Extreme weather - Knowledge

1785: 1592: 1683: 1773: 1653: 1042:. However, conclusions that link climate change to cold waves are considered to still be controversial. The JRC PESETA IV project concluded in 2020 that overall climate change will result in a decline in the intensity and frequency of extreme cold spells, with milder winters reducing fatalities from extreme cold, even if individual cold extreme weather may sometimes be caused by changes due to climate change and possibly even become more frequent in some regions. According to a 2023 study, "weak extreme cold events (ECEs) significantly decrease in frequency, projection area and total area over the north hemisphere with global warming. However, the frequency, projection area and total area of strong ECEs show no significant trend, whereas they are increasing in Siberia and Canada." 1641: 1285: 1926:

to the water molecules having increased kinetic energy, and precipitation occurs at a greater rate because more molecules have the critical speed needed to fall as rain drops. A shift in rainfall patterns can lead to greater amounts of precipitation in one area while another experiences much hotter, drier conditions, which can lead to drought. This is because an increase in temperatures also lead to an increase in evaporation at the surface of the earth, so more precipitation does not necessarily mean universally wetter conditions or a worldwide increase in drinking water.

968:, a cold wave is a rapid fall in temperature within a 24-hour period requiring substantially increased protection for agriculture, industry, commerce, and social activities. The precise criterion for a cold wave is determined by the rate at which the temperature falls, and the minimum to which it falls. This minimum temperature is dependent on the geographical region and time of year. Cold waves generally are capable of occurring at any geological location and are formed by large cool air masses that accumulate over certain regions, caused by movements of air streams. 1093: 1907: 1616:

subsequent addition of meltwater to the ocean could lead to a disruption of the thermohaline circulation, which is responsible for the movement of seawater and distribution of heat around the globe. A collapse of this circulation in the northern hemisphere could lead to an increase in extreme temperatures in Europe, as well as more frequent storms by throwing off natural climate variability and conditions. Thus, as increasing temperatures cause glaciers to melt, mid-latitudes could experience shifts in weather patterns or temperatures.

1938: 776: 1755:

wetlands, which act as a natural reservoir by absorbing water, can intensify the impact of floods and extreme precipitation. This can happen both inland and at the coast. However, wetland destruction along the coast can mean decreasing an area's natural 'cushion,' thus allowing storm surges and flood waters to reach farther inland during hurricanes or cyclones. Building homes below sea level or along a floodplain puts residents at increased risk of destruction or injury in an extreme precipitation event.

1620:

excludes geophysical events such as volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, or mass movements. While there is evidence that a changing global climate, such as an increase in temperature, has impacted the frequency of extreme weather events, the most significant effects are likely to arise in the future. This is where climate models are useful, for they can provide simulations of how the atmosphere may behave over time and what steps need to be taken in the present day to mitigate any negative changes.

1535:

characteristics of the atmosphere, oceans, and Earth using data collected in the modern day. However, while climate models are vital for studying more complex processes such as climate change or ocean acidification, they are still only approximations. Moreover, weather events are complex and cannot be tied to a singular cause—there are often many atmospheric variables such as temperature, pressure, or moisture to note on top of any influences from climate change or natural variability.

951: 848: 923:), a protective mechanism to conserve water but also curtails plants' absorption capabilities. This leaves more pollution and ozone in the air, which leads to higher mortality in the population. It has been estimated that extra pollution during the hot summer of 2006 in the UK, cost 460 lives. The European heat waves from summer 2003 are estimated to have caused 30,000 excess deaths, due to heat stress and 1627:

weather. However, the UN reports show that, although some countries have experienced greater effects, there have been increases in extreme weather events on all continents. Current evidence and climate models show that an increasing global temperature will intensify extreme weather events around the globe, thereby amplifying human loss, damages and economic costs, and ecosystem destruction.

20: 1759:

because of the large amounts of impervious surfaces in cities, can have devastating impacts. Impervious surfaces also absorb energy from the sun and warm the atmosphere, causing drastic increases in temperatures in urban areas. This, along with pollution and heat released from cars and other anthropogenic sources, contributes to urban heat islands.

1737:, tropical cyclones have been moving poleward into colder waters and there was no increase in intensity over this period. With 2 °C (3.6 °F) warming, a greater percentage (+13%) of tropical cyclones are expected to reach Category 4 and 5 strength. A 2019 study indicates that climate change has been driving the observed trend of 1852:, are difficult to value and monetize, and thus they are poorly reflected in estimates of losses. Yet, recent abnormally intense storms, hurricanes, floods, heatwaves, droughts and associated large-scale wildfires have led to unprecedented negative ecological consequences for tropical forests and coral reefs around the world. 46:; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution—the range that has been seen in the past. Extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history. They are defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent (10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function). The main types of extreme weather include 1573:(NAO) impact weather patterns in specific regions of the world, influencing temperature and precipitation. The record-breaking extreme weather events that have been catalogued throughout the past two hundred years most likely arise when climate patterns like ENSO or NAO work "in the same direction as human‐induced warming." 1758:

More urban areas can also contribute to the rise of extreme or unusual weather events. Tall structures can alter the way that wind moves throughout an urban area, pushing warmer air upwards and inducing convection, creating thunderstorms. With these thunderstorms comes increased precipitation, which,

1549:

Aspects of our climate system have a certain level of natural variability, and extreme weather events can occur for several reasons beyond human impact, including changes in pressure or the movement of air. Areas along the coast or located in tropical regions are more likely to experience storms with

1925:

has led to an increase in the frequency and/or intensity of certain types of extreme weather. Storms such as hurricanes or tropical cyclones may experience greater rainfall, causing major flooding events or landslides by saturating soil. This is because warmer air is able to 'hold' more moisture due

1626:

Some researchers attribute increases in extreme weather occurrences to more reliable reporting systems. A difference in what qualifies as 'extreme weather' in varying climate systems could also be argued. Over or under reporting of casualties or losses can lead to inaccuracy in the impact of extreme

1619:

There were around 6,681 climate-related events reported during 2000-2019, compared to 3,656 climate-related events reported during 1980–1999. In this report, a 'climate-related event' refers to floods, storms, droughts, landslides, extreme temperatures (like heat waves or freezes), and wildfires; it

821:

defines an extreme weather event as follows: "An event that is rare at a particular place and time of year. Definitions of 'rare' vary, but an extreme weather event would normally be as rare as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile of a probability density function estimated from observations."

89:(NAO) are climate phenomena that impact weather patterns worldwide. Generally speaking, one event in extreme weather cannot be attributed to any one single cause. However, certain system wide changes to global weather systems can lead to increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events. 1615:

to extreme weather in mid-latitudes. In a study published in Nature in 2019, scientists used several simulations to determine that the melting of ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica could affect overall sea level and sea temperature. Other models have shown that modern temperature rise and the

1754:

impacts, especially in areas that are at increased risk of storms due to their location and climate variability. First, increasing the amount of impervious surfaces, such as sidewalks, roads, and roofs, means that less of the water from incoming storms is absorbed by the land. The destruction of

1732:

In the north Indian Ocean, particularly the Arabian Sea, the frequency, duration, and intensity of cyclones have increased significantly. There has been a 52% increase in the number of cyclones in the Arabian Sea, while the number of very severe cyclones have increased by 150%, during 1982–2019.

1534:

As more research is done in this area, scientists have begun to investigate the connection between climate change and extreme weather events and what future impacts may arise. Much of this work is done through climate modeling. Climate models provide important predictions about the future

1864:

has declined over 90 percent since the 1920s, according to the International Disaster Database, even as the total human population on Earth quadrupled, and temperatures rose 1.3 °C. In the 1920s, 5.4 million people died from natural disasters while in the 2010s, just 400,000 did.

1686:

North Atlantic tropical cyclone activity according to the Power Dissipation Index, 1949–2015. Sea surface temperature has been plotted alongside the PDI to show how they compare. The lines have been smoothed using a five-year weighted average, plotted at the middle

1658:

The number of $ 1 billion Atlantic hurricanes almost doubled from the 1980s to the 2010s, and inflation-adjusted costs have increased more than elevenfold. The increases have been attributed to climate change and to greater numbers of people moving to coastal

1887:

A 2021 study found that 9.4% of global deaths between 2000 and 2019 – ~5 million annually – can be attributed to extreme temperature with cold-related ones making up the larger share and decreasing and heat-related ones making up ~0.91 % and increasing.

886:

Because heat waves are not visible as other forms of severe weather, like hurricanes, tornadoes, and thunderstorms, they are one of the less known forms of extreme weather. Severely hot weather can damage populations and crops due to potential

1010:

Cold waves that bring unexpected freezes and frosts during the growing season in mid-latitude zones can kill plants during the early and most vulnerable stages of growth. This results in crop failure as plants are killed before they can be

4195: 1883:

On July 23, 2020, Munich Re announced that the 2,900 total global deaths from natural disasters for the first half of 2020 were a record-low, and "much lower than the average figures for both the last 30 years and the last 10 years."

