Tsunami - Knowledge

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seismic tsunamis, the only differences being 1) that meteotsunamis lack the transoceanic reach of significant seismic tsunamis, and 2) that the force that displaces the water is sustained over some length of time such that meteotsunamis cannot be modelled as having been caused instantaneously. In spite of their lower energies, on shorelines where they can be amplified by resonance, they are sometimes powerful enough to cause localised damage and potential for loss of life. They have been documented in many places, including the Great Lakes, the Aegean Sea, the English Channel, and the Balearic Islands, where they are common enough to have a local name,

2062: 1959: 2043: 1239:(from crest to crest) of about 100 metres (330 ft) and a height of roughly 2 metres (6.6 ft), a tsunami in the deep ocean has a much larger wavelength of up to 200 kilometres (120 mi). Such a wave travels at well over 800 kilometres per hour (500 mph), but owing to the enormous wavelength the wave oscillation at any given point takes 20 or 30 minutes to complete a cycle and has an amplitude of only about 1 metre (3.3 ft). This makes tsunamis difficult to detect over deep water, where ships are unable to feel their passage. 1209: 306: 2078: 1819: 5232: 570: 6120: 2215: 776: 760: 6141: 2313: 2299: 741: 792: 2119: 1862: 5221: 40: 6130: 63: 279:, but the understanding of tsunamis remained slim until the 20th century, and much remains unknown. Major areas of current research include determining why some large earthquakes do not generate tsunamis while other smaller ones do. This ongoing research is designed to help accurately forecast the passage of tsunamis across oceans as well as how tsunami waves interact with shorelines. 1217: 2036:. It monitors Pacific Ocean seismic activity. A sufficiently large earthquake magnitude and other information triggers a tsunami warning. While the subduction zones around the Pacific are seismically active, not all earthquakes generate a tsunami. Computers assist in analysing the tsunami risk of every earthquake that occurs in the Pacific Ocean and the adjoining land masses. 445:. Tsunamis and tides both produce waves of water that move inland, but in the case of a tsunami, the inland movement of water may be much greater, giving the impression of an incredibly high and forceful tide. In recent years, the term "tidal wave" has fallen out of favour, especially in the scientific community, because the causes of tsunamis have nothing to do with those of 1303:

Pacific coasts of the United States and Mexico lie adjacent to each other, but the United States has recorded ten tsunamis in the region since 1788, while Mexico has recorded twenty-five since 1732. Similarly, Japan has had more than a hundred tsunamis in recorded history, while the neighbouring island of Taiwan has registered only two, in 1781 and 1867.

951:, Alaska, caused the highest wave ever recorded, which had a height of 524 metres (1,719 ft). The wave did not travel far as it struck land almost immediately. The wave struck three boats—each with two people aboard—anchored in the bay. One boat rode out the wave, but the wave sank the other two, killing both people aboard one of them. 1324:

However, if the first part to arrive is a trough, a drawback will occur as the shoreline recedes dramatically, exposing normally submerged areas. The drawback can exceed hundreds of metres, and people unaware of the danger sometimes remain near the shore to satisfy their curiosity or to collect fish from the exposed seabed.

806:(often hundreds of kilometres long, whereas normal ocean waves have a wavelength of only 30 or 40 metres), which is why they generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell usually about 300 millimetres (12 in) above the normal sea surface. They grow in height when they reach shallower water, in a 4558:, 2006, Summary report of the Great Sumatra Earthquakes and Indian Ocean tsunamis of December 26, 2004 and March 28, 2005: Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, EERI Publication #2006-06, 11 chapters, 100-page summary, plus CD-ROM with complete text and supplementary photographs, EERI Report 2006–06. 1327:

A typical wave period for a damaging tsunami is about twelve minutes. Thus, the sea recedes in the drawback phase, with areas well below sea level exposed after three minutes. For the next six minutes, the wave trough builds into a ridge which may flood the coast, and destruction ensues. During the

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About 80% of tsunamis occur in the Pacific Ocean, but they are possible wherever there are large bodies of water, including lakes. However, tsunami interactions with shorelines and the seafloor topography are extremely complex, which leaves some countries more vulnerable than others. For example, the

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Debate has persisted over the origins and source mechanisms of these types of tsunamis, such as those generated by Krakatoa in 1883, and they remain lesser understood than their seismic relatives. This poses a large problem of awareness and preparedness, as exemplified by the eruption and collapse of

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The principal generation mechanism of a tsunami is the displacement of a substantial volume of water or perturbation of the sea. This displacement of water is usually caused by earthquakes, but can also be attributed to landslides, volcanic eruptions, glacier calvings or more rarely by meteorites and

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The velocity of a tsunami can be calculated by obtaining the square root of the depth of the water in metres multiplied by the acceleration due to gravity (approximated to 10 m/s). For example, if the Pacific Ocean is considered to have a depth of 5000 metres, the velocity of a tsunami would be

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conditions, especially rapid changes in barometric pressure, as seen with the passing of a front, can displace bodies of water enough to cause trains of waves with wavelengths. These are comparable to seismic tsunamis, but usually with lower energies. Essentially, they are dynamically equivalent to

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The first scale that genuinely calculated a magnitude for a tsunami, rather than an intensity at a particular location was the ML scale proposed by Murty & Loomis based on the potential energy. Difficulties in calculating the potential energy of the tsunami mean that this scale is rarely used.

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analyse each earthquake and based on many factors may or may not issue a tsunami warning. However, there are some warning signs of an impending tsunami, and automated systems can provide warnings immediately after an earthquake in time to save lives. One of the most successful systems uses bottom

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Tsunamis can be generated when the sea floor abruptly deforms and vertically displaces the overlying water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular kind of earthquake that are associated with the Earth's crustal deformation; when these earthquakes occur beneath the sea, the water above the deformed

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to warn the population before the wave reaches land. On the west coast of the United States, which is prone to tsunamis from the Pacific Ocean, warning signs indicate evacuation routes. In Japan, the populace is well-educated about earthquakes and tsunamis, and along Japanese shorelines, tsunami

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In general, landslides generate displacements mainly in the shallower parts of the coastline, and there is conjecture about the nature of large landslides that enter the water. This has been shown to subsequently affect water in enclosed bays and lakes, but a landslide large enough to cause a

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have a positive and negative peak; that is, a ridge and a trough. In the case of a propagating wave like a tsunami, either may be the first to arrive. If the first part to arrive at the shore is the ridge, a massive breaking wave or sudden flooding will be the first effect noticed on land.

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indicate that the energy of the explosions does not easily generate the kind of deep, all-ocean waveforms which are tsunamis; most of the energy creates steam, causes vertical fountains above the water, and creates compressional waveforms. Tsunamis are hallmarked by permanent large vertical

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was completely surrounded by a tsunami wall, but the waves washed right over the wall and destroyed all the wood-framed structures in the area. The wall may have succeeded in slowing down and moderating the height of the tsunami, but it did not prevent major destruction and loss of life.

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broadcast a 15-minute programme on tsunamis as part of its weekly Science in the News series. The programme included an interview with an NOAA official who oversees the agency's tsunami warning system. A transcript and MP3 of the programme, intended for English learners, can be found at

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The cause, in my opinion, of this phenomenon must be sought in the earthquake. At the point where its shock has been the most violent the sea is driven back, and suddenly recoiling with redoubled force, causes the inundation. Without an earthquake I do not see how such an accident could

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for waves created by landslides entering bodies of water has become internationally widespread in both scientific and popular literature, although such waves are distinct in origin from large waves generated by earthquakes. This distinction sometimes leads to the use of other terms for

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Amplitude, Wave Height, or Tsunami Height: Refers to the height of a tsunami relative to the normal sea level at the time of the tsunami, which may be tidal High Water, or Low Water. It is different from the crest-to-trough height which is commonly used to measure other type of wave

1113:, which are local increases in sea level associated with the low barometric pressure of passing tropical cyclones, nor should they be confused with setup, the temporary local raising of sea level caused by strong on-shore winds. Storm surges and setup are also dangerous causes of 65: 1986:, Thailand with her parents and sister, and having learned about tsunamis recently in school, told her family that a tsunami might be imminent. Her parents warned others minutes before the wave arrived, saving dozens of lives. She credited her geography teacher, Andrew Kearney. 69: 68: 64: 1228:. They cause damage by two mechanisms: the smashing force of a wall of water travelling at high speed, and the destructive power of a large volume of water draining off the land and carrying a large amount of debris with it, even with waves that do not appear to be large. 70: 2114:

As a direct result of the Indian Ocean tsunami, a re-appraisal of the tsunami threat for all coastal areas is being undertaken by national governments and the United Nations Disaster Mitigation Committee. A tsunami warning system is being installed in the Indian Ocean.

1299:. Run up is measured in metres above a reference sea level. A large tsunami may feature multiple waves arriving over a period of hours, with significant time between the wave crests. The first wave to reach the shore may not have the highest run-up. 1834:

Run-up Height, or Inundation Height: The height reached by a tsunami on the ground above sea level, Maximum run-up height refers to the maximum height reached by water above sea level, which is sometimes reported as the maximum height reached by a

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from an earthquake or a tsunami. If correct, monitoring their behaviour could provide advance warning of earthquakes and tsunamis. However, the evidence is controversial and is not widely accepted. There are unsubstantiated claims about the

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in 1998 (Tappin, 2001). The Grand Banks and Papua New Guinea tsunamis came from earthquakes which destabilised sediments, causing them to flow into the ocean and generate a tsunami. They dissipated before travelling transoceanic distances.

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is the "tsunami height" in metres, averaged along the nearest coastline, with the tsunami height defined as the rise of the water level above the normal tidal level at the time of occurrence of the tsunami. This scale, known as the

2200:) may have heard the sounds of the tsunami as it approached the coast. The elephants' reaction was to move away from the approaching noise. By contrast, some humans went to the shore to investigate and many drowned as a result. 2153:

countries collaborate in the Tsunami Warning System and most regularly practise evacuation and other procedures. In Japan, such preparation is mandatory for government, local authorities, emergency services and the population.

