World War I - Knowledge

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the Allies debated a response to Wilson's offer, the Germans chose to rebuff it in favour of "a direct exchange of views". Learning of the German response, the Allied governments were free to make clear demands in their response of 14 January. They sought restoration of damages, the evacuation of occupied territories, reparations for France, Russia and Romania, and a recognition of the principle of nationalities. The Allies sought guarantees that would prevent or limit future wars. The negotiations failed and the Entente powers rejected the German offer on the grounds of honour, and noted Germany had not put forward any specific proposals.

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Germany and her allies." It was worded as such to lay a legal basis for reparations, and a similar clause was inserted in the treaties with Austria and Hungary. However, neither of them interpreted it as an admission of war guilt. In 1921, the total reparation sum was placed at 132 billion gold marks. However, "Allied experts knew that Germany could not pay" this sum. The total sum was divided into three categories, with the third being "deliberately designed to be chimerical" and its "primary function was to mislead public opinion ... into believing the 'total sum was being maintained.

640: 5938: 509: 1961: 693: 2348: 522: 4943: 624: 657: 4701: 551: 5247: 1647: 5104: 6003: 1783:. Economic reforms led to a significant post-1908 expansion of railways and transportation infrastructure, particularly in its western border regions. Since Germany and Austria-Hungary relied on faster mobilisation to compensate for their numerical inferiority compared to Russia, the threat posed by the closing of this gap was more important than competing with the Royal Navy. After Germany expanded its standing army by 170,000 troops in 1913, France extended compulsory military service from two to three years; similar measures were taken by the 496: 117: 5430: 537: 12807: 2833: 4778:" and the wish to revise the "Versailles diktat", and the belief in an international threat aimed at the elimination of the German nation persisted at the heart of German politics. Even a man of peace such as Stresemann publicly rejected German guilt. As for the Nazis, they waved the banners of domestic treason and international conspiracy in an attempt to galvanise the German nation into a spirit of revenge. Like a Fascist Italy, Nazi Germany sought to redirect the memory of the war to the benefit of its policies. 5519: 3037: 2118: 4786: 3545: 5177: 5322: 3968:—with the help of the German government—was ushered from Switzerland into Russia on 16 April 1917. Discontent and the weaknesses of the Provisional Government led to a rise in the popularity of the Bolshevik Party, led by Lenin, which demanded an immediate end to the war. The Revolution of November was followed in December by an armistice and negotiations with Germany. At first, the Bolsheviks refused the German terms, but when German troops began marching across Ukraine unopposed, they acceded to the 77: 3638: 3884: 4269: 4152: 2248: 5804: 467: 4114:, part of a joint Franco-British operation. Poor security meant German intelligence was well informed on tactics and timetables, but despite this, when the attack began on 16 April the French made substantial gains, before being brought to a halt by the newly built and extremely strong defences of the Hindenburg Line. Nivelle persisted with frontal assaults and, by 25 April, the French had suffered nearly 135,000 casualties, including 30,000 dead, most incurred in the first two days. 5402:, "You have assured us that you cannot get better terms. I much regret it, and hope even now that some way may be found of securing agreement for demanding reparation commensurate with the tremendous sacrifices made by the British Empire and her Allies." Australia received £5,571,720 in war reparations, but the direct cost of the war to Australia had been £376,993,052, and, by the mid-1930s, repatriation pensions, war gratuities, interest and sinking fund charges were £831,280,947. 97: 68: 1801: 578: 3377: 2986: 5883: 5898:; defining and redefining the war goals, which became harsher as the war went on; luring neutral nations (Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria, Romania) into the coalition by offering slices of enemy territory; and encouragement by the Allies of nationalistic minority movements inside the Central Powers, especially among Czechs, Poles, and Arabs. In addition, multiple peace proposals were coming from neutrals, or one side or the other; none of them progressed very far. 4453: 564: 4729: 734: 3243: 5063:. The use of chemical weapons had been sanctioned by the German High Command to force Allied soldiers out of their entrenched positions, complementing rather than supplanting more lethal conventional weapons. Chemical weapons were deployed by all major belligerents throughout the war, inflicting approximately 1.3 million casualties, of which about 90,000 were fatal. The use of chemical weapons in warfare was a direct violation of the 4065:, a proponent of pre-1914 "open warfare" who considered the French and British emphasis on artillery misguided and incompatible with American "offensive spirit". Much to the frustration of his Allies, who had suffered heavy losses in 1917, he insisted on retaining control of American troops, and refused to commit them to the front line until able to operate as independent units. As a result, the first significant US involvement was the 5767: 16198: 108: 2755: 4538: 611: 4957:, 7 million were permanently disabled, and 15 million were seriously injured. Germany lost 15.1% of its active male population, Austria-Hungary lost 17.1%, and France lost 10.5%. France mobilised 7.8 million men, of which 1.4 million died and 3.2 million were injured. Approximately 15,000 deployed men sustained gruesome facial injuries, causing social stigma and marginalisation; they were called the 2340:. However, Moltke grew concerned that the French might push too hard on his left flank and as the German Army increased in size from 1908 to 1914, he changed the allocation of forces between the two wings to 70:30. He also considered Dutch neutrality essential for German trade and cancelled the incursion into the Netherlands, which meant any delays in Belgium threatened the viability of the plan. Historian 2083:. Violent actions against ethnic Serbs were also organised outside Sarajevo, in other cities in Austro-Hungarian-controlled Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia. Austro-Hungarian authorities in Bosnia and Herzegovina imprisoned approximately 5,500 prominent Serbs, 700 to 2,200 of whom died in prison. A further 460 Serbs were sentenced to death. A predominantly Bosniak special militia known as the 3701: 3673: 3687: 3659: 3743: 3645: 3715: 3729: 3757: 4963:(broken faces). In Germany, civilian deaths were 474,000 higher than in peacetime, due in large part to food shortages and malnutrition that had weakened disease resistance. These excess deaths are estimated as 271,000 in 1918, plus another 71,000 in the first half of 1919 when the blockade was still in effect. Starvation caused by famine killed approximately 100,000 people in Lebanon. 3227:, supreme commander of the Ottoman armed forces, dreamed of re-conquering central Asia and areas that had been previously lost to Russia. He was, however, a poor commander. He launched an offensive against the Russians in the Caucasus in December 1914 with 100,000 troops, insisting on a frontal attack against mountainous Russian positions in winter. He lost 86% of his force at the 3208: 2267:; over the next two weeks, Austrian attacks were repulsed with heavy losses. As a result, Austria had to keep sizeable forces on the Serbian front, weakening their efforts against Russia. Serbia's victory against Austria-Hungary in the 1914 invasion has been called one of the major upset victories of the twentieth century. In 1915, the campaign saw the first use of 5127:. The Ottomans carried out organised and systematic massacres of the Armenian population at the beginning of the war and manipulated acts of Armenian resistance by portraying them as rebellions to justify further extermination. In early 1915, several Armenians volunteered to join the Russian forces and the Ottoman government used this as a pretext to issue the 2974:. A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the first 10 months of 1915, Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian provinces of 3605:, relieving Austro-Hungarian pressure on the Italians, and convincing Romania to enter the war on the side of the Allies on 27 August. It also fatally weakened both the Austrian and Russian armies, whose offensive capabilities were badly affected by their losses and increased disillusion with the war that ultimately led to the Russian revolutions. 2817:. This proved effective in cutting off vital supplies, though it violated accepted international law. Britain also mined international waters which closed off entire sections of the ocean, even to neutral ships. Since there was limited response to this tactic, Germany expected a similar response to its unrestricted submarine warfare. 7059: 2720:, which suffered 57,500 casualties, including 19,200 dead. As a whole, the Somme offensive led to an estimated 420,000 British casualties, along with 200,000 French and 500,000 Germans. The diseases that emerged in the trenches were a major killer on both sides. The living conditions led to disease and infection, such as 3056:, and by 25 September British and French troops had crossed the border into Bulgaria proper as the Bulgarian army collapsed. Bulgaria capitulated four days later, on 29 September 1918. The German high command responded by despatching troops to hold the line, but these forces were too weak to re-establish a front. 4994:

spread across the world, accelerated by the movement of large numbers of soldiers, often crammed together in camps and transport ships with poor sanitation. The Spanish flu killed at least 17 to 25 million people, including an estimated 2.64 million Europeans and as many as 675,000 Americans. Between

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of Versailles". German historian Hagen Schulze said the Treaty placed Germany "under legal sanctions, deprived of military power, economically ruined, and politically humiliated." Belgian historian Laurence Van Ypersele emphasises the central role played by memory of the war and the Versailles Treaty

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Despite his conviction that Germany must be defeated, Wilson went to war to ensure the US played a leading role in shaping the peace, which meant preserving the AEF as a separate military force, rather than being absorbed into British or French units as his Allies wanted. He was strongly supported by

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Bulgaria declared war on Serbia on 14 October 1915 and joined in the attack by the Austro-Hungarian army under Mackensen's army of 250,000 that was already underway. Serbia was conquered in a little more than a month, as the Central Powers, now including Bulgaria, sent in 600,000 troops in total. The

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Germany promised to support Austria-Hungary's invasion of Serbia, but interpretations of what this meant differed. Previously tested deployment plans had been replaced early in 1914, but those had never been tested in exercises. Austro-Hungarian leaders believed Germany would cover its northern flank

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political opposition by presenting Russia as the aggressor, German Chancellor Bethmann Hollweg delayed the commencement of war preparations until 31 July. That afternoon, the Russian government were handed a note requiring them to "cease all war measures against Germany and Austria-Hungary" within 12

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July, but accepted all the terms, except for those empowering Austrian representatives to suppress "subversive elements" inside Serbia, and take part in the investigation and trial of Serbians linked to the assassination. Claiming this amounted to rejection, Austria broke off diplomatic relations and

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and Austria-Hungary. Absolute figures are difficult to calculate due to differences in categorising expenditure since they often omit civilian infrastructure projects like railways which had logistical importance and military use. It is known, however, that from 1908 to 1913, military spending by the

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In the US, conscription began in 1917 and was generally well-received, with a few pockets of opposition in isolated rural areas. The administration decided to rely primarily on conscription, rather than voluntary enlistment, to raise military manpower after only 73,000 volunteers enlisted out of the

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The United States was a major supplier of war material to the Allies but remained neutral in 1914, in large part due to domestic opposition. The most significant factor in creating the support Wilson needed was the German submarine offensive, which not only cost American lives but paralysed trade as

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to the Swiss border. Since the Germans were normally able to choose where to stand, they generally held the high ground, while their trenches tended to be better built; those constructed by the French and English were initially considered "temporary", only needed until an offensive would destroy the

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was larger than the British Army itself, and between 1914 and 1918 an estimated 1.3 million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. In all, 140,000 soldiers served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East, with 47,746 killed and 65,126

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used this freedom to disobey orders, opening a gap between the German armies as they closed on Paris. The French army, reinforced by the British expeditionary corps, seized this opportunity to counter-attack and pushed the German army 40 to 80 km back. Both armies were then so exhausted that no

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asked his government for permission to cross the border and pre-empt such a move. To avoid violating Belgian neutrality, he was told any advance could come only after a German invasion. Instead, the French cabinet ordered its Army to withdraw 10 km behind the German frontier, to avoid provoking

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from the Ottoman Empire, this unilateral action was denounced by the European powers, but accepted as there was no consensus on how to resolve the situation. Some historians see this as a significant escalation, ending any chance of Austria cooperating with Russia in the Balkans, while also damaging

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However, it was also an emotional decision, driven by Wilhelm's simultaneous admiration for the Royal Navy and desire to surpass it. Bismarck thought that the British would not interfere in Europe, as long as its maritime supremacy remained secure, but his dismissal in 1890 led to a change in policy

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With the military faltering and with widespread loss of confidence in the Kaiser leading to his abdication and fleeing of the country, Germany moved towards surrender. Prince Maximilian of Baden took charge on October 3 as Chancellor of Germany. Negotiations with President Wilson began immediately,

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In December 1917, the Central Powers signed an armistice with Russia, thus freeing large numbers of German troops for use in the West. With German reinforcements and new American troops pouring in, the outcome was to be decided on the Western Front. The Central Powers knew that they could not win a

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War Cabinet considered the German offer to be a ploy to create divisions among the Allies. After initial outrage and much deliberation, they took Wilson's note as a separate effort, signalling that the US was on the verge of entering the war against Germany following the "submarine outrages". While

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where up to 1,000,000 Central Powers troops were present. The battles lasted from 22 July to 3 September and eventually, the Romanian army was victorious advancing 500 km. August von Mackensen could not plan for another offensive as he had to transfer troops to the Italian Front. Following the

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caused political chaos throughout the world. In 1932 the payment of reparations was suspended by the international community, by which point Germany had paid only the equivalent of 20.598 billion gold marks. With the rise of Adolf Hitler, all bonds and loans that had been issued and taken out

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lending to the Allies. After 1919, the US demanded repayment of these loans. The repayments were, in part, funded by German reparations that, in turn, were supported by American loans to Germany. This circular system collapsed in 1931 and some loans were never repaid. Britain still owed the United

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Macro- and micro-economic consequences devolved from the war. Families were altered by the departure of many men. With the death or absence of the primary wage earner, women were forced into the workforce in unprecedented numbers. At the same time, the industry needed to replace the lost labourers

3788:, which comprised an estimated 2.8 million of the 5.0 million population. With the ruling elite split into pro-German and pro-Entente factions, Romania remained neutral for two years while allowing Germany and Austria to transport military supplies and advisors across Romanian territory. 3450:

The pre-1914 Italian army was short of officers, trained men, adequate transport and modern weapons; by April 1915, some of these deficiencies had been remedied but it was still unprepared for the major offensive required by the Treaty of London. The advantage of superior numbers was offset by the

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By the end of 1914, German troops held strong defensive positions inside France, controlled the bulk of France's domestic coalfields, and inflicted 230,000 more casualties than it lost itself. However, communications problems and questionable command decisions cost Germany the chance of a decisive

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in the north and centre. German forces launched numerous counterattacks, but positions and outposts of the Line continued falling, with the BEF alone taking 30,441 prisoners in the last week of September. On 24 September, the Supreme Army Command informed the leaders in Berlin that armistice

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were introduced, destroyers could potentially successfully attack a submerged submarine. Convoys slowed the flow of supplies since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled; the solution was an extensive program of building new freighters. Troopships were too fast for the submarines and did not

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and his senior Cabinet ministers were already committed to supporting France, the Royal Navy had been mobilised, and public opinion was strongly in favour of intervention. On 31 July, Britain sent notes to Germany and France, asking them to respect Belgian neutrality; France pledged to do so, but

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to Romania. The result was that even countries which benefited from the Balkan Wars, such as Serbia and Greece, felt cheated of their "rightful gains", while for Austria it demonstrated the apparent indifference with which other powers viewed their concerns, including Germany. This complex mix of

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Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles (the so-called "war guilt" clause) stated Germany accepted responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of

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The assassination initiated the July Crisis, a month of diplomatic manoeuvring between Austria-Hungary, Germany, Russia, France and Britain. Believing that Serbian intelligence helped organise Franz Ferdinand's murder, Austrian officials wanted to use the opportunity to end their interference in

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had staunchly opposed taking part. The war began amid the Home Rule crisis in Ireland that had resurfaced in 1912, and by July 1914 there was a serious possibility of an outbreak of civil war in Ireland. Irish nationalists and Marxists attempted to pursue Irish independence, culminating in the

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Around 25–31% of Russian losses (as a proportion of those captured, wounded, or killed) were to prisoner status; for Austria-Hungary 32%; for Italy 26%; for France 12%; for Germany 9%; for Britain 7%. Prisoners from the Allied armies totalled about 1.4 million (not including Russia, which lost

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lasted until 1918 and ended in failure for the Ottomans and their allies. However, the Russian withdrawal from the war in 1917 led Armenian and Assyrian forces to be cut off from supply lines, outnumbered, outgunned and isolated, forcing them to fight and flee towards British lines in northern

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On 24 October, the Italians began a push that rapidly recovered territory lost after the Battle of Caporetto. This culminated in the Battle of Vittorio Veneto, marking the end of the Austro-Hungarian Army as an effective fighting force. The offensive also triggered the disintegration of the

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In Australia and New Zealand, the Battle of Gallipoli became known as those nations' "Baptism of Fire". It was the first major war in which the newly established countries fought, and it was one of the first times that Australian troops fought as Australians, not just subjects of the

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The Central Powers had to acknowledge responsibility for "all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by" their aggression. In the Treaty of Versailles, this statement was

2055:, in Vienna "the event almost failed to make any impression whatsoever. On 28 and 29 June, the crowds listened to music and drank wine, as if nothing had happened." Nevertheless, the impact of the murder of the heir to the throne was significant, and has been described by historian 4496:

Austro-Hungarian Empire. During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb. On 29 October, the imperial authorities asked Italy for an armistice, but the Italians continued advancing, reaching Trento, Udine, and Trieste. On 3

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In all nations, the government's share of GDP increased, surpassing 50% in both Germany and France and nearly reaching that level in Britain. To pay for purchases in the US, Britain cashed in its extensive investments in American railroads and then began borrowing heavily from

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Pre-war military tactics that had emphasised open warfare and individual riflemen proved obsolete when confronted with conditions prevailing in 1914. Technological advances allowed the creation of strong defensive systems largely impervious to massed infantry advances, such as

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was largely successful, and the invasions achieved their aim of forcing Germany to divert troops from the Western Front, the speed of mobilisation meant they did so without much of their heavy equipment and support functions. These weaknesses contributed to Russian defeats at

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Austria-Hungary was partitioned into several successor states, largely but not entirely along ethnic lines. Apart from Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Italy, Poland, Romania and Yugoslavia received territories from the Dual Monarchy (the formerly separate and autonomous

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envisaged using 80% of the army to defeat France, then switching to Russia. Since this required them to move quickly, mobilization orders were issued that afternoon. Once the German ultimatum to Russia expired on the morning of 1 August, the two countries were at war.

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This figure could be paid in cash or in-kind (coal, timber, chemical dyes, etc.). Some of the territory lost—via the Treaty of Versailles—was credited towards the reparation figure as were other acts such as helping to restore the Library of Louvain. By 1929, the

2648:, which dominated the battlefield and made crossing open ground extremely difficult. Both sides struggled to develop tactics for breaching entrenched positions without heavy casualties. In time, technology enabled the production of new offensive weapons, such as 5675:

made it a federal crime to oppose military recruitment or make any statements deemed "disloyal". Publications at all critical of the government were removed from circulation by postal censors, and many served long prison sentences for statements of fact deemed

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and initially met stubborn resistance, but with Austria-Hungary collapsing, Hungarian divisions in Italy demanded they be sent home. When this was granted, many others followed and the Imperial army disintegrated, the Italians taking over 300,000 prisoners. On

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Conscription was common in most European countries. However, it was controversial in English-speaking countries, It was especially unpopular among minority ethnicities—especially the Irish Catholics in Ireland, Australia, and the French Catholics in Canada.

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against the Austrians in eastern Galicia, shortages of supplies, heavy losses and command failures prevented the Russians from fully exploiting their victory. However, it was one of the most significant offensives of the war, diverting German resources from

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date the end of the war as being when the Versailles Treaty was signed in 1919, which was when many of the troops serving abroad finally returned home; by contrast, most commemorations of the war's end concentrate on the armistice of 11 November 1918.

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from Tsingtao, Japan declared war on Austria-Hungary, and the ship was sunk in November 1914. Within a few months, Allied forces had seized all German territories in the Pacific, leaving only isolated commerce raiders and a few holdouts in New Guinea.

2367:, and the French offensive in Alsace-Lorraine was a disastrous failure, with casualties exceeding 260,000. German planning provided broad strategic instructions while allowing army commanders considerable freedom in carrying them out at the front, but 2332:. Under Schlieffen, 85% of German forces in the west were assigned to the right wing, with the remainder holding along the frontier. By keeping his left-wing deliberately weak, he hoped to lure the French into an offensive into the "lost provinces" of 15472:

He was photographed on the way to the station and the photograph has been reproduced many times in books and articles, claiming to depict the arrest of Gavrilo Princip. But there is no photograph of Gavro's arrest—this photograph shows the arrest of

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in response to the Easter Rising, though once the immediate threat of revolution had dissipated, the authorities did try to make concessions to nationalist feeling. However, opposition to involvement in the war increased in Ireland, resulting in the

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By the end of 1916, Russian casualties totalled nearly five million killed, wounded or captured, with major urban areas affected by food shortages and high prices. In March 1917, Tsar Nicholas ordered the military to forcibly suppress strikes in

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with the Central Powers in May 1918. Under the terms of the treaty, Romania ceded territory to Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria and leased its oil reserves to Germany. However, the terms also included the Central Powers' recognition of the union of

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When the war began in 1914, Italy argued the Triple Alliance was defensive and it was not obliged to support an Austrian attack on Serbia. Opposition to joining the Central Powers increased when Turkey became a member in September, since in

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gas for the first time on the Western Front. Several types of gas soon became widely used by both sides and though it never proved a decisive, battle-winning weapon, it became one of the most feared and best-remembered horrors of the war.

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After 123 years, Poland re-emerged as an independent country. The Kingdom of Serbia and its dynasty, as a "minor Entente nation" and the country with the most casualties per capita, became the backbone of a new multinational state, the

3431:, while in return for an immediate entry into the war, the Allies agreed to their demands for Austrian territory and sovereignty over the Dodecanese. Although they remained secret, these provisions were incorporated into the April 1915 2853:

meant that attacks often came without warning, giving the crews of the merchant ships little hope of survival. The United States launched a protest, and Germany changed its rules of engagement. After the sinking of the passenger ship

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in May/June 1916 was the only full-scale clash of battleships during the war, and one of the largest in history. The clash was indecisive, though the Germans inflicted more damage than they received; thereafter the bulk of the German

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Despite secretly agreeing to support the Triple Alliance in 1883, Romania increasingly found itself at odds with the Central Powers over their support for Bulgaria in the Balkan Wars and the status of ethnic Romanian communities in

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at the Archduke's car and injured two of his aides. The other assassins were also unsuccessful. An hour later, as Ferdinand was returning from visiting the injured officers in hospital, his car took a wrong turn into a street where

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being overborne by their patriotic support for the war. Once the war began, Austrian, British, French, German, and Russian socialists followed the rising nationalist current by supporting their countries' intervention in the war.

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Several nationalists opposed intervention, particularly within states that the nationalists were hostile to. Although the vast majority of Irish people consented to participate in the war in 1914 and 1915, a minority of advanced

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In the aftermath of the war, the German, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman, and Russian empires disappeared. Numerous nations regained their former independence, and new ones were created. Four dynasties fell as a result of the war: the

4289:, the Germans were unable to consolidate their gains. The problems of re-supply were also exacerbated by increasing distances that now stretched over terrain that was shell-torn and often impassable to traffic. Germany launched 5370:" Thus, 50 billion gold marks (12.5 billion dollars) "represented the actual Allied assessment of German capacity to pay" and "therefore ... represented the total German reparations" figure that had to be paid. 19425: 16239: 3386:

Though Italy joined the Triple Alliance in 1882, a treaty with its traditional Austrian enemy was so controversial that subsequent governments denied its existence and the terms were only made public in 1915. This arose from

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refused to sign it, hoping for an Allied victory in the west. Romania re-entered the war on 10 November 1918 on the side of the Allies and the Treaty of Bucharest was formally annulled by the Armistice of 11 November 1918.

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continued to pose a danger. In France and Belgium, locals who discover caches of unexploded munitions are assisted by weapons disposal units. In some places, plant life has still not recovered from the effects of the war.

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and, by 1919, there were 983 funds in New Zealand. At the start of the next world war the New Zealand funds were reformed, having been criticised as overlapping, wasteful and abused, but 11 were still functioning in 2002.

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Active denial of war guilt in Germany and German resentment at both reparations and continued Allied occupation of the Rhineland made widespread revision of the meaning and memory of the war problematic. The legend of the

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The non-military diplomatic and propaganda interactions among the nations were designed to build support for the cause or to undermine support for the enemy. For the most part, wartime diplomacy focused on five issues:

6987: 16188: 16178: 16168: 9482:. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Maps compiled by A.F. Becke. London: HM Stationery Office. p. 59. 10720: 3006:

on 6–7 January 1916, but ultimately the Austrians also conquered Montenegro. The surviving Serbian soldiers were evacuated to Greece. After the conquest, Serbia was divided between Austro-Hungary and Bulgaria.

5507:, said, "now the time has come for Ethiopia to regain the coast of the Red Sea driving the Italians home, to restore the Empire to its ancient size." The Ethiopian Empire was on the verge of entering World War 5949:

Memorials were built in thousands of villages and towns. Close to battlefields, those buried in improvised burial grounds were gradually moved to formal graveyards under the care of organisations such as the

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from August 1918 caused a collapse of the German front line. By early November, Bulgaria, the Ottoman Empire and Austria-Hungary had each signed armistices with the Allies, leaving Germany isolated. Facing

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urged Afghanistan to join the war on the side of Central Powers. However, contrary to British fears of a revolt in India, the outbreak of the war saw a reduction in nationalist activity. Leaders from the

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in 1906 gave the British a technological advantage. Ultimately, the race diverted huge resources into creating a German navy large enough to antagonise Britain, but not defeat it; in 1911, Chancellor

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was located on the Western Front, with the remainder acting as a screening force in the East. Rather than a direct attack across their shared frontier, the German right wing would sweep through the

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Humphries, Mark Osborne (2007). ""Old Wine in New Bottles": A Comparison of British and Canadian Preparations for the Battle of Arras". In Hayes, Geoffrey; Iarocci, Andrew; Bechthold, Mike (eds.).

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California State Library, California History Room. Collection: California. State Council of Defense. California War History Committee. Records of Californians who served in World War I, 1918–1922.

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was stirred by the outbreak of the war and was initially strongly supported by a variety of political factions. One of the most prominent and popular Italian nationalist supporters of the war was

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outcome, while it had failed to achieve the primary objective of avoiding a long, two-front war. As was apparent to several German leaders, this amounted to a strategic defeat; shortly after the

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when Italy joined in 1882. For Bismarck, the purpose of these agreements was to isolate France by ensuring the three Empires resolve any disputes between themselves. In 1887, Bismarck set up the

8033: 4285:. German forces achieved an unprecedented advance of 60 kilometres (37 mi). The initial offensive was a success; after heavy fighting, however, the offensive was halted. Lacking tanks or 6469:

Unlike the others, the successor state to the Russian Empire, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, retained similar external borders, via retaining or quickly recovering lost territories.

22318: 4764:. This article became known as the "War Guilt Clause", as the majority of Germans felt humiliated and resentful. The Germans felt they had been unjustly dealt with by what they called the " 1692:

and Africa, British support for France or Russia in any future conflict became a possibility. This was accentuated by British and Russian support for France against Germany during the 1911

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Schaller, Dominik J.; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2008). "Late Ottoman genocides: the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire and Young Turkish population and extermination policies – introduction".

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Faced with Russia in the east, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital,

1431:

to the Allies. The dissolution of the Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian, and Ottoman Empires redrew national boundaries and resulted in the creation of new independent states, including

10694: 5276: 17896: 15276: 12116: 9175: 7633: 5154:, and some scholars consider those events to be part of the same policy of extermination. At least 250,000 Assyrian Christians, about half of the population, and 350,000–750,000 2497:

Some of the first clashes of the war involved British, French, and German colonial forces in Africa. On 6–7 August, French and British troops invaded the German protectorates of

17911: 16244: 7847: 5752:, who fought violently until May 23 when the army gained control of the city. Almost 50 people (including three Italian soldiers) were killed and over 800 people were arrested. 5721:—some socialist, some religious—who had refused to fight. In Britain, 16,000 people asked for conscientious objector status. Some of them, most notably prominent peace activist 2791:, which seized or sank 15 merchantmen, a Russian cruiser and a French destroyer. Most of the squadron was returning to Germany when it sank two British armoured cruisers at the 2379:

agreed with the French to attack Germany within fifteen days of mobilisation, ten days before the Germans had anticipated, although it meant the two Russian armies that entered

2293: 18095: 16187: 16177: 16167: 6961: 2597:

wounded. The suffering engendered by the war, as well as the failure of the British government to grant self-government to India afterward, bred disillusionment, resulting in

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Military and civilian observers from every major power closely followed the course of the war. Many were able to report on events from a perspective somewhat akin to modern "

1749:

was vital for global power projection; Tirpitz had his books translated into German, while Wilhelm made them required reading for his advisors and senior military personnel.

1503:" and it was also described as "the war to end all wars" due to their perception of its unparalleled scale, devastation, and loss of life. The first recorded use of the term 11359: 7292:... arrested and interned some 5.500 prominent Serbs and sentenced to death some 460 persons, a new Schutzkorps, an auxiliary militia, widened the anti-Serb repression. 5424: 4175:, German and Ottoman forces stopped the advance of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, which had begun in August 1916 at the Battle of Romani. At the end of October 1917, the 13102: 11397: 22283: 10827: 1167: 7603: 5457:, led by Trumbić, was formed in Paris on 30 April 1915 but shortly moved its office to London. In April 1918, the Rome Congress of Oppressed Nationalities met, including 5043: 3834:

In the summer of 1917, a Central Powers offensive began in Romania under the command of August von Mackensen to knock Romania out of the war, resulting in the battles of

7024:"South-Eastern Europe After Tito: A Powder-Keg for the 1980s? Edited by David Carlton and Carlo Schaerf. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1983. xviii, 211 pp. Map. $ 22.50" 5131:(Law on Deportation), which authorised the deportation of Armenians from the Empire's eastern provinces to Syria between 1915 and 1918. The Armenians were intentionally 5051:

The German army was the first to successfully deploy chemical weapons during the Second Battle of Ypres (April–May 1915), after German scientists under the direction of

1863: 4565:

in the hope that he would offer better terms than the British and French. Wilson demanded a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary control over the German military.

6118:

began during the initial phases of the war and are still underway more than a century later. Teaching World War I has presented special challenges. When compared with

22639: 19410: 17993: 10245: 3823:. A combined German-Bulgarian-Turkish offensive captured Dobruja and Giurgiu, although the bulk of the Romanian army managed to escape encirclement and retreated to 3553: 2865:", which demanded warning and movement of crews to "a place of safety" (a standard that lifeboats did not meet). Finally, in early 1917, Germany adopted a policy of 16260: 8320: 7333: 4782:

Meanwhile, new nations liberated from German rule viewed the treaty as a recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by much larger aggressive neighbours.

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with Germany on 28 June 1919. The US Senate did not ratify the treaty despite public support for it, and did not formally end its involvement in the war until the

4627:. Belgium and Serbia were badly damaged, as was France, with 1.4 million soldiers dead, not counting other casualties. Germany and Russia were similarly affected. 4572:

began at the end of October 1918. Units of the German Navy refused to set sail for a last, large-scale operation in a war they believed to be as good as lost. The

3585:

in August and September 1914, forcing them to withdraw from East Prussia with heavy losses. By spring 1915, they had also retreated from Galicia, and the May 1915

1511:

who stated, "There is no doubt that the course and character of the feared 'European War' ... will become the first world war in the full sense of the word."

1177: 4809:. As a result, Hungary lost 64% of its total population, decreasing from 20.9 million to 7.6 million, and losing 31% (3.3 out of 10.7 million) of its ethnic 21481: 18072: 5212:

Allied personnel was around 42,928,000, while Central personnel was near 25,248,000. British soldiers of the war were initially volunteers but were increasingly

3411:. In 1902, Rome secretly had agreed with France to remain neutral if the latter was attacked by Germany, effectively nullifying its role in the Triple Alliance. 3063:

and Vienna was now opened to Allied forces. Hindenburg and Ludendorff concluded that the strategic and operational balance had now shifted decidedly against the

1251: 16264: 4918:

under the Treaty of Lausanne. According to various sources, several hundred thousand Greeks died during this period, which was tied in with the Greek genocide.

18100: 16607: 4247: 1063: 22584: 21699: 18288: 18015: 17707: 16665: 16360: 12298: 11954: 9912: 9819: 8274: 5216:. Surviving veterans returning home often found they could discuss their experiences only among themselves, so formed "veterans' associations" or "Legions". 1162: 322: 5350:

Britain turned to her colonies for help in obtaining essential war materials whose supply from traditional sources had become difficult. Geologists such as

21471: 18395: 15316: 13050: 12881: 12169: 4672: 4034: 1854:

Austrian statesmen viewed the Balkans as essential for the continued existence of their Empire and saw Serbian expansion as a direct threat. The 1908–1909

2208:. Britain sent Germany an ultimatum demanding they withdraw from Belgium; when this expired at midnight, without a response, the two empires were at war. 18303: 18058: 15841: 6601: 5537:

Several socialist parties initially supported the war when it began in August 1914. But European socialists split on national lines, with the concept of

8025: 5480:

soared in Ottoman territories in response to the rise of Turkish nationalism during the war, with Arab nationalist leaders advocating the creation of a

22303: 21346: 18878: 18783: 18298: 17988: 17939: 17854: 16277: 8207: 6973: 6362: 5237: 4733: 4026: 2372:

decisive move could be implemented, so they settled in trenches, with the vain hope of breaking through as soon as they could build local superiority.

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that characterizes retellings of the Second World War. Lacking recognizable heroes and villains, it is often taught thematically, invoking simplified

18142: 6319:

The Ottoman Empire agreed to a secret alliance with Germany on 2 August 1914. It joined the war on the side of the Central Powers on 29 October 1914.

5383:

notes "Refusing to pay doesn't make an agreement null and void. The bonds, the agreement, still exist." Thus, following the Second World War, at the

3976:

March 1918. The treaty ceded vast territories, including Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and parts of Poland and Ukraine to the Central Powers.

3354:

Total Allied casualties on the Ottoman fronts amounted to 650,000 men. Total Ottoman casualties were 725,000, with 325,000 dead and 400,000 wounded.

2430: 884: 10599: 5204:

2.5–3.5 million soldiers as prisoners). From the Central Powers, about 3.3 million soldiers became prisoners; most of them surrendered to Russians.

5123:

of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, including mass deportations and executions, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered

4355:, and the day after the British at St Quentin in the centre of the line. The following week, cooperating American and French units broke through in 4053:

drafted 2.8 million men, though training and equipping such numbers was a huge logistical challenge. By June 1918, over 667,000 members of the

1851:

while its clients had overlapping claims in the Balkans. These competing interests divided Russian policy-makers and added to regional instability.