915:

of bodies of water can be devastating to marine populations, decreasing the size of the habitats available as well as the amount of nutrition present within the waters. Livestock and other animal populations may decline as well.

1515:

Generally speaking, one event in extreme weather cannot be attributed to any one cause. However, certain system wide changes to global weather systems can lead to increased frequency or intensity of extreme weather events.

4224: 2152:

Seneviratne, S.I., X. Zhang, M. Adnan, W. Badi, C. Dereczynski, A. Di Luca, S. Ghosh, I. Iskandar, J. Kossin, S. Lewis, F. Otto, I. Pinto, M. Satoh, S.M. Vicente-Serrano, M. Wehner, and B. Zhou, 2021:

1519:

Early research in extreme weather focused on statements about predicting certain events. Contemporary research focuses more on the attribution of causes to trends in events. In particular the field is focusing on

1553:

The atmosphere is a complex and dynamic system, influenced by several factors such as the natural tilt and orbit of the Earth, the absorption or reflection of solar radiation, the movement of air masses, and the

1002:

may rupture as frozen water expands within them, causing property damage. Fires, paradoxically, become more hazardous during extreme cold. Water mains may break and water supplies may become unreliable, making

1670:(NOAA) of the U.S. government predicted that, over the 21st Century, the frequency of tropical storms and Atlantic hurricanes would decline by 25 percent while their maximum intensity would rise by 5 percent. 1599:(2021) projects progressively large increases in both the frequency (horizontal bars) and intensity (vertical bars) of extreme weather events, for increasing degrees of global warming—including more than a 5 1440:

and South Pacific, comparable storms are referred to as "tropical cyclones". In modern times, on average around 80 to 90 named tropical cyclones form each year around the world, over half of which develop

3387:

Knutson, Thomas; Camargo, Suzana J.; Chan, Johnny C. L.; Emanuel, Kerry; Ho, Chang-Hoi; Kossin, James; Mohapatra, Mrutyunjay; Satoh, Masaki; Sugi, Masato; Walsh, Kevin; Wu, Liguang (August 6, 2019).

2670:

He, Yongli; Wang, Xiaoxia; Zhang, Boyuan; Wang, Zhanbo; Wang, Shanshan (2023-05-13). "Contrast responses of strong and weak winter extreme cold events in the Northern Hemisphere to global warming".

4137: 4166: 3214: 4187: 2800:"Climate Change 2021 / The Physical Science Basis / Working Group I contribution to the WGI Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change / Summary for Policymakers" 2556:

Cohen, Judah; Agel, Laurie; Barlow, Mathew; Garfinkel, Chaim I.; White, Ian (3 September 2021). "Linking Arctic variability and change with extreme winter weather in the United States".

975:

intake for all animals, including humans, and if a cold wave is accompanied by heavy and persistent snow, grazing animals may be unable to reach necessary food and water, and die of

1531:, recommended investing in improved shared practices across the field working on attribution research, improving the connection between research outcomes and weather forecasting. 3453: 4216: 2055:

Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

4428: 3836: 831:

is any aspect of the weather that poses risks to life, property or requires the intervention of authorities. Severe weather is thus a particular type of extreme weather.

2645: 2159:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

1019:. Cold waves can also cause soil particles to harden and freeze, making it harder for plants and vegetation to grow within these areas. One extreme was the so-called 1844:(2011) estimates of annual losses have ranged since 1980 from a few billion to above US$ 200 billion (in 2010 dollars), with the highest value for 2005 (the year of 1528: 879:. Definitions of a heatwave vary because of the variation of temperatures in different geographic locations. Excessive heat is often accompanied by high levels of 4322: 3302: 3433:

Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change

99:

looks at the reasons behind extreme events. Scientists are fairly sure that climate change makes heavy rainfall events as well as drought periods more severe.

4392: 4358: 3645: 1784: 1591: 3862: 2810: 2616: 2732: 4129: 3014:

Golledge, Nicholas R.; Keller, Elizabeth D.; Gomez, Natalya; Naughten, Kaitlin A.; Bernales, Jorge; Trusel, Luke D.; Edwards, Tamsin L. (February 2019).

1741:

of tropical cyclones in the Atlantic basin. Rapidly intensifying cyclones are hard to forecast and therefore pose additional risk to coastal communities.

4158: 3339: 3206: 1794:(2021) projects progressively large increases in both the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, for increasing degrees of global warming. 4458: 4248:"Global, regional, and national burden of mortality associated with non-optimal ambient temperatures from 2000 to 2019: a three-stage modelling study" 2979:

Qiuhong Tang; Xuejun Zhang; Jennifer A. Francis (December 2013). "Extreme summer weather in northern mid-latitudes linked to a vanishing cryosphere".

2431: 4030: 2124:

Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change (Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. pp. 21–24.

2317: 1733:

Meanwhile, the total duration of cyclones in the Arabian Sea has increased by 80% while that of very severe cyclones has increased by 260%. In the

1682: 4493: 1667: 1259: 1778:

In recent decades, new high temperature records have substantially outpaced new low temperature records on a growing portion of Earth's surface.

938:

Power outages can also occur within areas experiencing heat waves due to the increased demand for electricity (i.e. air conditioning use). The

954:

Cold wave in continental North America from Dec. 3–10, 2013. Red color means above mean temperature; blue represents below normal temperature.

95:

is making some extreme weather events more frequent and more intense. This applies in particular to heat waves and cold waves. The science of

3916: 2497: 1646:

The 20-year average of the number of annual Category 4 and 5 hurricanes in the Atlantic region has approximately doubled since the year 2000.

3967: 3807: 1901: 1586: 1051: 932: 1558:. Due to this, weather patterns can experience some variation, and so extreme weather can be attributed, at least in part, to the natural 1263: 864: 4502: 3829:"Mean Monthly Temperature Records Across the Globe / Timeseries of Global Land and Ocean Areas at Record Levels for July from 1951-2023" 1750:

There are plenty of anthropogenic activities that can exacerbate the effects of extreme weather events. Urban planning often amplifies

1187: 715: 3363: 2017: 1313: 1237: 3835:. National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). August 2023. 3445: 2904: 2534: 2284: 1956: 1623:

The increasing probability of record week-long heat extremes occurrence depends on warming rate, rather than global warming level.

1255: 1243: 1772: 4485: 1247: 122:

cause more than $ 90 in billion global direct losses in 2015. Some human activities can exacerbate the effects, for example poor

3138: 4536: 4420: 3828: 3314: 3067: 1710:

are among the consequences of human-induced climate change. Tropical cyclones use warm, moist air as their source of energy or

1031: 839:

Definitions of extreme weather vary in different parts of the community, changing the outcomes of research from those fields.

817:

Extreme weather describes unusual weather events that are at the extremes of the historical distribution for a given area. The

3945: 2638: 2074:"Attribution of climate variations and trends to human influences and natural variability: Attribution of the human influence" 2013: 3733: 3700: 3435:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York City, US, pp. 8–9; 15–16, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.001. 3182: 2784: 2237: 2190: 2137: 1988: 1251: 1212: 1207: 1144: 2161:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, pp. 1513–1766, doi:10.1017/9781009157896.013. 1652: 1729: 1675: 1182: 77:

Weather patterns can experience some variation, and so extreme weather can be attributed, at least in part, to the natural

1720:

Between 1979 and 2017, there was a global increase in the proportion of tropical cyclones of Category 3 and higher on the

2254: 2229: 1278: 705: 1897: 1566: 1035: 82: 4541: 4314: 1640: 1232: 1139: 1030:

In some cases more frequent extremely cold winter weather – i.e. across parts of Asia and North America including the

762: 710: 3294: 2280: 2196: 1023:

of 1816, one of several years during the 1810s in which numerous crops failed during freakish summer cold snaps after

2728: 804: 3478:

Deshpande, Medha; Singh, Vineet Kumar; Ganadhi, Mano Kranthi; Roxy, M. K.; Emmanuel, R.; Kumar, Umesh (2021-12-01).

987:

when exposed for extended periods of time to cold and may result in the loss of limbs or damage to internal organs.

