911:, with upwardly directed wind speeds as high as 110 mph (180 km/h), blows the forming hailstones up the cloud. As the hailstone ascends, it passes into areas of the cloud where the concentration of humidity and supercooled water droplets varies. The hailstone's growth rate changes depending on the variation in humidity and supercooled water droplets that it encounters. The accretion rate of these water droplets is another factor in the hailstone's growth. When the hailstone moves into an area with a high concentration of water droplets, it captures the latter and acquires a translucent layer. Should the hailstone move into an area where mostly water vapor is available, it acquires a layer of opaque white ice.
1670:
1575:
1666:. The hailstones, described as between the size of bumble bees and ping pong balls, were accompanied by rain and high winds. The hail fell in only the one area, leaving the surrounding area untouched. It fell for one and a half hours between 10:00 pm and 11:30 pm. A meteorologist for the National Weather Service in Boulder said, "It's a very interesting phenomenon. We saw the storm stall. It produced copious amounts of hail in one small area. It's a meteorological thing." Tractors used to clear the area filled more than 30 dump truck loads of hail.
904:. A cross-section through a large hailstone shows an onion-like structure. This means that the hailstone is made of thick and translucent layers, alternating with layers that are thin, white and opaque. Former theory suggested that hailstones were subjected to multiple descents and ascents, falling into a zone of humidity and refreezing as they were uplifted. This up and down motion was thought to be responsible for the successive layers of the hailstone. New research, based on theory as well as field study, has shown this is not necessarily true.
1288:
678:
1500:
1139:
1678:
these events prior to their occurrence. A fundamental problem in continuing research in this area is that, unlike hail diameter, hail depth is not commonly reported. The lack of data leaves researchers and forecasters in the dark when trying to verify operational methods. A cooperative effort between the
University of Colorado and the National Weather Service is in progress. The joint project's goal is to enlist the help of the general public to develop a database of hail accumulation depths.
1687:
1638:
915:
1249:
889:
37:
1590:. Hail damage to roofs often goes unnoticed until further structural damage is seen, such as leaks or cracks. It is hardest to recognize hail damage on shingled roofs and flat roofs, but all roofs have their own hail damage detection problems. Metal roofs are fairly resistant to hail damage, but may accumulate cosmetic damage in the form of dents and damaged coatings.
947:
880:, high liquid-water content, great vertical extent, large water droplets, and where a good portion of the cloud layer is below freezing (0 °C; 32 °F). These types of strong updrafts can also indicate the presence of a tornado. The growth rate of hailstones is impacted by factors such as higher elevation, lower freezing zones, and wind shear.
1677:
Research focused on four individual days that accumulated more than 5.9 inches (15 cm) of hail in 30 minutes on the
Colorado front range has shown that these events share similar patterns in observed synoptic weather, radar, and lightning characteristics, suggesting the possibility of predicting
1256:
The size of hailstones is best determined by measuring their diameter with a ruler. In the absence of a ruler, hailstone size is often visually estimated by comparing its size to that of known objects, such as coins. Using objects such as hen's eggs, peas, and marbles for comparing hailstone sizes is
1118:
that border the high-frequency hail regions of northern
Argentina. The high frequency of hailstorms in these areas of South America is attributed to the region's orographic forcing of convection, combined with moisture transport from the Amazon and instability created by temperature contrasts between
1593:
Hail is one of the most significant thunderstorm hazards to aircraft. When hailstones exceed 0.5 in (13 mm) in diameter, planes can be seriously damaged within seconds. The hailstones accumulating on the ground can also be hazardous to landing aircraft. Hail is a common nuisance to drivers
1175:
is an example. This is the result of energy from the radar hitting hail and being deflected to the ground, where they deflect back to the hail and then to the radar. The energy took more time to go from the hail to the ground and back, as opposed to the energy that went directly from the hail to the
1167:
in the cloud. Research shows that hail development in the upper levels of the storm is related to the evolution of VIL. VIL divided by the vertical extent of the storm, called VIL density, has a relationship with hail size, although this varies with atmospheric conditions and therefore is not highly
965:
Thus, a unique trajectory in the thunderstorm is sufficient to explain the layer-like structure of the hailstone. The only case in which multiple trajectories can be discussed is in a multicellular thunderstorm, where the hailstone may be ejected from the top of the "mother" cell and captured in the
1649:
Narrow zones where hail accumulates on the ground in association with thunderstorm activity are known as hail streaks or hail swaths, which can be detectable by satellite after the storms pass by. Hailstorms normally last from a few minutes up to 15 minutes in duration. Accumulating hail storms can
978:
of dry air into strong thunderstorms over continents can increase the frequency of hail by promoting evaporational cooling, which lowers the freezing level of thunderstorm clouds, giving hail a larger volume to grow in. Accordingly, hail is less common in the tropics despite a much higher frequency
922:
Furthermore, the hailstone's speed depends on its position in the cloud's updraft and its mass. This determines the varying thicknesses of the layers of the hailstone. The accretion rate of supercooled water droplets onto the hailstone depends on the relative velocities between these water droplets
839:
Unlike ice pellets, hailstones are often layered and can be irregular and clumped together. Hail is composed of transparent ice or alternating layers of transparent and translucent ice at least 1 mm (0.039 in) thick, which are deposited upon the hailstone as it travels through the cloud,
859:
has a 1 in (2.5 cm) diameter threshold, effective
January 2010, an increase over the previous threshold of 0.75 in (1.9 cm) hail. Other countries have different thresholds according to local sensitivity to hail; for instance, grape-growing areas could be adversely impacted by
991:
Hail occurs most frequently within continental interiors at mid-latitudes and is less common in the tropics, despite a much higher frequency of thunderstorms than in the mid-latitudes. Hail is also much more common along mountain ranges because mountains force horizontal winds upwards (known as
982:
Hail growth becomes vanishingly small when air temperatures fall below â30 °C (â22 °F), as supercooled water droplets become rare at these temperatures. Around thunderstorms, hail is most likely within the cloud at elevations above 20,000 ft (6,100 m). Between 10,000 ft
942:
The hailstone will keep rising in the thunderstorm until its mass can no longer be supported by the updraft. This may take at least 30 minutes, based on the force of the updrafts in the hail-producing thunderstorm, whose top is usually greater than 10 km high. It then falls toward the
938:
due to small air bubbles that become trapped in the stone during rapid freezing. These bubbles coalesce and escape during the "wet growth" mode, and the hailstone is more clear. The mode of growth for a hailstone can change throughout its development, and this can result in distinct layers in a
1653:
Depths of up to 18 in (0.46 m) have been reported. A landscape covered in accumulated hail generally resembles one covered in accumulated snow and any significant accumulation of hail has the same restrictive effects as snow accumulation, albeit over a smaller area, on transport and
1298:
of hail, or the speed at which hail is falling when it strikes the ground, varies. It is estimated that a hailstone of 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter falls at a rate of 9 m/s (20 mph), while stones the size of 8 cm (3.1 in) in diameter fall at a rate of 48 m/s
983:(3,000 m) and 20,000 ft (6,100 m), 60% of hail is still within the thunderstorm, though 40% now lies within the clear air under the anvil. Below 10,000 ft (3,000 m), hail is equally distributed in and around a thunderstorm to a distance of 2 nmi (3.7 km).
996:), thereby intensifying the updrafts within thunderstorms and making hail more likely. The higher elevations also result in there being less time available for hail to melt before reaching the ground. One of the more common regions for large hail is across mountainous northern
1168:
accurate. Traditionally, hail size and probability can be estimated from radar data by computer using algorithms based on this research. Some algorithms include the height of the freezing level to estimate the melting of the hailstone and what would be left on the ground.
1657:
On somewhat rare occasions, a thunderstorm can become stationary or nearly so while prolifically producing hail and significant depths of accumulation do occur; this tends to happen in mountainous areas, such as the July 29, 2010 case of a foot of hail accumulation in
953:
951:
948:
1154:
is a very useful tool to detect the presence of hail-producing thunderstorms. However, radar data has to be complemented by a knowledge of current atmospheric conditions which can allow one to determine if the current atmosphere is conducive to hail development.
952:
1985:
Hailstones can have layers of clear and cloudy ice if the hailstone encounters different temperature and liquid water content conditions in the thunderstorm. The conditions experienced by the hailstone can change as it passes horizontally across or near an
1559:, Kenya experiences hailstorms, on average, 50 days annually. Kericho is close to the equator and the elevation of 2,200 metres (7,200 ft) contributes to it being a hot spot for hail. Kericho reached the world record for 132 days of hail in one year.