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Drawbacks can serve as a brief warning. People who observe drawback (many survivors report an accompanying sucking sound) can survive only if they immediately run for high ground or seek the upper floors of nearby buildings.

449:, which are produced by the gravitational pull of the moon and sun rather than the displacement of water. Although the meanings of "tidal" include "resembling" or "having the form or character of" tides, use of the term 242:, although this usage is not favoured by the scientific community because it might give the false impression of a causal relationship between tides and tsunamis. Tsunamis generally consist of a series of waves, with 1438: 250:". Wave heights of tens of metres can be generated by large events. Although the impact of tsunamis is limited to coastal areas, their destructive power can be enormous, and they can affect entire ocean basins. The 1653:

In 2013, following the intensively studied tsunamis in 2004 and 2011, a new 12-point scale was proposed, the Integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS-2012), intended to match as closely as possible to the modified

2248:, has produced ever-more elaborate countermeasures and response plans. The country has built many tsunami walls of up to 12 metres (39 ft) high to protect populated coastal areas. Other localities have built 1781: 1841:(Maximum) Water Level: Maximum height above sea level as seen from trace or water mark. Different from maximum run-up height in the sense that they are not necessarily water marks at inundation line/limit. 1328:

next six minutes, the wave changes from a ridge to a trough, and the flood waters recede in a second drawback. Victims and debris may be swept into the ocean. The process repeats with succeeding waves.

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compresses the wave and its speed decreases below 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). Its wavelength diminishes to less than 20 kilometres (12 mi) and its amplitude grows enormously—in accord with

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It is still regarded that lateral landslides and ocean-entering pyroclastic currents are most likely to generate the largest and most hazardous waves from volcanism; however, field investigation of the

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lagoon. Fired about 6 km (3.7 mi) from the nearest island, the waves there were no higher than 3–4 m (9.8–13.1 ft) upon reaching the shoreline. Other underwater tests, mainly

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of up to 15.5 metres (51 ft) high and channels to redirect the water from an incoming tsunami. However, their effectiveness has been questioned, as tsunamis often overtop the barriers.

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in Italy. The resulting wave surged over the 262-metre (860 ft)-high dam by 250 metres (820 ft) and destroyed several towns. Around 2,000 people died. Scientists named these waves

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Svennevig, Kristian; Hermanns, Reginald L.; Keiding, Marie; Binder, Daniel; Citterio, Michelle; Dahl-Jensen, Trine; Mertl, Stefan; Sørensen, Erik Vest; Voss, Peter H. (23 July 2022).

4524: 3515:"Dickson, Ian, "60 Years Ago: The 1958 Earthquake and Lituya Bay Megatsunami," University of Alaska Fairbanks Alaska Earthquake Center, July 13, 2018 Retrieved December 2, 2018" 1644: 1604: 1564: 1524: 1475: 1702: 947:. These large volumes of rapidly displaced water transfer energy at a faster rate than the water can absorb. Their existence was confirmed in 1958, when a giant landslide in 924:

4.2) earthquakes in Japan can trigger tsunamis (called local and regional tsunamis) that can devastate stretches of coastline, but can do so in only a few minutes at a time.

3582:"Evaluation of the threat of mega tsunami generation from postulated massive slope failures of the island volcanoes on La Palma, Canary Islands, and on the island of Hawaii" 1993:

drawback was not reported on the African coast or any other east-facing coasts that it reached. This was because the initial wave moved downwards on the eastern side of the

1257:≈ 224 metres per second (730 ft/s), which equates to a speed of about 806 kilometres per hour (501 mph). This is the formula used for calculating the velocity of 413:. The term has become commonly accepted in English, although its literal Japanese meaning is not necessarily descriptive of the waves, which do not occur only in harbours. 860:

The cause of the Storegga sediment failure is unknown. Possibilities include an overloading of the sediments, an earthquake or a release of gas hydrates (methane etc.).

1106:. Some examples of destructive meteotsunamis include 31 March 1979 at Nagasaki and 15 June 2006 at Menorca, the latter causing damage in the tens of millions of euros. 1315:

An illustration of the rhythmic "drawback" of surface water associated with a wave. It follows that a very large drawback may herald the arrival of a very large wave.

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26.10.15–19) described the typical sequence of a tsunami, including an incipient earthquake, the sudden retreat of the sea and a following gigantic wave, after the

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Tsunami intensity mapping: applying the integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS2012) on Ishinomaki Bay Coast after the mega-tsunami of Tohoku, March 11, 2011

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fired two 20 kilotonnes of TNT (84 TJ) bombs, one in the air and one underwater, above and below the shallow (50 m (160 ft)) waters of the

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As with earthquakes, several attempts have been made to set up scales of tsunami intensity or magnitude to allow comparison between different events.

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on the island of Hawaii with a 14-metre high (46 ft) surge. Between 165 and 173 were killed. The area where the earthquake occurred is where the

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about the causes of tsunami, and was the first to argue that ocean earthquakes must be the cause. The oldest human record of a tsunami dates back to

4694:: Tsunamis. Entstehung, Geschichte, Prävention, (Tsunami development, history and prevention) C.H. Beck, Munich 2013 (C.H. Beck Reihe Wissen 2770), 2021:

warning signs remind people of the natural hazards along with a network of warning sirens, typically at the top of the cliffs of surrounding hills.

4812: 4488: 2909: 2271:) totalling 25 kilometres (16 mi) long at coastal towns. The 2011 tsunami toppled more than 50% of the walls and caused catastrophic damage. 615:

and tsunami. The tsunami claimed more than 123,000 lives in Sicily and Calabria and is among the deadliest natural disasters in modern Europe. The

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that some animals escaped to higher ground, while many other animals in the same areas drowned. The phenomenon was also noted by media sources in

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would sail out, and encounter no unusual waves while out at sea fishing, and come back to land to find their village devastated by a huge wave.

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in severe weather but their dynamics are completely unrelated to tsunami waves. They are unable to propagate beyond their sources, as waves do.

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Haugen, K; Lovholt, F; Harbitz, C (2005). "Fundamental mechanisms for tsunami generation by submarine mass flows in idealised geometries".

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was among the deadliest natural disasters in human history, with at least 230,000 people killed or missing in 14 countries bordering the

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Lekkas E.; Andreadakis E.; Kostaki I. & Kapourani E. (2013). "A Proposal for a New Integrated Tsunami Intensity Scale (ITIS-2012)".

1292:. Open bays and coastlines adjacent to very deep water may shape the tsunami further into a step-like wave with a steep-breaking front. 1261:

waves. Even the deep ocean is shallow in this sense because a tsunami wave is so long (horizontally from crest to crest) by comparison.

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submergence, caldera collapse, or underwater explosions. Tsunamis have been triggered by a number of volcanic eruptions, including the

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The 365 A.D. Tsunami Destruction of Alexandria, Egypt: Erosion, Deformation of Strata and Introduction of Allochthonous Material

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region is also accustomed to tsunamis, with earthquakes of varying magnitudes regularly occurring off the coast of the island.

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can predict tsunami arrival, usually within minutes of the arrival time. Bottom pressure sensors can relay information in

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There have been studies of the potential of the induction of and at least one actual attempt to create tsunami waves as a

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impacts, and the weather when the atmospheric pressure changes very rapidly—can generate such waves by displacing water.

171:) is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water, generally in an ocean or a 5303: 3514: 441:. This once-popular term derives from the most common appearance of a tsunami, which is that of an extraordinarily high 6008: 5435: 5323: 4077:"Tsunami Quantification: how we measure the overall size of tsunami (Review of tsunami intensity and magnitude scales)" 2929:"A large frozen debris avalanche entraining warming permafrost ground—the June 2021 Assapaat landslide, West Greenland" 2256: 943:

In the 1950s, it was discovered that tsunamis larger than had previously been believed possible can be caused by giant

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process described below. A tsunami can occur in any tidal state and even at low tide can still inundate coastal areas.

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can also cause displacement of the seabed, but only the largest of such events (typically related to flexure in the

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move abruptly, resulting in water displacement, owing to the vertical component of movement involved. Movement on

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Flow Depth: Refers to the height of tsunami above ground, regardless of the height of the location or sea level.

1055:. Over 20% of all fatalities caused by volcanism during the past 250 years are estimated to have been caused by 6123: 5716: 4895: 2025: 1905: 1883: 458: 791: 3927:(third ed.). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense; Energy Research and Development Administration. 3072: 2157:

Along the United States west coast, in addition to sirens, warnings are sent on television and radio via the

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transoceanic tsunami has not occurred within recorded history. Susceptible locations are believed to be the

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postcode=3001, corporateName=Bureau of Meteorology; address=GPO Box 1289, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.

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pressure sensors, attached to buoys, which constantly monitor the pressure of the overlying water column.

655:, thought to be triggered by an earthquake. The tsunami may have saved the colony from an invasion by the 410: 406: 6275: 4776: 3719: 2701: 1912: 1659: 978: 948: 199:

and other disturbances) above or below water all have the potential to generate a tsunami. Unlike normal

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A tsunami cannot be precisely predicted, even if the magnitude and location of an earthquake is known.

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Hayward, Matthew. W.; Whittaker, C. N.; Lane, E. M.; Power, W. L.; Popinet, S.; White, J.D.L. (2022).

3411:(1971). "Seismological evidence for a lithospheric normal faulting – the Sanriku earthquake of 1933". 1826:

Several terms are used to describe the different characteristics of tsunami in terms of their height:

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event mark it as the most devastating of its kind in modern times, killing around 230,000 people. The

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Diagram showing several measures to describe a tsunami size, including height, inundation and run-up

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When the tsunami's wave peak reaches the shore, the resulting temporary rise in sea level is termed

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area is displaced from its equilibrium position. More specifically, a tsunami can be generated when

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and parts of Europe. Of historical and current (with regard to risk assumptions) importance are the

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entitled "Forty Feet High and It Kills!" used the terms "tsunami" and "tidal wave" interchangeably.

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and upwards on the western side. The western pulse hit coastal Africa and other western areas.

