598:
73:
849:
841:
506:"Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the "average weather", or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period ranging from months to thousands or millions of years. The classical period is 30 years, as defined by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system."
7490:
957:, land surface and ice through a series of physics equations. They are used for a variety of purposes, from the study of the dynamics of the weather and climate system to projections of future climate. All climate models balance, or very nearly balance, incoming energy as short wave (including visible) electromagnetic radiation to the Earth with outgoing energy as long wave (infrared) electromagnetic radiation from the Earth. Any imbalance results in a change in the average temperature of the Earth.
539:
December 1990. The 1961–1990 climate normals serve as the baseline reference period. The next set of climate normals to be published by WMO is from 1991 to 2010. Aside from collecting from the most common atmospheric variables (air temperature, pressure, precipitation and wind), other variables such as humidity, visibility, cloud amount, solar radiation, soil temperature, pan evaporation rate, days with thunder and days with hail are also collected to measure change in climate conditions.
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694:'s history. It uses evidence with different time scales (from decades to millennia) from ice sheets, tree rings, sediments, pollen, coral, and rocks to determine the past state of the climate. It demonstrates periods of stability and periods of change and can indicate whether changes follow patterns such as regular cycles.
494: 'inclination') is commonly defined as the weather averaged over a long period. The standard averaging period is 30 years, but other periods may be used depending on the purpose. Climate also includes statistics other than the average, such as the magnitudes of day-to-day or year-to-year variations. The
724:
during the past few centuries. The instruments used to study weather over the modern time scale, their observation frequency, their known error, their immediate environment, and their exposure have changed over the years, which must be considered when studying the climate of centuries past. Long-term
964:
require significant computational resources, and so only a few global datasets exist. Global climate models can be dynamically or statistically downscaled to regional climate models to analyze impacts of climate change on a local scale. Examples are ICON or mechanistically downscaled data such as
522:
to compare current climatological trends to that of the past or what is considered typical. A climate normal is defined as the arithmetic average of a climate element (e.g. temperature) over a 30-year period. A 30-year period is used as it is long enough to filter out any interannual variation or
538:
meeting, the technical commission designated the thirty-year period from 1901 to 1930 as the reference time frame for climatological standard normals. In 1982, the WMO agreed to update climate normals, and these were subsequently completed on the basis of climate data from 1 January 1961 to 31
473:
has written: "a 3 °C change in mean annual temperature corresponds to a shift in isotherms of approximately 300–400 km in latitude (in the temperate zone) or 500 m in elevation. Therefore, species are expected to move upwards in elevation or towards the poles in
983:
Models can range from relatively simple to quite complex. Simple radiant heat transfer models treat the Earth as a single point and average outgoing energy. This can be expanded vertically (as in radiative-convective models), or horizontally. Finally, more complex (coupled)
935:, variations in the Earth's orbit, changes in the solar output, and volcanism. However, these naturally caused changes in climate occur on a much slower time scale than the present rate of change which is caused by the emission of greenhouse gases by human activities.
877:
Climate change is the variation in global or regional climates over time. It reflects changes in the variability or average state of the atmosphere over time scales ranging from decades to millions of years. These changes can be caused by processes internal to the
725:
modern climate records skew towards population centres and affluent countries. Since the 1960s, the launch of satellites allow records to be gathered on a global scale, including areas with little to no human presence, such as the Arctic region and oceans.
2216:
von
Schuckman, K.; Palmer, M. D.; Trenberth, K. E.; Cazenave, A.; Chambers, D.; Champollion, N.; Hansen, J.; Josey, S. A.; Loeb, N; Mathieu, P. P.; Meyssignac, B.; Wild, N. (27 January 2016). "An imperative to monitor Earth's energy imbalance".
562:
redistribute heat between land and water on a more regional scale. The density and type of vegetation coverage affects solar heat absorption, water retention, and rainfall on a regional level. Alterations in the quantity of atmospheric
583:. The variables which determine climate are numerous and the interactions complex, but there is general agreement that the broad outlines are understood, at least insofar as the determinants of historical climate change are concerned.
852:
Observed temperature from NASA vs the 1850–1900 average used by the IPCC as a pre-industrial baseline. The primary driver for increased global temperatures in the industrial era is human activity, with natural forces adding
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831:
now implies change that is both long-term and of human causation, in the 1960s the word climate change was used for what we now describe as climate variability, that is, climatic inconsistencies and anomalies.
743:, etc.) "on all spatial and temporal scales beyond that of individual weather events." Some of the variability does not appear to be caused systematically and occurs at random times. Such variability is called
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461:
are mathematical models of past, present, and future climates. Climate change may occur over long and short timescales due to various factors. Recent warming is discussed in terms of
7518:
550:, altitude, proportion of land to water, and proximity to oceans and mountains. All of these variables change only over periods of millions of years due to processes such as
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The most talked-about applications of these models in recent years have been their use to infer the consequences of increasing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, primarily
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5957:
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1085:
Matthews, J.B. Robin; Möller, Vincent; van Diemen, Renée; Fuglestvedt, Jan S.; Masson-Delmotte, Valérie; Méndez, Carlos; Semenov, Sergey; Reisinger, Andy (2021).
938:
According to the EU's
Copernicus Climate Change Service, average global air temperature has passed 1.5C of warming the period from February 2023 to January 2024.
2750:
Knutson, T.; Kossin, J.P.; Mears, C.; Perlwitz, J.; Wehner, M.F (2017). Wuebbles, D.J; Fahey, D.W; Hibbard, K.A; Dokken, D.J; Stewart, B.C; Maycock, T.K (eds.).
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Climate Change 2001: The
Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
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affects it. The major classifications in
Thornthwaite's climate classification are microthermal, mesothermal, and megathermal. Finally, the Bergeron and
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is that they produce distinct boundaries between the zones they define, rather than the gradual transition of climate properties more common in nature.
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The difference between climate and weather is usefully summarized by the popular phrase "Climate is what you expect, weather is what you get." Over
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2705:
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Climate variability is the term to describe variations in the mean state and other characteristics of climate (such as chances or possibility of
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period, beginning with the time of the Earth's formation. Since very few direct observations of climate were available before the 19th century,
2974:
2142:
272:
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1487:
5308:
1386:
931:, can increase the global temperature and produce an interglacial period. Suggested causes of ice age periods include the positions of the
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4386:
5451:
5409:
2555:
2529:
Karger, D.N.; Lange, S.; Hari, C.; Reyer, C.P.O.; Zimmermann, N.E. (2021). "CHELSA-W5E5 v1.0: W5E5 v1.0 downscaled with CHELSA v2.0".
1963:
1901:
The Global
Historical Climatology Network: Long-term monthly temperature, precipitation, sea level pressure, and station pressure data
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1613:
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6017:
5806:
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1822:
1567:
1285:
753:. On the other hand, periodic variability occurs relatively regularly and in distinct modes of variability or climate patterns.
627:
to describe the weather depending upon a location's latitude. Modern climate classification methods can be broadly divided into
608:
Climate classifications are systems that categorize the world's climates. A climate classification may correlate closely with a
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5387:
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3170:
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Karger, D.; Conrad, O.; Böhner, J.; Kawohl, T.; Kreft, H.; Soria-Auza, R.W.; Zimmermann, N.E.; Linder, P.; Kessler, M. (2017).
2397:
412:
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882:, external forces (e.g. variations in sunlight intensity) or human activities, as found recently. Scientists have identified
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of the ocean leads to a 5 °C (41 °F) warming of the northern
Atlantic Ocean compared to other ocean basins. Other
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Climate models are available on different resolutions ranging from >100 km to 1 km. High resolutions in
511:
1899:
Vose, R. S.; Schmoyer, R. L.; Steurer, P. M.; Peterson, T. C.; Heim, R.; Karl, T. R.; Eischeid, J. K. (1992-07-01).
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1798:
980:, with the most rapid increase in temperature being projected for the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere.
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Details of the modern climate record are known through the taking of measurements from such weather instruments as
72:
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2717:
893:, the term "climate change" often refers only to changes in modern climate, including the rise in average surface
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804:
703:
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The Study of
Climate on Alien Worlds; Characterizing atmospheres beyond our Solar System is now within our reach
2623:
1086:
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methods, which focus on the effects of climate. Examples of genetic classification include methods based on the
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6493:
6242:
5526:
5283:
3950:
3534:
1026:
928:
923:, reflecting more of the Sun's energy into space and maintaining a lower atmospheric temperature. Increases in
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of the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK & New York: Cambridge University Press.