4379: 1981: 692: 4345: 3634: 911:. Outbreaks of wildfires can increase in frequency as dry vegetation has an increased likelihood of igniting. The 114:. There is loss of human lives, damage to infrastructure and ecosystem destruction. For example, a global insurer 3851: 2799: 2608: 2501: 2154: 2050: 1868:

The most dramatic and rapid declines in deaths from extreme weather events have taken place in south Asia. Where

104: 964:

A cold wave is a weather phenomenon that is distinguished by a cooling of the air. Specifically, as used by the

2721: 2057:. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, US, pp. 2897–2930, doi:10.1017/9781009325844.029. 1559: 1544: 78: 28: 1582: 1306: 1154: 928: 590: 3331: 4450: 4388: 3428: 2833: 1791: 1596: 1274: 1202: 1197: 1132: 1039: 818: 3749: 1822:

Strong winds, such as hurricanes and tornadoes, causing damage to man made structures and animal habitats

3887: 3389:"Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change Assessment: Part II. Projected Response to Anthropogenic Warming" 2309: 1570: 752: 86: 2421: 1835: 1510: 1159: 757: 96: 971:

A cold wave can cause death and injury to livestock and wildlife. Exposure to cold mandates greater

4531: 4108: 3908: 1848:). The global weather-related disaster losses, such as loss of human lives, cultural heritage, and 1721: 1495:. Tropical cyclones are typically between 100 and 2,000 km (62 and 1,243 mi) in diameter. 1299: 1289: 965: 2505: 1611:

Some studies assert a connection between rapidly warming arctic temperatures and thus a vanishing

4006: 3779: 3574:

Kossin, James P.; Knapp, Kenneth R.; Olander, Timothy L.; Velden, Christopher S. (May 18, 2020).

3526: 1961: 1869: 1339: 1225: 1192: 1177: 851: 747: 4217:"Extreme temperatures kill 5 million people a year with heat-related deaths rising, study finds" 1455:

over large bodies of relatively warm water. They derive their energy through the evaporation of

4188:"Very high losses from thunderstorms – The natural disaster figures for the first half of 2020" 3968:"U.S. Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Data sources, Trends, Accuracy, and Biases" 2872:"A link between reduced Barents-Kara sea ice and cold winter extremes over northern continents" 1911: 1492: 1109: 616: 3527:"A review of ocean-atmosphere interactions during tropical cyclones in the north Indian Ocean" 3576:"Global increase in major tropical cyclone exceedance probability over the past four decades" 1993: 1738: 1480: 1452: 1442: 1114: 1020: 797: 611: 369: 293: 4499: 2767:(2018-02-19), "Why Believe a Computer? Models, Measures, and Meaning in the Natural World", 3982: 3791: 3587: 3548: 3491: 3400: 3355: 3249: 3106: 3093:

Caesar, L.; McCarthy, G. D.; Thornalley, D. J. R.; Cahill, N.; Rahmstorf, S. (March 2021).

3027: 2988: 2941: 2886: 2842: 2679: 2565: 2462: 2278: 729: 327: 2279:

Casey Thornbrugh; Asher Ghertner; Shannon McNeeley; Olga Wilhelmi; Robert Harriss (2007).

8: 4391:

of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press (In Press).

4159:"Amphan's Toll: More Than 100 Killed, billions in Damage, Hundreds of Thousands Homeless" 983:

for livestock at a considerable cost to farmers. Human populations can be inflicted with

724: 621: 560: 386: 3986: 3795: 3591: 3552: 3495: 3404: 3253: 3110: 3031: 2992: 2945: 2890: 2871: 2846: 2683: 2569: 2526: 2466: 4378:(2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S. L.; et al. (eds.). 4295: 4077: 4052: 3998: 3610: 3575: 3538: 3275: 3188: 3130: 3059: 2954: 2929: 2703: 2589: 2478: 2397: 2372: 2313: 2095: 1873: 1849: 1715: 1488: 1421: 995: 991: 870: 396: 374: 281: 242: 24: 4482: 4264: 4247: 1906: 4510: 4299: 4287: 4279: 4082: 3729: 3696: 3615: 3507: 3421: 3279: 3267: 3192: 3178: 3134: 3122: 3051: 3043: 2780: 2707: 2695: 2593: 2581: 2482: 2426: 2402: 2233: 2186: 2133: 2099: 1914:, which is in 2022 experiencing its most serious drought in 1,200 years, worsened by 1845: 1707: 1335: 1062: 1024: 939: 626: 4053:"Climatic and local stressor interactions threaten tropical forests and coral reefs" 4002: 3841:(change "202307" in URL to see years other than 2023, and months other than 07=July) 3803: 3560: 3207:"Extreme heat waves in a warming world don't just break records – they shatter them" 3094: 3063: 1350:. Depending on its location and strength, a tropical cyclone is called a hurricane ( 4269: 4259: 4072: 4064: 3990: 3799: 3721: 3688: 3680: 3605: 3595: 3556: 3499: 3408: 3257: 3170: 3114: 3035: 3015: 2996: 2959: 2949: 2894: 2850: 2772: 2687: 2609:"Scientists are divided over whether climate change is fueling extreme cold events" 2573: 2470: 2392: 2384: 2351: 2178: 2125: 2085: 2021: 1861: 1695: 1394: 1353: 1327: 1084: 1069: 790: 504: 391: 303: 146: 119: 55: 3937: 1937: 1092: 775: 4506: 4489: 2340:"Vulnerable populations: Lessons learnt from the summer 2003 heatwaves in europe" 1472: 472: 175: 58:. The effects of extreme weather events are economic costs, loss of human lives, 3095:"Current Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation weakest in last millennium" 2177:(Report). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 2016. pp. 127–136. 74:

is a particular type of extreme weather which poses risks to life and property.

4344:

Seneviratne, Sonia I.; Zhang, Xuebin; Adnan, M.; Badi, W.; et al. (2021).

3503: 3262: 3237: 3118: 2691: 2356: 2339: 1976: 1943: 1922: 1915: 1877: 1751: 1725: 1691: 1521: 1425: 935:

in Australia occurred in 1938–39 and killed 438. The second worst was in 1896.

900: 827: 780: 687: 521: 123: 92: 71: 39: 3994: 3039: 1880:, which struck India and Bangladesh in 2020, killed just 120 people in total. 907:. Dried soils are more susceptible to erosion, decreasing lands available for 4525: 4283: 3778:

Kleerekoper, Laura; van Esch, Marjolein; Salcedo, Tadeo Baldiri (July 2012).

3725: 3511: 3479: 3413: 3388: 3271: 3126: 3047: 2764: 2699: 1734: 1550:

heavy precipitation than temperate regions, although such events can occur.

1484: 1476: 1429: 1420:), tropical storm, cyclonic storm, tropical depression, or simply cyclone. A 1119: 924: 643: 597: 543: 492: 379: 100: 3633:

Collins, M.; Sutherland, M.; Bouwer, L.; Cheong, S.-M.; et al. (2019).

3600: 3293:

Leonhardt, David; Moses, Claire; Philbrick, Ian Prasad (29 September 2022).

2776: 2577: 950: 4291: 4086: 4068: 3852:"Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis: Summary for Policymakers" 3780:"How to make a city climate-proof, addressing the urban heat island effect" 3675:

Douglas, Ian; Goode, David; Houck, Michael C.; Maddox, David, eds. (2010).

3619: 3473: 3471: 3382: 3380: 3055: 2978: 2829:"Evidence linking Arctic amplification to extreme weather in mid-latitudes" 2585: 2474: 2406: 2288: 2174: 1437: 1343: 1331: 1004: 892: 533: 457: 288: 3684: 3446:"Major tropical cyclones have become '15% more likely' over past 40 years" 3016:"Global environmental consequences of twenty-first-century ice-sheet melt" 2310:"It's not just the heat – it's the ozone: Study highlights hidden dangers" 2258: 931:

in the US occurred in 1936 and killed more than 5000 people directly. The

3174: 3000: 2899: 2855: 2828: 1555: 1446: 1149: 976: 972: 912: 908: 904: 896: 888: 682: 570: 565: 528: 477: 408: 354: 310: 298: 247: 23:

A tornado is an example of an extreme weather event. This tornado struck

4274: 3468: 3377: 2388: 927:. Over 200 U.S cities have registered new record high temperatures. The 3692: 2964: 1971: 1951: 1612: 876: 847: 677: 660: 602: 550: 413: 349: 344: 337: 264: 259: 217: 205: 131: 4346:"Chapter 11: Weather and climate extreme events in a changing climate" 3432: 2175:

Attribution of Extreme Weather Events in the Context of Climate Change

2158: 2054: 4315:"California is rationing water amid its worst drought in 1,200 years" 3642:

IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate

2869: 2422:"Heat Eases, but Thousands of Southern Californians Still Lack Power" 1966: 1464: 984: 959: 858: 672: 667: 462: 452: 364: 332: 315: 276: 254: 210: 115: 111: 67: 51: 47: 2155:

Chapter 11: Weather and Climate Extreme Events in a Changing Climate

2090: 2073: 865:

Effects of climate change § Heat waves and temperature extremes

4318: 3543: 3295:"Ian Moves North / Category 4 and 5 Atlantic hurricanes since 1980" 2182: 2129: 1817: 1809: 1699: 999: 880: 467: 4516: 3480:"Changing status of tropical cyclones over the north Indian Ocean" 2714: 2453:

T. R. Oke (1982). "The energetic basis of the urban heat island".

1813: 1801:

The effects of extreme weather includes, but are not limited to:

1433: 1012: 920: 633: 511: 499: 447: 430: 401: 359: 322: 269: 198: 154: 127: 59: 43: 4130:"The Deadliest Tropical Cyclone on Record Killed 300,000 People" 1745: 1347: 1016: 980: 435: 423: 418: 185: 180: 170: 163: 3757: 3238:"Increasing probability of record-shattering climate extremes" 3092: 2930:"Influence of Arctic sea ice on European summer precipitation" 1805:

Too much rain (heavy downpours), causing floods and landslides

1371: 1362: 3938:"Billion-Dollar Weather and Climate Disasters: Summary Stats" 3879: 3632: 2014:"Has Climate Variability, or have Climate Extremes, Changed?" 1706:

and a poleward extension of where the cyclones reach maximum

1703: 1702:

and wind speed, an increase in the frequency of very intense

1468: 1460: 1456: 1409: 638: 575: 237: 230: 63: 2639:"Climate change impacts of heat and cold extremes on humans" 979:

or starvation. Cold waves often necessitate the purchase of

110:

Extreme weather has serious impacts on human society and on

4375: 3013: 1841: 1400: 1380: 875:

Heat waves are periods of abnormally high temperatures and

655: 555: 538: 516: 442: 19: 4421:"Climate Change Indicators: U.S. and Global Precipitation" 3777: 942:

effect can increase temperatures, particularly overnight.

4343: 3880:"Fun Facts for Kids on Animals, Earth, History and more!" 3477: 3386: 2870:

Vladimir Petoukhov; Vladimir A. Semenov (November 2010).

2527:"Climate change: Arctic warming linked to colder winters" 1529:

National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine

1365: 650: 4100: 3635:"Chapter 6: Extremes, Abrupt Changes and Managing Risks" 3573: 2555: 4500:

Research forecasts increased chances for stormy weather

4037: 3674: 3332:"Population Growth Is Making Hurricanes More Expensive" 3292: 2495: 2419: 1630: 3236:

Fischer, E. M.; Sippel, S.; Knutti, R. (August 2021).

1724:. The trend was most clear in the north Indian Ocean, 3942:

National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)

3844: 2455:

Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society

1412: 1406: 1383: 1377: 1368: 919:

During excessive heat, plants shut their leaf pores (

3330:

Philbrick, Ian Pasad; Wu, Ashley (2 December 2022).

1933: 1718:, there is potentially more of this fuel available. 1397: 4245: 3325: 3323: 3235: 1898:

Effects of climate change § Effects on weather

1403: 1359: 1356: 107:will make extreme weather events worse worldwide. 4031:"IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change" 2722:Global Guide to Tropical Cyclone Forecasting: 2017 4057:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 3965: 2827:Francis, Jennifer A.; Vavrus, Stephen J. (2012). 1825:Large snowfalls, causing avalanches and blizzards 1524:alongside other causal factors for these events. 1436:occurs in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. In the 54:and heavy precipitation or storm events, such as 4523: 3320: 3286: 1424:is a strong tropical cyclone that occurs in the 4494:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research 4381:Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis 3580:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3393:Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 2669: 2078:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 1668:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 3525:Singh, Vineet Kumar; Roxy, M.K. (March 2022). 2420:Doan, Lynn; Covarrubias, Amanda (2006-07-27). 4312: 2826: 1307: 998:to freeze. Even some poorly protected indoor 798: 4374: 4353: 2879:Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres 1902:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 1746:Human activities that exacerbate the effects 1698:in a variety of ways: an intensification of 1587:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 1342:, strong winds, and a spiral arrangement of 1052:Effects of climate change on the water cycle 3329: 2921: 1471:and rain when moist air rises and cools to 4483:Statistics of Weather and Climate Extremes 2927: 1603:°C increase in extreme heat events for a 4 1314: 1300: 1015:economically. Such cold waves have caused 805: 791: 4387:. Contribution of Working Group I to the 4273: 4263: 4076: 3859:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 3821: 3750:"Louisiana Resiliency Assistance Program" 3609: 3599: 3542: 3524: 3412: 3261: 2963: 2953: 2898: 2854: 2809:. 9 August 2021. Fig. SPM.6 (p. 18), 23. 2807:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2452: 2396: 2355: 2089: 2071: 2018:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 1499: 3305:from the original on 30 September 2022. 2285:National Center for Atmospheric Research 1957:Lists of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks 1905: 1870:a tropical cyclone in 1991 in Bangladesh 1681: 1590: 1583:Effects of climate change § Weather 1449:(120 km/h; 75 mph) or more. 1045: 990:Extreme winter cold often causes poorly 949: 883:, but can also be catastrophically dry. 846: 18: 3913:Center for Climate and Energy Solutions 3754:Louisiana Resiliency Assistance Program 3677:The Routledge Handbook of Urban Ecology 2763: 2370: 2337: 1607:°C global average temperature increase. 1504: 81:that exists on Earth. For example, the 4524: 4448: 4418: 4101:"The international disasters database" 4050: 3651:from the original on December 20, 2019 1891: 1855: 1538: 1032:February 2021 North American cold wave 130:destruction, and building homes along 4414: 4412: 4325:from the original on January 13, 2023 4246:Zhao, Qi; et al. (1 July 2021). 3868:from the original on 4 November 2021. 3784:Resources, Conservation and Recycling 3670: 3668: 3666: 3342:from the original on 6 December 2022. 3307:Source: NOAA - Graphic by Ashley Wu, 3161: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3088: 3086: 3084: 2816:from the original on 4 November 2021. 2759: 2757: 2755: 2753: 2606: 2223: 2072:Trenberth, Kevin E. (November 2011). 16:Unusual, severe or unseasonal weather 4451:"Climate Change Indicators: Drought" 3909:"Extreme Weather and Climate Change" 3839:from the original on 14 August 2023. 3715: 2619:from the original on 23 October 2021 2537:from the original on 20 October 2021 2252: 2230:Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2169: 2167: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2045: 2043: 2041: 2039: 1876:killed 300,000, the similarly-sized 1676:Tropical cyclones and climate change 1631:Tropical cyclones and climate change 1056: 4227:from the original on 14 August 2021 3456:from the original on August 8, 2020 3353: 3344:Newspaper states data source: NOAA. 3217:from the original on 12 August 2021 2651:from the original on 21 August 2021 2446: 2377:The New England Journal of Medicine 2272: 13: 4409: 3663: 3152: 3081: 2750: 2738:from the original on July 14, 2019 1091: 14: 4553: 4476: 3861:. 9 August 2021. p. SPM-23. 2729:World Meteorological Organization 2607:Irfan, Umair (18 February 2021). 2373:"Climate Change and Human Health" 2210: 2164: 2106: 2060: 2036: 1989:Extreme weather events of 535–536 1576: 1491:, which are powered primarily by 1036:can be a result of climate change 3718:The Bulldozer in the Countryside 2496:Glossary of Meteorology (2009). 1982:List of severe weather phenomena 1936: 1829: 1783: 1771: 1674:This section is an excerpt from 1651: 1639: 1493:horizontal temperature contrasts 1393: 1352: 1283: 1068:This section is an excerpt from 774: 4461:from the original on 2021-06-16 4442: 4431:from the original on 2021-06-16 4398:from the original on 2021-08-13 4364:from the original on 2022-05-29 4337: 4306: 4239: 4209: 4198:from the original on 2021-06-24 4180: 4169:from the original on 2020-10-14 4151: 4140:from the original on 2021-06-24 4122: 4111:from the original on 2021-06-18 4093: 4044: 4023: 3959: 3948:from the original on 2018-07-13 3930: 3919:from the original on 2021-06-16 3901: 3890:from the original on 2021-07-22 3872: 3810:from the original on 2022-01-20 3804:10.1016/j.resconrec.2011.06.004 3771: 3742: 3709: 3626: 3567: 3561:10.1016/j.earscirev.2022.103967 3518: 3438: 3366:from the original on 2020-04-16 3356:"Global Warming and Hurricanes" 3347: 3229: 3199: 3141:from the original on 2021-06-17 3070:from the original on 2021-06-19 3007: 2972: 2910:from the original on 2017-08-09 2863: 2820: 2792: 2663: 2631: 2600: 2549: 2519: 2502:American Meteorological Society 2489: 2434:from the original on 2023-04-16 2413: 2364: 2331: 2320:from the original on 2018-07-29 2302: 2199:from the original on 2022-02-15 1565:Climatic phenomena such as the 4313:Irina Ivanova (June 2, 2022). 3720:. Cambridge University Press. 2934:Environmental Research Letters 2246: 2146: 2006: 1545:Climate variability and change 38:includes unexpected, unusual, 1: 4537:Severe weather and convection 4517:Severe world weather overview 4265:10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00081-4 2771:, Routledge, pp. 70–82, 2281:"Heat Wave Awareness Project" 1999: 1872:killed 135,000 people, and a 966:U.S. National Weather Service 945: 842: 137: 3966:Smith A.B.; R. Katz (2013). 2955:10.1088/1748-9326/8/4/044015 2928:J A Screen (November 2013). 2834:Geophysical Research Letters 1792:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1597:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 1567:El Niño-Southern Oscillation 1481:mid-latitude cyclonic storms 1346:that produce heavy rain and 1290:Tropical cyclones portal 819:IPCC Sixth Assessment Report 83:El Niño-Southern Oscillation 7: 4252:The Lancet Planetary Health 1929: 1808:Too much heat and no rain ( 1338:center, a closed low-level 1027:reduced incoming sunlight. 702:Severe weather terminology 164:Temperate and polar seasons 10: 4558: 4449:US EPA, OAR (2016-06-27). 4419:US EPA, OAR (2016-06-27). 3504:10.1007/s00382-021-05880-z 3263:10.1038/s41558-021-01092-9 3119:10.1038/s41561-021-00699-z 2692:10.1007/s00382-023-06822-7 2357:10.2807/esm.10.07.00551-en 1895: 1833: 1762: 1716:warming ocean temperatures 1673: 1580: 1571:North Atlantic Oscillation 1542: 1508: 1463:surface, which ultimately 1067: 1060: 1049: 957: 868: 862: 856: 87:North Atlantic Oscillation 4542:Effects of climate change 3995:10.1007/s11069-013-0566-5 3040:10.1038/s41586-019-0889-9 2224:Mogil, H Michael (2007). 1836:Climate change adaptation 1511:Extreme event attribution 97:extreme event attribution 3726:10.1017/cbo9780511816703 3429:Summary for Policymakers 3414:10.1175/BAMS-D-18-0194.1 3169:. United Nations. 2020. 2371:Epstein, Paul R (2005). 1242:Lists of retired names: 1238:List of historical names 1172:Climatology and tracking 834: 825:In comparison, the term 29:tornado outbreak in 1999 4389:Sixth Assessment Report 4051:França, Filipe (2020). 3601:10.1073/pnas.1920849117 3399:(3): BAMS–D–18–0194.1. 3167:Human Cost of Disasters 2777:10.4324/9780429496653-8 2578:10.1126/science.abi9167 1962:List of weather records 1714:. As climate change is 1562:that exists on Earth. 1527:A 2016 report from the 1340:atmospheric circulation 1226:Tropical cyclone naming 852:2003 European heat wave 4069:10.1098/rstb.2019.0116 2475:10.1002/qj.49710845502 2255:"Heat: A Major Killer" 1919: 1730:Southern Indian Ocean. 1688: 1608: 1500:Causes and attribution 1330:is a rapidly rotating 1183:Climate change effects 1110:Central dense overcast 1096: 955: 854: 763:Tropical cyclone terms 32: 4040:on November 24, 2011. 3685:10.4324/9780203839263 3531:Earth-Science Reviews 3242:Nature Climate Change 2981:Nature Climate Change 1994:Year Without a Summer 1909: 1739:rapid intensification 1685: 1594: 1581:Further information: 1543:Further information: 1509:Further information: 1479:differs from that of 1443:hurricane-force winds 1095: 1046:Heavy rain and storms 1040:changes in the Arctic 1021:Year Without a Summer 953: 869:Further information: 863:Further information: 850: 370:Extratropical cyclone 294:Air-mass thunderstorm 22: 4163:www.wunderground.com 3315:cites for 2022— data 3175:10.18356/79b92774-en 3001:10.1038/nclimate2065 2900:10.1029/2009JD013568 2856:10.1029/2012GL051000 2533:. 