Nuclear weapon - Knowledge

3503: 1552:. This is an intense flash of electromagnetic energy produced by a rain of high-energy electrons which in turn are produced by a nuclear bomb's gamma rays. This flash of energy can permanently destroy or disrupt electronic equipment if insufficiently shielded. It has been proposed to use this effect to disable an enemy's military and civilian infrastructure as an adjunct to other nuclear or conventional military operations. By itself it could as well be useful to terrorists for crippling a nation's economic electronics-based infrastructure. Because the effect is most effectively produced by high altitude nuclear detonations (by military weapons delivered by air, though ground bursts also produce EMP effects over a localized area), it can produce damage to electronics over a wide, even continental, geographical area. 141: 3906: 2202: 2387: 2878: 3189: 2093: 1686:. This is a nuclear bomb that is man-portable, or at least truck-portable, and though of a relatively small yield (one or two kilotons) is sufficient to destroy important tactical targets such as bridges, dams, tunnels, important military or commercial installations, etc. either behind enemy lines or pre-emptively on friendly territory soon to be overtaken by invading enemy forces. These weapons require plutonium fuel and are particularly "dirty". They also demand especially stringent security precautions in their storage and deployment. 2640: 1168: 1432: 198: 1137: 1994: 3515: 1632: 3300: 3202: 1775: 1303: 12215: 11702: 770: 1846: 2494: 1107: 3729: 42: 3423: 8131: 2725: 463: 2308: 12239: 12205: 11690: 1662:. Such a weapon could, according to tacticians, be used to cause massive biological casualties while leaving inanimate infrastructure mostly intact and creating minimal fallout. Because high energy neutrons are capable of penetrating dense matter, such as tank armor, neutron warheads were procured in the 1980s (though not deployed in Europe) for use as tactical payloads for US Army artillery shells (200 mm 11714: 8165: 3853: 1559:: nuclear weapons that consist of fusion reactions without requiring a fission bomb to initiate them. Such a device might provide a simpler path to thermonuclear weapons than one that required the development of fission weapons first, and pure fusion weapons would create significantly less nuclear fallout than other thermonuclear weapons because they would not disperse fission products. In 1998, the 1751: 2033:(see above) allow for different types of nuclear strategies. The goals of any strategy are generally to make it difficult for an enemy to launch a pre-emptive strike against the weapon system and difficult to defend against the delivery of the weapon during a potential conflict. This can mean keeping weapon locations hidden, such as deploying them on 2606:. The two years with the highest likelihood had previously been 1953, when the Clock was set to two minutes until midnight after the U.S. and the Soviet Union began testing hydrogen bombs, and 2018, following the failure of world leaders to address tensions relating to nuclear weapons and climate change issues. In 2023, following the 2159:, especially in troubled regions of the world where there exists a single nuclear-weapon state. Aside from the public opinion that opposes proliferation in any form, there are two schools of thought on the matter: those, like Mearsheimer, who favored selective proliferation, and Waltz, who was somewhat more non- 2430:, which prohibits all testing of nuclear weapons. A testing ban imposes a significant hindrance to nuclear arms development by any complying country. The Treaty requires the ratification by 44 specific states before it can go into force; as of 2012, the ratification of eight of these states is still required. 1600:, has been considered as a trigger mechanism for nuclear weapons. A major obstacle is the difficulty of producing antimatter in large enough quantities, and there is no evidence that it is feasible beyond the military domain. However, the U.S. Air Force funded studies of the physics of antimatter in the 2617:

As of 2024, Russia has intensified nuclear threats in Ukraine and is reportedly planning to place nuclear weapons in orbit, breaching the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. China is significantly expanding its nuclear arsenal, with projections of over 1,000 warheads by 2030 and up to 1,500 by 2035. North Korea

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argues that although traditional deterrence is not an effective approach toward terrorist groups bent on causing a nuclear catastrophe, Gallucci believes that "the United States should instead consider a policy of expanded deterrence, which focuses not solely on the would-be nuclear terrorists but on

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in 1996, the use of (or threat of use of) such weapons would generally be contrary to the rules of international law applicable in armed conflict, but the court did not reach an opinion as to whether or not the threat or use would be lawful in specific extreme circumstances such as if the survival of

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is a fission bomb that increases its explosive yield through a small number of fusion reactions, but it is not a fusion bomb. In the boosted bomb, the neutrons produced by the fusion reactions serve primarily to increase the efficiency of the fission bomb. There are two types of boosted fission bomb:

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stage, and many high-yield thermonuclear devices have a final fission stage, thermonuclear weapons can generate at least as much nuclear fallout as fission-only weapons. Furthermore, high yield thermonuclear explosions (most dangerously ground bursts) have the force to lift radioactive debris upwards

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into two new cells. Even before it was published, news of Meitner's and Frisch's interpretation crossed the Atlantic. In their second publication on nuclear fission in February 1939, Hahn and Strassmann predicted the existence and liberation of additional neutrons during the fission process, opening

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Virtually all thermonuclear weapons deployed today use the "two-stage" design described to the right, but it is possible to add additional fusion stages—each stage igniting a larger amount of fusion fuel in the next stage. This technique can be used to construct thermonuclear weapons of arbitrarily

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they stated that: "The energy liberated in the explosion of such a super-bomb...will, for an instant, produce a temperature comparable to that of the interior of the sun. The blast from such an explosion would destroy life in a wide area. The size of this area is difficult to estimate, but it will

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By the start of the war in September 1939, many scientists likely to be persecuted by the Nazis had already escaped. Physicists on both sides were well aware of the possibility of utilizing nuclear fission as a weapon, but no one was quite sure how it could be engineered. In August 1939, concerned

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of radiation, it is coupled with infertility, sub-fertility and blood disorders. Furthermore, ionizing radiation above a dose of around 50–100 millisievert exposure has been shown to statistically begin increasing one's chance of dying of cancer sometime in their lifetime over the normal unexposed

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or evacuate perpendicular to the direction of the wind, and therefore avoid contact with the fallout plume, and stay there for the days and weeks after the nuclear explosion, their exposure to fallout, and therefore their total dose, will vary. With those who do shelter in place, and or evacuate,

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study claims that fallout from atmospheric nuclear tests would lead to perhaps 11,000 excess deaths among people alive during atmospheric testing in the United States from all forms of cancer, including leukemia, from 1951 to well into the 21st century. As of March 2009, the U.S. is the only

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Over 2,000 nuclear tests have been conducted in over a dozen different sites around the world. Red Russia/Soviet Union, blue France, light blue United States, violet Britain, yellow China, orange India, brown Pakistan, green North Korea and light green (territories exposed to nuclear bombs). The

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claims to have tested a fusion weapon as of January 2016, though this claim is disputed. Thermonuclear weapons are considered much more difficult to successfully design and execute than primitive fission weapons. Almost all of the nuclear weapons deployed today use the thermonuclear design

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might kill 400–450 million directly, mostly in the United States, Europe and Russia, and maybe several hundred million more through follow-up consequences in those same areas. Many scholars have posited that a global thermonuclear war with Cold War-era stockpiles, or even with the current

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cops would collect debris samples and send them to a laboratory for radiological analysis. By identifying unique attributes of the fissile material, including its impurities and contaminants, one could trace the path back to its origin." The process is analogous to identifying a criminal by

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Additionally, there have been other, specific actions meant to discourage countries from developing nuclear arms. In the wake of the tests by India and Pakistan in 1998, economic sanctions were (temporarily) levied against both countries, though neither were signatories with the Nuclear

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said that governments of France, India, North Korea, Pakistan, UK, and South Africa have used nuclear power or research reactors to assist nuclear weapons development or to contribute to their supplies of nuclear explosives from military reactors. In 2017, 122 countries mainly in the

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divulged that the United States had, "...made a substantial investment" in the past to develop pure fusion weapons, but that, "The U.S. does not have and is not developing a pure fusion weapon", and that, "No credible design for a pure fusion weapon resulted from the DOE investment".

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Critics of nuclear war strategy often suggest that a nuclear war between two nations would result in mutual annihilation. From this point of view, the significance of nuclear weapons is to deter war because any nuclear war would escalate out of mutual distrust and fear, resulting in

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of the USSR, which released an energy equivalent of over 50 megatons of TNT (210 PJ), was a three-stage weapon. Most thermonuclear weapons are considerably smaller than this, due to practical constraints from missile warhead space and weight requirements. In the early 1950s the

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says there is a new danger, which cannot be addressed by deterrence: "The classical notion of deterrence was that there was some consequences before which aggressors and evildoers would recoil. In a world of suicide bombers, that calculation doesn't operate in any comparable way".

1526:. It has been conjectured that such a device could serve as a "doomsday weapon" because such a large quantity of radioactivities with half-lives of decades, lifted into the stratosphere where winds would distribute it around the globe, would make all life on the planet extinct. 1498:

internally boosted, in which a deuterium-tritium mixture is injected into the bomb core, and externally boosted, in which concentric shells of lithium-deuteride and depleted uranium are layered on the outside of the fission bomb core. The external method of boosting enabled the

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in 1945. This method places few restrictions on the size of the weapon. It does, however, limit attack range, response time to an impending attack, and the number of weapons that a country can field at the same time. With miniaturization, nuclear bombs can be delivered by both

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A major challenge in all nuclear weapon designs is to ensure that a significant fraction of the fuel is consumed before the weapon destroys itself. The amount of energy released by fission bombs can range from the equivalent of just under a ton to upwards of 500,000 tons (500

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fingerprints. "The goal would be twofold: first, to deter leaders of nuclear states from selling weapons to terrorists by holding them accountable for any use of their weapons; second, to give leaders every incentive to tightly secure their nuclear weapons and materials."

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publicly proposed a three-stage program for abolishing the world's nuclear weapons by the end of the 20th century. In the years after the end of the Cold War, there have been numerous campaigns to urge the abolition of nuclear weapons, such as that organized by the

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in the Congo which produced by far the highest quality uranium ore in the world, had become aware of uranium's possible use in a bomb. In late 1940, fearing that it might be seized by the Germans, he shipped the mine's entire stockpile of ore to a warehouse in New

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has as one of its explicit conditions that all signatories must "pursue negotiations in good faith" towards the long-term goal of "complete disarmament". The nuclear-weapon states have largely treated that aspect of the agreement as "decorative" and without force.

1265:. Another source of radioactivity is the burst of free neutrons produced by the weapon. When they collide with other nuclei in the surrounding material, the neutrons transmute those nuclei into other isotopes, altering their stability and making them radioactive. 2194:, that this complication calls for a new nuclear strategy, one that is distinct from that which gave relative stability during the Cold War. Since 1996, the United States has had a policy of allowing the targeting of its nuclear weapons at terrorists armed with 2510: 2081: 1814:. The design, development, and maintenance of delivery systems are among the most expensive parts of a nuclear weapons program; they account, for example, for 57% of the financial resources spent by the United States on nuclear weapons projects since 1940. 2343:

in the midst of the Cold War. It highlighted the dangers posed by nuclear weapons and called for world leaders to seek peaceful resolutions to international conflict. The signatories included eleven pre-eminent intellectuals and scientists, including

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Additional treaties and agreements have governed nuclear weapons stockpiles between the countries with the two largest stockpiles, the United States and the Soviet Union, and later between the United States and Russia. These include treaties such as

1411:. Each of these components is known as a "stage", with the fission bomb as the "primary" and the fusion capsule as the "secondary". In large, megaton-range hydrogen bombs, about half of the yield comes from the final fissioning of depleted uranium. 3882:. When the nucleus of uranium-235 absorbs a neutron, it undergoes nuclear fission, releasing energy and, on average, 2.5 neutrons. Because uranium-235 releases more neutrons than it absorbs, it can support a chain reaction and so is described as 1976:

Nuclear warfare strategy is a set of policies that deal with preventing or fighting a nuclear war. The policy of trying to prevent an attack by a nuclear weapon from another country by threatening nuclear retaliation is known as the strategy of

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Because they are weapons of mass destruction, the proliferation and possible use of nuclear weapons are important issues in international relations and diplomacy. In most countries, the use of nuclear force can only be authorized by the

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those states that may deliberately transfer or inadvertently leak nuclear weapons and materials to them. By threatening retaliation against those states, the United States may be able to deter that which it cannot physically prevent.".

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forces. Soviet authorities announced similar intentions for neutron warhead deployment in Europe; indeed, they claimed to have originally invented the neutron bomb, but their deployment on USSR tactical nuclear forces is unverifiable.

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and the Presidential Nuclear Initiatives of 1991. Even when they did not enter into force, these agreements helped limit and later reduce the numbers and types of nuclear weapons between the United States and the Soviet Union/Russia.

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to field the first partially thermonuclear weapons, but it is now obsolete because it demands a spherical bomb geometry, which was adequate during the 1950s arms race when bomber aircraft were the only available delivery vehicles.

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equipped with a nuclear warhead exploded. The accident was caused by a maintenance man who dropped a socket from a socket wrench down an 80-foot (24 m) shaft, puncturing a fuel tank on the rocket. Leaking fuel resulted in a

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identified that atoms were breaking down and turning into different elements. Hopes were raised among scientists and laymen that the elements around us could contain tremendous amounts of unseen energy, waiting to be harnessed.

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status (the ability to destroy an enemy's nuclear forces before they could retaliate). During the Cold War, policy and military theorists considered the sorts of policies that might prevent a nuclear attack, and they developed

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but, with little initial funding ($ 6,000), progress was slow. It was not until the U.S. entered the war in December 1941 that Washington decided to commit the necessary resources to a top-secret high priority bomb project.

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justification for them has been the subject of scholarly and popular debate for decades. The question of whether nations should have nuclear weapons, or test them, has been continually and nearly universally controversial.

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Some scientists estimate that a nuclear war with 100 Hiroshima-size nuclear explosions on cities could cost the lives of tens of millions of people from long-term climatic effects alone. The climatology hypothesis is that

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to encourage development of peaceful applications of nuclear technology, provide international safeguards against its misuse, and facilitate the application of safety measures in its use. In 1996, many nations signed the

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has argued that nuclear weapons have helped keep an uneasy peace, and further nuclear weapon proliferation might even help avoid the large scale conventional wars that were so common before their invention at the end of

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7 hour rule: At 7 hours after detonation the fission product activity will have decreased to about 1/10 (10%) of its amount at 1 hour. At about 2 days (49 hours-7X7) the activity will have decreased to 1% of the 1-hour

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correctly interpreted these results as being due to the splitting of the uranium atom. Frisch confirmed this experimentally on January 13, 1939. They gave the process the name "fission" because of its similarity to the

3760:. Around the turn of the 20th century, it was discovered by Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden and then Ernest Rutherford, that atoms had a highly dense, very small, charged central core called an atomic nucleus. In 1898, 3595:

prohibiting atmospheric nuclear testing. Radioactive fallout became less of an issue and the anti-nuclear weapons movement went into decline for some years. A resurgence of interest occurred amid European and American

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is progressing in intercontinental ballistic missile tests and has a mutual-defense treaty with Russia, exchanging artillery for possible missile technology. Iran is currently viewed as a nuclear "threshold" state.

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accidentally fell from a bomber near Albuquerque, New Mexico. The detonation of the device's conventional explosives destroyed it on impact and formed a crater 25 feet (7.6 m) in diameter on land owned by the

9513: 6164: 2251:" of the Joint Chiefs of Staffs website Publication, "Integration of nuclear weapons employment with conventional and special operations forces is essential to the success of any mission or operation." 1604:, and began considering its possible use in weapons, not just as a trigger, but as the explosive itself. A fourth generation nuclear weapon design is related to, and relies upon, the same principle as 1463:, where the calm non-turbulent winds permit the debris to travel great distances from the burst, eventually settling and unpredictably contaminating areas far removed from the target of the explosion. 6254: 6007: 3351:

Delayed period—from 20+ weeks. Characterized by numerous complications, mostly related to healing of thermal and mechanical injuries, and if the individual was exposed to a few hundred to a thousand

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makes a similar case, arguing that the key to expanded deterrence is coming up with ways of tracing nuclear material to the country that forged the fissile material. "After a nuclear bomb detonates,

4676: 1340:). All such weapons derive a significant portion of their energy from fission reactions used to "trigger" fusion reactions, and fusion reactions can themselves trigger additional fission reactions. 8121: 1179:

All existing nuclear weapons derive some of their explosive energy from nuclear fission reactions. Weapons whose explosive output is exclusively from fission reactions are commonly referred to as

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or NPIHP is a global network of individuals and institutions engaged in the study of international nuclear history through archival documents, oral history interviews and other empirical sources.

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possess such weapons or are suspected of seeking them. The only countries known to have detonated nuclear weapons—and acknowledge possessing them—are (chronologically by date of first test) the

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Xia, Lili; Robock, Alan; Scherrer, Kim; Harrison, Cheryl S.; Bodirsky, Benjamin Leon; Weindl, Isabelle; Jägermeyr, Jonas; Bardeen, Charles G.; Toon, Owen B.; Heneghan, Ryan (August 15, 2022).

5841: 3530:." Japanese opposition to nuclear weapons tests in the Pacific Ocean was widespread, and "an estimated 35 million signatures were collected on petitions calling for bans on nuclear weapons". 3327:

People near the Hiroshima explosion and who managed to survive the explosion subsequently suffered a variety of horrible medical effects. Some of these effects are still present to this day:

3320:, a great deal of soot could be thrown up into the atmosphere which could blanket the earth, cutting out sunlight for years on end, causing the disruption of food chains, in what is termed a 3091:, Spain. The non-nuclear explosives in two of the weapons detonated upon impact with the ground, resulting in the contamination of a 2-square-kilometer (490-acre) (0.78 square mile) area by 5585: 1541:

but this did not result in a working weapon. The concept involves the tapping of the energy of an exploding nuclear bomb to power a single-shot laser that is directed at a distant target.

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led to a temporary boycotting of the popular staple in Japan. The incident caused widespread concern around the world, especially regarding the effects of nuclear fallout and atmospheric

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Proponents of nuclear disarmament say that it would lessen the probability of nuclear war, especially accidentally. Critics of nuclear disarmament say that it would undermine the present

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As public awareness and concern mounted over the possible health hazards associated with exposure to the nuclear fallout, various studies were done to assess the extent of the hazard. A

1226:—either by shooting one piece of sub-critical material into another (the "gun" method) or by compression of a sub-critical sphere or cylinder of fissile material using chemically fueled 5682: 5238: 3561:, England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons. The Aldermaston marches continued into the late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day marches. 6788: 10465: 9532: 1981:. The goal in deterrence is to always maintain a second strike capability (the ability of a country to respond to a nuclear attack with one of its own) and potentially to strive for 8119: 4554: 3079:. The KC-135 was completely destroyed when its fuel load ignited, killing all four crew members. The B-52G broke apart, killing three of the seven crew members aboard. Of the four 1230:. The latter approach, the "implosion" method, is more sophisticated and more efficient (smaller, less massive, and requiring less of the expensive fissile fuel) than the former. 1132:: "If the radiance of a thousand suns were to burst at once into the sky, that would be like the splendor of the mighty one "... "I am become Death, the destroyer of worlds". 2721:

stated that "no issue carries more importance to the long-term health and security of humanity than the effort to reduce, and perhaps one day, rid the world of nuclear weapons".