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2413:
Dipankar, A.; Heinze, Rieke; Moseley, Christopher; Stevens, Bjorn; Zängl, Günther; Brdar, Slavko (2015).
1465:
883:
3606:
2832:
2415:"A Large Eddy Simulation Version of ICON (ICOsahedral Nonhydrostatic): Model Description and Validation"
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34:
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4923:
4918:
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3721:
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3443:
3271:
3099:
1677:
Ledley, T.S.; Sundquist, E. T.; Schwartz, S. E.; Hall, D. K.; Fellows, J. D.; Killeen, T. L. (1999).
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864:
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30:
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5182:
5011:
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4908:
4026:
3940:
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3376:
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use quantitative methods to simulate the interactions and transfer of radiative energy between the
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classification, as climate is a major influence on life in a region. One of the most used is the
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487:
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293:
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time spans, there are a number of nearly constant variables that determine climate, including
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1665:
950:
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193:
99:
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There are close correlations between Earth's climate oscillations and astronomical factors (
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7133:
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6853:
6808:
6508:
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6098:
5759:
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5261:
4445:
4154:
4106:
3887:
3557:
3524:
3426:
3421:
3386:
2552:
2477:
2318:
2307:"Rates of change in natural and anthropogenic radiative forcing over the past 20,000 years"
2226:
2012:
1988:
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discretise and solve the full equations for mass and energy transfer and radiant exchange.
988:
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890:
404:
313:
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pattern in a region, typically averaged over 30 years. More rigorously, it is the mean and
2441:
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1730:
Beck, Hylke E.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E.; McVicar, Tim R.; Vergopolan, Noemi; Berg, Alexis;
8:
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915:. These consist of glacial periods where conditions are colder than normal, separated by
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64:
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2037:
1992:
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periods. The accumulation of snow and ice during a glacial period increases the surface
901:. In some cases, the term is also used with a presumption of human causation, as in the
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5997:
5914:
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3014:
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2004:
1978:
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1735:
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1221:
636:
396:
3614:
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6918:
6898:
6873:
6823:
6813:
6798:
6768:
6673:
6618:
6588:
6583:
6563:
6553:
6488:
6299:
5962:
5707:
5473:
5266:
5229:
5016:
4970:
4396:
4378:
4282:
4249:
3766:
3713:
3700:
3572:
3468:
3356:
3198:
3144:
2791:
2594:
2503:
2354:
2336:
1914:
1781:
1763:
1557:
1344:
1179:
1031:
800:
788:
470:
3155:
2450:
2393:
1493:. World Meteorological Organization. 2011. pp. 6, 8, 10, 21, 26. Archived from
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between the ocean-atmosphere climate system. In some cases, current, historical and
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2008:
1996:
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2580:(2013). Stocker, T. F.; Qin, D.; Plattner, G.-K.; Tignor, M.; et al. (eds.).
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2559:
2401:
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2170:
2121:
2110:
1959:
1860:
1809:
1736:"Present and future Köppen-Geiger climate classification maps at 1-km resolution"
1595:
1442:
1001:
908:(UNFCCC). The UNFCCC uses "climate variability" for non-human caused variations.
761:
740:
656:
551:
434:
2062:
2000:
1123:
Shepherd, J. Marshall; Shindell, Drew; O'Carroll, Cynthia M. (1 February 2005).
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and the interactions between them. The climate of a location is affected by its
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which was originally designed to identify the climates associated with certain
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seek to explain climate variations for all parts of the Earth during any given
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134:
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CHELSA (Climatologies at high resolution for the earth's land surface areas).
911:
Earth has undergone periodic climate shifts in the past, including four major
619:
There are several ways to classify climates into similar regimes. Originally,
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1903:. U.S. Department of Energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information.
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variables over a time spanning from months to millions of years. Some of the
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1715:
1323:"Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already apparent?"
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2926:– Webapplication to generate climate charts for recent and historical data.
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Paleoclimatology is the study of past climate over a great period of the
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determines the amount of solar energy retained by the planet, leading to
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which set up a technical commission for climatology in 1929. At its 1934
519:
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1636:"Heat Absorption Cooling For Sustainable Air Conditioning of Households"
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was created from a revision of this article dated 18 May 2023
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3213:
3034:
2952:
1964:"Empirical evidence for a celestial origin of the climate oscillations"
1918:
1087:"Annex VII. Glossary: IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change"
1016:
765:
757:
721:
415:
focus on the origin of air masses that define the climate of a region.
337:
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2673:(2014). The Core Writing Team; Pachauri, R. K.; Meyer, L. A. (eds.).
1925:
1909:
1021:
932:
717:
648:
535:
442:
353:
345:
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527:, but also short enough to be able to show longer climatic trends."
324:. In a broader sense, climate is the state of the components of the
51:
Statistics of weather conditions in a given region over long periods
4813:
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2466:"Climatologies at high resolution for the Earth land surface areas"
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985:
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886:(EEI) to be a fundamental metric of the status of global change.
572:
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357:
289:
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1308:
Biological consequences of globalwarming: is the signal already
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379:
according to the average and typical variables, most commonly
6114:
Cooperative
Mechanisms under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement
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Reumert, Johannes: "Vahls climatic divisions. An explanation"
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1940:
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466:
317:
2621:
AR5 Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis – IPCC
2373:"World's first year-long breach of key 1.5C warming limit"
1488:"Commission For Climatology: Over Eighty Years of Service"
6290:
Illustrative model of greenhouse effect on climate change
3276:
2860:
1199:"An Approach Toward a Rational Classification of Climate"
3817:
2463:
1937:
1610:"The Thermohaline Ocean Circulation: A Brief Fact Sheet"
2929:
2679:. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the
2185:"Short Answers to Hard Questions About Climate Change"
844:
Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years.
7466:
6131:
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
3185:
2712:
2632:
2088:
1931:
2528:
1971:
Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics
1550:
WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals
1125:"What's the Difference Between Weather and Climate?"
387:. The most widely used classification scheme is the
2894:
Climate: Data and charts for world and US locations
2063:"Global Annual Mean Surface Air Temperature Change"
1641:. Sustainable Urban Areas Rotterdam. Archived from
631:methods, which focus on the causes of climate, and
554:. Other climate determinants are more dynamic: the
2753:Ch. 3: Detection and Attribution of Climate Change
787:natural oscillations may be masked by significant
2055:
1612:. Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research.
1587:National Weather Service Office Tucson, Arizona.
7561:
6331:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
2749:
2100:
2871:NASA's Climate change and global warming portal
2790:(4th ed.). Jones & Bartlett Learning.
2583:Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis
2311:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
2176:
1877:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from
1850:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
1156:Gough, William A.; Leung, Andrew C. W. (2022).
976:). These models predict an upward trend in the
2135:"Climate Change | National Geographic Society"
889:In recent usage, especially in the context of
6445:
5076:History of climate change policy and politics
4871:
4446:
3833:
3622:
3171:
3120:Pacific–North American teleconnection pattern
2968:
2944:
2419:Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
2305:Joos, Fortunat; Spahni, Renato (2008-02-05).
1633:
266:
3320:Convective available potential energy (CAPE)
2828:. Vol. VI (9th ed.). pp. 1–7.
2786:Rohli, Robert. V.; Vega, Anthony J. (2018).
2725:
2669:
2645:
2576:
1314:
1196:
1116:
659:, evapotranspiration, or more generally the
5193:Atlantic meridional overturning circulation
2914:– Past, present and future climates – 2013.
2704:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1556:. World Meteorological Organization. 2017.
1480:
1080:
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437:. They include non-biotic evidence—such as
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2920:– Contains climatic information from 1901.
2304:
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273:
259:
16:
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5958:Adaptation strategies on the German coast
5101:United Nations Climate Change conferences
2785:
2589:. Contribution of Working Group I to the
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2430:
2348:
2330:
2261:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1982:
1946:
1908:
1775:
1714:
1704:
1432:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
1173:
586:
532:International Meteorological Organization
496:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
304:variables that are commonly measured are
7545:, and does not reflect subsequent edits.