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consideration of the idea using conventional explosives was explored. Nuclear testing in the

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Tsunamis are caused by earthquakes, landslides, volcanic explosions, glacier calvings, and

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The Fukushima Disaster and Japan’s Nuclear Plant Vulnerability in Comparative Perspective

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is not a completely accurate term, as forces other than earthquakes—including underwater

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Some zoologists hypothesise that some animal species have an ability to sense subsonic

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When the wave enters shallow water, it slows down and its amplitude (height) increases.

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Examples of tsunamis originating at locations away from convergent boundaries include

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is also used to refer to the phenomenon because the waves most often are generated by

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nuclear tests. However, the possibility of a meteorite causing a tsunami is debated.

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Series of water waves caused by the displacement of a large volume of a body of water

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is the maximum tsunami-wave amplitude (in m) measured by a tide gauge at a distance

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University of Hawaii Press, 1988, 1998, Tsunami! University of Hawai'i Press 1999,

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The wave further slows and amplifies as it hits land. Only the largest waves crest.

1146: 1114: 1044: 1034: 998: 933: 853: 715: 581: 564: 243: 85: 4588: 1153:, which attempted to create small tsunamis with explosives in the area of today's 6386: 5865: 5761: 5711: 5676: 5636: 5528: 5498: 5348: 5298: 5208: 5166: 5099: 5024: 4984: 4616: 4515: 4438: 4415: 4323: 4257: 3953: 3452: 3110: 3018: 2517: 2494: 2409: 2373: 2304: 1983: 1139: 1040: 990: 766: 505: 4796: 4388:"Journalist's Resource: Research for Reporting, from Harvard Shorenstein Center" 2556: 6339: 6255: 5975: 5970: 5875: 5870: 5706: 5646: 5641: 5373: 5263: 5084: 5019: 4994: 4529: 4319: 3925:

Shock effects of surface and subsurface bursts – The effects of nuclear weapons

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displacements of very large volumes of water which do not occur in explosions.

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Another landslide-tsunami event occurred in 1963 when a massive landslide from

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The first scales used routinely to measure the intensity of tsunamis were the

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The reason for the Japanese name "harbour wave" is that sometimes a village's

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Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned: Environmental and Societal Significance.

4102:, Canadian Translation of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 5077, (310 p). 3395: 6545: 6467: 6462: 6295: 6260: 6208: 6100: 6048: 5988: 5939: 5817: 5812: 5787: 5771: 5746: 5463: 5353: 5293: 5079: 4989: 4964: 4593:

Macey, Richard (January 1, 2005). "The Big Bang that Triggered A Tragedy,"

4113: 3767:"Multilayer modelling of waves generated by explosive subaqueous volcanism" 3646: 3637: 3612: 2400: – Volcano that has erupted 1000 cubic km of lava in a single eruption 2397: 2391: 2009: 1177: 1165: 1150: 1126: 1110: 1084: 1014: 1010: 970: 914: 830: 707: 669: 624: 255: 196: 4462:"The Earthquake and Tsunami of July 12, 1993 in the Sea of Japan/East Sea" 2267:, which is an area at high risk from tsunami, had tsunami barriers walls ( 219:, a tsunami is generated by the displacement of water from a large event. 6560: 6446: 6379: 6358: 6353: 6231: 6090: 5822: 5751: 5616: 5556: 5523: 5513: 5508: 5393: 5328: 5288: 5278: 5253: 5136: 5109: 5089: 5049: 5014: 4855: 4370:"Surviving the Tsunami: What Sri Lanka's animals knew that humans didn't" 3835: 2150: 1971: 963: 937: 849: 569: 409:

at the beginning of words, though the original Japanese pronunciation is

247: 192: 4887: 4822: 2388: – Standing wave in an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water 1433:{\displaystyle {\mathit {I}}={\frac {1}{2}}+\log _{2}{\mathit {H}}_{av}} 1067:, which killed 426 and injured thousands when no warning was available. 969:

Some geologists claim that large landslides from volcanic islands, e.g.

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in 563 CE, caused by sedimentary deposits destabilised by a landslide.

838: 803: 782: 751: 685: 638: 480:

activity such as earthquakes. Prior to the rise of the use of the term

442: 266: 176: 6140: 4837: 2312: 2244:, where tsunami science and response measures first began following a 1006: 6570: 6565: 6513: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6221: 6216: 5980: 5842: 5827: 5741: 5586: 5425: 5420: 5203: 5131: 5059: 4979: 4969: 4926: 4599:, p 11—quoting Dr Mark Leonard, seismologist at Geoscience Australia. 4581:

Lambourne, Helen (March 27, 2005). "Tsunami: Anatomy of a disaster."

2249: 2189: 2001: 1311: 1281: 1265: 1232: 955: 509: 501: 430: 373: 223: 200: 188: 3063: 2118: 1861: 1810:

scale match as closely as possible with the moment magnitude scale.

1160:

There has been considerable speculation on the possibility of using

6520: 6508: 6413: 6313: 6075: 5797: 5656: 5548: 5538: 5483: 4959: 4790: 4583: 4576: 4571:

Kenneally, Christine (December 30, 2004). "Surviving the Tsunami."

3727: 2223: 2197: 2049: 2029: 1776:{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}={a}\log h+{b}\log R+{\mathit {D}}} 1271:

As the tsunami approaches the coast and the waters become shallow,

1191:(shallow water) confirmed the results. Analysis of the effects of 1018: 974: 845: 652: 56: 4369: 6503: 6477: 6438: 6305: 6226: 5944: 5934: 5074: 4100:“Catalogue of tsunamis on the western shore of the Pacific Ocean” 2527: 2219: 2209: 2138: 2084: 1962:

Calculated travel time map for the 1964 Alaska tsunami (in hours)

589: 477: 48: 484:

in English, scientists generally encouraged the use of the term

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measures have been taken to reduce the damage caused onshore.

6334: 6288: 6013: 5832: 5611: 5566: 4193:

Estimate of Tsunami Run-up Heights from Earthquake Magnitudes

2803:"Tidal", The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary. 2241: 2088: 326: 312: 106: 97: 2330: – Dealing with all humanitarian aspects of emergencies 802:

Tsunamis have a small wave height offshore, and a very long

405:

by dropping the "t," since English does not natively permit

234:, a tsunami may instead initially resemble a rapidly rising 6471: 5445: 4509: 2552: 2123: 1320: 1216: 1135:

in 1917 triggered an 18-metre high tsunami in the harbour.

611:, each causing several tens of thousands of deaths and the 446: 426: 235: 212: 204: 112: 6186: 4407:

Phillip Lipscy, Kenji Kushida, and Trevor Incerti. 2013. "

4168:

Katsetsiadou, K.N., Andreadakis, E. and Lekkas, E., 2016.

3863: 2263:, when waves exceeded the height of the plant's sea wall. 222:

Tsunami waves do not resemble normal undersea currents or

127: 4608:

Tappin, D; 2001. Local tsunamis. Geoscientist. 11–8, 4–7.

4098:

Soloviev, S., & Go, N., 1974 (English transl. 1984),

3764: 3464: 3184:"Volcanic tsunamis: Why they are so difficult to predict" 2347: – peninsular mountain on New Zealand's South Island 504:, volcanic eruptions, underwater explosions, land or ice 216: 30:"Sunami" redirects here. For the hardcore punk band, see 4605:

from NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information

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tsunamis: tsunamis travel fast but not at infinite speed

3527: 3467:"The Mega-Tsunami of July 9, 1958 in Lituya Bay, Alaska" 1164:

to cause tsunamis near an enemy coastline. Even during

246:

ranging from minutes to hours, arriving in a so-called "

3977: 3102:

Stanley, Jean-Daniel & Jorstad, Thomas F. (2005), "

2610:"NASA Finds Japan Tsunami Waves Merged, Doubling Power" 2382: – Unexpectedly large transient ocean surface wave 1172:

by the United States seemed to generate poor results.

4797:

Recent and Historical Tsunami Events and Relevant Data

3864:

Monserrat, S.; Vilibíc, I.; Rabinovich, A. B. (2006).

3000:

Indian Ocean tsunami anniversary: Memorial events held

2717: 2715: 627:, predominantly and less to earthquake-induced waves. 354: 4538:

Dudley, Walter C. & Lee, Min (1988: 1st edition)

4459: 3332:"Are Ocean Asteroid Impacts Really a Serious Threat?" 2418: – Building designed to withstand extreme floods 1714: 1679: 1618: 1578: 1538: 1498: 1449: 1376: 139: 124: 103: 94: 4114:"NGDC/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database – NCEI" 3960:. United States Geographical Survey. 22 October 2008 3122: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2675:. Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington 2349:

Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback

2294: 1331: 118: 88: 4324:"Tsunami Warning Signs on the Enshu Coast of Japan" 3365:"Source Process of the Great 1977 Sumba Earthquake" 3039: 2712: 1120: 595:Tsunamis are an often underestimated hazard in the 130: 109: 100: 3579: 3556:"Italy Vajont anniversary: Night of the 'tsunami'" 3521: 1775: 1696: 1638: 1598: 1558: 1518: 1469: 1432: 5861:North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System 4623:Philippines warned to prepare for Japan's tsunami 4127: 3073:20.500.11820/635a4807-14c9-4044-9caa-8f8e3005cb24 3024: 2730: 2694:Fradin, Judith Bloom and Dennis Brindell (2008). 2336: – Worldwide campaign following 2004 tsunami 2278:, which struck within two to five minutes of the 584:of tsunamis, the sheer destruction caused by the 453:is discouraged by geologists and oceanographers. 6583: 4431: 4136:Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 2746:. Vol. 17 (2nd ed.). pp. 100–104. 2576: 238:. For this reason, it is often referred to as a 5851:Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis 4786:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 2412: – Sedimentary unit deposited by a tsunami 2016:Regions with a high tsunami risk typically use 765:Over-riding plate bulges under strain, causing 4827:National Centers for Environmental Information 4678:Earthquakes: simulations, sources and tsunamis 4434:"Iwate fisheries continue struggle to recover" 3922: 3547: 3458: 2726:“A History of the Peloponnesian War”, 3.89.1–4 2376: – Major volcanic eruption around 1600 BC 1280:. Since the wave still has the same very long 380: 331: 6172: 4903: 4838:Tsunami & Earthquake Research at the USGS 4612:Girl, 10, used geography lesson to save lives 3401: 2394: – Disproportionately large coastal wave 2196:. It is possible that certain animals (e.g., 2083:A Tsunami hazard sign (Spanish - English) in 1043:, volcanoes may be able to generate waves by 4815:– International Tsunami Information Center ( 4312: 3859: 3857: 3815:Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 3413:Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 3237: 3035:“A History of the Peloponnesian War”, 3.89.5 2908:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4318: 4070: 4068: 3978:Prof. Stephen A. Nelson (28 January 2009). 3807: 3801: 3501:"alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (S)" 3487:"alaskashipwreck.com Alaska Shipwrecks (B)" 3407: 3012:The 10 most destructive tsunamis in history 2687: 2579:"When icebergs capsize, tsunamis may ensue" 2168: 1845: 797:The energy released produces tsunami waves. 6179: 6165: 4910: 4896: 4851:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 4847:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 4493:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission 3711: 3348:. University of Washington. Archived from 2912:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2523:Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 1109:Meteotsunamis should not be confused with 841:(or being pushed downwards) under Alaska. 829:). It generated a tsunami which inundated 619:in the Norwegian Sea and some examples of 304: 230:is far longer. Rather than appearing as a 4917: 4367: 4352: 3948: 3946: 3923:Glasstone, Samuel; Dolan, Philip (1977). 3889: 3870:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3854: 3792: 3772:Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 3666: 3664: 3636: 3362: 3329: 3071: 2952: 2889:"Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre" 2886: 2441:. Harlow, England: Longman. p. 736. 1946:Learn how and when to remove this message 917:) that can cross entire oceans. Smaller ( 4883:Tsunami animation – Geoscience Australia 4874:Raw Video: Tsunami Slams Northeast Japan 4750:Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2007 4497:International Tsunami Information Centre 4065: 3905:"The Hauraki Gulf Marine Park, Part 2". 3898: 3613:"Source mechanisms of volcanic tsunamis" 3455:, Australian Geographic, March 18, 2011. 3021:, Australian Geographic, March 16, 2011. 2345:Kaikoura Canyon landslide tsunami hazard 2213: 2117: 1957: 1817: 1480:Soloviev-Imamura tsunami intensity scale 1310: 1288:, but rather appears like a fast-moving 1215: 1207: 586:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami 568: 420: 201:ocean waves, which are generated by wind 61: 38: 4801:Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory 4074: 3758: 3530:"The Vaiont (Vajont) landslide of 1963" 3528:Petley, Dave (Professor) (2008-12-11). 3346:"How do earthquakes generate tsunamis?" 3181: 2359:List of natural disasters by death toll 2102:Tsunami Evacuation Route signage along 1053:2022 Hunga Tonga–Hunga Ha'apai eruption 6584: 5182:one-dimensional Saint-Venant equations 4603:Interactive Map of Historical Tsunamis 4432:Fukada, Takahiro (21 September 2011). 4189: 3971: 3943: 3670: 3661: 2693: 2406: – Ancient Tsunami on Lake Geneva 2369:List of tsunamis affecting New Zealand 437:Tsunamis are sometimes referred to as 6160: 4891: 4390:. Content.hks.harvard.edu. 2012-05-30 3610: 3604: 3161:"Tsunami Locations & Occurrences" 3045: 2846:"Seismic Sea Wave – Tsunami Glossary" 2436: 1102:and in Nagasaki Bay, they are called 1028: 909:9.0) are recent examples of powerful 525:landslide-generated waves, including 207:, which are in turn generated by the 166: 6129: 4791:Caribbean Tsunami Information Centre 4525:The Ever-Present Threat of Tsunamis. 4420:Environmental Science and Technology 3958:Western Coastal & Marine Geology 3553: 3532:. The Landslide Blog. Archived from 3446:Facts and figures: how tsunamis form 3294: 3182:Krieger, Lisa M. (15 January 2022). 2741: 1884:adding citations to reliable sources 1855: 621:tsunamis affecting the British Isles 456:A 1969 episode of the TV crime show 4401: 4368:Kenneally, Christine (2004-12-30). 4112:Center, National Geophysical Data. 3717: 3580:Pararas-Carayannis, George (2002). 3317:10.1146/annurev.fl.19.010187.001245 2577:Barbara Ferreira (April 17, 2011). 1665: 1339: 465: 13: 6009:National Oceanographic Data Center 5436:World Ocean Circulation Experiment 5324:Global Ocean Data Analysis Project 4632: 4111: 3736:10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00058-4 3465:George Pararas-Carayannis (1999). 2261:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 2257:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 1813: 1768: 1718: 1683: 1639:{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}} 1622: 1599:{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}} 1582: 1559:{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}} 1542: 1519:{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}} 1502: 1470:{\displaystyle {\mathit {H}}_{av}} 1453: 1416: 1379: 1203: 913:that generated tsunamis (known as 601:1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami 14: 6603: 5856:Global Sea Level Observing System 4761: 4733:Numerical Modeling of Water Waves 2831:"Forty Feet High and It Kills!" 2234:In some tsunami-prone countries, 2175:Infrasound § Animal reaction 1697:{\displaystyle {\mathit {M}}_{t}} 1332:Scales of intensity and magnitude 1078: 958:entered the reservoir behind the 580:While Japan may have the longest 6139: 6128: 6119: 6118: 5314:Geochemical Ocean Sections Study 5230: 5219: 4355:"Tsunami: Anatomy of a disaster" 3297:Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 3048:"Ammianus and the Great Tsunami" 2939:(11). Springer Link: 2549–2567. 2704:. pp. 42–43. Archived from 2439:Longman pronunciation dictionary 2311: 2297: 2095: 2076: 2060: 2041: 1860: 1806:are constants used to make the M 1121:Human-made or triggered tsunamis 790: 785:and releasing energy into water. 774: 758: 739: 644:History of the Peloponnesian War 605:Azores–Gibraltar Transform Fault 272:History of the Peloponnesian War 269:suggested in his 5th century BC 84: 6044:Ocean thermal energy conversion 5767:Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis 4842:United States Geological Survey 4453: 4425: 4380: 4361: 4353:Lambourne, Helen (2005-03-27). 4346: 4298: 4278: 4264: 4250: 4236: 4183: 4162: 4105: 4092: 4047: 4029: 4011: 4001:"Tsunamis in the United States" 3993: 3931: 3916: 3573: 3507: 3493: 3479: 3439: 3363:Lynnes, C. S.; Lay, T. (1988), 3356: 3338: 3323: 3288: 3231: 3201: 3175: 3153: 3147:10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2004.10.016 3116: 3005: 2993: 2969: 2920: 2880: 2859: 2838: 2825: 2813: 2797: 2776: 2770: 2665: 1871:needs additional citations for 3295:Voit, S.S (1987). "Tsunamis". 2744:'Tsunamis' in Greek Literature 2651: 2629: 2602: 2570: 2541: 2510: 2495:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 2482: 2456: 2430: 2259:was directly triggered by the 2026:Pacific Tsunami Warning System 515: 355: 282: 275:that tsunamis were related to 1: 4482: 3724:The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes 2697:Witness to Disaster: Tsunamis 2203: 1662:earthquake intensity scales. 927: 700: 574:Lisbon earthquake and tsunami 416: 6541:Potentially hazardous object 5304:El Niño–Southern Oscillation 5274:Craik–Leibovich vortex force 5030:Luke's variational principle 4823:Tsunami Data and Information 4748:Tsunami and Nonlinear Waves, 4746:Harvey Segur, Anjan Kundu, 4642:. Springer, Dordrecht 2009, 4638:Boris Levin, Mikhail Nosov: 3433:10.1016/0031-9201(71)90013-6 3372:Geophysical Research Letters 3126:Marine and Petroleum Geology 3052:The Journal of Roman Studies 2423: 2194:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 1367:" according to the formula: 1361:Imamura-Iida intensity scale 1098:. In Sicily they are called 1039:Other than by landslides or 889:2004 Indian Ocean earthquake 7: 4777:Japan Meteorological Agency 4705:Walter C. Dudley, Min Lee: 4535:. retrieved March 29, 2005. 4460:George Pararas-Carayannis. 3247:European Journal of Physics 2702:National Geographic Society 2673:"What does "tsunami" mean?" 2290: 2280:earthquake on July 12, 1993 1306: 1147:New Zealand Military Forces 979:Cumbre Vieja tsunami hazard 819:Aleutian Islands earthquake 813:On April 1, 1946, the 8.6 M 720:normal (extensional) faults 528:landslide-triggered tsunami 10: 6608: 5369:Ocean dynamical thermostat 5217: 4680:. Birkhäuser, Basel 2008, 3912:. 3 March 2010. p. 9. 