2 September 2021. 2338:Brücker, G. (2005). 2232:. pp. 210–211. 1860:The death toll from 1722:Saffir–Simpson scale 1505:Attribution research 1213:Rainfall climatology 1208:Rainfall forecasting 1145:Warnings and watches 730:Weather modification 328:Anticyclonic tornado 4134:The Weather Channel 3987:2013NatHa..67..387S 3796:2012RCR....64...30K 3716:Rome, Adam (2001). 3592:2020PNAS..11711975K 3586:(22): 11975–11980. 3553:2022ESRv..22603967S 3496:2021ClDy...57.3545D 3405:2020BAMS..101E.303K 3254:2021NatCC..11..689F 3111:2021NatGe..14..118C 3032:2019Natur.566...65G 2993:2014NatCC...4...45T 2946:2013ERL.....8d4015S 2891:2010JGRD..11521111P 2847:2012GeoRL..39.6801F 2769:The Earth Around Us 2684:2023ClDy...61.4533H 2678:(9–10): 4533–4550. 2570:2021Sci...373.1116C 2564:(6559): 1116–1121. 2467:1982QJRMS.108....1O 2389:10.1056/nejmp058079 1892:Droughts and floods 1856:Loss of human lives 1560:climate variability 1539:Natural variability 1489:European windstorms 1079:Part of a series on 725:Weather forecasting 561:Rain and snow mixed 387:Subtropical cyclone 105:rising temperatures 79:climate variability 4505:2020-03-16 at the 4488:2018-09-10 at the 3336:The New York Times 3309:The New York Times 3299:The New York Times 2731:. April 17, 2018. 2314:University of York 2051:Annex II: Glossary 1920: 1850:ecosystem services 1689: 1609: 1451:Tropical cyclones 1097: 1025:volcanic eruptions 956: 871:List of heat waves 855: 781:Weather portal 397:Atlantic hurricane 375:European windstorm 282:Volcanic lightning 243:Cumulonimbus cloud 33: 25:Anadarko, Oklahoma 4511:Purdue University 4354:IPCC AR6 WG1 2021 3735:978-0-521-80490-5 3702:978-1-136-88341-5 3490:(11): 3545–3567. 3360:www.gfdl.noaa.gov 3184:978-92-1-005447-8 3099:Nature Geoscience 2786:978-0-429-49665-3 2427:Los Angeles Times 2383:(14): 1433–1436. 2239:978-1-57912-743-5 2192:978-0-309-38094-2 2139:978-0-309-38094-2 1910:A dry lakebed in 1862:natural disasters 1846:Hurricane Katrina 1696:tropical cyclones 1324: 1323: 1248:Pacific hurricane 1085:Tropical cyclones 1063:Tropical cyclones 1057:Tropical cyclones 940:urban heat island 815: 814: 120:natural disasters 56:tropical cyclones 4549: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4466: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4436: 4416: 4407: 4406: 4404: 4403: 4397: 4386: 4372: 4370: 4369: 4363: 4357:. p. 1517. 4350: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4310: 4304: 4303: 4277: 4267: 4258:(7): e415–e425. 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4213: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4203: 4192:www.munichre.com 4184: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4174: 4155: 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4126: 4120: 4119: 4117: 4116: 4097: 4091: 4090: 4080: 4048: 4042: 4041: 4036:. Archived from 4035: 4027: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4011: 4005:. Archived from 3972: 3963: 3957: 3956: 3954: 3953: 3934: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3895: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3856: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3825: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3815: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3766: 3765: 3756:. Archived from 3746: 3740: 3739: 3713: 3707: 3706: 3672: 3661: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3650: 3639: 3630: 3624: 3623: 3613: 3603: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3546: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3484:Climate Dynamics 3475: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3461: 3452:. May 18, 2020. 3442: 3436: 3425: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3384: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3351: 3345: 3343: 3327: 3318: 3312: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3265: 3233: 3227: 3226: 3224: 3222: 3213:. 28 July 2021. 3203: 3197: 3196: 3163: 3150: 3149: 3147: 3146: 3090: 3079: 3078: 3076: 3075: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2976: 2970: 2969: 2967: 2957: 2925: 2919: 2918: 2916: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2876: 2867: 2861: 2860: 2858: 2824: 2818: 2817: 2815: 2804: 2796: 2790: 2789: 2761: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2737: 2726: 2718: 2712: 2711: 2672:Climate Dynamics 2667: 2661: 2660: 2658: 2656: 2650: 2643: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2624: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2553: 2547: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2523: 2517: 2516: 2514: 2513: 2504:. Archived from 2493: 2487: 2486: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2400: 2368: 2362: 2361: 2359: 2344:Eurosurveillance 2335: 2329: 2328: 2326: 2325: 2306: 2300: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2287:. Archived from 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2266: 2257:. Archived from 2250: 2244: 2243: 2221: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2204: 2171: 2162: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2121: 2104: 2103: 2093: 2069: 2058: 2047: 2034: 2033: 2031: 2029: 2020:. Archived from 2010: 1946: 1941: 1940: 1787: 1775: 1655: 1643: 1606: 1602: 1428:or northeastern 1419: 1418: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1408: 1405: 1402: 1399: 1390: 1389: 1386: 1385: 1382: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1358: 1328:tropical cyclone 1316: 1309: 1302: 1288: 1287: 1286: 1076: 1075: 1070:Tropical cyclone 1007:more difficult. 807: 800: 793: 779: 778: 392:Tropical cyclone 304:Dry thunderstorm 199:Tropical seasons 142: 141: 42:, or unseasonal 4557: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4550: 4548: 4547: 4546: 4532:Weather hazards 4522: 4521: 4507:Wayback Machine 4490:Wayback Machine 4479: 4474: 4473: 4464: 4462: 4447: 4443: 4434: 4432: 4417: 4410: 4401: 4399: 4395: 4384: 4367: 4365: 4361: 4348: 4342: 4338: 4328: 4326: 4311: 4307: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4223:. 7 July 2021. 4215: 4214: 4210: 4201: 4199: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4172: 4170: 4157: 4156: 4152: 4143: 4141: 4128: 4127: 4123: 4114: 4112: 4099: 4098: 4094: 4049: 4045: 4033: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4015: 4013: 4009: 3975:Natural Hazards 3970: 3964: 3960: 3951: 3949: 3936: 3935: 3931: 3922: 3920: 3907: 3906: 3902: 3893: 3891: 3878: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3854: 3850: 3849: 3845: 3827: 3826: 3822: 3813: 3811: 3776: 3772: 3763: 3761: 3748: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3714: 3710: 3703: 3673: 3664: 3654: 3652: 3648: 3644:. p. 602. 3637: 3631: 3627: 3572: 3568: 3523: 3519: 3476: 3469: 3459: 3457: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3426: 3422: 3385: 3378: 3369: 3367: 3352: 3348: 3328: 3321: 3291: 3287: 3234: 3230: 3220: 3218: 3205: 3204: 3200: 3185: 3165: 3164: 3153: 3144: 3142: 3091: 3082: 3073: 3071: 3026:(7742): 65–72. 3012: 3008: 2977: 2973: 2926: 2922: 2913: 2911: 2907: 2874: 2868: 2864: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2802: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2787: 2762: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2715: 2668: 2664: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2622: 2620: 2605: 2601: 2554: 2550: 2540: 2538: 2525: 2524: 2520: 2511: 2509: 2494: 2490: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2418: 2414: 2369: 2365: 2336: 2332: 2323: 2321: 2308: 2307: 2303: 2294: 2292: 2277: 2273: 2264: 2262: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2226:Extreme Weather 2222: 2211: 2202: 2200: 2193: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2151: 2147: 2140: 2123: 2122: 2107: 2091:10.1002/wcc.142 2070: 2061: 2048: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2012: 2011: 2007: 2002: 1942: 1935: 1932: 1904: 1894: 1858: 1838: 1832: 1799: 1798: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1776: 1765: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1679: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1633: 1604: 1600: 1589: 1579: 1547: 1541: 1513: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1496: 1396: 1392: 1376: 1355: 1351: 1320: 1284: 1282: 1281: 1277: 1269: 1268: 1252:Pacific typhoon 1228: 1218: 1217: 1173: 1165: 1164: 1135: 1125: 1124: 1105: 1073: 1065: 1059: 1054: 1048: 1038:such as due to 962: 948: 933:worst heat wave 929:worst heat wave 873: 867: 861: 845: 837: 811: 773: 768: 767: 743: 735: 734: 593: 583: 582: 495: 485: 484: 473:Ground blizzard 233: 223: 222: 201: 191: 190: 166: 140: 118:estimates that 36:Extreme weather 17: 12: 11: 5: 4555: 4545: 4544: 4539: 4534: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4497: 4478: 4477:External links 4475: 4472: 4471: 4441: 4408: 4336: 4305: 4238: 4208: 4179: 4150: 4121: 4092: 4043: 4022: 3981:(2): 387–410. 3958: 3929: 3915:. 2019-08-14. 3900: 3871: 3843: 3820: 3770: 3741: 3734: 3708: 3701: 3662: 3625: 3566: 3517: 3467: 3437: 3420: 3376: 3354:Knutson, Tom. 3346: 3319: 3285: 3248:(8): 689–695. 3228: 3198: 3183: 3151: 3105:(3): 118–120. 3080: 3006: 2971: 2920: 2885:(21): D21111. 2862: 2819: 2791: 2785: 2765:Oreskes, Naomi 2749: 2713: 2662: 2630: 2599: 2548: 2518: 2488: 2445: 2412: 2363: 2330: 2301: 2271: 2245: 2238: 2209: 2191: 2183:10.17226/21852 2163: 2145: 2138: 2130:10.17226/21852 2105: 2084:(6): 925–930. 