7528:
6459:
5662:Co-benefits of climate change mitigation
2982:
2038:"GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (v4)"
1958:
1952:
1634:de Werk, Gertjan; Mulder, Karel (2007).
1456:"Climate Data and Data Related Products"
1448:
1075:
847:
839:
596:
478:in response to shifting climate zones."
24:This is an accepted version of this page
6018:National Adaptation Programme of Action
5807:Land use, land-use change, and forestry
2139:Education | National Geographic Society
1258:Education | National Geographic Society
413:Spatial Synoptic Classification systems
14:
7562:
5667:Economics of climate change mitigation
5630:Gold Standard (carbon offset standard)
5153:
4981:Scientific consensus on climate change
4460:
2812:
2197:from the original on 22 September 2020
2182:
1320:
1305:
1137:from the original on 22 September 2020
906:Framework Convention on Climate Change
728:
465:, which results in redistributions of
6433:
6326:Coupled Model Intercomparison Project
6151:
5856:
5592:
5152:
5064:
4945:
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4859:
4434:
3821:
3610:
3159:
2956:
2943:
2676:Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report
1815:
1679:"Climate change and greenhouse gases"
1607:
1158:"Do Airports Have Their Own Climate?"
6348:Representative Concentration Pathway
5299:Tipping points in the climate system
4975:Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere
4392:Geology of solar terrestrial planets
2162:Arctic Climatology and Meteorology.
1355:from the original on 12 October 2013
469:. For example, as climate scientist
403:information and is used in studying
6119:Nationally determined contributions
5829:Individual action on climate change
5044:World energy supply and consumption
3282:Convective condensation level (CCL)
3065:Equatorial Indian Ocean oscillation
2908:– Climate data and guidance on use.
2183:Gillis, Justin (28 November 2015).
817:Over the years, the definitions of
679:
502:glossary definition is as follows:
48:
7515:
6258:Fixed anvil temperature hypothesis
4885:
3488:Equivalent potential temperature (
2881:Climate index and mode information
2806:
2069:from the original on 16 April 2020
1321:Hughes, Leslie (1 February 2000).
708:Satellite temperature measurements
647:weather disturbances. Examples of
421:is the study of ancient climates.
395:, in use since 1948, incorporates
237:Glossary of tropical cyclone terms
49:
7591:
6185:Satellite temperature measurement
5790:forestry for carbon sequestration
5081:History of climate change science
3340:Conditional symmetric instability
3186:Meteorological data and variables
3055:Diurnal air temperature variation
3040:Cataclysmic pole shift hypothesis
3025:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation
2854:
1872:
1524:World Meteorological Organization
1461:World Meteorological Organization
941:
835:
512:World Meteorological Organization
7527:
7488:
7476:
7209:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6684:Democratic Republic of the Congo
6411:
6399:
6388:
6387:
6375:
6036:Climate Change Performance Index
4840:
4839:
4415:
4414:
3287:Lifting condensation level (LCL)
1799:United States National Arboretum
667:. A common shortcoming of these
616:scheme first developed in 1899.
71:
6175:Instrumental temperature record
6126:Sustainable Development Goal 13
4122:Human impact on the environment
3272:Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN)
2930:International Disaster Database
2774:from the original on 2022-09-20
2736:from the original on 2022-07-18
2687:from the original on 2020-01-09
2656:from the original on 2019-03-13
2610:from the original on 2019-09-25
2545:
2522:
2457:
2406:
2386:
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2298:
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2209:
2156:
2145:from the original on 2022-07-30
2127:
2030:
1892:
1866:
1843:
1831:American Meteorological Society
1792:
1723:
1659:
1627:
1616:from the original on 2013-03-27
1601:
1581:
1570:from the original on 2022-08-08
1541:
1530:from the original on 2022-08-21
1512:
1425:
1400:
1389:from the original on 2011-07-07
1383:American Meteorological Society
1328:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
1288:from the original on 2022-09-01
1105:from the original on 2022-06-05
978:global mean surface temperature
704:Instrumental temperature record
518:" as "reference points used by
6754:Federated States of Micronesia
6243:Climate variability and change
5593:
5284:Retreat of glaciers since 1850
3951:Climate variability and change
3769:(Dfc, Dwc, Dsc, Dfd, Dwd, Dsd)
3761:(Dfa, Dwa, Dsa, Dfb, Dwb, Dsb)
3535:Wet-bulb potential temperature
3377:Level of free convection (LFC)
2442:11858/00-001M-0000-0024-9A35-F
2284:Illinois State Museum (2002).
1875:"The Modern Temperature Trend"
1803:USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map.
1367:
1299:
1270:
1246:
1190:
1149:
1027:Effect of Sun angle on climate
735:Climate variability and change
603:Köppen climate classifications
179:Climate variability and change
13:
1:
6353:Shared Socioeconomic Pathways
5888:Climate emergency declaration
4387:Evolution of the Solar System
3642:Köppen climate classification
3578:Pressure-gradient force (PGF)
3500:Sea surface temperature (SST)
3335:Convective momentum transport
2899:IPCC Data Distribution Centre
1823:"Thornthwaite Moisture Index"
1341:10.1016/S0169-5347(99)01764-4
1068:
1062:Tectonic–climatic interaction
1052:National Climatic Data Center
827:have shifted. While the term
661:Köppen climate classification
614:Köppen climate classification
481:
389:Köppen climate classification
6336:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
5562:Middle East and North Africa
4898:
4127:Evolutionary history of life
3392:Bulk Richardson number (BRN)
3060:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
2861:NOAA Climate Services Portal
2847:Kevin Heng July–August 2012
2263:. 2001-01-20. Archived from
1520:"WMO Climatological Normals"
1410:. Met Office. Archived from
1278:"paleoclimatology | science"
1197:Thornthwaite, C. W. (1948).
1095:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report
530:The WMO originated from the
525:El Niño–Southern Oscillation
7:
5065:
3596:Maximum potential intensity
3362:Free convective layer (FCL)
3325:Convective inhibition (CIN)
3110:Pacific decadal oscillation
2001:10.1016/j.jastp.2010.04.015
994:
399:along with temperature and
10:
7596:
6170:Global surface temperature
6061:Popular culture depictions
5973:Ecosystem-based adaptation
5703:Carbon capture and storage
5625:Carbon offsets and credits
4946:
3530:Wet-bulb globe temperature
3387:Maximum parcel level (MPL)
3125:Quasi-biennial oscillation
3095:North Atlantic oscillation
3000:Antarctic Circumpolar Wave
2876:Climate Prediction Project
2569:
2089:IPCC AR5 SYR Glossary 2014
1932:IPCC AR5 WG1 Glossary 2013
1175:10.3390/meteorology1020012
1037:List of climate scientists
862:
856:
732:
701:
683:
643:types or locations within
590:
247:Glossary of climate change
53:
6465:
6382:Climate change portal
6369:
6308:
6275:Extreme event attribution
6193:
6162:
6158:
6147:
6091:
6026:
5948:
5898:School Strike for Climate
5870:
5866:
5852:
5821:
5777:Climate-smart agriculture
5738:
5695:
5605:
5601:
5588:
5512:
5375:
5322:
5165:
5161:
5148:
5071:
5060:
4989:
4958:
4954:
4941:
4924:Climate change adaptation
4919:Climate change mitigation
4914:Effects of climate change
4904:
4893:
4835:
4748:
4707:
4698:
4655:
4577:
4519:
4469:
4410:
4377:
4361:
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4087:
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3855:
3847:
3778:
3749:
3712:
3685:
3648:
3586:
3548:
3510:Thermodynamic temperature
3444:Forest fire weather index
3400:
3310:
3257:
3191:
3100:North Pacific Oscillation
3080:Madden–Julian oscillation
2990:
2950:
2945:Links to related articles
2912:HistoricalClimatology.com
2866:NOAA State of the Climate
2396:Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
1007:Climate Prediction Center
873:Extreme event attribution
865:Global temperature record
697:
674:
242:Glossary of tornado terms
6629:Central African Republic
6285:Global warming potential
6092:International agreements
5739:Preserving and enhancing
5183:Arctic methane emissions
5105:Years in climate change
5012:Greenhouse gas emissions
4909:Causes of climate change
4397:Location in the Universe
4328:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4027:List of sovereign states
3432:Equivalent temperature (
3345:Convective temperature (
3229:Surface weather analysis
3045:Dansgaard–Oeschger event
3020:Atlantic Equatorial mode
2935:Paris Climate Conference
2562:Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
2295:Retrieved on 2007-05-15.
