873:
1225:. These dust storms can extend over larger areas than those on Earth, sometimes encircling the planet, with wind speeds as high as 25 m/s (60 mph). However, given Mars' much lower atmospheric pressure (roughly 1% that of Earth's), the intensity of Mars storms could never reach the kind of hurricane-force winds that are experienced on Earth. Martian dust storms are formed when solar heating warms the Martian atmosphere and causes the air to move, lifting dust off the ground. The chance for storms is increased when there are great temperature variations like those seen at the equator during the Martian summer.
41:
726:
1083:
61:
989:
1214:
1176:
895:
A study from 2008 finds that the initial saltation of sand particles induces a static electric field by friction. Saltating sand acquires a negative charge relative to the ground which in turn loosens more sand particles which then begin saltating. This process has been found to double the number of
922:
In desert areas, dust and sand storms are most commonly caused by either thunderstorm outflows, or by strong pressure gradients which cause an increase in wind velocity over a wide area. The vertical extent of the dust or sand that is raised is largely determined by the stability of the atmosphere
888:. As they repeatedly strike the ground, they loosen and break off smaller particles of dust which then begin to travel in suspension. At wind speeds above that which causes the smallest to suspend, there will be a population of dust grains moving by a range of mechanisms: suspension, saltation and
1171:
Dust storms cause soil loss from the drylands, and worse, they preferentially remove organic matter and the nutrient-rich lightest particles, thereby reducing agricultural productivity. Also, the abrasive effect of the storm damages young crop plants. Dust storms also reduce visibility, affecting
1760:
Park, Jeong Woong; Lim, Young Hee; Kyung, Sun Young; An, Chang Hyeok; Lee, Sang Pyo; Jeong, Seong Hwan; Ju, Young-Su (2005). "Effects of ambient particulate matter on peak expiratory flow rates and respiratory symptoms of asthmatics during Asian dust periods in Korea".
1079:. Levels of Saharan dust coming off the east coast of Africa in June 2007 were five times those observed in June 2006, and were the highest observed since at least 1999, which may have cooled Atlantic waters enough to slightly reduce hurricane activity in late 2007.
999:
A sandstorm can transport and carry large volumes of sand unexpectedly. Dust storms can carry large amounts of dust, with the leading edge being composed of a wall of thick dust as much as 1.6 km (5,200 ft) high. Dust and sand storms which come off the
1183:
Dust can also have beneficial effects where it deposits: Central and South
American rainforests get significant quantities of mineral nutrients from the Sahara; iron-poor ocean regions get iron; and dust in Hawaii increases
856:, or places where sand is a more prevalent soil type than dirt or rock, when, in addition to fine particles obscuring visibility, a considerable amount of larger sand particles are blown closer to the surface. The term
2044:
Yu, Hongbin; Chin, Mian; Yuan, Tianle; Bian, Huisheng; Remer, Lorraine A.; Prospero, Joseph M.; Omar, Ali; Winker, David; Yang, Yuekui; Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Zhibo; Zhao, Chun (2015-03-28).
1425:
1299:
899:
Particles become loosely held mainly due to a prolonged drought or arid conditions, and high wind speeds. Gust fronts may be produced by the outflow of rain-cooled air from an intense
2046:"The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations"
2146:
841:
system, are increasing the size and frequency of dust storms from desert margins and changing both the local and global climate, as well as impacting local economies.
1818:
Perez, Laura; Tobias, Aurelio; Querol, Xavier; Künzli, Nino; Pey, Jorge; Alastuey, Andrés; Viana, Mar; Valero, Natalia; González-Cabré, Manuel; Sunyer, Jordi (2008).
1867:
Lee, Hyewon; Kim, Ho; Honda, Yasushi; Lim, Youn-Hee; Yi, Seungmuk (2013). "Effect of Asian dust storms on daily mortality in seven metropolitan cities of Korea".
1362:
884:
As the force of dust passing over loosely held particles increases, particles of sand first start to vibrate, then to move across the surface in a process called
1582:
1045:. Sahara dust is frequently emitted into the Mediterranean atmosphere and transported by the winds sometimes as far north as central Europe and Great Britain.
1628:
1436:
2210:
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1303:
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2020:
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are highly fertile soils, but they are also a significant source of contemporary dust storms when soil-securing vegetation is disturbed.