950:
815:
imagery. Hailstones generally fall at higher speeds as they grow in size, though complicating factors such as melting, friction with air, wind, and interaction with rain and other hailstones can slow their descent through
1650:
blanket the ground with over 2 in (5.1 cm) of hail, cause thousands to lose power, and bring down many trees. Flash flooding and mudslides within areas of steep terrain can be a concern with accumulating hail.
3514:
1158:
Modern radar scans many angles around the site. Reflectivity values at multiple angles above ground level in a storm are proportional to the precipitation rate at those levels. Summing reflectivities in the
923:
and the hailstone itself. This means that generally the larger hailstones will form some distance from the stronger updraft, where they can pass more time growing. As the hailstone grows, it releases
1090:
region of southern
Argentina also sees frequent hailstorms, though this may be partially due to graupel (small hail) being counted as hail in this colder region. The triple border region between the
3411:
1773:
1047:
meet, known as "Hail Alley". Hail in this region occurs between the months of March and
October during the afternoon and evening hours, with the bulk of the occurrences from May through September.
974:
Hail is most common within continental interiors of the mid-latitudes, as hail formation is considerably more likely when the freezing level is below the altitude of 11,000 ft (3,400 m).
1602:
unless parked in a garage or covered with a shielding material. Wheat, corn, soybeans, and tobacco are the most sensitive crops to hail damage. Hail is one of Canada's most expensive hazards.
1654:
infrastructure. Accumulated hail can also cause flooding by blocking drains, and hail can be carried in the floodwater, turning into a snow-like slush which is deposited at lower elevations.
1276:
which relates to the size of the hailstone. Within METAR code, GR is used to indicate larger hail, of a diameter of at least 0.25 in (6.4 mm). GR is derived from the French word
979:
of thunderstorms than in the mid-latitudes because the atmosphere over the tropics tends to be warmer over a much greater altitude. Hail in the tropics occurs mainly at higher elevations.
1004:
also experiences significant hailstorms. Central Europe and southern
Australia also experience a lot of hailstorms. Regions where hailstorms frequently occur are southern and western
860:
smaller hailstones. Hailstones can be very large or very small, depending on how strong the updraft is: weaker hailstorms produce smaller hailstones than stronger hailstorms (such as
1807:
949:
3433:
934:
Hail can also undergo "dry growth", in which the latent heat release through freezing is not enough to keep the outer layer in a liquid state. Hail forming in this manner appears
784:), as well as within 2 nmi (3.7 km) of the parent storm. Hail formation requires environments of strong, upward motion of air within the parent thunderstorm (similar to
820:. Severe weather warnings are issued for hail when the stones reach a damaging size, as it can cause serious damage to human-made structures, and, most commonly, farmers' crops.
1240:) has led to a variety of hail classification algorithms. Visible satellite imagery is beginning to be used to detect hail, but false alarm rates remain high using this method.
1734:. But these effects have not been replicated in randomized trials conducted in the West. Hail suppression programs have been undertaken by 15 countries between 1965 and 2005.
1051:
is North
America's most hail-prone city with an average of nine to ten hailstorms per season. To the north of this area and also just downwind of the Rocky Mountains is the
1519:
as "hail", which are aggregations of ice associated with thunderstorms, and therefore records of extreme characteristics of megacryometeors are not given as hail records.
761:(which consists of tiny, delicately crystalline flakes or needles), hailstones usually measure between 5 mm (0.2 in) and 15 cm (6 in) in diameter. The
2682:
PoÄakal, Damir; VeÄenaj, Ćœeljko; Ć talec, Janez (July 2009). "Hail characteristics of different regions in continental part of
Croatia based on influence of orography".
844:
and falls to the ground. Although the diameter of hail is varied, in the United States, the average observation of damaging hail is between 2.5 cm (1 in) and
2046:
943:
ground while continuing to grow, based on the same processes, until it leaves the cloud. It will later begin to melt as it passes into air above freezing temperature.
1211:
1238:
3730:
3347:
1142:
Example of a three-body spike: the weak triangular echoes (pointed by the arrow) behind the red and white thunderstorm core are related to hail inside the storm.
3318:
3849:
Abshaev, M. T.; Abshaev, A. M.; Malkarova, A. M. (2012). "Estimation of antihail projects efficiency considering the tendency of hail climatology change".
3403:
1785:
1176:
radar, and the echo is further away from the radar than the actual location of the hail on the same radial path, forming a cone of weaker reflectivities.
896:
Like other precipitation in cumulonimbus clouds, hail begins as water droplets. As the droplets rise and the temperature goes below freezing, they become
1613:. Hailstorms have been the cause of costly and deadly events throughout history. One of the earliest known incidents occurred around the 9th century in
3518:
1903:
2595:
Liu, Dongxia; Feng, Guili; Wu, Shujun (February 2009). "The characteristics of cloud-to-ground lightning activity in hailstorms over northern China".
2843:
931:(i.e. more adhesive), so a single hailstone may grow by collision with other smaller hailstones, forming a larger entity with an irregular shape.
3168:
2396:
1940:
3692:
2842:
Beal, Alexandra; Hallak, Ricardo; Martins, Leila D.; Martins, Jorge A.; Biz, Guilherme; Rudke, Anderson P.; Tarley, Cesar R. T. (2020-04-01).
3017:
3258:
2162:
1183:
properties of weather radar returns have been analyzed to differentiate between hail and heavy rain. The use of differential reflectivity (
1817:
4084:
3601:
3131:
730:(American English "sleet"), though the two are often confused. It consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice, each of which is called a
3539:
3440:
3201:
1874:
3870:
3102:
617:
3631:
2988:
2010:
4032:
3565:
2718:
2363:
1028:
experience frequent occurrences of hail. Some mediterranean countries register the maximum frequency of hail during the Fall season.
2400:
3160:
2532:
1311:. As hailstones are not perfect spheres, it is difficult to accurately calculate their drag coefficient - and, thus, their speed.
4097:
2914:
1848:
3289:
1973:
4509:
2454:
2136:
4003:
3984:
3965:
3946:
3497:
3387:
2573:
2432:
2346:
1944:
3077:
3465:
2749:
1323:
reports hail size as a comparison to everyday objects. Hailstones larger than 1 inch in diameter are denoted as "severe."
3226:
1569:
607:
3722:
2107:
2075:
2034:
3351:
664:
612:
1706:
to try to prevent hail, and the subsequent damage to crops. Updated versions of this approach are available as modern
1307:
it is falling through, collisions with raindrops or other hailstones, and melting as the stones fall through a warmer
734:. Ice pellets generally fall in cold weather, while hail growth is greatly inhibited during low surface temperatures.
3927:
3164:
1516:
706:
3326:
2336:
1393:
852:
594:
3080:. Nebraska Rainfall Assessment Information Network, Nebraska Department of Natural Resources. 2009. Archived from
4077:
4041:
3805:
3135:
3042:
Bauer-Messmer, Bettina; Waldvogel, Albert (1998-07-25). "Satellite data based detection and prediction of hail".
2169:. National Center for Atmospheric Research, University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. 2008. Archived from
1911:
1527:
3542:. National Severe Storms Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2006-10-09. Archived from
2965:
2940:
2312:
2287:
2222:
2197:
3892:
3865:
3809:
3783:
1083:
754:
492:
2000:"P9.5 Evaluation of an Alberta Hail Growth Model Using Severe Hail Proximity Soundings in the United States"
1915:
1086:, experiences some of the most frequent hailstorms in the world, with 10-30 storms per year on average. The
4446:
2491:"A global hail climatology using the UK Met Office convection diagnosis procedure (CDP) and model analyses"
1383:
1160:
2871:
4181:
2495:
1781:
1373:
1273:
723:
4022:
1280:. Smaller-sized hail, as well as snow pellets, use the coding of GS, which is short for the French word
4070:
4057:
1363:
654:
28:
24:
3021:
1515:, large rocks of ice that are not associated with thunderstorms, are not officially recognized by the
2992:
1751:
1582:
Hail can cause serious damage, notably to automobiles, aircraft, skylights, glass-roofed structures,
975:
851:
Stones larger than 2 cm (0.79 in) are usually considered large enough to cause damage. The
659:
3379:
3373:
1722:, where it was claimed a 70â98% reduction in crop damage from hail storms was achieved by deploying
927:, which keeps its exterior in a liquid phase. Because it undergoes "wet growth", the outer layer is
4519:
3700:
2103:
2099:
1320:
1172:
856:
2074:. US: National Weather Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. January 4, 2010.