2173:Retrieved on 2008-05-19.
1863:Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
1598:Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
1445:Retrieved on 2007-06-01.
884:Earth's Energy Imbalance
651:classifications include
556:thermohaline circulation
56:Climate (disambiguation)
31:latest accepted revision
7575:Meteorological concepts
6316:Climate change scenario
5968:Disaster risk reduction
5620:Carbon emission trading
5430:U.S. insurance industry
5410:Civilizational collapse
5257:sea surface temperature
3479:Potential temperature (
3224:Surface solar radiation
3115:Pacific Meridional Mode
2825:Encyclopædia Britannica
2681:Fifth Assessment Report
2591:Fifth Assessment Report
2551:Climateprediction.net.
2332:10.1073/pnas.0707386105
1827:Glossary of Meteorology
1812:Retrieved on 2008-03-09
1666:What Is Climate Change?
1379:Glossary of Meteorology
1306:Hughes, Lesley (2000).
1042:List of weather records
869:List of weather records
232:Glossary of meteorology
7523:
7503:Listen to this article
6574:Bosnia and Herzegovina
6309:Research and modelling
5993:Nature-based solutions
5813:Nature-based solutions
5755:Carbon dioxide removal
5672:Fossil fuel divestment
5657:Climate risk insurance
5567:Small island countries
5188:Arctic sea ice decline
3469:Relative humidity (RH)
3357:Equilibrium level (EL)
3330:Convective instability
2553:Modelling the climate.
2539:10.48364/ISIMIP.836809
2490:10.1038/sdata.2017.122
2400:June 10, 2008, at the
1854:NOAA Paleoclimatology.
1760:10.1038/sdata.2018.214
1057:Outline of meteorology
854:
845:
810:of substances such as
669:classification schemes
605:
593:Climate classification
587:Climate classification
508:
7522:
7319:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
7199:Saint Kitts and Nevis
7179:Republic of the Congo
6270:Earth's energy budget
6153:Background and theory
6041:Climate crisis (term)
5713:Fossil fuel phase-out
5607:Economics and finance
5572:by individual country
5514:By country and region
5489:Security and conflict
5484:Psychological impacts
5173:Abrupt climate change
5096:Charles David Keeling
4929:By country and region
4107:Biogeochemical cycles
4032:dependent territories
3010:Arctic dipole anomaly
3005:Antarctic oscillation
2838:Geografisk Tidsskrift
2638:"Annex III: Glossary"
2219:Nature Climate Change
2101:USGCRP Chapter 3 2017
1947:Rohli & Vega 2018
1436:Appendix I: Glossary.
989:global climate models
962:global climate models
851:
843:
821:and the related term
600:
504:
100:Atmospheric chemistry
7554:More spoken articles
7389:United Arab Emirates
6460:Climate of the World
6099:Glasgow Climate Pact
5760:Carbon sequestration
5335:Mass mortality event
4720:Evolutionary history
4155:Computer cartography
3888:Prebiotic atmosphere
3732:(Cfb, Cwb, Cfc, Cwc)
3658:Tropical rainforest
3558:Atmospheric pressure
3525:Wet-bulb temperature
3427:Dry-bulb temperature
3422:Dew point depression
2984:Climate oscillations
2918:Globalclimatemonitor
2718:"Annex II: Glossary"
2476:(4 170122): 170122.
2432:10.1002/2015MS000431
2394:Climate Variability.
2239:10.1038/NCLIMATE2876
1500:on 13 September 2015
891:environmental policy
795:, irregularities in
405:biological diversity
372:and their currents.
314:atmospheric pressure
88:Atmospheric dynamics
65:Atmospheric sciences
54:For other uses, see
7354:Trinidad and Tobago
6494:Antigua and Barbuda
6238:Climate sensitivity
6013:The Adaptation Fund
5469:Infectious diseases
5376:Social and economic
4657:Natural environment
4298:Geologic time scale
4019:Culture and society
3883:Atmosphere of Earth
3520:Virtual temperature
3505:Temperature anomaly
3199:Adiabatic processes
3085:Milankovitch cycles
3075:Indian Ocean Dipole
2482:2017NatSD...470122K
2323:2008PNAS..105.1425J
2231:2016NatCC...6..138V
1993:2010JASTP..72..951S
1752:2018NatSD...580214B
1734:(30 October 2018).
1697:1999EOSTr..80Q.453L
1608:Rahmstorf, Stefan.
1254:"All About Climate"
1206:Geographical Review
819:climate variability
785:paleoclimatological
729:Climate variability
423:Paleoclimatologists
393:Thornthwaite system
83:Atmospheric physics
67:
21:Page version status
7524:
6704:Dominican Republic
5809:(LULUCF and AFOLU)
5781:Forest management
5765:Direct air capture
5730:Sustainable energy
5687:Net zero emissions
5682:Low-carbon economy
5677:Green Climate Fund
5464:Indigenous peoples
5367:Plant biodiversity
5155:Effects and issues
4293:Geological history
4167:Geodetic astronomy
3759:Humid continental
3722:Humid subtropical
3292:Precipitable water
3030:Earth's axial tilt
3015:Arctic oscillation
2904:2016-05-19 at the
2886:2016-11-19 at the
2849:American Scientist
2626:2017-02-02 at the
2558:2009-02-04 at the
2291:2010-03-26 at the
2190:The New York Times
2169:2010-01-18 at the
2120:2018-04-09 at the
2115:Figure 3.3 panel 5
2109:2018-04-09 at the
2104:Figure 3.1 panel 2
1859:2020-09-22 at the
1808:2012-07-04 at the
1594:2017-03-12 at the
1441:2017-01-26 at the
1408:"Climate averages"
855:
846:
789:volcanic eruptions
745:random variability
637:relative frequency
606:
523:anomalies such as
486:Climate (from
433:are inferred from
397:evapotranspiration
63:
27:
7520:
7462:
7461:
7456:
7455:
6729:Equatorial Guinea
6427:
6426:
6365:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6300:Radiative forcing
6143:
6142:
6139:
6138:
5963:Adaptive capacity
5848:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5708:Energy transition
5584:
5583:
5580:
5579:
5304:Tropical cyclones
5230:Urban heat island
5144:
5143:
5056:
5055:
5052:
5051:
5017:Carbon accounting
4971:Greenhouse effect
4937:
4936:
4853:
4852:
4831:
4830:
4504:chemical elements
4428:
4427:
4379:Planetary science
4362:Natural satellite
4283:Extremes on Earth
4250:Signal processing
3815:
3814:
3674:Tropical savanna
3666:Tropical monsoon
3604:
3603:
3573:Pressure gradient
3382:Lifted index (LI)
3153:
3152:
3145:True polar wander
3140:Solar variability
2814:Buchan, Alexander
2726:IPCC AR5 SYR 2014
2646:IPCC AR5 WG1 2013
2600:978-1-107-05799-9
2531:ISIMIP Repository
2392:Eric Maisonnave.