931:. In other instances, dust (but not sand) may be lifted as high as 6,000 m (20,000 ft). Dust storms are a major health hazard.
1903:
1411:
665:
1562:
1068:. In Mauritania there were just two dust storms a year in the early 1960s; there are about 80 a year since 2007, according to English
1600:
1453:
Koren, Ilan; Kaufman, Yoram J; Washington, Richard; Todd, Martin C; Rudich, Yinon; Martins, J Vanderlei; Rosenfeld, Daniel (2006).
1105:
spores in the ground are blown into the atmosphere by the storms with the minute particles and interact with urban air pollution.
2233:
2277:
2150:
1328:
2108:"سلامت ۳۸ میلیون ایرانی تحت تاثیر عوارض گردوغبار قرار دارد - خبرگزاری مهر | اخبار ایران و جهان | Mehr News Agency"
2175:
655:
1537:
Pericleous, Koulis; et al. (2006). "Airborne
Transport of Saharan Dust to the Mediterranean and to the Atlantic".
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712:
660:
1579:
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instability resulting from cooler air riding over heated ground can maintain the dust storm initiated at the front.
1625:
642:
2246:
1455:"The Bodélé depression: A single spot in the Sahara that provides most of the mineral dust to the Amazon forest"
860:
is more likely to be used when finer particles are blown long distances, especially when the dust storm affects
872:
540:
1804:
1048:
Saharan dust storms have increased approximately 10-fold during the half-century since the 1950s, causing
908:
20:
2240:
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1132:
storms suggesting that long-transported dust storm particles adversely affects the circulatory system.
1090:
1072:
702:
27:
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1672:"Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health"
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growth. In northern China as well as the mid-western U.S., ancient dust storm deposits known as
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34:
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are the main terrestrial sources of airborne dust. It has been argued that poor management of
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1204:
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319:
243:
1939:
927:. In some cases, dust and sand may be confined to a relatively-shallow layer by a low-lying
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2057:
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1915:
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1503:
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972:. In a semi-arid climate, these practices increase susceptibility to dust storms. However,
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1159:("dry eyes") which, in severe cases without immediate and proper treatment, can lead to
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Dust storms have also been shown to increase the spread of disease across the globe.
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Middleton, N. J.; Goudie, A. S. (2001). "Saharan dust: Sources and trajectories".
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Handbook of
Drought and Water Scarcity: Management of Drought and Water Scarcity
40:
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907:: that is, a cold front that is moving into a dry air mass and is producing no
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Short-term effects of exposure to desert dust include immediate increased
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1978:
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Dust storms are not limited to Earth and have also been known to form on
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33:"Black blizzard" redirects here. For the Yoshihiro Tatsumi manga, see
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1412:"Wildfires often lead to dust storms – and they're getting bigger"
1300:"Airborne Dust: A Hazard to Human Health, Environment and Society"
1721:"Desert dust: An unrecognized source of dangerous air pollution?"
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and grazing practices by exposing the dust and sand to the wind.
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2149:. National Aeronautics And Space Administration. Archived from
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373:
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135:
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2122:"Discovery Monitoring and Predicting Extraterrestrial Weather"
952:
One poor farming practice which contributes to dust storms is
16:
Meteorological phenomenon common in arid and semi-arid regions
1387:"Electric Sand Findings, University of Michigan Jan. 6, 2008"
1189:
1053:
1015:
968:
when storms strike at particularly vulnerable times prior to
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years in the U.S. Following the passage of a dry cold front,
831:
827:
807:
and suspension, a process that moves soil from one place and
588:
525:
187:
180:
2220:
Photos of the April 14 1935 and
September 2 1934 dust storms
1151:; silicosis is an incurable condition that may also lead to
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938:
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792:
780:
605:
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392:
83:
1646:"NASA: Saharan Dust Has Chilling Effect on North Atlantic"
1452:
1356:"Physics, Mechanics and Processes of Dust and Sandstorms"
1302:. WMO - Bulletin: Vol 64 (2) - 2015. 2022. Archived from
600:
1820:"Coarse Particles from Saharan Dust and Daily Mortality"
1195:
Iranian cities existence are challenged by dust storms.
1029:
desert is a key source of dust storms, particularly the
1817:
941:
contribute to the emergence of dust storms, as do poor
1962:"A Review of Corneal Blindness: Causes and Management"
1136:
is the result of large amounts of dust being inhaled.