22363: 18873: 11055: 10637: 7008: 13482: 3274:

forces, together with a large number of major Iranian tribes, while the Russians and British had the support of Armenian and Assyrian forces. The

19879: 19735: 18743: 18530: 17983: 17341: 15505: 12903: 11618: 11307:. translated by Alasdair Lean; with a preface by Jorge and a historical introduction by Hilmar. London: Taderon Press for the Gomidas Institute. 3855:

in return for ceding control of passes in the Carpathian Mountains to Austria-Hungary and leasing its oil wells to Germany. Although approved by

1569: 1380: 1274: 5064: 4837:

and 8% others. Between 1920 and 1924, 354,000 Hungarians fled former Hungarian territories attached to Romania, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

4129:

is viewed by many Canadians as a defining moment in creating a sense of national identity. Though Nivelle continued the offensive, on 3 May the

21486: 19420: 18987: 14959: 13771: 11839: 11279: 6061: 5818:

with guns (as well as mortars and even machine guns) was commonplace, using new techniques for spotting and ranging, notably, aircraft and the

5784:, with the inevitably large ensuing casualties. By the end of 1917, however, the major armies had modernised and were making use of telephone, 5136: 1364: 16772: 14856:

Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership

11254: 10489: 22634: 22624: 21511: 18718: 16834: 10775: 4915: 2861:

in 1915, Germany promised not to target passenger liners, while Britain armed its merchant ships, placing them beyond the protection of the "

2776:. These were systematically hunted down by the Royal Navy, though not before causing considerable damage. One of the most successful was the 2325:

from 1891 to 1906, estimated that this would take six weeks, after which the German army would transfer to the East and defeat the Russians.

1172: 13020: 12487: 12457: 1775:

This decision was not driven by a reduction in political tensions but by German concern over Russia's quick recovery from its defeat in the

22338: 20856: 19793: 19435: 18773: 18043: 17973: 17612: 16824: 16735: 16289:– A sampling of images distributed by the British government during the war to diplomats overseas, from the UBC Library Digital Collections 14458: 12139: 10743: 3795:, whose acquisition had widespread popular support, and Russian success against Austria led Romania to join the Entente in the August 1916 3371: 3287: 1376: 1341: 1152: 772: 15750: 10667: 5588:. The Italian Socialist Party purged itself of pro-war nationalist members, including Mussolini. Mussolini formed the pro-interventionist 3877: 1823:

The years before 1914 were marked by a series of crises in the Balkans, as other powers sought to benefit from the Ottoman decline. While

22358: 19788: 18067: 16958: 16412: 15251: 12681: 12613:

These Strange Criminals: An Anthology of Prison Memoirs by Conscientious Objectors to Military Service from the Great War to the Cold War

12107: 11788: 11490: 9977: 9165: 9005: 7206: 6665: 6230: 6166: 6087: 5907: 3106:. The Ottoman Empire took advantage of the European powers' preoccupation with the war and conducted large-scale ethnic cleansing of the 1325: 513: 472: 15805: 13539: 12517: 12208: 7625: 5814:

Artillery also underwent a revolution. In 1914, cannons were positioned in the front line and fired directly at their targets. By 1917,

5272: 2162:

hours. A further German demand for neutrality was refused by the French who ordered general mobilization but delayed declaring war. The

22644: 22629: 22579: 18585: 16635: 12007: 11715: 11648: 6939: 1903: 1557: 1278: 1106: 15268: 10374: 10236:"Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan" 10009: 7839: 3880:, Germany attempted to negotiate a peace with the Allies. However, this attempt was rejected out of hand as a "duplicitous war ruse". 22649: 21426: 19889: 19415: 19368: 18934: 16965: 11404: 9527: 8096: 5384: 4389: 4212: 2360: 1955: 1917:

while enlarging the territories of Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro and Greece. However, disputes between the victors sparked the 33-day

1332:

was to quickly defeat France, then to transfer its forces to the Russian front. However, this failed, and by the end of the year the

1305: 14718:. Contributors: Institute of Medicine; Board on Global Health; Forum on Microbial Threats. Washington DC: National Academies Press. 3438: 2663:

in September 1914, Allied and German forces unsuccessfully tried to outflank each other, a series of manoeuvres later known as the "

21672: 20700: 19302: 16617: 9934: 9841: 6053: 6026: 6014: 4006: 2564:

Before the war, Germany had attempted to use Indian nationalism and pan-Islamism to its advantage, a policy continued post-1914 by

2404: 1227: 1089: 312: 18293: 16334: 15861: 13098: 3616:. Her increasingly incompetent rule and food shortages in urban areas led to widespread protests and the murder of her favourite, 2028:, took up positions along the Archduke's motorcade route, to assassinate him. Supplied with arms by extremists within the Serbian 22313: 22019: 21569: 20340: 19744: 18225: 18063: 18050: 18007: 17916: 17642: 17444: 17351: 17253: 17011: 16658: 10936: 7219:

Following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand in June 1914, Croats and Muslims in Sarajevo joined forces in an anti-Serb pogrom.

6329: 5335: 5241: 4761: 4585: 4239: 3916: 2409: 2108: 1157: 317: 13222: 10819: 10689: 4966: 3014:

in Greece to offer assistance and to pressure its government to declare war against the Central Powers. However, the pro-German

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Ansart, Séverine; Pelat, Camille; Boelle, Pierre-Yves; Carrat, Fabrice; Flahault, Antoine; Valleron, Alain-Jacques (May 2009).

7595: 5354:

were called on to find new resources of precious minerals in the African colonies. Kitson discovered important new deposits of

4802: 4741: 4508:, arranged with the Allied Authorities in Paris. Austria and Hungary signed separate armistices following the overthrow of the 4281:) for the 1918 offensive on the Western Front. The operation commenced on 21 March 1918, with an attack on British forces near 2672:

German defences. Both sides tried to break the stalemate using scientific and technological advances. On 22 April 1915, at the

1420: 269: 223: 7182: 5705:

of 1916, with Germany sending 20,000 rifles to Ireland to stir unrest in Britain. The British government placed Ireland under

4813:. According to the 1910 census, speakers of the Hungarian language included approximately 54% of the entire population of the 4336: 2667:". By the end of 1914, the opposing forces confronted each other along an uninterrupted line of entrenched positions from the 22454: 22414: 21677: 21366: 20084: 19011: 18911: 18753: 18692: 18189: 18123: 17960: 17839: 17512: 16531: 16387: 16131: 16112: 16093: 16066: 16030: 16003: 15977: 15952: 15921: 15892: 15799: 15775: 15719: 15692: 15670: 15651: 15624: 15597: 15575: 15453: 15432: 15345: 15301: 15187: 15147: 15120: 15061: 15003: 14984: 14934: 14913: 14863: 14844: 14793: 14766: 14731: 14696: 14629: 14610: 14591: 14561: 14534: 14486: 14438: 14398: 14356: 14329: 14279: 14260: 14238: 14201: 14182: 14150: 14131: 14112: 14085: 14066: 14045: 14018: 13999: 13954: 13935: 13908: 13877: 13847: 13817: 13798: 13736: 13712: 13693: 13662: 13633: 13614: 13595: 13576: 13528: 13471: 13452: 13433: 13411: 13377: 13356: 13337: 13318: 13262: 12839: 12778: 12730: 12675: 12620: 12559: 12292: 12077: 12001: 11929: 11698: 11484: 11312: 11222: 11184: 10558: 10432: 10219: 10194: 10086: 9760: 9715: 9562: 9274: 8729: 8580: 8553: 8526: 8426: 8314: 7327: 7273: 7200: 6981: 6933: 5420: 5233: 3302:

and, with British assistance, conquered much of Ottoman-held Arabia, resulting finally in the Ottoman surrender of Damascus.

3142: 3082: 1867: 1219: 975: 877: 302: 253: 169: 16355: 15927: 15663:

Land armaments in Europe, 1866–1914 in Arms Races in International Politics: From the Nineteenth to the Twenty-First Century

15459: 14647:

Kernek, Sterling (December 1970). "The British Government's Reactions to President Wilson's 'Peace' Note of December 1916".

13742: 13668: 13128: 11318: 11085: 10052: 8671: 7279: 7237: 3435:; Italy joined the Triple Entente and, on 23 May, declared war on Austria-Hungary, followed by Germany fifteen months later. 3157:

in March 1917. The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian fighters, while the Ottomans employed local

3025:

The Macedonian front was at first mostly static. French and Serbian forces retook limited areas of Macedonia by recapturing

22599: 18803: 18364: 17784: 16569: 10235: 10146: 9582: 7966: 5955: 5915: 4853: 4297:

ports. The Allies halted the drive after limited territorial gains by Germany. The German Army to the south then conducted

4180: 3613: 1017: 35: 16346: 15209:

Raudzens, George (October 1990). "War-Winning Weapons: The Measurement of Technological Determinism in Military History".

12642: 10518: 5143:

to the present day, arguing that those who died were victims of inter-ethnic fighting, famine, or disease during World War

2873:

before the United States could transport a large army overseas, but, after initial successes, eventually failed to do so.

2549: 2196:

August, they declared war on France and demanded free passage across Belgium, which was refused. Early on the morning of 4

198: 22549: 21874: 19728: 19333: 19108: 18560: 18523: 18135: 17459: 17087: 16592: 8478: 8447: 6454: 4272:

Between April and November 1918, the Allies increased their front-line rifle strength while German strength fell by half.

2814: 2341: 2127: 1977: 1058: 739: 261: 18349: 9997:

La forza numerica del contingente italiano variò con il passare dei mesi e al suo culmine raggiunse i 20–22.000 uomini.

9608: 4121:

were more successful, though ultimately of little strategic value. Operating as a separate unit for the first time, the

3467:, which made little progress and cost many lives; by the end of the war, Italian combat deaths totalled around 548,000. 3266:. Persia, ostensibly neutral, had long been under British and Russian influence. The Ottomans and Germans were aided by 1643:, a secret agreement between Germany and Russia to remain neutral if either were attacked by France or Austria-Hungary. 22539: 22469: 22434: 22378: 22373: 21616: 20165: 20041: 19560: 19297: 19194: 18991: 18334: 17624: 17026: 16784: 5951: 5911: 5193: 5068: 4569: 4133:, which had been involved in some of the heaviest fighting at Verdun, refused orders to go into battle, initiating the 3957:, which confirmed Russia's willingness to continue the war. However, the Petrograd Soviet refused to disband, creating 3582: 2677: 2306: 2158: 1401: 1111: 392: 11602: 7160: 2624: 2359:

The initial German advance in the West was very successful. By the end of August, the Allied left, which included the

1704: 22604: 22554: 22494: 22429: 22368: 22343: 22263: 21531: 20220: 20148: 20114: 18838: 18209: 17903: 17719: 16991: 16462: 13299: 12324: 11725: 11118: 9882: 9501: 8999: 6141:

has been reinvigorated by a cultural turn in the 21st century. Scholars have raised entirely new questions regarding

5877: 4907: 4367:

October, the Hindenburg Line was pierced by British and Dominion troops of the First and Third British Armies at the

4243: 3408: 2569: 2540: 2509:

attacked South Africa; sporadic and fierce fighting continued for the rest of the war. The German colonial forces in

2217: 2059:

as a "9/11 effect, a terrorist event charged with historic meaning, transforming the political chemistry in Vienna".

1898:

resulted in partial Austrian mobilisation, starting on 21 November 1912, including units along the Russian border in

1620: 1281:

in Europe, as well as increased economic competition between nations triggered by new waves of industrialisation and

968: 5484:

state. In 1916, the Arab Revolt began in Ottoman-controlled territories of the Middle East to achieve independence.

2954: 2893:

travel the North Atlantic in convoys. The U-boats sunk more than 5,000 Allied ships, at the cost of 199 submarines.

1658:

For Bismarck, peace with Russia was the foundation of German foreign policy but in 1890, he was forced to retire by

1499:

similarly wrote, "Some wars name themselves. This is the Great War." Contemporary Europeans also referred to it as "

22654: 22619: 22569: 22564: 22504: 22459: 21361: 20722: 19093: 18595: 17389: 16427: 15527: 14816: 6378: 5629: 3569: 3501: 3497: 3295: 3181: 3172:

was defended from Ottoman attacks in 1915 and 1916; in August 1916, a German and Ottoman force was defeated at the

870: 12282: 11946: 11898: 8266: 6571: 6535: 5733:. Even after the war, in Britain, many job advertisements were marked "No conscientious objectors need to apply". 4845: 3791:

In September 1914, Russia acknowledged Romanian rights to Austro-Hungarian territories including Transylvania and

3637: 2297:

German soldiers on the way to the front in 1914; at this stage, all sides expected the conflict to be a short one.

22574: 22529: 22509: 22484: 22444: 22439: 22424: 21461: 21396: 20441: 19676: 19312: 18697: 18460: 18265: 18245: 18032: 17968: 17791: 17660: 16564: 16484: 16422: 16292: 5604: 5294: 5171: 5038: 4130: 4001: 2649: 2013: 1969: 1489: 1360: 1239: 1215: 1012: 907: 357: 297: 17: 17125: 15312: 13042: 12873: 12177: 5624:

On both sides, there was large-scale fundraising for soldiers' welfare, their dependents and those injured. The

3586: 3488:

in August 1916, remained static until October 1917. After a combined Austro-German force won a major victory at

2317:, then swing south, encircling Paris and trapping the French army against the Swiss border. The plan's creator, 87: 22614: 22594: 22559: 22489: 22479: 22464: 22449: 20652: 20058: 20053: 19721: 19684: 19377: 18662: 18657: 18516: 18260: 18255: 18250: 18240: 17934: 16579: 16554: 16452: 16286: 11214: 8346: 6503:

World War I officially ended when Germany paid off the final amount of reparations imposed on it by the Allies.

5921: 5741: 5298: 4789: 4220: 3954: 3770: 3428: 3275: 2866: 2796: 2628: 2530: 2492: 2329: 2112: 1223: 1029: 987: 420: 361: 307: 39: 19204: 15822: 15363:

Schindler, J. (2003). "Steamrollered in Galicia: The Austro-Hungarian Army and the Brusilov Offensive, 1916".

14408:

Howard, N.P. (1993). "The Social and Political Consequences of the Allied Food Blockade of Germany, 1918–19".

14289:

Herwig, Holger (1988). "The Failure of German Sea Power, 1914–1945: Mahan, Tirpitz, and Raeder Reconsidered".

6593: 5150:

Other ethnic groups were similarly attacked by the Ottoman Empire during this period, including Assyrians and

4635: 4363:(3–27 October), forcing the Germans off the commanding heights, and closing towards the Belgian frontier. On 8 2138:

to Serbia, listing ten demands made intentionally unacceptable to provide an excuse for starting hostilities.

2067: 22609: 22544: 22534: 22524: 22519: 22514: 22499: 22353: 20805: 20068: 19271: 19236: 18818: 18798: 18677: 18235: 18230: 18194: 18128: 18020: 17866: 17449: 17301: 16839: 16767: 16698: 16467: 16437: 16432: 14366:

Holmes, T.M. (April 2014). "Absolute Numbers: The Schlieffen Plan as a Critique of German Strategy in 1914".

8199: 7873: 6182: 6081: 5761: 5522: 5304: 4557: 4532: 4485: 4054: 4050: 3843: 3076: 2104: 1765: 1729:

German economic and industrial strength continued to expand rapidly post-1871. Backed by Wilhelm II, Admiral

1413: 766: 202: 16274: 6284:

of the war, and Russian defeat. However, this peace treaty was nullified by an Allied Powers victory on the

4841: 2884:. This tactic made it difficult for U-boats to find targets, which significantly lessened losses; after the 2174:

At a meeting on 29 July, the British cabinet had narrowly decided its obligations to Belgium under the 1839

22474: 21416: 21401: 21296: 20129: 19974: 19848: 19363: 18778: 18682: 18652: 18626: 18621: 18565: 18184: 17811: 17751: 17648: 17553: 17316: 17102: 16806: 16645: 16544: 13288: 11287: 8991: 6298: 5959: 5726: 5128: 4277:

protracted war, but they held high hopes for success in a final quick offensive. Ludendorff drew up plans (

4176: 4146: 3480:, but made little progress and were pushed by the Italians back to Tyrol. Although Italy occupied southern 3185: 2836: 2749: 2598: 2586: 2392: 2045: 1754: 1608: 1140: 1116: 1002: 5334:. President Wilson was on the verge of cutting off the loans in late 1916 but allowed a great increase in 4351:, launched by American and French troops on 26 September. Two days later the Belgians, French and British 22419: 21562: 20822: 20333: 20245: 20004: 19935: 18808: 18728: 18422: 17859: 17844: 17702: 17654: 17419: 16970: 16844: 16757: 16752: 16521: 16509: 16504: 15585: 13241: 10586: 8717: 6285: 6281: 6225: 6150: 5967: 5776:. In April 1917, the average life expectancy of a British pilot on the Western Front was 93 flying hours. 5711: 5679: 5526: 5229: 5225: 4798: 4654:

A formal state of war between the two sides persisted for another seven months, until the signing of the

4421: 4066: 3534: 3363: 2941: 2614: 2565: 2536: 2080: 2072: 1895: 1444: 1345: 1337: 1333: 936: 919: 914: 408: 230: 19178: 17031: 11047: 10624: 6394:

was intended to end the war between the Allied Powers and the Ottoman Empire, the Allied Powers and the

3052:, after most German and Austro-Hungarian troops had been withdrawn. The Bulgarians were defeated at the 2395:

told an American reporter "We have lost the war. It will go on for a long time but lost it is already."

20693: 20416: 20036: 20009: 19307: 19266: 18843: 18788: 18748: 18738: 18733: 18590: 18402: 18359: 17636: 17394: 17379: 17281: 17150: 16718: 16630: 16587: 15497: 13496: 8306: 8195: 6072:

visited the site of the signing of the Armistice of Compiègne and unveiled a plaque to reconciliation.

4659: 4360: 4302: 4196: 4188: 3984: 3848: 3796: 3481: 2422: 1659: 1405: 1243: 1101: 1036: 43: 19128: 6479: 6423:

Only the Triple Alliance was a formal "alliance"; the others listed were informal patterns of support.

6122:, the First World War is often thought to be "a wrong war fought for the wrong reasons"; it lacks the 2150:

ordered partial mobilisation the next day; on 28 July, they declared war on Serbia and began shelling

22409: 22288: 22205: 21341: 21301: 20742: 19874: 19656: 19646: 19538: 19508: 19133: 18904: 18833: 18758: 18611: 18555: 18344: 18112: 17696: 17684: 17439: 17424: 17145: 17036: 16730: 16708: 16457: 16447: 16380: 16269: 16219: 11172: 7250:... the assassination was followed by officially encouraged anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo ... 6345: 6033: 5895: 5654: 5650: 5637: 5496: 5416: 5027: 4869: 4505: 4461: 4437: 4298: 4184: 4134: 4082: 3514: 3505: 3247: 2660: 2578: 2388: 1981: 1353: 19597: 17291: 15071:

Moll, Kendall D; Luebbert, Gregory M (1980). "Arms Race and Military Expenditure Models: A Review".

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Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I

4903:, commemorating the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZAC), celebrates this defining moment. 4327: 3839: 2807: 2693: 22348: 21441: 21169: 20931: 20891: 20881: 20829: 20235: 19901: 19836: 19555: 19501: 18977: 18828: 18672: 18647: 18319: 17806: 17796: 17725: 17678: 17666: 17606: 17414: 17409: 17331: 16740: 16713: 16417: 15837: 14875: 13991:

A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East

11811: 11743:"A Surfeit of Socks? The Impact of the First World War on Women Correspondents to Daily Newspapers" 11246: 10482: 8166: 5533:

on 25 September 1916, merged with a Second Contingent. The two contingents suffered 75% casualties.

5308: 5140: 5098: 4605: 4593: 4368: 4290: 4286: 3816: 2574: 2506: 2449: 2017: 2001: 1930:

resentment, nationalism and insecurity helps explain why the pre-1914 Balkans became known as the "

1899: 1685: 1623:, the League was dissolved due to Austrian concerns over the expansion of Russian influence in the 1336:

consisted of a continuous line of trenches stretching from the English Channel to Switzerland. The

1235: 556: 404: 342: 13072: 10988:, 10 May 1917, 30: 581–585. Die Encephalitis lethargica. Leipzig and Vienna, Franz Deuticke, 1918. 4911: 4849: 4468:

The collapse of the Central Powers came swiftly. Bulgaria was the first to sign an armistice, the

2459:. Japan declared war on Germany before seizing territories in the Pacific, which later became the 2344:

argues that these changes meant the right wing was not strong enough to achieve decisive success.

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Germany did not reply. Aware of German plans to attack through Belgium, French Commander-in-Chief

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A Kingdom United: Popular Responses to the Outbreak of the First World War in Britain and Ireland

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were a German example. Around the British Empire, there were many patriotic funds, including the

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from Austria-Hungary and other foreign powers and the creation of an independent Yugoslavia. The

5200:, and the survival rate for POWs was generally much higher than that of combatants at the front. 5135:

and a number were attacked by Ottoman brigands. While the exact number of deaths is unknown, the

4996: 4953:

Of the 60 million European military personnel who were mobilised from 1914 to 1918, an estimated

4480:

described the situation thus: "Disgraceful! 62,000 Serbs decided the war!". On the same day, the

4477: 4348: 4322: 4259: 4137:; within days, "collective indiscipline" had spread to 54 divisions, while over 20,000 deserted. 3969: 3432: 3015: 2999: 2995: 2514: 2352: 2205: 2175: 1943: 1910: 1890:. The League quickly overran most of the Ottomans' territory in the Balkans during the 1912–1913 1828: 1780: 1715: 1671: 1388: 1384: 1133: 569: 400: 155: 17336: 15969: 15963: 14449: 12982: 12147: 10751: 9704: 9480:

Military Operations. Part I Egypt & Palestine: Volume 2 From June 1917 to the End of the War

6974:

10.4324/9781315186405-8/balkan-clutter-american-european-handling-powder-keg-radoslava-stefanova

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American soldiers firing on German entrenched positions during the Meuse-Argonne offensive, 1918

1843:

straits to be controlled by a weak Ottoman government, rather than an ambitious Slav power like

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Schindler, John R. (2002). "Disaster on the Drina: The Austro-Hungarian Army in Serbia, 1914".

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and occupied substantial parts of the province before being driven back by the recently formed

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against Allied troops. The British were forced to dispatch 12,000 troops to oppose them in the

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was more dynamic, but neither side could gain a decisive advantage, despite costly offensives.

1247: 924: 849: 811: 372: 365: 19251: 15789: 15239: 14324:. Guides to historic events of the twentieth century. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 12665: 12200: 11742: 11474: 10466: 10449: 10173: 9989: 9980:[Trento, Bolzano and Innsbruck: The Italian Military Occupation of Tyrol (1918–1920)] 8985: 8610: 7190: 6663: 5937: 2556:

infantry divisions in France; these troops were withdrawn in December 1915, and served in the

1972:

is now believed by historians to depict an innocent bystander, Ferdinand Behr on 28 June 1914.

22102: 21924: 21713: 21662: 21501: 21476: 21406: 21089: 20817: 20590: 20548: 20518: 20175: 20031: 19853: 19763: 19550: 19523: 19276: 19168: 19118: 19098: 19063: 19001: 18944: 18793: 18667: 18616: 18147: 17801: 17690: 17466: 17429: 17359: 17306: 17228: 17196: 17170: 17120: 17051: 16953: 16906: 16690: 16559: 16442: 16227: 15987: 14219: 13548: 12509: 8300: 7317: 6492: 6170: 6018: 5932: 5837: 5668: 5590: 5561: 5488: 4876: 4775: 4744:

imposed a series of peace treaties on the Central Powers officially ending the war. The 1919

4705: 4616: 4481: 4469: 4447: 4433: 4352: 4172: 3856: 3835: 3609: 3549: 3464: 3380: 3138: 3019: 2557: 2318: 2268: 1883: 1663: 1520: 1448: 1427:, by which Germany lost significant territories, was disarmed, and was required to pay large 1321: 1266: 1207: 997: 669: 598: 457: 440: 376: 336: 19592: 13812:. Contributions in Military Studies. Vol. 201. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 13367: 11989: 11644: 11208: 11176: 11166: 10772: 10347: 10327: 10307: 10287: 10267: 3961:

and causing confusion and chaos, with frontline soldiers becoming increasingly demoralised.

2869:, realising the Americans would eventually enter the war. Germany sought to strangle Allied 2178:

did not require it to oppose a German invasion with military force; however, Prime Minister

1960: 1921:, when Bulgaria attacked Serbia and Greece on 16 June 1913; it was defeated, losing most of 22399: 22178: 22087: 21793: 21496: 21251: 21164: 21142: 21065: 21061: 20990: 20906: 20851: 20846: 20669: 20513: 20402: 20180: 20099: 20094: 19814: 19702: 19533: 19246: 18897: 18497: 18412: 17092: 17066: 17016: 16373: 16316: 16215: 16203:

These audio files were created from a revision of this article dated 24 June 2006

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Jelavich, Barbara (1992). "Romania in the First World War: The Pre-War Crisis, 1912–1914".

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Austrian-Greek encounters over the centuries: history, diplomacy, politics, arts, economics

5730: 5672: 5609: 5189: 5181: 5112: 4942: 4745: 4655: 4640: 4413: 4384: 4356: 4282: 4224: 4192: 4168: 4126: 4111: 4095: 4057:(AEF) were transported to France, a figure which reached 2 million by the end of November. 4049:

units, compared to British and French armies of 4.1 and 8.3 million respectively. The

3820: 3578: 3228: 3212: 3053: 2653: 2322: 2163: 2009: 1931: 1734: 1632: 1424: 1392: 215: 31: 22236: 17041: 16250:

The Heritage of the Great War / First World War. Graphic colour photos, pictures and music

14929:. American Heritage Pub. Co. : Bonanza Books : Distributed by Crown Publishers. 9706:

Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last 100 Days of the Great War

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inspecting Turkish troops of the 15th Corps in East Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Poland).

1455:

was established to maintain world peace, but its failure to manage instability during the

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Phillimore, George Grenville; Bellot, Hugh H.L. (1919). "Treatment of Prisoners of War".

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to use chemical weapons on the Russian front in January 1915 failed to cause casualties.

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The Russian Empire lost much of its western frontier as the newly independent nations of

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The Ottoman Endgame: War, Revolution and the Making of the Modern Middle East, 1908–1923

14624:. Daily Life Through History Series. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 5. 12998: 12949: 6391: 6165:. Among the major subjects that historians have long debated regarding the war include: 5608:

in 1919, the origin of fascism. Mussolini's nationalism enabled him to raise funds from

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Bulgarian major Ivanov with white flag surrendering to Serbian 7th Danube regiment near

4106:

replaced Pétain as commander of French armies on the Western Front and began planning a

3565: 3141:(1914). In Gallipoli, the Ottoman Empire successfully repelled the British, French, and 2994:

Serbian army, fighting on two fronts and facing certain defeat, retreated into northern

2347: 1646: 245: 22268: 22190: 21964: 21934: 21909: 21901: 21886: 21736: 21241: 21157: 21147: 20980: 20943: 20873: 20812: 20795: 20749: 20659: 20573: 20387: 20293: 20260: 20225: 20104: 20021: 19999: 19979: 19945: 19639: 19629: 19624: 19607: 19528: 19513: 19153: 19138: 19123: 19083: 19078: 18961: 18439: 18354: 17713: 17577: 17559: 17524: 17488: 17321: 17286: 17238: 17223: 17110: 17061: 16900: 16859: 16539: 16331: 15549: 15522: 15409: 15380: 15334: 15226: 15108: 15096: 15088: 15038: 15030: 14892: 14832: 14672: 14664: 14513: 14306: 14056: 13788: 13186: 13012: 12963: 12828: 11890: 11577: 11455: 11304:

A German officer during the Armenian genocide: a biography of Max von Scheubner-Richter

11142: 11113: 11029: 10962: 10931: 10715: 10632: 10594: 10352: 10332: 10312: 10292: 10272: 10240: 7051: 6457:; following the dissolution of the USSR in 1991, it became the independent Republic of 6395: 6277: 6212: 6131: 6002: 5991:

as a salute to those who perished in the war. It is still recited today, especially on

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decided to oppose the war after anti-militarist protestors were killed, resulting in a

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who retreated more than 100 kilometres (62 mi) before holding positions along the

3235:, the Russian commander from 1915 to 1916, drove the Turks out of most of the southern 3193: 3134: 3092: 3030: 3003: 2800: 2784: 2772:

were scattered across the globe, some of which were subsequently used to attack Allied

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and exchanged fire with French units when German patrols entered French territory; on 3

1922: 1776: 1730: 1640: 1577: 1565: 1500: 1493:

wrote "This is the Great War. It names itself". In October 1914, the Canadian magazine

1372: 1128: 992: 542: 277: 162: 19713: 19430: 10483:"The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse Ewa Thompson, Rice University" 6060:, for French and German soldiers killed in the war. As part of commemorations for the 4990:

killed 200,000 in Serbia. Starting in early 1918, a major influenza epidemic known as

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attempted to intervene as a peacemaker, asking for both sides to state their demands.

2032:

intelligence organisation, they hoped his death would free Bosnia from Austrian rule.

1993: 1772:

or 'armaments turning point', when he switched expenditure from the navy to the army.

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Aircraft versus Submarine: the Evolution of the Anti-submarine Aircraft, 1912 to 1980

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Ypersele, Laurence Van (2012). "Mourning and Memory, 1919–45". In Horne, John (ed.).

10428: 10215: 10190: 10082: 9978:"Trento, Bolzano e Innsbruck: l'occupazione militare italiana del Tirolo (1918–1920)" 9756: 9721: 9711: 9558: 9509: 9483: 9460: 9270: 8995: 8725: 8576: 8549: 8522: 8422: 8310: 8088: 7323: 7269: 7196: 7186: 7043: 7002: 6977: 6929: 5975: 5833: 5697: 5573: 5380: 5080: 4806: 4753: 4667: 4620: 4509: 4278: 4107: 4078: 3803:, the Romanian army planned an offensive into Transylvania, while defending Southern 3573: 3416: 3396: 3344: 3220: 3119: 3041: 2850: 2821: 2792: 2773: 2518: 2472: 2438: 2414: 2056: 1918: 1887: 1875: 1832: 1581: 1561: 1452: 1313: 1255: 1096: 1048: 982: 929: 238: 21516: 19602: 11812:"The Service Attachés and Military Plenipotentiaries of Imperial Germany, 1871–1918" 11459: 11033: 9578: 3067:

and, a day after the Bulgarian collapse, insisted on an immediate peace settlement.

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Official Statements of War Aims and Peace Proposals: December 1916 to November 1918

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The Armenian Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide: The Essential Reference Guide

11447: 11137: 11127: 11011: 10957: 10949: 10553:. Geographical Research Institute, Research Centre and Earth Sciences. p. 19. 9457:

The Mounted Riflemen in Sinai & Palestine: The Story of New Zealand's Crusaders

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On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, and signed the Armistice of Mudros.

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Russian revolution, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the

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attempted to cut the supply lines between North America and Britain. The nature of

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campaign and only surrendered two weeks after the armistice took effect in Europe.

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The Essentials of European History: 1914 to 1935, World War I and Europe in crisis

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Writing the Great War – The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

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Murrin, John; Johnson, Paul; McPherson, James; Gerstle, Gary; Fahs, Alice (2010).

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Diseases flourished in the chaotic wartime conditions. In 1914 alone, louse-borne

2832: 2355:; by the end of August, French casualties exceeded 260,000, including 75,000 dead. 2005: 22195: 22151: 21984: 21979: 21959: 21939: 21881: 21847: 21771: 21761: 21723: 21684: 21637: 21582: 21506: 21446: 21331: 21179: 21174: 21152: 21072: 21026: 20783: 20737: 20635: 20612: 20595: 20568: 20353: 20255: 20250: 19918: 19778: 19758: 19491: 19481: 19382: 18967: 18939: 18339: 18179: 17518: 17071: 17046: 16745: 16653: 16492: 16350: 16338: 16281: 15911: 15785: 15443: 15422: 13726: 13652: 13517: 13399: 13226: 13182:"As the centenary approaches: the regeneration of First World War historiography" 13124: 11863:"Military Diplomats in the Prussian and German Service: The Attachés, 1816- 1914" 11599: 11422: 11302: 11077: 10997: 10779: 10698: 10150: 10044: 8663: 8570: 8543: 8516: 8356: 7840:"India and WWI: Piecing together the impact of the Great War on the subcontinent" 7263: 7231: 6669: 6154: 6065: 5819: 5770: 5518: 5458: 5197: 4987: 4888: 4801:

was incorporated into Yugoslavia). The details were contained in the treaties of

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By September, the Germans had fallen back to the Hindenburg Line. The Allies had

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was standing. He fired two pistol shots, fatally wounding Ferdinand and his wife

2041: 1997: 1965: 1894:, much to the surprise of outside observers. The Serbian capture of ports on the 1746: 1667: 1612: 1573: 1456: 1428: 1329: 1328:

were drawn into the war, with the Ottomans joining in November of the same year.

1309: 1302: 1282: 1147: 956: 941: 712: 662: 380: 180: 22231: 16321: 11000:"Experimenting on the Past: The Enigma of von Economo's Encephalitis Lethargica" 10143: 10105:(2006). "Die Novemberrevolution – Kiel 1918". In Fleischhauer; Turowski (eds.). 8302:

A world at total war: global conflict and the politics of destruction, 1937–1945

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Fornassin, Alessio (2017). "The Italian Army's Losses in the First World War".

13896: 12857: 12632: 10711:"'ANZAC Day' in London; King, Queen, and General Birdwood at Services in Abbey" 10514: 8265:

Nova Scotia House of Assembly Committee on Veterans Affairs (9 November 2006).

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Many countries jailed those who spoke out against the conflict. These included

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out of the war, Romania found itself alone on the Eastern Front and signed the

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Serbian and French troops finally made a breakthrough in September 1918 in the

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Bulgarian soldiers in a trench, preparing to fire against an incoming aeroplane

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this defeat, but by the early 1890s, this had switched to the expansion of the

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Medlicott, W.N. (1945). "Bismarck and the Three Emperors' Alliance, 1881–87".

14944: 14888: 14660: 14319: 13200: 13181: 11758: 11573: 11451: 11278: 9487: 8474: 6398:, the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, agreed to the Treaty of Lausanne. 4670:. For the British Empire, the state of war ceased under the provisions of the 4268: 3883: 3153:

by the Ottomans (1915–1916), British Imperial forces reorganised and captured

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lost about 850,000 people during the war, a quarter of its pre-war population.

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Beginning on 12 August, the Austrians and Serbs clashed at the battles of the

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Hinterhoff, Eugene (1984). "The Campaign in Armenia". In Young, Peter (ed.).

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Carnegie Endowment for International Peace (1921). Scott, James Brown (ed.).