1706:10.1029/99EO00325
1563:978-92-63-11203-3
1468:on 1 October 2014
1032:Greenhouse effect
984:atmosphere–ocean–
929:volcanic activity
801:positive feedback
781:heat distribution
777:Milankovic cycles
514:(WMO) describes "
471:Lesley Ann Hughes
453:evidence—such as
288:is the long-term
283:
282:
18:
7587:
7544:
7542:
7531:
7530:
7521:
7511:
7509:
7504:
7493:
7492:
7481:
7480:
7479:
7472:
7144:Papua New Guinea
7009:Marshall Islands
6454:
6447:
6440:
6431:
6430:
6415:
6414:
6403:
6402:
6391:
6390:
6380:
6379:
6378:
6343:Paleoclimatology
6160:
6159:
6149:
6148:
5910:Ecological grief
5893:Climate movement
5868:
5867:
5854:
5853:
5834:Plant-based diet
5725:Renewable energy
5603:
5602:
5590:
5589:
5425:Economic impacts
5357:Invasive species
5213:Coastal flooding
5163:
5162:
5150:
5149:
5086:Svante Arrhenius
5062:
5061:
5032:from agriculture
5022:Carbon footprint
5007:Greenhouse gases
4956:
4955:
4943:
4942:
4895:
4894:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4857:
4856:
4843:
4842:
4715:
4705:
4704:
4645:tropical cyclone
4595:
4455:
4448:
4441:
4432:
4431:
4418:
4417:
4310:History of Earth
3961:Paleoclimatology
3842:
3835:
3828:
3819:
3818:
3640:types under the
3631:
3624:
3617:
3608:
3607:
3180:
3173:
3166:
3157:
3156:
2977:
2970:
2963:
2954:
2953:
2941:
2940:
2841:, Band 48; 1946)
2829:
2821:
2801:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2765:10.7930/J01834ND
2758:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2735:
2722:
2709:
2703:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2655:
2642:
2618:
2616:
2615:
2609:
2588:
2563:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2444:
2434:
2410:
2404:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2352:
2334:
2317:(5): 1425–1430.
2302:
2296:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2273:
2272:
2249:
2243:
2242:
2213:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2180:
2174:
2160:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2131:
2125:
2098:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2034:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2023:
2017:
2011:. Archived from
1986:
1968:
1962:(May 15, 2010).
1960:Scafetta, Nicola
1956:
1950:
1944:
1935:
1929:
1923:
1922:
1912:
1910:10.2172/10178730
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1873:Weart, Spencer.
1870:
1864:
1847:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1819:
1813:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1779:
1727:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1716:2060/19990109667
1708:
1674:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1654:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1605:
1599:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1555:
1545:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1516:
1510:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1499:
1492:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1475:
1473:
1464:. Archived from
1452:
1446:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1404:
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1318:
1312:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1264:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1234:
1228:. Archived from
1203:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1177:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1120:
1114:
1113:
1111:
1110:
1104:
1098:. p. 2222.
1091:
1082:
925:greenhouse gases
812:greenhouse gases
779:), and modes of
686:Paleoclimatology
680:Paleoclimatology
623:were defined in
565:greenhouse gases
419:Paleoclimatology
375:Climates can be
328:, including the
275:
268:
261:
142:Tropical cyclone
75:
68:
62:
39:8 September 2024
7595:
7594:
7590:
7589:
7588:
7586:
7585:
7584:
7560:
7559:
7558:
7557:
7546:
7540:
7538:
7535:This audio file
7532:
7525:
7516:
7513:
7507:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7487:
7477:
7475:
7467:
7463:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7109:North Macedonia
6461:
6458:
6428:
6423:
6376:
6374:
6357:
6304:
6295:Orbital forcing
6189:
6154:
6135:
6109:Paris Agreement
6087:
6083:Warming stripes
6022:
5988:Managed retreat
5983:Loss and damage
5944:
5878:Business action
5862:
5840:
5817:
5740:
5734:
5691:
5652:Climate finance
5597:
5576:
5508:
5371:
5347:Extinction risk
5323:Flora and fauna
5318:
5279:Permafrost thaw
5274:Ozone depletion
5203:Extreme weather
5157:
5140:
5067:
5048:
4985:
4950:
4933:
4900:
4889:
4884:
4854:
4849:
4827:
4744:
4713:
4694:
4651:
4593:
4573:
4564:Gaia hypothesis
4554:Plate tectonics
4515:
4465:
4459:
4429:
4424:
4406:
4373:
4357:
4314:
4305:Geologic record
4259:
4245:Plate tectonics
4235:Mineral physics
4215:Earth structure
4201:
4136:
4083:
4013:
3965:
3922:
3869:
3851:
3846:
3816:
3811:
3774:
3745:
3740:(Csa, Csb, Csc)
3708:
3681:
3644:
3635:
3605:
3600:
3582:
3544:
3494:
3438:
3416:
3396:
3351:
3306:
3253:
3187:
3184:
3154:
3149:
3105:Orbital forcing
2992:
2986:
2981:
2946:
2906:Wayback Machine
2888:Wayback Machine
2857:
2819:"Climate"
2809:
2807:Further reading
2804:
2798:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2756:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2720:
2697:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2640:
2628:Wayback Machine
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2586:
2572:
2567:
2566:
2560:Wayback Machine
2550:
2546:
2527:
2523:
2470:Scientific Data
2462:
2458:
2411:
2407:
2402:Wayback Machine
2391:
2387:
2378:
2376:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2303:
2299:
2293:Wayback Machine
2283:
2279:
2270:
2268:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2214:
2210:
2200:
2198:
2181:
2177:
2171:Wayback Machine
2164:Climate change.
2161:
2157:
2148:
2146:
2133:
2132:
2128:
2122:Wayback Machine
2111:Wayback Machine
2099:
2095:
2087:
2083:
2072:
2070:
2061:
2060:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2036:
2035:
2031:
2021:
2019:
2018:on 10 June 2010
2015:
1977:(13): 951–970.
1966:
1957:
1953:
1945:
1938:
1934:, p. 1451.
1930:
1926:
1897:
1893:
1884:
1882:
1871:
1867:
1861:Wayback Machine
1848:
1844:
1835:
1833:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1810:Wayback Machine
1797:
1793:
1740:Scientific Data
1728:
1724:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1660:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1638:
1632:
1628:
1619:
1617:
1606:
1602:
1596:Wayback Machine
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1564:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1481:
1471:
1469:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1443:Wayback Machine
1430:
1426:
1417:
1415:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1319:
1315:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1289:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1262:
1260:
1252:
1251:
1247:
1238:
1236:
1235:on Jan 24, 2012
1232:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1089:
1083:
1076:
1071:
1066:
1002:Climate inertia
997:
944:
875:
861:
838:
762:solar variation
741:extreme weather
737:
731:
710:
700:
688:
682:
677:
657:plant hardiness
595:
589:
552:plate tectonics
516:climate normals
484:
435:proxy variables
279:
59:
52:
47:
46:
45:
44:
43:
42:
26:
12:
11:
5:
7593:
7583:
7582:
7577:
7572:
7547:
7533:
7526:
7514:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7497:
7485:
7483:Climate change
7460:
7459:
7454:
7453:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7434:Western Sahara
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7406:
7401:
7396:
7394:United Kingdom
7391:
7386:
7381:
7376:
7371:
7366:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7336:
7331:
7326:
7321:
7316:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7216:
7211:
7206:
7201:
7196:
7191:
7186:
7181:
7176:
7171:
7166:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7146:
7141:
7136:
7131:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7111:
7106:
7101:
7096:
7091:
7086:
7081:
7076:
7071:
7066:
7061:
7056:
7051:
7046:
7041:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6791:
6786:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6679:Czech Republic
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6606:
6601:
6596:
6591:
6586:
6581:
6576:
6571:
6566:
6561:
6556:
6551:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6511:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6457:
6456:
6449:
6442:
6434:
6425:
6424:
6422:
6421:
6409:
6397:
6385:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6359:
6358:
6356:
6355:
6350:
6345:
6340:
6339:
6338:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6305:
6303:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6250:
6248:Cloud feedback
6245:
6240:
6235:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6203:
6197:
6195:
6191:
6190:
6188:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6166:
6164:
6156:
6155:
6145:
6144:
6141:
6140:
6137:
6136:
6134:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6121:
6116:
6106:
6104:Kyoto Protocol
6101:
6095:
6093:
6089:
6088:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6058:
6056:Media coverage
6053:
6048:
6046:Climate spiral
6043:
6038:
6032:
6030:
6024:
6023:
6021:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5954:
5952:
5946:
5945:
5943:
5942:
5937:
5935:Public opinion
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5907:
5902:
5901:
5900:
5890:
5885:
5883:Climate action
5880:
5874:
5872:
5864:
5863:
5850:
5849:
5846:
5845:
5842:
5841:
5839:
5838:
5837:
5836:
5825:
5823:
5819:
5818:
5816:
5815:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5795:REDD and REDD+
5792:
5787:
5779:
5774:
5772:Carbon farming
5769:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5716:
5715:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5674:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5633:
5632:
5622:
5617:
5611:
5609:
5599:
5598:
5586:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5578:
5577:
5575:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5518:
5516:
5510:
5509:
5507:
5506:
5504:Water security
5501:
5499:Water scarcity
5496:
5494:Urban flooding
5491:
5486:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5455:
5454:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5422:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5390:
5379:
5377:
5373:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5352:Forest dieback
5349:
5344:
5339:
5338:
5337:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5319:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5291:
5289:Sea level rise
5286:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5270:
5269:
5264:
5262:stratification
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5227:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5159:
5158:
5146:
5145:
5142:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5058:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5049:
5047:
5046:
5041:
5040:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5027:Carbon leakage
5024:
5019:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4993:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4983:
4978:
4968:
4966:Climate system
4962:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4916:
4911:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4891:
4890:
4887:Climate change
4883:
4882:
4875:
4868:
4860:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4847:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4818:
4817:
4816:
4811:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4661:
4659:
4653:
4652:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4647:
4642:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4589:
4583:
4581:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4541:
4531:
4525:
4523:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4513:
4508:
4507:
4506:
4501:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4475:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4458:
4457:
4450:
4443:
4435:
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4383:
4381:
4375:
4374:
4372:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4338:Atlantic Ocean
4335:
4330:
4324:
4322:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4301:
4300:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4269:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4258:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4220:Fluid dynamics
4217:
4211:
4209:
4203:
4202:
4200:
4199:
4194:
4192:Geopositioning
4189:
4187:Remote Sensing
4184:
4179:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4146:
4144:
4138:
4137:
4135:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4035:
4034:
4023:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3975:
3973:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3946:Climate change
3943:
3941:Energy balance
3938:
3936:Climate system
3932:
3930:
3924:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3879:
3877:
3871:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3856:
3853:
3852:
3845:
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3837:
3830:
3822:
3813:
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3809:
3801:
3793:
3784:
3782:
3776:
3775:
3773:
3772:
3764:
3755:
3753:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3743:
3738:Mediterranean
3735:
3727:
3718:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3706:
3698:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:
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3679:
3671:
3663:
3654:
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3646:
3645:
3634:
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3626:
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3611:
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3584:
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3581:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3522:
3517:
3515:Vapor pressure
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3485:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3429:
3424:
3419:
3414:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3316:
3314:
3308:
3307:
3305:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3175:
3168:
3160:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3070:Glacial cycles
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2980:
2979:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2938:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2909:
2896:
2891:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2856:
2855:External links
2853:
2852:
2851:
2842:
2830:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:978-1284126563
2796:
2783:
2747:
2746:
2745:
2667:
2666:
2665:
2599:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2565:
2564:
2544:
2521:
2456:
2405:
2385:
2364:
2297:
2277:
2244:
2225:(2): 138–144.
2208:
2175:
2155:
2126:
2093:
2091:, p. 124.
2081:
2054:
2029:
1951:
1949:, p. 274.
1936:
1924:
1891:
1865:
1842:
1814:
1791:
1722:
1669:
1658:
1626:
1600:
1580:
1562:
1540:
1511:
1479:
1447:
1424:
1399:
1366:
1313:
1298:
1269:
1245:
1218:10.2307/210739
1189:
1168:(2): 171–182.
1148:
1115:
1073:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
996:
993:
974:greenhouse gas
970:carbon dioxide
947:Climate models
943:
942:Climate models
940:
903:United Nations
899:global warming
859:Climate change
857:Main article:
837:
836:Climate change
834:
829:climate change
824:climate change
733:Main article:
730:
727:
699:
696:
684:Main article:
681:
678:
676:
673:
625:Ancient Greece
591:Main article:
588:
585:
581:global cooling
577:global warming
569:carbon dioxide
567:(particularly
560:ocean currents
520:climatologists
483:
480:
463:global warming
459:Climate models
409:climate change
326:climate system
302:meteorological
298:meteorological
281:
280:
278:
277:
270:
263:
255:
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226:
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184:Climate change
181:
176:
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139:
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132:
119:
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50:
28:
22:
19:
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7592:
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7407:
7405:
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7399:United States
7397:
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7387:
7385:
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7380:
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6997:
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6992:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6964:Liechtenstein
6962:
6960:
6957:
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6952:
6950:
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6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6840:
6837:
6835:
6832:
6830:
6827:
6825:
6822:
6820:
6819:Guinea-Bissau
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6792:
6790:
6787:
6785:
6782:
6780:
6777:
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6772:
6770:
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6757:
6755:
6752:
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6690:
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6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6455:
6450:
6448:
6443:
6441:
6436:
6435:
6432:
6420:
6419:
6410:
6408:
6407:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6372:
6371:
6368:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6337:
6334:
6333:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6321:Climate model
6319:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6311:
6307:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6276:
6273:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6255:
6254:
6253:Cloud forcing
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6239:
6236:
6234:
6231:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6198:
6196:
6192:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6161:
6157:
6150:
6146:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6120:
6117:
6115:
6112:
6111:
6110:
6107:
6105:
6102:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6067:
6064:
6063:
6062:
6059:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6028:Communication
6025:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6009:
6008:Vulnerability
6006:
6004:
6001:
5999:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5978:Flood control
5976:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5955:
5953:
5951:
5947:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5873:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5851:
5835:
5832:
5831:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5824:
5820:
5814:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5800:reforestation
5798:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5785:afforestation
5783:
5782:
5780:
5778:
5775:
5773:
5770:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5720:Nuclear power
5718:
5714:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5683:
5680:
5678:
5675:
5673:
5670:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5615:Carbon budget
5613:
5612:
5610:
5608:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5519:
5517:
5515:
5511:
5505:
5502:
5500:
5497:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5487:
5485:
5482:
5480:
5477:
5475:
5472:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5453:
5452:Mental health
5450:
5449:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5426:
5423:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5394:
5393:United States
5391:
5389:
5386:
5385:
5384:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5374:
5368:
5365:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5336:
5333:
5332:
5331:
5328:
5327:
5325:
5321:
5315:
5312:
5310:
5307:
5305:
5302:
5300:
5297:
5295:
5292:
5290:
5287:
5285:
5282:
5280:
5277:
5275:
5272:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5247:deoxygenation
5245:
5243:
5242:acidification
5240:
5239:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5228:
5226:
5223:
5222:
5221:
5218:
5214:
5211:
5210:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5147:
5135:
5132:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5070:
5063:
5059:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5037:from wetlands
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5003:
5000:
4998:
4997:Deforestation
4995:
4994:
4992:
4988:
4982:
4979:
4976:
4972:
4969:
4967:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4953:
4949:
4944:
4940:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
4907:
4906:
4903:
4896:
4892:
4888:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4862:
4861:
4858:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4834:
4824:
4823:
4819:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4778:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4740:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4714:(abiogenesis)
4710:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4660:
4658:
4654:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4552:
4550:
4547:
4545:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4529:Earth science
4527:
4526:
4524:
4522:
4518:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4476:
4474:
4472:
4468:
4464:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4444:
4442:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4421:
4413:
4412:
4409:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4384:
4382:
4380:
4376:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4348:Pacific Ocean
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
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4278:Earth science
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4197:Virtual globe
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3568:Barotropicity
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3297:Precipitation
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3051:
3050:Diurnal cycle
3048:
3046:
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3038:
3036:
3033:
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3028:
3026:
3023:
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3018:
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2924:ClimateCharts
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2301:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2281:
2267:on 2017-01-26
2266:
2262:
2258:
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2248:
2240:
2236:
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2228:
2224:
2220:
2212:
2196:
2192:
2191:
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2179:
2172:
2168:
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2159:
2144:
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2136:
2130:
2123:
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2112:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2097:
2090:
2085:
2068:
2064:
2058:
2043:
2039:
2033:
2014:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1955:
1948:
1943:
1941:
1933:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1906:
1902:
1895:
1881:on 2020-09-22
1880:
1876:
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1824:
1818:
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1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1732:Wood, Eric F.