9499: 7988:... Unless Washington and Moscow confront these problems now, a major international conflict or nuclear escalation is disturbingly plausible—perhaps even likely." (p. 161.) 6752: 2735:

to dismantle a Soviet-era missile silo. After the end of the Cold War, Ukraine and the other non-Russian, post-Soviet republics relinquished Soviet nuclear stockpiles to Russia.

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who calculated uranium-235's critical mass and found it to be much smaller than previously thought which meant that a deliverable bomb should be possible. In the February 1940

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can be desirable. In this case, it is argued that, unlike conventional weapons, nuclear weapons deter all-out war between states, and they succeeded in doing this during the

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rate of ~25%, in the long term, a heightened rate of cancer, proportional to the dose received, would begin to be observed after ~5+ years, with lesser problems such as eye

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Nuclear disarmament refers to both the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons and to the end state of a nuclear-free world, in which nuclear weapons are eliminated.

3740:) absorbs a thermal neutron, becomes unstable and splits into two new atoms, releasing some energy and between one and three new neutrons, which can perpetuate the process. 3676:. During the 1960s and 1970s, both the United States and the Soviet Union conducted a number of PNEs. The United States created plans for several uses of PNEs, including 1288:

may be usable for nuclear explosives as well, but it is not clear that this has ever been implemented, and their plausible use in nuclear weapons is a matter of dispute.

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and David Wright, "Broken Shield: Missiles designed to destroy incoming nuclear warheads fail frequently in tests and could increase global risk of mass destruction",

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The United States and the Soviet Union later halted their programs. Definitions and limits are covered in the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty of 1976. The stalled

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Critics from the peace movement and within the military establishment have questioned the usefulness of such weapons in the current military climate. According to an

11245: 8120: 3438:. Detonating large numbers of nuclear weapons would have an immediate, short term and long-term effects on the climate, potentially causing cold weather known as a " 983: 11848: 1875:

trajectory to deliver the warhead over the horizon. Although even short-range missiles allow for a faster and less vulnerable attack, the development of long-range

6718: 7635:. Fidlar Doubleday, 2004 (Two volumes, both accessible on Google Book Search) (Content of both volumes is now available in the 2009 trilogy by Alexander DeVolpi: 7350:"Gerald R. Ford: "Message to the Senate Transmitting United States-Soviet Treaty and Protocol on the Limitation of Underground Nuclear Explosions", July 29, 1976" 6571: 4646: 2328:. Despite controls and regulations governing nuclear weapons, there is an inherent danger of "accidents, mistakes, false alarms, blackmail, theft, and sabotage". 8334: 5563: 756: 6943: 5780: 2988:"—an accident involving a nuclear weapon, but which does not present a risk of war. Experts believe that up to 50 nuclear weapons were lost during the Cold War. 11738: 8051:

episode, likewise titled "Command and Control". Nuclear weapons continue to be equally hazardous to their owners as to their potential targets. Under the 1970

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has said, "If you think of the people who are doing suicide attacks, and people like that get a nuclear weapon, they are almost by definition not deterrable".

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The other basic type of nuclear weapon produces a large proportion of its energy in nuclear fusion reactions. Such fusion weapons are generally referred to as

5745: 5660: 4750: 11808: 10653: 6452: 5874: 5397: 799: 6246: 5999: 4458: 1838:. This method is the primary means of nuclear weapons delivery; the majority of U.S. nuclear warheads, for example, are free-fall gravity bombs, namely the 12069: 11769: 11761: 4668: 3502: 3331:

Initial stage—the first 1–9 weeks, in which are the greatest number of deaths, with 90% due to thermal injury or blast effects and 10% due to super-lethal

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total number of deaths is not known precisely ... acute (within two to four months) deaths ... Hiroshima ... 90,000–166,000 ... Nagasaki ... 60,000–80,000

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in August 2022, a full-scale nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would directly kill 360 million people and more than 5 billion people would die from

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda

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Gsponer, Andre; Hurni, Jean-Pierre (1987). "The physics of antimatter induced fusion and thermonuclear explosions". In Velarde, G.; Minguez, E. (eds.).

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emitted first compress the fusion fuel, then heat it to thermonuclear temperatures. The ensuing fusion reaction creates enormous numbers of high-speed

1089: 1082: 330: 8093:, vol. 325, no. 2 (August 2021), pp. 64–71. "Failure to fully assess is a recipe for wasteful spending and increased global risk." (p. 71.) 11853: 9424: 9239: 8216:– contains resources related to nuclear weapons, including a historical and technical overview and searchable bibliography of web and print resources 3213:

in the background. Scenes such as this were typical during the 1950s. From 1951 to 1962 the government conducted 100 atmospheric tests at the nearby

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Some nuclear weapons are designed for special purposes; most of these are for non-strategic (decisively war-winning) purposes and are referred to as

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danger (premature nuclear chain reaction caused by too-large amounts of pre-assembled fissile fuel). The largest nuclear weapon ever detonated, the

883:). A thermonuclear weapon weighing as little as 600 pounds (270 kg) can release energy equal to more than 1.2 megatonnes of TNT (5.0 PJ). 11356: 7984:

has been "destabilized" by "clashing national interests, insufficient dialogue, eroding arms control structures, advanced missile systems, and new

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was created in 1957 to encourage peaceful development of nuclear technology while providing international safeguards against nuclear proliferation.

7649: 6910: 6224: 6037: 5595: 4893: 4256: 3859:, pictured in about 1960, invented the electron microscope, linear accelerator, cyclotron, nuclear chain reaction and patented the nuclear reactor 3634:, between 1940 and 1996, the U.S. spent $ 11.3 trillion in present-day terms on nuclear weapons programs. 57% of which was spent on building 3263:

of 1990, more than $ 1.38 billion in compensation has been approved. The money is going to people who took part in the tests, notably at the

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in the United States had plans for the testing of two massive bombs, Gnomon and Sundial, 1 gigaton of TNT and 10 gigatons of TNT respectively.

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In the late 1940s, lack of mutual trust prevented the United States and the Soviet Union from making progress on arms control agreements. The

2017:, could contain up to ten nuclear warheads (shown in red), each of which could be aimed at a different target. A factor in the development of 1578:

being a prominent example) which exist in an elevated energy state. Mechanisms to release this energy as bursts of gamma radiation (as in the

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instead of a sovereign nation, there might not be a nation or specific target to retaliate against. It has been argued, especially after the

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bunkers. Other components of nuclear strategies included using missile defenses to destroy the missiles before they land or implementing

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Only one country—South Africa—has ever fully renounced nuclear weapons they had independently developed. The former Soviet republics of

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Committee to Review the CDC-NCI Feasibility Study of the Health Consequences Nuclear Weapons Tests, National Research Council (2003).

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believe that nuclear war could indirectly contribute to human extinction via secondary effects, including environmental consequences,

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By the 1960s, steps were taken to limit both the proliferation of nuclear weapons to other countries and the environmental effects of

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How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States

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have been of great strategic importance for the United States, Russia, and other nuclear powers since they entered service in the

1883:(SLBMs) has given some nations the ability to plausibly deliver missiles anywhere on the globe with a high likelihood of success. 12135: 11828: 11783: 11201: 11041: 10980: 4846: 3497: 1709:

also used small nuclear warheads (optimized to produce neutron or X-ray flux) but were for use against enemy strategic warheads.

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In addition, leakage of byproducts of nuclear weapon production into groundwater has been an ongoing issue, particularly at the

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and deterrence and would lead to increased global instability. Various American elder statesmen, who were in office during the

2487: 1425: 1038: 1018: 1010: 690: 675: 645: 630: 600: 580: 555: 540: 530: 351: 341: 6454: 5497: 5260: 11730: 10175: 9882: 9232: 9128: 8648: 8254: 7827: 7741: 7695: 7588: 7557: 7526: 7497: 7460: 7441: 7420: 6472: 6333: 6203: 5639: 5357: 5206: 5075: 4973: 4934: 4430: 4355: 4223: 4025: 3714: 3684: 3151: 2663: 2530: 2427: 2284: 2280: 2248: 1932:, have been developed, although the difficulty of combining sufficient yield with portability limits their military utility. 1663: 1383:, which accounts for all multi-megaton yield hydrogen bombs, this is accomplished by placing a fission bomb and fusion fuel ( 1026: 1022: 685: 595: 590: 565: 550: 545: 367: 356: 346: 106: 7775: 5464: 12130: 11925: 10997: 4701: 4035: 2861: 2144: 1880: 1745: 785: 773: 575: 570: 271: 78: 7644: 5159:

Gallucci, Robert (September 2006). "Averting Nuclear Catastrophe: Contemplating Extreme Responses to U.S. Vulnerability".

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of France; the book also contains about ten chapters on true historical incidents involving nuclear weapons and strategy.

7349: 6936:"World Nuclear war between the U.S. and Russia would kill more than 5 billion people – just from starvation, study finds" 6707: 5296: 4219: 4005: 3260: 3000:. According to a researcher at the Natural Resources Defense Council, it was one of the most powerful bombs made to date. 2633: 998: 320: 8675: 8201: 7046: 6657: 6431: 3131:

when a cabin fire forced the crew to abandon the aircraft. Six crew members ejected safely, but one who did not have an

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calls on States to ensure that these weapons are never used, irrespective of whether they consider them lawful or not.

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experiencing a total dose that would be negligible in comparison to someone who just went about their life as normal.

2077:. This threat of national, if not global, destruction has been a strong motivation for anti-nuclear weapons activism. 85: 12124: 12093: 11953: 11882: 10276: 10155: 8690: 8011: 7858: 7844: 7810: 7794: 7710: 7626: 6935: 6783: 6065: 5803: 5305: 2768: 2603: 2551:

was an accusation by the United States that Iraq was actively pursuing nuclear arms (though this was soon discovered

2522: 2498: 2155:, have argued, along the lines of Gallois, that some forms of nuclear proliferation would decrease the likelihood of 1924:

has been tested by the United States. Small, two-man portable tactical weapons (somewhat misleadingly referred to as

649: 125: 6839: 6350: 5656: 3886:. Uranium-238, on the other hand, is not fissile as it does not normally undergo fission when it absorbs a neutron. 11985: 11506: 11371: 9906: 9475: 9225: 5749: 4742: 3538: 2969: 2811: 2667: 9449: 7514:

Technology and International Transformation: The Railroad, the Atom Bomb, and the Politics of Technological Change

5863: 5408: 3721: 2961:, and died nine days later on May 30, 1946. After the death of Daghlian and Slotin, the mass became known as the " 2186:

might not deter an enemy who expects to die in the confrontation. Further, if the initial act is from a stateless

11887: 11449: 11283: 10885: 10763: 10420: 10281: 8278: 7871: 7690:" (CD-ROM & download available). PDF. 2,600 pages, Sunnyvale, California, Chucklea Publications, 1995, 2007. 5868: 4447: 3443: 2945:

May 21, 1946: While conducting further experiments on the same core at Los Alamos National Laboratory, physicist

2818: 2732: 2368: 2264: 2222: 1890:(MIRVs), can launch multiple warheads at different targets from one missile, reducing the chance of a successful 585: 140: 59: 8954: 8302: 4792:

Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems, Madrid, June 30/July 4, 1986

4425:" (CD-ROM & download available). PDF. 2,600 pages, Sunnyvale, California, Chuklea Publications, 1995, 2007. 92: 12185: 11439: 11288: 10746: 9799: 9728: 9444: 8685: 8343: 8041: 7323: 5373: 3891: 3221:

Over 500 atmospheric nuclear weapons tests were conducted at various sites around the world from 1945 to 1980.

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As of early 2019, more than 90% of world's 13,865 nuclear weapons were owned by Russia and the United States.

2506: 2332: 2085: 1042: 63: 12023: 5973: 4581: 3899: 3680:. Six of the explosions by the Soviet Union are considered to have been of an applied nature, not just tests. 3247:, and "provided a decisive impetus for the emergence of the anti-nuclear weapons movement in many countries". 11818: 11213: 11046: 10470: 10398: 9656: 8618: 8613: 7801: 5720: 4816: 3950: 3617: 3283: 3037: 2164: 1549: 1376:

because it results in an explosion hundreds of times stronger than that of a fission bomb of similar weight.

939: 726: 431: 249: 5096:"Should We Let the Bomb Spread? Edited by Mr. Henry D. Sokolski. Strategic studies institute. November 2016" 5095: 3687:

of 1996 would prohibit all nuclear explosions, regardless of whether they are for peaceful purposes or not.

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is a thermonuclear weapon that yields a relatively small explosion but a relatively large amount of neutron

12264: 11979: 11793: 11556: 11293: 11002: 10756: 10253: 9636: 9605: 9054: 8232: 8016: 7165: 7145: 4721:

Gsponer, Andre (2005). "Fourth Generation Nuclear Weapons: Military effectiveness and collateral effects".

4046: 3905: 3550: 3464: 3012: 3004: 2348:, who signed it just days before his death on April 18, 1955. A few days after the release, philanthropist 2183: 2074: 2038: 1530: 74: 8263: 7890: 1689:

Small "tactical" nuclear weapons were deployed for use as antiaircraft weapons. Examples include the USAF

1310:

for a hydrogen bomb: a fission bomb uses radiation to compress and heat a separate section of fusion fuel.

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for his work to stop the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons, and the "Ban the Bomb" movement spread.

2920: 2611: 2470:, areas where nuclear weapons production and deployment are prohibited, through the use of treaties. The 2372: 2195: 2096: 1900:

have involved the most variety of delivery types, including not only gravity bombs and missiles but also

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Some analysts have argued that nuclear weapons have made the world relatively safer, with peace through

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Nuclear weapons have also been opposed by agreements between countries. Many nations have been declared

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Thermonuclear bombs work by using the energy of a fission bomb to compress and heat fusion fuel. In the

867:

released energy approximately equal to 10 million tons of TNT (42 PJ). Nuclear bombs have had

12229: 11991: 11919: 11540: 11399: 11078: 10596: 10553: 10405: 9745: 9610: 9180: 8665: 7683: 6897: 5322: 4418: 3801: 3702: 3696: 3659: 3027: 2807: 2160: 1982: 1951: 1416: 454: 372: 217: 20: 7930:—by blocking further cuts in nuclear arsenals and potentially spurring new deployments." (p. 67.) 3463:, and economic collapse. It has been estimated that a relatively small-scale nuclear exchange between 2513:". The court ruled that the use or threat of use of nuclear weapons would violate various articles of 2041:

whose locations are difficult to track, or it can mean protecting weapons by burying them in hardened

1257:(but short-lived) or moderately radioactive (but long-lived), and as such, they are a serious form of 12243: 12209: 12145: 12054: 11788: 11694: 11376: 10985: 10768: 9175: 8155: 6682: 3639: 3609: 3255: 3144: 3056: 3023: 3019: 2748:

movement, and the goal of a "world without nuclear weapons" was advocated by United States President

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large yield. This is in contrast to fission bombs, which are limited in their explosive power due to

1395:) in proximity within a special, radiation-reflecting container. When the fission bomb is detonated, 1258: 9338: 9333: 4252: 3484:. More than 2 billion people could die from a smaller-scale nuclear war between India and Pakistan. 2666:, there have been many treaties to limit or reduce nuclear weapons testing and stockpiles. The 1968 12259: 11624: 11466: 11366: 11278: 10487: 10373: 10333: 10145: 9816: 9170: 9165: 8440: 8288: 8209: 8063: 7963: 7956:, "The Return of Doomsday: The New Nuclear Arms Race – and How Washington and Moscow Can Stop It", 7474: 3805: 3643: 3635: 3613: 2997: 2939: 2599: 2467: 2201: 2104: 2065: 2030: 1803: 1729: 424: 237: 8531: 7068: 4817:"Air Force pursuing antimatter weapons: Program was touted publicly, then came official gag order" 3348:

Late period—lasting from 13 to 20 weeks. This period has some improvement in survivors' condition.

2828:

and the strengthening of the disarmament regimes in respect to other weapons of mass destruction,

1151:

There are two basic types of nuclear weapons: those that derive the majority of their energy from

1092:

aims to reduce the spread of nuclear weapons, but there are different views of its effectiveness.

12170: 12160: 11529: 11496: 11471: 11085: 10862: 10668: 10591: 10548: 10531: 10492: 10415: 9155: 8378: 8169: 8136: 6539:"Radiation Exposure Compensation System: Claims to Date Summary of Claims Received by 06/11/2009" 6538: 6122: 4000: 3592: 3230: 3120: 3064: 2659: 2552: 1783: 1683: 1644: 1442:

Fusion reactions do not create fission products, and thus contribute far less to the creation of

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Elemental Germans: Klaus Fuchs, Rudolf Peierls and the Making of British Nuclear Culture 1939–59

7224: 4765:"Page discussing the possibility of using antimatter as a trigger for a thermonuclear explosion" 4524: 1857: 12274: 12165: 11966: 11361: 10648: 10192: 9196: 9160: 8076: 7156: 7136: 4483: 4010: 3918: 3846: 3625: 3471:

yield (15 kilotons) weapons, could cause a nuclear winter and kill more than a billion people.

3360:

and other more minor effects in other organs and tissue also being observed over the long term.

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were divided over the use of the weapon. The role of the two atomic bombings of the country in

2857: 2745: 2651:

until 2015, with a precipitous drop in total numbers following the end of the Cold War in 1991.

2567:, in what it called an attempt to halt Iraq's previous nuclear arms ambitions; in 2007, Israel 2490:

was established among the former Soviet republics of Central Asia prohibiting nuclear weapons.

2386: 1917: 1494: 1484: 1472: 1307: 1223: 1111: 852: 11760: 8189: 7512: 5943: 4965: 4959: 2760:

poll from April 2010 indicated that the American public was nearly evenly split on the issue.

1367:—have conducted thermonuclear weapon tests. Whether India has detonated a "true" multi-staged 11655: 11391: 11346: 10808: 10736: 10663: 10658: 10623: 10410: 10378: 10165: 10092: 9680: 9465: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9024: 9014: 8999: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8949: 8929: 8919: 8914: 8884: 8874: 8643: 8638: 8623: 8536: 8526: 8521: 8511: 8501: 8496: 8056: 7655: 7574: 7543: 7410: 6619: 6092: 4924: 4503: 4370: 4150: 4020: 3995: 3631: 2302: 2116: 1807: 1712:

Other small, or tactical, nuclear weapons were deployed by naval forces for use primarily as

1612: 1140: 1119: 1101: 899: 731: 306: 291: 227: 172: 28: 7756: 7202: 6508: 5343:

Spying on the bomb: American nuclear intelligence from Nazi Germany to Iran and North Korea.