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Ward, Alan J. (1974). "Lloyd George and the 1918 Irish conscription crisis".

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Scholar, patriot, mentor: historical essays in honour of Dimitrije Djordjević

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were created, principally by the Germans and British, though the former used

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For much of the 19th century, the major European powers maintained a tenuous

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Records on the outbreak of World War I from the UK Parliamentary Collections

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The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West

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by laying the first stone of a memorial in Vieil Armand, known in German as

5047:

French soldiers making a gas and flame attack on German trenches in Flanders

3568:, Russian plans at the start of the war were to simultaneously advance into 2876:

The U-boat threat lessened in 1917, when merchant ships began travelling in

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And Now My Soul Is Hardened: Abandoned Children in Soviet Russia, 1918–1930

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and helped sway the Italian public to support intervention in the war. The

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provided troops for Austria-Hungary. Montenegro allied itself with Serbia.

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The Fateful Alliance: France, Russia and the Coming of the First World War

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Evidence, History, and the Great War: Historians and the Impact of 1914–18

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Trento e Trieste. Percorsi degli Italiani d'Austria dal '48 all'annessione

9905:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1" 9874: 9812:"The Battle of Dobro Polje – The Forgotten Balkan Skirmish That Ended WW1" 6913: 4553: 3376: 3002:. Montenegro covered the Serbian retreat toward the Adriatic coast in the 2985: 2577:

and other groups believed support for the British war effort would hasten

1662:. The latter was persuaded not to renew the Reinsurance Treaty by his new 1423:

of 1919–1920 imposed settlements on the defeated powers, most notably the

862: 96: 67: 22273: 22156: 22053: 21788: 21694: 21466: 21214: 21209: 21201: 21186: 21011: 20916: 20727: 20528: 20508: 20488: 20466: 20431: 20270: 20240: 20204: 20135: 20120: 19964: 19612: 19582: 19476: 18949: 18920: 17944: 17849: 17547: 16975: 15540: 15203: 14579: 14248: 13835: 13421: 10796: 8068: 5982: 5882: 5780:

World War I began as a clash of 20th-century technology and 19th-century

5706: 5602:

for International Action") in October 1914 that later developed into the

5542: 5504: 5481: 5442: 5331: 5315: 5132: 5052: 5018:

died, three-quarters of them from the extreme conditions they worked in.

4991: 4971: 4933: 4884: 4883:

with parts of the Kingdom of Hungary, became a new nation. Romania would

4573: 4452: 4409: 4041:

to join the Grand Fleet, and provided convoy escorts. In April 1917, the

3945:

but the troops refused to fire on the crowds. Revolutionaries set up the

3443: 3283: 3224: 3146: 2862: 2737: 2721: 2701:

In February 1916, the Germans attacked French defensive positions at the

2641: 2434: 2310: 2098: 2085: 1824: 1800: 1564:. After 1848, this was challenged by Britain's withdrawal into so-called 1294: 1286: 1259: 1007: 583: 15523:"Reassessing the Global Mortality Burden of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic" 14804: 14517: 14310: 8612:

New Zealand's Great War: New Zealand, the Allies and the First World War

5469:, and Yugoslav representatives who urged the Allies to support national 22161: 21606: 20997: 20985: 20955: 20921: 20861: 20543: 19940: 19906: 19587: 19021: 15230: 15034: 14668: 14160:

Green, John Frederick Norman (1938). "Obituary: Albert Ernest Kitson".

11894: 11862: 9528:"Text of the Decree of the Surrender of Jerusalem into British Control" 7055: 6449:

Bessarabia remained part of Romania until 1940, when it was annexed by

6269: 6194: 5971: 4860:

were carved from it. Romania took control of Bessarabia in April 1918.

4830: 4501: 4473: 4405: 4215:

was relieved of his duties as the Eighth Army's commander, replaced by

4038: 3989: 3958: 3950: 3852: 3427:

islands. To secure Italian neutrality, the Central Powers offered them

3424: 3169: 3103: 2885: 2154:. Russia ordered general mobilization in support of Serbia on 30 July. 1738: 1689: 1597: 1368: 15092: 6562: 6297:

The United States did not ratify any of the treaties agreed to at the

1906:

decided not to mobilise in response, unprepared to precipitate a war.

22036: 22026: 21642: 21601: 21431: 21268: 21003: 20965: 20558: 20372: 19955: 18580: 17739: 17506: 13445:

The Canadians at Cambrai and the Canal du Nord, August–September 1918

13007: 12958: 12933: 12633:"Winchester Whisperer: The secret newspaper made by jailed pacifists" 11987: 11767: 11671: 9504:(1968) . "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). 9163: 7023: 6437: 6240: 5749: 5450: 5433:

Poster urging women to join the British war effort, published by the

5387:

in 1953, Germany agreed to resume payment on the money borrowed. On 3

5355: 5251: 4900: 4896: 4818: 4817:. Within the country, numerous ethnic minorities were present: 16.1% 4728: 4513: 4204: 3824: 3456: 3367: 3332: 3242: 3107: 2881: 2777: 2645: 2442: 2337: 1258:). The movement of large numbers of people was a major factor in the 1203: 501: 388: 22226: 15965:

Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina

15222: 15026: 13810:

Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War

11878: 10911: 10551:

Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin

8454: 7552: 7039: 5865: 5766: 5511:

I on the side of the Central Powers before Iyasu's overthrow at the

5139:

estimates around 1.5 million. The government of Turkey continues to

4374: 3851:

with the Central Powers, which recognised Romanian sovereignty over

3811:

against a possible Bulgarian counterattack. On 27 August 1916, they

3484:

in May 1916, their main focus was the Isonzo front which, after the

22134: 22117: 22063: 22058: 22043: 22031: 22009: 21832: 21800: 21731: 21706: 21421: 21117: 20938: 20766: 20681: 20620: 20583: 19577: 17999: 15910:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Wood, Laura Matysek; Murphy, Justin D. (1999).

15823:"Romania's Entry into the First World War: The Problem of Strategy" 14723: 12637: 10899: 10799:(1998). "The Holocaust in Comparative and Historical Perspective". 8374: 8305:. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Washington, DC: 5849: 5785: 5625: 5124: 5060: 4899:, and independent national identities for these nations took hold. 4394: 4301:, pushing broadly towards Paris. Germany launched Operation Marne ( 4254:

German offensive and Allied counter-offensive (March–November 1918)

3517:

ended hostilities between Austria-Hungary and Italy which occupied

3404: 3392: 3236: 3099: 3060: 2975: 2971: 2959: 2912: 2870: 2681: 2632: 2498: 2468: 2151: 2126:

Bosnia and saw war as the best way of achieving this. However, the

2021: 1985: 1848: 1840: 140: 14714:

Knobler, S. L.; Mack, A.; Mahmoud, A.; Lemon, S. M., eds. (2005).

12593: 12588:

The Decline of the Union: British Government in Ireland, 1892–1920

11284:"Open Letter to the Prime Minister of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan" 11210:

Cornerstones of Security: Arms Control Treaties in the Nuclear Era

7870:"Participants from the Indian subcontinent in the First World War" 7869: 6021:, is a memorial dedicated to all Americans who served in World War 2754: 2716:

on 1 July 1916 was the bloodiest single day in the history of the

2062: 371:

Formation of new countries in Europe and the Middle East, such as

22214: 22080: 22075: 21336: 21191: 21103: 13311:

Prelude to Blitzkrieg: The 1916 Austro-German Campaign in Romania

11505: 9238: 7504: 6458: 5966:. Many of these graveyards also have monuments to the missing or 5810:, pilot of the French 2nd Bombardment, Group GB 2, in August 1915 4947: 4826: 4822: 4537: 3804: 3518: 3154: 3059:

The disappearance of the Macedonian front meant that the road to

2788: 2769: 2502: 2314: 2036: 1914: 1784: 1628: 1624: 1436: 1320:

mobilised in Serbia's defence, and by 4 August, Germany, Russia,

1290: 107: 18538: 16254: 14716:

The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary

13728:

Pyrrhic victory: French strategy and operations in the Great War

10998:

Reid, A.H.; McCall, S.; Henry, J.M.; Taubenberger, J.K. (2001).

10932:"Mortality burden of the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Europe" 10125: 9113:

Keith Hitchins, Clarendon Press, 1994, Rumania 1866–1947, p. 269

7735: 6962:"Balkan Clutter: American and European Handling of a Powder Keg" 6114:

The first efforts to comprehend the meaning and consequences of

6094:... "Strange, friend," I said, "Here is no cause to mourn." 5107:

Armenians killed during the Armenian genocide. Image taken from

3470:

In the spring of 1916, the Austro-Hungarians counterattacked in

3254:

The Ottoman Empire, with German support, invaded Persia (modern

3149:, by contrast, after the defeat of the British defenders in the 2121:

Cheering crowds in London and Paris on the day war was declared.

1816:

Sarajevo citizens reading a poster with the proclamation of the

22107: 22092: 21751: 21356: 15202:

Deals with technical developments, including the first dipping

14527:

Crucible of Power: A History of US Foreign Relations Since 1897

14175:

The AEF Way of War: The American Army and Combat in World War I

12771:

Military Communications: From Ancient Times to the 21st Century

9555:

The Last Crusade: The Palestine Campaign in the First World War

9340: 9316: 8822: 6761: 6208: 5616:

to convince socialists and revolutionaries to support the war.

5599: 5347:

I debt in 1934; the last installment was finally paid in 2015.

5277:

List of military attachés and war correspondents in World War I

5011: 4979: 4765: 4457: 4417: 3471: 3451:

difficult terrain; much of the fighting took place high in the

3400: 3307: 3111: 3026: 2963: 2846: 2841:

exhibited near Tower Bridge in London, after the 1918 Armistice

2729: 2413:

Japanese soldiers occupy an abandoned German trench during the

2376: 1792:

six major European powers increased by over 50% in real terms.

412: 396: 18889: 16365: 14451:

Vimy Ridge: 1917–1992, A Canadian Myth over Seventy Five Years

13426:

The Trigger: Hunting the Assassin Who Brought the World to War

12339: 12235: 11529: 10860:

Sévillia, Jean, Histoire Passionnée de la France, 2013, p. 395

9508:(4th ed.). London: Constable & Co. pp. 153–155. 8575:. New York: Continuum Publishing Corporation. pp. 80–81. 8548:. Minneapolis, Minn.: Twenty-First Century Books. p. 14. 7319:

Unholy Terror: Bosnia, Al-Qa'ida, and the Rise of Global Jihad

7074: 6381:

was considered one of the successor states to Austria-Hungary.

5525:

First Contingent in Bermuda, winter 1914–1915, before joining

4887:

all Romanian-speaking people under a single state, leading to

2813:

Soon after the outbreak of hostilities, Britain began a naval

2712:

was an Anglo-French offensive from July to November 1916. The

1909:

The Great Powers sought to re-assert control through the 1913

1878:

demonstrated Ottoman weakness and led to the formation of the

22278: 22243: 22146: 21869: 21756: 21741: 21321: 21311: 21306: 20778: 20773: 18167: 15768:

The White War: Life and Death on the Italian Front, 1915–1919

14038:

The Failure to Prevent World War I: The Unexpected Armageddon

12874:"Memorials to the Missing of the First and Second World Wars" 12568: 12414: 12387: 12375: 12363: 12351: 12262: 10209: 9280: 8918: 8026:"Verdun: myths and memories of the 'lost villages' of France" 6616: 5745: 5425:

Propaganda and censorship in Italy during the First World War

5391:

October 2010, Germany made the final payment on these bonds.

5084: 5007: 4834: 4584:, spread across the whole country within days and led to the 4517: 4306: 3792: 3267: 3158: 3127: 2920: 2725: 2426: 1836: 1757:

began. Despite the vast sums spent by Tirpitz, the launch of

1627:, an area they considered to be of vital strategic interest. 1250:, plus up to 8 million civilian deaths from causes including 16124:

America's Great War: World War I and the American experience

14786:

Towards the Flame: Empire, War and the End of Tsarist Russia

13764:

Bulletin of "Carol I" National Defence University, Bucharest

13125:"Armistice Day: Macron and Merkel mark end of World War One" 13091: 11922:

Women in the British Army: War and the Gentle Sex, 1907–1948

11517: 9164:

Alexander Lanoszka; Michael A. Hunzeker (11 November 2018).

9020: 7602:. RTS, Radio televizija Srbije, Radio Television of Serbia. 7576: 7564: 4199:. Two Ottoman armies were defeated a few weeks later at the 3258:) in December 1914 to cut off British and Russian access to 3102:

territories and Britain's communications with India via the

3091:

Australian troops charging near a Turkish trench during the

2383:

on 17 August did so without many of their support elements.

21746: 21451: 16233: 16105:

France, 1848–1945: Volume II: Intellect, Taste, and Anxiety

15913:

The European powers in the First World War: an encyclopedia

11377: 11078:"History of United States' Involvement in Chemical Warfare" 10404: 10392: 8834: 8398: 8234: 7918: 6034:

the commemoration of the war during the period 2014 to 2018

5793: 5434: 5266: 5015: 4581: 4492:, that the military situation facing Germany was hopeless. 4140: 3452: 3263: 3255: 3040:

Austro-Hungarian troops executing captured Serbians, 1917.

2089:

was established, and carried out the persecution of Serbs.

1858:

began when Austria annexed the former Ottoman territory of

16249: 14349:

Marshall Cavendish Illustrated Encyclopedia of World War I

11541: 11114:"Chemical Warfare and Medical Response During World War I" 10212:

Liberty, Equality, Power: A History of the American People

9647: 9226: 9202: 9140: 9116: 9064: 9062: 9037: 9035: 8786: 8686: 7687: 7653: 7651: 7396: 7110: 6686: 4879:, later renamed Yugoslavia. Czechoslovakia, combining the 4250:

attacks by British Empire forces in March and April 1918.

4207:

had been captured following another Ottoman defeat at the

3894:, a phrase typically associated with the defence of Verdun 3774:

Romania key locations 1916–1918 (note; using 2022 borders)

3207: 2795:

in November 1914, before being virtually destroyed at the

1507:

was in September 1914 by German biologist and philosopher

12751: 11398:"Resolution on genocides committed by the Ottoman empire" 10113: 10024: 9352: 9328: 9292: 9086: 8750: 8521:(4th ed.). New York: Grove Press. pp. 119–120. 8362: 7771: 7297: 6809: 6739: 6737: 6096:"None," said the other, "Save the undone years"... 6032:

The British government budgeted substantial resources to

4723: 3612:

remained at the front, with the home front controlled by

2282: 14011:

Europe's Last Summer: Who Started the Great War in 1914?

13099:"French, German Presidents Mark World War I Anniversary" 11988:

Anton Kaes; Martin Jay; Edward Dimendberg, eds. (1994).

11333: 9623: 9436: 9412: 9388: 8894: 8846: 8295: 8111: 8069:"Trench Conflict with Combatants and Infectious Disease" 7942: 7819: 7807: 7540: 7480: 7432: 7408: 7372: 7348: 6918:

British Foreign Policy during the Curzon Period, 1919–24

6869: 6833: 6785: 6628: 5263:

initial 1 million target in the first six weeks of war.

4316: 4313:

on 8 August, led to a marked collapse in German morale.

3407:, considered vital to secure the borders established in 21436: 19743: 16025:. St. Paul, Minnesota: MBI Publishing. pp. 192pp. 15053:

A World Undone: The Story of the Great War 1914 to 1918

14713: 14479:

A Certain Idea of France: The Life of Charles de Gaulle

12795: 12739: 11969: 10929: 10917: 9957: 9376: 9364: 9304: 9256:

Treaty of Bucharest with the Central Powers in May 1918

9214: 9059: 9047: 9032: 8953: 8906: 8882: 8870: 8858: 8810: 8798: 8774: 8762: 8738: 8619: 8493: 8386: 8222: 8135: 7906: 7699: 7675: 7648: 7360: 7236:. American Universities Field Staff. 1964. p. 44. 6893: 6797: 6773: 6749: 6658:

Bertrand Joly, "La France et la Revanche (1871–1914)",

6054:

the centenary of Germany's declaration of war on France

5736:

On 1–4 May 1917, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of

5285:" positions within the opposing land and naval forces. 3133:

The British and French opened overseas fronts with the

1741:. This policy was based on the work of US naval author 15115:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 14253:

The War of Invention; Scientific Developments, 1914–18

14058:

Battle: A Visual Journey Through 5,000 Years of Combat

13076: 12439:. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. p. 284. 12223: 11168:

The Anatomy of the Nuremberg Trials: A Personal Memoir

10863: 10842: 9792: 9190: 9104:

România în anii primului război mondial, vol.2, p. 831

9074: 8965: 8710: 8048: 7993: 7795: 7783: 7528: 7384: 7146: 7134: 7098: 6857: 6845: 6734: 6722: 6710: 6310:

Bulgaria joined the Central Powers on 14 October 1915.

5449:, strongly supported the war, desiring the freedom of 5188:

About 8 million soldiers surrendered and were held in

5180:

British prisoners guarded by Ottoman forces after the

3343:, incited and armed by the Turks, waged a small-scale 2328:

The plan was substantially modified by his successor,

1475:, the events of 1914–1918 were generally known as the 14761:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 13760:"Preliminaries of Romania's entering the World War I" 12615:, p. 14, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004, 12170:"World War I to finally end for Germany this weekend" 10664:"The Minor Powers During World War One – Serbia" 9659: 9635: 9424: 8147: 8005: 7930: 7723: 7711: 7492: 7468: 7456: 7444: 7420: 7122: 6640: 5515:

due to Allied pressure on the Ethiopian aristocracy.

5405: 4916:

massive population exchange between the two countries

4424:

signed an armistice with the Allies on 30 September.

4072: 3572:

and East Prussia as soon as possible. Although their

2227: 2166:

had long assumed they faced a war on two fronts; the

1787:

and Italy, which led to increased expenditure by the

1596:. Post-1871, the primary aim of French policy was to 1363:

on the Allied side following Germany's resumption of

1198:(28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918), also known as the 16301:

Who is at fault for World War I? (YouTube Premium):

15883:

Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005).

15140:

The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946

14759:

Nation and religion: perspectives on Europe and Asia

14757:

Lehmann, Hartmut; van der Veer, Peter, eds. (1999).

13214:

see Christoph Cornelissen, and Arndt Weinrich, eds.

12321:"How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans" 10165: 10163: 9869: 9867: 9732: 9683: 9400: 9128: 8698: 8246: 7747: 7516: 7175: 6881: 6698: 6674: 6516: 5242:

Conscription in the United States § World War I

5065:

1899 Hague Declaration Concerning Asphyxiating Gases

4673:

Termination of the Present War (Definition) Act 1918

3921: 3872:

On 12 December 1916, after ten brutal months of the

1721:

battleship, Germany's first response to the British

1412:

abdicated on 9 November, and the war ended with the

15617:

Cataclysm: The First World War as Political Tragedy

14756: 12722:

The First Air Campaign: August 1914 – November 1918

12599: 11990:"The Treaty of Versailles: The Reparations Clauses" 11689:

To Raise an Army: The Draft Comes to Modern America

10923: 10741: 9780: 9671: 9459:. Christchurch: Whitcombe & Tombs. p. 67. 8123: 7759: 7663: 6821: 6528: 5796:(especially with the advent of the prototype tank, 4512:. In the following days, the Italian Army occupied 3351:. Their rebellion was finally crushed in mid-1916. 2079:Austro-Hungarian authorities encouraged subsequent 1525: 16293:Personal accounts of American World War I veterans 15991: 15590:Armaments and the Coming of War: Europe, 1904–1914 15333: 15269:"The Ludendorff Offensives, 21 March–18 July 1918" 13516: 13287: 13143: 12827: 12404: 12402: 12252: 12250: 12106: 11686: 11619:"Commonwealth Parliament from 1901 to World War I" 11300: 11247:"XXV: Talaat Tells Why He "Deports" the Armenians" 10875: 10567: 9703: 8419:Balkan Breakthrough: The Battle of Dobro Pole 1918 6561: 5612:(an armaments firm) and other companies to create 5529:in France in June 1915. The dozen remaining after 5238:Recruitment to the British Army during World War I 5192:during the war. All nations pledged to follow the 5074: 4309:. The resulting counter-attack, which started the 30:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see 16240:International Encyclopedia of the First World War 14873:Marks, Sally (1978). "The Myths of Reparations". 10160: 10081:. Neumünster: Karl Wachholtz Verlag. p. 91. 9975: 9864: 8983: 7086: 6920:, London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, pp. 41–59, 6914:"Eastern Europe: Cordon Sanitaire or Powder-Keg?" 5473:for the peoples residing within Austria-Hungary. 5379:during the 1920s and early 1930s were cancelled. 5147:I; these claims are rejected by most historians. 4375:Breakthrough of Macedonian front (September 1918) 3867: 2688: 2431:Australian Naval and Military Expeditionary Force 22640:Wars involving the states and peoples of Oceania 22391: 15909: 15863:Typhus fever on the Eastern front in World War I 15661:Stevenson, David (2016). Mahnken, Thomas (ed.). 15481:Lion & Kangaroo: the initiation of Australia 15156: 13519:The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 13484:Bessarabia, Russia and Roumania on the Black Sea 13406:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. 11511: 11437: 11396:International Association of Genocide Scholars. 11353:"International Association of Genocide Scholars" 11244: 10887: 10549:Kocsis, Károly; Hodosi, Eszter Kocsisné (1998). 8724:. Princeton University Press. pp. 180–181. 8608: 8460: 7981: 7900:British administration and the Amritsar massacre 7181: 5945:, which contains the remains of 100,187 soldiers 5541:held by radical socialists such as Marxists and 3953:forced Nicholas to abdicate and established the 2524: 2130:had no solid proof of Serbian involvement. On 23 1367:against Atlantic shipping. Later that year, the 463: 17342:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 16287:World War I British press photograph collection 16047: 14955:The United States Marine Corps in the World War 14922: 14143:Kaiserschlacht 1918: the final German offensive 13944: 13404:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 12399: 12247: 10533: 10214:. Vol. II. Cengage Learning. p. 622. 9935:"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight" 9842:"The Germans Could no Longer Keep up the Fight" 9244: 8828: 8652:The Encyclopedia Americana, 1920, v. 28, p. 403 8511: 7626:"How was the first military airplane shot down" 7080: 6280:, resulting in a Central Powers victory on the 5596:Fasci Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista 4999:affected nearly five million people worldwide. 4526: 4427: 3995: 3504:in June 1918. On 24 October, Diaz launched the 3446:, one of the most challenging fronts of the war 3442:Austro-Hungarian trench at 3,850 metres in the 3022:before the Allied expeditionary force arrived. 3010:In late 1915, a Franco-British force landed at 2810:, these too were either destroyed or interned. 2644:, machine guns and above all far more powerful 2581:, a promise allegedly made explicit in 1917 by 2475:. After Vienna refused to withdraw its cruiser 2063:Expansion of violence in Bosnia and Herzegovina 1871:diplomatic relations between Serbia and Italy. 1839:states, they preferred the strategically vital 1804:Ethno-linguistic map of Austria-Hungary, 1910. 636: 206:(4 years, 3 months and 2 weeks) 15986: 15568:The First World War and International Politics 15420: 15294:East-Central Europe between the Two World Wars 14923:Marshall, S. L. A.; Josephy, Alvin M. (1982). 14433:. Waterloo: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. 14351:. Vol. ii. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 13945:Finestone, Jeffrey; Massie, Robert K. (1981). 13035: 12880:. Commonwealth of Australia. 10 October 2023. 12707:Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870 to 1925 12532: 11596:Conscription: the Australian debate, 1901–1970 11301:Vartparonian, Paul Leverkuehn; Kaiser (2008). 11280:International Association of Genocide Scholars 11274: 11272: 10820:"A Few Words in Greek Tell of a Homeland Lost" 10691:Racist Extremism in Central and Eastern Europe 8240: 6622: 6177:; how soldiers endured the poor conditions of 5137:International Association of Genocide Scholars 5032: 4219:, and a few months later the commander of the 3298:. The Sharif declared the independence of the 2806:escaped with a few auxiliaries, but after the 2071:Crowds on the streets in the aftermath of the 1248:9 million military dead and 23 million wounded 589: 21577: 21563: 20348: 20334: 19729: 18905: 18524: 16381: 16088:(2016 ed.). Cambridge University Press. 15882: 15644:1914–1918: The History of the First World War 15520: 14274:(4th ed.). University of Chicago Press. 14172: 13790:The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History 12663: 12574: 12420: 12408: 12393: 12381: 12369: 12357: 12345: 12268: 12256: 12241: 11996:. University of California Press. p. 8. 11535: 10905: 10735: 10169: 9346: 9322: 8924: 8380: 8352: 8190: 8188: 8186: 8184: 7741: 7570: 7309: 6912:Bennett, G. H. (1995), Bennett, G. H. (ed.), 6134:that obscure the complexity of the conflict. 5976:Thiepval Memorial to the Missing of the Somme 5864:in a raid to destroy the Zeppelin hangars at 3465:a series of frontal assaults along the Isonzo 2608: 1674:in 1894, which was then followed by the 1904 878: 16086:The Cambridge History of the First World War 15070: 15015:Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 14926:The American heritage history of World War I 14272:Britain in transition: the twentieth century 13294:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 13160: 13158: 12718: 12039: 12037: 11947:"UK finally finishes paying for World War I" 11924:. Abingdon, England: Routledge. p. 48. 11206: 10548: 9159: 9157: 9155: 8165: 7007:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of June 2024 ( 6966:Revival: The New Transatlantic Agenda (2001) 6767: 6660:Revue d'Histoire Moderne & Contemporaine 6276:with the Central Powers shortly after their 4029:as an "Associated Power" of the Allies. The 3372:Military history of Italy during World War I 3219:Russian armies generally had success in the 3033:, which brought stabilisation of the front. 2336:, which was the strategy envisaged by their 1964:Traditionally thought to show the arrest of 1387:in March 1918. That month, Germany launched 17832: 15791:War and Revolution in Yugoslavia: 1941–1945 15336:The emergence of the Middle East, 1914–1924 14906:The Month that Changed the World: July 1914 13793:(4th ed.). Harper Collins Publishers. 13278:The War with Germany: A Statistical Summary 12784: 12701: 12699: 11269: 10587:"Appeals to Americans to Pray for Serbians" 9710:. St. Catharines, ON: Vanwell. p. 50. 8169:(June 2016). "Jutland's Place in History". 6231:List of military engagements of World War I 6173:won; whether generals were responsible for 6088:Historiography of the causes of World War I 5908:List of last surviving World War I veterans 5729:. Many suffered years of prison, including 4769:in German politics in the 1920s and 1930s: 3700: 3672: 3564:As previously agreed with French president 2271:after an Austrian plane was shot down with 1795: 1670:. This gave France an opening to agree the 1391:, which despite initial successes left the 892: 21570: 21556: 20341: 20327: 19736: 19722: 18912: 18898: 18531: 18517: 16388: 16374: 15968:. Texas A&M University Press. p. 15866:. Montana State University. Archived from 15784: 15709: 15421:Shapiro, Fred R.; Epstein, Joseph (2006). 15291: 14853: 14837:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914 14346: 14269: 14076:Gray, Randal; Argyle, Christopher (1990). 14075: 13607:Studies in the Russian Economy before 1914 13547:. Montana State University. Archived from 12480:"Chapter 4 – Response from the Home Front" 11547: 11207:Graham, Thomas; Lavera, Damien J. (2003). 11111: 10991: 10398: 9775: 9769: 9146: 8722:A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire 8640: 8562: 8335: 8181: 7303: 5852:as well. Towards the end of the conflict, 4576:, which then ensued in the naval ports of 3831:to the Central Powers on 6 December 1916. 3686: 3419:Italy had occupied Ottoman possessions in 2301:Upon mobilisation, in accordance with the 1831:Russia considered itself the protector of 1688:. While not formal alliances, by settling 1316:responsible, and declared war on 28 July. 885: 871: 730: 15961: 15735:The Quarterly Journal of Military History 15660: 15641: 15614: 15584: 15565: 15548: 15391: 15362: 15137: 15012: 14831: 14428: 14221:Hammond's Frontier Atlas of the World War 14121: 13963: 13464:Paths of Glory; the French Army 1914–1918 13199: 13155: 13006: 12957: 12830:Diplomatic History of the First World War 12813: 12514:Office of the Auditor-General New Zealand 12198: 12034: 11809: 11766: 11669:Chelmsford, J.E. "Clergy and Man-Power", 11472: 11294: 11141: 11131: 11015: 10961: 10410: 10131: 10119: 10076: 10030: 9701: 9418: 9358: 9334: 9298: 9286: 9152: 8959: 8840: 8661: 8636: 8634: 8597:The Neglected War: Mesopotamia, 1914–1918 8568: 8466: 8023: 7948: 7705: 7681: 7657: 7582: 7510: 7414: 7378: 7366: 7354: 7315: 7255: 7195:. East European Monographs. p. 313. 6959: 6803: 6779: 6692: 5985:, a Canadian army doctor, wrote the poem 5314:sent to war. This aided the struggle for 4592:November 1918, shortly thereafter to the 4213:Friedrich Freiherr Kress von Kressenstein 3910: 3658: 3623: 3391:designs on Austro-Hungarian territory in 3029:on 19 November 1916 following the costly 1956:Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1949: 1631:and Austria-Hungary then formed the 1879 689: 168:Ottoman Arab camel corps leaving for the 22585:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922) 19303:Provisional Government of Western Thrace 17631:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 16197: 16056: 16020: 15765: 15679: 15498:"War and Revolution in Russia 1914–1921" 15248:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web 15208: 15113:Fighting the Great War: A Global History 14993: 14974: 14805:"The Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915" 14495: 13925: 13895: 13807: 13585: 13541:The historical impact of epidemic typhus 13442: 12696: 12199:MacMillan, Margaret (25 December 2010). 11944: 11740: 11684: 11523: 11427:. Piscataway, New Jersey: Gorgias Press. 11339: 11107: 11105: 11103: 10464: 10346: 10326: 10306: 10286: 10266: 9798: 9665: 9629: 9442: 9394: 9122: 9026: 8900: 8852: 8816: 8792: 8780: 8756: 8744: 8716: 8545:Genocide: modern crimes against humanity 8518:The Middle East and Islamic world reader 8421:. Indiana University Press. p. 11. 8299:; Förster, Stig; Greiner, Bernd (2005). 7924: 7912: 7894: 7558: 7534: 7390: 7233:Reports Service: Southeast Europe series 7140: 6875: 6863: 6851: 6815: 6743: 6716: 6137:Historian Heather Jones argues that the 6015:National World War I Museum and Memorial 6001: 5936: 5881: 5802: 5765: 5678: 5517: 5499:who were at war with the British in the 5428: 5320: 5273:List of military attachés in World War I 5267:Military attachés and war correspondents 5245: 5207: 5175: 5102: 5042: 4965: 4941: 4906:In the aftermath of World War I, Greece 4784: 4727: 4699: 4634: 4630: 4536: 4451: 4388: 4326: 4305:) on 15 July, in an attempt to encircle 4267: 4150: 4141:Sinai and Palestine campaign (1917–1918) 4086: 4005: 3882: 3543: 3437: 3375: 3241: 3206: 3086: 3035: 2984: 2953: 2831: 2753: 2692: 2623: 2619: 2548: 2408: 2405:Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I 2346: 2292: 2246: 2116: 2066: 1959: 1811: 1799: 1703: 1645: 1529: 518: 448: 18008:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 16230:, worldwide links from Brigham Young U. 15266: 15237: 15107: 14683: 14476: 14247: 14191: 14102: 14035: 14008: 13984: 13864: 13787:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. (1993). 13757: 13721: 13683: 13588:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century 13461: 13420: 13365: 13327: 13308: 13249: 13164: 12757: 12745: 12709:. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd. p. 471 12549: 12450:"No Immediate Need. Te Awamutu Courier" 12280: 12137: 11717:A People's History of the United States 11621:. Parliament of Australia. 4 May 2015. 11383: 10937:Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses 10848: 10661: 10447: 10187:Encyclopedia of American Foreign Policy 10184: 9963: 9738: 9689: 9382: 9370: 9310: 9267:Eastern Europe in the twentieth century 9220: 9092: 9068: 9053: 9041: 8939:, pp. 152–154, 161, 163, 175, 182. 8912: 8888: 8876: 8864: 8804: 8768: 8704: 8625: 8541: 8499: 8404: 8392: 8368: 8228: 8141: 7936: 7801: 7717: 7498: 7474: 7462: 7402: 7128: 7116: 7104: 6911: 6522: 5856:were used for the first time, with HMS 5398:, wrote to the British prime minister, 5358:, used in munitions production, in the 4970:Emergency military hospital during the 4017:to declare war on Germany, 2 April 1917 3204:and Ottoman Palestine in January 1917. 3018:dismissed the pro-Allied government of 2398: 2109:Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I 2024:community), from the movement known as 1874:Tensions increased after the 1911–1912 1866:since 1878. Timed to coincide with the 1847:. Russia had ambitions in northeastern 1690:long-standing colonial disputes in Asia 1356:and others joined in from 1915 onward. 653: 620: 574: 533: 14: 22392: 16270:WWI Films on the European Film Gateway 16211:, and do not reflect subsequent edits. 16121: 16102: 16083: 15942: 15820: 15728: 15685:The First World War: Volume I: To Arms 15619:. New York: Basic Books. p. 560. 15478: 15331: 15311:Saadi, Abdul-Ilah (12 February 2009). 14962:from the original on 16 September 2018 14903: 14819:from the original on 16 September 2018 14783: 14646: 14600: 14578: 14464:from the original on 16 September 2018 14447: 14407: 14365: 14317: 14288: 14228: 13889:The Origins of the World War; Volume I 13688:. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger. 13686:Invasion: The Conquest of Serbia, 1915 13657:. Research and Education Association. 13566: 13240:For a comprehensive bibliography, see 12229: 11919: 11747:Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 11164: 10869: 10817: 10795: 10643:from the original on 16 September 2018 10605:from the original on 16 September 2018 10422: 9653: 9500: 9406: 9232: 9208: 9196: 9080: 8971: 8942: 8692: 8631: 8615:. Exisle Publishing. pp. 219–220. 8609:Crawford, John; McGibbon, Ian (2007). 8153: 8117: 8066: 8054: 7850:from the original on 28 September 2022 7777: 7729: 7693: 7450: 7426: 7021: 6899: 6755: 6704: 6680: 6646: 6188: 6185:accepted and endorsed the war effort. 4914:, a war that eventually resulted in a 4863: 4724:Peace treaties and national boundaries 4347:on the Hindenburg Line began with the 4045:had fewer than 300,000 men, including 3949:and fearing a left-wing takeover, the 2896:World War I also saw the first use of 2283:German offensive in Belgium and France 2222: 2211: 1988:, the capital of the recently annexed 1737:, that could compete with the British 1733:sought to use this growth to build an 21551: 20322: 19717: 18893: 18512: 17961:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 17297:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 16369: 15592:. 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Archived from 9477: 9454: 9430: 8936: 8674:from the original on 9 September 2021 8572:The Holocaust and Genocides in Europe 8341: 8323:from the original on 17 February 2024 8277:from the original on 23 November 2011 8252: 8194: 8129: 8011: 7999: 7960: 7825: 7813: 7789: 7765: 7753: 7669: 7546: 7522: 7486: 7438: 7336:from the original on 17 February 2024 7282:from the original on 17 February 2024 7261: 7240:from the original on 6 September 2023 7209:from the original on 17 February 2024 7152: 7092: 6887: 6839: 6827: 6791: 6634: 5421:British propaganda during World War I 5234:World War I conscription in Australia 5069:1907 Hague Convention on Land Warfare 4877:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes 4472:on 29 September 1918. German Emperor 4317:Allied advance to the Hindenburg Line 3589:allowed the Central Powers to invade 3328:before surrendering in January 1919. 3192:, pushing Ottoman forces back in the 3143:Australian and New Zealand Army Corps 3083:Middle Eastern theatre of World War I 2931: 1868:Bulgarian Declaration of Independence 1397:A successful Allied counter-offensive 1306:assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1230:, and in Europe was characterised by 866: 22635:Wars involving the Republic of China 22625:Wars involving the Habsburg monarchy 21648:Post-classical history (Middle Ages) 18365:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 15508:from the original on 23 October 2011 15462:from the original on 7 December 2023 15279:from the original on 10 October 2017 15254:from the original on 10 January 2008 14951: 14854:Magliveras, Konstantinos D. (1999). 14802: 14551: 14457:. Burnaby: Simon Fraser University. 14231:Douglas Haig and the First World War 14224:. C. S. Hammond & Company. 1916. 14162:Geological Society Quarterly Journal 14140: 13758:Dumitru, Laurentiu-Cristian (2012). 13705:A Brief History of the Austrian Navy 13346: 13285: 13229:; full coverage for major countries. 12914:from the original on 14 October 2023 12645:from the original on 7 February 2022 12538: 12510:"5.2: Provincial patriotic councils" 12119:from the original on 10 January 2022 12104: 12010:from the original on 15 January 2016 11713: 11559: 10495:from the original on 29 October 2013 10380:from the original on 12 January 2021 10248:from the original on 4 December 2013 10189:. Infobase Publishing. p. 483. 9786: 9677: 9605:"Who's Who – Otto Liman von Sanders" 9579:"Who's Who – Kress von Kressenstein" 9557:. London: John Murray. p. 162. 9134: 8416: 8036:from the original on 22 October 2017 8024:Lichfield, John (21 February 2006). 7987: 7837: 5956:American Battle Monuments Commission 5916:American Battle Monuments Commission 5901: 4946:Men transporting wounded Ottoman at 4910:against Turkish nationalists led by 4748:dealt with Germany and, building on 4022:ships were reluctant to put to sea. 3878:successful offensive against Romania 3799:. Under the strategic plan known as 3608:Meanwhile, unrest grew in Russia as 2926: 2697:German casualties at the Somme, 1916 2486: 2441:. On 28 October, the German cruiser 1768:acknowledged defeat, leading to the 36:The First World War (disambiguation) 19745:International relations (1814–1919) 19431:Initial phase of the Greek genocide 19334:1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak 18294:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 17088:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 16255:A multimedia history of World War I 15859: 15847:from the original on 10 August 2019 15808:from the original on 4 January 2014 15753:from the original on 14 August 2021 15159:Transactions of the Grotius Society 14431:Vimy Ridge: A Canadian Reassessment 14126:. New York: Random House; Bonanza. 13886: 12834:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 12719:Lawson, Eric; Lawson, Jane (2002). 12554:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 12176:. 30 September 2010. Archived from 11058:from the original on 8 January 2024 10893: 10818:Hedges, Chris (17 September 2000). 10521:from the original on 3 January 2022 10296:. 23 July 1920. pp. 7765–7766. 10042: 9911:. 21 September 2017. 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The Serbs suffered defeat in the 2236: 2157:Anxious to ensure backing from the 1978:Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria 1913:, which had created an independent 1882:, an alliance of Serbia, Bulgaria, 1534:Rival military coalitions in 1914: 132:French attack from a trench at the 24: 21617:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 17027:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 16275:The British Pathé WW1 Film Archive 16234:The World War One Document Archive 16107:(1986 ed.). Clarendon Press. 15930:from the original on 1 August 2020 15296:. University of Washington Press. 15073:The Journal of Conflict Resolution 14173:Grotelueschen, Mark Ethan (2006). 13870:The Great War in Africa, 1914–1918 13774:from the original on 19 March 2022 13537: 12944:(2521). Historica: 487–488. 1918. 12908:Commonwealth War Graves Commission 12862:. 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World War I was one of the 368:and territories to other countries 270:United States–Hungary Peace Treaty 262:United States–Germany Peace Treaty 254:United States–Austria Peace Treaty 25: 22666: 22645:Wars involving the United Kingdom 22630:Wars involving the Ottoman Empire 22580:Wars involving the Russian Empire 21532:Western European and Others Group 18935:Nationalism in the Ottoman Empire 16310: 16142: 16050:Brest-Litovsk:The forgotten peace 16048:Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1938). 15710:Taliaferro, William Hay (1972) . 15495: 15244:], 1865–1937, German General" 13105:from the original on 3 April 2017 13023:from the original on 4 March 2016 12884:from the original on 1 March 2024 12769:Sterling, Christopher H. 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On 10 August, German forces in 2351:French bayonet charge during the 2218:Diplomatic history of World War I 2200:August, the Germans invaded, and 1619:and Germany. After the 1877–1878 1607:In 1873, Bismarck negotiated the 1262:pandemic, which killed millions. 126:From top to bottom, left to right 22650:Wars involving the United States 17390:Second Battle of the Piave River 17012:Russian invasion of East Prussia 16322:State Library of New South Wales 16196: 16184: 16174: 16164: 15528:American Journal of Epidemiology 15319:from the original on 13 May 2011 15142:. New York: Holmes & Meier. 14498:The International History Review 14291:The International History Review 14255:. Brassey's Defence Publishers. 14122:Goodspeed, Donald James (1985). 14078:Chronicle of the First World War 13208: 13173: 13117: 13065: 13053:from the original on 29 May 2015 12974: 12926: 12904:"Thiepval Anglo-French Cemetery" 12896: 12866: 12848: 12819: 12763: 12712: 12670:. 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Fighting took place mainly in 732: 718: 705: 691: 655: 638: 622: 609: 591: 576: 562: 549: 535: 520: 507: 494: 465: 450: 139:German machine gun crew wearing 115: 106: 95: 86: 75: 66: 18919: 18461:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 17661:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 16395: 16317:National Library of New Zealand 15731:"Audacious Cruise of the Emden" 15729:Taylor, John M. (Summer 2007). 15240:"Erich von Ludendorff [ 15211:The Journal of Military History 14858:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 14605:. Manchester University Press. 13994:. New York: Henry Holt and Co. 13235: 13152:, 1917, (Faber and Faber, 2004) 12878:Department of Veterans' Affairs 12600:Lehmann & van der Veer 1999 12323:. BBC News. 25 September 2016. 12140:"Why Did World War I Just End?" 11720:. Harper Collins. p. 134. 10316:. 27 August 1920. p. 1924. 9885:from the original on 5 May 2016 9879:League of Nations Photo Archive 8515:; Schaar, Stuart, eds. 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Growing tensions between the 358:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 224:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 19421:Bulgarians deportation program 18992:Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising 18284:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 18143:Deportations from East Prussia 17940:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 16332:Indiana University Bloomington 15830:Emporia State Research Studies 15483:. Melbourne: Text Publishing. 15332:Sachar, Howard Morley (1970). 15267:Rickard, J. (27 August 2007). 14270:Havighurst, Alfred F. (1985). 14194:A Naval History of World War I 14177:. Cambridge University Press. 13127:. BBC News. 10 November 2018. 12725:. Da Capo Press. p. 123. 12070:World War One: A Short History 11994:The Weimar Republic Sourcebook 11741:Pedersen, Sarah (1 May 2002). 11479:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 83, 218. 11215:University of Washington Press 10986:Wiener klinische Wochenschrift 8461:Tucker, Wood & Murphy 1999 7322:. Zenith Imprint. p. 29. 6491:10 in this context – see 6384: 6372: 6355: 6339: 6322: 6313: 6304: 6291: 6258: 6044:August 2014, French President 5922:World War I in popular culture 5836:. To shoot down enemy planes, 5742:Russian Provisional Government 5071:, which prohibited their use. 4995:1915 and 1926, an epidemic of 4790:Dissolution of Austria-Hungary 4736:after World War I (as of 1923) 4570:German Revolution of 1918–1919 4117:Concurrent British attacks at 3955:Russian Provisional Government 3868:Central Powers peace overtures 2867:unrestricted submarine warfare 2797:Battle of the Falkland Islands 2689:Continuation of trench warfare 2566:instigating uprisings in India 2531:Indian Army during World War I 2493:African theatre of World War I 2330:Helmuth von Moltke the Younger 2113:Russian entry into World War I 2092: 1980:, heir presumptive to Emperor 1806:Bosnia-Herzegovina was annexed 1365:unrestricted submarine warfare 1244:deadliest conflicts in history 362:dissolution of Austria-Hungary 40:World War One (disambiguation) 13: 1: 20115:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 20069:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 20059:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 19272:Romanian landings in Bulgaria 18195:Ukrainian Canadian internment 16259:European Newspapers from the 15794:. Stanford University Press. 15714:. Books for Libraries Press. 15182:. London: Jane's Publishing. 14529:. Scholarly Resources Books. 14510:10.1080/07075332.1992.9640619 14303:10.1080/07075332.1988.9640469 13481:Clark, Charles Upson (1927). 13372:. Berghahn Books. p. 8. 13281:. Government Printing Office. 11828:10.1080/07075332.1987.9640462 11196:– via Internet Archive. 10801:Idea Journal of Social Issues 10047:[The Kiel 14 points] 9702:Schreiber, Shane B. (2004) . 8992:Jones & Bartlett Learning 8662:Northcote, Dudley S. (1922). 7268:. Studienverlag. p. 55. 6960:Stefanova, Radoslava (2001), 6542:. 17 August 1914. p. 228 6510: 6082:Historiography of World War I 5762:Technology during World War I 5755: 5644: 5523:Bermuda Volunteer Rifle Corps 5305:Home front during World War I 5109:Ambassador Morgenthau's Story 5021: 4921: 4734:territorial changes in Europe 4533:Armistice of 11 November 1918 4520:, with over 20,000 soldiers. 4420:at 29 September, after which 4155:British artillery battery on 4055:American Expeditionary Forces 4051:Selective Service Act of 1917 3756: 3211:Russian forest trench at the 3184:. Following this victory, an 3077:Ottoman Empire in World War I 2676:, the Germans (violating the 2570:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2541:Niedermayer–Hentig Expedition 2525:Indian support for the Allies 2105:German entry into World War I 1766:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg 1651: 1570:decline of the Ottoman Empire 1514: 1414:Armistice of 11 November 1918 1361:United States entered the war 1312:throne. Austria-Hungary held 1275:decline of the Ottoman Empire 144: 22455:Wars involving British India 22415:Presidency of Woodrow Wilson 19975:Second Industrial Revolution 19849:League of the Three Emperors 19364:Greco-Turkish crisis of 1914 18350:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 17649:Estonian War of Independence 17317:Southern Palestine offensive 16295:, Veterans History Project, 16261:start of the First World War 16126:. Rowman & Littlefield. 15238:Rickard, J. (5 March 2001). 13808:Erickson, Edward J. (2001). 13731:. Harvard University Press. 13313:. Indiana University Press. 13257:. Rowman & Littlefield. 11693:. New York: The Free Press. 11512:Phillimore & Bellot 1919 11440:Journal of Genocide Research 11253:. Brigham Young University. 11251:Ambassador Mogenthau's story 11052:Alberta Animal Health Source 11048:"War Horse – The True Story" 9755:. London: Pan. p. 190. 8569:Lieberman, Benjamin (2013). 8073:Emerging Infectious Diseases 7963:"Weapons of War: Poison Gas" 7561:, pp. 292–296, 343–354. 6251: 5960:German War Graves Commission 5926: 5871: 5725:, refused both military and 4599: 4527:German government surrenders 4428:Armistices and capitulations 4299:Operations Blücher and Yorck 4242:was occupied, following the 4177:Sinai and Palestine campaign 4147:Sinai and Palestine campaign 3996:United States enters the war 3286:, instigated by the British 3186:Egyptian Expeditionary Force 2750:Naval warfare of World War I 2743: 2587:Secretary of State for India 1755:Anglo-German naval arms race 1699: 1609:League of the Three Emperors 1371:seized power in the Russian 1246:, resulting in an estimated 1206:between two coalitions: the 161:Bulgarian troops during the 7: 22600:Wars involving South Africa 20005:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 19359:Autonomy of Northern Epirus 18304:USA against Austria-Hungary 17703:Turkish War of Independence 17655:Latvian War of Independence 17380:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 16971:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 15994:German Navy in World War II 15887:. Santa Barbara: ABC-Clio. 15885:Encyclopedia of World War I 15665:. Oxford University Press. 15570:. Oxford University Press. 15442:Smith, David James (2010). 15424:The Yale Book of Quotations 15313:"Dreaming of Greater Syria" 15292:Rothschild, Joseph (1975). 14977:July 1914: Countdown to War 14080:. New York: Facts on File. 13930:. New York: Penguin Press. 13628:. New York: Paragon Press. 13569:Ireland in the 20th Century 13309:Barrett, Michael B (2013). 13255:How America Won World War I 13242:Bibliography of World War I 12773:. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. 11867:Political Science Quarterly 11004:J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol 10454:. Harvard U.P. p. 204. 8829:Marshall & Josephy 1982 7316:Schindler, John R. (2007). 7081:Finestone & Massie 1981 6226:Lists of World War I topics 6219: 5717:Other opposition came from 5712:Conscription Crisis of 1918 5667:in Britain. In the US, the 5230:Conscription Crisis of 1918 5226:Conscription Crisis of 1917 5033:Chemical weapons in warfare 4799:Kingdom of Croatia-Slavonia 4682:Germany on 10 January 1920. 4482:German Supreme Army Command 3535:Eastern Front (World War I) 3381:Isonzo Offensives 1915–1917 3364:Italian front (World War I) 3335:tribe, along the border of 3306:, the Ottoman commander of 2942:Bulgaria during World War I 2615:Western Front (World War I) 2361:British Expeditionary Force 2275:fire, as well as the first 2190:Germany occupied Luxembourg 2134:July, Austria delivered an 2081:anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2073:anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 1818:Austrian annexation in 1908 1650:World empires and colonies 1584:. Victory in the 1870–1871 1395:exhausted and demoralised. 231:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 10: 22671: 22550:Wars involving New Zealand 22284:Asia and the Pacific Group 20054:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 19378:Ottoman–Bulgarian alliance 18387:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 17935:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 17395:Second Battle of the Marne 17282:Second battle of the Aisne 17151:Second Battle of Champagne 16992:German invasion of Belgium 16122:Zieger, Robert H. (2001). 15998:. New York: T.Y. Crowell. 15085:10.1177/002200278002400107 14998:(2016 ed.). Penguin. 14620:Keene, Jennifer D (2006). 14393:(1993 ed.). Penguin. 13428:(2015 ed.). Vintage. 13239: 13075:. 1914.org. Archived from 12550:Pennell, Catriona (2012). 12281:Mukhtar, Mohammed (2003). 10468:A Companion to World War I 10185:Hastedt, Glenn P. (2009). 10010:"Clairière de l'Armistice" 9976:Andrea di Michele (2014). 9455:Moore, A. Briscoe (1920). 8984:Lawrence Goodrich (2011). 8307:Cambridge University Press 7022:Nelson, Daniel N. (1984). 6623:Shapiro & Epstein 2006 6563:"great, adj., adv., and n" 6348:was considered one of the 6207:at battlefield sites like 6192: 6085: 6079: 5930: 5919: 5905: 5875: 5759: 5648: 5564:, under the leadership of 5414: 5410: 5302: 5299:Post–World War I recession 5292: 5270: 5223: 5169: 5092: 5078: 5036: 5025: 4931: 4925: 4867: 4688:Bulgaria on 9 August 1920. 4603: 4586:proclamation of a republic 4530: 4478:Bulgarian Tsar Ferdinand I 4445: 4431: 4400:Allied forces started the 4378: 4361:Battle of Blanc Mont Ridge 4320: 4303:Second Battle of the Marne 4257: 4144: 4076: 4025:On 6 April 1917, Congress 3999: 3925: 3914: 3627: 3532: 3492:, Cadorna was replaced by 3361: 3080: 3074: 2935: 2923:for antisubmarine patrol. 