3265:
649:
2170:
4504:
3293:
1746:
1099:
836:. Hailstones can grow to 15 cm (6 in) and weigh more than 0.5 kg (1.1 lb).
518:
3609:
3139:
2996:
3543:
3194:
1882:
817:
699:
513:
271:
195:
20:
3110:
1186:
4152:
3879:
3838:. 9th WMO Scientific Conference on Weather Modification. Antalya, Turkey. pp. 228â231.
3765:
3643:
3051:
2952:
2855:
2691:
2646:
2635:"Hail Climatology in the Mediterranean Basin Using the GPM Constellation (1999–2021)"
2604:
2504:
2299:
2258:
2209:
1999:
1537:
1216:
1164:
631:
229:
3576:
2722:
2367:
1669:
8:
4062:
2392:
1574:
958:
901:
793:
626:
523:
462:
288:
3883:
3769:
3647:
3172:
3055:
2956:
2859:
2844:"Climatology of hail in the triple border ParanĂĄ, Santa Catarina (Brazil) and Argentina"
2695:
2650:
2608:
2508:
2303:
2262:
2213:
1171:
Certain patterns of reflectivity are important clues for the meteorologist as well. The
4524:
3897:
3853:. 2012â2. Bali, Indonesia: 10th WMO Scientific Conference on Weather Modification: 1â4.
3667:
2819:
2794:
2536:
2042:
864:), as the more powerful updrafts in a stronger storm can keep larger hailstones aloft.
298:
276:
183:
144:
3063:
3020:. CHILL National Radar Facility, Colorado State University. 2008-08-25. Archived from
2918:
1838:
1106:
is another area known for damaging hailstorms. Hailstorms are also common in parts of
4461:
4171:
4105:
3999:
3980:
3961:
3942:
3923:
3754:"Colorado Plowable Hailstorms: Synoptic Weather, Radar and Lightning Characteristics"
3671:
3659:
3493:
3383:
3297:
2970:
2892:
2824:
2664:
2569:
2428:
2342:
2317:
2227:
1965:
1812:
1295:
1287:
1180:
1048:
855:
issues severe thunderstorm warnings when hail that size or above is expected. The US
808:
528:
2633:
Laviola, Sante; Monte, Giulio; Cattani, Elsa; Levizzani, Vincenzo (September 2022).
2465:
1095:
4393:
4387:
4189:
4093:
3887:
3773:
3651:
3059:
2960:
2867:
2863:
2814:
2806:
2764:
2703:
2699:
2654:
2616:
2612:
2512:
2307:
2266:
2217:
2128:
1719:
1691:
1663:
1547:
1300:
1079:
935:
692:
406:
293:
205:
48:
3575:. Institut National De Recherche En Informatique Et En Automatique. Archived from
1936:
1252:
Hailstones ranging in size from a few millimetres to over a centimetre in diameter
966:
updraft of a more intense "daughter" cell. This, however, is an exceptional case.
918:
Severe thunderstorms containing hail can exhibit a characteristic green coloration
677:
4292:
4045:
4026:
3655:
3487:
3081:
2563:
2422:
2271:
2246:
1843:
1731:
1662:, Colorado. On June 5, 2015, hail up to four feet deep fell on one city block in
1610:
1546:
18.74 in (47.6 cm) circumference, 7.0 in (17.8 cm) diameter;
1512:
1447:
1103:
1052:
993:
832:. An ice crystal with a diameter of >5 mm (0.20 in) is considered a
599:
374:
77:
3457:
2455:"Flight Briefing Notes: Adverse Weather Operations Optimum Use of Weather Radar"
1536:
7.9 in (20 cm) diameter, 18.622 in (47.3 cm) circumference;
1407:
1138:
1000:, which reported one of the highest hail-related death tolls on record in 1888.
840:
suspended aloft by air with strong upward motion until its weight overcomes the
4514:
4245:
4161:
1659:
1132:
1067:
841:
682:
589:
423:
4051:
3234:
1625:, where 200 to 600 nomads seem to have died of injuries from hail the size of
1499:
1299:(110 mph). Hailstone velocity is dependent on the size of the stone, its
4499:
4493:
4456:
4254:
3663:
2974:
2668:
2535:. Geoscience Australia, Commonwealth of Australia. 2007-09-04. Archived from
2321:
2231:
2096:
2067:
1723:
1711:
1594:
of automobiles, severely denting the vehicle and cracking or even shattering
1151:
1063:
1032:
812:
545:
499:
445:
394:
281:
3778:
3693:"Boulder County cleans up Nederland-area roadways after foot-deep hailstorm"
3517:. Telegraph Group Unlimited via the Internet Wayback Machine. Archived from
2810:
1686:
1059:, which also experiences an increased incidence of significant hail events.
4451:
4373:
4368:
4201:
4166:
4114:
2828:
1715:
1626:
1487:
1427:
1353:
873:
828:
Any thunderstorm which produces hail that reaches the ground is known as a
789:
781:
777:
435:
359:
190:
2793:
Bruick, Zachary S.; Rasmussen, Kristen L.; Cecil, Daniel J. (2019-11-06).
4466:
4352:
4285:
4264:
4259:
4137:
1707:
1699:
1618:
1595:
1437:
924:
897:
807:
There are methods available to detect hail-producing thunderstorms using
750:
727:
584:
472:
467:
430:
379:
310:
256:
212:
200:
149:
3901:
2421:
Downing, Thomas E.; Olsthoorn, Alexander A.; Tol, Richard S. J. (1999).
1467:
1128:
4147:
3834:
Abshaev, M. T.; Abshaev, A. M.; Malkarova, A. M. (22â24 October 2007).
2917:. National Weather Service Southern Region Headquarters. Archived from
2659:
2634:
1606:
1477:
1308:
579:
562:
504:
452:
315:
251:
246:
239:
166:
161:
119:
107:
3813:
3432:
Field, P.R.; Hand, W.H.; Cappelluti, G.; et al. (November 2010).
4476:
4471:
4419:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4127:
4122:
2915:"VIL density and Associated Hail Size Along the Northwest Gulf Coast"
1599:
1583:
1417:
1087:
1075:
861:
845:
801:
785:
574:
569:
364:
354:
266:
234:
217:
178:
156:
112:
4038:
3836:
Radar
Estimation of Physical Efficiency of Hail Suppression Projects
3753:
3290:"Record Setting Hail Event in Vivian, South Dakota on July 23, 2010"
2517:
2490:
2286:
Brimelow, Julian C.; Reuter, Gerhard W.; Poolman, Eugene R. (2002).
1124:
4426:
4414:
4319:
4219:
2750:"Hail, Hail, Hail ! The Summertime Hazard of Eastern Colorado"
1614:
1120:
1107:
1040:
1036:
746:
369:
3864:
Federer, B.; Waldvogel, A.; Schmid, W.; et al. (1986-07-07).
3348:"What Places in the World Usually Have the Most Hail in One Year?"
2335:
Rauber, Robert M.; Walsh, John E.; Charlevoix, Donna Jean (2012).
1637:
4409:
4383:
4344:
4280:
4211:
4132:
3439:. European Aviation Safety Agency. RP EASA.2008/5. Archived from
3264:. San Diego, California: National Weather Service. Archived from
2721:. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from
2366:. University Corporation for Atmospheric Research. Archived from
1556:
1265:
1115:
1111:
1056:
1044:
1021:
1013:
1005:
908:
877:
797:
742:
535:
413:
401:
349:
332:
303:
261:
224:
171:
100:
56:
1257:
imprecise, due to their varied dimensions. The UK organisation,
3863:
3109:. The TORnado Storm Research Organization. 2009. Archived from
1808:"What's the difference between hail, sleet, and freezing rain?"
1727:
1703:
1642:
1403:
1091:
1071:
1025:
1009:
765:
reporting code for hail 5 mm (0.20 in) or greater is
337:
325:
320:
87:
82:
72:
65:
19:"Hailstone" and "Hailstorm" redirect here. For other uses, see
2941:"Remote Sensing of Hail with a Dual Linear Polarization Radar"
914:
4240:
4194:
1622:
1587:
1457:
1269:
1258:
1248:
1017:
1001:
997:
762:
540:
477:
139:
132:
4019:
2632:
888:
40:
A large hailstone, about 6 cm (2.4 in) in diameter
3602:"Sudbury lashed by freak storm; hail pummels downtown core"
2966:
10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<1475:RSOHWA>2.0.CO;2
2795:"South American Hailstorm Characteristics and Environments"
2313:
10.1175/1520-0434(2002)017<1048:MMHSIA>2.0.CO;2
2223:
10.1175/1520-0469(1983)040<1965:TIOSFS>2.0.CO;2
1718:
was done to eliminate the hail threat, particularly across
1304:
1135:
also sees persistent hail from mid april through october.