3586:Science of Tsunami Hazards 3380:American Geophysical Union 3267:10.1088/0143-0807/26/3/007 3163:. National Weather Service 3002:26 December 2014, BBC News 2954:10.1007/s10346-022-01922-7 2784:"Definition of Tidal Wave" 2742:Smid, T. C. (April 1970). 2659:"Definition of Tidal Wave" 2639:. University of Washington 2276:Okushiri, Hokkaidō tsunami 2207: 2172: 2067:A tsunami warning sign in 1849: 1197:deep underwater explosions 1124: 1082: 1032: 609:1783 Calabrian earthquakes 562: 558: 287: 29: 18: 6533: 6496: 6455: 6437: 6406: 6399: 6367: 6333: 6326: 6304: 6274: 6240: 6207: 6198: 6114: 5953: 5927: 5904:Ocean acoustic tomography 5889: 5841: 5780: 5717:Mohorovičić discontinuity 5675: 5547: 5444: 5309:General circulation model 5239: 4945:Benjamin–Feir instability 4925: 4856:Wave That Shook The World 4596:The Sydney Morning Herald 3891:10.5194/nhess-6-1035-2006 3794:10.5194/nhess-22-617-2022 3554:Duff, Mark (2013-10-10). 2615:Jet Propulsion Laboratory 1991:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 1049:1883 eruption of Krakatoa 691: 651:, in the Greek colony of 603:(which was caused by the 381: 366: 348: 343: 339: 332: 325: 320: 303: 299: 294: 252:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 152: 45:2004 Indian Ocean tsunami 6034:Ocean surface topography 5409:Thermohaline circulation 5399:Subsurface ocean current 5339:Hydrothermal circulation 5172:Wave–current interaction 4950:Boussinesq approximation 3808:Battershill, L. (2021). 3238:Margaritondo, G (2005). 2821:Dictionary.reference.com 2809:Dictionary.reference.com 2805:Houghton Mifflin Company 2169:Possible animal reaction 2159:National Weather Service 1846:Warnings and predictions 1673:tsunami magnitude scale 1155:Shakespear Regional Park 865:1960 Valdivia earthquake 821:occurred with a maximum 372:The term "tsunami" is a 187:(including detonations, 162:'harbour wave', 21:Tsunami (disambiguation) 6071:Sea surface temperature 6054:Outline of oceanography 5249:Atmospheric circulation 5187:shallow water equations 5177:Waves and shallow water 5070:Significant wave height 4832:World's Tallest Tsunami 4775:page (in English) from 3677:Bulletin Volcanologique 3396:10.1029/JB093iB11p13407 2437:Wells, John C. (1990). 2048:Tsunami hazard sign at 2018:tsunami warning systems 936:was a large tsunami on 848:about 8,000 years ago, 748:tectonic plate boundary 623:refer to landslide and 613:1908 Messina earthquake 6066:Sea surface microlayer 5431:Wind generated current 4807:History & Research 4653:Kontar, Y. A. et al.: 4514:In June 2011, the VOA 4174:Research in Geophysics 3909:The New Zealand Herald 3718:Day, Simon J. (2015). 3671:Latter, J. H. (1981). 3638:10.1098/rsta.2014.0380 2416:Tsunami-proof building 2340:Index of wave articles 2236:earthquake engineering 2231: 2163:Emergency Alert System 2131: 2130:tsunami warning system 2122:One of the deep water 1970:In 2004, ten-year-old 1963: 1852:Tsunami warning system 1823: 1777: 1698: 1640: 1600: 1560: 1520: 1471: 1434: 1316: 1221: 1213: 1170:Pacific Proving Ground 1157:; the attempt failed. 911:megathrust earthquakes 900:2011 Tōhoku earthquake 878:1964 Alaska earthquake 666: 577: 434: 75: 59: 5899:Deep scattering layer 5881:World Geodetic System 5389:Princeton Ocean Model 5269:Coriolis–Stokes force 4919:Physical oceanography 4868:News & animations 3730:. pp. 993–1009. 3046:Kelly, Gavin (2004). 2549:"Tsunami Terminology" 2334:Higher Ground Project 2217: 2173:Further information: 2121: 1961: 1821: 1778: 1699: 1641: 1601: 1561: 1521: 1485:This formula yields: 1472: 1435: 1314: 1219: 1211: 1145:In World War II, the 1065:Anak Krakatoa in 2018 781:Plate slips, causing 661: 641:inquired in his book 572: 425:Tsunami aftermath in 424: 277:submarine earthquakes 185:underwater explosions 73: 42: 5919:Underwater acoustics 5479:Perigean spring tide 5344:Langmuir circulation 5055:Rossby-gravity waves 4813:IOC Tsunami Glossary 4489:IOC Tsunami Glossary 4422:47 (May), 6082–6088. 4055:"Tsunamis in Taiwan" 4019:"Tsunamis in Mexico" 3836:10.1029/2021JB022855 2700:. Washington, D.C.: 2469:Macmillan Dictionary 2364:Lists of earthquakes 2328:Emergency management 1880:improve this article 1794:from the epicentre, 1712: 1677: 1616: 1576: 1536: 1496: 1447: 1374: 1355:(1962), used in the 1174:Operation Crossroads 945:submarine landslides 674:Ammianus Marcellinus 520:The use of the term 74:3D tsunami animation 19:For other uses, see 6081:Science On a Sphere 5687:Convergent boundary 5359:Modular Ocean Model 5319:Geostrophic current 5035:Mild-slope equation 4640:Physics of tsunamis 4506:Tsunami Terminology 4306:"Tsunami Amplitude" 4148:2013BuSSA.103.1493L 4037:"Tsunamis in Japan" 3982:. Tulane University 3954:"Life of a Tsunami" 3882:2006NHESS...6.1035M 3828:2021JGRB..12622855B 3785:2022NHESS..22..617H 3720:"Volcanic Tsunamis" 3689:1981BVol...44..467L 3629:2015RSPTA.37340380P 3617:Phil. Trans. R. Soc 3425:1971PEPI....4..289K 3388:1988JGR....9313407L 3382:: 13, 407–13, 420, 3309:1987AnRFM..19..217V 3259:2005EJPh...26..401M 3213:National Geographic 3139:2005MarPG..22..209H 2945:2022Lands..19.2549S 2807:. 11 November 2008. 1705:, calculated from, 1671:Abe introduced the 1189:Hardtack I/Umbrella 6192:list by death toll 5737:Seafloor spreading 5727:Outer trench swell 5692:Divergent boundary 5592:Continental margin 5577:Carbonate platform 5474:Lunitidal interval 4692:Linda Maria Koldau 4676:Kristy F. Tiampo: 4466:www.drgeorgepc.com 4414:2013-10-29 at the 4244:"Tsunami Glossary" 4156:10.1785/0120120099 3697:10.1007/BF02600578 3611:Paris, R. (2015). 3451:2013-11-05 at the 3330:Tia Ghose (2014). 3109:2017-05-25 at the 3017:2013-12-04 at the 2232: 2132: 1978:, England, was on 1964: 1824: 1773: 1694: 1636: 1596: 1556: 1516: 1467: 1430: 1317: 1222: 1214: 1029:Volcanic eruptions 1003:Cape Verde Islands 823:Mercalli intensity 724:outer trench swell 631:As early as 426 BC 578: 435: 376:from the Japanese 209:gravitational pull 181:volcanic eruptions 76: 60: 6579: 6578: 6556:Geomagnetic storm 6529: 6528: 6395: 6394: 6322: 6321: 6266:Soil liquefaction 6188:Natural disasters 6154: 6153: 6146:Oceans portal 6106:World Ocean Atlas 6096:Underwater glider 6039:Ocean temperature 5702:Hydrothermal vent 5667:Submarine volcano 5602:Continental shelf 5582:Coastal geography 5572:Bathymetric chart 5454:Amphidromic point 5142:Wave nonlinearity 5000:Infragravity wave 4767:Reporting Centers 4756:978-3-540-71255-8 4735:CRC Press, 2004, 4723:978-0-8248-1969-9 4700:978-3-406-64656-0 4686:978-3-7643-8756-3 4671:978-94-007-7269-4 4663:978-94-007-7268-7 4648:978-1-4020-8855-1 4328:Shore & Beach 4203:978-0-7923-3483-5 4142:(2B): 1493–1502. 3219:on April 12, 2021 2498:. Merriam-Webster 2448:978-0-582-05383-0 1956: 1955: 1948: 1930: 1395: 1357:Mediterranean Sea 1187:(deep water) and 1133:Halifax Explosion 1017:on the island of 657:Achaemenid Empire 597:Mediterranean Sea 534:displacement wave 370: 369: 362: 361: 197:meteorite impacts 168:[tsɯnami] 161: 71: 6599: 6488:Tropical cyclone 6482:Tornado outbreak 6404: 6403: 6331: 6330: 6284:Pyroclastic flow 6276:Volcano eruption 6205: 6204: 6181: 6174: 6167: 6158: 6157: 6144: 6143: 6132: 6131: 6122: 6121: 6061:Pelagic sediment 5999:Marine pollution 5793:Deep ocean water 5662:Submarine canyon 5597:Continental rise 5489:Rule of twelfths 5404:Sverdrup balance 5334:Humboldt Current 5259:Boundary current 5234: 5223: 5040:Radiation stress 5010:Iribarren number 4985:Equatorial waves 4940:Ballantine scale 4935:Airy wave theory 4912: 4905: 4898: 4889: 4888: 4878:Associated Press 4729:Charles L. Mader 4657:Springer, 2014. 4520:Voice of America 4476: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4429: 4423: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4395: 4384: 4378: 4377: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4350: 4344: 4343: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4293: 4292: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4268: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4240: 4234: 4233: 4227: 4223: 4221: 4213: 4211: 4210: 4187: 4181: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4131: 4125: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4109: 4103: 4096: 4090: 4089: 4087: 4086: 4081: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3988: 3987: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3965: 3950: 3941: 3935: 3929: 3928: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3876:(6): 1035–1051. 3861: 3852: 3851: 3850:on June 3, 2023. 3846:. Archived from 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3762: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3752: 3715: 3709: 3708: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3640: 3608: 3602: 3601: 3599: 3597: 3577: 3571: 3570: 3568: 3567: 3551: 3545: 3544: 3542: 3541: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3511: 3505: 3504: 3497: 3491: 3490: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3474: 3473: 3462: 3456: 3443: 3437: 3436: 3405: 3399: 3398: 3369: 3360: 3354: 3353: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3283: 3277:. Archived from 3244: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3226: 3224: 3215:. Archived from 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3188:The Mercury News 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3168: 3157: 3151: 3150: 3133:(1–2): 209–217. 3120: 3114: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3075: 3058:(141): 141–167. 