1726:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1662:
1648:on 2008-05-27
1644:
1637:
1630:
1615:
1611:
1604:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1584:
1569:
1565:
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1529:
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1489:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1462:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1440:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1414:on 2008-07-06
1413:
1409:
1403:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1370:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1317:
1310:. p. 56.
1309:
1302:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1273:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
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979:
975:
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966:
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958:
956:
952:
948:
939:
936:
934:
930:
927:, such as by
926:
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918:
914:
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907:
904:
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896:
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874:
870:
866:
860:
850:
842:
833:
830:
826:
825:
820:
815:
813:
809:
806:
805:anthropogenic
803:processes or
802:
798:
797:climate proxy
794:
793:impact events
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
751:
746:
742:
736:
726:
723:
719:
715:
709:
705:
695:
693:
687:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
653:climate zones
650:
646:
642:
639:of different
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
604:
599:
594:
584:
582:
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545:
540:
537:
533:
528:
526:
521:
517:
513:
507:
503:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:Ancient Greek
479:
477:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:paleoclimates
428:
424:
420:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
401:precipitation
398:
394:
390:
386:
385:precipitation
382:
378:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
322:precipitation
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
276:
271:
269:
264:
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257:
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159:
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148:
145:
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143:
140:
136:
133:
131:
128:
127:
126:
123:
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121:
120:
117:
114:
113:
106:
103:
102:
101:
98:
94:
91:
90:
89:
86:
84:
81:
80:
79:
78:
74:
70:
69:
66:
61:
57:
40:
36:
32:
25:
20:
7464:
7419:Vatican City
7369:Turkmenistan
7269:South Africa
7244:Sierra Leone
7224:Saudi Arabia
6599:Burkina Faso
6416:
6404:
6392:
6373:
6206:Carbon cycle
6163:Measurements
5858:Society and
5742:carbon sinks
5647:Climate debt
5637:Carbon price
5459:Human rights
5294:Season creep
5252:heat content
5178:Anoxic event
5091:James Hansen
4820:
4753:Biodiversity
4739:astrobiology
4599:
4461:Elements of
4402:Solar System
4353:Oceanography
4343:Indian Ocean
4333:Arctic Ocean
4273:Age of Earth
4225:Geomagnetism
3927:
3908:Thermosphere
3898:Stratosphere
3805:
3797:
3789:
3768:
3760:
3739:
3731:
3723:
3702:
3694:
3675:
3667:
3659:
3637:
3489:
3480:
3474:Mixing ratio
3449:Haines Index
3433:
3411:
3346:
3259:Condensation
3130:Seasonal lag
2993:oscillations
2836:
2823:
2787:
2776:. Retrieved
2752:
2738:. Retrieved
2724:
2689:. Retrieved
2675:
2671:IPCC AR5 SYR
2658:. Retrieved
2644:
2612:. Retrieved
2582:
2547:
2530:
2524:
2473:
2469:
2459:
2422:
2418:
2408:
2388:
2377:. Retrieved
2375:. 2024-02-08
2367:
2314:
2310:
2300:
2280:
2269:. Retrieved
2265:the original
2256:
2247:
2222:
2218:
2211:
2199:. Retrieved
2188:
2178:
2158:
2147:. Retrieved
2138:
2129:
2096:
2084:
2071:. Retrieved
2057:
2045:. Retrieved
2041:
2032:
2020:. Retrieved
2013:the original
1974:
1970:
1954:
1927:
1900:
1894:
1883:. Retrieved
1879:the original
1868:
1845:
1834:. Retrieved
1826:
1817:
1794:
1743:
1739:
1725:
1688:
1682:
1672:
1661:
1650:. Retrieved
1643:the original
1629:
1618:. Retrieved
1603:
1583:
1572:. Retrieved
1549:
1543:
1532:. Retrieved
1514:
1502:. Retrieved
1495:the original
1482:
1470:. Retrieved
1466:the original
1459:
1450:
1427:
1416:. Retrieved
1412:the original
1402:
1391:. Retrieved
1378:
1369:
1359:November 17,
1357:. Retrieved
1335:(2): 56–61.
1332:
1326:
1316:
1307:
1301:
1290:. Retrieved
1281:
1272:
1261:. Retrieved
1257:
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1230:the original
1212:(1): 55–94.
1209:
1205:
1192:
1165:
1161:
1151:
1139:. Retrieved
1128:
1118:
1107:. Retrieved
1093:
1047:Microclimate
1012:Climatic map
982:
967:
959:
945:
937:
917:interglacial
910:
888:
876:
853:variability.
828:
822:
818:
816:
770:cloud albedo
755:
748:
744:
738:
714:thermometers
711:
689:
632:
628:
618:
607:
541:
529:
509:
505:
491:
485:
417:
374:
370:water bodies
285:
284:
222:
166:
60:
38:
29:This is the
23:
7580:Climatology
7309:Switzerland
7279:South Sudan
7274:South Korea
7204:Saint Lucia
7159:Philippines
7104:North Korea
7084:New Zealand
7079:Netherlands
6884:Ivory Coast
6724:El Salvador
6469:Afghanistan
6233:Carbon sink
6211:atmospheric
6076:video games
5750:Blue carbon
5383:Agriculture
5362:Marine life
5309:Water cycle
5267:temperature
5002:Fossil fuel
4804:Prokaryotes
4592:Atmosphere
4587:Meteorology
4150:Cartography
4089:Environment
3956:Climatology
3893:Troposphere
3563:Baroclinity
3410:Dew point (
3402:Temperature
3302:Water vapor
2788:Climatology
2201:29 November
2073:23 February
1691:(39): 453.
1504:1 September
1472:1 September
1162:Meteorology
1141:13 November
895:temperature
722:anemometers
655:defined by
457:and coral.
381:temperature
368:and nearby
342:lithosphere
334:hydrosphere
306:temperature
294:variability
158:Climatology
116:Meteorology
7564:Categories
7550:Audio help
7541:2023-05-18
7409:Uzbekistan
7329:Tajikistan
7239:Seychelles
7219:San Marino
7054:Mozambique
7044:Montenegro
7014:Mauritania
6979:Madagascar
6974:Luxembourg
6929:Kyrgyzstan
6904:Kazakhstan
6709:East Timor
6659:Costa Rica
6624:Cape Verde
6534:Bangladesh
6519:Azerbaijan
6265:Cryosphere
6226:permafrost
5998:Resilience
5950:Adaptation
5925:Litigation
5915:Governance
5860:adaptation
5642:Carbon tax
5595:Mitigation
5532:Antarctica
5420:Disability
4685:Wilderness
4538:geological
4255:Tomography
4240:Seismology
4207:Geophysics
4182:Navigation
4074:Time zones
4039:In culture
3984:Antarctica
3971:Continents
3903:Mesosphere
3875:Atmosphere
3767:Subarctic
3724:(Cfa, Cwa)
3703:(BSh, BSk)
3701:Semi-arid
3695:(BWh, BWk)
3540:Wind chill
3454:Heat index
3312:Convection
3249:Wind shear
3234:Visibility
3214:Lapse rate
3035:Bond event
2778:2022-09-05
2740:2022-09-05
2691:2022-09-05
2660:2022-09-05
2614:2022-09-05
2379:2024-02-10
2271:2008-05-22
2253:"Glossary"
2149:2022-06-28
2047:12 January
1885:2007-06-01
1836:2008-05-21
1746:: 180214.
1652:2008-05-02
1620:2008-05-02
1589:Main page.
1574:2022-08-20
1534:2022-08-21
1418:2008-05-17
1393:2008-05-14
1292:2022-09-01
1282:Britannica
1263:2023-09-25
1239:2010-12-13
1109:2022-05-18
1069:References
1017:Climograph
951:atmosphere
933:continents
863:See also:
766:cosmic ray
758:barycenter
718:barometers
702:See also:
601:Worldwide
544:historical
482:Definition
455:tree rings
377:classified
338:cryosphere
330:atmosphere
223:Glossaries
7424:Venezuela
7289:Sri Lanka
7249:Singapore
7134:Palestine
7089:Nicaragua
7019:Mauritius
6969:Lithuania
6854:Indonesia
6809:Guatemala
6509:Australia
6499:Argentina
6280:Feedbacks
6051:Education
5552:Caribbean
5547:Australia
5474:Migration
5437:Fisheries
5388:Livestock
5314:Wildfires
5220:Heat wave
4763:Eukaryota
4730:Hierarchy
4725:Biosphere
4690:Wildfires
4680:Radiation
4670:Ecosystem
4610:Moonlight
4544:Structure
4499:particles
4172:Geomatics
4117:Ecosystem
4102:Biosphere
4064:Etymology
4044:Earth Day
3994:Australia
3913:Exosphere
3239:Vorticity
3219:Lightning
3204:Advection
2700:cite book
2341:0027-8424
2286:Ice Ages.