758:
557:
457:
440:
344:
4092:
3893:
10.1175/1520-0450(1986)025<0917:MROGI>2.0.CO;2
2788:
2786:
2784:
1131:
also see frequent hailstorms due to their high elevation.
36:
2247:"Distant Green Thunderstorms â Frazer's Theory Revisited"
1491:
1343:
738:
552:
3296:: National Weather Service. 30 July 2010. Archived from
3192:
2841:
3848:
3833:
3630:
Schlatter, Thomas W.; Doesken, Nolan (September 2010).
3233:. ASU World Meteorological Organization. Archived from
2781:
1881:. American Meteorological Society. 2009. Archived from
3041:
1702:, people in Europe used to ring church bells and fire
1578:
Early automobiles were not equipped to deal with hail.
2334:
2288:"Modeling Maximum Hail Size in Alberta Thunderstorms"
2285:
1219:
1189:
3955:
3723:"One Denver block buried under up to 4 feet of hail"
2939:
Aydin, K.; Seliga, T.A.; Balaji, V. (October 1986).
2792:
2681:
1605:
Rarely, massive hailstones have been known to cause
788:) and lowered heights of the freezing level. In the
3431:
3253:
3251:
2420:
2198:"The Influence of Storm Flow Struce on Hail Growth"
1503:
The largest recorded hailstone in the United States
3974:
2805:(12). American Meteorological Society: 4289â4304.
1261:, also scales for both hailstones and hailstorms.
1232:
1205:
4039:U.S. Billion-dollar Weather and Climate Disasters
3489:Introduction to international disaster management
2938:
2893:"Climatology of destructive hailstorms in Brazil"
1062:Hailstorms are also common in several regions of
883:
769:, while smaller hailstones and graupel are coded
4491:
3629:
3248:
3195:"National Weather Service Instruction 10 - 1605"
2913:Roeseler, Charles A.; Wood, Lance (2006-02-02).
1213:), in combination with horizontal reflectivity (
3714:
3396:
3169:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
2464:. Airbus. 2007-03-14. p. 2. Archived from
2397:University Corporation for Atmospheric Research
1941:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
3936:
3917:
3806:"Deep Hail Project â Report your hail depth!!"
3515:"Giant hail killed more than 200 in Himalayas"
2885:
2488:
1997:
1314:
4078:
3993:
2257:(10). American Meteorological Society: 1754.
1998:Jewell, Ryan; Brimelow, Julian (2004-08-17).
1681:
1243:
700:
2912:
2835:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2489:Hand, W. H.; Cappelluti, G. (January 2011).
3752:Kalina, E.; et al. (26 October 2015).
3632:"Deep Hail: Tracking an Elusive Phenomenon"
2386:
2384:
4085:
4071:
3871:Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology
3599:
3378:. Guinness World Records Limited. p.
3193:National Weather Service (July 26, 2021).
2945:Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology
1544:Largest circumference officially measured:
707:
693:
3891:
3777:
3464:. Federal Aviation Administration. 2009.
3319:"Largest Hailstone in U.S. History Found"
2964:
2818:
2736:
2658:
2594:
2557:
2555:
2553:
2516:
2311:
2270:
2244:
2221:
2191:
2189:
2187:
3922:. Massachusetts: Butterworth-Heinemann.
3720:
2710:
2381:
2361:
2245:Gallagher, Frank W. III (October 2000).
1685:
1668:
1636:
1573:
1498:
1286:
1247:
1137:
1035:, hail is most common in the area where
969:
945:
913:
887:
876:clouds, particularly those with intense
35:
3485:
3371:
3311:
2747:
2279:
2157:
2155:
2153:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1673:Hand holding hail in a strawberry patch
1146:
4492:
3979:. State University of New York Press.
3751:
3690:
3563:
2561:
2550:
2328:
2195:
2184:
2078:from the original on September 7, 2011
1970:NOAA National Severe Storms Laboratory
1831:
1768:
1766:
900:water and will freeze on contact with
4066:
3786:from the original on 18 February 2021
3492:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 62.
3325:. National Geographic. Archived from
3134:. Alaska Air Flight Service Station,
2716:
2628:
2626:
1939:. National Severe Storms Laboratory,
1534:Largest diameter officially measured:
1291:Large hailstone with concentric rings
1119:the surface and upper atmosphere. In
3018:"Hydrometeor classification example"
2390:
2150:
2041:. Meteorological Service of Canada,
1862:
1554:Greatest average hail precipitation:
3512:
2393:"Meso-Analyst Severe Weather Guide"
2341:. Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company.
2202:Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences
2049:from the original on August 5, 2012
1763:
1570:List of costly or deadly hailstorms
848:-sized 4.4 cm (1.75 in).
13:
3911:
3642:(5). Taylor & Francis: 35â41.
3207:from the original on June 27, 2023
2623:
2533:"Where does severe weather occur?"
2196:Nelson, Stephan P. (August 1983).
961:, Northern Bangladesh (April 2022)
800:, it tends to be confined to high
14:
4536:
4013:
3866:"Main Results of Grossversuch IV"
3600:Carmichael, Harold (2009-06-15).
3165:National Severe Storms Laboratory
3078:"NeRAIN Data Site-Measuring Hail"
2991:. CHILL National Radar Facility,
2565:Encyclopedia of World Climatology
1784:. 21 January 2011. Archived from
1517:World Meteorological Organization
3733:from the original on 6 June 2015
3564:Peters, Albert J. (2003-03-03).
2748:Doesken, Nolan J. (April 1994).
1690:Hail cannon in an old castle in
1632:
853:Meteorological Service of Canada
676:
3977:Hailstorms and Hailstone Growth
3958:Hailstorms of the United States
3920:A Short Course in Cloud Physics
3857:
3842:
3827:
3798:
3745:
3684:
3623:
3593:
3557:
3532:
3506:
3479:
3468:from the original on 2010-03-25
3450:
3425:
3414:from the original on 2015-10-16
3365:
3340:
3282:
3259:"Appendix I â Weather Extremes"
3219:
3186:
3153:
3136:Federal Aviation Administration
3124:
3095:
3070:
3035:
3010:
2981:
2932:
2906:
2675:
2588:
2525:
2482:
2447:
2414:
2403:from the original on 2003-03-20
2362:Marshall, Jacque (2000-04-10).
2355:
2238:
2139:from the original on 2020-08-01
2121:
2110:from the original on 2009-04-12
2089:
2060:
2016:from the original on 2009-05-07
1976:from the original on 2023-10-11
1947:from the original on 2009-08-10
1912:American Meteorological Society
1851:from the original on 2013-01-16
1507:
3810:University of Colorado Boulder
3721:Mitchell, Kirk (5 June 2015).
2868:10.1016/j.atmosres.2019.104747
2704:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.10.017
2617:10.1016/j.atmosres.2008.06.016
2338:Severe & Hazardous Weather
2251:Journal of Applied Meteorology
2035:"Severe Thunderstorm criteria"
2027:
1991:
1958:
1929:
1896:
1800:
986:
884:Layer nature of the hailstones
1:
4510:Snow or ice weather phenomena
3956:Snowden Dwight Flora (2003).
3941:. Gareth Stevens Publishing.
3566:"Crop Hail Damage Assessment"
3434:"Hail Threat Standardisation"
3064:10.1016/S0169-8095(96)00032-4
2427:. Routledge. pp. 41â43.
2106:Forecast Office. 2009-01-27.
1757:
823:
776:Hail is possible within most
4447:Potentially hazardous object
3656:10.1080/00431672.2010.503841
3350:. 2013-04-12. Archived from
3171:. 2006-11-15. Archived from
3138:. 2007-04-10. Archived from
2995:. 2007-08-22. Archived from
2989:"Hail Signature Development"
2272:10.1175/1520-0450-39.10.1754
1816:. 1999-08-06. Archived from
1530:, Bangladesh, 14 April 1986.
1526:1.02 kg (2.2 lb);
1161:Vertically Integrated Liquid
867:
7:
3975:Narayan R. Gokhale (1974).
3608:. Sun Media. Archived from
3375:Guinness World Records 2014
3227:"World: Heaviest Hailstone"
2496:Meteorological Applications
1782:National Geographic Society
1740:
1315:Size comparisons to objects
1274:surface weather observation
939:hailstone's cross-section.