876:
Animation showing the global movement of dust from an
803:
from a dry surface. Fine particles are transported by
983:
1580:
Environment: Around the Globe, Farmers Losing Ground
1496:
Transactions of the
Institute of British Geographers
1022:, with occurrences being most common in the summer.
911:—the type of dust storm which was common during the
956:. Particularly poor dryland farming techniques are
2124:. National Science foundation. 22 September 2009.
1626:Scientists examine African dust link to hurricanes
1014:(həbūb) is a sandstorm prevalent in the region of
1718:
1568:. The United Nations Environment Programme. 2022.
1128:from long-transported dust from both Saharan and
923:above the ground as well as by the weight of the
2254:
1536:
1316:
26:"Sandstorm" redirects here. For other uses, see
2200:12-hour U.S. map of surface dust concentrations
1493:
2043:
1866:
1759:
1353:
903:. Or, the wind gusts may be produced by a dry
2147:"The Fact and Fiction of Martian Dust Storms"
748:
1598:
1959:
1563:"Global Assessment of Sand and Dust Storms"
1960:Tidke, Shivangi C; Tidake, Pravin (2022).
1317:Eslamian, Saeid; Eslamian, Faezeh (2017).
1139:Prolonged and unprotected exposure of the
896:particles predicted by previous theories.
755:
741:
59:
1995:
1977:
1835:
1736:
1695:
1478:
1147:, which, if left untreated, will lead to
1904:"Desert dust and human health disorders"
1212:
1174:
1081:
987:
976:practices may be implemented to control
871:
39:
2241:Photos of a sandstorm in Riyadh in 2009
1669:
1033:and an area covering the confluence of
44:An aerial view of a sandstorm over the
2255:
2172:"THEMIS keeps an eye on Mars for dust"
2018:
1901:
1539:Environmental Modelling and Simulation
2235:University of Arizona Dust Model Page
1349:
1347:
1209:Atmosphere of Mars § Dust storms
848:is used most often in the context of
2021:"Saharan Dust Feeds Amazon's Plants"
1217:Orbital view of a Martian dust storm
13:
1719:Sandstrom, T; Forsberg, B (2008).
1361:. Adelaide University, Australia.
1344:
1205:Climate of Mars § Dust storms
1172:aircraft and road transportation.
1166:
984:Physical and environmental effects
787:regions. Dust storms arise when a
14:
2289:
2193:
1578:Brown, Lester R. (June 27, 2007)
1435:. State of Oregon. Archived from
992:Dust storm in Sahara, painted by
949:can lead to dust storms as well.
1775:10.1111/j.1440-1843.2005.00728.x
1682:(3): 459–77, table of contents.
724:
2178:from the original on 2013-07-03
2164:
2139:
2128:from the original on 2014-12-11
2114:
2100:
2037:
2012:
1953:
1895:
1860:
1811:
1797:
1753:
1712:
1663:
1652:from the original on 2017-05-31
1638:
1618:
1592:
1572:
1555:
1393:from the original on 2016-05-20
1368:from the original on 2015-06-05
1143:in a dust storm can also cause
852:dust storms, especially in the
1889:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.06.046
1530:
1487:
1459:Environmental Research Letters
1446:
1418:
1404:
1389:. Eurekalert.org. 2008-01-07.
1379:
1310:
1292:
1155:. There is also the danger of
1008:or simoon (sîmūm, sîmūn). The
1:
2278:Hazards of outdoor recreation
2247:Dust storm in Phoenix Arizona
2243:from the BBC Newsbeat website
1676:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1285:
2050:Geophysical Research Letters
1928:10.1016/j.envint.2013.10.011
1837:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818131cf
1807:. Fast Facts for Kids. 2022.
1738:10.1097/EDE.0b013e31818809e0
1624:Loney, Jim (August 9, 2007)
1480:10.1088/1748-9326/1/1/014005
1179:Sandstorm on road to Karbala
1089:shrouded in dust during the
7:
1648:. Nasa.gov. December 2007.
1228:
652:Severe weather terminology
114:Temperate and polar seasons
21:Dust storm (disambiguation)
10:
2294:
2019:Garner, Rob (2015-02-24).
1902:Goudie, Andrew S. (2014).