2747: 2612: 2609:Western Front 1914 to 1916 2534: 2528: 2490: 2402: 2286: 2240: 2215: 2102: 2096: 1953: 1941: 1937: 1925:to Serbia and Greece, and 1684:was completed by the 1907 1518: 1330:Germany's strategy in 1914 323:Mediterranean and Adriatic 44:Great War (disambiguation) 29: 22540:Wars involving Montenegro 22470:Wars involving Costa Rica 22435:Wars involving Azerbaijan 22289:Asia Cooperation Dialogue 22254: 22020:Southern/Eastern/Northern 21995: 21900: 21722: 21673:Asian and Pacific Theatre 21630: 21589: 21302:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 21282: 21200: 21037: 20872: 20743:Standard Average European 20611: 20440: 20360: 20213: 20077: 19990: 19875:European balance of power 19867: 19802: 19751: 19698: 19539:Konstantinos Sapountzakis 19444: 19403: 19351: 19342: 19326: 19290: 19229: 19218: 19187: 19056: 19045: 18978:Greco-Turkish War of 1897 18927: 18866: 18706: 18635: 18604: 18548: 18493: 18452: 18373: 18312: 18274: 18218: 18207: 18168:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 18111: 18083: 18031: 17953: 17927: 17879: 17772: 17765: 17697:Irish War of Independence 17593: 17475: 17440:Armistice of Villa Giusti 17425:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 17350: 17252: 17179: 17080: 17037:First Battle of the Marne 16984: 16946: 16881: 16872: 16815: 16689: 16678: 16644: 16616: 16578: 16530: 16483: 16476: 16403: 16103:Zeldin, Theodore (1977). 16084:Winter, Jay, ed. (2014). 15988:von der Porten, Edward P. 15962:Velikonja, Mitja (2003). 15821:Torrie, Glenn E. (1978). 15642:Stevenson, David (2012). 15615:Stevenson, David (2004). 15566:Stevenson, David (1988). 15521:Spreeuwenberg, P (2018). 15427:. Yale University Press. 15406:10.1191/0968344502wh250oa 15377:10.1191/0968344503wh260oa 14889:10.1017/S0008938900018707 14661:10.1017/S0018246X00009481 14192:Halpern, Paul G. (1995). 14124:The German Wars 1914–1945 13947:The last courts of Europe 13903:. New York: Basic Books. 13684:DiNardo, Richard (2015). 13624:Cross, Wilbur L. (1991). 13462:Clayton, Anthony (2003). 13443:Christie, Norm M (1997). 13201:10.1017/S0018246X13000216 13165:Neiberg, Michael (2007). 12575:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12454:paperspast.natlib.govt.nz 12421:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12409:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12394:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12382:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12370:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12358:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12346:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12269:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12257:Tucker & Roberts 2005 12242:Tucker & Roberts 2005 11861:Craig, Gordon A. (1949). 11759:10.3366/jshs.2002.22.1.50 11645:"The Conscription Crisis" 11574:10.1017/S0018246X00005689 11536:Tucker & Roberts 2005 11452:10.1080/14623520801950820 11245:Henry Morgenthau (1918). 11173:Little, Brown and Company 10786:Online. 28 November 2006. 10744:"The ANZAC Day tradition" 10742:Australian War Memorial. 10170:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8925:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8542:January, Brendan (2007). 8381:Tucker & Roberts 2005 8353:Tucker & Roberts 2005 7742:Tucker & Roberts 2005 7571:Tucker & Roberts 2005 6976:(inactive 11 June 2024), 6594:"The war to end all wars" 6568:Oxford English Dictionary 6288:, and the end of the war. 5655:1917 French Army mutinies 5651:Opposition to World War I 5638:Queensland Patriotic Fund 5417:Propaganda in World War I 5028:War crimes in World War I 4560:that ended the war there. 4506:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4462:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4438:Armistice of Villa Giusti 4083:1917 French Army mutinies 3515:Armistice of Villa Giusti 3506:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 3310:, resisted for more than 3248:Prince Leopold of Bavaria 2919:in July 1918, as well as 2661:First Battle of the Marne 2389:First Battle of the Marne 1982:Franz Joseph I of Austria 1222:, as well as in parts of 903: 778: 759: 433: 227:Signed 10 September 1919 190: 175:Aftermath of the Russian 60: 55: 27:1914–1918 global conflict 22605:Wars involving Sri Lanka 22555:Wars involving Nicaragua 22495:Wars involving Guatemala 22430:Wars involving Australia 21442:Lancaster House Treaties 20932:Christian existentialism 20892:Ancient Roman philosophy 20882:Ancient Greek philosophy 20166:Venezuela Naval Blockade 19837:Anglo-Russian Convention 19313:Treaty of Constantinople 19205:1913 Ottoman coup d'état 18320:Constantinople Agreement 17613:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 17476:Co-belligerent conflicts 17445:Second Romanian campaign 17415:Third Transjordan attack 17126:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 17032:Battle of Grand Couronné 16228:Links to other WWI Sites 15945:The Great War, 1914–1918 15943:Tucker, Spencer (2002). 15916:. Taylor & Francis. 15838:Emporia State University 15138:Northedge, F.S. (1986). 15050:Meyer, Gerald J (2006). 14876:Central European History 14784:Lieven, Dominic (2016). 14477:Jackson, Julian (2018). 14389:Horne, Alistair (1964). 14318:Heyman, Neil M. (1997). 14103:Gilbert, Martin (1994). 13926:Ferguson, Niall (2006). 13626:Zeppelins of World War I 13586:Crampton, R. J. (1994). 13487:. New York: Dodd, Mead. 13225:29 November 2020 at the 13043:"Monumental Undertaking" 12826:Zeman, Z. A. B. (1971). 11473:Whitehorn, Alan (2015). 11165:Taylor, Telford (1993). 10423:Morrow, John H. (2005). 10368:"Dates on war memorials" 9751:Brown, Malcolm (1999) . 7872:. Memorial Gates Trust. 7596:"Veliki rat – Avijacija" 7513:, pp. 579–580, 585. 6768:Moll & Luebbert 1980 5828:were initially used for 5309:Financial crisis of 1914 5099:Armenian genocide denial 5057:Kaiser Wilhelm Institute 4694:Turkey on 6 August 1924. 4691:Hungary on 26 July 1921. 4685:Austria on 16 July 1920. 4606:Aftermath of World War I 4596:, and German surrender. 4369:Second Battle of Cambrai 4203:and, early in December, 4069:in late September 1918. 3587:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 2575:Indian National Congress 2433:landed on the island of 2429:). On 11 September, the 1796:Conflicts in the Balkans 1686:Anglo-Russian Convention 1466: 1389:an offensive in the west 1297:on 28 June 1914, when a 1178:Indian and Pacific Ocean 343:Aftermath of World War I 22655:Wars involving Slovenia 22620:Wars involving Thailand 22570:Wars involving Rhodesia 22565:Wars involving Portugal 22505:Wars involving Honduras 22460:Wars involving Bulgaria 21220:Equality before the law 20427:Romano-Germanic culture 20171:Alaska boundary dispute 19844:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 19827:Franco-Russian Alliance 19383:Balkans campaign of WWI 19032:Albanian revolt of 1912 18383:Modus vivendi of Acroma 18335:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 17643:Greater Poland Uprising 17543:National Protection War 17420:Meuse–Argonne offensive 17370:German spring offensive 17365:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 17141:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 17116:Second Battle of Artois 16997:Battle of the Frontiers 16236:, from Brigham Young U. 16057:Willmott, H.P. (2003). 15766:Thompson, Mark (2009). 15445:One Morning in Sarajevo 14994:McMeekin, Sean (2015). 14975:McMeekin, Sean (2014). 14904:Martel, Gordon (2014). 14803:Love, Dave (May 1996). 14689:Europe Between the Wars 14601:Keenan, George (1986). 14196:. New York: Routledge. 14107:. Stoddart Publishing. 14009:Fromkin, David (2004). 13703:Donko, Wilhelm (2012). 13349:History of Transylvania 13180:Jones, Heather (2013). 13073:"Commemoration website" 11133:10.2105/AJPH.2007.11930 10748:Australian War Memorial 10448:Schulze, Hagen (1998). 10373:. War Memorials Trust. 10149:28 October 2016 at the 9607:. First World War.com. 9581:. First World War.com. 9553:Bruce, Anthony (2002). 7262:Kröll, Herbert (2008). 6926:10.1057/9780230377356_3 6668:27 January 2024 at the 6363:declared war on Germany 6036:. The lead body is the 5943:Redipuglia War Memorial 5719:conscientious objectors 5634:Canadian Patriotic Fund 5578:Italian Socialist Party 5527:1 Lincolnshire Regiment 5316:voting rights for women 4997:encephalitis lethargica 4666:July 1921 by President 4548:) pictured outside the 4349:Meuse-Argonne offensive 4340:talks were inevitable. 4323:Meuse-Argonne offensive 4260:German spring offensive 4067:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4027:declared war on Germany 3970:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 3959:competing power centres 3591:Russian-occupied Poland 3525:awarded to it in 1915. 2629:British Indian soldiers 2537:Hindu–German Conspiracy 2515:Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck 2353:Battle of the Frontiers 2141:Serbia ordered general 2051:According to historian 1944:Timeline of World War I 1781:1905 Russian Revolution 1672:Franco-Russian Alliance 1129:Mexican-American Border 234:Signed 27 November 1919 156:German spring offensive 22575:Wars involving Romania 22530:Wars involving Liberia 22510:Wars involving Ireland 22485:Wars involving Germany 22445:Wars involving Bolivia 22440:Wars involving Belgium 22425:Wars involving Armenia 21700:Middle Eastern Theatre 21678:Middle Eastern Theatre 21597:Cradle of civilization 21382:Eastern European Group 20971:Continental philosophy 20902:Judeo-Christian ethics 20887:Hellenistic philosophy 20368:Cradle of civilization 20090:Unification of Germany 20037:Taft–Katsura agreement 19657:Crown Prince Alexander 19635:Crown Prince Ferdinand 19598:Kölemen Abdullah Pasha 19426:Massacres of Civilians 19416:Massacres of Albanians 19369:Sarajevo Assassination 19298:Greek–Serbian Alliance 19291:Diplomacy and politics 19188:Diplomacy and politics 19012:Bulgarian Independence 18408:Paris Peace Conference 18396:Ukraine–Central Powers 18190:Massacres of Albanians 18158:Late Ottoman genocides 17965:Bulgarian occupations 17673:Third Anglo-Afghan War 17637:Hungarian–Romanian War 17455:Naval Victory Bulletin 17450:Armistice with Germany 17400:Hundred Days Offensive 17327:Battle of La Malmaison 17277:Second battle of Arras 17244:Battle of Transylvania 17098:Second Battle of Ypres 16966:Sarajevo assassination 16855:South African Republic 16327:US Library of Congress 16149:Listen to this article 16061:. Dorling Kindersley. 16023:World War I Day by Day 16021:Westwell, Ian (2004). 15479:Souter, Gavin (2000). 15178:Price, Alfred (1980). 14649:The Historical Journal 14525:Jones, Howard (2001). 14448:Inglis, David (1995). 14233:(2009 ed.). CUP. 14036:Gardner, Hall (2015). 13978:10.3917/popu.1701.0039 13949:. JM Dent & Sons. 13887:Fay, Sidney B (1930). 13609:. Palgrave Macmillan. 13366:Braybon, Gail (2004). 13347:Béla, Köpeczi (1998). 13286:Ball, Alan M. (1994). 13167:The World War I Reader 12667:The Russian Revolution 12664:Richard Pipes (1990). 12068:Stone, Norman (2008). 10451:Germany: A New History 10107:Kieler Erinnerungsorte 10077:Dähnhardt, D. (1978). 10045:"Die 14 Kieler Punkte" 10012:(in French). Ville de 9909:Militaryhistorynow.com 9816:Militaryhistorynow.com 9776:Gray & Argyle 1990 8417:Hall, Richard (2010). 8085:10.3201/eid2411.ac2411 8079:(11). CDC: 2136–2137. 7896:Horniman, Benjamin Guy 6299:Paris Peace Conference 6278:armed seizure of power 6236:Outline of World War I 6112: 6068:and German Chancellor 6011: 5946: 5890: 5811: 5808:Captain Marcel Courmes 5786:wireless communication 5777: 5692: 5683:Sackville Street (now 5534: 5438: 5326: 5255: 5185: 5116: 5115:and published in 1918. 5095:Late Ottoman genocides 5048: 4983: 4950: 4928:World War I casualties 4793: 4780: 4742:Paris Peace Conference 4737: 4712: 4660:Knox–Porter Resolution 4651: 4561: 4556:after agreeing to the 4465: 4397: 4332: 4311:Hundred Days Offensive 4273: 4264:Hundred Days Offensive 4229:Otto Liman von Sanders 4201:Battle of Mughar Ridge 4179:resumed, when General 4173:Second Battles of Gaza 4164: 4099: 4061:AEF commander General 4018: 3911:Final years of the war 3895: 3630:Romania in World War I 3624:Romanian participation 3620:, at the end of 1916. 3561: 3556:following the Russian 3554:Grand Duke Nikolaevich 3502:offensive was repulsed 3447: 3383: 3251: 3246:Kaiser Wilhelm II and 3216: 3178:ANZAC Mounted Division 3139:Mesopotamian campaigns 3095: 3045: 2990: 2967: 2842: 2829:was confined to port. 2808:Battle of Más a Tierra 2765: 2698: 2674:Second Battle of Ypres 2636: 2561: 2545:Third Anglo-Afghan War 2418: 2356: 2298: 2256: 2122: 2076: 1990:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1973: 1950:Sarajevo assassination 1860:Bosnia and Herzegovina 1820: 1809: 1726: 1655: 1602:French colonial empire 1553: 1421:Paris Peace Conference 1277:, which disturbed the 969:Trans-Siberian Railway 760:Commanders and leaders 22615:Wars involving Taiwan 22595:Wars involving Serbia 22560:Wars involving Panama 22490:Wars involving Greece 22480:Wars involving France 22465:Wars involving Canada 22450:Wars involving Brazil 21925:Vietnamese philosophy 21663:Industrial Revolution 21502:Three Seas Initiative 21477:Pacific Islands Forum 21342:British–Irish Council 21090:Greek Orthodox Church 20549:Industrial Revolution 20519:Scientific Revolution 20176:First Moroccan Crisis 19890:Spread of nationalism 19854:Eight-Nation Alliance 19683:Other Balkan states: 19524:Eleftherios Venizelos 19200:Albanian Independence 19002:Young Turk Revolution 18543:by region and country 18418:Treaty of St. Germain 18391:Russia–Central Powers 18345:Sykes–Picot Agreement 18173:Pontic Greek genocide 18148:Destruction of Kalisz 18124:Eastern Mediterranean 17685:Polish–Lithuanian War 17467:Armistice of Belgrade 17430:Armistice of Salonica 17360:Operation Faustschlag 17307:Third Battle of Oituz 17229:Baranovichi offensive 17197:Lake Naroch offensive 17171:Battle of Robat Karim 17146:Vistula–Bug offensive 17121:Battles of the Isonzo 17052:First Battle of Ypres 16356:University of Alberta 16280:24 March 2019 at the 15770:. Faber & Faber. 14691:. New York: Longman. 14552:Karp, Walter (1979). 14229:Harris, J.P. (2008). 14141:Gray, Randal (1991). 13651:Crowe, David (2001). 13328:Beckett, Ian (2007). 13273:Ayers, Leonard Porter 13049:. 21 September 2015. 12981:David, Evans (1918). 12456:. 22 September 1939. 11920:Noakes, Lucy (2006). 11714:Zinn, Howard (2003). 11421:Gaunt, David (2006). 11017:10.1093/jnen/60.7.663 10908:, pp. 2561–2567. 10666:. firstworldwar.com. 10471:. Wiley. p. 584. 9939:historycollection.com 9753:1918: Year of Victory 9478:Falls, Cyril (1930). 8670:. New York Times Co. 8599:(London: Faber, 1967) 8383:, pp. 1075–1076. 7965:. Firstworldwar.com. 7183:Djordjević, Dimitrije 6493:Long and short scales 6407:Often abbreviated as 6193:Further information: 6091: 6086:Further information: 6048:and German President 6019:Kansas City, Missouri 6005: 5940: 5933:World War I memorials 5920:Further information: 5885: 5806: 5769: 5682: 5669:Espionage Act of 1917 5562:Italian Liberal Party 5521: 5443:Yugoslav nationalists 5432: 5415:Further information: 5324: 5303:Further information: 5249: 5224:Further information: 5208:Soldiers' experiences 5196:on fair treatment of 5179: 5106: 5046: 4969: 4955:8 million were killed 4945: 4932:Further information: 4870:Sykes–Picot Agreement 4868:Further information: 4803:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 4788: 4771: 4731: 4706:Eleftherios Venizelos 4704:Greek prime minister 4703: 4638: 4631:Formal end of the war 4540: 4470:Armistice of Salonica 4456:Italian troops reach 4455: 4448:Armistice of Belgrade 4446:Further information: 4434:Armistice of Salonica 4392: 4353:attacked around Ypres 4330: 4293:against the northern 4271: 4154: 4090: 4077:Further information: 4009: 3886: 3813:attacked Transylvania 3547: 3441: 3379: 3245: 3210: 3090: 3039: 3020:Eleftherios Venizelos 2988: 2957: 2835: 2783:, part of the German 2757: 2696: 2627: 2620:Trench warfare begins 2558:Mesopotamian campaign 2552: 2535:Further information: 2423:occupied German Samoa 2412: 2375:In 1911, the Russian 2350: 2319:Alfred von Schlieffen 2296: 2279:by the Serbian army. 2269:anti-aircraft warfare 2250: 2216:Further information: 2120: 2070: 1963: 1815: 1803: 1707: 1649: 1533: 1521:Causes of World War I 1269:included the rise of 1267:causes of World War I 1210:(or Entente) and the 1003:Sinai & Palestine 779:Casualties and losses 273:Signed 29 August 1921 265:Signed 25 August 1921 257:Signed 24 August 1921 249:Signed 10 August 1920 22610:Wars involving Sudan 22545:Wars involving Nepal 22535:Wars involving Malta 22525:Wars involving Korea 22520:Wars involving Japan 22515:Wars involving Italy 22500:Wars involving Haiti 21497:Special Relationship 20907:Christian philosophy 20852:Western Christianity 20514:Age of Enlightenment 20388:Hellenistic Kingdoms 20181:Algeciras Conference 20161:Annexation of Hawaii 20100:Great Eastern Crisis 20095:Unification of Italy 20085:Formation of Romania 19902:French–German enmity 19534:Pavlos Kountouriotis 18413:Treaty of Versailles 18129:Mount Lebanon famine 18044:in the United States 18012:Russian occupations 17726:Turkish–Armenian War 17667:Polish–Ukrainian War 17607:Ukrainian–Soviet War 17554:Central Asian Revolt 17337:Armistice of Focșani 17067:Battle of Sarikamish 17017:Battle of Tannenberg 16413:Military engagements 16349:5 April 2015 at the 16220:More spoken articles 15712:Medicine and the War 15687:. New York: Viking. 14556:. Harper & Row. 14055:Grant, R.G. (2005). 13842:. London: Longmans. 13836:Falls, Cyril Bentham 13605:Crisp, Olga (1976). 13567:Coogan, Tim (2009). 12641:. 24 February 2014. 12484:nzetc.victoria.ac.nz 11675:15 April 1918, p. 12 11054:. 10 November 2020. 9941:. 22 February 2017. 9915:on 23 September 2017 9848:. 22 February 2017. 9846:historycollection.co 9822:on 23 September 2017 9245:Wheeler-Bennett 1938 7696:, pp. 194, 211. 6600:. 10 November 1998. 6436:, or "Battle of the 6272:government signed a 5964:Le Souvenir français 5896:propaganda campaigns 5731:solitary confinement 5673:Sedition Act of 1918 5476:In the Middle East, 5445:such as the leader, 5182:First Battle of Gaza 5113:Henry Morgenthau Sr. 4746:Treaty of Versailles 4656:Treaty of Versailles 4641:Treaty of Versailles 4414:Battle of Dobro Pole 4385:Battle of Dobro Pole 4225:Erich von Falkenhayn 4193:Desert Mounted Corps 4135:French Army mutinies 4096:Battle of Vimy Ridge 3821:Erich von Falkenhayn 3771:class=notpageimage| 3521:and areas along the 3500:. A second Austrian 3260:petroleum reservoirs 3229:Battle of Sarikamish 3213:Battle of Sarikamish 3196:in December and the 3188:advanced across the 3054:Battle of Dobro Pole 2631:digging trenches in 2463:, as well as German 2399:Asia and the Pacific 2393:Crown Prince Wilhelm 2323:German General Staff 2164:German General Staff 1932:powder keg of Europe 1735:Imperial German Navy 1588:allowed Bismarck to 1425:Treaty of Versailles 1402:a revolution at home 1238:, machine guns, and 773:Main Central leaders 216:Treaty of Versailles 170:Middle Eastern front 32:WWI (disambiguation) 22475:Wars involving Cuba 21955:Buddhist philosophy 21915:Japanese philosophy 21658:Early modern period 21522:West Nordic Council 21387:Eastern Partnership 20976:Analytic philosophy 20677:Classical tradition 20499:Early modern period 20455:Classical antiquity 20450:European Bronze Age 20246:Philippine–American 20231:First Sino-Japanese 20064:Racconigi agreement 20010:Treaty of Frankfurt 19970:Great Rapprochement 19924:Scramble for Africa 19561:Crown Prince Danilo 19411:Carnegie Commission 19308:Treaty of Bucharest 18997:Macedonian Struggle 18973:Serbo-Bulgarian War 18480:They shall not pass 18403:Treaty of Bucharest 18360:Treaty of Bucharest 18299:USA against Germany 18276:Declarations of war 17980:German occupations 17893:British casualties 17752:Soviet–Georgian War 17679:Egyptian Revolution 17619:Armeno-Georgian War 17483:Somaliland campaign 17435:Armistice of Mudros 17312:Battle of Caporetto 17302:Battle of Mărășești 17272:Zimmermann telegram 17267:February Revolution 17212:Battle of the Somme 17136:Bug-Narew Offensive 17111:Battle of Gallipoli 17103:Sinking of the RMS 16895:Scramble for Africa 16889:Franco-Prussian War 16545:Sinai and Palestine 16344:New York University 16337:5 June 2015 at the 16297:Library of Congress 15502:World Wars in-depth 15109:Neiberg, Michael S. 14952:McLellan, Edwin N. 14833:MacMillan, Margaret 14584:The First World War 14554:The Politics of War 14422:10.1093/gh/11.2.161 14013:. Alfred A. Knopf. 13840:The First World War 13351:. Akadémiai Kiadó. 13150:Wilfred Owen: poems 13101:. France News.Net. 12999:1918Natur.100..487. 12950:1918Natur.100..487. 12072:. London: Penguin. 11526:, pp. 368–369. 11386:, pp. 212–215. 10918:Knobler et al. 2005 10778:4 June 2012 at the 10697:15 May 2016 at the 10636:. 5 November 1918. 10515:"Open-Site:Hungary" 9995:on 2 October 2018. 9656:, pp. 146–147. 9289:, pp. 315–316. 9269:, Routledge, 1994, 9235:, pp. 110–132. 9211:, pp. 721–766. 9171:The Washington Post 9029:, pp. 441–442. 8695:, pp. 122–138. 8463:, pp. 150–152. 8407:, pp. 108–110. 8267:"Committee Hansard" 8241:von der Porten 1969 8204:World Wars in Depth 7927:, pp. 421–423. 7828:, pp. 201–203. 7816:, pp. 197–198. 7780:, pp. 224–232. 7744:, pp. 376–378. 7630:National Geographic 7585:, pp. 159–195. 7549:, pp. 550–551. 7489:, pp. 539–541. 7441:, pp. 526–527. 7405:, pp. 196–197. 7119:, pp. 188–189. 6842:, pp. 251–252. 6794:, pp. 174–196. 6770:, pp. 153–185. 6731:, pp. 290–293. 6637:, pp. 121–152. 6352:to Austria-Hungary. 6205:unexploded ordnance 6189:Unexploded ordnance 6175:high casualty rates 6143:military occupation 6064:, French President 6058:Hartmannswillerkopf 6038:Imperial War Museum 5888:Zimmermann Telegram 5826:Fixed-wing aircraft 5727:alternative service 5558:Italian irredentism 5554:Gabriele D'Annunzio 5550:Italian nationalism 5501:Somaliland campaign 5495:was supporting the 4864:National identities 4750:Wilson's 14th point 4639:The signing of the 4486:Imperial Chancellor 4442:Armistice of Mudros 4291:Operation Georgette 4287:motorised artillery 4211:. About this time, 4209:Battle of Jerusalem 4197:Battle of Beersheba 4161:Battle of Jerusalem 3985:Treaty of Bucharest 3932:February Revolution 3890:They shall not pass 3849:Treaty of Bucharest 3797:Treaty of Bucharest 3707:Constanța (Dobruja) 3679:Cluj (Transylvania) 3558:capture of Przemyśl 2815:blockade of Germany 2758:Battleships of the 2710:Battle of the Somme 2594:British Indian Army 2554:British Indian Army 2223:Opening hostilities 2212:Progress of the war 2202:Albert I of Belgium 2035:Čabrinović threw a 2018:Muhamed Mehmedbašić 2002:Nedeljko Čabrinović 1743:Alfred Thayer Mahan 1635:, which became the 1586:Franco-Prussian War 1359:In April 1917, the 1112:North-West Frontier 767:Main Allied leaders 281:Signed 24 July 1923 242:Signed 4 June 1920 219:Signed 28 June 1919 22420:Russo-Turkish wars 22339:EAEU Customs Union 22269:Arab Customs Union 22191:Oriental Orthodoxy 21965:Islamic philosophy 21935:Iranian philosophy 21910:Chinese philosophy 20981:Post-structuralism 20944:Christian humanism 20574:Universal suffrage 20105:Congress of Berlin 20022:Reinsurance Treaty 20000:Congress of Vienna 19980:Industrial warfare 19946:Scramble for China 19640:Alexandru Averescu 19608:Hasan Tahsin Pasha 19529:Panagiotis Danglis 19436:Places burned down 18962:Congress of Berlin 18440:Treaty of Lausanne 18355:Paris Economy Pact 18289:UK against Germany 18219:Entry into the war 18185:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 17904:Ottoman casualties 17714:Franco-Turkish War 17594:Post-War conflicts 17578:Russian Revolution 17560:Invasion of Darfur 17525:Kelantan rebellion 17513:Kurdish rebellions 17489:Mexican Revolution 17322:October Revolution 17287:Kerensky offensive 17262:Capture of Baghdad 17239:Monastir offensive 17224:Brusilov offensive 17062:Battle of Kolubara 16901:Russo-Japanese War 15860:Tschanz, David W. 15541:10.1093/aje/kwy191 14391:The Price of Glory 13723:Doughty, Robert A. 13538:Conlon, Joseph M. 13513:Clark, Christopher 13187:Historical Journal 13079:on 8 February 2014 12205:The New York Times 12058:, pp. 223–234 12031:, pp. 231–232 11562:Historical Journal 11365:on 10 October 2017 11290:on 6 October 2007. 10906:Spreeuwenberg 2018 10824:The New York Times 10716:The New York Times 10633:The New York Times 10595:The New York Times 10353:The London Gazette 10333:The London Gazette 10313:The London Gazette 10293:The London Gazette 10273:The London Gazette 10241:The New York Times 10157:, 20 January 2008. 10079:Revolution in Kiel 10020:on 27 August 2007. 9347:Grotelueschen 2006 9323:Grotelueschen 2006 8718:Hanioglu, M. Sukru 8643:, pp. 499–503 8595:Arthur J. Barker, 7187:Spence, Richard B. 6396:Republic of Turkey 6361:The United States 6328:The United States 6012: 6006:A typical village 5988:In Flanders Fields 5970:dead, such as the 5947: 5891: 5838:anti-aircraft guns 5812: 5778: 5698:Irish nationalists 5693: 5614:Il Popolo d'Italia 5591:Il Popolo d'Italia 5535: 5471:self-determination 5455:Yugoslav Committee 5439: 5400:David Lloyd George 5327: 5256: 5186: 5117: 5049: 4984: 4951: 4881:Kingdom of Bohemia 4815:Kingdom of Hungary 4794: 4752:, established the 4738: 4713: 4652: 4562: 4490:Georg von Hertling 4466: 4398: 4333: 4274: 4248:Second Transjordan 4227:, was replaced by 4165: 4102:In December 1916, 4100: 4019: 3936:October Revolution 3928:Russian Revolution 3896: 3693:Chișinău (Moldova) 3598:Brusilov offensive 3562: 3486:capture of Gorizia 3448: 3384: 3252: 3217: 3194:Battle of Magdhaba 3096: 3093:Gallipoli campaign 3046: 3031:Monastir offensive 3016:King Constantine I 3004:Battle of Mojkovac 2991: 2968: 2932:War in the Balkans 2843: 2785:East Asia Squadron 2766: 2699: 2637: 2562: 2511:German East Africa 2479:Kaiserin Elisabeth 2461:South Seas Mandate 2419: 2357: 2299: 2277:medical evacuation 2257: 2188:war. On 2 August, 2123: 2077: 1974: 1904:Russian government 1821: 1810: 1777:Russo-Japanese War 1731:Alfred von Tirpitz 1727: 1680:with Britain. The 1656: 1641:Reinsurance Treaty 1576:, and the rise of 1566:splendid isolation 1554: 1501:the war to end war 1373:October Revolution 1008:Hejaz & Levant 278:Treaty of Lausanne 163:Monastir offensive 42:, and 22387: 22386: 22186:Eastern Orthodoxy 21930:Indian philosophy 21920:Korean philosophy 21714:Post–Cold War era 21545: 21544: 21372:Council of Europe 21274:International law 21227:Constitutionalism 21085:Eastern Orthodoxy 20591:Post–Cold War era 20524:Age of Revolution 20378:Greco-Roman world 20316: 20315: 20285:Albanian Revolts 20142:German Naval Laws 20126:Naval arms races 20110:Berlin Conference 20042:Hague Conventions 19711: 19710: 19618:Ahmed Izzet Pasha 19497:Stiliyan Kovachev 19222:Second Balkan War 19195:London Conference 19027:Italo-Turkish War 19017:31 March Incident 18887: 18886: 18596:Southern Rhodesia 18591:South West Africa 18506: 18505: 18489: 18488: 18473:The Golden Virgin 18467:Mutilated victory 18448: 18447: 18428:Treaty of Trianon 18423:Treaty of Neuilly 18330:Damascus Protocol 18203: 18202: 18163:Armenian genocide 18120:Allied blockades 18092:Belgian refugees 17875: 17874: 17785:Strategic bombing 17761: 17760: 17746:Franco-Syrian War 17720:Greco-Turkish War 17708:Anglo-Turkish War 17691:Polish–Soviet War 17625:German Revolution 17601:Russian Civil War 17584:Finnish Civil War 17410:Battle of Megiddo 17385:Battle of Goychay 17332:Battle of Cambrai 17292:Battle of Mărăști 17207:Battle of Jutland 17187:Erzurum offensive 17042:Siege of Przemyśl 17022:Siege of Tsingtao 17007:Battle of Galicia 16937:Second Balkan War 16925:Italo-Turkish War 16882:Pre-War conflicts 16868: 16867: 16758:Portuguese Empire 16674: 16673: 16636:German New Guinea 16618:Asian and Pacific 16189: 16179: 16169: 16133:978-0-8476-9645-1 16114:978-0-19-822125-8 16095:978-1-316-60066-5 16068:978-0-7894-9627-0 16032:978-0-7603-1937-6 16005:978-0-213-17961-8 15979:978-1-58544-226-3 15954:978-1-134-81750-4 15923:978-0-8153-3351-7 15894:978-1-85109-420-2 15801:978-0-8047-7924-1 15777:978-0-571-22333-6 15721:978-0-8369-2629-3 15694:978-0-670-03295-2 15672:978-0-19-873526-7 15653:978-0-7181-9795-7 15626:978-0-465-08184-4 15599:978-0-19-820208-0 15577:978-0-19-873049-1 15535:(12): 2561–2567. 15496:Smele, Jonathan. 15455:978-0-297-85608-5 15434:978-0-300-10798-2 15347:978-0-7139-0158-0 15303:978-0-295-95350-2 15189:978-0-7106-0008-0 15149:978-0-7185-1316-0 15122:978-0-674-01696-5 15063:978-0-553-80354-9 15005:978-0-7181-9971-5 14986:978-1-84831-657-7 14936:978-0-517-38555-5 14915:978-0-19-966538-9 14865:978-90-411-1239-2 14846:978-0-8129-9470-4 14839:. Profile Books. 14795:978-0-14-139974-4 14768:978-0-691-01232-2 14733:978-0-309-09504-4 14698:978-0-582-41869-1 14631:978-0-313-33181-7 14612:978-0-7190-1707-0 14593:978-0-09-180178-6 14563:978-0-06-012265-2 14536:978-0-8420-2918-6 14488:978-1-84614-351-9 14440:978-0-88920-508-6 14400:978-0-14-017041-2 14358:978-0-86307-181-2 14331:978-0-313-29880-6 14281:978-0-226-31971-1 14262:978-0-08-033591-9 14240:978-0-521-89802-7 14203:978-1-85728-498-0 14184:978-0-521-86434-3 14152:978-1-85532-157-1 14133:978-0-517-46790-9 14114:978-0-7737-2848-6 14087:978-0-8160-2595-4 14068:978-0-7566-5578-5 14061:. DK Publishing. 14047:978-1-4724-3056-4 14020:978-0-375-41156-4 14001:978-0-8050-0857-9 13956:978-0-460-04519-3 13937:978-1-59420-100-4 13910:978-0-465-05711-5 13879:978-0-393-30564-7 13849:978-1-84342-272-3 13819:978-0-313-31516-9 13800:978-0-06-270056-8 13738:978-0-674-01880-8 13714:978-3-8442-2129-9 13695:978-1-4408-0092-4 13664:978-0-87891-710-5 13635:978-1-55778-382-0 13616:978-0-333-16907-0 13597:978-0-415-05346-4 13578:978-0-09-941522-0 13530:978-0-06-219922-5 13523:. HarperCollins. 13499:on 8 October 2019 13473:978-0-304-35949-3 13454:978-1-896979-18-2 13435:978-0-09-958133-8 13413:978-0-19-873113-9 13379:978-1-57181-801-0 13358:978-84-8371-020-3 13339:978-1-4058-1252-8 13320:978-0-253-00865-7 13264:978-1-4930-3192-4 12993:(2521): 487–488. 12841:978-0-297-00300-7 12804:, pp. 56–57. 12779:978-1-85109-732-6 12760:, pp. 82–86. 12732:978-0-306-81213-2 12677:978-0-307-78857-3 12621:978-0-8020-8707-2 12586:O'Halpin, Eunan, 12561:978-0-19-959058-2 12294:978-0-8108-6604-1 12150:on 5 October 2010 12079:978-0-14-103156-9 12003:978-0-520-90960-1 11931:978-0-415-39056-9 11700:978-0-02-905820-6 11486:978-1-61069-688-3 11410:on 22 April 2008. 11314:978-1-903656-81-5 11224:978-0-295-98296-0 11186:978-0-316-83400-1 11082:www.denix.osd.mil 10719:. 26 April 1916. 10625:"Serbia Restored" 10560:978-963-7395-84-0 10434:978-0-415-20440-8 10413:, pp. 35–36. 10221:978-0-495-90383-3 10196:978-1-4381-0989-3 10088:978-3-529-02636-2 9762:978-0-330-37672-3 9717:978-1-55125-096-0 9564:978-0-7195-5432-2 9349:, pp. 44–46. 9325:, pp. 14–15. 9275:978-0-415-05346-4 9247:, pp. 36–41. 9125:, pp. 24–25. 9095:, pp. 96–98. 8843:, pp. 39–62. 8795:, pp. 30–31. 8731:978-0-691-13452-9 8582:978-1-4411-9478-7 8555:978-0-7613-3421-7 8528:978-0-8021-3936-8 8513:Gettleman, Marvin 8428:978-0-253-35452-5 8371:, pp. 54–55. 8316:978-0-521-83432-2 8297:Chickering, Roger 8120:, pp. 39–47. 7792:, pp. 79–80. 7329:978-1-61673-964-5 7275:978-3-7065-4526-6 7202:978-0-88033-217-0 6983:978-1-315-18640-5 6935:978-0-230-37735-6 6902:, pp. 48–49. 6818:, pp. 66–67. 6758:, pp. 72–73. 6695:, pp. 66–70. 6434:Skagerrakschlacht 6268:during 1917. The 6203:As late as 2007, 6167:Why the war began 6046:François Hollande 5902:Legacy and memory 5854:aircraft carriers 5846:Strategic bombers 5800:), and aircraft. 5687:) after the 1916 5574:Leonida Bissolati 5385:London Conference 5194:Hague Conventions 5141:deny the genocide 5081:Armenian genocide 4756:on 28 June 1919. 4754:League of Nations 4668:Warren G. Harding 4546:second from right 4510:Habsburg monarchy 4504:and accepted the 4476:in a telegram to 4279:Operation Michael 4244:First Transjordan 4079:Nivelle offensive 3665:Timișoara (Banat) 3614:Empress Alexandra 3574:attack on Galicia 3397:Austrian Littoral 3324:years during the 3221:Caucasus campaign 3120:Armenian genocide 2927:Southern theatres 2898:aircraft carriers 2851:submarine warfare 2822:Battle of Jutland 2799:in December. The 2793:Battle of Coronel 2774:merchant shipping 2519:guerrilla warfare 2513:, led by Colonel 2507:South-West Africa 2487:African campaigns 2439:German New Guinea 2415:Siege of Tsingtao 2057:Christopher Clark 1976:On 28 June 1914, 1919:Second Balkan War 1876:Italo-Turkish War 1621:Russo-Turkish War 1611:, which included 1582:Otto von Bismarck 1562:Concert of Europe 1453:League of Nations 1256:Armenian genocide 1186: 1185: 1037:South West Africa 861: 860: 429: 428: 239:Treaty of Trianon 177:siege of Przemyśl 16:(Redirected from 22662: 22410:Global conflicts 22206:Eastern Churches 21950:Hindu philosophy 21572: 21565: 21558: 21549: 21548: 21417:EU Customs Union 20949:Secular humanism 20897:Christian ethics 20847:East–West Schism 20830:Physical culture 20554:Great Divergence 20504:Age of Discovery 20343: 20336: 20329: 20320: 20319: 20236:Spanish–American 20156:Fashoda Incident 20032:Treaty of Björkö 20017:Treaty of Berlin 19951:Open Door Policy 19885:Eastern question 19832:Entente Cordiale 19738: 19731: 19724: 19715: 19714: 19677:Božidar Janković 19672:Stepa Stepanović 19544:Viktor Dousmanis 19393:Macedonian front 19388:Serbian campaign 19318:Treaty of Athens 19267:Southern Dobruja 19210:Treaty of London 19049:First Balkan War 18914: 18907: 18900: 18891: 18890: 18533: 18526: 18519: 18510: 18509: 18433:Treaty of Sèvres 18325:Treaty of London 18216: 18215: 17994:Northeast France 17925: 17924: 17897:Parliamentarians 17830: 17829: 17792:Chemical weapons 17770: 17769: 17531:Senussi campaign 17501:Muscat rebellion 17495:Maritz rebellion 17463: 17405:Vardar offensive 17234:Battle of Romani 17202:Battle of Asiago 17192:Battle of Verdun 17156:Kosovo offensive 16931:First Balkan War 16879: 16878: 16778:Russian Republic 16687: 16686: 16481: 16480: 16423:Economic history 16390: 16383: 16376: 16367: 16366: 16210: 16208: 16200: 16199: 16191: 16190: 16181: 16180: 16171: 16170: 16158: 16156: 16150: 16137: 16118: 16099: 16080: 16053: 16044: 16017: 15997: 15983: 15958: 15939: 15937: 15935: 15906: 15879: 15877: 15875: 15856: 15854: 15852: 15846: 15827: 15817: 15815: 15813: 15786:Tomasevich, Jozo 15781: 15762: 15760: 15758: 15725: 15706: 15676: 15657: 15638: 15611: 15586:Stevenson, David 15581: 15562: 15552: 15517: 15515: 15513: 15492: 15475: 15469: 15467: 15438: 15417: 15388: 15359: 15339: 15328: 15326: 15324: 15307: 15288: 15286: 15284: 15273:historyofwar.org 15263: 15261: 15259: 15234: 15201: 15174: 15153: 15134: 15104: 15067: 15056:. Random House. 