3043: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2988: 2987: 2973: 2967: 2966: 2956: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2907: 2899: 2897: 2895: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2873: 2863: 2857: 2856: 2854: 2852: 2842: 2836: 2829: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2801: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2761: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2739: 2728: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2691: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2680: 2669: 2663: 2662: 2655: 2649: 2648: 2646: 2644: 2633: 2627: 2626: 2624: 2622: 2606: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2596: 2587:. Archived from 2574: 2568: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2555:. Archived from 2545: 2539: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2514: 2508: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2486: 2480: 2479: 2477: 2476: 2460: 2454: 2453:Entry: "tsunami" 2452: 2434: 2404:Tauredunum event 2354:List of tsunamis 2350: 2321: 2316: 2315: 2307: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2265:Iwate Prefecture 2246:disaster in 1896 2099: 2080: 2064: 2054:British Columbia 2045: 1951: 1944: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1888: 1864: 1856: 1782: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1772: 1771: 1753: 1736: 1728: 1727: 1722: 1721: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1695: 1693: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1666:Magnitude scales 1645: 1643: 1642: 1637: 1635: 1634: 1626: 1625: 1605: 1603: 1602: 1597: 1595: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1565: 1563: 1562: 1557: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1545: 1525: 1523: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1514: 1506: 1505: 1476: 1474: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1465: 1457: 1456: 1439: 1437: 1436: 1431: 1429: 1428: 1420: 1419: 1409: 1408: 1396: 1388: 1383: 1382: 1340:Intensity scales 1256: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1115:coastal flooding 1045:pyroclastic flow 1035:Volcanic tsunami 934:Tauredunum event 854:Papua New Guinea 794: 778: 762: 743: 716:plate boundaries 710:associated with 582:recorded history 576:in November 1755 565:List of tsunamis 549:, and, simply, 540:non-seismic wave 508:into the ocean, 498:seismic sea wave 492:. However, like 486:seismic sea wave 473:seismic sea wave 466:Seismic sea wave 412: 408: 404: 396: 384: 383: 358: 357: 341: 340: 335: 334: 308: 292: 291: 193:glacier calvings 170: 165: 156: 154: 143: 137: 136: 133: 132: 129: 126: 121: 120: 115: 114: 111: 108: 105: 102: 99: 96: 91: 90: 72: 6607: 6606: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6597: 6596: 6582: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6525: 6492: 6456:Cyclonic storms 6451: 6433: 6391: 6387:Limnic eruption 6363: 6337: 6318: 6306:Natural erosion 6300: 6270: 6244: 6236: 6194: 6185: 6155: 6150: 6138: 6110: 5949: 5923: 5885: 5866:Sea-level curve 5837: 5776: 5762:Transform fault 5712:Mid-ocean ridge 5678: 5671: 5637:Oceanic plateau 5543: 5529:Tidal resonance 5499:Theory of tides 5440: 5349:Longshore drift 5299:Ekman transport 5235: 5229: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5225: 5224: 5215: 5167:Wave turbulence 5100:Trochoidal wave 5025:Longshore drift 4921: 4916: 4764: 4635: 4633:Further reading 4617:Telegraph.co.uk 4518:service of the 4516:Special English 4485: 4480: 4479: 4470: 4468: 4458: 4454: 4445: 4443: 4439:The Japan Times 4430: 4426: 4416:Wayback Machine 4406: 4402: 4393: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4381: 4366: 4362: 4351: 4347: 4317: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4290: 4288: 4284: 4283: 4279: 4270: 4269: 4265: 4258:"Tsunami Terms" 4256: 4255: 4251: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4225: 4224: 4215: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4190:Abe K. (1995). 4188: 4184: 4167: 4163: 4132: 4128: 4118: 4116: 4110: 4106: 4097: 4093: 4084: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4017: 4016: 4012: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3985: 3983: 3976: 3972: 3963: 3961: 3952: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3932: 3921: 3917: 3904: 3903: 3899: 3862: 3855: 3806: 3802: 3763: 3759: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3716: 3712: 3669: 3662: 3609: 3605: 3595: 3593: 3578: 3574: 3565: 3563: 3552: 3548: 3539: 3537: 3526: 3522: 3513: 3512: 3508: 3499: 3498: 3494: 3485: 3484: 3480: 3471: 3469: 3463: 3459: 3453:Wayback Machine 3444: 3440: 3406: 3402: 3367: 3361: 3357: 3344: 3343: 3339: 3328: 3324: 3293: 3289: 3281: 3242: 3236: 3232: 3222: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3180: 3176: 3166: 3164: 3159: 3158: 3154: 3121: 3117: 3111:Wayback Machine 3101: 3097: 3064:10.2307/4135013 3044: 3040: 3029: 3025: 3019:Wayback Machine 3010: 3006: 2998: 2994: 2985: 2983: 2975: 2974: 2970: 2925: 2921: 2901: 2900: 2893: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2860: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2843: 2839: 2830: 2826: 2818: 2814: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2781: 2777: 2771: 2759: 2758: 2749: 2748: 2740: 2731: 2720: 2713: 2692: 2688: 2678: 2676: 2671: 2670: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2652: 2642: 2640: 2635: 2634: 2630: 2620: 2618: 2608: 2607: 2603: 2594: 2592: 2575: 2571: 2562: 2560: 2547: 2546: 2542: 2532: 2530: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2488: 2487: 2483: 2474: 2472: 2462: 2461: 2457: 2449: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2421: 2410:Tsunami deposit 2374:Minoan eruption 2348: 2317: 2310: 2305:Tsunamis portal 2303: 2298: 2296: 2293: 2212: 2206: 2177: 2171: 2135:Computer models 2110: 2100: 2091: 2081: 2072: 2065: 2056: 2046: 1952: 1941: 1935: 1932: 1889: 1887: 1877: 1865: 1854: 1848: 1816: 1814:Tsunami heights 1809: 1767: 1766: 1749: 1732: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1709: 1688: 1682: 1681: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1668: 1627: 1621: 1620: 1619: 1617: 1614: 1613: 1587: 1581: 1580: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1533: 1507: 1501: 1500: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1493: 1458: 1452: 1451: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1421: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1404: 1400: 1387: 1378: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1342: 1334: 1309: 1253: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1231:While everyday 1206: 1204:Characteristics 1162:nuclear weapons 1140:tectonic weapon 1131:The accidental 1129: 1123: 1087: 1081: 1041:sector collapse 1037: 1031: 930: 923: 908: 897: 886: 874: 816: 798: 795: 786: 779: 770: 767:tectonic uplift 763: 754: 744: 714:or destructive 703: 694: 567: 561: 518: 468: 433:, December 2004 419: 316: 290: 285: 163: 141: 123: 117: 93: 87: 83: 62: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 6605: 6595: 6594: 6577: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6568: 6563: 6558: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6527: 6526: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6506: 6500: 6498: 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6485: 6475: 6465: 6459: 6457: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6410: 6408: 6401: 6400:Meteorological 6397: 6396: 6393: 6392: 6390: 6389: 6384: 6383: 6382: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6362: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6319: 6317: 6316: 6310: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6280: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6268: 6263: 6258: 6256:Seismic hazard 6252: 6250: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6213: 6211: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6169: 6161: 6152: 6151: 6149: 6148: 6136: 6126: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6093: 6088: 6086:Stratification 6083: 6078: 6073: 6068: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5978: 5976:Color of water 5973: 5971:Benthic lander 5968: 5963: 5957: 5955: 5951: 5950: 5948: 5947: 5942: 5937: 5931: 5929: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5906: 5901: 5895: 5893: 5887: 5886: 5884: 5883: 5878: 5876:Sea level rise 5873: 5871:Sea level drop 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5847: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5784: 5782: 5778: 5777: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5739: 5734: 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5707:Marine geology 5704: 5699: 5694: 5689: 5683: 5681: 5673: 5672: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5649: 5647:Passive margin 5644: 5642:Oceanic trench 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5574: 5569: 5564: 5559: 5553: 5551: 5545: 5544: 5542: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5376: 5374:Ocean dynamics 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5286: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5266: 5264:Coriolis force 5261: 5256: 5251: 5245: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5190: 5189: 5184: 5174: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5085:Stokes problem 5082: 5077: 5072: 5067: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5020:Kinematic wave 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4929: 4923: 4922: 4915: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4892: 4886: 4885: 4880: 4870: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4853: 4844: 4835: 4829: 4820: 4809: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4794: 4788: 4779: 4769: 4768: 4763: 4762:External links 4760: 4759: 4758: 4744: 4726: 4703: 4689: 4674: 4651: 4634: 4631: 4630: 4629: 4620: 4609: 4606: 4600: 4591: 4579: 4569: 4552: 4536: 4527: 4512: 4503: 4484: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4452: 4424: 4400: 4379: 4374:Slate Magazine 4360: 4345: 4311: 4297: 4277: 4263: 4249: 4235: 4202: 4182: 4161: 4126: 4104: 4091: 4064: 4059:Worlddata.info 4046: 4041:Worlddata.info 4028: 4010: 3992: 3970: 3942: 3930: 3915: 3897: 3853: 3800: 3779:(2): 617–637. 3757: 3744: 3710: 3683:(3): 467–490. 3660: 3603: 3572: 3546: 3520: 3506: 3492: 3478: 3457: 3438: 3419:(4): 298–300. 3400: 3355: 3352:on 2007-02-03. 3337: 3322: 3303:(1): 217–236. 3287: 3284:on 2019-02-19. 3253:(3): 401–407. 3230: 3200: 3174: 3152: 3115: 3095: 3038: 3023: 3004: 2992: 2968: 2919: 2879: 2858: 2837: 2824: 2812: 2796: 2775: 2769: 2729: 2711: 2708:on 2012-04-06. 