2059: 2035: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1985: 1984: 1977:Severe weather 1974: 1969: 1964: 1959: 1954: 1948: 1947: 1944:Weather portal 1931: 1928: 1923:Climate change 1916:climate change 1893: 1890: 1878:Cyclone Ampham 1857: 1854: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1806: 1789: 1782: 1781: 1777: 1770: 1769: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1752:urban flooding 1747: 1744: 1726:North Atlantic 1692:Climate change 1680: 1672: 1657: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1629: 1578: 1577:Climate change 1575: 1569:(ENSO) or the 1540: 1537: 1522:climate change 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1453:typically form 1426:Atlantic Ocean 1322: 1321: 1319: 1318: 1311: 1304: 1296: 1293: 1292: 1279:Media coverage 1271: 1270: 1267: 1266: 1240: 1235: 1229: 1224: 1223: 1220: 1219: 1216: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1174: 1171: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1163: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1136: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1126: 1123: 1122: 1117: 1112: 1106: 1103: 1102: 1099: 1098: 1088: 1087: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1066: 1061:Main article: 1058: 1055: 1047: 1044: 958:Main article: 947: 944: 901:heat expansion 857:Main article: 844: 841: 836: 833: 828:severe weather 813: 812: 810: 809: 802: 795: 787: 784: 783: 770: 769: 766: 765: 760: 755: 753:Climate change 750: 744: 741: 740: 737: 736: 733: 732: 727: 722: 721: 720: 719: 718: 713: 708: 700: 695: 688:Severe weather 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 664: 663: 658: 648: 647: 646: 636: 631: 630: 629: 624: 619: 614: 606: 605: 600: 594: 589: 588: 585: 584: 581: 580: 579: 578: 573: 568: 563: 553: 548: 547: 546: 536: 531: 526: 525: 524: 522:Megacryometeor 514: 509: 508: 507: 496: 491: 490: 487: 486: 483: 482: 481: 480: 475: 470: 465: 455: 450: 445: 440: 439: 438: 428: 427: 426: 421: 411: 406: 405: 404: 399: 389: 384: 383: 382: 377: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 342: 341: 340: 335: 330: 320: 319: 318: 308: 307: 306: 301: 296: 286: 285: 284: 274: 273: 272: 267: 262: 252: 251: 250: 245: 234: 229: 228: 225: 224: 221: 220: 215: 214: 213: 202: 197: 196: 193: 192: 189: 188: 183: 178: 173: 167: 162: 161: 158: 157: 151: 150: 139: 136: 124:urban planning 103:indicate that 101:Climate models 93:Climate change 85:(ENSO) or the 72:Severe weather 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4554: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4415: 4413: 4394: 4390: 4383: 4382: 4377: 4360: 4356: 4355: 4347: 4340: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4242: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4212: 4197: 4193: 4189: 4183: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4125: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4088: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4047: 4039: 4032: 4026: 4012:on 2016-03-04 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3969: 3962: 3947: 3943: 3939: 3933: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3904: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3847: 3838: 3834: 3833:NCEI.NOAA.gov 3830: 3824: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3760:on 2021-05-07 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3712: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3629: 3621: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3536: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3472: 3455: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3434: 3430: 3424: 3415: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3324: 3316: 3311: 3310: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3264: 3259: 3255: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3232: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3202: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3160: 3158: 3156: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3089: 3087: 3085: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2975: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2940:(4): 044015. 2939: 2935: 2931: 2924: 2906: 2901: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2866: 2857: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2841:(6): L06801. 2840: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2823: 2812: 2808: 2801: 2795: 2788: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2760: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2734: 2730: 2723: 2717: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2666: 2647: 2640: 2634: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2603: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2552: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2522: 2508:on 2011-05-14 2507: 2503: 2499: 2492: 2484: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2461:(455): 1–24. 2460: 2456: 2449: 2433: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2416: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2367: 2358: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2334: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2305: 2291:on 2018-08-01 2290: 2286: 2282: 2275: 2261:on 2014-07-05 2260: 2256: 2249: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2214: 2198: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2170: 2168: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2141: 2135: 2131: 2127: 2120: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2112: 2110: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2040: 2024:on 2005-11-01 2023: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2005: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1983: 1980: 1979: 1978: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1963: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1949: 1945: 1939: 1934: 1927: 1924: 1917: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1866: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1840:According to 1837: 1830:Economic cost 1824: 1821: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1793: 1786: 1774: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1740: 1736: 1735:North Pacific 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1684: 1677: 1671: 1669: 1666:In 2020, the 1654: 1642: 1628: 1624: 1621: 1617: 1614: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1551: 1546: 1536: 1532: 1530: 1525: 1523: 1517: 1512: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1477:energy source 1474: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1448: 1444: 1439: 1435: 1431: 1430:Pacific Ocean 1427: 1423: 1417: 1388: 1349: 1345: 1344:thunderstorms 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1317: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1303: 1298: 1297: 1295: 1294: 1291: 1280: 1276: 1273: 1272: 1265: 1264:South Pacific 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1227: 1222: 1221: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1169: 1168: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1137: 1134: 1129: 1128: 1121: 1118: 1116: 1113: 1111: 1108: 1107: 1101: 1100: 1094: 1090: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1082: 1078: 1077: 1071: 1064: 1053: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1008: 1006: 1001: 997: 993: 988: 986: 982: 978: 974: 969: 967: 961: 952: 943: 941: 936: 934: 930: 926: 925:air pollution 922: 917: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 884: 882: 878: 872: 866: 860: 853: 849: 840: 832: 830: 829: 823: 820: 808: 803: 801: 796: 794: 789: 788: 786: 785: 782: 777: 772: 771: 764: 761: 759: 758:Tornado terms 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 745: 739: 738: 731: 728: 726: 723: 717: 716:United States 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 703: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 690: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 662: 659: 657: 654: 653: 652: 649: 645: 642: 641: 640: 637: 635: 632: 628: 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 613: 610: 609: 608: 607: 604: 601: 599: 598:Air pollution 596: 595: 592: 587: 586: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 558: 557: 554: 552: 549: 545: 542: 541: 540: 537: 535: 532: 530: 527: 523: 520: 519: 518: 515: 513: 510: 506: 503: 502: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493:Precipitation 489: 488: 479: 476: 474: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 459: 456: 454: 451: 449: 446: 444: 441: 437: 434: 433: 432: 429: 425: 422: 420: 417: 416: 415: 412: 410: 407: 403: 400: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 388: 385: 381: 378: 376: 373: 372: 371: 368: 366: 363: 361: 358: 356: 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 325: 324: 321: 317: 314: 313: 312: 309: 305: 302: 300: 297: 295: 292: 291: 290: 287: 283: 280: 279: 278: 275: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 257: 256: 253: 249: 246: 244: 241: 240: 239: 236: 235: 232: 227: 226: 219: 216: 212: 209: 208: 207: 204: 203: 200: 195: 194: 187: 184: 182: 179: 177: 174: 172: 169: 168: 165: 160: 159: 156: 153: 152: 148: 144: 143: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 108: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 88: 84: 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 37: 30: 26: 21: 4463:. Retrieved 4454: 4444: 4433:. Retrieved 4424: 4400:. Retrieved 4380: 4366:. Retrieved 4352: 4339: 4327:. Retrieved 4308: 4275:2158/1285803 4255: 4251: 4241: 4229:. Retrieved 4221:The Guardian 4220: 4211: 4200:. Retrieved 4191: 4182: 4171:. Retrieved 4162: 4153: 4142:. Retrieved 4133: 4124: 4113:. Retrieved 4104: 4095: 4060: 4056: 4046: 4038:the original 4025: 4014:. Retrieved 4007:the original 3978: 3974: 3961: 3950:. Retrieved 3941: 3932: 3921:. Retrieved 3912: 3903: 3892:. Retrieved 3884:DK Find Out! 3883: 3874: 3858: 3846: 3832: 3823: 3812:. Retrieved 3787: 3783: 3773: 3762:. Retrieved 3758:the original 3753: 3744: 3717: 3711: 3676: 3653:. Retrieved 3641: 3628: 3583: 3579: 3569: 3534: 3530: 3520: 3487: 3483: 3458:. Retrieved 3450:Carbon Brief 3449: 3440: 3427:IPCC, 2021: 3423: 3396: 3392: 3368:. Retrieved 3359: 3349: 3335: 3308: 3306: 3298: 3288: 3245: 3241: 3231: 3219:. Retrieved 3211:PBS NewsHour 3210: 3201: 3166: 3143:. Retrieved 3102: 3098: 3072:. Retrieved 3023: 3019: 3009: 2987:(1): 45–50. 