15046: 15009: 14990: 14971: 14969: 14967: 14948: 14919: 14900: 14869: 14850: 14828: 14826: 14824: 14799: 14780: 14753: 14710: 14680: 14643: 14616: 14597: 14575: 14548: 14521: 14492: 14473: 14471: 14469: 14463: 14456: 14444: 14425: 14404: 14385: 14362: 14343: 14314: 14285: 14266: 14244: 14225: 14215: 14188: 14169: 14156: 14137: 14118: 14099: 14072: 14051: 14032: 14005: 13981: 13960: 13941: 13922: 13892: 13883: 13861: 13831: 13804: 13783: 13781: 13779: 13754: 13752: 13750: 13718: 13699: 13680: 13678: 13676: 13647: 13620: 13601: 13582: 13571:. Random House. 13563: 13561: 13559: 13553: 13546: 13534: 13522: 13508: 13506: 13504: 13495:. 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Archived from 12135: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12124: 12110: 12102: 12096: 12090: 12084: 12083: 12065: 12059: 12053: 12047: 12041: 12032: 12026: 12020: 12019: 12017: 12015: 11985: 11979: 11978:, p. cxxvi. 11973: 11967: 11966: 11964: 11962: 11942: 11936: 11935: 11917: 11911: 11910: 11908: 11906: 11858: 11852: 11851: 11849: 11847: 11807: 11801: 11800: 11798: 11796: 11770: 11738: 11732: 11731: 11711: 11705: 11704: 11692: 11682: 11676: 11667: 11661: 11660: 11658: 11656: 11641: 11635: 11634: 11632: 11630: 11615: 11609: 11592: 11586: 11585: 11557: 11551: 11545: 11539: 11533: 11527: 11521: 11515: 11514:, pp. 4–64. 11509: 11503: 11502: 11500: 11498: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11435: 11429: 11428: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11403:. Archived from 11402: 11393: 11387: 11381: 11375: 11374: 11372: 11370: 11364: 11358:. Archived from 11357: 11349: 11343: 11337: 11331: 11330: 11328: 11326: 11298: 11292: 11291: 11286:. Archived from 11282:(13 June 2005). 11276: 11267: 11266: 11264: 11262: 11242: 11236: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11217:. pp. 7–9. 11204: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11162: 11156: 11155: 11145: 11135: 11109: 11098: 11097: 11095: 11093: 11074: 11068: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11044: 11038: 11037: 11019: 10995: 10989: 10982: 10976: 10975: 10965: 10927: 10921: 10915: 10909: 10903: 10897: 10891: 10885: 10879: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10858: 10852: 10846: 10840: 10839: 10837: 10835: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10793: 10787: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10761: 10759: 10750:. Archived from 10739: 10733: 10732: 10730: 10728: 10707: 10701: 10686: 10680: 10679: 10677: 10675: 10659: 10653: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10642: 10629: 10621: 10615: 10614: 10612: 10610: 10604: 10598:. 27 July 1918. 10591: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10565: 10564: 10546: 10540: 10537: 10531: 10530: 10528: 10526: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10500: 10494: 10487: 10479: 10473: 10472: 10462: 10456: 10455: 10445: 10439: 10438: 10420: 10414: 10408: 10402: 10401:, pp. 8–12. 10396: 10390: 10389: 10387: 10385: 10379: 10372: 10364: 10358: 10357: 10344: 10338: 10337: 10324: 10318: 10317: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10284: 10278: 10277: 10264: 10258: 10257: 10255: 10253: 10232: 10226: 10225: 10207: 10201: 10200: 10182: 10176: 10167: 10158: 10141: 10135: 10129: 10123: 10117: 10111: 10110: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10074: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10063: 10057: 10050: 10040: 10034: 10028: 10022: 10021: 10016:. Archived from 10006: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9983: 9973: 9967: 9961: 9955: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9931: 9925: 9924: 9922: 9920: 9901: 9895: 9894: 9892: 9890: 9871: 9862: 9861: 9859: 9857: 9838: 9832: 9831: 9829: 9827: 9818:. Archived from 9808: 9802: 9796: 9790: 9784: 9778: 9773: 9767: 9766: 9748: 9742: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9709: 9699: 9693: 9687: 9681: 9675: 9669: 9663: 9657: 9651: 9645: 9639: 9633: 9627: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9616: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9575: 9569: 9568: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9524: 9518: 9517: 9498: 9492: 9491: 9475: 9469: 9468: 9452: 9446: 9440: 9434: 9428: 9422: 9416: 9410: 9404: 9398: 9392: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9356: 9350: 9344: 9338: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9314: 9308: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9265:R. J. Crampton, 9263: 9257: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9236: 9230: 9224: 9218: 9212: 9206: 9200: 9194: 9188: 9187: 9185: 9183: 9161: 9150: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9111: 9105: 9102: 9096: 9090: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9066: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9030: 9024: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9013: 8987:Cultural Studies 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8946: 8940: 8934: 8928: 8922: 8916: 8910: 8904: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8838: 8832: 8826: 8820: 8814: 8808: 8802: 8796: 8790: 8784: 8778: 8772: 8766: 8760: 8759:, pp. 9–10. 8754: 8748: 8742: 8736: 8735: 8714: 8708: 8702: 8696: 8690: 8684: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8659: 8653: 8650: 8644: 8638: 8629: 8623: 8617: 8616: 8606: 8600: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8566: 8560: 8559: 8539: 8533: 8532: 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8490: 8488: 8486: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8439: 8433: 8432: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8350: 8344: 8339: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8293: 8287: 8286: 8284: 8282: 8262: 8256: 8250: 8244: 8238: 8232: 8226: 8220: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8196:Sheffield, Garry 8192: 8179: 8178: 8163: 8157: 8151: 8145: 8139: 8133: 8127: 8121: 8115: 8109: 8108: 8106: 8104: 8064: 8058: 8052: 8046: 8045: 8043: 8041: 8021: 8015: 8009: 8003: 7997: 7991: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7958: 7952: 7946: 7940: 7934: 7928: 7922: 7916: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7892: 7886: 7885: 7883: 7881: 7866: 7860: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7835: 7829: 7823: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7793: 7787: 7781: 7775: 7769: 7763: 7757: 7751: 7745: 7739: 7733: 7727: 7721: 7715: 7709: 7703: 7697: 7691: 7685: 7679: 7673: 7667: 7661: 7655: 7646: 7645: 7643: 7641: 7622: 7616: 7615: 7613: 7611: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7568: 7562: 7556: 7550: 7544: 7538: 7532: 7526: 7520: 7514: 7508: 7502: 7496: 7490: 7484: 7478: 7472: 7466: 7460: 7454: 7448: 7442: 7436: 7430: 7424: 7418: 7412: 7406: 7400: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7376: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7352: 7346: 7345: 7343: 7341: 7313: 7307: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7289: 7287: 7259: 7253: 7252: 7247: 7245: 7228: 7222: 7221: 7216: 7214: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7170: 7168: 7156:Month of Madness 7150: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7090: 7084: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7006: 6998: 6997: 6995: 6957: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6947: 6909: 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6879: 6878:, pp. 2–23. 6873: 6867: 6861: 6855: 6849: 6843: 6837: 6831: 6825: 6819: 6813: 6807: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6632: 6626: 6620: 6614: 6613: 6611: 6609: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6579: 6565: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6547: 6532: 6526: 6520: 6504: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6476: 6470: 6467: 6461: 6447: 6441: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6415: 6405: 6399: 6392:Treaty of Sèvres 6388: 6382: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6359: 6353: 6350:successor states 6343: 6337: 6335: 6326: 6320: 6317: 6311: 6308: 6302: 6295: 6289: 6266:Russian Republic 6262: 6128:good versus evil 6110: 6052:together marked 6043: 6027:Liberty Memorial 6024: 5844:were developed. 5842:fighter aircraft 5723:Stephen Hobhouse 5685:O'Connell Street 5665:Bertrand Russell 5598:("Revolutionary 5570:Benito Mussolini 5513:Battle of Segale 5510: 5487:In East Africa, 5478:Arab nationalism 5441:In the Balkans, 5390: 5376:Great Depression 5369: 5346: 5289:Economic effects 5198:prisoners of war 5166:Prisoners of war 5146: 5133:marched to death 5121:ethnic cleansing 4776:stab in the back 4710:Treaty of Sèvres 4665: 4591: 4499: 4402:Vardar offensive 4381:Vardar offensive 4366: 4063:John J. Pershing 4035:battleship group 4011:President Wilson 3975: 3947:Petrograd Soviet 3874:Battle of Verdun 3861:King Ferdinand I 3759: 3758: 3745: 3744: 3731: 3730: 3717: 3716: 3703: 3702: 3689: 3688: 3675: 3674: 3661: 3660: 3647: 3646: 3640: 3618:Grigori Rasputin 3570:Austrian Galicia 3566:Raymond Poincaré 3512: 3433:Treaty of London 3349:Senussi campaign 3323: 3322: 3318: 3315: 3300:Kingdom of Hejaz 3276:Persian campaign 3174:Battle of Romani 3050:Vardar offensive 3000:Battle of Kosovo 2950:Macedonian front 2946:Serbian campaign 2900:in combat, with 2703:Battle of Verdun 2678:Hague Convention 2579:Indian Home Rule 2457:Battle of Penang 2450:Russian cruiser 2243:Serbian campaign 2237:Serbian campaign 2233:against Russia. 2206:Treaty of London 2199: 2195: 2176:Treaty of London 2148: 2133: 2128:Foreign Ministry 1927:Southern Dobruja 1911:Treaty of London 1892:First Balkan War 1677:Entente Cordiale 1653: 1558:balance of power 1547: 1538: 1409: 1385:a separate peace 1310:Austro-Hungarian 1295:a breaking point 1279:balance of power 1240:chemical weapons 898: 887: 880: 873: 864: 863: 753: 742: 738: 736: 735: 724: 722: 721: 711: 709: 708: 701: 697: 695: 694: 675: 665: 661: 659: 658: 648: 644: 642: 641: 632: 628: 626: 625: 614: 613: 612: 601: 597: 595: 594: 586: 582: 580: 579: 568: 566: 565: 555: 553: 552: 545: 541: 539: 538: 530: 526: 524: 523: 512: 511: 510: 500: 498: 497: 488: 475: 471: 469: 468: 460: 456: 454: 453: 246:Treaty of Sèvres 203:11 November 1918 192: 191: 146: 134:Battle of Verdun 119: 110: 99: 90: 79: 70: 53: 52: 21: 22670: 22669: 22665: 22664: 22663: 22661: 22660: 22659: 22390: 22389: 22388: 22383: 22256: 22250: 21991: 21960:Jain philosophy 21940:Buddhist ethics 21896: 21718: 21685:Interwar period 21638:Ancient history 21626: 21585: 21576: 21546: 21541: 21507:UKUSA Agreement 21447:Lublin Triangle 21332:Baltic Assembly 21284: 21278: 21196: 21033: 20868: 20738:Eurolinguistics 20607: 20596:Information age 20569:Interwar period 20436: 20356: 20347: 20317: 20312: 20251:Boxer Rebellion 20209: 20073: 20027:Treaty of Paris 19992: 19986: 19919:New Imperialism 19880:Ottoman decline 19863: 19810:Triple Alliance 19798: 19759:Austria-Hungary 19747: 19742: 19712: 19707: 19694: 19492:Radko Dimitriev 19482:Vasil Kutinchev 19440: 19399: 19347: 19338: 19322: 19286: 19237:Kilkis–Lachanas 19225: 19214: 19183: 19052: 19041: 18968:Eastern Rumelia 18923: 18918: 18888: 18883: 18862: 18719:Austria-Hungary 18702: 18631: 18600: 18544: 18537: 18507: 18502: 18485: 18444: 18376: 18369: 18340:Treaty of Darin 18308: 18270: 18226:Austria-Hungary 18212: 18199: 18180:Rape of Belgium 18107: 18079: 18027: 18021:Western Armenia 18016:Eastern Galicia 17949: 17923: 17887: 17886:Civilian impact 17885: 17871: 17828: 17757: 17589: 17519:Ovambo Uprising 17471: 17457: 17346: 17248: 17175: 17093:Battle of Łomża 17076: 17072:Christmas truce 17047:Race to the Sea 16980: 16942: 16864: 16835:Austria-Hungary 16811: 16746:Empire of Japan 16683: 16681: 16670: 16654:U-boat campaign 16640: 16612: 16574: 16526: 16472: 16453:Popular culture 16399: 16394: 16351:Wayback Machine 16339:Wayback Machine 16313: 16282:Wayback Machine 16224: 16223: 16212: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16194: 16185: 16175: 16165: 16160: 16154: 16153: 16152:(3 parts, 16151: 16148: 16145: 16140: 16134: 16115: 16096: 16069: 16033: 16006: 15980: 15955: 15933: 15931: 15924: 15895: 15873: 15871: 15870:on 11 June 2010 15850: 15848: 15844: 15825: 15811: 15809: 15802: 15778: 15756: 15754: 15722: 15695: 15673: 15654: 15627: 15600: 15578: 15511: 15509: 15465: 15463: 15456: 15448:. Hachette UK. 15435: 15348: 15322: 15320: 15304: 15282: 15280: 15257: 15255: 15223:10.2307/1986064 15190: 15150: 15123: 15064: 15027:10.2307/3678575 15006: 14987: 14965: 14963: 14937: 14916: 14866: 14847: 14822: 14820: 14796: 14769: 14734: 14699: 14685:Kitchen, Martin 14632: 14613: 14594: 14564: 14537: 14489: 14467: 14465: 14461: 14454: 14441: 14401: 14376:(2): 194, 211. 14359: 14332: 14282: 14263: 14241: 14218: 14204: 14185: 14153: 14134: 14115: 14105:First World War 14088: 14069: 14048: 14021: 14002: 13957: 13938: 13911: 13901:The Pity of War 13897:Ferguson, Niall 13891:(2nd ed.). 13880: 13872:. W.W. Norton. 13850: 13820: 13801: 13777: 13775: 13748: 13746: 13739: 13715: 13707:. epubli GmbH. 13696: 13674: 13672: 13665: 13636: 13617: 13598: 13579: 13557: 13555: 13554:on 11 June 2010 13551: 13544: 13531: 13502: 13500: 13474: 13455: 13436: 13414: 13389: 13387: 13380: 13359: 13340: 13321: 13302: 13265: 13245: 13238: 13233: 13227:Wayback Machine 13213: 13209: 13194:(3): 857–878 . 13178: 13174: 13163: 13156: 13148: 13144: 13134: 13132: 13123: 13122: 13118: 13108: 13106: 13097: 13096: 13092: 13082: 13080: 13071: 13070: 13066: 13056: 13054: 13041: 13040: 13036: 13026: 13024: 12979: 12975: 12932: 12931: 12927: 12917: 12915: 12902: 12901: 12897: 12887: 12885: 12872: 12871: 12867: 12853: 12849: 12842: 12824: 12820: 12812: 12808: 12800: 12796: 12789: 12785: 12768: 12764: 12756: 12752: 12744: 12740: 12733: 12717: 12713: 12704: 12697: 12687: 12685: 12678: 12662: 12658: 12648: 12646: 12631: 12630: 12626: 12610: 12606: 12598: 12594: 12585: 12581: 12573: 12569: 12562: 12548: 12544: 12537: 12533: 12523: 12521: 12508: 12507: 12503: 12493: 12491: 12478: 12477: 12473: 12463: 12461: 12448: 12447: 12443: 12431: 12427: 12419: 12415: 12407: 12400: 12392: 12388: 12380: 12376: 12368: 12364: 12356: 12352: 12348:, p. 1069. 12344: 12340: 12330: 12328: 12319: 12318: 12314: 12304: 12302: 12295: 12279: 12275: 12267: 12263: 12255: 12248: 12244:, p. 1189. 12240: 12236: 12228: 12224: 12214: 12212: 12197: 12193: 12183: 12181: 12168: 12167: 12163: 12153: 12151: 12136: 12132: 12122: 12120: 12103: 12099: 12091: 12087: 12080: 12066: 12062: 12054: 12050: 12042: 12035: 12027: 12023: 12013: 12011: 12004: 11986: 11982: 11974: 11970: 11960: 11958: 11943: 11939: 11932: 11918: 11914: 11904: 11902: 11879:10.2307/2144182 11859: 11855: 11845: 11843: 11808: 11804: 11794: 11792: 11739: 11735: 11728: 11712: 11708: 11701: 11683: 11679: 11668: 11664: 11654: 11652: 11643: 11642: 11638: 11628: 11626: 11617: 11616: 11612: 11605:7 July 2015 at 11593: 11589: 11558: 11554: 11548:Havighurst 1985 11546: 11542: 11538:, p. 2733. 11534: 11530: 11522: 11518: 11510: 11506: 11496: 11494: 11487: 11471: 11467: 11436: 11432: 11419: 11415: 11407: 11400: 11394: 11390: 11382: 11378: 11368: 11366: 11362: 11355: 11351: 11350: 11346: 11338: 11334: 11324: 11322: 11315: 11299: 11295: 11277: 11270: 11260: 11258: 11243: 11239: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11205: 11201: 11191: 11189: 11187: 11163: 11159: 11110: 11101: 11091: 11089: 11076: 11075: 11071: 11061: 11059: 11046: 11045: 11041: 10996: 10992: 10984:K. von Economo. 10983: 10979: 10928: 10924: 10916: 10912: 10904: 10900: 10892: 10888: 10880: 10876: 10868: 10864: 10859: 10855: 10847: 10843: 10833: 10831: 10816: 10812: 10794: 10790: 10780:Wayback Machine 10771: 10767: 10757: 10755: 10740: 10736: 10726: 10724: 10709: 10708: 10704: 10699:Wayback Machine 10687: 10683: 10673: 10671: 10660: 10656: 10646: 10644: 10640: 10627: 10623: 10622: 10618: 10608: 10606: 10602: 10589: 10585: 10584: 10580: 10572: 10568: 10561: 10547: 10543: 10539:Frucht, p. 356. 10538: 10534: 10524: 10522: 10513: 10512: 10508: 10498: 10496: 10492: 10485: 10481: 10480: 10476: 10463: 10459: 10446: 10442: 10435: 10421: 10417: 10409: 10405: 10399:Magliveras 1999 10397: 10393: 10383: 10381: 10377: 10370: 10366: 10365: 10361: 10345: 10341: 10325: 10321: 10305: 10301: 10285: 10281: 10265: 10261: 10251: 10249: 10244:. 3 July 1921. 10234: 10233: 10229: 10222: 10208: 10204: 10197: 10183: 10179: 10168: 10161: 10151:Wayback Machine 10142: 10138: 10130: 10126: 10118: 10114: 10100: 10096: 10089: 10075: 10071: 10061: 10059: 10055: 10048: 10041: 10037: 10029: 10025: 10008: 10007: 10003: 9992: 9981: 9974: 9970: 9962: 9958: 9948: 9946: 9933: 9932: 9928: 9918: 9916: 9903: 9902: 9898: 9888: 9886: 9875:"1918 Timeline" 9873: 9872: 9865: 9855: 9853: 9840: 9839: 9835: 9825: 9823: 9810: 9809: 9805: 9797: 9793: 9785: 9781: 9774: 9770: 9763: 9749: 9745: 9737: 9733: 9718: 9700: 9696: 9688: 9684: 9676: 9672: 9664: 9660: 9652: 9648: 9640: 9636: 9628: 9624: 9614: 9612: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9588: 9586: 9577: 9576: 9572: 9565: 9551: 9547: 9537: 9535: 9534:on 14 June 2011 9526: 9525: 9521: 9499: 9495: 9476: 9472: 9453: 9449: 9441: 9437: 9429: 9425: 9417: 9413: 9405: 9401: 9393: 9389: 9381: 9377: 9369: 9365: 9357: 9353: 9345: 9341: 9333: 9329: 9321: 9317: 9309: 9305: 9297: 9293: 9285: 9281: 9264: 9260: 9255: 9251: 9243: 9239: 9231: 9227: 9219: 9215: 9207: 9203: 9195: 9191: 9181: 9179: 9162: 9153: 9147:Rothschild 1975 9145: 9141: 9133: 9129: 9121: 9117: 9112: 9108: 9103: 9099: 9091: 9087: 9083:, pp. 7–8. 9079: 9075: 9067: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9040: 9033: 9025: 9021: 9011: 9009: 9002: 8994:. p. 376. 8982: 8978: 8970: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8947: 8943: 8935: 8931: 8923: 8919: 8911: 8907: 8899: 8895: 8887: 8883: 8875: 8871: 8863: 8859: 8851: 8847: 8839: 8835: 8827: 8823: 8815: 8811: 8803: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8779: 8775: 8767: 8763: 8755: 8751: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8715: 8711: 8703: 8699: 8691: 8687: 8677: 8675: 8668:Current History 8660: 8656: 8651: 8647: 8641:Hinterhoff 1984 8639: 8632: 8624: 8620: 8607: 8603: 8594: 8590: 8583: 8567: 8563: 8556: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8510: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8484: 8482: 8471: 8467: 8459: 8455: 8440: 8436: 8429: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8351: 8347: 8340: 8336: 8326: 8324: 8317: 8294: 8290: 8280: 8278: 8263: 8259: 8251: 8247: 8239: 8235: 8227: 8223: 8213: 8211: 8193: 8182: 8164: 8160: 8152: 8148: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8102: 8100: 8065: 8061: 8053: 8049: 8039: 8037: 8030:The Independent 8022: 8018: 8010: 8006: 8002:, p. 1042. 7998: 7994: 7986: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7959: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7923: 7919: 7911: 7907: 7893: 7889: 7879: 7877: 7868: 7867: 7863: 7853: 7851: 7836: 7832: 7824: 7820: 7812: 7808: 7800: 7796: 7788: 7784: 7776: 7772: 7764: 7760: 7752: 7748: 7740: 7736: 7728: 7724: 7716: 7712: 7704: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7680: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7656: 7649: 7639: 7637: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7609: 7607: 7594: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7569: 7565: 7557: 7553: 7545: 7541: 7533: 7529: 7525:, pp. 4–5. 7521: 7517: 7509: 7505: 7497: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7473: 7469: 7461: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7437: 7433: 7425: 7421: 7413: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7365: 7361: 7353: 7349: 7339: 7337: 7330: 7314: 7310: 7304:Tomasevich 2001 7302: 7298: 7285: 7283: 7276: 7260: 7256: 7243: 7241: 7230: 7229: 7225: 7212: 7210: 7203: 7180: 7176: 7166: 7164: 7159:. BBC Radio 4. 7151: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7091: 7087: 7079: 7075: 7065: 7063: 7040:10.2307/2499359 7020: 7016: 7000: 6999: 6993: 6991: 6984: 6958: 6954: 6945: 6943: 6936: 6910: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6886: 6882: 6874: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6850: 6846: 6838: 6834: 6826: 6822: 6814: 6810: 6802: 6798: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6774: 6766: 6762: 6754: 6750: 6742: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6670:Wayback Machine 6657: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6607: 6605: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6577: 6575: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6545: 6543: 6540:The Independent 6536:"The Great War" 6534: 6533: 6529: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6498: 6490: 6486: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6464: 6448: 6444: 6431: 6427: 6422: 6418: 6406: 6402: 6389: 6385: 6377: 6373: 6366: 6360: 6356: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6309: 6305: 6296: 6292: 6263: 6259: 6254: 6222: 6201: 6191: 6155:medical science 6111: 6107:Strange Meeting 6101: 6098: 6095: 6090: 6084: 6078: 6066:Emmanuel Macron 6041: 6022: 5993:Remembrance Day 5935: 5929: 5924: 5918: 5906:Main articles: 5904: 5880: 5874: 5820:field telephone 5771:Royal Air Force 5764: 5758: 5657: 5649:Main articles: 5647: 5622: 5620:Patriotic funds 5576:. However, the 5556:, who promoted 5508: 5427: 5413: 5408: 5388: 5367: 5344: 5311: 5301: 5293:Main articles: 5291: 5279: 5271:Main articles: 5269: 5244: 5222: 5210: 5174: 5168: 5144: 5101: 5091: 5079:Main articles: 5077: 5041: 5035: 5030: 5024: 4988:epidemic typhus 4960:gueules cassées 4940: 4938:Gueules cassées 4930: 4924: 4889:Greater Romania 4872: 4866: 4726: 4663: 4662:was signed on 2 4645:Hall of Mirrors 4633: 4608: 4602: 4589: 4574:sailors' revolt 4535: 4529: 4497: 4450: 4444: 4432:Main articles: 4430: 4387: 4379:Main articles: 4377: 4364: 4325: 4319: 4295:English Channel 4266: 4258:Main articles: 4256: 4149: 4143: 4085: 4075: 4004: 3998: 3973: 3938: 3926:Main articles: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3870: 3817:German 9th Army 3777: 3776: 3775: 3773: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3752: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3718: 3710: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3696: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3682: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3668: 3667: 3666: 3662: 3654: 3653: 3652: 3648: 3632: 3626: 3542: 3540:Initial actions 3537: 3531: 3510: 3477:Strafexpedition 3374: 3362:Main articles: 3360: 3326:siege of Medina 3320: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3292:Battle of Mecca 3190:Sinai Peninsula 3085: 3079: 3073: 2952: 2938:Balkans theatre 2936:Main articles: 2934: 2929: 2827:High Seas Fleet 2752: 2746: 2691: 2665:Race to the Sea 2622: 2617: 2611: 2547: 2533: 2527: 2495: 2489: 2467:on the Chinese 2437:, then part of 2407: 2401: 2334:Alsace-Lorraine 2303:Schlieffen Plan 2291: 2285: 2245: 2239: 2230: 2225: 2220: 2214: 2197: 2193: 2168:Schlieffen Plan 2146: 2131: 2115: 2101: 2095: 2065: 2042:Gavrilo Princip 2010:Vaso Čubrilović 1998:Gavrilo Princip 1994:Cvjetko Popović 1966:Gavrilo Princip 1958: 1952: 1947: 1940: 1798: 1779:and subsequent 1747:blue-water navy 1702: 1668:Leo von Caprivi 1637:Triple Alliance 1613:Austria-Hungary 1574:New Imperialism 1560:, known as the 1552: 1550:Triple Alliance 1545: 1543: 1536: 1528: 1523: 1517: 1505:First World War 1490:The Independent 1469: 1457:interwar period 1429:war reparations 1407: 1303:Gavrilo Princip 1254:(including the 1234:and the use of 1204:global conflict 1196:First World War 1189: 1188: 1187: 1182: 899: 893: 891: 857: 852:further details 819: 814:further details 751: 746: 733: 731: 719: 717: 713:Austria-Hungary 706: 704: 692: 690: 673: 668: 656: 654: 649: 639: 637: 623: 621: 610: 608: 604: 592: 590: 577: 575: 563: 561: 550: 548: 536: 534: 521: 519: 508: 506: 495: 493: 490: 489: 482: 478: 466: 464: 451: 449: 425: 366:German colonies 350: 340: 328: 327: 285: 282: 280: 274: 272: 266: 264: 258: 256: 250: 248: 241: 235: 233: 226: 220: 218: 212: 211: 205: 186: 181:Austria-Hungary 124: 123: 122: 121: 120: 112: 111: 102: 101: 100: 92: 91: 82: 81: 80: 72: 71: 47: 28: 23: 22: 18:First World War 15: 12: 11: 5: 22668: 22658: 22657: 22652: 22647: 22642: 22637: 22632: 22627: 22622: 22617: 22612: 22607: 22602: 22597: 22592: 22590:White movement 22587: 22582: 22577: 22572: 22567: 22562: 22557: 22552: 22547: 22542: 22537: 22532: 22527: 22522: 22517: 22512: 22507: 22502: 22497: 22492: 22487: 22482: 22477: 22472: 22467: 22462: 22457: 22452: 22447: 22442: 22437: 22432: 22427: 22422: 22417: 22412: 22407: 22402: 22385: 22384: 22382: 22381: 22376: 22371: 22366: 22361: 22356: 22351: 22346: 22341: 22336: 22331: 22329:Easternization 22326: 22321: 22316: 22311: 22306: 22301: 22296: 22291: 22286: 22281: 22276: 22271: 22266: 22260: 22258: 22252: 22251: 22249: 22248: 22247: 22246: 22241: 22240: 22239: 22234: 22224: 22223: 22222: 22212: 22211: 22210: 22209: 22208: 22203: 22193: 22188: 22183: 22182: 22181: 22166: 22165: 22164: 22159: 22154: 22139: 22138: 22137: 22132: 22130:Zoroastrianism 22122: 22121: 22120: 22115: 22110: 22105: 22100: 22095: 22085: 22084: 22083: 22078: 22073: 22072: 22071: 22066: 22061: 22056: 22051: 22041: 22040: 22039: 22034: 22029: 22024: 22023: 22022: 22001: 21999: 21993: 21992: 21990: 21989: 21988: 21987: 21982: 21972: 21967: 21962: 21957: 21952: 21947: 21945:Islamic ethics 21942: 21937: 21932: 21927: 21922: 21917: 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21324: 21319: 21317:Arctic Council 21314: 21309: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21288: 21286: 21280: 21279: 21277: 21276: 21271: 21266: 21265: 21264: 21259: 21254: 21249: 21244: 21239: 21229: 21224: 21223: 21222: 21212: 21206: 21204: 21198: 21197: 21195: 21194: 21189: 21184: 21183: 21182: 21177: 21172: 21167: 21162: 21161: 21160: 21155: 21150: 21145: 21135: 21130: 21125: 21115: 21114: 21113: 21112: 21111: 21101: 21100: 21099: 21094: 21093: 21092: 21082: 21081: 21080: 21070: 21069: 21068: 21043: 21041: 21035: 21034: 21032: 21031: 21030: 21029: 21019: 21014: 21009: 21008: 21007: 20995: 20994: 20993: 20983: 20978: 20973: 20968: 20963: 20958: 20953: 20952: 20951: 20946: 20936: 20935: 20934: 20927:Existentialism 20924: 20919: 20914: 20909: 20904: 20899: 20894: 20889: 20884: 20878: 20876: 20870: 20869: 20867: 20866: 20865: 20864: 20859: 20854: 20849: 20839: 20838: 20837: 20827: 20826: 20825: 20820: 20810: 20809: 20808: 20798: 20793: 20792: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20771: 20770: 20769: 20759: 20758: 20757: 20747: 20746: 20745: 20740: 20730: 20725: 20720: 20715: 20714: 20713: 20703: 20698: 20697: 20696: 20686: 20685: 20684: 20674: 20673: 20672: 20662: 20657: 20656: 20655: 20645: 20640: 20639: 20638: 20633: 20628: 20617: 20615: 20609: 20608: 20606: 20605: 20604: 20603: 20598: 20588: 20587: 20586: 20581: 20576: 20571: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20546: 20541: 20536: 20531: 20526: 20521: 20516: 20511: 20506: 20501: 20491: 20486: 20485: 20484: 20479: 20474: 20464: 20463: 20462: 20460:Late antiquity 20452: 20446: 20444: 20438: 20437: 20435: 20434: 20429: 20424: 20419: 20414: 20413: 20412: 20411: 20410: 20405: 20395: 20390: 20385: 20375: 20370: 20364: 20362: 20358: 20357: 20346: 20345: 20338: 20331: 20323: 20314: 20313: 20311: 20310: 20305: 20304: 20303: 20302: 20301: 20296: 20291: 20283: 20278: 20268: 20263: 20261:Russo-Japanese 20258: 20253: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20226:Anglo-Egyptian 20223: 20217: 20215: 20211: 20210: 20208: 20207: 20202: 20200:Bosnian Crisis 20197: 20196: 20195: 20185: 20184: 20183: 20173: 20168: 20163: 20158: 20153: 20152: 20151: 20149:Austro-Italian 20146: 20145: 20144: 20139: 20124: 20117: 20112: 20107: 20102: 20097: 20092: 20087: 20081: 20079: 20075: 20074: 20072: 20071: 20066: 20061: 20056: 20051: 20050: 20049: 20047:Martens Clause 20039: 20034: 20029: 20024: 20019: 20014: 20013: 20012: 20002: 19996: 19994: 19988: 19987: 19985: 19984: 19983: 19982: 19972: 19967: 19962: 19961: 19960: 19959: 19958: 19953: 19948: 19943: 19933: 19932: 19931: 19929:Egyptian Lever 19916: 19914:Pax Britannica 19911: 19910: 19909: 19899: 19898: 19897: 19895:Sovereign debt 19892: 19887: 19877: 19871: 19869: 19865: 19864: 19862: 19861: 19856: 19851: 19846: 19841: 19840: 19839: 19834: 19829: 19822:Triple Entente 19819: 19818: 19817: 19806: 19804: 19800: 19799: 19797: 19796: 19791: 19789:United Kingdom 19786: 19781: 19776: 19771: 19766: 19761: 19755: 19753: 19749: 19748: 19741: 19740: 19733: 19726: 19718: 19709: 19708: 19706: 19705: 19699: 19696: 19695: 19693: 19692: 19681: 19680: 19679: 19674: 19669: 19664: 19662:Radomir Putnik 19659: 19654: 19644: 19643: 19642: 19637: 19632: 19622: 19621: 19620: 19615: 19610: 19605: 19603:Ali Rıza Pasha 19600: 19595: 19590: 19585: 19580: 19573:Ottoman Empire 19570: 19569: 19568: 19563: 19558: 19548: 19547: 19546: 19541: 19536: 19531: 19526: 19521: 19516: 19506: 19505: 19504: 19502:Georgi Todorov 19499: 19494: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19459: 19448: 19446: 19442: 19441: 19439: 19438: 19433: 19428: 19423: 19418: 19413: 19407: 19405: 19401: 19400: 19398: 19397: 19396: 19395: 19390: 19380: 19375: 19366: 19361: 19355: 19353: 19349: 19348: 19343: 19340: 19339: 19337: 19336: 19330: 19328: 19324: 19323: 19321: 19320: 19315: 19310: 19305: 19300: 19294: 19292: 19288: 19287: 19285: 19284: 19279: 19274: 19269: 19264: 19259: 19254: 19249: 19244: 19239: 19233: 19231: 19227: 19226: 19219: 19216: 19215: 19213: 19212: 19207: 19202: 19197: 19191: 19189: 19185: 19184: 19182: 19181: 19179:Second Çatalca 19176: 19171: 19166: 19161: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19076: 19071: 19066: 19060: 19058: 19054: 19053: 19046: 19043: 19042: 19040: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19014: 19009: 19007:Bosnian Crisis 19004: 18999: 18994: 18985: 18980: 18975: 18970: 18966:Annexation of 18964: 18959: 18958: 18957: 18952: 18947: 18942: 18931: 18929: 18925: 18924: 18917: 18916: 18909: 18902: 18894: 18885: 18884: 18882: 18881: 18876: 18870: 18868: 18864: 18863: 18861: 18860: 18849:United Kingdom 18846: 18841: 18836: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18816: 18811: 18806: 18801: 18799:Ottoman Empire 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18756: 18751: 18746: 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18710: 18708: 18704: 18703: 18701: 18700: 18695: 18690: 18685: 18680: 18678:Ottoman Empire 18675: 18670: 18665: 18660: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18639: 18637: 18633: 18632: 18630: 18629: 18624: 18619: 18614: 18608: 18606: 18602: 18601: 18599: 18598: 18593: 18588: 18583: 18578: 18573: 18568: 18563: 18558: 18552: 18550: 18546: 18545: 18536: 18535: 18528: 18521: 18513: 18504: 18503: 18501: 18500: 18494: 18491: 18490: 18487: 18486: 18484: 18483: 18476: 18469: 18464: 18456: 18454: 18450: 18449: 18446: 18445: 18443: 18442: 18437: 18436: 18435: 18430: 18425: 18420: 18415: 18405: 18400: 18399: 18398: 18393: 18385: 18379: 18377: 18375:Peace treaties 18374: 18371: 18370: 18368: 18367: 18362: 18357: 18352: 18347: 18342: 18337: 18332: 18327: 18322: 18316: 18314: 18310: 18309: 18307: 18306: 18301: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18280: 18278: 18272: 18271: 18269: 18268: 18263: 18261:United Kingdom 18258: 18253: 18251:Ottoman Empire 18248: 18243: 18238: 18233: 18228: 18222: 18220: 18213: 18208: 18205: 18204: 18201: 18200: 18198: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18176: 18175: 18170: 18165: 18155: 18153:Sack of Dinant 18150: 18145: 18140: 18139: 18138: 18133: 18132: 18131: 18117: 18115: 18109: 18108: 18106: 18105: 18104: 18103: 18101:United Kingdom 18098: 18089: 18087: 18081: 18080: 18078: 18077: 18076: 18075: 18070: 18061: 18055:POW locations 18053: 18048: 18047: 18046: 18037: 18035: 18029: 18028: 18026: 18025: 18024: 18023: 18018: 18010: 18005: 18004: 18003: 17996: 17991: 17986: 17978: 17977: 17976: 17971: 17963: 17957: 17955: 17951: 17950: 17948: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17931: 17929: 17922: 17921: 17920: 17919: 17914: 17906: 17901: 17900: 17899: 17890: 17888: 17880: 17877: 17876: 17873: 17872: 17870: 17869: 17864: 17863: 17862: 17855:United Kingdom 17852: 17850:Ottoman Empire 17847: 17842: 17836: 17834: 17827: 17826: 17824:Trench warfare 17821: 17820: 17819: 17809: 17804: 17799: 17794: 17789: 17788: 17787: 17776: 17774: 17767: 17763: 17762: 17759: 17758: 17756: 17755: 17749: 17743: 17737: 17731: 17730: 17729: 17723: 17717: 17711: 17700: 17694: 17688: 17682: 17676: 17670: 17664: 17658: 17652: 17646: 17640: 17634: 17628: 17622: 17616: 17610: 17604: 17597: 17595: 17591: 17590: 17588: 17587: 17581: 17575: 17569: 17563: 17557: 17551: 17545: 17540: 17537:Volta-Bani War 17534: 17528: 17522: 17516: 17510: 17504: 17498: 17492: 17486: 17479: 17477: 17473: 17472: 17470: 17469: 17464: 17452: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17432: 17427: 17422: 17417: 17412: 17407: 17402: 17397: 17392: 17387: 17382: 17377: 17375:Zeebrugge Raid 17372: 17367: 17362: 17356: 17354: 17348: 17347: 17345: 17344: 17339: 17334: 17329: 17324: 17319: 17314: 17309: 17304: 17299: 17294: 17289: 17284: 17279: 17274: 17269: 17264: 17258: 17256: 17250: 17249: 17247: 17246: 17241: 17236: 17231: 17226: 17221: 17220: 17219: 17209: 17204: 17199: 17194: 17189: 17183: 17181: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17173: 17168: 17166:Battle of Loos 17163: 17158: 17153: 17148: 17143: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17100: 17095: 17090: 17084: 17082: 17078: 17077: 17075: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17057:Black Sea raid 17054: 17049: 17044: 17039: 17034: 17029: 17024: 17019: 17014: 17009: 17004: 16999: 16994: 16988: 16986: 16982: 16981: 16979: 16978: 16973: 16968: 16963: 16962: 16961: 16959:Historiography 16950: 16948: 16944: 16943: 16941: 16940: 16934: 16928: 16922: 16916: 16913:Bosnian Crisis 16910: 16907:Tangier Crisis 16904: 16898: 16892: 16885: 16883: 16876: 16870: 16869: 16866: 16865: 16863: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16847: 16842: 16840:Ottoman Empire 16837: 16832: 16827: 16821: 16819: 16817:Central Powers 16813: 16812: 16810: 16809: 16804: 16803: 16802: 16800:British Empire 16795:United Kingdom 16792: 16787: 16782: 16781: 16780: 16775: 16773:Russian Empire 16765: 16760: 16755: 16750: 16749: 16748: 16738: 16733: 16728: 16727: 16726: 16716: 16711: 16706: 16701: 16695: 16693: 16691:Entente Powers 16684: 16679: 16676: 16675: 16672: 16671: 16669: 16668: 16663: 16662: 16661: 16659:North Atlantic 16650: 16648: 16642: 16641: 16639: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16622: 16620: 16614: 16613: 16611: 16610: 16605: 16600: 16595: 16590: 16584: 16582: 16576: 16575: 16573: 16572: 16570:Central Arabia 16567: 16562: 16557: 16552: 16547: 16542: 16536: 16534: 16532:Middle Eastern 16528: 16527: 16525: 16524: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16507: 16502: 16501: 16500: 16489: 16487: 16478: 16474: 16473: 16471: 16470: 16465: 16460: 16455: 16450: 16445: 16440: 16435: 16433:Historiography 16430: 16425: 16420: 16415: 16410: 16404: 16401: 16400: 16393: 16392: 16385: 16378: 16370: 16364: 16363: 16358: 16353: 16341: 16329: 16324: 16319: 16312: 16311:Library guides 16309: 16308: 16307: 16299: 16290: 16284: 16272: 16267: 16265:end of the war 16257: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16237: 16231: 16213: 16202: 16195: 16193: 16192: 16182: 16172: 16161: 16147: 16146: 16144: 16143:External links 16141: 16139: 16138: 16132: 16119: 16113: 16100: 16094: 16081: 16067: 16054: 16045: 16031: 16018: 16004: 15984: 15978: 15959: 15953: 15940: 15922: 15907: 15893: 15880: 15857: 15818: 15800: 15782: 15776: 15763: 15726: 15720: 15707: 15693: 15677: 15671: 15658: 15652: 15639: 15625: 15612: 15598: 15582: 15576: 15563: 15518: 15493: 15476: 15454: 15439: 15433: 15418: 15400:(2): 159–195. 