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or nuclear armed torpedoes. Nuclear mines for use on land or at sea are also possibilities.

99: 12155: 12017: 11566: 11341: 11326: 10643: 10601: 10437: 10343: 10271: 9865: 9583: 8889: 8864: 8859: 8787: 8782: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8747: 8742: 8737: 8732: 8717: 8608: 8577: 8491: 8486: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8151: 6313: 6309: 6301: 5321:

Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (2010). "

5113: 4336: 3985: 3980: 3669: 3155: 3031: 3008: 2992: 2687: 2471: 2353: 2191: 2167:

that it generates continues to this day, with ongoing debate about indigenous Japanese and

2128: 1971: 1909: 1534: 1480: 1447: 1368: 1316: 1297: 868: 833: 492: 254: 242: 4297: 3650:, and 7% of the total$ , 795 billion was spent on making nuclear weapons themselves. 3044:

attack aircraft with a nuclear weapon fell into the sea. The pilot, the aircraft, and the

2509:, the highest court of the United Nations, issued an Advisory Opinion concerned with the " 2049:

measures using early-warning systems to evacuate citizens to safe areas before an attack.

8: 12140: 11665: 11476: 11261: 10855: 10723: 10701: 10526: 10383: 10150: 10112: 9945: 9567: 9248: 8481: 8476: 8471: 8466: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8089: 8048: 7927: 7906: 7317:"Announcement of Treaty on Underground Nuclear Explosions Peaceful Purposes (PNE Treaty)" 6302:"Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety" 6144: 5590: 3534: 3493: 3435: 3222: 3124: 3068: 3060: 3041: 2977: 2881: 2837: 2701:

period, have been advocating the elimination of nuclear weapons. These officials include

2627: 2483: 1998: 1579: 1575: 296: 176: 11942: 7771: – the first declassified report by the US government on nuclear weapons) 6317: 5710:"The Stability-Instability Paradox, Misperception, and Escalation Control in South Asia" 4872: 2877: 1548:

high-altitude nuclear test in 1962, an unexpected effect was produced which is called a

855:

of a fission ("atomic") bomb released an amount of energy approximately equal to 20,000

12048: 12011: 11948: 11645: 11381: 11218: 11145: 10956: 10606: 10576: 10560: 10543: 10187: 10077: 10025: 9975: 9922: 9845: 8029:

Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Accident, and the Illusion of Safety

7751: 7549: 7073: 7008: 6878: 6831: 5176: 5021: 4991:"Conversations in International Relations: Interview with John J. Mearsheimer (Part I)" 4795: 4722: 3930: 3914: 3836: 3392:

or escaping completely from this substance depending on the actions of the individual.

3339: 3304: 3188: 2935: 2893: 2888:

Even before the first nuclear weapons had been developed, scientists involved with the

2833: 2718: 2518: 2380: 2321: 2288: 1763: 1620: 1556: 1380: 1219: 979: 975: 7631:

DeVolpi, Alexander, Minkov, Vladimir E., Simonenko, Vadim A., and Stanford, George S.

5864:"Global Nuclear Arsenal Declines, But Future Cuts Uncertain Amid U.S.-Russia Tensions" 4842: 3239:. One of the fishermen died in Japan seven months later, and the fear of contaminated 1570:

provide a possible pathway to fissionless fusion bombs. These are naturally occurring

970:. These bombings caused injuries that resulted in the deaths of approximately 200,000 12150: 12113: 10713: 10506: 10393: 10368: 10306: 10263: 10107: 10102: 10097: 9940: 8084: 8037: 8007: 7885: 7854: 7840: 7823: 7806: 7790: 7737: 7706: 7691: 7622: 7584: 7553: 7522: 7416: 7296: 7250: 7012: 7000: 6882: 6835: 6478: 6468: 6456:

Exposure of the American Population to Radioactive Fallout from Nuclear Weapons Tests

6407: 6329: 6199: 5635: 5535: 5025: 5013: 4969: 4955: 4930: 4426: 4378: 3926: 3841: 3785: 3706: 3677: 3665: 3585: 3573: 3545:

1958, when, according to the CND, several thousand people marched for four days from

3507: 3460: 3447: 3401: 3099: 3092: 2958: 2889: 2825: 2764: 2740: 2568: 2514: 2240: 2179: 2132: 2112: 2006: 1978: 1945: 1905: 1901: 1538: 1507: 1488: 1392: 1254: 1144: 1115: 837: 301: 286: 281: 276: 212: 7716: 7270: 5180: 5029: 4764: 4278: 3143:, causing the nuclear payload to rupture and disperse, which resulted in widespread 2178:

The threat of potentially suicidal terrorists possessing nuclear weapons (a form of

1582:) have been proposed as possible triggers for conventional thermonuclear reactions. 1268:

The most commonly used fissile materials for nuclear weapons applications have been

12036: 11561: 10616: 10581: 10338: 10328: 10216: 10204: 10045: 10040: 10030: 10020: 10015: 9323: 8924: 8899: 8894: 8869: 8843: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8777: 8592: 8450: 8179: 7933: 7656:

NATO Handbook on the Medical Aspects of NBC Defensive Operations (Part I – Nuclear)

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The Presidential Nuclear Initiatives (PNIs) on Tactical Nuclear Weapons At a Glance

5168: 5005: 4634: 4110: 4015: 3871:

would be the element which can realize his 1933 idea about nuclear chain reaction.

3824: 3737: 3546: 3452: 3365: 3264: 3214: 3080: 3072: 3045: 2973: 2829: 2714: 2340: 2206: 2152: 2092: 1941: 1897: 1839: 1831: 1737: 1702: 1678:

A type of nuclear explosive most suitable for use by ground special forces was the

1408: 1207: 1203: 821: 817: 477: 160: 6874: 5354: 5071: 4043:(Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean) 3638:

systems. 6.3% of the total$ , 709 billion in present-day terms, was spent on

3225:

from nuclear weapons testing was first drawn to public attention in 1954 when the

3201: 2486:(1964) prohibits nuclear weapons in many African countries. As recently as 2006 a 1794:. Upon its first fielding in the late 1960s, the SS-18 remains the single highest 1253:, the remains of the split atomic nuclei. Many fission products are either highly 11459: 11419: 10873: 10687: 10611: 10586: 10432: 10225: 10127: 10117: 10082: 9960: 9950: 9557: 8587: 8445: 8306: 8282: 8267: 8249: 8236: 8213: 8193: 7995: 7958: 7949: 7911: 7763: 7745: 7723: 7687: 7662: 6401: 6129: 6060: 5926: 5567: 5393: 5380: 5361: 5329: 5300: 5233: 5145: 5138: 5120: 5079: 4880: 4705: 4510: 4490: 4422: 3895: 3789: 3733: 3409: 3244: 3177: 2781: 2702: 2639: 2579: 2556: 2497:

The number of nuclear warheads by country in 2024, based on an estimation by the

2364: 2345: 2229: 2022: 1967: 1921: 1913: 1891: 1850: 1811: 1655: 1597: 1567: 1451: 1443: 1262: 1239: 1172: 1152: 1070: 931: 825: 482: 222: 164: 10951: 8312: 4368: 4121:

In the United States, the President and the Secretary of Defense, acting as the

2052:

Weapons designed to threaten large populations or to deter attacks are known as

1167: 12269: 12175: 12042: 12001: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11154: 11061: 11030: 11012: 10536: 10442: 10388: 10286: 10233: 10087: 9980: 9965: 9955: 9764: 9588: 9523: 8294:

The Woodrow Wilson Center's Nuclear Proliferation International History Project

8023: 7782: 7121:(Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1988), chapters 16 and 19. 6985: 6966: 6827: 5794: 5289: 4443: 3946: 3942: 3809: 3526:

Peace movements emerged in Japan and in 1954 they converged to form a unified "

3439: 3417: 3405: 3389: 3321: 3210: 2965:". It was ultimately used to construct a bomb for use on the Nevada Test Range. 2931: 2872: 2595: 2422: 2349: 2236: 1835: 1779: 1706: 1545: 1407:, which can then induce fission in materials not normally prone to it, such as 1352: 1227: 1196: 1156: 880: 856: 829: 670: 311: 259: 180: 11434: 7415:. Great Discoveries in Science. Cavendish Square Publishing, LLC. p. 33. 7357: 7195:"Estimated Minimum Incurred Costs of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Programs, 1940–1996" 6779:"Nowhere to hide: How a nuclear war would kill you — and almost everyone else" 6427: 5293: 4227: 2686:

returned Soviet nuclear arms stationed in their countries to Russia after the

12253: 11599: 10890: 10296: 10137: 9698: 9646: 9307: 9297: 9272: 8364: 8070:, Simon and Schuster, 2021, 384 pp.; and Keir A. Lieber and Daryl G. Press, 8033: 7991: 7977: 7833: 7815: 7580: 7042: 6649: 5539: 5172: 5054:

Kenneth Waltz, "More May Be Better", in Scott Sagan and Kenneth Waltz, eds.,

5017: 5009: 4698: 4484:

Nuclear Weapons Frequently Asked Questions: 4.5.2 "Dirty" and "Clean" Weapons

4382: 4312:. Nuclear Threat Initiatives, South Africa (NTI South Africa). Archived from 3956: 3910: 3753: 3581: 3413: 3194: 3132: 3128: 2950: 2926:

August 21, 1945: While conducting experiments on a plutonium-gallium core at

2786: 2772: 2706: 2694: 2475: 2325: 2148: 2140: 2046: 1955: 1925: 1733: 1713: 1698: 1694: 1639:

missile. Capable of firing a 100-kiloton nuclear warhead a distance of 185 km

1636: 1435: 1344: 1281: 1273: 1215: 1128: 927: 5433: 4873:

Estimated Minimum Incurred Costs of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Programs, 1940–1996

4869:

Atomic Audit: The Costs and Consequences of U.S. Nuclear Weapons Since 1940.

1431: 12118: 12064: 12059: 11165: 10301: 10243: 10170: 10122: 9992: 9870: 9651: 9302: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9267: 9262: 9074: 8242: 8139:

was created from a revision of this article dated 1 December 2005

7970: 7966: 7768: 7669: 7004: 6482: 5836: 5808: 4448:"Neptunium 237 and Americium: World Inventories and Proliferation Concerns" 3832: 3813: 3761: 3748:

was revolutionized with developments in the understanding of the nature of

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Intermediate stage—from 10 to 12 weeks. The deaths in this period are from

3271: 3226: 3164: 3049: 2946: 2777: 2749: 2584: 2124: 2042: 2010: 1993: 1867:

Preferable from a strategic point of view is a nuclear weapon mounted on a

1818: 1795: 1767: 1755: 1717: 1671: 1651: 1623:

or requirements for special materials, especially fissile fuel or tritium.

1616: 1476: 1460: 1074: 1006: 947: 935: 915: 11762:

Nuclear and radioactive disasters, former facilities, tests and test sites

9521: 9217: 6861:

Tonn, Bruce & MacGregor, Donald (2009). "A singular chain of events".

5931:

Profiles in Power: The Anti-nuclear Movement and the Dawn of the Solar Age

5261:"Nuclear weapons: experts alarmed by new Pentagon 'war-fighting' doctrine" 3514: 3299: 1774: 1631: 1619:, and in manipulating design elements to attempt to minimize weapon size, 12190: 11576: 11223: 10813: 10320: 10291: 9641: 9562: 8582: 8001: 7985: 7901: 6995: 6971: 3975: 3960: 3938: 3879: 3875: 3864: 3856: 3765: 3757: 3597: 3554: 3476: 3183: 2724: 2543: 2172: 2168: 2014: 1987: 1791: 1690: 1519: 1372: 1277: 1269: 1062: 156: 6811: 6745:"You're More Likely to Die in a Human Extinction Event Than a Car Crash" 6030:"Accident Revealed After 29 Years: H-Bomb Fell Near Albuquerque in 1957" 5085:, no. 171 (London: International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1981). 4800: 4727: 2533:. Given the unique, destructive characteristics of nuclear weapons, the 1302: 1136: 926:

Nuclear weapons have only twice been used in warfare, both times by the

12180: 10929: 9369: 9364: 9359: 8372: 7942: 7937: 7915: 7614: 7518: 4699:

Restricted Data Declassification Decisions, 1946 to the Present (RDD-8)

3990: 3481: 3160: 2962: 2845: 2814: 2679: 2526: 1872: 1585: 1522:. This device can produce exceptionally large quantities of long-lived 1456: 1420: 951: 876: 168: 8273: 7962:, vol. 98, no. 5 (September / October 2019), pp. 150–161. Former 7666:. Departments of the Army, Navy, and Air Force: Washington, D.C., 1996 7566: 6605:

Alan Robock and Owen Brian Toon. Local Nuclear War, Global Suffering,

6403:

Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy

6325: 5832:"Here's how many nuclear warheads exist, and which countries own them" 3088: 2493: 1845: 11972: 11571: 10934: 10924: 10052: 10005: 9970: 9891: 9785: 8299: 8068:

The Bomb: Presidents, Generals, and the Secret History of Nuclear War

6380:

Stumpf, David K. (2000). Christ, Mark K.; Slater, Cathryn H. (eds.).

5149:, November/December 1998, page 4. Fetched from URL on April 18, 2011. 4814: 4414:

San Antonio, TX: Aerofax, 1988; and the more-updated Hansen, Chuck, "

3820: 3781: 3769: 3558: 3381: 3332: 3317: 3206: 3140: 3095: 2954: 2934:

received a lethal dose of radiation when an error caused it to enter

2841: 2806:

The UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) is a department of the

2479: 2474:(1967) prohibited any production or deployment of nuclear weapons in 2455: 2292: 2187: 2156: 2034: 1806:

a nuclear weapon to its target is an important factor affecting both

1659: 1589: 1396: 1388: 1333: 1285: 1211: 1106: 959: 955: 891: 860: 19:"Atom bomb", "A-bomb", and "Nuke" redirect here. For other uses, see 11429: 8289:

Recordings of recollections of the victims of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

8230:

The National Museum of Nuclear Science & History (United States)

8072:

The Myth of the Nuclear Revolution: Power Politics in the Atomic Age

6620:"Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Long Term Health Effects | K=1 Project" 5229:"The Pentagon Revealed Its Nuclear War Strategy and It's Terrifying" 3937:

Organized research first began in Britain and Canada as part of the

3307:'s back injuries taken in January 1946 by a U.S. Marine photographer 41: 11843: 11660: 11303: 11298: 11238: 10907: 10835: 10818: 10803: 10778: 10521: 10010: 9714: 9661: 9540: 9206: 9201: 8175: 8083:

David Wright and Cameron Tracy, "Over-hyped: Physics dictates that

7973: 7953: 7919: 6464: 4577: 4555:"Nuclear Testing and Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) Timeline" 4253:"Federation of American Scientists: Status of World Nuclear Forces" 3902:

to U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning him of the threat.

3710: 3668:

conducted for non-military purposes, such as activities related to

3422: 3357: 2848:, which are often the weapons of choice in contemporary conflicts. 2710: 2698: 2648: 2548: 2447: 2276: 2221:

are considered destabilizing because they tend to put a premium on

2120: 2100: 1822: 1601: 1571: 1329: 1192: 971: 967: 864: 9328: 4369:

Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc. (February 1954).

3728: 1506:

The detonation of any nuclear weapon is accompanied by a blast of

1159:

reactions that produce a large amount of the total energy output.

11629: 11581: 11444: 11424: 10823: 10798: 10238: 10069: 10057: 10035: 10000: 9277: 8384: 8178:: reliable source, has links to other sources and an informative 7910:, vol. 320, no. no. 6 (June 2019), pp. 62–67. "Current U.S. 7681:

Swords of Armageddon: U.S. nuclear weapons development since 1945

7633:

Nuclear Shadowboxing: Contemporary Threats from Cold War Weaponry

7322:. Gerald R. Ford Museum and Library. May 28, 1976. Archived from 6149: 4416:

Swords of Armageddon: U.S. Nuclear Weapons Development since 1945

3883: 3868: 3773: 3745: 3373: 3136: 3034:

broke up in mid-air, dropping its nuclear payload in the process.

2728: 2683: 2675: 2439: 2435: 2356:, Eaton's birthplace. This conference was to be the first of the 2272: 1868: 1759: 1493:

There are other types of nuclear weapons as well. For example, a

1404: 1384: 1337: 1235: 1066: 1058: 1046: 963: 943: 8309:– a 3D nuclear weapons effects simulator powered by Google Maps. 8229: 3816:

reported similar results when bombarding uranium with neutrons.

3288: 1510:. Surrounding a nuclear weapon with suitable materials (such as 462: 11233: 11228: 11208: 11188: 11173: 11056: 10793: 10773: 10741: 9780: 9666: 9620: 8260: 8164: 7981: 7171: 6221:"Jan. 17, 1966: H-Bombs Rain Down on a Spanish Fishing Village" 5685:. Politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com. April 12, 2010. Archived from 4040: 3828: 3777: 3577: 3542: 2897: 2753: 2560: 2459: 2352:

offered to sponsor a conference—called for in the manifesto—in

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reactions alone, and those that use fission reactions to begin

1054: 845: 841: 8196:

provide information on weapons of mass destruction, including

8059:

are obliged to work toward the elimination of nuclear weapons.

6096:(Navy.mil weblist of Aug 2003 compilation from cruise reports) 5901: 5161:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

4871:

Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1998. See also

3852: 1856:(submarine launched ballistic missile), from submerged to the 1261:. Fission products are the principal radioactive component of 11650: 11607: 11270: 11126: 10919: 10783: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9379: 9374: 9343: 8879: 5683:"CNN Poll: Public divided on eliminating all nuclear weapons" 5498:"PRESS RELEASE: Doomsday Clock set at 90 seconds to midnight" 4375:

Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists: Science and Public Affairs

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contaminated the crew and catch of the Japanese fishing boat

3135:

was killed while trying to bail out. The bomber crashed onto

3076: 2572: 2375:, to prevent contamination from nuclear fallout, whereas the 1400: 1364: 1356: 1123: 1050: 197: 8224: 8087:

cannot live up to the grand promises made on their behalf",

7853:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2012. 7839:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1988. 7680: 6860: 4415: 3808:

could be induced in stable elements by bombarding them with

3474:

According to a peer-reviewed study published in the journal

3434:

Nuclear war could yield unprecedented human death tolls and

3364:

Fallout exposure—depending on if further afield individuals

12029: 11131: 11020: 10830: 10788: 7923: 7429: 4815:

Keay Davidson; Chronicle Science Writer (October 4, 2004).