604:Severe weather terminology
66:Temperate and polar seasons
16:Form of solid precipitation
10:
4541:
3691:Rubino, Joe (2010-07-29).
3486:Coppola, Damon P. (2007).
3408:adjustersinternational.com
2717:Munoz, Rene (2000-06-02).
2068:"NEW 1 Inch Hail Criteria"
1682:Suppression and prevention
1567:
1563:
1327:NWS Hail Conversion Chart
1319:In the United States, the
1244:Size and terminal velocity
1020:. In southeastern Europe,
29:Hailstorm (disambiguation)
25:Hailstone (disambiguation)
18:
4439:
4402:
4361:
4343:
4312:
4305:
4273:
4239:
4232:
4210:
4180:
4146:
4113:
4104:
4020:Hail Storm Research Tools
3513:Orr, David (2004-11-07).
2993:Colorado State University
2568:. Springer. p. 401.
2391:Wolf, Pete (2003-01-16).
1752:Cumulonimbus and aviation
4035:(archived) from ucar.edu
2562:Oliver, John E. (2005).
2424:Climate, change and risk
2133:theweatherprediction.com
2104:National Weather Service
2100:Columbia, South Carolina
1645:, Australia (April 2015)
1321:National Weather Service
1173:three body scatter spike
857:National Weather Service
3998:. Raintree Publishers.
3960:. Textbook Publishers.
3937:Jim Mezzanotte (2007).
3918:Rogers and Yau (1989).
3779:10.1175/WAF-D-15-0037.1
3758:Weather and Forecasting
3372:Glenday, Craig (2013).
2811:10.1175/MWR-D-19-0011.1
2292:Weather and Forecasting
1908:Glossary of Meteorology
1879:Glossary of Meteorology
1012:, southern and eastern
1008:, northern and eastern
794:interiors of continents
753:(which are smaller and
741:precipitation, such as
3994:Duncan Scheff (2001).
3404:"Hail Damage to Roofs"
3323:nationalgeographic.com
3294:Aberdeen, South Dakota
2799:Monthly Weather Review
1914:. 2009. Archived from
1778:nationalgeographic.org
1747:Sleet (disambiguation)
1695:
1674:
1646:
1579:
1504:
1292:
1272:code is used within a
1253:
1234:
1207:
1206:{\displaystyle Z_{dr}}
1143:
1066:, particularly in the
962:
919:
893:
792:, hail forms near the
780:(as it is produced by
737:Unlike other forms of
726:. It is distinct from
665:Tropical cyclone terms
41:
1937:"Aggregate hailstone"
1689:
1672:
1640:
1586:, and most commonly,
1577:
1502:
1290:
1251:
1235:
1233:{\displaystyle Z_{h}}
1208:
1141:
1078:, extending from the
970:Factors favoring hail
956:
917:
891:
872:Hail forms in strong
272:Extratropical cyclone
196:Air-mass thunderstorm
39:
21:Hail (disambiguation)
3044:Atmospheric Research
2848:Atmospheric Research
2719:"Fact Sheet on Hail"
2684:Atmospheric Research
2597:Atmospheric Research
2045:. November 3, 2010.
1641:Accumulated hail in
1538:Vivian, South Dakota
1264:When observed at an
1217:
1187:
1165:liquid water content
1147:Short-term detection
1102:, and Argentina, in
632:Weather modification
230:Anticyclonic tornado
3884:1986JApMe..25..917F
3770:2016WtFor..31..663K
3648:2010Weawi..63e..35S
3410:. Adjusting Today.
3056:1997AtmRe..43..217B
2957:1986JApMe..25.1475A
2860:2020AtmRe.23404747B
2763:(7). Archived from
2696:2009AtmRe..93..516P
2651:2022RemS...14.4320L
2609:2009AtmRe..91..459L
2509:2011MeApp..18..446H
2304:2002WtFor..17.1048B
2263:2000JApMe..39.1754G
2214:1983JAtS...40.1965N
1788:on 22 February 2021
1328:
1179:More recently, the
1068:temperate latitudes
957:Heavy hailstorm at
902:condensation nuclei
722:is a form of solid
627:Weather forecasting
463:Rain and snow mixed
289:Subtropical cyclone
4098:list by death toll
4044:2018-07-26 at the
4025:2022-02-02 at the
3996:Ice and Hailstorms
3540:"Hail Climatology"
3462:aviationweather.ws
2921:on August 18, 2007
2660:10.3390/rs14174320
2129:"Forecasting Hail"
2043:Environment Canada
1696:
1675:
1647:
1580:
1528:Gopalganj District
1505:
1332:Diameter (inches)
1326:
1293:
1254:
1230:
1203:
1163:or VIL, gives the
1144:
994:orographic lifting
963:
920:
894:
818:Earth's atmosphere
809:weather satellites
745:(which is made of
683:Weather portal
299:Atlantic hurricane
277:European windstorm
184:Volcanic lightning
145:Cumulonimbus cloud
42:
4485:
4484:
4462:Geomagnetic storm
4435:
4434:
4301:
4300:
4228:
4227:
4172:Soil liquefaction
4094:Natural disasters
4029:at hailtrends.com
4005:978-0-7398-4703-9
3986:978-0-87395-313-9
3967:978-0-7581-1698-7
3948:978-0-8368-7912-4
3499:978-0-7506-7982-4
3389:978-1-908843-15-9
2575:978-1-4020-3264-6
2503:(4). Wiley: 446.
2434:978-0-415-17031-4
2364:"Hail Fact Sheet"
2348:978-0-7575-9772-5
1813:The Straight Dope
1497:
1496:
1296:Terminal velocity
1082:eastward towards
1049:Cheyenne, Wyoming
954:
717:
716:
4532:
4394:Tropical cyclone
4388:Tornado outbreak
4310:
4309:
4237:
4236:
4190:Pyroclastic flow
4182:Volcano eruption
4111:
4110:
4087:
4080:
4073:
4064:
4063:
4054:
4009:
3990:
3971:
3952:
3933:
3906:
3905:
3895:
3861:
3855:
3854:
3846:
3840:
3839:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3821:
3812:. Archived from
3802:
3796:
3795:
3793:
3791:
3781:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3718:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3708:
3699:. Archived from
3688:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3581:
3570:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3551:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3527:
3526:
3510:
3504:
3503:
3483:
3477:
3476:
3474:
3473:
3454:
3448:
3447:
3445:
3438:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3400:
3394:
3393:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3344:
3338:
3337:
3335:
3334:
3315:
3309:
3308:
3306:
3305:
3300:on 1 August 2010
3286:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3270:
3263:
3255:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3206:
3199:
3190:
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3157:
3151:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3128:
3122:
3121:
3119:
3118:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3074:
3068:
3067:
3039:
3033:
3032:
3030:
3029:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2985:
2979:
2978:
2968:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2901:
2900:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2870:. Archived from
2839:
2833:
2832:
2822:
2790:
2779:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2757:Colorado Climate
2754:
2745:
2734:
2733:
2731:
2730:
2714:
2708:
2707:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2662:
2630:
2621:
2620:
2603:(2â4): 459â465.
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2582:
2559:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2529:
2523:
2522:
2520:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2470:
2459:
2451:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2441:
2418:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2408:
2388:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2375:
2359:
2353:
2352:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2298:(5): 1048â1062.
2283:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2225:
2208:(8): 1965â1983.
2193:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2159:
2148:
2147:
2145:
2144:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2084:
2083:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2015:
2004:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1962:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1900:
1894:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1770:
1732:artillery shells
1726:in clouds using
1720:the Soviet Union
1692:Banska Stiavnica
1664:Denver, Colorado
1548:Aurora, Nebraska
1335:Everyday Object
1329:
1325:
1303:, the motion of
1301:drag coefficient
1239:
1237:
1236:
1231:
1229:
1228:
1212:
1210:
1209:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1123:, the cities of
955:
796:, while, in the
709:
702:
695:
681:
680:
294:Tropical cyclone
206:Dry thunderstorm
101:Tropical seasons
44:
43:
4540:
4539:
4535:
4534:
4533:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4520:Weather hazards
4490:
4489:
4486:
4481:
4431:
4398:
4362:Cyclonic storms
4357:
4339:
4297:
4293:Limnic eruption
4269:
4243:
4224:
4212:Natural erosion
4206:
4176:
4150:
4142:
4100:
4091:
4052:
4046:Wayback Machine
4027:Wayback Machine
4016:
4006:
3987:
3968:
3949:
3930:
3914:
3912:Further reading
3909:
3862:
3858:
3847:
3843:
3832:
3828:
3819:
3817:
3804:
3803:
3799:
3789:
3787:
3750:
3746:
3736:
3734:
3727:The Denver Post
3719:
3715:
3706:
3704:
3689:
3685:
3676:
3674:
3628:
3624:
3615:
3613:
3598:
3594:
3585:
3583:
3579:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3549:
3547:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3524:
3522:
3511:
3507:
3500:
3484:
3480:
3471:
3469:
3456:
3455:
3451:
3443:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3417:
3415:
3402:
3401:
3397:
3390:
3370:
3366:
3357:
3355:
3346:
3345:
3341:
3332:
3330:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3301:
3288:
3287:
3283:
3274:
3272:
3268:
3261:
3257:
3256:
3249:
3240:
3238:
3225:
3224:
3220:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3197:
3191:
3187:
3178:
3176:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3145:
3143:
3130:
3129:
3125:
3116:
3114:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3087:
3085:
3076:
3075:
3071:
3040:
3036:
3027:
3025:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3002:
3000:
2987:
2986:
2982:
2951:(10): 1475â14.