1202:
1198:
1157:keratoconjunctivitis sicca
1091:2009 Australian dust storm
960:or not having established
32:
28:Sandstorm (disambiguation)
25:
18:
1908:Environment International
1433:Emergency Management Plan
867:
837:, such as neglecting the
777:meteorological phenomenon
74:
58:
53:
65:A sandstorm approaching
2228:Portal to Texas History
1869:Atmospheric Environment
1670:Griffin, D. W. (2007).
1516:10.1111/1475-5661.00013
1004:are locally known as a
1218:
1180:
1094:
996:
881:
713:Tropical cyclone terms
48:
35:Black Blizzard (manga)
1426:"Dust Storms Chapter"
1306:on December 18, 2023.
1216:
1203:Further information:
1178:
1112:and worsening of the
1085:
991:
929:temperature inversion
875:
320:Extratropical cyclone
244:Air-mass thunderstorm
43:
2070:10.1002/2015GL063040
1979:10.7759/cureus.30097
1688:10.1128/CMR.00039-06
1116:in individuals with
1077:University of Oxford
814:The arid regions of
680:Weather modification
278:Anticyclonic tornado
19:For other uses, see
2062:2015GeoRL..42.1984Y
1920:2014EnInt..63..101G
1881:2013AtmEn..79..510L
1541:. EMS-2006: 54–59.
1508:2001TrIBG..26..165M
1471:2006ERL.....1a4005K
1414:. 18 November 2022.
1354:Squires, Victor R.
1260:List of dust storms
1075:, professor at the
994:George Francis Lyon
675:Weather forecasting
511:Rain and snow mixed
337:Subtropical cyclone
2213:2020-04-16 at the
1631:2016-12-20 at the
1585:2016-12-20 at the
1245:Dust storm warning
1235:Coccidioidomycosis
1219:
1181:
1141:respiratory system
1095:
997:
882:
731:Weather portal
347:Atlantic hurricane
325:European windstorm
232:Volcanic lightning
193:Cumulonimbus cloud
49:
1599:Brown, Lester R.
1330:978-1-351-85113-8
1270:Saharan Air Layer
1031:Bodélé Depression
974:soil conservation
958:intensive tillage
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2207:Dust in the Wind
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2056:(6): 1984–1991.
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2010:
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1999:
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1938:. Archived from
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1603:. Archived from
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791:or other strong
771:, also called a
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342:Tropical cyclone
254:Dry thunderstorm
149:Tropical seasons
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811:it in another.
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69:April 27, 2005.
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2194:External links
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2011:
1972:(10): e30097.
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1607:on 2007-06-29
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1601:"Losing Soil"
1595:
1589:. ipsnews.net
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1073:Andrew Goudie
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2273:Road hazards
2234:
2206:
2180:. Retrieved
2166:
2155:. Retrieved
2151:the original
2141:
2130:. Retrieved
2116:
2102:
2053:
2049:
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2024:
2014:
1969:
1965:
1955:
1944:. Retrieved
1940:the original
1911:
1907:
1897:
1872:
1868:
1862:
1827:
1824:Epidemiology
1823:
1813:
1805:"Dust Facts"
1799:
1766:
1762:
1755:
1728:
1725:Epidemiology
1724:
1714:
1679:
1675:
1665:
1654:. Retrieved
1640:
1620:
1609:. Retrieved
1605:the original
1594:
1574:
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1538:
1532:
1499:
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1437:the original
1432:
1420:
1406:
1395:. Retrieved
1381:
1370:. Retrieved
1334:. Retrieved
1319:
1312:
1304:the original
1294:
1265:Mineral dust
1220:
1194:
1182:
1170:
1149:asphyxiation
1138:
1120:, increased
1107:
1096:
1066:Burkina Faso
1047:
1024:
1009:
998:
978:wind erosion
970:revegetation
951:
933:
925:particulates
921:
901:thunderstorm
898:
894:
883:
857:
845:
843:
824:Central Asia
816:North Africa
813:
795:blows loose
772:
768:
766:
484:Diamond dust
408:Winter storm
363:
239:Thunderstorm
46:Namib Desert
2263:Dust storms
2249:via YouTube
1914:: 101–113.
1875:: 510–517.
1763:Respirology
1153:lung cancer
1060:, northern
966:cover crops
862:urban areas
698:Meteorology
633:Meteorology
521:Snow roller
516:Snow grains
479:Ice pellets
428:Snow squall
359:Storm surge
305:Anticyclone
261:Mesocyclone
249:Thundersnow
198:Arcus cloud
82:and spread
2257:Categories
2182:2013-11-21
2174:. THEMIS.