4502:

On India's alleged hydrogen bomb test, see Carey Sublette,

3749: 3519: 3430:, the largest nuclear weapon detonated by the U.S., in 1954 3388:

case, would make the difference between likely contracting

3343: 3240: 2817:'s plan to reform the UN as presented in his report to the 2647:

and United States nuclear weapon stockpiles throughout the

2644: 2564: 2555:

as the program had been discontinued). In 1981, Israel had

2451: 2218: 2018: 2002: 1853: 1787: 1515: 1499: 993:, nuclear weapons have been detonated over 2,000 times for 887: 7485: 7386:. CTBT Organization Preparatory Commission. Archived from 7356:. University of California – Santa Barbara. Archived from 6906:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

6142:"U.S. Confirms '65 Loss of H-Bomb Near Japanese Islands". 3457:

International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War

1750: 1596:

particles in most of their properties but having opposite

11104: 10968: 9134: 9111: 9060: 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9019: 9009: 9004: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8959: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8909: 8904: 8654: 8633: 8628: 8561: 8556: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8516: 8506: 8221:

US, Soviet, UK, Chinese and French Nuclear Weapon Testing

8045: 7648:

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.

6964: 6111:

deck logs for aircraft carriers for the Vietnam Conflict.

5469: 4894:"US to introduce new nuclear gravity bomb design: B61-13" 4377:. Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc.: 61–. 2757: 1817:

The simplest method for delivering a nuclear weapon is a

1667: 907: 872: 8206: 8197: 3941:

project: the world's first nuclear weapons project. The

3259:

nation that compensates nuclear test victims. Since the

1990:

models that could lead to stable deterrence conditions.

1766:, Japan. They were large and could only be delivered by 1438:, often referred to as the "father of the hydrogen bomb" 1328:), as they rely on fusion reactions between isotopes of 1118:

was the first detonation of a nuclear weapon, which led

8239:– located in New Mexico; a Smithsonian Affiliate Museum 7061: 6384:. Fayetteville, Arkansas: University of Arkansas Press. 5465:"'Doomsday clock' ticks closer to apocalyptic midnight" 5136:

Daniel Plesch & Stephen Young, "Senseless policy",

3372:

Staying indoors until after the most hazardous fallout

1147:, often referred to as the "father of the atomic bomb". 958:; three days later, on August 9, the USAAF detonated a 7576:

Now It Can Be Told: The Story of the Manhattan Project

7448: 4639:"The untold story of the world's biggest nuclear bomb" 3380:

decays away to 0.1% of its initial quantity after ten

2836:. It also promotes disarmament efforts in the area of 12227: 8020:, vol. LXV, no. 1 (January 18, 2018), pp. 13–15. 5974:"The Nuclear 'Demon Core' That Killed Two Scientists" 5398:"Book review: Contesting the future of nuclear power" 4605:"Nuclear overkill: The quest for the 10 gigaton bomb" 3874:

Uranium appears in nature primarily in two isotopes:

2938:. He died 25 days later, on September 15, 1945, from 2107:

and fire their nuclear weapons with virtual impunity.

1041:

is believed to possess nuclear weapons, though, in a

912:

against the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki

6509:"What governments offer to victims of nuclear tests" 5746:"Michael Krepon • The Stability-Instability Paradox" 5616:

Lawrence M. Krauss. The Doomsday Clock Still Ticks,

4343: 2904: 2182:) complicates the decision process. The prospect of 906:

policy. Nuclear weapons have been deployed twice in

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at www.atomicarchive.com. Accessed August 24, 2007.

5898:"Renewing the United Nations: A Program for Reform" 4669:"Why the U.S. once set off a nuclear bomb in space" 3568:was the start of a successful campaign to stop the 2383:to member countries without fear of proliferation. 2137:

The Balance of Terror: Strategy for the Nuclear Age

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October 1945. pp. 18–19. 3863:After learning about the German fission in 1939, 3603: 3087:the B-52G carried, three were found on land near 3048:were never recovered. It was not until 1989 that 3011:nuclear missile and shelter and contaminated the 2632:For statistics on possession and deployment, see 978:. The ethics of these bombings and their role in 890:can devastate an entire city by blast, fire, and 12251: 6772: 6770: 6715:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 6708:"Public Health Assessment – Iodine-131 Releases" 5072:"The Spread of Nuclear Weapons: More May Better" 4455:Institute for Science and International Security 3277: 2511:Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons 2421:(IAEA) was established under the mandate of the 2358:Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs 16:Explosive weapon that utilizes nuclear reactions 7645:The Effects of Nuclear Weapons (third edition). 6717:. U.S. Center for Disease Control. March 2008. 6278:"US left nuclear weapon under ice in Greenland" 6058: 5392: 5309:, November/December 2015, vol. 71 no. 6, 11–17. 3736:, the nucleus of a fissile atom (in this case, 3528:Japan Council against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs 3510:between the U.S./NATO and the Warsaw Pact, 1981 2949:accidentally caused the core to become briefly 2824:Its goal is to promote nuclear disarmament and 2591:, which eventually entered into force in 2021. 2254: 1555:Research has been done into the possibility of 828:(fission bomb) or a combination of fission and 12008:Thor missile launch failures at Johnston Atoll 8044:. The book became the basis for a 2-hour 2017 7976:write that "the old equilibrium" between the 5793: 5528:"America prepares for a new nuclear-arms race" 4743:"Details on antimatter triggered fusion bombs" 4708:(January 1, 2002), accessed November 20, 2011. 4442: 4245: 3171: 2991:May 22, 1957: a 42,000-pound (19,000 kg) 1191:). This has long been noted as something of a 840:. Both bomb types release large quantities of 150:National Museum of the United States Air Force 11809:Nuclear and radiation accidents by death toll 11804:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents 11746: 11357:Small sealed transportable autonomous (SSTAR) 9907: 9507: 9233: 8328: 8255:The Manhattan Project: Making the Atomic Bomb 7717:The Atomic Bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7124: 7106:Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power 7093:Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power 7030:Global Fission: The Battle Over Nuclear Power 6898:"Nuclear Famine: Two Billion People at Risk?" 6767: 6196:America's Lost H-Bomb: Palomares, Spain, 1966 4964:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 4303: 3295:Effects of nuclear explosions on human health 3289:Effects of nuclear explosions on human health 2911:Nuclear and radiation accidents and incidents 2802:United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs 1606:antimatter-catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion 863:). The first thermonuclear ("hydrogen") bomb 793: 432: 7779:. Office of Technology Assessment, May 1979. 6081: 5583: 4789: 4716: 4714: 4143: 3945:was set up following the work of Frisch and 3827:reported that they had detected the element 2589:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2541:Non-Proliferation Treaty. One of the stated 2458:, as well as non-binding agreements such as 2392:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 2297:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 1849:Montage of an inert test of a United States 1842:, which is being improved upon to this day. 11931:1996 San Juan de Dios radiotherapy accident 11814:Nuclear and radiation fatalities by country 9247: 7408: 6776: 6555: 5770: 4988: 4633: 4170:"Complete List of All U.S. Nuclear Weapons" 2984:in history. The accident was designated a " 2810:established in January 1998 as part of the 2731:workers use equipment provided by the U.S. 1626: 11753: 11739: 9914: 9900: 9514: 9500: 9240: 9226: 8335: 8321: 8285:, PBS website on the history of the H-bomb 8176:Nuclear Weapon Archive from Carey Sublette 7705:. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994. 7069:"Early defections in march to Aldermaston" 6777:Diaz-Maurin, François (October 20, 2022). 6357:. Arkansas Historic Preservation Program. 5900:. United Nations. A/51/950. Archived from 5895: 5192: 5190: 4916: 4603:Simha, Rakesh Krishnan (January 5, 2016). 3954:probably cover the centre of a big city." 3744:In the first decades of the 20th century, 3267:, and to others exposed to the radiation. 3252:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 3052:revealed the loss of the one-megaton bomb. 2127:. In the late 1950s and early 1960s, Gen. 2009:in the late 1980s. Each missile, like the 1682:, or SADM, sometimes popularly known as a 800: 786: 461: 439: 425: 196: 12280:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 1945 12099:Vulnerability of nuclear plants to attack 12076:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 11996:Three Mile Island accident health effects 8243:Nuclear Emergency and Radiation Resources 7787:Dark Sun: The Making of the Hydrogen Bomb 7674:U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History. 7496:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRhodes1986 ( 7459:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRhodes1986 ( 7440:sfn error: no target: CITEREFRhodes1986 ( 7347: 7024: 7022: 6994: 6984: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6299: 6165:"H-bomb incident crippled pilot's career" 5829: 5335: 5317: 5315: 4799: 4726: 4711: 4504:What Are the Real Yields of India's Test? 4412:U.S. Nuclear Weapons: The Secret History. 4406: 4404: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4396: 4195:"The U S Army Air Forces in World War II" 3776:, contained a substance—which they named 3690: 3518:Demonstration against nuclear testing in 3395: 2371:(1963) restricted all nuclear testing to 1790:; also known by the NATO reporting name: 1617:different yields for different situations 991:atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 921: 126:Learn how and when to remove this message 12094:International Nuclear Event Scale (INES) 11937:Clinic of Zaragoza radiotherapy accident 11269: 9522:Strategic nuclear weapon systems of the 8207:Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues 8147:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 8130: 7151: 7131: 6564:"US nuclear dump is leaking toxic waste" 5921: 5919: 5657:"Obama Prague Speech On Nuclear Weapons" 5495: 5383:International Committee of the Red Cross 5158: 5114:Islam, Terror and the Second Nuclear Age 5066: 5064: 4569: 4362: 4354:sfn error: no target: CITEREFJungk1958 ( 4167: 3904: 3851: 3831:after bombarding uranium with neutrons. 3727: 3513: 3501: 3421: 3298: 3200: 3193:Black dot indicates the location of the 3187: 3154:occurred in Damascus, Arkansas, where a 2876: 2723: 2638: 2598:measures the likelihood of a human-made 2535:International Committee of the Red Cross 2492: 2385: 2306: 2269:Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty 2200: 2091: 1992: 1844: 1773: 1749: 1630: 1446:than fission reactions, but because all 1430: 1301: 1166: 1135: 1105: 820:that derives its destructive force from 139: 12136:International Day against Nuclear Tests 11784:Crimes involving radioactive substances 8261:Los Alamos National Laboratory: History 8062:Tom Stevenson, "A Tiny Sun" (review of 8000:The Doomsday Machine: Confessions of a 7642:Glasstone, Samuel and Dolan, Philip J. 7510: 7174:"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–" 6551:from the original on September 7, 2009. 6361:from the original on September 12, 2014 6040:from the original on September 10, 2014 5783:from the original on February 13, 2014. 5629: 5386: 5364:, Fact Sheet, Arms Control Association. 5199:"How to Keep the Bomb From Terrorist s" 5196: 5187: 5106: 5102:from the original on November 23, 2016. 4956:"Technology and War II:Postmodern War?" 4953: 4923:Michael I. Handel (November 12, 2012). 4720: 4522: 4334:Ian Lowe, "Three minutes to midnight", 3722:History of nuclear weapons § Background 3498:International Day against Nuclear Tests 2247:According to the Pentagon's June 2019 " 1045:, it does not acknowledge having them. 962:implosion-type fission bomb nicknamed " 12252: 11926:Instituto Oncológico Nacional#Accident 11284:Liquid-fluoride thorium reactor (LFTR) 9921: 9481:France and weapons of mass destruction 7789:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1995. 7621:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1991. 7572: 7541: 7491: 7454: 7435: 7380:"Status of Signature and Ratification" 7301:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7255:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 7019: 6809: 6660:from the original on August 31, 2011. 6388: 6379: 6289:from the original on January 10, 2022. 6193: 5654: 5312: 4904:from the original on December 17, 2023 4679:from the original on November 29, 2023 4615:from the original on November 29, 2023 4446:; Kramer, Kimberly (August 22, 2005). 4393: 4161: 3925:Roosevelt responded by setting up the 2488:Central Asian Nuclear Weapon Free Zone 1997:The now decommissioned United States' 1960:Essentials of Post–Cold War Deterrence 11734: 11526: 11289:Molten-Salt Reactor Experiment (MSRE) 10698: 10685: 9895: 9883:Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom 9495: 9221: 8316: 7805:. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1986 7637:Nuclear Insights: The Cold War Legacy 7172:Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. 7081:from the original on October 8, 2006. 7032:, Oxford University Press, pp. 96–97. 6946:from the original on October 26, 2022 6791:from the original on October 26, 2022 6742: 6519:from the original on January 18, 2023 6501: 6434:from the original on December 4, 2013 6399: 6227:from the original on December 3, 2008 6162: 6156: 6036:. Associated Press. August 27, 1986. 5954:from the original on October 12, 2023 5916: 5508:from the original on January 24, 2023 5477:from the original on November 3, 2019 5462: 5241:from the original on December 7, 2019 5061: 4891: 4602: 4349: 4285:from the original on December 7, 2010 4224:Radiation Effects Research Foundation 4199:Air Force Historical Support Division 4129:authorize the use of nuclear weapons. 4026:Nuclear weapons of the United Kingdom 3685:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 3591:In 1963, many countries ratified the 3551:Atomic Weapons Research Establishment 3426:Mushroom cloud from the explosion of 2980:atomic bomb. This was the first such 2664:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 2531:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 2428:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 2285:Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty 2281:Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty 2249:Doctrine for Joint Nuclear Operations 1881:submarine-launched ballistic missiles 12131:History of the anti-nuclear movement 11713: 10686: 7757:Atomic Energy for Military Purposes. 7035: 6218: 6212: 6052: 5496:Spinazze, Gayle (January 24, 2023). 5323:Status of Signature and Ratification 4943:from the original on March 31, 2017. 4753:from the original on April 22, 2017. 4649:from the original on August 27, 2023 4575: 4535:from the original on January 7, 2016 4464:from the original on January 3, 2012 4389:from the original on March 31, 2017. 4259:from the original on January 2, 2013 4036:Nuclear weapons of the United States 3487: 3451:smaller stockpiles, may lead to the 3384:—which is represented by 80 days in 2862:History of the anti-nuclear movement 2163:. Interest in proliferation and the 1746:Submarine-launched ballistic missile 1537:was conducted under the DOD program 64:adding citations to reliable sources 35: 11789:Criticality accidents and incidents 11294:Integral Molten Salt Reactor (IMSR) 8703:Tactical Atomic Demolition Munition 7994:, "The Nuclear Worrier" (review of 7936:, "Missile Mania: The death of the 7744:). The book is a fiction about the 7736:, Éditions Payot et rivages, 2007 ( 6895: 6574:from the original on April 13, 2016 6561: 6247:"The Cold War's Missing Atom Bombs" 6000:"The Cold War's Missing Atom Bombs" 5980:from the original on April 24, 2018 5944:"Atomic Accidents – Nuclear Museum" 5830:Reichmann, Kelsey (June 16, 2019). 4849:from the original on March 23, 2016 4843:"Fourth Generation Nuclear Weapons" 4771:from the original on April 24, 2013 4371:"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists" 4006:List of states with nuclear weapons 3653: 3261:Radiation Exposure Compensation Act 2634:List of states with nuclear weapons 1935: 1877:intercontinental ballistic missiles 1798:missile delivery system ever built. 1723: 1701:. Missile interceptors such as the 179:, LGM-30A/B/F Minuteman I or II, 146:intercontinental ballistic missiles 13: 11893:Nuclear power accidents by country 11103: 10254:Positron-emission tomography (PET) 8697:Special Atomic Demolition Munition 8117: 7914:plans are being driven largely by 7865: 7715:The Manhattan Engineer District, " 7608:List of books about nuclear issues 7348:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. 7283:from the original on April 3, 2024 7049:from the original on June 17, 2004 6916:from the original on April 5, 2016 6842:from the original on April 4, 2020 6743:Meyer, Robinson (April 29, 2016). 6630:from the original on June 20, 2017 6348: 6257:from the original on June 27, 2019 6010:from the original on June 27, 2019 5844:from the original on July 28, 2020 5707: 5271:from the original on June 19, 2019 5197:Allison, Graham (March 13, 2009). 5112:See, for example: Feldman, Noah. " 4584:from the original on March 1, 2007 4031:Nuclear weapons in popular culture 3894:to develop fission-based weapons, 3098:. The fourth, which fell into the 2915:List of military nuclear accidents 2419:International Atomic Energy Agency 2313:International Atomic Energy Agency 2063:in military situations are called 1964:Single Integrated Operational Plan 1930:Special Atomic Demolition Munition 1825:; this was the method used by the 1742:Intercontinental ballistic missile 1680:Special Atomic Demolition Munition 1561:United States Department of Energy 1162: 886:A nuclear device no larger than a 144:An assortment of American nuclear 14: 12291: 12125:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 10277:Neutron capture therapy of cancer 10176:Radioisotope thermoelectric (RTG) 8691:Medium Atomic Demolition Munition 8187:Federation of American Scientists 8098: 7837:Nuclear Fear: A History of Images 7820:The War that Must Never be Fought 7237:from the original on May 14, 2024 7119:Nuclear Fear: A History of Images 7108:, Oxford University Press, p. 98. 7095:, Oxford University Press, p. 93. 6784:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 6724:from the original on May 11, 2016 6066:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5933:, Twayne Publishers, pp. 191–192. 5877:from the original on July 2, 2019 5804:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5572:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5502:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5463:Koran, Laura (January 25, 2018). 5444:from the original on June 5, 2023 5306:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 5139:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 4892:Mehta, Aaron (October 27, 2023). 4823:from the original on June 9, 2012 4643:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 4523:McKirdy, Euan (January 6, 2016). 4168:Sublette, Carey (June 12, 2020). 3715:History of the Teller–Ulam design 3566:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 3127:. The aircraft was carrying four 2905:Notable nuclear weapons accidents 2795: 2604:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 2602:and is published annually by the 2499:Federation of American Scientists 1291: 1195:, as their energy comes from the 1009:(succeeded as a nuclear power by 844:from relatively small amounts of 12237: 12214: 12213: 12203: 11986:Kramatorsk radiological accident 11712: 11701: 11700: 11688: 11377:Fast Breeder Test Reactor (FBTR) 8163: 8129: 7535: 7511:Herrera, Geoffrey Lucas (2006). 7504: 7475:"Leo Szilard | Biographies" 7467: 7402: 7372: 7341: 7309: 7263: 7217: 7187: 7111: 7098: 7085: 6958: 6928: 6889: 6854: 6812:"Critique of nuclear extinction" 6755:from the original on May 1, 2016 5771:Ben Goddard (January 27, 2010). 5663:from the original on May 9, 2013 5586:"Nuclear energy after Fukushima" 5584:Jim Hoagland (October 6, 2011). 4961:The Oxford History of Modern War 4151:"Atomic Power for War and Peace" 3720:This section is an excerpt from 3664:Peaceful nuclear explosions are 3539:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament 3163:fuel explosion, jettisoning the 3147:. One of the bombs remains lost. 3102:, was recovered intact after a 2 2812:United Nations Secretary-General 2668:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 2662:and continuing through the 1996 1716:weapons. These included nuclear 1615:is for the purpose of achieving 900:proliferation of nuclear weapons 769: 768: 40: 11888:List of orphan source incidents 10466:Historical stockpiles and tests 7601: 7354:The American Presidency Project 6803: 6736: 6700: 6668: 6642: 6612: 6599: 6586: 6531: 6446: 6420: 6373: 6342: 6293: 6269: 6239: 6219:Long, Tony (January 17, 2008). 6187: 6163:Hayes, Ron (January 17, 2007). 6135: 6116: 6022: 5992: 5966: 5936: 5889: 5869:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5856: 5823: 5787: 5764: 5738: 5701: 5675: 5648: 5623: 5610: 5577: 5553: 5520: 5489: 5456: 5426: 5367: 5348: 5283: 5253: 5221: 5152: 5130: 5088: 5048: 4982: 4947: 4885: 4861: 4835: 4808: 4783: 4757: 4735: 4691: 4661: 4627: 4596: 4547: 4516: 4496: 4476: 4436: 4328: 4220:"Frequently Asked Questions #1" 4115: 3780:—that emitted large amounts of 2953:. He received a lethal dose of 2739:In January 1986, Soviet leader 2733:Defense Threat Reduction Agency 2587:voted in favor of adopting the 2547:for the initiation of the 2003 2369:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 2265:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 2025:difficult for an enemy country. 1886:More advanced systems, such as 1754:The first nuclear weapons were 1249:All fission reactions generate 51:needs additional citations for 11367:Energy Multiplier Module (EM2) 10249:Single-photon emission (SPECT) 8006:, New York, Bloomsbury, 2017, 7940:has escalated the arms race", 6592:Philip Yam. Nuclear Exchange, 6198:. Sunflower University Press. 5655:Graham, Nick (April 5, 2009). 4958:. In Charles Townshend (ed.). 4926:War, Strategy and Intelligence 4271: 4212: 4187: 4103: 4071: 3646:, for example cleaning up the 3604:Costs and technology spin-offs 3576:in the sea 19 kilometres from 3117:1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash 2928:Los Alamos National Laboratory 2851: 2621: 2507:International Court of Justice 2086:International Court of Justice 1518:) creates a weapon known as a 1466: 1276:. Less commonly used has been 1202:In fission weapons, a mass of 1043:policy of deliberate ambiguity 1: 12210:Nuclear technology portal 11695:Nuclear technology portal 9871:Blue Peacock nuclear landmine 8344:United States nuclear devices 7802:The Making of the Atomic Bomb 6875:10.1016/j.futures.2009.07.009 6061:"Big Bangs from Little Bombs" 5632:Gorbachev: His Life and Times 5056:The Spread of Nuclear Weapons 4054: 3752:including the discoveries in 3630:According to an audit by the 3618:History of computing hardware 3342:in the median lethal range – 3284:Effects of nuclear explosions 3278:Effects of nuclear explosions 3038:1965 Philippine Sea A-4 crash 2884:protest march in Oxford, 1980 2769:stability–instability paradox 2608:escalation of nuclear threats 2165:stability-instability paradox 2059:Nuclear weapons for use on a 2039:transporter erector launchers 1550:nuclear electromagnetic pulse 940:United States Army Air Forces 11980:Andreev Bay nuclear accident 11967:Chazhma Bay nuclear accident 11557:Field-reversed configuration 11167:Uranium Naturel Graphite Gaz 9055:Reliable Replacement Warhead 8017:The New York Review of Books 7891:Resources in other libraries 7676:Arlington, TX: Aerofax, 1988 7166:American Antiquarian Society 7146:American Antiquarian Society 6681:. p. 22. Archived from 6351:"Titan II Missile Explosion" 6152:. May 9, 1989. p. A–27. 6089:"Ticonderoga Cruise Reports" 6059:Barry Schneider (May 1975). 5896:Kofi Annan (July 14, 1997). 5773:"Cold Warriors say no nukes" 4954:Creveld, Martin Van (2000). 4875:, an excerpt from the book. 4578:"The Nuclear Weapon Archive" 4306:"South African nuclear bomb" 4281:. Fas.org. January 8, 2007. 4047:Three Non-Nuclear Principles 3506:Protest in Bonn against the 3453:extinction of the human race 3013:BOMARC Missile Accident Site 3005:1960 Fort Dix IM-99 accident 2255:Governance, control, and law 2184:mutually assured destruction 2097:Ballistic missile submarines 2075:mutually assured destruction 1860:, or re-entry phase, of the 1531:Strategic Defense Initiative 1077:is the only country to have 966:" over the Japanese city of 954:" over the Japanese city of 910:, both by the United States 7: 11914:Nyonoksa radiation accident 11514:Aircraft Reactor Experiment 10699: 10461:States with nuclear weapons 8074:, Cornell, 2020, 180 pp.), 6406:. Longman. pp. 54–55. 6194:Maydew, Randall C. (1997). 5566:September 17, 2008, at the 5144:September 19, 2015, at the 4929:. Routledge. pp. 85–. 4704:September 24, 2015, at the 4697:U.S. Department of Energy, 4509:September 27, 2011, at the 3968: 3533:In the United Kingdom, the 3172:Nuclear testing and fallout 3150:September 18–19, 1980: the 2921:List of nuclear close calls 2771:, including in south Asia. 2752:in an April 2009 speech in 2612:Russian invasion of Ukraine 2390:UN vote on adoption of the 2373:underground nuclear testing 2196:weapons of mass destruction 2192:September 11, 2001, attacks 1827:United States against Japan 896:weapons of mass destruction 455:Weapons of mass destruction 10: 12296: 12186:Russell–Einstein Manifesto 12109:Films about nuclear issues 12104:Books about nuclear issues 11992:Three Mile Island accident 11920:Fukushima nuclear accident 11799:Military nuclear accidents 11794:Nuclear meltdown accidents 11527: 11352:Liquid-metal-cooled (LMFR) 10476:Tests in the United States 8281:November 10, 2016, at the 7776:The Effects of Nuclear War 7686:December 30, 2016, at the 7605: 7573:Groves, Leslie R. (1983). 7542:Laucht, Christoph (2012). 7412:Nuclear Fusion and Fission 6986:10.1038/s43016-022-00573-0 6828:10.1177/002234338201900401 6609:, January 2010, pp. 74–81. 6128:September 1, 2013, at the 6108:The National Archives hold 5119:February 19, 2016, at the 4989:Mearsheimer, John (2006). 