15394:War in History 15389: 15365:War in History 15360: 15346: 15340:. Allen Lane. 15329: 15315:. Al Jazeera. 15308: 15302: 15289: 15264: 15235: 15217:(4): 403–434. 15206: 15188: 15175: 15154: 15148: 15135: 15121: 15105: 15079:(1): 153–185. 15068: 15062: 15047: 15010: 15004: 14991: 14985: 14979:. Icon Books. 14972: 14949: 14935: 14920: 14914: 14901: 14883:(3): 231–255. 14870: 14864: 14851: 14845: 14829: 14800: 14794: 14781: 14767: 14754: 14732: 14724:10.17226/11150 14711: 14697: 14681: 14655:(4): 721–766. 14644: 14630: 14617: 14611: 14598: 14592: 14586:. Hutchinson. 14576: 14562: 14549: 14535: 14522: 14504:(3): 441–451. 14493: 14487: 14481:. Allen Lane. 14474: 14445: 14439: 14426: 14416:(2): 161–188. 14410:German History 14405: 14399: 14386: 14369:War in History 14363: 14357: 14344: 14330: 14315: 14286: 14280: 14267: 14261: 14245: 14239: 14226: 14216: 14202: 14189: 14183: 14170: 14157: 14151: 14138: 14132: 14119: 14113: 14100: 14086: 14073: 14067: 14052: 14046: 14033: 14019: 14006: 14000: 13986:Fromkin, David 13982: 13961: 13955: 13942: 13936: 13923: 13909: 13893: 13884: 13878: 13866:Farwell, Byron 13862: 13848: 13832: 13818: 13805: 13799: 13784: 13755: 13737: 13719: 13713: 13700: 13694: 13681: 13663: 13648: 13634: 13621: 13615: 13602: 13596: 13583: 13577: 13564: 13535: 13529: 13509: 13478: 13472: 13459: 13453: 13440: 13434: 13418: 13412: 13396: 13378: 13363: 13357: 13344: 13338: 13325: 13319: 13306: 13300: 13283: 13269: 13263: 13246: 13237: 13234: 13232: 13231: 13207: 13172: 13154: 13142: 13116: 13090: 13064: 13034: 12973: 12925: 12895: 12865: 12847: 12840: 12818: 12814:Stevenson 1988 12806: 12794: 12783: 12762: 12750: 12748:, p. 154. 12738: 12731: 12711: 12695: 12676: 12656: 12624: 12611:Brock, Peter, 12604: 12592: 12579: 12577:, p. 584. 12567: 12560: 12542: 12531: 12501: 12471: 12441: 12425: 12423:, p. 826. 12413: 12398: 12396:, p. 209. 12386: 12384:, p. 219. 12374: 12372:, p. 335. 12362: 12360:, p. 884. 12350: 12338: 12312: 12293: 12273: 12271:, p. 117. 12261: 12259:, p. 1001 12246: 12234: 12232:, p. 354. 12222: 12191: 12161: 12130: 12097: 12085: 12078: 12060: 12048: 12033: 12021: 12002: 11980: 11968: 11937: 11930: 11912: 11853: 11822:(4): 621–638. 11802: 11733: 11726: 11706: 11699: 11677: 11662: 11636: 11610: 11587: 11568:(1): 107–129. 11552: 11550:, p. 131. 11540: 11528: 11516: 11504: 11485: 11465: 11430: 11413: 11388: 11376: 11344: 11342:, p. 177. 11332: 11313: 11293: 11268: 11237: 11223: 11199: 11185: 11157: 11126:(4): 611–625. 11099: 11069: 11039: 11010:(7): 663–670. 10990: 10977: 10922: 10910: 10898: 10886: 10874: 10872:, p. 166. 10862: 10853: 10841: 10810: 10788: 10765: 10734: 10702: 10681: 10654: 10616: 10578: 10566: 10559: 10541: 10532: 10506: 10474: 10457: 10440: 10433: 10415: 10411:Northedge 1986 10403: 10391: 10359: 10339: 10319: 10299: 10279: 10259: 10227: 10220: 10202: 10195: 10177: 10159: 10136: 10132:Stevenson 2004 10124: 10122:, p. 383. 10120:Stevenson 2004 10112: 10103:Wette, Wolfram 10094: 10087: 10069: 10035: 10033:, p. 385. 10031:Stevenson 2004 10023: 10001: 9968: 9966:, p. 260. 9956: 9926: 9896: 9863: 9833: 9803: 9791: 9779: 9768: 9761: 9743: 9731: 9716: 9694: 9682: 9670: 9658: 9646: 9644:, p. 104. 9634: 9632:, p. 195. 9622: 9596: 9570: 9563: 9545: 9519: 9493: 9470: 9447: 9445:, p. 163. 9435: 9433:, p. 323. 9423: 9419:Humphries 2007 9411: 9399: 9397:, p. 244. 9387: 9385:, p. 129. 9375: 9373:, p. 124. 9363: 9361:, p. 403. 9359:Stevenson 2012 9351: 9339: 9337:, p. 318. 9335:Stevenson 2012 9327: 9315: 9313:, p. 318. 9303: 9301:, p. 317. 9299:Stevenson 2012 9291: 9287:Stevenson 2012 9279: 9258: 9249: 9237: 9225: 9223:, p. 523. 9213: 9201: 9199:, p. 345. 9189: 9151: 9149:, p. 314. 9139: 9137:, p. 429. 9127: 9115: 9106: 9097: 9085: 9073: 9071:, p. 282. 9058: 9056:, p. 170. 9046: 9044:, p. 171. 9031: 9019: 9000: 8976: 8974:, p. 119. 8964: 8960:Schindler 2003 8952: 8941: 8929: 8927:, p. 715. 8917: 8915:, p. 491. 8905: 8903:, p. 364. 8893: 8891:, p. 484. 8881: 8879:, p. 482. 8869: 8867:, p. 317. 8857: 8855:, p. 163. 8845: 8841:Fornassin 2017 8833: 8831:, p. 108. 8821: 8809: 8807:, p. 166. 8797: 8785: 8773: 8771:, p. 120. 8761: 8749: 8737: 8730: 8709: 8697: 8685: 8654: 8645: 8630: 8628:, p. 119. 8618: 8601: 8588: 8581: 8561: 8554: 8534: 8527: 8504: 8502:, p. 491. 8492: 8465: 8453: 8434: 8427: 8409: 8397: 8395:, p. 102. 8385: 8373: 8361: 8345: 8334: 8315: 8288: 8257: 8245: 8233: 8231:, p. 306. 8221: 8180: 8158: 8146: 8144:, p. 293. 8134: 8122: 8110: 8059: 8057:, p. 271. 8047: 8016: 8014:, p. 276. 8004: 7992: 7980: 7953: 7951:, p. 199. 7949:Goodspeed 1985 7941: 7929: 7917: 7915:, p. 424. 7905: 7887: 7861: 7830: 7818: 7806: 7804:, p. 353. 7794: 7782: 7770: 7758: 7756:, p. 221. 7746: 7734: 7732:, p. 327. 7722: 7710: 7706:Stevenson 2012 7698: 7686: 7682:Stevenson 2004 7674: 7662: 7658:Stevenson 2004 7647: 7617: 7587: 7583:Schindler 2002 7575: 7573:, p. 172. 7563: 7551: 7539: 7527: 7515: 7511:MacMillan 2013 7503: 7491: 7479: 7467: 7455: 7453:, p. 335. 7443: 7431: 7429:, p. 326. 7419: 7417:, p. 536. 7415:MacMillan 2013 7407: 7395: 7383: 7381:, p. 532. 7379:MacMillan 2013 7371: 7367:Stevenson 1996 7359: 7357:, p. 141. 7355:Velikonja 2003 7347: 7328: 7308: 7306:, p. 485. 7296: 7274: 7254: 7223: 7201: 7174: 7145: 7133: 7121: 7109: 7107:, p. 103. 7097: 7085: 7083:, p. 247. 7073: 7034:(4): 717–718. 7014: 6982: 6952: 6934: 6904: 6892: 6890:, p. 288. 6880: 6868: 6856: 6844: 6832: 6820: 6808: 6804:Stevenson 2016 6796: 6784: 6780:Stevenson 2016 6772: 6760: 6748: 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6693:Medlicott 1945 6685: 6673: 6651: 6649:, p. 117. 6639: 6627: 6625:, p. 329. 6615: 6585: 6553: 6527: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6506: 6505: 6496: 6484: 6480:German attempt 6471: 6462: 6442: 6425: 6416: 6400: 6383: 6371: 6354: 6338: 6336:December 1917. 6321: 6312: 6303: 6290: 6274:separate peace 6256: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6249: 6248: 6243: 6238: 6233: 6228: 6221: 6218: 6190: 6187: 6179:trench warfare 6147:radicalisation 6139:historiography 6116:modern warfare 6099: 6092: 6080:Main article: 6077: 6076:Historiography 6074: 5931:Main article: 5928: 5925: 5903: 5900: 5876:Main article: 5873: 5870: 5862:Sopwith Camels 5830:reconnaissance 5757: 5754: 5663:in the US and 5646: 5643: 5621: 5618: 5582:general strike 5539:class conflict 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5381:David Andelman 5290: 5287: 5268: 5265: 5221: 5218: 5209: 5206: 5170:Main article: 5167: 5164: 5089:Greek genocide 5076: 5073: 5037:Main article: 5034: 5031: 5026:Main article: 5023: 5020: 5002:Eight million 4926:Main article: 4923: 4920: 4865: 4862: 4725: 4722: 4698: 4697: 4696: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4632: 4629: 4604:Main article: 4601: 4598: 4542:Ferdinand Foch 4531:Main article: 4528: 4525: 4429: 4426: 4376: 4373: 4318: 4315: 4255: 4252: 4223:in Palestine, 4181:Edmund Allenby 4145:Main article: 4142: 4139: 4123:Canadian Corps 4104:Robert Nivelle 4094:troops at the 4092:Canadian Corps 4074: 4071: 4047:National Guard 4000:Main article: 3997: 3994: 3992:with Romania. 3981:Russian Empire 3966:Vladimir Lenin 3923: 3920: 3915:Main article: 3912: 3909: 3904:Lloyd George's 3900:Woodrow Wilson 3869: 3866: 3769: 3768: 3762: 3761: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3747: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3733: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3698: 3697: 3692: 3691: 3684: 3683: 3678: 3677: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3663: 3656: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3633: 3628:Main article: 3625: 3622: 3583:Masurian Lakes 3541: 3538: 3533:Main article: 3530: 3527: 3513:November, the 3359: 3356: 3296:Sharif Hussein 3288:Foreign Office 3198:Battle of Rafa 3130:respectively. 3124:Greek genocide 3075:Main article: 3072: 3071:Ottoman Empire 3069: 3065:Central Powers 2978:, Croatia and 2933: 2930: 2928: 2925: 2909:Sopwith Camels 2880:, escorted by 2748:Main article: 2745: 2742: 2690: 2687: 2635:, France, 1915 2621: 2618: 2613:Main article: 2610: 2607: 2603:Mahatma Gandhi 2529:Main article: 2526: 2523: 2491:Main article: 2488: 2485: 2403:Main article: 2400: 2397: 2363:(BEF), was in 2342:Richard Holmes 2321:, head of the 2287:Main article: 2284: 2281: 2241:Main article: 2238: 2235: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2213: 2210: 2097:Main article: 2094: 2091: 2075:, 29 June 1914 2064: 2061: 1954:Main article: 1951: 1948: 1939: 1936: 1856:Bosnian Crisis 1797: 1794: 1701: 1698: 1682:Triple Entente 1544: 1541:Triple Entente 1535: 1527: 1524: 1519:Main article: 1516: 1513: 1481:or simply the 1468: 1465: 1445:Czechoslovakia 1406:Kaiser Wilhelm 1383:, followed by 1326:United Kingdom 1308:, heir to the 1232:trench warfare 1212:Central Powers 1184: 1183: 1181: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1155: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1141:Naval theatres 1137: 1136: 1131: 1125: 1124: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1093: 1092: 1086: 1085: 1084: 1083: 1073: 1072: 1071: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1045: 1044: 1033: 1032: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1018:Central Arabia 1015: 1010: 1005: 1000: 995: 990: 985: 979: 978: 972: 971: 966: 961: 960: 959: 954: 949: 939: 934: 933: 932: 927: 917: 911: 910: 904: 901: 900: 890: 889: 882: 875: 867: 859: 858: 856: 855: 847: 846:Over 8,000,000 844: 839: 838:Over 3,700,000 836: 834:Civilian dead: 831: 830:Over 4,386,000 828: 826:Military dead: 822: 820: 818: 817: 809: 808:Over 9,000,000 806: 801: 800:Over 4,000,000 798: 796:Civilian dead: 793: 792:Over 5,525,000 790: 788:Military dead: 784: 781: 780: 776: 775: 769: 762: 761: 757: 756: 745: 744: 728: 726:Ottoman Empire 715: 702: 686: 682:Central Powers 678: 667: 666: 651: 634: 618: 605: 603: 602: 587: 572: 559: 546: 531: 516: 504: 481: 480: 479: 477: 476: 473:United Kingdom 461: 445: 436: 435: 431: 430: 427: 426: 424: 423: 409:Czechoslovakia 381:Weimar Germany 369: 364:, transfer of 354: 352: 346: 345: 334: 330: 329: 326: 325: 320: 315: 310: 305: 300: 294: 293: 291: 287: 286: 284: 283: 275: 267: 259: 251: 243: 236: 228: 221: 210:Peace treaties 209: 208: 207: 196: 188: 187: 185: 184: 173: 166: 159: 152:Sopwith Camels 148: 137: 129: 114: 113: 105: 104: 103: 94: 93: 85: 84: 83: 74: 73: 65: 64: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 51: 50: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 22667: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22636: 22633: 22631: 22628: 22626: 22623: 22621: 22618: 22616: 22613: 22611: 22608: 22606: 22603: 22601: 22598: 22596: 22593: 22591: 22588: 22586: 22583: 22581: 22578: 22576: 22573: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22561: 22558: 22556: 22553: 22551: 22548: 22546: 22543: 22541: 22538: 22536: 22533: 22531: 22528: 22526: 22523: 22521: 22518: 22516: 22513: 22511: 22508: 22506: 22503: 22501: 22498: 22496: 22493: 22491: 22488: 22486: 22483: 22481: 22478: 22476: 22473: 22471: 22468: 22466: 22463: 22461: 22458: 22456: 22453: 22451: 22448: 22446: 22443: 22441: 22438: 22436: 22433: 22431: 22428: 22426: 22423: 22421: 22418: 22416: 22413: 22411: 22408: 22406: 22403: 22401: 22398: 22397: 22395: 22380: 22377: 22375: 22372: 22370: 22367: 22365: 22362: 22360: 22357: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22347: 22345: 22342: 22340: 22337: 22335: 22332: 22330: 22327: 22325: 22322: 22320: 22317: 22315: 22312: 22310: 22307: 22305: 22302: 22300: 22297: 22295: 22292: 22290: 22287: 22285: 22282: 22280: 22277: 22275: 22272: 22270: 22267: 22265: 22262: 22261: 22259: 22253: 22245: 22242: 22238: 22235: 22233: 22230: 22229: 22228: 22225: 22221: 22218: 22217: 22216: 22213: 22207: 22204: 22202: 22199: 22198: 22197: 22194: 22192: 22189: 22187: 22184: 22180: 22177: 22176: 22175: 22172: 22171: 22170: 22167: 22163: 22160: 22158: 22155: 22153: 22150: 22149: 22148: 22145: 22144: 22143: 22140: 22136: 22133: 22131: 22128: 22127: 22126: 22123: 22119: 22116: 22114: 22111: 22109: 22106: 22104: 22101: 22099: 22096: 22094: 22091: 22090: 22089: 22086: 22082: 22079: 22077: 22074: 22070: 22067: 22065: 22062: 22060: 22057: 22055: 22052: 22050: 22047: 22046: 22045: 22042: 22038: 22035: 22033: 22030: 22028: 22025: 22021: 22018: 22017: 22016: 22013: 22012: 22011: 22008: 22007: 22006: 22003: 22002: 22000: 21998: 21994: 21986: 21983: 21981: 21978: 21977: 21976: 21973: 21971: 21968: 21966: 21963: 21961: 21958: 21956: 21953: 21951: 21948: 21946: 21943: 21941: 21938: 21936: 21933: 21931: 21928: 21926: 21923: 21921: 21918: 21916: 21913: 21911: 21908: 21907: 21905: 21903: 21899: 21893: 21890: 21888: 21885: 21883: 21880: 21876: 21873: 21871: 21868: 21867: 21866: 21863: 21861: 21858: 21856: 21853: 21849: 21846: 21844: 21841: 21839: 21836: 21835: 21834: 21831: 21829: 21826: 21824: 21821: 21817: 21814: 21812: 21809: 21807: 21804: 21803: 21802: 21799: 21795: 21792: 21791: 21790: 21787: 21785: 21782: 21778: 21775: 21773: 21770: 21768: 21765: 21763: 21760: 21758: 21755: 21753: 21750: 21748: 21745: 21743: 21740: 21738: 21735: 21734: 21733: 21730: 21729: 21727: 21725: 21721: 21715: 21712: 21708: 21705: 21701: 21698: 21696: 21693: 21692: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21670: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21655: 21654: 21653:Modern period 21651: 21649: 21646: 21644: 21641: 21639: 21636: 21635: 21633: 21629: 21623: 21620: 21618: 21615: 21613: 21610: 21608: 21605: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21594: 21592: 21588: 21584: 21580: 21579:Eastern world 21573: 21568: 21566: 21561: 21559: 21554: 21553: 21550: 21538: 21535: 21533: 21530: 21528: 21525: 21523: 21520: 21518: 21515: 21513: 21510: 21508: 21505: 21503: 21500: 21498: 21495: 21493: 21490: 21488: 21485: 21483: 21482:PROSUR/PROSUL 21480: 21478: 21475: 21473: 21470: 21468: 21465: 21463: 21460: 21458: 21455: 21453: 21450: 21448: 21445: 21443: 21440: 21438: 21435: 21433: 21430: 21428: 21425: 21423: 21420: 21418: 21415: 21413: 21410: 21408: 21405: 21403: 21400: 21398: 21395: 21393: 21390: 21388: 21385: 21383: 21380: 21378: 21377:Craiova Group 21375: 21373: 21370: 21368: 21365: 21363: 21360: 21358: 21355: 21353: 21350: 21348: 21345: 21343: 21340: 21338: 21335: 21333: 21330: 21328: 21325: 21323: 21320: 21318: 21315: 21313: 21310: 21308: 21305: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21292:ABCANZ Armies 21290: 21289: 21287: 21281: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21267: 21263: 21260: 21258: 21255: 21253: 21250: 21248: 21245: 21243: 21240: 21238: 21235: 21234: 21233: 21230: 21228: 21225: 21221: 21218: 21217: 21216: 21213: 21211: 21208: 21207: 21205: 21203: 21199: 21193: 21190: 21188: 21185: 21181: 21178: 21176: 21173: 21171: 21168: 21166: 21163: 21159: 21156: 21154: 21151: 21149: 21146: 21144: 21141: 21140: 21139: 21136: 21134: 21131: 21129: 21126: 21124: 21121: 21120: 21119: 21116: 21110: 21107: 21106: 21105: 21102: 21098: 21097:Protestantism 21095: 21091: 21088: 21087: 21086: 21083: 21079: 21076: 21075: 21074: 21071: 21067: 21063: 21060: 21059: 21058: 21055: 21054: 21053: 21050: 21049: 21048: 21045: 21044: 21042: 21040: 21036: 21028: 21025: 21024: 21023: 21020: 21018: 21017:Sovereigntism 21015: 21013: 21010: 21006: 21005: 21001: 21000: 20999: 20996: 20992: 20989: 20988: 20987: 20984: 20982: 20979: 20977: 20974: 20972: 20969: 20967: 20964: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20950: 20947: 20945: 20942: 20941: 20940: 20937: 20933: 20930: 20929: 20928: 20925: 20923: 20920: 20918: 20915: 20913: 20912:Scholasticism 20910: 20908: 20905: 20903: 20900: 20898: 20895: 20893: 20890: 20888: 20885: 20883: 20880: 20879: 20877: 20875: 20871: 20863: 20860: 20858: 20855: 20853: 20850: 20848: 20845: 20844: 20843: 20840: 20836: 20833: 20832: 20831: 20828: 20824: 20821: 20819: 20816: 20815: 20814: 20811: 20807: 20804: 20803: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20776: 20775: 20772: 20768: 20765: 20764: 20763: 20760: 20756: 20753: 20752: 20751: 20748: 20744: 20741: 20739: 20736: 20735: 20734: 20731: 20729: 20726: 20724: 20721: 20719: 20716: 20712: 20709: 20708: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20695: 20692: 20691: 20690: 20687: 20683: 20680: 20679: 20678: 20675: 20671: 20668: 20667: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20654: 20651: 20650: 20649: 20646: 20644: 20641: 20637: 20634: 20632: 20629: 20627: 20624: 20623: 20622: 20619: 20618: 20616: 20614: 20610: 20602: 20601:War on terror 20599: 20597: 20594: 20593: 20592: 20589: 20585: 20582: 20580: 20577: 20575: 20572: 20570: 20567: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20550: 20547: 20545: 20542: 20540: 20537: 20535: 20532: 20530: 20527: 20525: 20522: 20520: 20517: 20515: 20512: 20510: 20507: 20505: 20502: 20500: 20497: 20496: 20495: 20494:Modern period 20492: 20490: 20487: 20483: 20480: 20478: 20475: 20473: 20470: 20469: 20468: 20465: 20461: 20458: 20457: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20447: 20445: 20443: 20439: 20433: 20430: 20428: 20425: 20423: 20420: 20418: 20415: 20409: 20406: 20404: 20401: 20400: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20380: 20379: 20376: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20365: 20363: 20359: 20355: 20351: 20350:Western world 20344: 20339: 20337: 20332: 20330: 20325: 20324: 20321: 20309: 20306: 20300: 20297: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20286: 20284: 20282: 20279: 20277: 20274: 20273: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20266:Italo-Turkish 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20221:Russo-Turkish 20219: 20218: 20216: 20212: 20206: 20203: 20201: 20198: 20194: 20193:Treaty of Fes 20191: 20190: 20189: 20188:Agadir Crisis 20186: 20182: 20179: 20178: 20177: 20174: 20172: 20169: 20167: 20164: 20162: 20159: 20157: 20154: 20150: 20147: 20143: 20140: 20138: 20137: 20133: 20132: 20131: 20128: 20127: 20125: 20123: 20122: 20118: 20116: 20113: 20111: 20108: 20106: 20103: 20101: 20098: 20096: 20093: 20091: 20088: 20086: 20083: 20082: 20080: 20076: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20062: 20060: 20057: 20055: 20052: 20048: 20045: 20044: 20043: 20040: 20038: 20035: 20033: 20030: 20028: 20025: 20023: 20020: 20018: 20015: 20011: 20008: 20007: 20006: 20003: 20001: 19998: 19997: 19995: 19989: 19981: 19978: 19977: 19976: 19973: 19971: 19968: 19966: 19963: 19957: 19954: 19952: 19949: 19947: 19944: 19942: 19939: 19938: 19937: 19934: 19930: 19927: 19926: 19925: 19922: 19921: 19920: 19917: 19915: 19912: 19908: 19905: 19904: 19903: 19900: 19896: 19893: 19891: 19888: 19886: 19883: 19882: 19881: 19878: 19876: 19873: 19872: 19870: 19866: 19860: 19859:Balkan League 19857: 19855: 19852: 19850: 19847: 19845: 19842: 19838: 19835: 19833: 19830: 19828: 19825: 19824: 19823: 19820: 19816: 19815:Dual Alliance 19813: 19812: 19811: 19808: 19807: 19805: 19801: 19795: 19794:United States 19792: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19782: 19780: 19777: 19775: 19772: 19770: 19767: 19765: 19762: 19760: 19757: 19756: 19754: 19750: 19746: 19739: 19734: 19732: 19727: 19725: 19720: 19719: 19716: 19704: 19701: 19700: 19697: 19690: 19686: 19682: 19678: 19675: 19673: 19670: 19668: 19667:Petar Bojović 19665: 19663: 19660: 19658: 19655: 19653: 19650: 19649: 19648: 19645: 19641: 19638: 19636: 19633: 19631: 19628: 19627: 19626: 19623: 19619: 19616: 19614: 19611: 19609: 19606: 19604: 19601: 19599: 19596: 19594: 19591: 19589: 19586: 19584: 19581: 19579: 19576: 19575: 19574: 19571: 19567: 19566:Janko Vukotić 19564: 19562: 19559: 19557: 19554: 19553: 19552: 19549: 19545: 19542: 19540: 19537: 19535: 19532: 19530: 19527: 19525: 19522: 19520: 19519:Constantine I 19517: 19515: 19512: 19511: 19510: 19507: 19503: 19500: 19498: 19495: 19493: 19490: 19488: 19487:Nikola Ivanov 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19454: 19453: 19450: 19449: 19447: 19443: 19437: 19434: 19432: 19429: 19427: 19424: 19422: 19419: 19417: 19414: 19412: 19409: 19408: 19406: 19402: 19394: 19391: 19389: 19386: 19385: 19384: 19381: 19379: 19376: 19374: 19370: 19367: 19365: 19362: 19360: 19357: 19356: 19354: 19350: 19346: 19341: 19335: 19332: 19331: 19329: 19325: 19319: 19316: 19314: 19311: 19309: 19306: 19304: 19301: 19299: 19296: 19295: 19293: 19289: 19283: 19280: 19278: 19275: 19273: 19270: 19268: 19265: 19263: 19260: 19258: 19255: 19253: 19250: 19248: 19245: 19243: 19240: 19238: 19235: 19234: 19232: 19228: 19224: 19223: 19217: 19211: 19208: 19206: 19203: 19201: 19198: 19196: 19193: 19192: 19190: 19186: 19180: 19177: 19175: 19172: 19170: 19167: 19165: 19162: 19160: 19157: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19129:First Çatalca 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19075: 19074:Pente Pigadia 19072: 19070: 19067: 19065: 19062: 19061: 19059: 19055: 19051: 19050: 19044: 19038: 19037:Balkan League 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19013: 19010: 19008: 19005: 19003: 19000: 18998: 18995: 18993: 18989: 18986: 18984: 18981: 18979: 18976: 18974: 18971: 18969: 18965: 18963: 18960: 18956: 18953: 18951: 18948: 18946: 18943: 18941: 18938: 18937: 18936: 18933: 18932: 18930: 18926: 18922: 18915: 18910: 18908: 18903: 18901: 18896: 18895: 18892: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18871: 18869: 18865: 18858: 18854: 18850: 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18779:Liechtenstein 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18711: 18709: 18705: 18699: 18696: 18694: 18691: 18689: 18686: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18674: 18671: 18669: 18666: 18664: 18661: 18659: 18656: 18654: 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18641: 18640: 18638: 18634: 18628: 18625: 18623: 18622:United States 18620: 18618: 18615: 18613: 18610: 18609: 18607: 18603: 18597: 18594: 18592: 18589: 18587: 18584: 18582: 18579: 18577: 18574: 18572: 18569: 18567: 18564: 18562: 18559: 18557: 18554: 18553: 18551: 18547: 18542: 18534: 18529: 18527: 18522: 18520: 18515: 18514: 18511: 18499: 18496: 18495: 18492: 18482: 18481: 18477: 18475: 18474: 18470: 18468: 18465: 18463: 18462: 18458: 18457: 18455: 18451: 18441: 18438: 18434: 18431: 18429: 18426: 18424: 18421: 18419: 18416: 18414: 18411: 18410: 18409: 18406: 18404: 18401: 18397: 18394: 18392: 18389: 18388: 18386: 18384: 18381: 18380: 18378: 18372: 18366: 18363: 18361: 18358: 18356: 18353: 18351: 18348: 18346: 18343: 18341: 18338: 18336: 18333: 18331: 18328: 18326: 18323: 18321: 18318: 18317: 18315: 18311: 18305: 18302: 18300: 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18281: 18279: 18277: 18273: 18267: 18266:United States 18264: 18262: 18259: 18257: 18254: 18252: 18249: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18239: 18237: 18234: 18232: 18229: 18227: 18224: 18223: 18221: 18217: 18214: 18211: 18206: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18174: 18171: 18169: 18166: 18164: 18161: 18160: 18159: 18156: 18154: 18151: 18149: 18146: 18144: 18141: 18137: 18134: 18130: 18127: 18126: 18125: 18122: 18121: 18119: 18118: 18116: 18114: 18110: 18102: 18099: 18097: 18094: 18093: 18091: 18090: 18088: 18086: 18082: 18074: 18071: 18069: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18056: 18054: 18052: 18049: 18045: 18042: 18041: 18039: 18038: 18036: 18034: 18030: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18013: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18002: 18001: 17997: 17995: 17992: 17990: 17987: 17985: 17982: 17981: 17979: 17975: 17972: 17970: 17967: 17966: 17964: 17962: 17959: 17958: 17956: 17952: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17932: 17930: 17926: 17918: 17915: 17913: 17910: 17909: 17907: 17905: 17902: 17898: 17895: 17894: 17892: 17891: 17889: 17883: 17878: 17868: 17867:United States 17865: 17861: 17858: 17857: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17837: 17835: 17831: 17825: 17822: 17818: 17817:Convoy system 17815: 17814: 17813: 17812:Naval warfare 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17795: 17793: 17790: 17786: 17783: 17782: 17781: 17778: 17777: 17775: 17771: 17768: 17764: 17753: 17750: 17747: 17744: 17741: 17738: 17735: 17732: 17727: 17724: 17721: 17718: 17715: 17712: 17709: 17706: 17705: 17704: 17701: 17698: 17695: 17692: 17689: 17686: 17683: 17680: 17677: 17674: 17671: 17668: 17665: 17662: 17659: 17656: 17653: 17650: 17647: 17644: 17641: 17638: 17635: 17632: 17629: 17626: 17623: 17620: 17617: 17614: 17611: 17608: 17605: 17602: 17599: 17598: 17596: 17592: 17585: 17582: 17579: 17576: 17573: 17572:Kaocen revolt 17570: 17567: 17566:Easter Rising 17564: 17561: 17558: 17555: 17552: 17549: 17546: 17544: 17541: 17538: 17535: 17532: 17529: 17526: 17523: 17520: 17517: 17514: 17511: 17508: 17505: 17502: 17499: 17496: 17493: 17490: 17487: 17484: 17481: 17480: 17478: 17474: 17468: 17465: 17461: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17436: 17433: 17431: 17428: 17426: 17423: 17421: 17418: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17406: 17403: 17401: 17398: 17396: 17393: 17391: 17388: 17386: 17383: 17381: 17378: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17357: 17355: 17353: 17349: 17343: 17340: 17338: 17335: 17333: 17330: 17328: 17325: 17323: 17320: 17318: 17315: 17313: 17310: 17308: 17305: 17303: 17300: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17283: 17280: 17278: 17275: 17273: 17270: 17268: 17265: 17263: 17260: 17259: 17257: 17255: 17251: 17245: 17242: 17240: 17237: 17235: 17232: 17230: 17227: 17225: 17222: 17218: 17215: 17214: 17213: 17210: 17208: 17205: 17203: 17200: 17198: 17195: 17193: 17190: 17188: 17185: 17184: 17182: 17178: 17172: 17169: 17167: 17164: 17162: 17159: 17157: 17154: 17152: 17149: 17147: 17144: 17142: 17139: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17131:Great Retreat 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17106: 17101: 17099: 17096: 17094: 17091: 17089: 17086: 17085: 17083: 17079: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17053: 17050: 17048: 17045: 17043: 17040: 17038: 17035: 17033: 17030: 17028: 17025: 17023: 17020: 17018: 17015: 17013: 17010: 17008: 17005: 17003: 17002:Battle of Cer 17000: 16998: 16995: 16993: 16990: 16989: 16987: 16983: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16969: 16967: 16964: 16960: 16957: 16956: 16955: 16952: 16951: 16949: 16945: 16938: 16935: 16932: 16929: 16926: 16923: 16920: 16919:Agadir Crisis 16917: 16914: 16911: 16908: 16905: 16902: 16899: 16896: 16893: 16890: 16887: 16886: 16884: 16880: 16877: 16875: 16871: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16846: 16843: 16841: 16838: 16836: 16833: 16831: 16828: 16826: 16823: 16822: 16820: 16818: 16814: 16808: 16807:United States 16805: 16801: 16798: 16797: 16796: 16793: 16791: 16788: 16786: 16783: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16770: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16747: 16744: 16743: 16742: 16739: 16737: 16734: 16732: 16729: 16725: 16724:French Empire 16722: 16721: 16720: 16717: 16715: 16712: 16710: 16707: 16705: 16702: 16700: 16697: 16696: 16694: 16692: 16688: 16685: 16677: 16667: 16666:Mediterranean 16664: 16660: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16652: 16651: 16649: 16647: 16646:Naval warfare 16643: 16637: 16634: 16632: 16629: 16627: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16619: 16615: 16609: 16606: 16604: 16601: 16599: 16596: 16594: 16591: 16589: 16586: 16585: 16583: 16581: 16577: 16571: 16568: 16566: 16563: 16561: 16558: 16556: 16553: 16551: 16548: 16546: 16543: 16541: 16538: 16537: 16535: 16533: 16529: 16523: 16522:Italian Front 16520: 16516: 16513: 16512: 16511: 16510:Eastern Front 16508: 16506: 16505:Western Front 16503: 16499: 16496: 16495: 16494: 16491: 16490: 16488: 16486: 16482: 16479: 16475: 16469: 16466: 16464: 16463:Puppet states 16461: 16459: 16456: 16454: 16451: 16449: 16446: 16444: 16441: 16439: 16436: 16434: 16431: 16429: 16426: 16424: 16421: 16419: 16416: 16414: 16411: 16409: 16406: 16405: 16402: 16398: 16391: 16386: 16384: 16379: 16377: 16372: 16371: 16368: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16352: 16348: 16345: 16342: 16340: 16336: 16333: 16330: 16328: 16325: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16314: 16306: 16305: 16300: 16298: 16294: 16291: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16279: 16276: 16273: 16271: 16268: 16266: 16262: 16258: 16256: 16253: 16251: 16248: 16246: 16243: 16241: 16238: 16235: 16232: 16229: 16226: 16225: 16221: 16217: 16183: 16173: 16163: 16162: 16135: 16129: 16125: 16120: 16116: 16110: 16106: 16101: 16097: 16091: 16087: 16082: 16078: 16074: 16070: 16064: 16060: 16055: 16051: 16046: 16042: 16038: 16034: 16028: 16024: 16019: 16015: 16011: 16007: 16001: 15996: 15995: 15989: 15985: 15981: 15975: 15971: 15967: 15966: 15960: 15956: 15950: 15947:. Routledge. 15946: 15941: 15929: 15925: 15919: 15915: 15914: 15908: 15904: 15900: 15896: 15890: 15886: 15881: 15869: 15865: 15864: 15858: 15843: 15839: 15835: 15831: 15824: 15819: 15807: 15803: 15797: 15793: 15792: 15787: 15783: 15779: 15773: 15769: 15764: 15752: 15748: 15744: 15740: 15736: 15732: 15727: 15723: 15717: 15713: 15708: 15704: 15700: 15696: 15690: 15686: 15682: 15681:Strachan, Hew 15678: 15674: 15668: 15664: 15659: 15655: 15649: 15645: 15640: 15636: 15632: 15628: 15622: 15618: 15613: 15609: 15605: 15601: 15595: 15591: 15587: 15583: 15579: 15573: 15569: 15564: 15560: 15556: 15551: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15534: 15530: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15507: 15503: 15499: 15494: 15490: 15486: 15482: 15477: 15474: 15461: 15457: 15451: 15447: 15446: 15440: 15436: 15430: 15426: 15425: 15419: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15399: 15395: 15390: 15386: 15382: 15378: 15374: 15370: 15366: 15361: 15357: 15353: 15349: 15343: 15338: 15337: 15330: 15318: 15314: 15309: 15305: 15299: 15295: 15290: 15278: 15274: 15270: 15265: 15253: 15249: 15245: 15243: 15236: 15232: 15228: 15224: 15220: 15216: 15212: 15207: 15205: 15199: 15195: 15191: 15185: 15181: 15176: 15172: 15168: 15164: 15160: 15155: 15151: 15145: 15141: 15136: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15118: 15114: 15110: 15106: 15102: 15098: 15094: 15090: 15086: 15082: 15078: 15074: 15069: 15065: 15059: 15055: 15054: 15048: 15044: 15040: 15036: 15032: 15028: 15024: 15020: 15016: 15011: 15007: 15001: 14997: 14992: 14988: 14982: 14978: 14973: 14961: 14957: 14956: 14950: 14946: 14942: 14938: 14932: 14928: 14927: 14921: 14917: 14911: 14907: 14902: 14898: 14894: 14890: 14886: 14882: 14878: 14877: 14871: 14867: 14861: 14857: 14852: 14848: 14842: 14838: 14834: 14830: 14818: 14814: 14810: 14806: 14801: 14797: 14791: 14787: 14782: 14778: 14774: 14770: 14764: 14760: 14755: 14751: 14747: 14743: 14739: 14735: 14729: 14725: 14721: 14717: 14712: 14708: 14704: 14700: 14694: 14690: 14686: 14682: 14678: 14674: 14670: 14666: 14662: 14658: 14654: 14650: 14645: 14641: 14637: 14633: 14627: 14623: 14618: 14614: 14608: 14604: 14599: 14595: 14589: 14585: 14581: 14577: 14573: 14569: 14565: 14559: 14555: 14550: 14546: 14542: 14538: 14532: 14528: 14523: 14519: 14515: 14511: 14507: 14503: 14499: 14494: 14490: 14484: 14480: 14475: 14460: 14453: 14452: 14446: 14442: 14436: 14432: 14427: 14423: 14419: 14415: 14411: 14406: 14402: 14396: 14392: 14387: 14383: 14379: 14375: 14371: 14370: 14364: 14360: 14354: 14350: 14345: 14341: 14337: 14333: 14327: 14323: 14322: 14316: 14312: 14308: 14304: 14300: 14297:(1): 68–105. 