2157:2015-09-18
2132:2013-11-21
2030:2023-03-09
1946:2019-12-12
1656:2016-12-04
1611:2007-06-29
1502:(2): 165.
1397:2016-12-04
1372:2007-07-29
1336:4 December
1286:References
1255:Iberulites
1130:Asian dust
1070:geographer
1035:Mauritania
917:convective
905:cold front
878:Asian dust
858:dust storm
789:gust front
779:common in
769:dust storm
692:Glossaries
628:Jet stream
567:Convection
553:Atmosphere
501:Cloudburst
364:Dust storm
330:Nor'easter
300:Fire whirl
295:Dust devil
288:Waterspout
215:Heat burst
210:Microburst
168:Wet season
156:Dry season
78:May cause
54:Dust storm
2094:131476017
2078:0094-8276
1988:2168-8184
1635:. Reuters
1161:blindness
1145:silicosis
1126:morbidity
1122:mortality
947:Wildfires
913:Dust Bowl
886:saltation
846:sandstorm
844:The term
805:saltation
785:semi-arid
773:sandstorm
623:Heat wave
618:Cold wave
562:Chemistry
413:Ice storm
403:Firestorm
315:Polar low
283:Landspout
266:Supercell
227:Lightning
205:Downburst
161:Harmattan
95:Part of
2211:Archived
2176:Archived
2126:Archived
2006:36381769
1936:24275707
1854:21092037
1846:18938653
1791:39768807
1783:16135170
1747:18854705
1706:17630335
1650:Archived
1629:Archived
1583:Archived
1391:Archived
1363:Archived
1240:Dry line
1229:See also
1186:plantain
1110:symptoms
1099:Bacteria
1052:loss in
1020:Khartoum
835:drylands
809:deposits
494:Freezing
455:Freezing
418:Blizzard
97:a series
80:coughing
2222:in the
2086:1225157
2058:Bibcode
1997:9643016
1916:Bibcode
1877:Bibcode
1697:1932751
1524:3650666
1504:Bibcode
1467:Bibcode
1280:Sirocco
1199:On Mars
1062:Nigeria
1050:topsoil
1043:Algeria
1018:around
943:farming
935:Drought
832:Earth's
775:, is a
648:Extreme
594:Physics
584:Climate
572:Physics
462:Graupel
450:Drizzle
398:Sirocco
381:Monsoon
352:Typhoon
310:Cyclone
273:Tornado
220:Derecho
105:Weather
67:Al Asad
2092:
2084:
2076:
2004:
1994:
1986:
1966:Cureus
1934:
1852:
1844:
1789:
1781:
1745:
1704:
1694:
1545:
1522:
1327:
1250:Haboob
1207:, and
1118:asthma
1103:fungus
1087:Sydney
1064:, and
1041:, and
1027:Sahara
1011:haboob
1006:simoom
880:storm.
868:Causes
850:desert
839:fallow
656:Canada
611:Season
541:Topics
386:Amihan
374:Haboob
369:Simoom
181:Storms
136:Autumn
131:Summer
126:Spring
121:Winter
75:Effect
2090:S2CID
1850:S2CID
1787:S2CID
1566:(PDF)
1520:JSTOR
1440:(PDF)
1429:(PDF)
1366:(PDF)
1359:(PDF)
1190:loess
1054:Niger
1016:Sudan
962:crops
890:creep
828:China
661:Japan
589:Cloud
577:River
526:Slush
188:Cloud
2082:OSTI
2074:ISSN
2025:NASA
2002:PMID
1984:ISSN
1932:PMID
1842:PMID
1779:PMID
1743:PMID
1702:PMID
1543:ISBN
1338:2017
1325:ISBN
1223:Mars
1124:and
1101:and
1058:Chad
1039:Mali
1025:The
939:wind
937:and
826:and
801:dirt
799:and
797:sand
793:wind
783:and
781:arid
643:List
606:Mist
506:Snow
489:Rain
467:Hail
393:Gale
84:dust
2066:doi
1992:PMC
1974:doi
1924:doi
1885:doi
1832:doi
1771:doi
1733:doi
1692:PMC
1684:doi
1512:doi
1475:doi
964:or
601:Fog
2259::
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1500:26
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