May
3706:10 May
3576:10 May
3498:10 May
3233:iho.hu
2779:Squall
2742:(LEWP)
2735:Haboob
2620:Queens
2587:Nevada
2534:, and
2527:later.
2446:Ottawa
1752:
1736:, and
1572:. The
1156:, and
619:Canada
574:Season
504:Topics
349:Amihan
337:Haboob
332:Simoom
144:Storms
99:Autumn
94:Summer
89:Spring
84:Winter
4514:Storm
3981:S2CID
3877:Chron
3431:(PDF)
3414:(PDF)
3104:9 May
3042:. n.d
2775:(RIJ)
2769:(PBL)
2692:over
2476:Nepal
2398:stall
2289:GZ-20
2170:USAir
1745:drops
1279:On a
1195:front
1096:Virga
897:virga
624:Japan
552:Cloud
540:River
489:Slush
151:Cloud
4509:Wind
4468:NASA
4458:NOAA
4341:2007
4310:2020
4270:2009
4247:2011
4213:and
4209:2010
4183:2011
4143:2011
4121:2011
4098:2016
4069:2016
4040:2016
4011:2016
4004:KLTV
3954:2022
3929:2022
3903:2022
3792:2022
3760:2022
3734:2022
3708:2022
3682:2022
3656:2022
3630:2022
3604:2022
3578:2022
3552:2022
3526:2022
3500:2022
3461:2022
3397:2022
3371:2022
3345:2022
3319:2022
3293:2022
3267:2022
3241:2022
3215:2022
3189:2022
3134:2024
3106:2007
3048:2018
2850:2022
2823:2022
2717:Ohio
2489:and
2480:amsl
2470:and
2468:Bara
2387:and
1958:and
1846:NAPE
1812:NAPE
1178:hail
1053:West
1014:hail
862:and
841:(or
818:and
800:and
740:wind
734:, a
606:List
569:Mist
469:Snow
452:Rain
430:Hail
356:Gale
3973:doi
2683:MV
2622:in
2596:in
1998:.
750:or
730:In
564:Fog
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2032:,
2018:,
1834:,
1754:kg
1732:,
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1799:=
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