4879:November 21, 2008, at the 4867:Stephen I. Schwartz, ed., 4421:December 30, 2016, at the 4310:Nuclear Threat Initiatives 4279:"Nuclear Weapons – Israel" 4123:National Command Authority 3719: 3703:Soviet atomic bomb project 3700: 3697:History of nuclear weapons 3694: 3672:including the creation of 3660:Peaceful nuclear explosion 3657: 3607: 3491: 3448:US–Soviet nuclear exchange 3399: 3292: 3281: 3229:hydrogen bomb test at the 3181: 3175: 3028:Boeing B-52 Stratofortress 2918: 2908: 2870: 2855: 2808:United Nations Secretariat 2799: 2631: 2625: 2333:Russell–Einstein Manifesto 2300: 2258: 2171:nuclear deterrent against 1952:Pre-emptive nuclear strike 1949: 1939: 1727: 1470: 1295: 1143:, principal leader of the 1122:to recall verses from the 1099: 875:) and 50 megatons for the 21:Atom bomb (disambiguation) 18: 12199: 12146:Nuclear-Free Future Award 12084: 12055:Totskoye nuclear exercise 11901: 11883:Sunken nuclear submarines 11768: 11682: 11638: 11590: 11547: 11537: 11489: 11477:Stable Salt Reactor (SSR) 11390: 11372:Reduced-moderation (RMWR) 11337: 11320: 11260: 11187: 11179:Advanced gas-cooled (AGR) 11153: 11144: 11096: 11076: 11029: 11011: 10967: 10872: 10854: 10722: 10709: 10694: 10681: 10636: 10569: 10514: 10505: 10453: 10361: 10352: 10319: 10262: 10224: 10215: 10136: 10068: 9991: 9933: 9929: 9879: 9858: 9838: 9809: 9798: 9773: 9757: 9738: 9727: 9707: 9690: 9679: 9629: 9598: 9576: 9550: 9539: 9530: 9466:French nuclear deterrence 9458: 9352: 9316: 9255: 9189: 9148: 9121: 9084: 9073: 8852: 8836: 8725: 8716: 8664: 8601: 8570: 8459: 8363: 8350: 8266:January 15, 2009, at the 8192:October 18, 1996, at the 7886:Resources in your library 7722:February 4, 2012, at the 7077:. London. April 5, 1958. 6816:Journal of Peace Research 6308:. Vol. 67. pp. 5630:Taubman, William (2017). 5360:January 19, 2011, at the 5078:December 1, 2010, at the 5058:(New York: Norton, 1995). 4093:, and colloquially as an 3951:Frisch–Peierls memorandum 3640:environmental remediation 3610:Global Positioning System 3564:In 1959, a letter in the 3256:National Cancer Institute 3145:radioactive contamination 3057:1966 Palomares B-52 crash 3024:Goldsboro, North Carolina 3020:1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash 2866: 2468:Nuclear-Weapon-Free Zones 2211:Vandenberg Air Force Base 2131:of France, an adviser to 2123:between the U.S. and the 2105:reconnaissance satellites 2089:the state were at stake. 2005:developed to replace the 1654:purportedly conceived by 1524:radioactive contamination 1259:radioactive contamination 938:. On August 6, 1945, the 871:between 10 tons TNT (the 11382:Dual fluid reactor (DFR) 10998:Steam-generating (SGHWR) 10334:Electron-beam processing 9859:Other cancelled projects 8305:August 28, 2015, at the 7964:U.S. Secretary of Energy 7851:The Rise of Nuclear Fear 7619:The Road from Los Alamos 7409:Young-Brown, F. (2016). 7043:"A brief history of CND" 6400:Rudig, Wolfgang (1990). 6300:Schlosser, Eric (2013). 5299:January 1, 2016, at the 5173:10.1177/0002716206290457 5010:10.1177/0047117806060939 4559:Arms control association 4493:, accessed May 10, 2011. 4059: 3890:that Germany might have 3845:up the possibility of a 3806:artificial radioactivity 3644:nuclear waste management 3636:nuclear weapons delivery 3614:Nuclear weapons delivery 3570:Atomic Energy Commission 2998:University of New Mexico 2658:Beginning with the 1963 2557:bombed a nuclear reactor 2103:, as they can hide from 2031:nuclear weapons delivery 1730:Nuclear weapons delivery 1645:tactical nuclear weapons 1627:Tactical nuclear weapons 1320:or more colloquially as 1095: 1083:renounced and dismantled 997:and demonstration. Only 154:Clockwise from top left: 12161:Nuclear power phase-out 11497:Organic nuclear reactor 10669:Nuclear power phase-out 10592:Nuclear decommissioning 10532:Reactor-grade plutonium 10282:Targeted alpha-particle 10161:Accidents and incidents 9249:French nuclear armament 8235:March 27, 2021, at the 7762:April 21, 2017, at the 7650:Available online (PDF). 5799:"The new abolitionists" 5379:April 21, 2010, at the 5345:New York: Norton, 2006. 5294:Today's nuclear dilemma 5125:New York Times Magazine 4998:International Relations 4001:List of nuclear weapons 3593:Partial Test Ban Treaty 3522:, France, in the 1980s. 3231:Pacific Proving Grounds 3167:beyond the launch site. 3121:United States Air Force 2780:. But former Secretary 2660:Partial Test Ban Treaty 2141:international stability 2135:, argued in books like 1784:Strategic Rocket Forces 1529:In connection with the 1343:Only six countries—the 1224:nuclear chain reactions 1079:independently developed 1071:nuclear weapons sharing 982:are to this day, still 904:international relations 25:A-bomb (disambiguation) 12166:Nuclear weapons debate 9317:Pre-strategic missiles 8275:Race for the Superbomb 8270:(U.S. nuclear history) 8212:March 2, 2001, at the 8125: 8105:Listen to this article 8077:London Review of Books 7928:reducing nuclear risks 7822:, Hoover Press, 2015, 7734:Réveillez le président 7661:April 8, 2015, at the 6810:Martin, Brian (1982). 6624:k1project.columbia.edu 5948:ahf.nuclearmuseum.org/ 5659:. Huffingtonpost.com. 5620:, January 2010, p. 26. 5328:April 6, 2011, at the 4749:. September 22, 2015. 4489:March 3, 2016, at the 4174:Nuclear weapon archive 4011:Nth Country Experiment 3922: 3860: 3847:nuclear chain reaction 3741: 3691:History of development 3626:Swords to ploughshares 3523: 3511: 3431: 3396:Effects of nuclear war 3308: 3218: 3205:This view of downtown 3198: 3115:January 21, 1968: the 3055:January 17, 1966: the 3018:January 24, 1961: the 2885: 2858:Nuclear weapons debate 2736: 2652: 2569:bombed another reactor 2502: 2414: 2316: 2226: 2209:ICBM test launch from 2108: 2026: 1918:anti-submarine warfare 1864: 1799: 1771: 1640: 1495:boosted fission weapon 1485:Induced gamma emission 1473:Boosted fission weapon 1439: 1311: 1176: 1148: 1133: 922:Testing and deployment 183: 12024:K-19 nuclear accident 11819:Nuclear weapons tests 10659:Anti-nuclear movement 8248:May 15, 2021, at the 8124: 8057:nuclear-weapon states 7818:and Goodby, James E. 7479:www.atomicarchive.com 7199:Brookings Institution 6654:Fallout Radiation.com 6285:. November 11, 2008. 6253:. November 14, 2008. 6006:. November 14, 2008. 5726:on September 24, 2015 5434:"History of the TPNW" 5414:on September 27, 2013 4316:on September 28, 2012 4230:on September 19, 2007 4021:Nuclear bunker buster 3996:List of global issues 3908: 3855: 3802:Frédéric Joliot-Curie 3731: 3632:Brookings Institution 3517: 3505: 3425: 3302: 3204: 3191: 3032:Mark 39 nuclear bombs 2993:Mark-17 hydrogen bomb 2970:Convair B-36B crashed 2968:February 13, 1950: a 2880: 2727: 2642: 2571:being constructed in 2559:being constructed in 2496: 2389: 2360:, held in July 1957. 2310: 2303:Anti-nuclear movement 2204: 2117:nuclear proliferation 2095: 2021:was to make complete 1996: 1910:nuclear depth charges 1848: 1808:nuclear weapon design 1777: 1753: 1634: 1613:nuclear weapon design 1450:contain at least one 1448:thermonuclear weapons 1434: 1317:thermonuclear weapons 1305: 1284:and some isotopes of 1170: 1141:J. Robert Oppenheimer 1139: 1120:J. Robert Oppenheimer 1109: 1102:Nuclear weapon design 1085:its nuclear weapons. 173:LGM-30G Minuteman III 143: 29:Nuke (disambiguation) 12156:Nuclear power debate 12018:Cuban Missile Crisis 11869:in the United States 11567:Reversed field pinch 11362:Traveling-wave (TWR) 10846:Supercritical (SCWR) 10344:Gemstone irradiation 9765:Polaris A3T and A3TK 8257:at AtomicArchive.com 8172:at Wikimedia Commons 8156:More spoken articles 7615:Bethe, Hans Albrecht 7438:, pp. 263, 268. 7390:on December 28, 2016 6688:on November 26, 2013 6489:on September 7, 2014 6098:on September 7, 2004 5811:on February 17, 2014 5341:Richelson, Jeffrey. 4637:(October 29, 2021). 4340:, March 2016, p. 49. 4337:Australasian Science 3986:Cuban Missile Crisis 3981:Cosmic bomb (phrase) 3670:economic development 3598:fears of nuclear war 3541:(CND) took place at 3009:Boeing CIM-10 Bomarc 2976:after jettisoning a 2882:Anti-nuclear weapons 2838:conventional weapons 2688:collapse of the USSR 2472:Treaty of Tlatelolco 2354:Pugwash, Nova Scotia 2339:on July 9, 1955, by 2129:Pierre Marie Gallois 1972:On Thermonuclear War 1762:" weapon dropped on 1592:resembling ordinary 1588:, which consists of 1535:nuclear pumped laser 1533:, research into the 1481:Radiological warfare 1426:Livermore Laboratory 1369:thermonuclear weapon 1298:Thermonuclear weapon 942:(USAAF) detonated a 321:Nuclear-armed states 60:improve this article 12265:American inventions 12141:Nuclear close calls 10732:Aqueous homogeneous 10527:Reprocessed uranium 10200:Safety and security 9568:Handley Page Victor 8090:Scientific American 8049:American Experience 7907:Scientific American 7752:Smyth, Henry DeWolf 7732:Jean-Hugues Oppel, 7703:Stalin and the Bomb 7521:. pp. 179–80. 7494:, pp. 305–312. 6942:. August 16, 2022. 6650:"Decay Information" 6607:Scientific American 6596:, June 2010, p. 24. 6594:Scientific American 6318:2014PhT....67d..48W 6283:The Daily Telegraph 6145:The Washington Post 5752:on January 12, 2015 5618:Scientific American 5591:The Washington Post 5534:. August 12, 2024. 5127:(October 29, 2006). 4304:Executive release. 3842:splitting of a cell 3678:Operation Plowshare 3535:Aldermaston Marches 3494:Nuclear disarmament 3436:habitat destruction 3223:Radioactive fallout 3112:-month-long search. 2982:nuclear weapon loss 2940:radiation poisoning 2717:. In January 2010, 2628:Nuclear disarmament 2484:Treaty of Pelindaba 2450:(never in effect), 2029:Different forms of 1999:Peacekeeper missile 1802:The system used to 1672:short range missile 1580:hafnium controversy 177:LGM-118 Peacekeeper 12244:Nuclear technology 12049:Operation Plumbbob 12012:Operation Fishbowl 11949:Chernobyl disaster 11646:Dense plasma focus 10561:Actinide chemistry 10026:Isotope separation 9923:Nuclear technology 9866:Blue Water missile 9256:Strategic missiles 8126: 8085:hypersonic weapons 7849:Weart, Spencer R. 7552:. pp. 31–33. 7550:Palgrave Macmillan 7074:Guardian Unlimited 5976:. April 23, 2018. 5797:(March 30, 2012). 5598:on October 1, 2013 5574:(January 8, 2007). 5561:Finding Article VI 5559:Gusterson, Hugh, " 4565:on April 21, 2020. 3931:Lyman James Briggs 3923: 3915:Robert Oppenheimer 3861: 3837:Otto Robert Frisch 3819:In December 1938, 3796:In Paris in 1934, 3742: 3666:nuclear explosions 3524: 3512: 3465:India and Pakistan 3461:societal breakdown 3432: 3340:ionizing radiation 3309: 3305:Sumiteru Taniguchi 3219: 3199: 3073:mid-air refuelling 3003:June 7, 1960: the 2936:prompt criticality 2886: 2834:biological weapons 2737: 2719:Lawrence M. Krauss 2653: 2600:global catastrophe 2553:not to be the case 2519:Geneva Conventions 2503: 2438:(never ratified), 2415: 2412: Did not vote 2381:nuclear technology 2322:head of government 2317: 2289:Lahore Declaration 2227: 2147:scholars, such as 2109: 2027: 1979:nuclear deterrence 1871:, which can use a 1865: 1800: 1772: 1641: 1621:radiation hardness 1611:Most variation in 1440: 1381:Teller-Ulam design 1371:is controversial. 1312: 1308:Teller–Ulam design 1306:The basics of the 1220:exponential growth 1177: 1149: 1134: 984:subjects of debate 976:military personnel 834:thermonuclear bomb 184: 12225: 12224: 12151:Nuclear-free zone 12114:Anti-war movement 12070:Rocky Flats Plant 11728: 11727: 11678: 11677: 11674: 11673: 11625:Magnetized-target 11522: 11521: 11485: 11484: 11316: 11315: 11312: 11311: 11256: 11255: 11140: 11139: 11072: 11071: 10677: 10676: 10632: 10631: 10501: 10500: 10488:Weapon-free zones 10315: 10314: 10307:Radiopharmacology 9889: 9888: 9854: 9853: 9794: 9793: 9786:Chevaline upgrade 9723: 9722: 9684:(1960, cancelled) 9675: 9674: 9489: 9488: 9215: 9214: 9144: 9143: 9069: 9068: 8712: 8711: 8666:Atomic demolition 8219:Video archive of 8168:Media related to 8122: 7872:Library resources 7834:Weart, Spencer R. 7828:978-0-8179-1845-3 7816:Shultz, George P. 7799:Rhodes, Richard. 7742:978-2-7436-1630-4 7701:Holloway, David. 7696:978-0-9791915-0-3 7590:978-0-786-74822-8 7559:978-1-137-22295-4 7528:978-0-7914-6868-5 7422:978-1-502-61949-5 7104:Jim Falk (1982). 7091:Jim Falk (1982). 7028:Jim Falk (1982). 6676:"Nuclear Warfare" 6474:978-0-309-08713-1 6335:978-1-59420-227-8 6326:10.1063/PT.3.2350 6205:978-0-89745-214-4 6034:Los Angeles Times 5904:on March 18, 2017 5873:. June 17, 2019. 5708:Krepon, Michael. 5641:978-1-4711-4796-8 5267:. June 19, 2019. 5237:. June 21, 2019. 4975:978-0-19-285373-8 4936:978-1-136-28624-7 4747:NextBigFuture.com 4675:. July 15, 2021. 4635:Wellerstein, Alex 4576:Sublette, Carey. 4431:978-0-9791915-0-3 4155:Popular Mechanics 4077:also known as an 4065:Explanatory Notes 3927:Uranium Committee 3786:Ernest Rutherford 3707:Manhattan Project 3586:Nobel Peace Prize 3574:radioactive waste 3549:, London, to the 3537:organised by the 3508:nuclear arms race 3488:Public opposition 3446:estimated that a 3402:Nuclear holocaust 3152:Damascus Accident 3100:Mediterranean Sea 3075:off the coast of 2959:neutron radiation 2894:Japan's surrender 2890:Manhattan Project 2826:non-proliferation 2741:Mikhail Gorbachev 2523:Hague Conventions 2515:international law 2241:nuclear forensics 2213:, United States. 2180:nuclear terrorism 2143:. Some prominent 2133:Charles de Gaulle 2115:position is that 2055:strategic weapons 2007:Minuteman missile 1946:Deterrence theory 1832:strategic bombers 1780:commercial launch 1778:A demilitarized, 1557:pure fusion bombs 1539:Project Excalibur 1508:neutron radiation 1489:Antimatter weapon 1393:lithium deuteride 1214:) is forced into 1145:Manhattan Project 1116:Manhattan Project 980:Japan's surrender 894:. Since they are 888:conventional bomb 838:nuclear explosion 822:nuclear reactions 810: 809: 449: 448: 213:Nuclear explosion 136: 135: 128: 110: 12287: 12242: 12241: 12240: 12233: 12217: 12216: 12208: 12207: 12206: 12037:Kyshtym disaster 12032:nuclear meltdown 11959:Related articles 11943:Goiânia accident 11755: 11748: 11741: 11732: 11731: 11716: 11715: 11704: 11703: 11693: 11692: 11691: 11603: 11562:Levitated dipole 11532: 11524: 11523: 11472:Helium gas (GFR) 11335: 11334: 11330: 11267: 11266: 11151: 11150: 11101: 11100: 11094: 11093: 11089: 11088: 10870: 10869: 10866: 10865: 10704: 10696: 10695: 10688:Nuclear reactors 10683: 10682: 10582:High-level (HLW) 10512: 10511: 10359: 10358: 10339:Food irradiation 10329:Atomic gardening 10222: 10221: 10205:Nuclear meltdown 10031:Nuclear material 10021:Fissile material 10016:Fertile material 9931: 9930: 9916: 9909: 9902: 9893: 9892: 9829:-class submarine 9820:-class submarine 9810:launch platforms 9807: 9806: 9749:-class submarine 9736: 9735: 9688: 9687: 9548: 9547: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9493: 9492: 9459:Related subjects 9353:Nuclear warheads 9242: 9235: 9228: 9219: 9218: 9082: 9081: 8723: 8722: 8361: 8360: 8337: 8330: 8323: 8314: 8313: 8167: 8146: 8144: 8133: 8132: 8123: 8113: 8111: 8106: 7950:Moniz, Ernest J. 7934:Michael T. Klare 7731: 7679:Hansen, Chuck, " 7595: 7594: 7570: 7564: 7563: 7539: 7533: 7532: 7508: 7502: 7501: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7471: 7465: 7464: 7452: 7446: 7445: 7433: 7427: 7426: 7406: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7376: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7365: 7360:on March 3, 2016 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7334: 7329:on March 5, 2016 7328: 7321: 7313: 7307: 7306: 7300: 7292: 7290: 7288: 7282: 7275: 7267: 7261: 7260: 7254: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7236: 7229: 7221: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7205:on March 5, 2004 7201:. Archived from 7191: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7169: 7163: 7149: 7143: 7128: 7122: 7115: 7109: 7102: 7096: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7065: 7059: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7039: 7033: 7026: 7017: 7016: 6998: 6988: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6921: 6915: 6902: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6807: 6801: 6800: 6798: 6796: 6774: 6765: 6764: 6762: 6760: 6740: 6734: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6723: 6712: 6704: 6698: 6697: 6695: 6693: 6687: 6680: 6672: 6666: 6665: 6646: 6640: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6616: 6610: 6603: 6597: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6559: 6553: 6552: 6550: 6543: 6535: 6529: 6528: 6526: 6524: 6505: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6494: 6485:. Archived from 6450: 6444: 6443: 6441: 6439: 6424: 6418: 6417: 6397: 6386: 6385: 6377: 6371: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6349:Christ, Mark K. 6346: 6340: 6339: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6191: 6185: 6184: 6182: 6180: 6175:on June 16, 2011 6171:. 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Archived from 5402: 5390: 5384: 5371: 5365: 5352: 5346: 5339: 5333: 5319: 5310: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5257: 5251: 5250: 5248: 5246: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5205:. Archived from 5194: 5185: 5184: 5156: 5150: 5134: 5128: 5110: 5104: 5103: 5092: 5086: 5068: 5059: 5052: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5034: 5028:. Archived from 4995: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4920: 4914: 4913: 4911: 4909: 4898:Breaking Defense 4889: 4883: 4865: 4859: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4839: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4767:. Cui.unige.ch. 4761: 4755: 4754: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4718: 4709: 4695: 4689: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4600: 4594: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4561:. Archived from 4551: 4545: 4544: 4542: 4540: 4520: 4514: 4500: 4494: 4482:Carey Sublette, 4480: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4463: 4452: 4440: 4434: 4408: 4391: 4390: 4366: 4360: 4359: 4347: 4341: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4301: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4290: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4249: 4243: 4242: 4237: 4235: 4226:. Archived from 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4147: 4130: 4119: 4113: 4111:Mordechai Vanunu 4107: 4101: 4075: 4016:Nuclear blackout 3961:Shinkolobwe Mine 3959:, a director of 3825:Fritz Strassmann 3804:discovered that 3768:discovered that 3738:enriched uranium 3654:Non-weapons uses 3547:Trafalgar Square 3366:shelter in place 3303:A photograph of 3265:Nevada Test Site 3215:Nevada Test Site 3111: 3110: 3106: 3067:collided with a 3059:occurred when a 3046:B43 nuclear bomb 2974:British Columbia 2819:General Assembly 2767:and through the 2517:, including the 2411: 2405: 2399: 2341:Bertrand Russell 2153:John Mearsheimer 2082:advisory opinion 2066:tactical weapons 1942:Nuclear strategy 1936:Nuclear strategy 1898:Tactical weapons 1812:nuclear strategy 1758:, such as this " 1738:Strategic bomber 1724:Weapons delivery 1666:and 155 mm 1409:depleted uranium 1324:(abbreviated as 1251:fission products 1245: 1228:explosive lenses 1216:supercriticality 1208:enriched uranium 1204:fissile material 1187:(abbreviated as 818:explosive device 802: 795: 788: 772: 771: 753:List of treaties 465: 451: 450: 441: 434: 427: 378: 272:Target selection 200: 186: 185: 161:LGM-25C Titan II 131: 124: 120: 117: 111: 109: 75:"Nuclear weapon" 68: 44: 36: 12295: 12294: 12290: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12285: 12284: 12260:Nuclear weapons 12250: 12249: 12248: 12238: 12236: 12228: 12226: 12221: 12204: 12202: 12195: 12171:Peace activists 12086: 12080: 11905: 11903: 11897: 11775: 11773: 11771: 11764: 11759: 11729: 11724: 11689: 11687: 11670: 11634: 11601: 11586: 11543: 11533: 11528: 11518: 11481: 11386: 11331: 11324: 11323: 11308: 11252: 11183: 11158: 11136: 11108: 11090: 11083: 11082: 11081: 11068: 11034: 11025: 11007: 10972: 10963: 10877: 10860: 10859: 10858: 10850: 10764:Natural fission 10718: 10717: 10705: 10700: 10690: 10673: 10649:Nuclear weapons 10628: 10587:Low-level (LLW) 10565: 10497: 10449: 10348: 10311: 10258: 10211: 10132: 10064: 9987: 9925: 9920: 9890: 9885: 9875: 9850: 9834: 9802: 9790: 9769: 9753: 9739:Launch platform 9731: 9719: 9703: 9683: 9671: 9625: 9594: 9572: 9558:Vickers Valiant 9543: 9535: 9526: 9520: 9490: 9485: 9454: 9348: 9312: 9251: 9246: 9216: 9211: 9185: 9140: 9117: 9076: 9065: 8848: 8832: 8708: 8667: 8660: 8597: 8566: 8455: 8355: 8353: 8346: 8341: 8307:Wayback Machine 8283:Wayback Machine 8268:Wayback Machine 8250:Wayback Machine 8237:Wayback Machine 8214:Wayback Machine 8198:nuclear weapons 8194:Wayback Machine 8170:Nuclear weapons 8160: 8159: 8148: 8142: 8140: 8137:This audio file 8134: 8127: 8118: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8104: 8101: 8096: 7996:Daniel Ellsberg 7959:Foreign Affairs 7912:missile defense 7897: 7896: 7895: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7868: 7866:Further reading 7863: 7783:Rhodes, Richard 7764:Wayback Machine 7746:nuclear weapons 7729: 7724:Wayback Machine 7688:Wayback Machine 7663:Wayback Machine 7610: 7604: 7599: 7598: 7591: 7571: 7567: 7560: 7540: 7536: 7529: 7509: 7505: 7495: 7490: 7486: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7439: 7434: 7430: 7423: 7407: 7403: 7393: 7391: 7378: 7377: 7373: 7363: 7361: 7346: 7342: 7332: 7330: 7326: 7319: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7294: 7293: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7273: 7271:"Archived copy" 7269: 7268: 7264: 7248: 7247: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7227: 7225:"Archived copy" 7223: 7222: 7218: 7208: 7206: 7193: 7192: 7188: 7178: 7176: 7161: 7153:McCusker, J. J. 7141: 7133:McCusker, J. J. 7129: 7125: 7117:Spencer Weart, 7116: 7112: 7103: 7099: 7090: 7086: 7067: 7066: 7062: 7052: 7050: 7041: 7040: 7036: 7027: 7020: 6963: 6959: 6949: 6947: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6900: 6894: 6890: 6869:(10): 706–714. 