2937:
2933:
2924:
2922:
2911:
2907:
2898:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2877:
2875:
2840:
2836:
2791:
2782:
2773:
2771:
2767:
2752:
2746:
2737:
2728:
2726:
2715:
2711:
2680:
2676:
2631:
2624:
2593:
2589:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2560:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2518:10.1002/met.236
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2457:
2453:
2452:
2448:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2419:
2415:
2406:
2404:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2371:
2360:
2356:
2349:
2333:
2329:
2284:
2280:
2243:
2239:
2194:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2151:
2142:
2140:
2127:
2126:
2122:
2113:
2111:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2081:
2079:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2052:
2050:
2033:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2002:
1996:
1992:
1979:
1977:
1964:
1963:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1902:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1852:
1844:Merriam-Webster
1837:
1836:
1832:
1823:
1821:
1806:
1805:
1801:
1791:
1789:
1772:
1771:
1764:
1760:
1743:
1737:
1684:
1635:
1572:
1566:
1550:, 22 June 2003.
1540:, 23 July 2010.
1513:Megacryometeors
1510:
1317:
1246:
1224:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1214:
1194:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1149:
1104:southern Brazil
1053:Hailstorm Alley
1016:, and northern
989:
972:
946:
886:
870:
826:
713:
675:
670:
669:
645:
637:
636:
495:
485:
484:
397:
387:
386:
375:Ground blizzard
135:
125:
124:
103:
93:
92:
68:
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4538:
4528:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4443:
4441:
4437:
4436:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4412:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4391:
4381:
4371:
4365:
4363:
4359:
4358:
4356:
4355:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4338:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4316:
4314:
4307:
4306:Meteorological
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4277:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4268:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4251:
4249:
4234:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4216:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4204:
4199:
4198:
4197:
4186:
4184:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4162:Seismic hazard
4158:
4156:
4144:
4143:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4119:
4117:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4090:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4067:
4061:
4060:
4049:
4036:
4033:Hail Factsheet
4030:
4015:
4014:External links
4012:
4011:
4010:
4004:
3991:
3985:
3972:
3966:
3953:
3947:
3934:
3928:
3913:
3910:
3908:
3907:
3878:(7): 917â957.
3856:
3841:
3826:
3797:
3744:
3713:
3697:Colorado Daily
3683:
3622:
3592:
3556:
3531:
3505:
3498:
3478:
3449:
3446:on 2013-12-07.
3424:
3395:
3388:
3364:
3339:
3310:
3281:
3271:on 28 May 2008
3247:
3218:
3185:
3152:
3142:on May 1, 2008
3123:
3094:
3069:
3034:
3009:
2980:
2931:
2905:
2884:
2834:
2780:
2735:
2709:
2674:
2639:Remote Sensing
2622:
2587:
2574:
2549:
2524:
2481:
2446:
2433:
2413:
2380:
2354:
2347:
2327:
2278:
2237:
2183:
2149:
2120:
2088:
2059:
2026:
1990:
1957:
1943:. 2007-04-23.
1928:
1895:
1861:
1830:
1799:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1754:
1749:
1742:
1739:
1683:
1680:
1660:Boulder County
1634:
1631:
1609:or fatal head
1568:Main article:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1541:
1531:
1509:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1440:
1435:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1410:
1408:Ping Pong Ball
1401:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1381:
1380:1.00 (15/16")
1377:
1376:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1337:
1336:
1333:
1316:
1313:
1245:
1242:
1227:
1223:
1200:
1197:
1193:
1148:
1145:
1133:Southern Chile
1100:Santa Catarina
1080:Mendoza region
1072:central region
988:
985:
971:
968:
885:
882:
869:
866:
825:
822:
715:
714:
712:
711:
704:
697:
689:
686:
685:
672:
671:
668:
667:
662:
657:
655:Climate change
652:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
635:
634:
629:
624:
623:
622:
621:
620:
615:
610:
602:
597:
590:Severe weather
587:
582:
577:
572:
567:
566:
565:
560:
550:
549:
548:
538:
533:
532:
531:
526:
521:
516:
508:
507:
502:
496:
491:
490:
487:
486:
483:
482:
481:
480:
475:
470:
465:
455:
450:
449:
448:
438:
433:
428:
427:
426:
424:Megacryometeor
416:
411:
410:
409:
398:
393:
392:
389:
388:
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
372:
367:
357:
352:
347:
342:
341:
340:
330:
329:
328:
323:
313:
308:
307:
306:
301:
291:
286:
285:
284:
279:
269:
264:
259:
254:
249:
244:
243:
242:
237:
232:
222:
221:
220:
210:
209:
208:
203:
198:
188:
187:
186:
176:
175:
174:
169:
164:
154:
153:
152:
147:
136:
131:
130:
127:
126:
123:
122:
117:
116:
115:
104:
99:
98:
95:
94:
91:
90:
85:
80:
75:
69:
64:
63:
60:
59:
53:
52:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4537:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4505:Precipitation
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4495:
4488:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4457:Meteor shower
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4438:
4428:
4425:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4366:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4308:
4304:
4294:
4291:
4287:
4284:
4283:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4255:Coastal flood
4253:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4242:
4238:
4235:
4231:
4221:
4218:
4217:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4120:
4118:
4116:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4095:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4074:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4059:
4055:
4050:
4047:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4007:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3982:
3978:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3950:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3931:
3929:0-7506-3215-1
3925:
3921:
3916:
3915:
3903:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3873:
3872:
3867:
3860:
3852:
3845:
3837:
3830:
3816:on 2016-07-08
3815:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3748:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3717:
3703:on 2015-06-10
3702:
3698:
3694:
3687:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3612:on 2009-06-16
3611:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3582:on 2011-07-21
3578:
3574:
3567:
3560:
3546:on 2009-06-13
3545:
3541:
3535:
3521:on 2005-12-03
3520:
3516:
3509:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3482:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3453:
3442:
3435:
3428:
3413:
3409:
3405:
3399:
3391:
3385:
3381:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3354:on 2017-10-17
3353:
3349:
3343:
3329:on 2010-04-20
3328:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3267:
3260:
3254:
3252:
3237:on 2015-06-29
3236:
3232:
3228:
3222:
3203:
3196:
3189:
3175:on 2009-05-06
3174:
3170:
3166:
3162:
3161:"Hail Basics"
3156:
3141:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3113:on 2009-04-22
3112:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3084:on 2009-03-02
3083:
3079:
3073:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3038:
3024:on 2010-06-24
3023:
3019:
3013:
2999:on 2009-01-07
2998:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2976:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2935:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2894:
2888:
2874:on 2024-04-14
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2804:
2800:
2796:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2770:on 2010-11-25
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2725:on 2009-10-15
2724:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2678:
2670:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2627:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2591:
2577:
2571:
2567:
2566:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2539:on 2009-06-21
2538:
2534:
2528:
2519:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2485:
2471:on 2011-05-31
2467:
2463:
2462:SKYbrary.aero
2456:
2450:
2436:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2387:
2385:
2370:on 2009-10-15
2369:
2365:
2358:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2339:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2192:
2190:
2188:
2173:on 2010-05-27
2172:
2168:
2167:ncar.ucar.edu
2164:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2124:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2098:
2092:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2012:
2008:
2001:
1994:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1966:"Hail Basics"
1961:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1918:on 2011-06-06
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1899:
1885:on 2010-07-25
1884:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1840:
1834:
1820:on 2014-02-02
1819:
1815:
1814:
1809:
1803:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1767:
1762:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1725:
1724:silver iodide
1721:
1717:
1713:
1712:Cloud seeding
1709:
1705:
1701:
1693:
1688:
1679:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1633:Accumulations
1630:
1628:
1627:cricket balls
1624:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1591:
1589:
1585:
1576:
1571:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1501:
1493:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1469:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1405:
1402:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1388:
1385:
1382:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1340:0.25 - 0.375
1339:
1338:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1312:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1297:
1289:
1285:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1250:
1241:
1225:
1221:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1182:
1177:
1174:
1169:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1152:Weather radar
1140:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1064:South America
1060:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1033:North America
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
984:
980:
977:
967:
960:
944:
940:
937:
932:
930:
926:
916:
912:
910:
905:
903:
899:
890:
881:
879:
875:
865:
863:
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
837:
835:
831:
821:
819:
814:
813:weather radar
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
790:mid-latitudes
787:
783:
779:
778:thunderstorms
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
735:
733:
729:
725:
724:precipitation
721:
710:
705:
703:
698:
696:
691:
690:
688:
687:
684:
679:
674:
673:
666:
663:
661:
660:Tornado terms
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
647:
641:
640:
633:
630:
628:
625:
619:
618:United States
616:
614:
611:
609:
606:
605:
603:
601:
598:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
586:
583:
581:
578:
576:
573:
571:
568:
564:
561:
559:
556:
555:
554:
551:
547:
544:
543:
542:
539:
537:
534:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
515:
512:
511:
510:
509:
506:
503:
501:
500:Air pollution
498:
497:
494:
489:
488:
479:
476:
474:
471:
469:
466:
464:
461:
460:
459:
456:
454:
451:
447:
444:
443:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
425:
422:
421:
420:
417:
415:
412:
408:
405:
404:
403:
400:
399:
396:
395:Precipitation
391:
390:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
362:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
339:
336:
335:
334:
331:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
317:
314:
312:
309:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
295:
292:
290:
287:
283:
280:
278:
275:
274:
273:
270:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
253:
250:
248:
245:
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
228:
227:
226:
223:
219:
216:
215:
214:
211:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
193:
192:
189:
185:
182:
181:
180:
177:
173:
170:
168:
165:
163:
160:
159:
158:
155:
151:
148:
146:
143:
142:
141:
138:
137:
134:
129:
128:
121:
118:
114:
111:
110:
109:
106:
105:
102:
97:
96:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
70:
67:
62:
61:
58:
55:
54:
50:
46:
45:
38:
34:
30:
26:
22:
4487:
4452:Impact event
4440:Astronomical
4377:
4374:Thunderstorm
4369:Bomb cyclone
4233:Hydrological
4202:Volcanic ash
4167:Seismic risk
4115:Mass wasting
3995:
3976:
3957:
3938:
3919:
3875:
3869:
3859:
3850:
3844:
3835:
3829:
3818:. Retrieved
3814:the original
3800:
3788:. Retrieved
3761:
3757:
3747:
3735:. Retrieved
3726:
3716:
3705:. Retrieved
3701:the original
3696:
3686:
3675:. Retrieved
3639:
3635:
3625:
3614:. Retrieved
3610:the original
3606:Sudbury Star
3605:
3595:
3584:. Retrieved
3577:the original
3572:
3559:
3548:. Retrieved
3544:the original
3534:
3523:. Retrieved
3519:the original
3508:
3488:
3481:
3470:. Retrieved
3461:
3452:
3441:the original
3427:
3416:. Retrieved
3407:
3398:
3374:
3367:
3356:. Retrieved
3352:the original
3342:
3331:. Retrieved
3327:the original
3322:
3313:
3302:. Retrieved
3298:the original
3284:
3273:. Retrieved
3266:the original
3239:. Retrieved
3235:the original
3230:
3221:
3209:. Retrieved
3188:
3177:. Retrieved
3173:the original
3155:
3144:. Retrieved
3140:the original
3126:
3115:. Retrieved
3111:the original
3107:torro.org.uk
3106:
3103:"Hail Scale"
3097:
3086:. Retrieved
3082:the original
3072:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3026:. Retrieved
3022:the original
3012:
3001:. Retrieved
2997:the original
2983:
2948:
2944:
2934:
2923:. Retrieved
2919:the original
2908:
2897:. Retrieved
2895:. 2020-10-01
2887:
2876:. Retrieved
2872:the original
2851:
2847:
2837:
2802:
2798:
2772:. Retrieved
2765:the original
2760:
2756:
2727:. Retrieved
2723:the original
2712:
2690:(1â3): 516.
2687:
2683:
2677:
2645:(17): 4320.
2642:
2638:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2579:. Retrieved
2564:
2541:. Retrieved
2537:the original
2527:
2500:
2494:
2484:
2473:. Retrieved
2466:the original
2461:
2449:
2438:. Retrieved
2423:
2416:
2405:. Retrieved
2372:. Retrieved
2368:the original
2357:
2337:
2330:
2295:
2291:
2281:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2205:
2201:
2175:. Retrieved
2171:the original
2166:
2141:. Retrieved
2132:
2123:
2112:. Retrieved
2091:
2080:. Retrieved
2071:
2062:
2051:. Retrieved
2038:
2029:
2018:. Retrieved
2007:spc.noaa.gov
2006:
1993:
1984:
1978:. Retrieved
1969:
1960:
1949:. Retrieved
1931:
1920:. Retrieved
1916:the original
1907:
1898:
1887:. Retrieved
1883:the original
1878:
1853:. Retrieved
1842:
1833:
1822:. Retrieved
1818:the original
1811:
1802:
1790:. Retrieved
1786:the original
1777:
1736:
1716:World War II
1708:hail cannons
1697:
1676:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1604:
1592:
1581:
1553:
1543:
1533:
1523:
1511:
1508:Hail records
1484:4.75 - 5.00
1354:Small Marble
1318:
1294:
1281:
1277:
1263:
1255:
1181:polarization
1178:
1170:
1157:
1150:
1061:
1030:
990:
981:
973:
964:
941:
933:
928:
921:
907:The storm's
906:
895:
874:thunderstorm
871:
850:
838:
833:
829:
827:
806:
782:cumulonimbus
775:
770:
766:
736:
731:
719:
718:
436:Diamond dust
418:
360:Winter storm
191:Thunderstorm
33:
4467:Solar flare
4353:Megadrought
4313:Temperature
4286:Megatsunami
4265:Storm surge
4260:Flash flood
4138:Debris flow
4053:Hail Storms
4048:at NOAA.gov
3636:Weatherwise
3231:wmo.asu.edu
1904:"Hailstorm"
1839:"hailstone"
1700:Middle Ages
1698:During the
1619:Uttarakhand
1607:concussions
1596:windshields
1488:Computer CD
1458:Large Apple
1438:Tennis Ball
1394:Half Dollar
987:Climatology
925:latent heat
898:supercooled
755:translucent
751:ice pellets
728:ice pellets
650:Meteorology
585:Meteorology
473:Snow roller
468:Snow grains
431:Ice pellets
380:Snow squall
311:Storm surge
257:Anticyclone
213:Mesocyclone
201:Thundersnow
150:Arcus cloud
4494:Categories
4148:Earthquake
4106:Geological
3939:Hailstorms
3820:2016-06-14
3764:(2): 663.
3707:2014-12-20
3677:2015-08-09
3616:2009-08-28
3586:2009-08-28
3550:2009-08-29
3525:2009-08-28
3472:2009-08-29
3418:2009-12-11
3358:2017-10-16
3333:2010-08-20
3304:2010-08-03
3275:2010-06-01
3241:2016-07-23
3179:2009-08-28
3146:2009-08-29
3132:"SA-METAR"
3117:2009-08-28
3088:2009-08-29
3050:(3): 217.
3028:2009-08-28
3003:2009-08-28
2925:2009-08-28
2899:2024-06-28
2878:2024-06-28
2774:2009-07-18
2729:2009-07-18
2581:2009-08-28
2543:2009-08-28
2475:2009-11-19
2440:2009-07-16
2407:2009-07-16
2374:2009-07-15
2177:2009-07-18
2143:2018-08-08
2114:2009-08-28
2082:2011-05-12
2053:2011-05-12
2020:2009-07-15
1980:2024-04-14
1951:2009-07-15
1922:2009-08-29
1889:2009-07-15
1855:2013-01-23
1824:2016-07-23
1792:14 January
1758:References
1694:, Slovakia
1478:Grapefruit
1309:atmosphere
1094:states of
1055:region of
959:Thakurgaon
892:Hail shaft
862:supercells
824:Definition
802:elevations
644:Glossaries
580:Jet stream
519:Convection
505:Atmosphere
453:Cloudburst
316:Dust storm
282:Nor'easter
252:Fire whirl
247:Dust devil
240:Waterspout
167:Heat burst
162:Microburst
120:Wet season
108:Dry season
4525:Water ice
4477:Hypernova
4472:Supernova
4420:Firestorm
4335:Heat wave
4330:Ice storm
4325:Cold wave
4128:Avalanche
4123:Landslide
3672:191481064
3664:0043-1672
3458:"Hazards"
2975:1520-0450
2669:2072-4292
2322:1520-0434
2232:1520-0469
2097:"Hail..."