14296: 14292: 14287: 14283: 14277: 14273: 14268: 14264: 14258: 14254: 14250: 14246: 14242: 14236: 14232: 14227: 14223: 14222: 14217: 14213: 14209: 14205: 14199: 14195: 14190: 14186: 14180: 14176: 14171: 14167: 14163: 14158: 14154: 14148: 14144: 14139: 14135: 14129: 14125: 14120: 14116: 14110: 14106: 14101: 14097: 14093: 14089: 14083: 14079: 14074: 14070: 14064: 14060: 14059: 14053: 14049: 14043: 14040:. Routledge. 14039: 14034: 14030: 14026: 14022: 14016: 14012: 14007: 14003: 13997: 13993: 13992: 13987: 13983: 13979: 13975: 13971: 13967: 13962: 13958: 13952: 13948: 13943: 13939: 13933: 13929: 13924: 13920: 13916: 13912: 13906: 13902: 13898: 13894: 13890: 13885: 13881: 13875: 13871: 13867: 13863: 13859: 13855: 13851: 13845: 13841: 13837: 13833: 13829: 13825: 13821: 13815: 13811: 13806: 13802: 13796: 13792: 13791: 13785: 13773: 13769: 13765: 13761: 13756: 13744: 13740: 13734: 13730: 13729: 13724: 13720: 13716: 13710: 13706: 13701: 13697: 13691: 13687: 13682: 13670: 13666: 13660: 13656: 13655: 13649: 13645: 13641: 13637: 13631: 13627: 13622: 13618: 13612: 13608: 13603: 13599: 13593: 13590:. Routledge. 13589: 13584: 13580: 13574: 13570: 13565: 13550: 13543: 13542: 13536: 13532: 13526: 13521: 13520: 13514: 13510: 13498: 13494: 13490: 13486: 13485: 13479: 13475: 13469: 13465: 13460: 13456: 13450: 13447:. CEF Books. 13446: 13441: 13437: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13409: 13405: 13401: 13397: 13385: 13381: 13375: 13371: 13370: 13364: 13360: 13354: 13350: 13345: 13341: 13335: 13331: 13330:The Great War 13326: 13322: 13316: 13312: 13307: 13303: 13301:0-520-08010-6 13297: 13292: 13291: 13284: 13280: 13279: 13274: 13270: 13266: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13251:Axelrod, Alan 13248: 13247: 13243: 13228: 13224: 13221: 13220:free download 13217: 13211: 13202: 13197: 13193: 13189: 13188: 13183: 13176: 13168: 13161: 13159: 13151: 13146: 13130: 13126: 13120: 13104: 13100: 13094: 13078: 13074: 13068: 13052: 13048: 13047:kclibrary.org 13044: 13038: 13022: 13018: 13014: 13009: 13004: 13000: 12996: 12992: 12988: 12984: 12983:"John McCrae" 12977: 12969: 12965: 12960: 12955: 12951: 12947: 12943: 12939: 12935: 12934:"John McCrae" 12929: 12913: 12909: 12905: 12899: 12883: 12879: 12875: 12869: 12861: 12860: 12851: 12843: 12837: 12832: 12831: 12822: 12815: 12810: 12803: 12798: 12792: 12787: 12780: 12776: 12772: 12766: 12759: 12754: 12747: 12742: 12734: 12728: 12724: 12723: 12715: 12708: 12702: 12700: 12683: 12679: 12673: 12669: 12668: 12660: 12644: 12640: 12639: 12634: 12628: 12622: 12618: 12614: 12608: 12602:, p. 62. 12601: 12596: 12589: 12583: 12576: 12571: 12563: 12557: 12553: 12546: 12540: 12535: 12519: 12515: 12511: 12505: 12489: 12485: 12481: 12475: 12459: 12455: 12451: 12445: 12438: 12434: 12429: 12422: 12417: 12411:, p. 596 12410: 12405: 12403: 12395: 12390: 12383: 12378: 12371: 12366: 12359: 12354: 12347: 12342: 12326: 12322: 12316: 12300: 12296: 12290: 12286: 12285: 12277: 12270: 12265: 12258: 12253: 12251: 12243: 12238: 12231: 12226: 12210: 12206: 12202: 12195: 12179: 12175: 12171: 12165: 12149: 12145: 12141: 12134: 12118: 12114: 12113:The Telegraph 12109: 12101: 12095:, p. 233 12094: 12089: 12081: 12075: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12052: 12046:, p. 237 12045: 12040: 12038: 12030: 12025: 12009: 12005: 11999: 11995: 11991: 11984: 11977: 11972: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11941: 11933: 11927: 11923: 11916: 11900: 11896: 11892: 11888: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11868: 11864: 11857: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11829: 11825: 11821: 11817: 11813: 11806: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11752: 11748: 11744: 11737: 11729: 11727:9780060528423 11723: 11719: 11718: 11710: 11702: 11696: 11691: 11690: 11681: 11674: 11673: 11666: 11650: 11647:. CBC. 2001. 11646: 11640: 11624: 11620: 11614: 11608: 11607:archive.today 11604: 11601: 11597: 11591: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11556: 11549: 11544: 11537: 11532: 11525: 11524:Ferguson 1999 11520: 11513: 11508: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11478: 11477: 11469: 11461: 11457: 11453: 11449: 11445: 11441: 11434: 11426: 11425: 11417: 11406: 11399: 11392: 11385: 11380: 11361: 11354: 11348: 11341: 11340:Ferguson 2006 11336: 11320: 11316: 11310: 11306: 11305: 11297: 11289: 11285: 11281: 11275: 11273: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11241: 11226: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11211: 11203: 11188: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11169: 11161: 11153: 11149: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11125: 11121: 11120: 11115: 11108: 11106: 11104: 11087: 11083: 11079: 11073: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11043: 11035: 11031: 11027: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11009: 11005: 11001: 10994: 10987: 10981: 10973: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10955: 10951: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10938: 10933: 10926: 10919: 10914: 10907: 10902: 10895: 10890: 10883: 10878: 10871: 10866: 10857: 10851:, p. 22. 10850: 10845: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10814: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10792: 10785: 10781: 10777: 10774: 10769: 10754:on 1 May 2008 10753: 10749: 10745: 10738: 10722: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10706: 10700: 10696: 10693: 10692: 10685: 10669: 10665: 10658: 10639: 10635: 10634: 10626: 10620: 10601: 10597: 10596: 10588: 10582: 10575: 10570: 10562: 10556: 10552: 10545: 10536: 10520: 10516: 10510: 10491: 10484: 10478: 10470: 10469: 10461: 10453: 10452: 10444: 10436: 10430: 10426: 10419: 10412: 10407: 10400: 10395: 10376: 10369: 10363: 10355: 10354: 10349: 10343: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10323: 10315: 10314: 10309: 10303: 10295: 10294: 10289: 10283: 10275: 10274: 10269: 10263: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10237: 10231: 10223: 10217: 10213: 10206: 10198: 10192: 10188: 10181: 10175: 10171: 10166: 10164: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10145: 10140: 10134:, Chapter 17. 10133: 10128: 10121: 10116: 10108: 10104: 10098: 10090: 10084: 10080: 10073: 10054: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10027: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10005: 9998: 9991: 9987: 9979: 9972: 9965: 9960: 9944: 9940: 9936: 9930: 9914: 9910: 9906: 9900: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9870: 9868: 9851: 9847: 9843: 9837: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9807: 9800: 9799:Christie 1997 9795: 9789:, p. 49. 9788: 9783: 9777: 9772: 9764: 9758: 9754: 9747: 9740: 9735: 9727: 9723: 9719: 9713: 9708: 9707: 9698: 9691: 9686: 9680:, p. 86. 9679: 9674: 9667: 9666:Westwell 2004 9662: 9655: 9650: 9643: 9638: 9631: 9630:Erickson 2001 9626: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9566: 9560: 9556: 9549: 9533: 9529: 9523: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9497: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9474: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9451: 9444: 9443:Erickson 2001 9439: 9432: 9427: 9421:, p. 66. 9420: 9415: 9408: 9403: 9396: 9395:Strachan 2003 9391: 9384: 9379: 9372: 9367: 9360: 9355: 9348: 9343: 9336: 9331: 9324: 9319: 9312: 9307: 9300: 9295: 9288: 9283: 9276: 9272: 9268: 9262: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9234: 9229: 9222: 9217: 9210: 9205: 9198: 9193: 9177: 9173: 9172: 9167: 9160: 9158: 9156: 9148: 9143: 9136: 9131: 9124: 9123:Crampton 1994 9119: 9110: 9101: 9094: 9089: 9082: 9077: 9070: 9065: 9063: 9055: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9036: 9028: 9027:Jelavich 1992 9023: 9007: 9003: 9001:9781449637286 8997: 8993: 8989: 8988: 8980: 8973: 8968: 8961: 8956: 8950: 8945: 8938: 8933: 8926: 8921: 8914: 8909: 8902: 8901:Thompson 2009 8897: 8890: 8885: 8878: 8873: 8866: 8861: 8854: 8853:Thompson 2009 8849: 8842: 8837: 8830: 8825: 8819:, p. 57. 8818: 8817:Thompson 2009 8813: 8806: 8801: 8794: 8793:Thompson 2009 8789: 8783:, p. 14. 8782: 8781:Thompson 2009 8777: 8770: 8765: 8758: 8757:Thompson 2009 8753: 8747:, p. 13. 8746: 8745:Thompson 2009 8741: 8733: 8727: 8723: 8719: 8713: 8706: 8701: 8694: 8689: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8658: 8649: 8642: 8637: 8635: 8627: 8622: 8614: 8613: 8605: 8598: 8592: 8584: 8578: 8574: 8573: 8565: 8557: 8551: 8547: 8546: 8538: 8530: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8514: 8508: 8501: 8496: 8480: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8457: 8450: 8449: 8444: 8438: 8430: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8389: 8382: 8377: 8370: 8365: 8358: 8354: 8349: 8343: 8338: 8322: 8318: 8312: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8298: 8292: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8261: 8255:, p. 80. 8254: 8249: 8242: 8237: 8230: 8225: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8191: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8176: 8172: 8171:Naval History 8168: 8162: 8156:, p. 50. 8155: 8150: 8143: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8098: 8094: 8090: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8063: 8056: 8051: 8035: 8031: 8027: 8020: 8013: 8008: 8001: 7996: 7989: 7984: 7968: 7964: 7957: 7950: 7945: 7939:, p. 99. 7938: 7933: 7926: 7925:Raudzens 1990 7921: 7914: 7913:Raudzens 1990 7909: 7901: 7897: 7891: 7875: 7871: 7865: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7834: 7827: 7822: 7815: 7810: 7803: 7798: 7791: 7786: 7779: 7774: 7768:, p. 79. 7767: 7762: 7755: 7750: 7743: 7738: 7731: 7726: 7720:, p. 55. 7719: 7714: 7708:, p. 54. 7707: 7702: 7695: 7690: 7684:, p. 23. 7683: 7678: 7672:, p. 22. 7671: 7666: 7660:, p. 22. 7659: 7654: 7652: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7621: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7591: 7584: 7579: 7572: 7567: 7560: 7559:Strachan 2003 7555: 7548: 7543: 7537:, p. 29. 7536: 7535:Willmott 2003 7531: 7524: 7519: 7512: 7507: 7501:, p. 29. 7500: 7495: 7488: 7483: 7477:, p. 45. 7476: 7471: 7465:, p. 27. 7464: 7459: 7452: 7447: 7440: 7435: 7428: 7423: 7416: 7411: 7404: 7399: 7393:, p. 27. 7392: 7391:Willmott 2003 7387: 7380: 7375: 7369:, p. 12. 7368: 7363: 7356: 7351: 7335: 7331: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7312: 7305: 7300: 7293: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7267: 7266: 7258: 7251: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7227: 7220: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7188: 7184: 7178: 7162: 7158: 7157: 7149: 7143:, p. 26. 7142: 7141:Willmott 2003 7137: 7131:, p. 16. 7130: 7125: 7118: 7113: 7106: 7101: 7094: 7089: 7082: 7077: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7049: 7045: 7041: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7028:Slavic Review 7025: 7018: 7010: 7004: 6989: 6985: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6968:, Routledge, 6967: 6963: 6956: 6941: 6937: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6908: 6901: 6896: 6889: 6884: 6877: 6876:Willmott 2003 6872: 6866:, p. 73. 6865: 6864:McMeekin 2015 6860: 6854:, p. 69. 6853: 6852:McMeekin 2015 6848: 6841: 6836: 6830:, p. 86. 6829: 6824: 6817: 6816:McMeekin 2015 6812: 6806:, p. 42. 6805: 6800: 6793: 6788: 6782:, p. 45. 6781: 6776: 6769: 6764: 6757: 6752: 6746:, p. 21. 6745: 6744:Willmott 2003 6740: 6738: 6730: 6725: 6719:, p. 15. 6718: 6717:Willmott 2003 6713: 6707:, p. 20. 6706: 6701: 6694: 6689: 6683:, p. 52. 6682: 6677: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6661: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6636: 6631: 6624: 6619: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6589: 6573: 6569: 6564: 6557: 6541: 6537: 6531: 6524: 6519: 6515: 6500: 6494: 6488: 6481: 6475: 6466: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6451:Joseph Stalin 6446: 6439: 6435: 6429: 6420: 6414: 6410: 6404: 6397: 6393: 6390:Although the 6387: 6380: 6375: 6364: 6358: 6351: 6347: 6342: 6331: 6325: 6316: 6307: 6300: 6294: 6287: 6286:Western Front 6283: 6282:Eastern Front 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6257: 6247: 6244: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6217: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6163:mental health 6160: 6156: 6152: 6149:of politics, 6148: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6124:metanarrative 6121: 6117: 6108: 6104: 6097: 6089: 6083: 6073: 6071: 6070:Angela Merkel 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6050:Joachim Gauck 6047: 6039: 6035: 6030: 6028: 6020: 6016: 6009: 6004: 6000: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5989: 5984: 5979: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5944: 5939: 5934: 5923: 5917: 5913: 5909: 5899: 5897: 5889: 5884: 5879: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5839: 5835: 5834:ground attack 5831: 5827: 5823: 5821: 5817: 5816:indirect fire 5809: 5805: 5801: 5799: 5798:Little Willie 5795: 5791: 5790:armoured cars 5787: 5783: 5775: 5774:Sopwith Camel 5772: 5768: 5763: 5753: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5732: 5728: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5713: 5708: 5704: 5703:Easter Rising 5699: 5690: 5689:Easter Rising 5686: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5662: 5656: 5652: 5642: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5601: 5597: 5593: 5592: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5566:Paolo Boselli 5563: 5559: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5544: 5540: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5497:Dervish state 5494: 5490: 5485: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5467:Transylvanian 5464: 5460: 5456: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5403: 5401: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5377: 5371: 5363: 5361: 5357: 5353: 5352:Albert Kitson 5348: 5342: 5339:States $ 4.4 5337: 5336:US government 5333: 5323: 5319: 5317: 5310: 5306: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5278: 5274: 5264: 5260: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5217: 5215: 5205: 5201: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5163: 5161: 5160:Pontic Greeks 5157: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5114: 5111:, written by 5110: 5105: 5100: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5045: 5040: 5029: 5019: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4998: 4993: 4989: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4962: 4961: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4935: 4929: 4919: 4917: 4913: 4912:Mustafa Kemal 4909: 4904: 4902: 4898: 4897:British Crown 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4777: 4770: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4730: 4721: 4718: 4717:war memorials 4711: 4707: 4702: 4693: 4690: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4680: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4661: 4657: 4650: 4649:William Orpen 4646: 4642: 4637: 4628: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4617:Hohenzollerns 4614: 4607: 4597: 4595: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4578:Wilhelmshaven 4575: 4571: 4566: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4534: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4502:flag of truce 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4463: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4425: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4382: 4372: 4370: 4362: 4358: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4345:final assault 4341: 4338: 4329: 4324: 4314: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4284: 4283:Saint-Quentin 4280: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4251: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4240:Jordan Valley 4237: 4232: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4138: 4136: 4132: 4131:21st Division 4128: 4125:' capture of 4124: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4108:spring attack 4105: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4084: 4080: 4070: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4023: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3993: 3991: 3986: 3982: 3977: 3971: 3967: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3937: 3933: 3929: 3918: 3908: 3905: 3901: 3898:US president 3893: 3891: 3885: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3865: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3787: 3783: 3772: 3639: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3551: 3546: 3536: 3529:Eastern Front 3526: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3468: 3466: 3462: 3461:Luigi Cadorna 3458: 3454: 3445: 3440: 3436: 3434: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3358:Italian Front 3355: 3352: 3350: 3346: 3345:guerrilla war 3342: 3341:British Egypt 3338: 3337:Italian Libya 3334: 3329: 3327: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3280: 3279:Mesopotamia. 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3209: 3205: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3166: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3145:(ANZACs). In 3144: 3140: 3136: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3043: 3038: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2987: 2983: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2905: 2899: 2894: 2891: 2890:depth charges 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2863:cruiser rules 2860: 2859: 2852: 2848: 2840: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2828: 2823: 2818: 2816: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2804: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2787:stationed at 2786: 2782: 2781: 2775: 2771: 2763: 2762: 2761:Hochseeflotte 2756: 2751: 2741: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2727: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2695: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2657: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2600: 2595: 2592:In 1914, the 2590: 2588: 2584: 2583:Edwin Montagu 2580: 2576: 2571: 2567: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2494: 2484: 2481: 2480: 2474: 2471:peninsula at 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2411: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2390: 2384: 2382: 2378: 2373: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2354: 2349: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2305:, 80% of the 2304: 2295: 2290: 2289:Great Retreat 2280: 2278: 2274: 2273:ground-to-air 2270: 2266: 2262: 2254: 2251:Serbian Army 2249: 2244: 2234: 2219: 2209: 2207: 2203: 2191: 2186: 2185:Joseph Joffre 2181: 2177: 2172: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2155: 2153: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2129: 2119: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2087: 2082: 2074: 2069: 2060: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2038: 2033: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014:Bosnian Serbs 2011: 2007: 2006:Trifko Grabež 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1945: 1935: 1933: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1907: 1905: 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1880:Balkan League 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1819: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1785:Balkan powers 1782: 1778: 1773: 1771: 1770:Rüstungswende 1767: 1763: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1697: 1695: 1694:Agadir Crisis 1691: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1648: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1633:Dual Alliance 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1594:German Empire 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1551: 1542: 1532: 1522: 1512: 1510: 1509:Ernst Haeckel 1506: 1502: 1498: 1497: 1492: 1491: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1464: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1441:Baltic states 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1403: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1377:Soviet Russia 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Eastern Front 1335: 1334:Western Front 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1261: 1257: 1253: 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War II 21667: 21527:Western Bloc 21327:AUSCANNZUKUS 21283:Contemporary 21232:Human rights 21078:Latin Church 21052:Christianity 21002: 20961:Conservatism 20806:contemporary 20643:Architecture 20579:World War II 20563: 20539:Emancipation 20534:Abolitionism 20422:Romanization 20417:Roman legacy 20398:Roman Empire 20307: 20134: 20130:Anglo-German 20119: 19991:Treaties and 19752:Great powers 19689:Ismail Kemal 19472:Mihail Savov 19467:Stoyan Danev 19445:Participants 19372: 19344: 19262:Kresna Gorge 19220: 19089:Kirk Kilisse 19047: 18983:Cretan State 18586:South Africa 18540: 18478: 18471: 18459: 18066: / 17998: 17833:Conscription 17797:Cryptography 17734:Iraqi Revolt 17161:Siege of Kut 17104: 16682:participants 16631:German Samoa 16565:South Arabia 16396: 16303: 16123: 16104: 16085: 16058: 16052:. 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Osprey. 13966:Population 13503:6 November 12802:Cross 1991 12791:Cross 1991 12649:7 February 12115:. Berlin. 12093:Marks 1978 12056:Marks 1978 12044:Marks 1978 12029:Marks 1978 11976:Green 1938 11175:. p. 10948:: 99–106. 10882:Saadi 2009 10574:Clark 1927 10525:11 January 10499:27 October 10172:, p. 9642:Ayers 1919 9488:1113542987 9431:Horne 1964 8937:Meyer 2006 8445:". p. 28. 8355:, p. 8342:Price 1980 8253:Jones 2001 8130:Keene 2006 8012:Grant 2005 8000:Dupuy 1993 7826:Brown 1994 7814:Brown 1994 7790:Falls 1960 7766:Donko 2012 7754:Horne 1964 7670:Horne 1964 7547:Clark 2013 7523:Crowe 2001 7487:Clark 2013 7439:Clark 2013 7244:7 December 7093:Smith 2010 6888:Clark 2013 6840:Clark 2013 6828:Clark 2013 6792:Crisp 1976 6635:Clark 2013 6511:References 6195:Zone rouge 6183:home front 6169:; why the 5860:launching 5760:See also: 5756:Technology 5750:anarchists 5645:Opposition 5531:Guedecourt 5360:Gold Coast 5129:Tehcir Law 5093:See also: 5022:War crimes 4922:Casualties 4831:Ruthenians 4811:Hungarians 4623:, and the 4474:Wilhelm II 4406:Dobro Pole 4321:See also: 4185:XXth Corps 4127:Vimy Ridge 4039:Scapa Flow 3990:Bessarabia 3951:State Duma 3857:Parliament 3853:Bessarabia 3579:Tannenberg 3425:Dodecanese 3231:. General 3170:Suez Canal 3104:Suez Canal 3081:See also: 2907:launching 2886:hydrophone 2882:destroyers 2659:After the 2253:Blériot XI 2103:See also: 2030:Black Hand 2020:(from the 1984:, visited 1970:this photo 1884:Montenegro 1835:and other 1825:Pan-Slavic 1739:Royal Navy 1664:Chancellor 1660:Wilhelm II 1515:Background 1449:Yugoslavia 1369:Bolsheviks 1324:, and the 1173:Baltic Sea 1107:New Guinea 1076:Somaliland 749:and others 671:and others 483: and 377:Yugoslavia 22142:Abrahamic 22037:Vajrayana 22027:Theravada 21882:Mythology 21855:Languages 21643:Silk Road 21602:Old World 21432:Five Eyes 21427:EU–UK TCA 21269:Democracy 21158:Old Norse 21047:Abrahamic 21004:Peritrope 20986:Tolerance 20966:Socialism 20796:Mythology 20784:Classical 20733:Languages 20711:Astrology 20559:Modernism 20373:Old World 19956:Meiji era 19803:Alliances 19613:Enver Bey 19352:Aftermath 19257:Kalimanci 19252:Knjaževac 19069:Kardzhali 18945:Bulgarian 18874:Australia 18683:Palestine 18653:Hong Kong 18627:Venezuela 18210:Diplomacy 17917:Olympians 17840:Australia 17807:Logistics 17740:Vlora War 17669:(1918–19) 17645:(1918–19) 17639:(1918–19) 17627:(1918–19) 17574:(1916–17) 17556:(1916–17) 17507:Zaian War 17497:(1914–15) 17217:first day 17105:Lusitania 16933:(1912–13) 16927:(1911–12) 16915:(1908–09) 16909:(1905–06) 16891:(1870–71) 16680:Principal 16540:Gallipoli 16443:Memorials 16428:Geography 16418:Aftermath 16014:164543865 15747:0899-3718 15489:222801639 15414:145488166 15385:143618581 15356:153103197 15323:14 August 15165:: 47–64. 15101:155405415 15043:154285570 15021:: 61–83. 14897:144072556 14707:247285240 14687:(2000) . 14677:159979098 14382:1477-0385 13858:460327352 13493:150789848 12539:Karp 1979 11887:0032-3195 11836:0707-5332 11777:1748-538X 11768:10059/294 11672:The Times 11655:14 August 11582:162360809 11062:8 January 10384:4 January 10109:. Boyens. 10043:K. Kuhl. 10014:Compiègne 9678:Gray 1991 9465:156767391 9135:Béla 1998 8093:1080-6040 7988:Love 1996 7048:0037-6779 6438:Skagerrak 6270:Bolshevik 6252:Footnotes 6241:World war 5981:In 1915, 5927:Memorials 5872:Diplomacy 5868:in 1918. 5850:Zeppelins 5738:Petrograd 5691:in Dublin 5451:Yugoslavs 5356:manganese 5252:Uncle Sam 5190:POW camps 5156:Anatolian 4901:Anzac Day 4854:Lithuania 4819:Romanians 4792:after war 4621:Habsburgs 4600:Aftermath 4558:armistice 4554:Compiègne 4514:Innsbruck 4412:. In the 4408:and near 4357:Champagne 4205:Jerusalem 4189:XXI Corps 4112:Champagne 3979:With the 3943:Petrograd 3844:Mărășești 3825:Bucharest 3782:Hungarian 3749:Mărășești 3651:Bucharest 3490:Caporetto 3457:Dolomites 3368:White War 3294:, led by 3135:Gallipoli 3100:Caucasian 2902:HMS 2871:sea lanes 2858:Lusitania 2778:SMS 2744:Naval war 2646:artillery 2477:SMS 2448:sank the 2443:SMS 2369:von Kluck 2338:Plan XVII 2136:ultimatum 1968:(right), 1923:Macedonia 1759:HMS 1711:Rheinland 1709:SMS 1700:Arms race 1496:Maclean's 1484:World War 1478:Great War 1463:in 1939. 1236:artillery 1200:Great War 1168:Black Sea 1153:North Sea 1134:Chihuahua 993:Gallipoli 952:Macedonia 502:Australia 389:Lithuania 141:gas masks 22135:Yazidism 22118:Tengrism 22069:Smartism 22064:Shaktism 22059:Shaivism 22044:Hinduism 22032:Mahayana 22010:Buddhism 21997:Religion 21980:Japanese 21892:Religion 21843:Japanese 21833:Folklore 21811:Buddhist 21801:Calendar 21772:Cyrillic 21732:Alphabet 21707:Cold War 21622:Islamdom 21492:Schengen 21422:Eurozone 21262:Property 21257:Religion 21148:Frankish 21138:Germanic 21118:Paganism 21039:Religion 21027:European 20939:Humanism 20842:Religion 20801:Painting 20767:Internet 20718:Folklore 20689:Clothing 20660:Calendar 20636:Cyrillic 20621:Alphabet 20584:Cold War 19703:Category 19578:Mehmed V 19514:George I 19452:Bulgaria 19139:Merhamli 19134:Kaliakra 19124:Monastir 19084:Kumanovo 19079:Sorovich 18940:Albanian 18809:Portugal 18729:Bulgaria 18643:Caucasus 18605:Americas 18571:Ethiopia 18498:Category 18085:Refugees 18051:Italians 18040:Germans 18000:Ober Ost 17780:Aviation 16874:Timeline 16845:Bulgaria 16626:Tsingtao 16603:Togoland 16550:Caucasus 16485:European 16477:Theatres 16347:Archived 16335:Archived 16278:Archived 16263:and the 16218: · 16077:52541937 16041:57533366 15990:(1969). 15928:Archived 15903:61247250 15851:12 April 15842:Archived 15806:Archived 15788:(2001). 15751:Archived 15703:53075929 15683:(2003). 15635:54001282 15608:33079190 15588:(1996). 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1986:Sarajevo 1896:Adriatic 1849:Anatolia 1845:Bulgaria 1841:Bosporus 1829:Orthodox 1808:in 1908. 1789:Ottomans 1346:Bulgaria 1293:reached 1252:genocide 1226:and the 1218:and the 1202:, was a 1158:Atlantic 1097:Tsingtao 1081:Ethiopia 1054:Cameroon 1049:Togoland 983:Caucasus 740:Bulgaria 339:victory 318:Atlantic 290:Location 150:British 22299:BIMSTEC 22220:Culture 22215:Judaism 22179:Eastern 22174:Culture 22152:Culture 22125:Iranian 22103:Shenism 22081:Jainism 22076:Sikhism 22049:Culture 22015:Culture 22005:Dharmic 21838:Chinese 21823:Cuisine 21806:Chinese 21794:History 21762:Brahmic 21724:Culture 21631:History 21583:culture 21337:Benelux 21242:Thought 21192:Atheism 21133:Finnish 21109:Culture 21104:Judaism 21066:Eastern 21062:Western 21057:Culture 20991:Paradox 20857:Decline 20818:Science 20694:History 20682:Studies 20665:Cuisine 20653:Periods 20613:Culture 20442:History 20408:Eastern 20403:Western 20354:culture 19936:In Asia 19769:Germany 19685:Albania 19652:Peter I 19630:Carol I 19625:Romania 19345:General 19230:Battles 19154:Korytsa 19144:Driskos 19104:Yenidje 19094:Scutari 19057:Battles 18955:Serbian 18867:Oceania 18857:Ireland 18844:Ukraine 18814:Romania 18769:Ireland 18764:Hungary 18754:Germany 18744:Estonia 18739:Denmark 18734:Croatia 18724:Belgium 18714:Albania 18693:Vietnam 18581:Morocco 18576:Liberia 18236:Germany 18136:Germany 18064:Germany 17984:Belgium 17969:Albania 17928:Disease 17908:Sports 17860:Ireland 17773:Warfare 17766:Aspects 16954:Origins 16947:Prelude 16850:Senussi 16830:Germany 16825:Leaders 16763:Romania 16704:Belgium 16699:Leaders 16598:Kamerun 16580:African 16515:Romania 16493:Balkans 16408:Outline 16205: ( 16157:minutes 15840:: 7–8. 15550:7314216 15504:. BBC. 15231:1986064 15035:3678575 14908:. OUP. 14669:2637713 14572:4593327 14468:23 July 13218:(2020) 13017:4275807 12995:Bibcode 12968:4275807 12946:Bibcode 12918:1 March 12888:1 March 12781:p. 444. 12688:30 July 12524:16 June 12494:16 June 12464:16 June 11905:10 June 11895:2144182 11846:10 June 11795:10 June 11598:(1970) 11192:20 June 11143:2376985 11092:1 March 10963:4634693 10894:Tschanz 10727:25 July 10647:12 June 10609:12 June 9012:30 July 8271:Hansard 8206:. BBC. 8040:23 July 7610:16 July 7066:10 June 7056:2499359 6994:10 June 6946:10 June 6459:Moldova 6453:as the 6379:Hungary 6346:Austria 6025:I. 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On 3 6023: 5962:, and 5958:, the 5954:, the 5914:, and 5866:Tønder 5509: 5463:Polish 5437:, 1915 5423:, and 5389: 5345: 5254:, 1917 5240:, and 5152:Greeks 5145: 5087:, and 5008:horses 4982:, 1918 4980:Kansas 4908:fought 4858:Poland 4856:, and 4850:Latvia 4766:diktat 4664: 4619:, the 4615:, the 4590: 4498: 4488:Count 4464:, 1918 4458:Trento 4440:, and 4418:Skopje 4365: 4098:, 1917 3974: 3934:, and 3876:and a 3603:Verdun 3511: 3472:Asiago 3401:Rijeka 3395:, the 3370:, and 3308:Medina 3126:, and 3114:, and 3042:Serbia 3027:Bitola 2980:Bosnia 2966:, 1914 2964:Styria 2948:, and 2921:blimps 2764:, 1917 2730:typhus 2585:, the 2543:, and 2417:, 1914 2377:Stavka 2198: 2194: 2147: 2132: 2111:, and 2046:Sophie 2016:) and 1902:. The 1888:Greece 1886:, and 1833:Serbia 1725:, 1910 1719:-class 1717:Nassau 1617:Russia 1598:avenge 1580:under 1568:, the 1548: 1546: 1539: 1537: 1451:. The 1447:, and 1439:, the 1433:Poland 1408: 1354:Greece 1322:France 1318:Russia 1314:Serbia 1301:named 1224:Africa 1216:Europe 1208:Allies 1148:U-boat 1030:Africa 988:Persia 957:Greece 947:Serbia 908:Europe 752: 737: 723: 710: 696: 674: 660: 643: 627: 616:Russia 596: 581: 567: 554: 540: 528:Ceylon 525: 514:Canada 499: 485:Empire 470: 458:France 455: 419:, and 413:Turkey 397:Latvia 383:, the 373:Poland 333:Result 308:Africa 298:Europe 183:, 1915 172:, 1916 165:, 1916 158:, 1918 136:, 1916 38:, 34:, 22374:SEATO 22364:SAARC 22319:CPTPP 22304:CAREC 22279:ASEAN 22244:Druze 22232:Azali 22157:Sunni 22147:Islam 22113:Muism 22088:Taoic 21870:Chant 21865:Music 21816:Hindu 21777:Latin 21757:Hanja 21742:Kanji 21737:Hanzi 21512:USMCA 21367:CEFTA 21322:AUKUS 21312:ANZUS 21307:ANZUK 21252:Press 21170:Roman 20835:Sport 20779:Chant 20774:Music 20762:Media 20755:Canon 20701:Dance 20631:Latin 20626:Greek 20472:early 20299:Third 20289:First 20276:First 19779:Japan 19774:Italy 19327:Other 19282:Pirot 19277:Vidin 18950:Greek 18853:Wales 18829:Spain 18774:Italy 18698:Yemen 18673:Japan 18658:India 18648:China 18566:Egypt 18453:Other 18246:Japan 18241:Italy 18068:camps 17912:Rugby 17462:] 16741:Japan 16736:Italy 16714:China 16608:North 15845:(PDF) 15836:(4). 15826:(PDF) 15473:Behr. 15410:S2CID 15381:S2CID 15227:JSTOR 15097:S2CID 15089:JSTOR 15039:S2CID 15031:JSTOR 14893:S2CID 14815:(4). 14673:S2CID 14665:JSTOR 14514:JSTOR 14462:(PDF) 14455:(PDF) 14307:JSTOR 13552:(PDF) 13545:(PDF) 13013:S2CID 12964:S2CID 11891:JSTOR 11578:S2CID 11456:S2CID 11408:(PDF) 11401:(PDF) 11363:(PDF) 11356:(PDF) 11030:S2CID 10946:Wiley 10944:(3). 10758:2 May 10641:(PDF) 10628:(PDF) 10603:(PDF) 10590:(PDF) 10493:(PDF) 10486:(PDF) 10378:(PDF) 10371:(PDF) 10056:(PDF) 10049:(PDF) 9993:(PDF) 9982:(PDF) 8949:Smele 7052:JSTOR 6213:Somme 5794:tanks 5746:Milan 5744:. In 5600:Fasci 5085:Sayfo 5016:mules 4885:unite 4835:Serbs 4715:Some 4518:Tyrol 4307:Reims 4169:First 4119:Arras 3836:Oituz 3793:Banat 3763:Oituz 3421:Libya 3272:Azeri 3202:Sinai 3128:Sayfo 3112:Greek 2838:U-155 2780:Emden 2445:Emden 2427:Samoa 2425:(now 2145:on 25 1467:Names 1342:Italy 1102:Samoa 1069:Libya 937:Italy 663:Japan 630:Italy 584:India 543:Egypt 421:Yemen 417:Hejaz 22359:RCEP 22334:EAEU 22314:CSTO 22264:APEC 22162:Shia 21875:Folk 21747:Kana 21581:and 21472:OSCE 21452:NATO 21397:EFTA 21362:CBSS 21347:BSEC 21237:Life 20789:Folk 20670:Diet 20482:late 20477:high 20393:Rome 20352:and 20214:Wars 19371:and 19149:Elli 18988:IMRO 18688:Siam 18668:Iraq 18663:Iran 18636:Asia 18033:POWs 17352:1918 17254:1917 17180:1916 17081:1915 16985:1914 16790:Siam 16593:East 16304:Link 16128:ISBN 16109:ISBN 16090:ISBN 16073:OCLC 16063:ISBN 16037:OCLC 16027:ISBN 16010:OCLC 16000:ISBN 15974:ISBN 15949:ISBN 15936:2020 15918:ISBN 15899:OCLC 15889:ISBN 15876:2009 15853:2022 15814:2013 15796:ISBN 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