6859: 6855: 6845: 6843: 6808: 6804: 6794: 6792: 6775: 6768: 6758: 6756: 6741: 6737: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6710: 6706: 6705: 6701: 6691: 6689: 6685: 6678: 6674: 6673: 6669: 6648: 6647: 6643: 6633: 6631: 6618: 6617: 6613: 6604: 6600: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6562:Coghlan, Andy. 6560: 6556: 6548: 6541: 6537: 6536: 6532: 6522: 6520: 6507: 6506: 6502: 6492: 6490: 6475: 6451: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6398: 6389: 6378: 6374: 6364: 6362: 6347: 6343: 6336: 6298: 6294: 6275: 6274: 6270: 6260: 6258: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6230: 6228: 6217: 6213: 6206: 6192: 6188: 6178: 6176: 6169:Palm Beach Post 6161: 6157: 6141: 6140: 6136: 6130:Wayback Machine 6121: 6117: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6087: 6086: 6082: 6072: 6070: 6057: 6053: 6043: 6041: 6028: 6027: 6023: 6013: 6011: 5998: 5997: 5993: 5983: 5981: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5957: 5955: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5927:Rinaldo Brutoco 5924: 5917: 5907: 5905: 5894: 5890: 5880: 5878: 5862: 5861: 5857: 5847: 5845: 5828: 5824: 5814: 5812: 5792: 5788: 5769: 5765: 5755: 5753: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5727: 5723: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5690: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5664: 5653: 5649: 5642: 5628: 5624: 5615: 5611: 5601: 5599: 5582: 5578: 5568:Wayback Machine 5558: 5554: 5544: 5542: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5511: 5509: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5461: 5457: 5447: 5445: 5432: 5431: 5427: 5417: 5415: 5411: 5400: 5394:Mark Diesendorf 5391: 5387: 5381:Wayback Machine 5372: 5368: 5362:Wayback Machine 5353: 5349: 5340: 5336: 5330:Wayback Machine 5320: 5313: 5301:Wayback Machine 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5244: 5242: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5209:on May 13, 2013 5195: 5188: 5157: 5153: 5146:Wayback Machine 5135: 5131: 5121:Wayback Machine 5111: 5107: 5094: 5093: 5089: 5080:Wayback Machine 5070:Kenneth Waltz, 5069: 5062: 5053: 5049: 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Einstein 3892:its own project 3867:concluded that 3810:alpha particles 3790:Frederick Soddy 3734:nuclear fission 3725: 3717: 3699: 3693: 3662: 3656: 3628: 3606: 3500: 3490: 3420: 3410:Doomsday device 3398: 3297: 3291: 3286: 3280: 3245:nuclear testing 3186: 3180: 3178:Nuclear fallout 3174: 3108: 3104: 3103: 2923: 2917: 2909:Main articles: 2907: 2896:and the U.S.'s 2875: 2869: 2864: 2854: 2804: 2798: 2782:Henry Kissinger 2703:Henry Kissinger 2637: 2630: 2624: 2580:Mark Diesendorf 2413: 2409: 2407: 2403: 2401: 2397: 2395: 2394:on July 7, 2017 2365:nuclear testing 2346:Albert Einstein 2305: 2299: 2259:Main articles: 2257: 2230:Robert Gallucci 2161:interventionist 2037:or land mobile 2023:missile defense 1974: 1968:Nuclear warfare 1948: 1940:Main articles: 1938: 1928:), such as the 1892:missile defense 1836:fighter-bombers 1782:of the Russian 1748: 1726: 1629: 1598:electric charge 1568:Nuclear isomers 1491: 1471:Main articles: 1469: 1444:nuclear fallout 1300: 1294: 1263:nuclear fallout 1243: 1165: 1163:Fission weapons 1153:nuclear fission 1104: 1098: 924: 914:in 1945 during 836:), producing a 806: 445: 396: 376: 366: 335: 190:Nuclear weapons 165:HGM-25A Titan I 132: 121: 115: 112: 69: 67: 57: 45: 32: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12293: 12283: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12247: 12246: 12223: 12222: 12200: 12197: 12196: 12194: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12176:Peace movement 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12148: 12143: 12138: 12133: 12128: 12121: 12116: 12111: 12106: 12101: 12096: 12090: 12088: 12082: 12081: 12079: 12078: 12072: 12067: 12062: 12057: 12051: 12045: 12043:Windscale fire 12039: 12033: 12026: 12020: 12014: 12004: 12002:Lucens reactor 11998: 11988: 11982: 11976: 11969: 11963: 11962: 11961: 11956: 11945: 11939: 11933: 11928: 11922: 11916: 11909: 11907: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11879: 11878: 11873: 11872: 11871: 11866: 11859:United Kingdom 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11780: 11778: 11766: 11765: 11758: 11757: 11750: 11743: 11735: 11726: 11725: 11723: 11722: 11710: 11698: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11669: 11668: 11663: 11658: 11656:Muon-catalyzed 11653: 11648: 11642: 11640: 11636: 11635: 11633: 11632: 11627: 11622: 11617: 11616: 11615: 11605: 11596: 11594: 11588: 11587: 11585: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11553: 11551: 11545: 11544: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11520: 11519: 11517: 11516: 11511: 11510: 11509: 11504: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11483: 11482: 11480: 11479: 11474: 11469: 11464: 11463: 11462: 11457: 11452: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11396: 11394: 11388: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11347:Integral (IFR) 11344: 11338: 11332: 11321: 11318: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11310: 11309: 11307: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11275: 11273: 11264: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11253: 11251: 11250: 11249: 11248: 11243: 11242: 11241: 11236: 11231: 11226: 11211: 11206: 11205: 11204: 11193: 11191: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11181: 11176: 11171: 11162: 11160: 11156: 11148: 11142: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11135: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11119: 11113: 11111: 11106: 11098: 11091: 11077: 11074: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11067: 11066: 11065: 11064: 11059: 11054: 11049: 11038: 11036: 11032: 11027: 11026: 11024: 11023: 11017: 11015: 11009: 11008: 11006: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10977: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10964: 10962: 10961: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10949: 10944: 10939: 10938: 10937: 10932: 10927: 10917: 10912: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10902: 10899: 10896: 10882: 10880: 10875: 10867: 10852: 10851: 10849: 10848: 10843: 10842: 10841: 10838: 10833: 10828: 10827: 10826: 10821: 10811: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10776: 10766: 10761: 10760: 10759: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10734: 10728: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10692: 10691: 10679: 10678: 10675: 10674: 10672: 10671: 10666: 10664:Uranium mining 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10640: 10638: 10634: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10626: 10621: 10620: 10619: 10614: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10579: 10573: 10571: 10567: 10566: 10564: 10563: 10558: 10557: 10556: 10546: 10541: 10540: 10539: 10537:Minor actinide 10534: 10529: 10518: 10516: 10509: 10503: 10502: 10499: 10498: 10496: 10495: 10490: 10485: 10480: 10479: 10478: 10473: 10463: 10457: 10455: 10451: 10450: 10448: 10447: 10446: 10445: 10435: 10430: 10429: 10428: 10423: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10402: 10401: 10391: 10386: 10381: 10376: 10371: 10365: 10363: 10356: 10350: 10349: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10336: 10331: 10325: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10309: 10304: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10274: 10268: 10266: 10260: 10259: 10257: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10241: 10236: 10234:Autoradiograph 10230: 10228: 10219: 10213: 10212: 10210: 10209: 10208: 10207: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10173: 10168: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10148: 10142: 10140: 10134: 10133: 10131: 10130: 10125: 10120: 10115: 10110: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10090: 10085: 10080: 10074: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10062: 10061: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10028: 10023: 10018: 10013: 10008: 10003: 9997: 9995: 9989: 9988: 9986: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9978: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9956:Atomic nucleus 9953: 9948: 9943: 9937: 9935: 9927: 9926: 9919: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9896: 9887: 9886: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9874: 9873: 9868: 9862: 9860: 9856: 9855: 9852: 9851: 9849: 9848: 9842: 9840: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9823: 9822:(1994–present) 9813: 9811: 9804: 9803:(1994–present) 9796: 9795: 9792: 9791: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9777: 9775: 9771: 9770: 9768: 9767: 9761: 9759: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9751: 9742: 9740: 9733: 9725: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9718: 9717: 9711: 9709: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9694: 9692: 9685: 9677: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9670: 9669: 9664: 9659: 9654: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9637:Mk.1 atom bomb 9633: 9631: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9602: 9600: 9596: 9595: 9593: 9592: 9586: 9580: 9578: 9574: 9573: 9571: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9554: 9552: 9545: 9541:V bomber force 9537: 9536: 9531: 9528: 9527: 9524:United Kingdom 9519: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9496: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9462: 9460: 9456: 9455: 9453: 9452: 9447: 9442: 9437: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9356: 9354: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9346: 9341: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9320: 9318: 9314: 9313: 9311: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9259: 9257: 9253: 9252: 9245: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9222: 9213: 9212: 9210: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9193: 9191: 9187: 9186: 9184: 9183: 9178: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9152: 9150: 9149:Primary stages 9146: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9139: 9138: 9132: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9118: 9116: 9115: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9086: 9079: 9071: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9064: 9063: 9058: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8856: 8854: 8850: 8849: 8847: 8846: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8825: 8820: 8815: 8810: 8805: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8745: 8740: 8735: 8729: 8727: 8720: 8714: 8713: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8672: 8670: 8662: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8611: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8596: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8574: 8572: 8568: 8567: 8565: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8549: 8544: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8514: 8509: 8504: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8484: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8456: 8454: 8453: 8448: 8443: 8438: 8433: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8369: 8367: 8358: 8348: 8347: 8340: 8339: 8332: 8325: 8317: 8311: 8310: 8297: 8291: 8286: 8271: 8258: 8252: 8240: 8227: 8217: 8204: 8183: 8173: 8149: 8135: 8128: 8116: 8103: 8102: 8100: 8099:External links 8097: 8095: 8094: 8081: 8060: 8024:Eric Schlosser 8021: 7989: 7947: 7931: 7898: 7894: 7893: 7888: 7882: 7881: 7877:Nuclear weapon 7870: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7861: 7847: 7831: 7813: 7797: 7780: 7772: 7749: 7727: 7713: 7699: 7677: 7667: 7652: 7640: 7629: 7611: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7596: 7589: 7583:. p. 33. 7565: 7558: 7534: 7527: 7503: 7484: 7466: 7457:, p. 268. 7447: 7428: 7421: 7401: 7371: 7340: 7308: 7262: 7216: 7186: 7170:1800–present: 7123: 7110: 7097: 7084: 7060: 7034: 7018: 6979:(8): 586–596. 6957: 6927: 6896:Helfand, Ira. 6888: 6853: 6822:(4): 287–300. 6802: 6766: 6735: 6699: 6667: 6641: 6611: 6598: 6585: 6554: 6530: 6500: 6473: 6465:10.17226/10621 6445: 6419: 6413:978-0582902695 6412: 6387: 6372: 6341: 6334: 6292: 6268: 6238: 6211: 6204: 6186: 6155: 6134: 6115: 6080: 6051: 6021: 5991: 5965: 5935: 5915: 5888: 5855: 5822: 5795:Hugh Gusterson 5786: 5763: 5737: 5700: 5674: 5647: 5640: 5622: 5609: 5576: 5552: 5519: 5488: 5455: 5425: 5385: 5366: 5347: 5334: 5311: 5290:Eric Schlosser 5282: 5252: 5220: 5186: 5151: 5129: 5105: 5087: 5083:Adelphi Papers 5060: 5047: 5035:on May 1, 2013 5004:(1): 105–123. 4981: 4974: 4946: 4935: 4915: 4884: 4860: 4834: 4819:. Sfgate.com. 4807: 4782: 4756: 4734: 4710: 4690: 4660: 4626: 4595: 4568: 4546: 4515: 4495: 4475: 4435: 4392: 4361: 4352:, p. 201. 4342: 4327: 4296: 4270: 4244: 4211: 4186: 4160: 4141: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4114: 4102: 4069: 4068: 4067: 4066: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4013: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3947:Rudolf Peierls 3943:Maud Committee 3909:Major General 3726: 3718: 3695:Main article: 3692: 3689: 3658:Main article: 3655: 3652: 3605: 3602: 3600:in the 1980s. 3489: 3486: 3467:involving 100 3440:nuclear winter 3418:Nuclear famine 3406:Doomsday Clock 3397: 3394: 3390:Thyroid cancer 3362: 3361: 3349: 3346: 3336: 3322:nuclear winter 3293:Main article: 3290: 3287: 3282:Main article: 3279: 3276: 3211:mushroom cloud 3176:Main article: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3168: 3148: 3129:hydrogen bombs 3113: 3085:hydrogen bombs 3053: 3035: 3022:occurred near 3016: 3015:in New Jersey. 3001: 2989: 2966: 2943: 2932:Harry Daghlian 2906: 2903: 2873:Nuclear ethics 2871:Main article: 2868: 2865: 2853: 2850: 2821:in July 1997. 2800:Main article: 2797: 2796:United Nations 2794: 2626:Main article: 2623: 2620: 2596:Doomsday Clock 2423:United Nations 2408: 2402: 2396: 2350:Cyrus S. Eaton 2335:was issued in 2256: 2253: 2237:Graham Allison 2223:striking first 2084:issued by the 1937: 1934: 1926:suitcase bombs 1725: 1722: 1628: 1625: 1546:Starfish Prime 1468: 1465: 1353:United Kingdom 1322:hydrogen bombs 1296:Main article: 1293: 1292:Fusion weapons 1290: 1175:weapon designs 1171:The two basic 1164: 1161: 1157:nuclear fusion 1100:Main article: 1097: 1094: 1015:United Kingdom 934:at the end of 923: 920: 902:is a focus of 881:TNT equivalent 814:nuclear weapon 808: 807: 805: 804: 797: 790: 782: 779: 778: 777: 776: 763: 762: 761: 760: 757:treaty parties 747: 746: 742: 741: 740: 739: 734: 729: 721: 720: 716: 715: 714: 713: 708: 703: 701:United Kingdom 698: 693: 688: 683: 678: 673: 668: 663: 658: 653: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 553: 548: 543: 538: 533: 528: 523: 518: 513: 505: 504: 498: 497: 496: 495: 490: 485: 480: 472: 471: 467: 466: 458: 457: 447: 446: 444: 443: 436: 429: 421: 418: 417: 416: 415: 410: 405: 400: 390: 389: 384: 379: 370: 360: 359: 354: 349: 347:United Kingdom 344: 339: 324: 323: 317: 316: 315: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 263: 262: 257: 252: 246: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 207: 206: 202: 201: 193: 192: 181:PGM-19 Jupiter 134: 133: 48: 46: 39: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12292: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12275:Nuclear bombs 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12245: 12235: 12234: 12231: 12220: 12212: 12211: 12198: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12147: 12144: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12134: 12132: 12129: 12127: 12126: 12122: 12120: 12117: 12115: 12112: 12110: 12107: 12105: 12102: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12092: 12091: 12089: 12083: 12077: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12066: 12063: 12061: 12058: 12056: 12052: 12050: 12046: 12044: 12040: 12038: 12034: 12031: 12027: 12025: 12021: 12019: 12015: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12003: 11999: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11987: 11983: 11981: 11977: 11974: 11970: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11951: 11950: 11946: 11944: 11940: 11938: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11923: 11921: 11917: 11915: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11900: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11877: 11876:United States 11874: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11821: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11767: 11763: 11756: 11751: 11749: 11744: 11742: 11737: 11736: 11733: 11721: 11720: 11711: 11709: 11708: 11699: 11697: 11696: 11685: 11684: 11681: 11667: 11664: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11628: 11626: 11623: 11621: 11618: 11614: 11613:electrostatic 11611: 11610: 11609: 11606: 11604: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11589: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11558: 11555: 11554: 11552: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11536: 11531: 11525: 11515: 11512: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11499: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11488: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11468: 11465: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11448: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11402: 11401: 11398: 11397: 11395: 11393: 11392:Generation IV 11389: 11383: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11342:Breeder (FBR) 11340: 11339: 11336: 11333: 11328: 11319: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11272: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11259: 11247: 11244: 11240: 11237: 11235: 11232: 11230: 11227: 11225: 11222: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11216: 11215: 11212: 11210: 11207: 11203: 11200: 11199: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11186: 11180: 11177: 11175: 11172: 11170: 11168: 11164: 11163: 11161: 11159: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11143: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11120: 11118: 11115: 11114: 11112: 11110: 11102: 11099: 11095: 11092: 11087: 11080: 11075: 11063: 11060: 11058: 11055: 11053: 11050: 11048: 11045: 11044: 11043: 11040: 11039: 11037: 11035: 11028: 11022: 11019: 11018: 11016: 11014: 11010: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10982: 10979: 10978: 10976: 10974: 10966: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10950: 10948: 10945: 10943: 10940: 10936: 10933: 10931: 10928: 10926: 10923: 10922: 10921: 10918: 10916: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10903: 10900: 10897: 10894: 10893: 10892: 10889: 10888: 10887: 10884: 10883: 10881: 10879: 10871: 10868: 10864: 10857: 10853: 10847: 10844: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10832: 10829: 10825: 10822: 10820: 10817: 10816: 10815: 10812: 10810: 10807: 10805: 10802: 10800: 10797: 10795: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10765: 10762: 10758: 10755: 10753: 10750: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10739: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10725: 10721: 10716: 10715: 10708: 10703: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10684: 10680: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10644:Nuclear power 10642: 10641: 10639: 10635: 10625: 10624:Transmutation 10622: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10574: 10572: 10568: 10562: 10559: 10555: 10552: 10551: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10538: 10535: 10533: 10530: 10528: 10525: 10524: 10523: 10520: 10519: 10517: 10513: 10510: 10508: 10504: 10494: 10491: 10489: 10486: 10484: 10481: 10477: 10474: 10472: 10469: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10452: 10444: 10441: 10440: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10427: 10424: 10422: 10421:high-altitude 10419: 10418: 10417: 10414: 10412: 10411:Proliferation 10409: 10407: 10404: 10400: 10397: 10396: 10395: 10392: 10390: 10387: 10385: 10382: 10380: 10377: 10375: 10372: 10370: 10367: 10366: 10364: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10351: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10335: 10332: 10330: 10327: 10326: 10324: 10322: 10318: 10308: 10305: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10297:Brachytherapy 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10278: 10275: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10252: 10250: 10247: 10245: 10242: 10240: 10237: 10235: 10232: 10231: 10229: 10227: 10223: 10220: 10218: 10214: 10206: 10203: 10202: 10201: 10198: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10186: 10182: 10179: 10178: 10177: 10174: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10164: 10162: 10159: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10143: 10141: 10139: 10135: 10129: 10126: 10124: 10121: 10119: 10116: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10104: 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10093:Cross section 10091: 10089: 10086: 10084: 10081: 10079: 10076: 10075: 10073: 10071: 10067: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10047: 10044: 10042: 10039: 10038: 10037: 10034: 10033: 10032: 10029: 10027: 10024: 10022: 10019: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10007: 10004: 10002: 9999: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9990: 9982: 9979: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9972: 9969: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9942: 9939: 9938: 9936: 9932: 9928: 9924: 9917: 9912: 9910: 9905: 9903: 9898: 9897: 9894: 9884: 9878: 9872: 9869: 9867: 9864: 9863: 9861: 9857: 9847: 9846:Trident II D5 9844: 9843: 9841: 9837: 9831:(replacement) 9830: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9819: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9808: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9787: 9784: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9772: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9756: 9750: 9748: 9744: 9743: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9699:RAF Spadeadam 9696: 9695: 9693: 9689: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9658: 9655: 9653: 9650: 9648: 9647:Orange Herald 9645: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9603: 9601: 9597: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9581: 9579: 9575: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9555: 9553: 9549: 9546: 9542: 9538: 9534: 9529: 9525: 9517: 9512: 9510: 9505: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9494: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9463: 9461: 9457: 9451: 9448: 9446: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9351: 9345: 9342: 9340: 9337: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9321: 9319: 9315: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9243: 9238: 9236: 9231: 9229: 9224: 9223: 9220: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9194: 9192: 9188: 9182: 9179: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9136: 9133: 9130: 9127: 9126: 9124: 9120: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9080: 9078: 9072: 9062: 9059: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8855: 8851: 8845: 8842: 8841: 8839: 8835: 8829: 8826: 8824: 8821: 8819: 8816: 8814: 8811: 8809: 8806: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8754: 8751: 8749: 8746: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8726:Gravity bombs 8724: 8721: 8719: 8718:Thermonuclear 8715: 8704: 8701: 8698: 8695: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8663: 8656: 8653: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8625: 8622: 8620: 8617: 8615: 8612: 8610: 8607: 8606: 8604: 8600: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8575: 8573: 8569: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8555: 8553: 8550: 8548: 8545: 8543: 8540: 8538: 8535: 8533: 8530: 8528: 8525: 8523: 8520: 8518: 8515: 8513: 8510: 8508: 8505: 8503: 8500: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8488: 8485: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8464: 8462: 8458: 8452: 8449: 8447: 8444: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8386: 8383: 8380: 8377: 8374: 8371: 8370: 8368: 8366: 8365:Gravity bombs 8362: 8359: 8357: 8349: 8345: 8338: 8333: 8331: 8326: 8324: 8319: 8318: 8315: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8298: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8284: 8280: 8277: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8265: 8262: 8259: 8256: 8253: 8251: 8247: 8244: 8241: 8238: 8234: 8231: 