1584:livestock
1524:Heaviest:
1418:Golf Ball
1092:Brazilian
1088:Patagonia
1076:Argentina
868:Formation
846:golf-ball
834:hailstone
830:hailstorm
786:tornadoes
739:water ice
732:hailstone
575:Heat wave
570:Cold wave
514:Chemistry
365:Ice storm
355:Firestorm
267:Polar low
235:Landspout
218:Supercell
179:Lightning
157:Downburst
113:Harmattan
47:Part of
4427:ARkStorm
4415:Wildfire
4320:Blizzard
4220:Sinkhole
4042:Archived
4023:Archived
3902:26182470
3784:Archived
3731:Archived
3573:inria.fr
3466:Archived
3412:Archived
3211:June 26,
3202:Archived
2829:32440028
2401:Archived
2137:Archived
2108:Archived
2076:Archived
2072:noaa.gov
2047:Archived
2039:ec.gc.ca
2011:Archived
1986:updraft.
1974:Archived
1945:Archived
1849:Archived
1741:See also
1615:Roopkund
1468:Softball
1448:Baseball
1129:MedellĂn
1121:Colombia
1108:Paraguay
1041:Nebraska
1037:Colorado
976:Movement
878:updrafts
747:rime ice
446:Freezing
407:Freezing
370:Blizzard
49:a series
4410:Derecho
4384:Tornado
4345:Drought
4281:Tsunami
4133:Mudflow
4058:YouTube
3880:Bibcode
3790:28 June
3766:Bibcode
3644:Bibcode
3052:Bibcode
2953:Bibcode
2856:Bibcode
2820:7241597
2692:Bibcode
2647:Bibcode
2605:Bibcode
2505:Bibcode
2300:Bibcode
2259:Bibcode
2210:Bibcode
1728:rockets
1704:cannons
1600:windows
1564:Hazards
1557:Kericho
1384:Quarter
1266:airport
1116:Bolivia
1112:Uruguay
1084:CĂłrdoba
1057:Alberta
1045:Wyoming
1022:Croatia
1014:Benelux
1006:Germany
909:updraft
842:updraft
798:tropics
757:), and
743:graupel
600:Extreme
546:Physics
536:Climate
524:Physics
414:Graupel
402:Drizzle
350:Sirocco
333:Monsoon
304:Typhoon
262:Cyclone
225:Tornado
172:Derecho
57:Weather
4002:
3983:
3964:
3945:
3926:
3900:
3737:7 June
3670:
3662:
3496:
3386:
2973:
2827:
2817:
2667:
2572:
2431:
2345:
2320:
2230:
2163:"Hail"
1875:"Hail"
1774:"hail"
1714:after
1643:Sydney
1611:trauma
1404:Walnut
1374:Nickel
1282:grésil
1125:BogotĂĄ
1114:, and
1096:ParanĂĄ
1070:. The
1043:, and
1026:Serbia
1010:France
936:opaque
929:sticky
608:Canada
563:Season
493:Topics
338:Amihan
326:Haboob
321:Simoom
133:Storms
88:Autumn
83:Summer
78:Spring
73:Winter
27:, and
4515:Storm
4403:Other
4274:Other
4241:Flood
4195:Lahar
3898:JSTOR
3668:S2CID
3580:(PDF)
3569:(PDF)
3444:(PDF)
3437:(PDF)
3269:(PDF)
3262:(PDF)
3205:(PDF)
3198:(PDF)
2768:(PDF)
2753:(PDF)
2469:(PDF)
2458:(PDF)
2014:(PDF)
2003:(PDF)
1623:India
1588:crops
1474:4.50
1464:4.00
1454:3.00
1444:2.75
1434:2.50
1424:2.00
1414:1.75
1400:1.50
1390:1.25
1370:0.88
1364:Penny
1360:0.75
1350:0.50
1278:grĂȘle
1270:METAR
1259:TORRO
1018:Italy
1002:China
998:India
763:METAR
613:Japan
541:Cloud
529:River
478:Slush
140:Cloud
4500:Hail
4378:Hail
4246:List
4153:List
4000:ISBN
3981:ISBN
3962:ISBN
3943:ISBN
3924:ISBN
3851:WWRP
3792:2019
3739:2015
3660:ISSN
3494:ISBN
3384:ISBN
3213:2023
2971:ISSN
2825:PMID
2665:ISSN
2570:ISBN
2429:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2318:ISSN
2228:ISSN
1794:2021
1730:and
1598:and
1428:Lime
1305:wind
1127:and
1024:and
811:and
759:snow
720:Hail
595:List
558:Mist
458:Snow
441:Rain
419:Hail
345:Gale
4056:on
3888:doi
3774:doi
3652:doi
3060:doi
2961:doi
2864:doi
2852:234
2815:PMC
2807:doi
2803:147
2700:doi
2655:doi
2613:doi
2513:doi
2308:doi
2267:doi
2218:doi
1492:DVD
1344:Pea
1074:of
1031:In
749:),
553:Fog
4496::
4096:â
3896:.
3886:.
3876:25
3874:.
3868:.
3808:.
3782:.
3772:.
3762:31
3760:.
3756:.
3729:.
3725:.
3695:.
3666:.
3658:.
3650:.
3640:63
3638:.
3634:.
3604:.
3571:.
3460:.
3406:.
3382:.
3380:22
3321:.
3292:.
3250:^
3229:.
3200:.
3167:,
3163:.
3105:.
3058:.
3048:43
3046:.
2969:.
2959:.
2949:25
2947:.
2943:.
2862:.
2854:.
2850:.
2846:.
2823:.
2813:.
2801:.
2797:.
2783:^
2761:17
2759:.
2755:.
2738:^
2698:.
2688:93
2686:.
2663:.
2653:.
2643:14
2641:.
2637:.
2625:^
2611:.
2601:91
2599:.
2552:^
2511:.
2501:18
2499:.
2493:.
2460:.
2399:.
2395:.
2383:^
2316:.
2306:.
2296:17
2294:.
2290:.
2265:.
2255:39
2253:.
2249:.
2226:.
2216:.
2206:40
2204:.
2200:.
2186:^
2165:.
2152:^
2135:.
2131:.
2102::
2070:.
2037:.
2009:.
2005:.
1983:.
1972:.
1968:.
1910:.
1906:.
1877:.
1864:^
1847:.
1841:.
1810:.
1780:.
1776:.
1765:^
1710:.
1629:.
1621:,
1617:,
1284:.
1268:,
1110:,
1098:,
1039:,
804:.
773:.
771:GS
767:GR
51:on
23:,
4390:)
4386:(
4380:)
4376:(
4248:)
4244:(
4155:)
4151:(
4086:e
4079:t
4072:v
4008:.
3989:.
3970:.
3951:.
3932:.
3904:.
3890::
3882::
3823:.
3794:.
3776::
3768::
3741:.
3710:.
3680:.
3654::
3646::
3619:.
3589:.
3553:.
3528:.
3502:.
3475:.
3421:.
3392:.
3361:.
3336:.
3307:.
3278:.
3244:.
3215:.
3182:.
3149:.
3120:.
3091:.
3066:.
3062::
3054::
3031:.
3006:.
2977:.
2963::
2955::
2928:.
2902:.
2881:.
2866::
2858::
2831:.
2809::
2777:.
2732:.
2706:.
2702::
2694::
2671:.
2657::
2649::
2619:.
2615::
2607::
2584:.
2546:.
2521:.
2515::
2507::
2478:.
2443:.
2410:.
2377:.
2351:.
2324:.
2310::
2302::
2275:.
2269::
2261::
2234:.
2220::
2212::
2180:.
2146:.
2117:.
2085:.
2056:.
2023:.
1954:.
1925:.
1892:.
1858:.
1827:.
1796:.
1490:/
1406:/
1226:h
1222:Z
1199:r
1196:d
1192:Z
708:e
701:t
694:v
31:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