2686: 2664: 2650: 2628: 2601: 2569: 2540: 2509: 2481: 2455: 2447: 2428: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2420: 2419: 2413: 2407: 2401: 2395: 2389: 2383: 2377: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2342: 2337: 2331: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2308: 2292: 2289: 2228:Mie Prefecture 2205: 2202: 2181:Rayleigh waves 2170: 2167: 2145:) and coastal 2112: 2111: 2104:U.S. Route 101 2101: 2094: 2092: 2082: 2075: 2073: 2066: 2059: 2057: 2047: 2040: 2006:oceanographers 1954: 1953: 1868: 1866: 1859: 1847: 1844: 1843: 1842: 1839: 1836: 1832: 1815: 1812: 1807: 1784: 1783: 1770: 1765: 1762: 1759: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1745: 1742: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1726: 1720: 1691: 1685: 1667: 1664: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1607: 1593: 1590: 1584: 1567: 1553: 1550: 1544: 1527: 1513: 1510: 1504: 1464: 1461: 1455: 1441: 1440: 1427: 1424: 1418: 1412: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1394: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1341: 1338: 1333: 1330: 1308: 1305: 1205: 1202: 1122: 1119: 1091:meteorological 1083:Main article: 1080: 1079:Meteorological 1077: 1033:Main article: 1030: 1027: 1023:Canary Islands 983:Canary Islands 929: 926: 921: 906: 895: 884: 872: 814: 800: 799: 796: 789: 787: 780: 773: 771: 764: 757: 755: 745: 738: 702: 699: 693: 690: 682:365 AD tsunami 617:Storegga Slide 560: 557: 517: 514: 467: 464: 418: 415: 368: 367: 364: 363: 360: 359: 352: 346: 345: 344:Transcriptions 337: 336: 329: 323: 322: 318: 317: 309: 301: 300: 297: 296: 289: 286: 284: 281: 226:because their 53:Krabi Province 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6604: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6564: 6562: 6559: 6557: 6554: 6552: 6551:Meteor shower 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6538: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6511: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6501: 6499: 6495: 6489: 6486: 6483: 6479: 6476: 6473: 6469: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6460: 6458: 6454: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6411: 6409: 6405: 6402: 6398: 6388: 6385: 6381: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6373: 6372: 6370: 6366: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6349:Coastal flood 6347: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6336: 6332: 6329: 6325: 6315: 6312: 6311: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6290: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6273: 6267: 6264: 6262: 6259: 6257: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6243: 6239: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6206: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6177: 6175: 6170: 6168: 6163: 6162: 6159: 6147: 6142: 6137: 6135: 6127: 6125: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6092: 6089: 6087: 6084: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6074: 6072: 6069: 6067: 6064: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6015: 6012: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5994:Marine energy 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5984: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5961:Acidification 5959: 5958: 5956: 5952: 5946: 5943: 5941: 5938: 5936: 5933: 5932: 5930: 5926: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5914:SOFAR channel 5912: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5785: 5783: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5722:Oceanic crust 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5698: 5697:Fracture zone 5695: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5632:Oceanic basin 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5573: 5570: 5568: 5565: 5563: 5562:Abyssal plain 5560: 5558: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5485: 5482: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5469:Internal tide 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5451: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5415: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5372: 5370: 5367: 5365: 5364:Ocean current 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5285: 5282: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5272: 5270: 5267: 5265: 5262: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5238: 5233: 5222: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5188: 5185: 5183: 5180: 5179: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5168: 5165: 5163: 5162:Wave shoaling 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5122:Ursell number 5120: 5118: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5005:Internal wave 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4955:Breaking wave 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4924: 4920: 4913: 4908: 4906: 4901: 4899: 4894: 4893: 4890: 4884: 4881: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4867: 4866: 4863: 4862: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4834:– geology.com 4833: 4830: 4828: 4824: 4821: 4818: 4814: 4811: 4810: 4806: 4805: 4802: 4798: 4795: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4773:Tsunami alert 4771: 4770: 4766: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4741:0-8493-2311-8 4738: 4734: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4715:0-8248-1125-9 4712: 4708: 4704: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4636: 4628: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4618: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4604: 4601: 4598: 4597: 4592: 4590: 4586: 4585: 4580: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4564:1-932884-19-X 4561: 4557: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4547:0-8248-1125-9 4544: 4541: 4537: 4534: 4531: 4528: 4526: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4498: 4495:(IOC) at the 4494: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4441: 4440: 4435: 4428: 4421: 4417: 4413: 4410: 4404: 4389: 4383: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4307: 4301: 4287: 4281: 4273: 4267: 4259: 4253: 4245: 4239: 4231: 4219: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4186: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4165: 4157: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4130: 4115: 4108: 4101: 4095: 4078: 4071: 4069: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4024: 4020: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3981: 3974: 3959: 3955: 3949: 3947: 3939: 3934: 3926: 3919: 3911: 3910: 3901: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3860: 3858: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3804: 3795: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3761: 3747: 3745:9780123859389 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3667: 3665: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3607: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3576: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3536:on 2013-12-06 3535: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3510: 3502: 3496: 3488: 3482: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3450: 3447: 3442: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3404: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3366: 3359: 3351: 3347: 3341: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3280: 3276: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3241: 3234: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3162: 3156: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3127: 3119: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3099: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3020: 3016: 3013: 3008: 3001: 2996: 2982: 2978: 2972: 2964: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2923: 2915: 2911: 2905: 2890: 2883: 2868: 2862: 2847: 2841: 2834: 2833:Hawaii Five-O 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2806: 2800: 2785: 2779: 2773: 2765: 2753: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2690: 2674: 2668: 2660: 2654: 2638: 2637:"Tsunami 101" 2632: 2617: 2616: 2611: 2605: 2591:on 2011-11-04 2590: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2573: 2559:on 2011-02-25 2558: 2554: 2550: 2544: 2529: 2525: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2497: 2496: 2491: 2485: 2471: 2470: 2465: 2459: 2450: 2444: 2440: 2433: 2429: 2417: 2414: 2411: 2408: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2396: 2393: 2390: 2387: 2384: 2381: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2346: 2343: 2341: 2338: 2335: 2332: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319:Oceans portal 2314: 2309: 2306: 2295: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2269:Taro sea wall 2266: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2237: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2211: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2155: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2129: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2093: 2090: 2086: 2079: 2074: 2070: 2063: 2058: 2055: 2051: 2044: 2039: 2038: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2022: 2019: 2014: 2011: 2010:seismologists 2007: 2003: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1987: 1985: 1981: 1980:Maikhao beach 1977: 1973: 1968: 1960: 1950: 1947: 1939: 1928: 1925: 1921: 1918: 1914: 1911: 1907: 1904: 1900: 1897: – 1896: 1892: 1891:Find sources: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1869:This Section 1867: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1853: 1840: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1820: 1811: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1740: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1724: 1708: 1707: 1706: 1704: 1689: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1648: 1646:= 22.5 metres 1631: 1628: 1611: 1608: 1591: 1588: 1571: 1568: 1551: 1548: 1531: 1528: 1511: 1508: 1491: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1462: 1459: 1425: 1422: 1410: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1389: 1384: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1337: 1329: 1325: 1322: 1313: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1274: 1273:wave shoaling 1269: 1267: 1262: 1260: 1259:shallow-water 1240: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1218: 1210: 1201: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1184: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1143: 1141: 1136: 1134: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1086: 1076: 1074: 1068: 1066: 