8228: 8226: 8225:sonicbomb.com 8222: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8184: 8181: 8177: 8174: 8171: 8166: 8162: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8138: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8082: 8079: 8078: 8073: 8069: 8065: 8061: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8047: 8043: 8039: 8035: 8034:Penguin Press 8031: 8030: 8025: 8022: 8019: 8018: 8013: 8012:9781608196708 8009: 8005: 8003: 7997: 7993: 7992:Thomas Powers 7990: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7978:United States 7975: 7972: 7968: 7965: 7961: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7939: 7935: 7932: 7929: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7909: 7908: 7903: 7900: 7899: 7892: 7889: 7887: 7884: 7883: 7878: 7873: 7860: 7859:0-674-05233-1 7856: 7852: 7848: 7846: 7845:0-674-62836-5 7842: 7838: 7835: 7832: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7814: 7812: 7811:0-684-81378-5 7808: 7804: 7803: 7798: 7796: 7795:0-684-82414-0 7792: 7788: 7784: 7781: 7778: 7777: 7773: 7770: 7766: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7753: 7750: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7725: 7721: 7718: 7714: 7712: 7711:0-300-06056-4 7708: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7693: 7689: 7685: 7682: 7678: 7675: 7671: 7670:Hansen, Chuck 7668: 7665: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7628: 7627:0-671-74012-1 7624: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7612: 7609: 7592: 7586: 7582: 7581:Da Capo Press 7578: 7577: 7569: 7561: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7546: 7538: 7530: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7515: 7507: 7499: 7493: 7488: 7480: 7476: 7470: 7462: 7456: 7451: 7443: 7437: 7432: 7424: 7418: 7414: 7413: 7405: 7389: 7385: 7384:ctbto dot org 7381: 7375: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7344: 7325: 7318: 7312: 7304: 7298: 7279: 7272: 7266: 7258: 7252: 7233: 7226: 7220: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7190: 7175: 7167: 7160: 7159: 7154: 7147: 7140: 7139: 7134: 7127: 7120: 7114: 7107: 7101: 7094: 7088: 7080: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7064: 7048: 7045:. Cnduk.org. 7044: 7038: 7031: 7025: 7023: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6997: 6996:11250/3039288 6992: 6987: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6973: 6968: 6961: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6912: 6908: 6907: 6899: 6892: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6841: 6837: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6813: 6806: 6790: 6786: 6785: 6780: 6773: 6771: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6739: 6720: 6716: 6709: 6703: 6684: 6677: 6671: 6664: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6645: 6629: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6608: 6602: 6595: 6589: 6573: 6569: 6568:New Scientist 6565: 6558: 6547: 6540: 6534: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6504: 6488: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6457: 6449: 6433: 6429: 6423: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6404: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6376: 6360: 6356: 6352: 6345: 6337: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6306:Physics Today 6303: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6272: 6256: 6252: 6248: 6242: 6226: 6222: 6215: 6207: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6159: 6151: 6147: 6146: 6138: 6131: 6127: 6124: 6123:Broken Arrows 6119: 6112: 6110: 6094: 6090: 6084: 6068: 6067: 6062: 6055: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6025: 6009: 6005: 6001: 5995: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5953: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5920: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5876: 5872: 5870: 5865: 5859: 5843: 5839: 5838: 5833: 5826: 5810: 5806: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5782: 5778: 5774: 5767: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5688: 5684: 5678: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5643: 5637: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5613: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5569: 5565: 5562: 5556: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5532:The Economist 5529: 5523: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5492: 5476: 5472: 5471: 5466: 5459: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5410: 5406: 5405:Energy Policy 5399: 5395: 5389: 5382: 5378: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5359: 5356: 5351: 5344: 5338: 5331: 5327: 5324: 5318: 5316: 5308: 5307: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5270: 5266: 5262: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5235: 5230: 5224: 5208: 5204: 5200: 5193: 5191: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5155: 5148: 5147: 5143: 5140: 5133: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5115: 5109: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5084: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5067: 5065: 5057: 5051: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5019: 5015: 5011: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4977: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4950: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4928: 4927: 4919: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4888: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4870: 4864: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4822: 4818: 4811: 4802: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4760: 4752: 4748: 4744: 4738: 4729: 4724: 4717: 4715: 4707: 4703: 4700: 4694: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4630: 4614: 4610: 4609:Russia Beyond 4606: 4599: 4583: 4579: 4572: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4550: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4519: 4512: 4508: 4505: 4499: 4492: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4460: 4456: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4417: 4413: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4365: 4357: 4351: 4346: 4339: 4338: 4331: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4300: 4284: 4280: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4248: 4241: 4234:September 18, 4229: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4200: 4196: 4190: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4146: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4074: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4017: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3973: 3962: 3958: 3957:Edgar Sengier 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3935: 3932: 3928: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3911:Leslie Groves 3907: 3903: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3872: 3870: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3817: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3794: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3754:atomic theory 3751: 3747: 3739: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3704: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3681: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3587: 3583: 3582:Linus Pauling 3579: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3531: 3529: 3521: 3516: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3495: 3485: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3414:World War III 3411: 3407: 3403: 3393: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3367: 3359: 3354: 3353:millisieverts 3350: 3347: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3334: 3330: 3329: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3319: 3315: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3268: 3266: 3262: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3196: 3195:Vela incident 3190: 3185: 3179: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3156:Titan Missile 3153: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3133:ejection seat 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3114: 3101: 3097: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3074: 3070: 3069:KC-135 tanker 3066: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030:carrying two 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2999: 2994: 2990: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951:supercritical 2948: 2944: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2924: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2863: 2859: 2849: 2847: 2843: 2840:, especially 2839: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2822: 2820: 2816: 2813: 2809: 2803: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2787:George Shultz 2783: 2779: 2774: 2773:Kenneth Waltz 2770: 2766: 2761: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2747: 2742: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2720: 2716: 2715:William Perry 2712: 2708: 2707:George Shultz 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695:nuclear peace 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2656: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2619: 2615: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2574: 2570: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2505:In 1996, the 2500: 2495: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2476:Latin America 2473: 2469: 2464: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2431: 2429: 2424: 2420: 2417:In 1957, the 2393: 2388: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2370: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2329: 2327: 2326:head of state 2323: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2252: 2250: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Minuteman III 2203: 2199: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2149:Kenneth Waltz 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2067: 2062: 2058: 2056: 2050: 2048: 2047:civil defense 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1995: 1991: 1989: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1956:Nuclear peace 1953: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1847: 1843: 1841: 1837: 1834:and tactical 1833: 1828: 1824: 1821:dropped from 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756:gravity bombs 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1734:Nuclear triad 1731: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1714:antisubmarine 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:Nike Hercules 1696: 1695:AIM-26 Falcon 1692: 1687: 1685: 1684:suitcase nuke 1681: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1648: 1646: 1638: 1637:OTR-21 Tochka 1633: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1562: 1558: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1542: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1496: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1436:Edward Teller 1433: 1429: 1427: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1377: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1345:United States 1341: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1282:Neptunium-237 1279: 1275: 1274:plutonium-239 1271: 1266: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1246:10 GJ). 1241: 1237: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1218:—allowing an 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1174: 1169: 1160: 1158: 1154: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1131: 1130: 1129:Bhagavad Gita 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1103: 1093: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1003:United States 1000: 999:a few nations 996: 992: 987: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 928:United States 919: 917: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 849: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 803: 798: 796: 791: 789: 784: 783: 781: 780: 775: 767: 766: 765: 764: 758: 754: 751: 750: 749: 748: 744: 743: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 724: 723: 722: 719:Proliferation 718: 717: 712: 709: 707: 706:United States 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 672: 669: 667: 664: 662: 659: 657: 654: 651: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 562: 559: 557: 554: 552: 549: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 527: 524: 522: 519: 517: 514: 512: 509: 508: 507: 506: 503: 500: 499: 494: 491: 489: 486: 484: 481: 479: 476: 475: 474: 473: 469: 468: 464: 460: 459: 456: 453: 452: 442: 437: 435: 430: 428: 423: 422: 420: 419: 414: 411: 409: 406: 404: 401: 399: 395: 392: 391: 388: 385: 383: 380: 374: 371: 369: 365: 362: 361: 358: 355: 353: 350: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 337:United States 334: 332: 328: 327: 326: 325: 322: 319: 318: 313: 310: 308: 305: 303: 300: 298: 295: 293: 292:Proliferation 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 264: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 247: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 210: 209: 208: 204: 203: 199: 195: 194: 191: 188: 187: 182: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 155: 151: 147: 142: 138: 130: 127: 119: 108: 105: 101: 98: 94: 91: 87: 84: 80: 77: – 76: 72: 71:Find sources: 65: 61: 55: 54: 49:This article 47: 43: 38: 37: 34: 30: 26: 22: 12201: 12123: 12119:Bikini Atoll 12065:Hanford Site 12060:Bikini Atoll 11864:in Australia 11854:Soviet Union 11849:South Africa 11717: 11705: 11686: 11666:Pyroelectric 11620:Laser-driven 11400:Sodium (SFR) 11327:fast-neutron 11166: 10712: 10602:Reprocessing 10483:WMD treaties 10353: 10302:Radiosurgery 10272:Fast-neutron 10244:Scintigraphy 9881:part of the 9826: 9817: 9746: 9652:Green Bamboo 9599:bomb casings 9190:Experimental 8351: 8274: 8088: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8027: 8015: 8014:, 420 pp.), 7999: 7986:cyberweapons 7971:U.S. Senator 7967:Ernest Moniz 7957: 7941: 7905: 7876: 7850: 7836: 7819: 7800: 7786: 7774: 7769:Smyth Report 7755: 7733: 7702: 7673: 7654: 7643: 7636: 7632: 7618: 7602:Bibliography 7575: 7568: 7544: 7537: 7513: 7506: 7487: 7478: 7469: 7450: 7431: 7411: 7404: 7394:December 29, 7392:. Retrieved 7388:the original 7383: 7374: 7364:February 22, 7362:. Retrieved 7358:the original 7353: 7343: 7333:February 22, 7331:. Retrieved 7324:the original 7311: 7285:. Retrieved 7265: 7239:. Retrieved 7219: 7209:November 20, 7207:. Retrieved 7203:the original 7198: 7189: 7179:February 29, 7177:. Retrieved 7157: 7137: 7126: 7118: 7113: 7105: 7100: 7092: 7087: 7072: 7063: 7051:. Retrieved 7037: 7029: 6976: 6970: 6960: 6948:. Retrieved 6939: 6930: 6920:February 13, 6918:. Retrieved 6904: 6891: 6866: 6862: 6856: 6844:. Retrieved 6819: 6815: 6805: 6793:. Retrieved 6782: 6757:. Retrieved 6749:The Atlantic 6748: 6738: 6726:. Retrieved 6714: 6702: 6690:. Retrieved 6683:the original 6670: 6661: 6653: 6644: 6634:September 7, 6632:. Retrieved 6623: 6614: 6606: 6601: 6593: 6588: 6576:. Retrieved 6567: 6557: 6533: 6521:. Retrieved 6512: 6503: 6491:. Retrieved 6487:the original 6455: 6448: 6436:. Retrieved 6422: 6402: 6381: 6375: 6363:. Retrieved 6354: 6344: 6305: 6295: 6282: 6271: 6259:. Retrieved 6250: 6241: 6231:February 16, 6229:. Retrieved 6214: 6195: 6189: 6177:. Retrieved 6173:the original 6168: 6158: 6143: 6137: 6118: 6109: 6107: 6100:. Retrieved 6093:the original 6083: 6071:. Retrieved 6069:. p. 28 6064: 6054: 6042:. Retrieved 6033: 6024: 6012:. Retrieved 6003: 5994: 5982:. Retrieved 5968: 5958:November 28, 5956:. Retrieved 5947: 5938: 5930: 5906:. Retrieved 5902:the original 5891: 5879:. Retrieved 5867: 5858: 5846:. Retrieved 5837:Defense News 5835: 5825: 5813:. Retrieved 5809:the original 5802: 5789: 5776: 5766: 5754:. Retrieved 5750:the original 5740: 5730:November 20, 5728:. Retrieved 5721:the original 5716: 5703: 5691:. Retrieved 5687:the original 5677: 5665:. Retrieved 5650: 5631: 5625: 5617: 5612: 5602:September 6, 5600:. Retrieved 5596:the original 5589: 5579: 5571: 5555: 5543:. Retrieved 5531: 5522: 5510:. Retrieved 5501: 5491: 5479:. Retrieved 5468: 5458: 5446:. Retrieved 5437: 5428: 5416:. Retrieved 5409:the original 5404: 5388: 5369: 5350: 5342: 5337: 5304: 5285: 5273:. Retrieved 5265:The Guardian 5264: 5255: 5243:. Retrieved 5232: 5223: 5211:. Retrieved 5207:the original 5202: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5137: 5132: 5124: 5108: 5090: 5082: 5055: 5050: 5045:See page 116 5039:November 23, 5037:. Retrieved 5030:the original 5001: 4997: 4984: 4960: 4949: 4925: 4918: 4908:November 27, 4906:. Retrieved 4897: 4887: 4868: 4863: 4851:. Retrieved 4837: 4825:. Retrieved 4810: 4791: 4785: 4773:. Retrieved 4759: 4746: 4737: 4693: 4683:November 27, 4681:. Retrieved 4672: 4663: 4651:. Retrieved 4642: 4629: 4617:. Retrieved 4608: 4598: 4586:. Retrieved 4571: 4563:the original 4558: 4549: 4537:. Retrieved 4528: 4518: 4498: 4478: 4466:. Retrieved 4438: 4411: 4374: 4364: 4345: 4335: 4330: 4318:. Retrieved 4314:the original 4309: 4299: 4289:December 15, 4287:. Retrieved 4273: 4263:December 29, 4261:. Retrieved 4247: 4239: 4232:. Retrieved 4228:the original 4214: 4204:November 27, 4202:. Retrieved 4198: 4189: 4177:. Retrieved 4173: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4126: 4117: 4105: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4087:nuclear bomb 4086: 4082: 4078: 4073: 3936: 3924: 3921:site in 1945 3919:Trinity test 3888: 3873: 3862: 3833:Lise Meitner 3818: 3814:Enrico Fermi 3795: 3772:, an ore of 3743: 3682: 3663: 3648:Hanford site 3629: 3590: 3565: 3563: 3532: 3525: 3475: 3473: 3456: 3444:Brian Martin 3442:". In 1982, 3433: 3428:Castle Bravo 3371: 3363: 3326: 3313: 3310: 3272:Hanford site 3269: 3249: 3236:Lucky Dragon 3234: 3227:Castle Bravo 3220: 3165:W-53 warhead 3061:B-52G bomber 3050:the Pentagon 3007:destroyed a 2986:Broken Arrow 2972:in northern 2947:Louis Slotin 2930:, physicist 2887: 2823: 2805: 2791: 2778:World War II 2762: 2750:Barack Obama 2738: 2692: 2673: 2657: 2654: 2616: 2593: 2585:Global South 2577: 2542: 2539: 2504: 2465: 2432: 2416: 2362: 2330: 2318: 2246: 2235: 2228: 2177: 2169:South Korean 2136: 2125:Soviet Union 2110: 2079: 2071: 2064: 2053: 2051: 2043:missile silo 2028: 2011:heavier lift 1983:first strike 1975: 1920:. An atomic 1896: 1885: 1879:(ICBMs) and 1866: 1819:gravity bomb 1816: 1801: 1796:throw weight 1768:heavy bomber 1711: 1697:and US Army 1688: 1677: 1652:neutron bomb 1649: 1642: 1610: 1584: 1566: 1554: 1543: 1528: 1505: 1492: 1477:Neutron bomb 1461:stratosphere 1441: 1413: 1378: 1342: 1325: 1321: 1315: 1313: 1267: 1248: 1232: 1201: 1188: 1184: 1181:atomic bombs 1180: 1178: 1150: 1127: 1112:Trinity test 1087: 1075:South Africa 1007:Soviet Union 988: 948:fission bomb 936:World War II 925: 916:World War II 885: 850: 813: 811: 661:South Africa 656:Saudi Arabia 650:Soviet Union 493:Radiological 487: 398:South Africa 393: 377:(undeclared) 363: 329: 189: 153: 137: 122: 113: 103: 96: 89: 82: 70: 58:Please help 53:verification 50: 33: 12191:Smiling Sun 11902:Individual 11839:North Korea 11577:Stellarator 11541:confinement 11435:Superphénix 11262:Molten-salt 11214:VHTR (HTGR) 10991:HW BLWR 250 10957:R4 Marviken 10886:Pressurized 10856:Heavy water 10840:many others 10769:Pressurized 10724:Light water 10426:underground 10384:Disarmament 10292:Tomotherapy 10287:Proton-beam 10151:Power plant 10113:Temperature 9946:Engineering 9827:Dreadnought 9732:(1968–1996) 9691:launch site 9681:Blue Streak 9657:Green Grass 9642:Violet Club 9606:Blue Danube 9591:(cancelled) 9563:Avro Vulcan 9544:(1955–1993) 9308:missile M51 9298:missile M45 9278:missile S1 9273:missile M20 8837:Depth bombs 8571:Depth bombs 8064:Fred Kaplan 8002:Nuclear War 7969:and former 7938:INF Treaty 7902:Laura Grego 7730:(in French) 7492:Rhodes 1986 7455:Rhodes 1986 7436:Rhodes 1986 7150:1700–1799: 7130:1634–1699: 6972:Nature Food 6950:October 26, 6846:October 25, 6795:October 26, 6523:October 24, 6493:October 24, 6438:December 7, 6251:Der Spiegel 6004:Der Spiegel 5815:February 2, 5756:October 24, 5481:November 3, 5213:January 28, 4853:October 24, 4468:October 13, 4255:. Fas.org. 4083:atomic bomb 3976:Cobalt bomb 3939:Tube Alloys 3880:uranium-235 3876:uranium-238 3865:Leo Szilard 3857:Leo Szilard 3812:; in Italy 3770:pitchblende 3766:Marie Curie 3758:John Dalton 3580:. In 1962, 3555:Aldermaston 3477:Nature Food 3184:Downwinders 3125:B-52 bomber 3119:involved a 3093:radioactive 2852:Controversy 2746:Global Zero 2622:Disarmament 2610:during the 2544:casus belli 2442:(expired), 2217:land-based 2173:North Korea 2145:neo-realist 2061:battlefield 2015:SS-18 Satan 1988:game theory 1792:SS-18 Satan 1718:depth bombs 1691:AIR-2 Genie 1544:During the 1520:salted bomb 1467:Other types 1417:criticality 1373:North Korea 1278:uranium-233 1270:uranium-235 1255:radioactive 1242:(4.2 to 2.1 1063:Netherlands 1035:North Korea 950:nicknamed " 857:tons of TNT 832:reactions ( 681:Switzerland 666:South Korea 626:Philippines 616:North Korea 611:Netherlands 387:North Korea 297:Disarmament 157:PGM-17 Thor 12254:Categories 12181:Peace camp 11971:1985–1987 11904:accidents 11772:disasters 11602:(acoustic) 11219:PBR (PBMR) 10607:Spent fuel 10597:Repository 10577:Fuel cycle 10544:Activation 10321:Processing 10188:Propulsion 10146:by country 10078:Activation 9747:Resolution 9616:Yellow Sun 9584:Blue Steel 9370:AN-52 bomb 9365:AN-22 bomb 9360:AN-11 bomb 9303:missile M5 9293:missile M4 9288:missile S3 9283:missile S2 9268:missile M2 9263:missile M1 8373:Little Boy 8354:(including 8200:and their 8152:Audio help 8143:2005-12-01 8042:1594202273 7943:The Nation 7916:technology 7606:See also: 7519:SUNY Press 6365:August 31, 6261:August 20, 6044:August 31, 6014:August 20, 5545:August 13, 5275:October 9, 5245:October 9, 4653:October 8, 4619:October 8, 4539:January 7, 4350:Jungk 1958 4055:References 3991:Dirty bomb 3701:See also: 3608:See also: 3492:See also: 3482:starvation 3400:See also: 3382:half-lifes 3318:firestorms 3316:each city 3182:See also: 3161:hypergolic 3040:, where a 2963:demon core 2919:See also: 2856:See also: 2846:small arms 2842:land mines 2815:Kofi Annan 2765:deterrence 2680:Kazakhstan 2529:, and the 2527:UN Charter 2482:, and the 2301:See also: 2113:deterrence 2035:submarines 1950:See also: 1906:land mines 1728:See also: 1586:Antimatter 1457:tropopause 1421:Tsar Bomba 1397:gamma rays 1185:atom bombs 1126:scripture 989:Since the 952:Little Boy 877:Tsar Bomba 853:first test 711:Yugoslavia 502:By country 478:Biological 408:Kazakhstan 333:recognized 307:Opposition 205:Background 169:Thor-Agena 86:newspapers 11973:Therac-25 11906:and sites 11776:incidents 11770:Lists of 11572:Spheromak 11271:Fluorides 10935:IPHWR-700 10930:IPHWR-540 10925:IPHWR-220 10714:Moderator 10394:Explosion 10369:Arms race 10156:Economics 10108:Reflector 10103:Radiation 10098:Generator 10053:Plutonium 10006:Deuterium 9971:Radiation 9941:Chemistry 9611:Red Beard 9395:AN 52 CTC 9390:AN 51 CTC 9385:MR 50 CTC 9122:Artillery 9077:radiation 8668:munitions 8602:Artillery 8300:NUKEMAP3D 7698:(2nd Ed.) 7013:251601831 6883:144553194 6836:110974484 6759:April 19, 6578:March 12, 6223:. 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