2984: 2980: 2974: 2937: 2933: 2923: 2912:. Retrieved 2882: 2878: 2865: 2838: 2832: 2822: 2806: 2794: 2768: 2742:September 6, 2740:. Retrieved 2716: 2675: 2671: 2665: 2653:. Retrieved 2633: 2621:. Retrieved 2612: 2602: 2561: 2557: 2551: 2539:. Retrieved 2530: 2521: 2510:. Retrieved 2506:the original 2491: 2458: 2454: 2448: 2436:. Retrieved 2425: 2415: 2380: 2376: 2366: 2347: 2343: 2333: 2322:. Retrieved 2304: 2293:. Retrieved 2289:the original 2274: 2263:. Retrieved 2259:the original 2248: 2228:. New York: 2225: 2201:. Retrieved 2148: 2081: 2077: 2049:IPCC, 2022: 2026:. Retrieved 2022:the original 2008: 1921: 1886: 1882: 1874:1970 cyclone 1867: 1859: 1839: 1800: 1757: 1749: 1711: 1690: 1665: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1610: 1564: 1552: 1548: 1533: 1526: 1518: 1514: 1438:Indian Ocean 1391:), typhoon ( 1336:low-pressure 1332:storm system 1325: 1155:Preparedness 1029: 1009: 1005:firefighting 989: 970: 963: 937: 918: 893:hyperthermia 885: 874: 838: 826: 824: 816: 697: 534:Diamond dust 458:Winter storm 289:Thunderstorm 109: 91: 76: 35: 34: 3693:11603/25230 2965:10871/14835 2498:"Cold Wave" 1728:and in the 1556:water cycle 1485:nor'easters 1445:of 65 1203:Forecasting 1198:Observation 1150:Storm surge 1115:Development 977:hypothermia 913:evaporation 909:agriculture 905:heat stroke 897:heat cramps 889:dehydration 748:Meteorology 683:Meteorology 571:Snow roller 566:Snow grains 529:Ice pellets 478:Snow squall 409:Storm surge 355:Anticyclone 311:Mesocyclone 299:Thundersnow 248:Arcus cloud 132:floodplains 4526:Categories 4465:2021-05-05 4435:2021-05-05 4402:2022-05-13 4368:2022-05-13 4202:2020-08-29 4173:2020-08-29 4144:2020-08-29 4115:2020-08-29 4016:2015-03-23 3952:2015-03-23 3923:2020-05-26 3894:2020-05-26 3814:2021-05-05 3764:2021-05-05 3655:October 6, 3544:2012.04384 3537:: 103967. 3460:August 31, 3370:2020-08-29 3145:2021-05-05 3074:2021-05-05 2914:2019-09-24 2727:(Report). 2655:25 October 2623:24 October 2541:20 October 2512:2009-08-18 2350:(7): 1–2. 2324:2014-06-16 2295:2009-08-18 2265:2014-06-16 2253:NOAA NWS. 2203:2020-02-22 2000:References 1972:Rogue wave 1952:Heat burst 1912:California 1896:See also: 1834:See also: 1812:) causing 1613:cryosphere 1483:, such as 1473:saturation 1260:Australian 1256:Philippine 1050:See also: 946:Cold waves 877:heat index 843:Heat waves 742:Glossaries 678:Jet stream 617:Convection 603:Atmosphere 551:Cloudburst 414:Dust storm 380:Nor'easter 350:Fire whirl 345:Dust devil 338:Waterspout 265:Heat burst 260:Microburst 218:Wet season 206:Dry season 138:Definition 112:ecosystems 68:landslides 52:cold waves 48:heat waves 4300:235791583 4284:2542-5196 4231:14 August 3790:: 30–38. 3512:1432-0894 3280:236438374 3272:1758-6798 3221:13 August 3193:243258946 3135:232052381 3127:1752-0894 3048:0028-0836 2708:258681375 2700:1432-0894 2594:237402139 2483:120122894 2100:140147654 1967:Downburst 1818:wildfires 1708:intensity 1465:condenses 1459:from the 1422:hurricane 1140:By Region 1104:Structure 1013:harvested 992:insulated 985:frostbite 960:Cold wave 859:Heat wave 673:Heat wave 668:Cold wave 612:Chemistry 463:Ice storm 453:Firestorm 365:Polar low 333:Landspout 316:Supercell 277:Lightning 255:Downburst 211:Harmattan 145:Part of 116:Munich Re 27:during a 4503:Archived 4486:Archived 4459:Archived 4429:Archived 4393:Archived 4359:Archived 4323:Archived 4319:CBS News 4292:34245712 4225:Archived 4196:Archived 4167:Archived 4138:Archived 4109:Archived 4087:31983328 4063:(1794). 4003:30742858 3946:Archived 3917:Archived 3888:Archived 3863:Archived 3837:Archived 3808:Archived 3646:Archived 3620:32424081 3454:Archived 3364:Archived 3340:Archived 3303:Archived 3215:Archived 3139:Archived 3068:Archived 3064:59606358 3056:30728520 2905:Archived 2811:Archived 2733:Archived 2646:Archived 2617:Archived 2586:34516838 2535:Archived 2531:BBC News 2438:June 16, 2432:Archived 2407:16207843 2318:Archived 2316:. 2013. 2197:Archived 2028:13 April 1930:See also 1814:droughts 1810:heatwave 1700:rainfall 1694:affects 1244:Atlantic 1160:Response 1000:plumbing 881:humidity 544:Freezing 505:Freezing 468:Blizzard 147:a series 60:droughts 4329:June 2, 4078:7017775 3983:Bibcode 3792:Bibcode 3611:7275711 3588:Bibcode 3549:Bibcode 3492:Bibcode 3401:Bibcode 3250:Bibcode 3107:Bibcode 3028:Bibcode 2989:Bibcode 2942:Bibcode 2887:Bibcode 2843:Bibcode 2680:Bibcode 2566:Bibcode 2558:Science 2463:Bibcode 2398:2636266 1763:Effects 1475:. This 1434:typhoon 1348:squalls 1334:with a 1275:Outline 1233:History 1133:Effects 1017:famines 973:caloric 921:stomata 698:Extreme 644:Physics 634:Climate 622:Physics 512:Graupel 500:Drizzle 448:Sirocco 431:Monsoon 402:Typhoon 360:Cyclone 323:Tornado 270:Derecho 155:Weather 128:wetland 44:weather 4496:(UCAR) 4455:US EPA 4425:US EPA 4298: 4290: 4282: 4105:EM-DAT 4085: 4075: 4001: 3732: 3699: 3618: 3608: 3510: 3431:. In: 3278: 3270: 3191: 3181: 3133: 3125: 3062: 3054: 3046: 3020:Nature 2783: 2706: 2698: 2592: 2584: 2481: 2405: 2395: 2236: 2189: 2136: 2098: 2053:. In: 1900:, and 1704:storms 1659:areas. 1605: 1601: 1585:, and 1469:clouds 1193:Scales 1178:Basins 994:water 981:fodder 903:, and 706:Canada 661:Season 591:Topics 436:Amihan 424:Haboob 419:Simoom 231:Storms 186:Autumn 181:Summer 176:Spring 171:Winter 64:floods 40:severe 4513:study 4396:(PDF) 4385:(PDF) 4362:(PDF) 4349:(PDF) 4296:S2CID 4034:(PDF) 4010:(PDF) 3999:S2CID 3971:(PDF) 3866:(PDF) 3855:(PDF) 3649:(PDF) 3638:(PDF) 3539:arXiv 3276:S2CID 3189:S2CID 3131:S2CID 3060:S2CID 2908:(PDF) 2875:(PDF) 2814:(PDF) 2803:(PDF) 2736:(PDF) 2725:(PDF) 2704:S2CID 2649:(PDF) 2642:(PDF) 2590:S2CID 2479:S2CID 2157:. In 2096:S2CID 1687:year. 1467:into 1461:ocean 1457:water 1188:RSMCs 996:pipes 835:Types 711:Japan 639:Cloud 627:River 576:Slush 238:Cloud 4492:The 4376:IPCC 4331:2022 4288:PMID 4280:ISSN 4233:2021 4083:PMID 3730:ISBN 3697:ISBN 3657:2020 3616:PMID 3508:ISSN 3462:2020 3268:ISSN 3223:2021 3179:ISBN 3123:ISSN 3052:PMID 3044:ISSN 2781:ISBN 2744:2020 2696:ISSN 2657:2021 2625:2021 2582:PMID 2543:2021 2440:2014 2403:PMID 2234:ISBN 2187:ISBN 2134:ISBN 2030:2007 1842:IPCC 1816:and 1790:The 1712:fuel 1595:The 1487:and 1432:. A 693:List 656:Mist 556:Snow 539:Rain 517:Hail 443:Gale 4373:in 4270:hdl 4260:doi 4073:PMC 4065:doi 4061:375 3991:doi 3800:doi 3722:doi 3689:hdl 3681:doi 3606:PMC 3596:doi 3584:117 3557:doi 3535:226 3500:doi 3409:doi 3397:101 3258:doi 3171:doi 3115:doi 3036:doi 3024:566 2997:doi 2960:hdl 2950:doi 2895:doi 2883:115 2851:doi 2773:doi 2688:doi 2613:Vox 2574:doi 2562:373 2471:doi 2459:108 2393:PMC 2385:doi 2381:353 2352:doi 2179:doi 2126:doi 2086:doi 1120:Eye 891:or 651:Fog 4528:: 4509:, 4457:. 4453:. 4427:. 4423:. 4411:^ 4351:. 4321:. 4317:. 4294:. 4286:. 4278:. 4268:. 4254:. 4250:. 4219:. 4194:. 4190:. 4165:. 4161:. 4136:. 4132:. 4107:. 4103:. 4081:. 4071:. 4059:. 4055:. 3997:. 3989:. 3979:67 3977:. 3973:. 3944:. 3940:. 3911:. 3886:. 3882:. 3857:. 3831:. 3806:. 3798:. 3788:64 3786:. 3782:. 3752:. 3728:. 3695:. 3687:. 3679:. 3665:^ 3640:. 3614:. 3604:. 3594:. 3582:. 3578:. 3555:. 3547:. 3533:. 3529:. 3506:. 3498:. 3488:57 3486:. 3482:. 3470:^ 3448:. 3407:. 3395:. 3391:. 3379:^ 3362:. 3358:. 3338:. 3334:. 3322:^ 3301:. 3297:. 3274:. 3266:. 3256:. 3246:11 3244:. 3240:. 3209:. 3187:. 3177:. 3154:^ 3137:. 3129:. 3121:. 3113:. 3103:14 3101:. 3097:. 3083:^ 3066:. 3058:. 3050:. 3042:. 3034:. 3022:. 3018:. 2995:. 2983:. 2958:. 2948:. 2936:. 2932:. 2903:. 2893:. 2881:. 2877:. 2849:. 2839:39 2837:. 2831:. 2805:. 2779:, 2752:^ 2702:. 2694:. 2686:. 2676:61 2674:. 2644:. 2615:. 2611:. 2588:. 2580:. 2572:. 2560:. 2529:. 2500:. 2477:. 2469:. 2457:. 2430:. 2424:. 2401:. 2391:. 2379:. 2375:. 2348:10 2346:. 2342:. 2312:. 2283:. 2212:^ 2195:. 2185:. 2166:^ 2132:. 2108:^ 2094:. 2080:. 2076:. 2062:^ 2038:^ 2016:. 1447:kn 1410:uː 1401:aɪ 1381:eɪ 1375:,- 1372:ən 1363:ʌr 1326:A 1262:, 1258:, 1254:, 1250:, 1246:, 1034:– 899:, 895:, 149:on 134:. 126:, 70:. 66:, 62:, 50:, 4468:. 4438:. 4405:. 4371:. 4333:. 4302:. 4272:: 4262:: 4256:5 4235:. 4205:. 4176:. 4147:. 4118:. 4089:. 4067:: 4019:. 3993:: 3985:: 3955:. 3926:. 3897:. 3817:. 3802:: 3794:: 3767:. 3738:. 3724:: 3705:. 3691:: 3683:: 3659:. 3622:. 3598:: 3590:: 3563:. 3559:: 3551:: 3541:: 3514:. 3502:: 3494:: 3464:. 3417:. 3411:: 3403:: 3373:. 3317:) 3313:( 3282:. 3260:: 3252:: 3225:. 3195:. 3173:: 3148:. 3117:: 3109:: 3077:. 3038:: 3030:: 3003:. 2999:: 2991:: 2985:4 2968:. 2962:: 2952:: 2944:: 2938:8 2917:. 2897:: 2889:: 2859:. 2853:: 2845:: 2775:: 2746:. 2710:. 2690:: 2682:: 2659:. 2627:. 2596:. 2576:: 2568:: 2545:. 2515:. 2485:. 2473:: 2465:: 2442:. 2409:. 2387:: 2360:. 2354:: 2327:. 2298:. 2268:. 2242:. 2206:. 2181:: 2142:. 2128:: 2102:. 2088:: 2082:2 2032:. 1918:. 1678:. 1416:/ 1413:n 1407:f 1404:ˈ 1398:t 1395:/ 1387:/ 1384:n 1378:k 1369:k 1366:ɪ 1360:h 1357:ˈ 1354:/ 1315:e 1308:t 1301:v 1072:. 806:e 799:t 792:v 31:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.