1060: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1026: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 986: 984: 980: 976: 972: 967: 965: 961: 957: 952: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 925: 920: 916: 912: 905: 901: 894: 890: 883: 879: 875: 871: 866: 861: 858: 855: 852:in 1929, and 851: 847: 842: 840: 836: 835:Pacific Ocean 832: 828: 824: 820: 811: 809: 808:wave shoaling 805: 793: 788: 784: 777: 772: 768: 761: 756: 753: 749: 742: 737: 736: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 708:thrust faults 698: 689: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 665: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 645: 640: 636: 632: 628: 626: 625:meteotsunamis 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 593: 591: 587: 583: 575: 571: 566: 556: 554: 553: 548: 547: 542: 541: 536: 535: 530: 529: 523: 513: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474: 463: 461: 460: 459:Hawaii Five-O 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 432: 428: 423: 414: 402: 394: 388: 379: 375: 365: 353: 351: 347: 342: 338: 330: 328: 324: 321:Japanese name 319: 315: 314: 310:"Tsunami" in 307: 302: 298: 293: 280: 278: 274: 273: 268: 264: 263:Ancient Greek 259: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 232:breaking wave 229: 225: 220: 218: 214: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 174: 169: 159: 150: 146: 145: 144:-mee, (t)suu- 135: 81: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 32:Sunami (band) 26: 22: 6546:Impact event 6534:Astronomical 6468:Thunderstorm 6463:Bomb cyclone 6374: 6327:Hydrological 6296:Volcanic ash 6261:Seismic risk 6209:Mass wasting 6101:Water column 6049:Oceanography 6024:Observations 6019:Explorations 5989:Marginal sea 5982: 5940:OSTM/Jason-2 5772:Volcanic arc 5747:Slab suction 5464:Head of tide 5354:Loop Current 5294:Ekman spiral 5104: 5080:Stokes drift 4990:Gravity wave 4965:Cnoidal wave 4859: 4747: 4732: 4706: 4702:(in German). 4677: 4654: 4639: 4626: 4615: 4594: 4582: 4572: 4555: 4554:Iwan, W.D., 4539: 4532: 4530:abelard.org. 4469:. Retrieved 4465: 4455: 4444:. Retrieved 4437: 4427: 4419: 4403: 4392:. Retrieved 4382: 4373: 4363: 4348: 4334:(1): 52–54. 4331: 4327: 4314: 4300: 4289:. Retrieved 4280: 4266: 4252: 4238: 4207:. Retrieved 4196:. Springer. 4192: 4185: 4177: 4173: 4164: 4139: 4135: 4129: 4117:. Retrieved 4107: 4094: 4083:. Retrieved 4075:Gusiakov V. 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4022: 4013: 4004: 3995: 3984:. Retrieved 3973: 3962:. Retrieved 3957: 3938:Earthsci.org 3933: 3924: 3918: 3906: 3900: 3873: 3869: 3848:the original 3819: 3813: 3803: 3776: 3770: 3760: 3749:. Retrieved 3723: 3713: 3680: 3676: 3620: 3616: 3606: 3594:. Retrieved 3592:(5): 251–277 3589: 3585: 3575: 3564:. Retrieved 3559: 3549: 3538:. Retrieved 3534:the original 3523: 3509: 3495: 3481: 3470:. Retrieved 3460: 3441: 3416: 3412: 3403: 3375: 3371: 3358: 3350:the original 3340: 3325: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3279:the original 3250: 3246: 3233: 3221:. Retrieved 3217:the original 3212: 3203: 3191:. Retrieved 3187: 3177: 3165:. Retrieved 3155: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3098: 3055: 3051: 3041: 3026: 3007: 2995: 2984:. Retrieved 2981:www.usgs.gov 2980: 2971: 2936: 2932: 2922: 2892:. Retrieved 2882: 2870:. Retrieved 2861: 2849:. Retrieved 2840: 2832: 2827: 2815: 2799: 2787:. Retrieved 2778: 2772: 2743: 2706:the original 2696: 2689: 2677:. Retrieved 2667: 2653: 2641:. Retrieved 2631: 2619:. Retrieved 2613: 2604: 2593:. Retrieved 2589:the original 2582: 2572: 2561:. Retrieved 2557:the original 2543: 2531:. Retrieved 2521: 2512: 2500:. Retrieved 2493: 2484: 2473:. Retrieved 2467: 2458: 2438: 2432: 2398:Supervolcano 2392:Sneaker wave 2273: 2254: 2240: 2233: 2186:Lisbon quake 2178: 2161:, using the 2156: 2133: 2126:used in the 2113: 2028:is based in 2023: 2015: 1999: 1988: 1969: 1965: 1942: 1933: 1923: 1916: 1909: 1902: 1890: 1878:Please help 1873:verification 1870: 1825: 1803: 1799: 1795: 1791: 1787: 1785: 1672: 1669: 1652: 1609: 1569: 1566:= 5.5 metres 1529: 1526:= 2.8 metres 1489: 1484: 1479: 1442: 1364: 1360: 1345: 1343: 1335: 1326: 1318: 1301: 1296: 1294: 1270: 1263: 1241: 1230: 1223: 1188: 1181: 1178:Bikini Atoll 1173: 1166:World War II 1159: 1151:Project Seal 1144: 1137: 1130: 1127:Tsunami bomb 1111:storm surges 1108: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1088: 1085:Meteotsunami 1073:Tongan event 1069: 1061: 1057:volcanogenic 1038: 1015:Cumbre Vieja 1011:Indian Ocean 987: 971:Cumbre Vieja 968: 964:megatsunamis 953: 942: 931: 918: 915:teletsunamis 903: 892: 881: 869: 862: 859: 843: 826: 812: 801: 732:1933 Sanriku 704: 695: 677: 667: 662: 642: 629: 594: 579: 551: 550: 545: 544: 539: 538: 533: 532: 527: 526: 521: 519: 497: 493: 489: 488:rather than 485: 481: 472: 471: 469: 457: 455: 450: 438: 436: 386: 377: 371: 350:Romanization 311: 270: 260: 256:Indian Ocean 239: 221: 79: 77: 36: 6561:Solar flare 6447:Megadrought 6407:Temperature 6380:Megatsunami 6359:Storm surge 6354:Flash flood 6232:Debris flow 6091:Thermocline 5808:Mesopelagic 5781:Ocean zones 5752:Slab window 5617:Hydrography 5557:Abyssal fan 5524:Tidal range 5514:Tidal power 5509:Tidal force 5394:Rip current 5329:Gulf Stream 5289:Ekman layer 5279:Downwelling 5254:Baroclinity 5241:Circulation 5137:Wave height 5127:Wave action 5110:megatsunami 5090:Stokes wave 5050:Rossby wave 5015:Kelvin wave 4995:Green's law 4782:NOAA Centre 4442:. p. 3 4320:Chanson, H. 4226:|work= 3596:7 September 3562:. Bbc.co.uk 3409:Kanamori H. 2760:|work= 2151:Pacific Rim 1972:Tilly Smith 1606:= 11 metres 1278:Green's law 938:Lake Geneva 850:Grand Banks 746:Drawing of 684:devastated 546:impact wave 516:Other terms 439:tidal waves 283:Terminology 177:Earthquakes 6242:Earthquake 6200:Geological 6029:Reanalysis 5928:Satellites 5909:Sofar bomb 5757:Subduction 5732:Ridge push 5627:Ocean bank 5607:Contourite 5534:Tide gauge 5519:Tidal race 5504:Tidal bore 5494:Slack tide 5459:Earth tide 5379:Ocean gyre 5199:Wind setup 5194:Wind fetch 5157:Wave setup 5152:Wave radar 5147:Wave power 5045:Rogue wave 4975:Dispersion 4499:(ITIC) of 4483:References 4471:2016-09-18 4446:2016-09-18 4394:2012-06-12 4291:2012-02-19 4286:"津波の高さの定義" 4209:2009-10-18 4119:3 November 4085:2009-10-18 3986:2009-09-09 3964:2009-09-09 3940:, Tsunamis 3751:2022-03-21 3566:2014-02-27 3540:2014-02-26 3472:2014-02-27 3223:16 January 3209:"Tsunamis" 3193:16 January 3167:16 January 3031:Thucydides 2986:2024-01-31 2933:Landslides 2894:3 November 2872:3 November 2867:"tsunamis" 2851:3 November 2789:3 November 2722:Thucydides 2679:1 December 2643:1 December 2621:3 November 2595:2011-04-27 2563:2010-07-15 2475:2018-11-23 2380:Rogue wave 2250:floodgates 2208:See also: 2204:Mitigation 2147:topography 2143:bathymetry 2108:Washington 2002:Geologists 1995:megathrust 1906:newspapers 1850:See also: 1290:tidal bore 1237:wavelength 1233:wind waves 1183:Hardtack I 1149:initiated 1125:See also: 1059:tsunamis. 1051:, and the 1007:La Reunion 991:Big Island 960:Vajont Dam 949:Lituya Bay 928:Landslides 898:9.2), and 839:subducting 804:wavelength 783:subsidence 752:earthquake 728:1977 Sumba 712:convergent 701:Seismicity 686:Alexandria 678:Res Gestae 672:historian 639:Thucydides 637:historian 563:See also: 552:giant wave 502:landslides 494:tidal wave 490:tidal wave 451:tidal wave 443:tidal bore 417:Tidal wave 267:Thucydides 265:historian 248:wave train 240:tidal wave 228:wavelength 189:landslides 173:large lake 164:pronounced 25:Tidal wave 6571:Hypernova 6566:Supernova 6514:Firestorm 6429:Heat wave 6424:Ice storm 6419:Cold wave 6222:Avalanche 6217:Landslide 5891:Acoustics 5843:Sea level 5742:Slab pull 5679:tectonics 5587:Cold seep 5549:Landforms 5426:Whirlpool 5421:Upwelling 5204:Wind wave 5132:Wave base 5060:Sea state 4980:Edge wave 4970:Cross sea 4665:(print); 4340:0037-4237 4228:ignored ( 4218:cite book 4023:WorldData 4005:WorldData 3980:"Tsunami" 3907:Inset to 3844:243837214 3705:129637214 3090:160152988 2963:1612-510X 2762:ignored ( 2752:cite book 2533:19 August 2518:"tsunami" 2502:19 August 2490:"tsunami" 2464:"tsunami" 2424:Footnotes 2198:elephants 2190:Sri Lanka 2139:real time 1936:July 2023 1895:"Tsunami" 1758:⁡ 1741:⁡ 1411:⁡ 1351:Ambraseys 1266:fishermen 1247:5000 × 10 981:) in the 956:Monte Toc 837:floor is 510:meteorite 470:The term 431:Indonesia 374:borrowing 224:sea waves 6586:Category 6521:ARkStorm 6509:Wildfire 6414:Blizzard 6314:Sinkhole 6124:Category 6076:Seawater 5803:Littoral 5798:Deep sea 5657:Seamount 5539:Tideline 5484:Rip tide 5414:shutdown 5384:Overflow 5117:Undertow 4960:Clapotis 4707:Tsunami! 4673:(eBook). 4627:Noypi.ph 4584:BBC News 4540:Tsunami! 4412:Archived 4322:(2010). 4272:"津波について" 3728:Elsevier 3655:43187708 3647:26392617 3623:(2053). 3560:BBC News 3449:Archived 3107:Archived 3015:Archived 2904:cite web 2291:See also 2230:in Japan 2069:Kamakura 2050:Bamfield 2030:Honolulu 1835:tsunami. 1612:= 5 for 1572:= 4 for 1532:= 3 for 1492:= 2 for 1359:and the 1307:Drawback 1100:marubbio 1019:La Palma 975:La Palma 846:Storegga 817:  734:events. 653:Potidaea 590:Sumatran 506:slumping 215:and the 149:Japanese 57:Thailand 6592:Tsunami 6504:Derecho 6478:Tornado 6439:Drought 6375:Tsunami 6227:Mudflow 6134:Commons 6004:Mooring 5954:Related 5945:Jason-3 5935:Jason-1 5818:Pelagic 5813:Oceanic 5788:Benthic 5105:Tsunami 5075:Soliton 4589:website 4577:website 4567:website 4550:website 4491:by the 4144:Bibcode 3878:Bibcode 3824:Bibcode 3781:Bibcode 3685:Bibcode 3625:Bibcode 3421:Bibcode 3384:Bibcode 3378:(B11), 3305:Bibcode 3275:7512603 3255:Bibcode 3135:Bibcode 3082:4135013 2941:Bibcode 2528:Longman 2220:seawall 2210:Seawall 2192:in the 2085:Iquique 2071:, Japan 2034:Hawaiʻi 1989:In the 1920:scholar 1831:height. 1656:ESI2007 1347:Sieberg 1252:√ 1245:√ 1235:have a 1226:bolides 1193:shallow 1096:rissaga 1021:in the 1009:in the 1001:in the 825:of VI ( 750:before 664:happen. 607:), the 559:History 522:tsunami 482:tsunami 478:seismic 378:tsunami 356:tsunami 295:Tsunami 288:Tsunami 244:periods 211:of the 160: 147:; from 140:(t)soo- 80:tsunami 49:Ao Nang 5823:Photic 5652:Seabed 5065:Seiche 4817:UNESCO 4793:(CTIC) 4754: 4739: 4721: 4713: 4698: 4684: 4669: 4661: 4646: 4562: 4556:editor 4545: 4501:UNESCO 4357:. 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