1984:1005.4639
1768:2052-4463
1375:"Climate"
1184:2674-0494
1022:Ecosystem
897:known as
808:emissions
760:changes,
536:Wiesbaden
447:ice cores
443:lake beds
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439:sediments
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346:biosphere
7552: ·
7449:Zimbabwe
7339:Thailand
7334:Tanzania
7299:Suriname
7259:Slovenia
7254:Slovakia
7169:Portugal
7149:Paraguay
7124:Pakistan
7039:Mongolia
6994:Maldives
6989:Malaysia
6914:Kiribati
6834:Honduras
6749:Ethiopia
6744:Eswatini
6699:Dominica
6694:Djibouti
6649:Colombia
6614:Cameroon
6609:Cambodia
6594:Bulgaria
6579:Botswana
6539:Barbados
6406:Glossary
6394:Category
6216:biologic
5930:Politics
5822:Personal
5527:Americas
5400:Children
5166:Physical
4959:Overview
4899:Overview
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4625:Sunlight
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3730:Oceanic
3676:(Aw, As)
3588:Velocity
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3464:Humidity
3367:Helicity
3209:Buoyancy
2902:Archived
2890:– Arctic
2884:Archived
2816:(1878).
2769:Archived
2731:Archived
2716:(2014).
2685:Archived
2651:Archived
2636:(2013).
2624:Archived
2605:Archived
2556:Archived
2508:28872642
2451:56394756
2398:Archived
2359:18252830
2289:Archived
2195:Archived
2167:Archived
2143:Archived
2118:Archived
2107:Archived
2067:Archived
2065:. NASA.
1919:10178730
1857:Archived
1806:Archived
1786:30375988
1614:Archived
1592:Archived
1568:Archived
1528:Archived
1439:Archived
1387:Archived
1353:Archived
1349:10652556
1286:Archived
1135:Archived
1100:Archived
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913:ice ages
773:feedback
645:synoptic
641:air mass
548:latitude
476:latitude
427:geologic
407:and how
366:land use
362:altitude
350:latitude
310:humidity
214:Aeronomy
205:Aeronomy
189:category
172:category
147:category
130:category
105:category
93:category
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7469:Portals
7429:Vietnam
7414:Vanuatu
7404:Uruguay
7384:Ukraine
7359:Tunisia
7264:Somalia
7229:Senegal
7184:Romania
7099:Nigeria
7064:Namibia
7059:Myanmar
7049:Morocco
7029:Moldova
6954:Liberia
6949:Lesotho
6944:Lebanon
6889:Jamaica
6869:Ireland
6844:Iceland
6839:Hungary
6804:Grenada
6789:Germany
6784:Georgia
6764:Finland
6739:Estonia
6734:Eritrea
6714:Ecuador
6689:Denmark
6664:Croatia
6654:Comoros
6604:Burundi
6569:Bolivia
6549:Belgium
6544:Belarus
6529:Bahrain
6524:Bahamas
6514:Austria
6504:Armenia
6484:Andorra
6479:Algeria
6474:Albania
6221:oceanic
6071:fiction
5920:Justice
5871:Society
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5066:History
4990:Sources
4822:Viruses
4809:archaea
4785:animals
4737: (
4735:Biology
4712:Origin
4665:Ecology
4640:tornado
4600:Climate
4594:(Earth)
4579:Weather
4549:Geology
4536: (
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4265:Geology
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4112:Ecology
3928:Climate
3918:Weather
3865:History
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3804:Alpine
3788:Tundra
3780:Class E
3751:Class D
3714:Class C
3686:Class B
3650:Class A
3638:Climate
3459:Humidex
3372:K Index
3192:General
3135:Seasons
3090:Monsoon
2991:Climate
2570:Sources
2516:3750792
2499:5584396
2478:Bibcode
2350:2234160
2319:Bibcode
2227:Bibcode
2022:20 July
2009:1626621
1989:Bibcode
1777:6207062
1748:Bibcode
1693:Bibcode
986:sea ice
649:empiric
633:empiric
629:genetic
573:methane
498:(IPCC)
358:terrain
290:weather
286:Climate
167:Climate
125:Weather
7444:Zambia
7379:Uganda
7374:Tuvalu
7364:Turkey
7324:Taiwan
7304:Sweden
7234:Serbia
7194:Rwanda
7189:Russia
7164:Poland
7139:Panama
7114:Norway
7034:Monaco
7024:Mexico
6984:Malawi
6939:Latvia
6924:Kuwait
6919:Kosovo
6899:Jordan
6874:Israel
6824:Guyana
6814:Guinea
6799:Greece
6779:Gambia
6769:France
6674:Cyprus
6619:Canada
6589:Brunei
6584:Brazil
6564:Bhutan
6554:Belize
6489:Angola
6201:Albedo
6194:Theory
5905:Denial
5696:Energy
5557:Europe
5537:Arctic
5522:Africa
5447:Health
5442:Gender
5405:Cities
5330:Biomes
5237:Oceans
5225:Marine
4948:Causes
4773:plants
4605:Clouds
4569:Future
4559:Oceans
4511:Change
4494:Matter
4489:Energy
4463:nature
4320:Oceans
4288:Future
4132:Nature
4054:Symbol
3999:Europe
3979:Africa
3693:Desert
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921:albedo
871:, and
799:data,
768:flux,
720:, and
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675:Record
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621:climes
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391:. The
320:, and
194:portal
135:portal
7439:Yemen
7349:Tonga
7314:Syria
7294:Sudan
7284:Spain
7214:Samoa
7174:Qatar
7129:Palau
7094:Niger
7074:Nepal
7069:Nauru
7004:Malta
6959:Libya
6909:Kenya
6894:Japan
6879:Italy
6849:India
6829:Haiti
6794:Ghana
6774:Gabon
6719:Egypt
6644:China
6639:Chile
6559:Benin
6418:Index
6180:Proxy
5940:Women
5415:Crime
5342:Birds
5208:Flood
4792:fungi
4780:fauna
4768:flora
4675:Field
4630:Tides
4521:Earth
4479:Space
4097:Biome
4079:World
3849:Earth
3267:Cloud
2772:(PDF)
2757:(PDF)
2734:(PDF)
2721:(PDF)
2654:(PDF)
2641:(PDF)
2608:(PDF)
2587:(PDF)
2512:S2CID
2447:S2CID
2016:(PDF)
2005:S2CID
1979:arXiv
1967:(PDF)
1646:(PDF)
1639:(PDF)
1554:(PDF)
1498:(PDF)
1491:(PDF)
1233:(PDF)
1222:JSTOR
1202:(PDF)
1103:(PDF)
1090:(PDF)
972:(see
880:Earth
750:noise
692:Earth
610:biome
492:κλίμα
490:
467:biota
449:—and
7344:Togo
7154:Peru
7119:Oman
6999:Mali
6934:Laos
6864:Iraq
6859:Iran
6759:Fiji
6669:Cuba
6634:Chad
6003:Risk
5542:Asia
5134:2024
5129:2023
5124:2022
5119:2021
5114:2020
5109:2019
4700:Life
4635:Wind
4620:Snow
4615:Rain
4484:Time
4369:Moon
4049:Flag
3989:Asia
3798:(EF)
3790:(ET)
3668:(Am)
3660:(Af)
3244:Wind
2792:ISBN
2714:IPCC
2706:link
2634:IPCC
2595:ISBN
2578:IPCC
2504:PMID
2355:PMID
2337:ISSN
2203:2015
2075:2020
2049:2024
2042:NASA
2024:2011
1915:OSTI
1782:PMID
1764:ISSN
1558:ISBN
1506:2015
1474:2015
1361:2016
1345:PMID
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500:2001
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1997:doi
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