Battle of Verdun - Knowledge

4251: 150: 3724: 1995:. The German infantry took many prisoners as the French on Côte 347 were outflanked and withdrew to Douaumont village. The German infantry had reached their objectives in under twenty minutes and pursued the French, until fired on by a machine-gun in Douaumont church. Some German troops took cover in woods and a ravine which led to the fort, when German artillery began to bombard the area, the gunners having refused to believe claims sent by field telephone that the German infantry were within a few hundred metres of the fort. Several German parties were forced to advance to find cover from the German shelling and two parties independently made for the fort. The Germans did not know that the French garrison was made up of only a small maintenance crew led by a warrant officer, since most of the Verdun forts had been partly disarmed, after the 1094:

intended to rely on the power of heavy artillery to inflict mass casualties. A limited offensive at Verdun would lead to the destruction of the French strategic reserve in fruitless counter-attacks and the defeat of British reserves during a hopeless relief offensive, leading to the French accepting a separate peace. If the French refused to negotiate, the second phase of the strategy would follow, in which the German armies would attack terminally weakened Franco-British armies, mop up the remains of the French armies and expel the British from Europe. To fulfil this strategy, Falkenhayn needed to hold back enough of the strategic reserve to defeat the Anglo-French relief offensives and then conduct a counter-offensive, which limited the number of divisions which could be sent to the 5th Army at Verdun for

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casualties. The 5th Army asked for more troops in late February but Falkenhayn refused, due to the rapid advance already achieved on the east bank and because he needed the rest of the OHL reserve for an offensive elsewhere, once the attack at Verdun had attracted and consumed French reserves. The pause in the German advance on 27 February led Falkenhayn to have second thoughts to decide between terminating the offensive or reinforcing it. On 29 February, Knobelsdorf, the 5th Army Chief of Staff, prised two divisions from the OHL reserve, with the assurance that once the heights on the west bank had been occupied, the offensive on the east bank could be completed. The VI Reserve Corps was reinforced with the X Reserve Corps, to capture a line from the south of

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sending them to follow up destructive bombardments by the artillery, which was to carry the burden of the offensive in a series of large "attacks with limited objectives", to maintain a relentless pressure on the French. The initial objectives were the Meuse Heights, on a line from Froide Terre to Fort Souville and Fort Tavannes, which would provide a secure defensive position from which to repel French counter-attacks. "Relentless pressure" was a term added by the 5th Army staff and created ambiguity about the purpose of the offensive. Falkenhayn wanted land to be captured from which artillery could dominate the battlefield and the 5th Army wanted a quick capture of Verdun. The confusion caused by the ambiguity was left to the corps headquarters to sort out.

2413:, which gave the Germans better routes for counter-attacks and observation over the French lines to the south and south-west. Mangin proposed a preliminary attack to retake the area of the ravines, to obstruct the routes by which a German counter-attack on the fort could be made. More divisions were necessary but these were refused to preserve the troops needed for the forthcoming offensive on the Somme; Mangin was limited to one division for the attack with one in reserve. Nivelle reduced the attack to an assault on Morchée Trench, Bonnet-d'Evèque, Fontaine Trench, Fort Douaumont, a machine-gun turret and Hongrois Trench, which would require an advance of 550 yd (500 m) on a 1,260 yd (1,150 m) front. 1266: 2240:

isolating them from their supplies. Massed artillery fire could enable German infantry to make small advances but massed French artillery fire could do the same for French infantry when they counter-attacked, which often repulsed the German infantry and subjected them to constant losses, even when captured ground was held. The German effort on the west bank also showed that capturing a vital point was not sufficient, because it would be found to be overlooked by another terrain feature, which had to be captured to ensure the defence of the original point, which made it impossible for the Germans to terminate their attacks, unless they were willing to retire to the original front line of February 1916.

2556: 4282: 2484: 3439:(manoeuvre warfare). Failure to reach the Meuse Heights left the 5th Army in poor tactical positions and reduced to inflicting casualties by infantry attacks and counter-attacks. The length of the offensive made Verdun a matter of prestige for the Germans as it was for the French and Falkenhayn became dependent on a British relief offensive being destroyed to end the stalemate. When it came, the collapse in Russia and the power of the Anglo-French attack on the Somme reduced the German armies to holding their positions as best they could. On 29 August, Falkenhayn was sacked and replaced by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, who ended the German offensive at Verdun on 2 September. 2417: 1385:–Hill 285 ridge, after continuous local attacks, rendering the railway unusable. Only a light railway remained to the French to carry bulk supplies; German-controlled mainline railways lay only 15 mi (24 km) to the north of the front line. A corps was moved to the 5th Army to provide labour for the preparation of the offensive. Areas were emptied of French civilians and buildings requisitioned. Thousands of kilometres of telephone cable were laid, a huge amount of ammunition and rations was dumped under cover and hundreds of guns were emplaced and camouflaged. Ten new rail lines with twenty stations were built and vast underground shelters ( 2814: 2248:

to exhaustion and incapable of a big offensive. The 5th Army command wanted to continue the east bank offensive until a line from Ouvrage de Thiaumont, to Fleury, Fort Souville and Fort de Tavannes had been reached, while on the west bank the French would be destroyed by their own counter-attacks. On 4 April, Falkenhayn replied that the French had retained a considerable reserve and that German resources were limited and not sufficient to replace continuously men and munitions. If the resumed offensive on the east bank failed to reach the Meuse Heights, Falkenhayn was willing to accept that the offensive had failed and end it.

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the "last throw of the dice" for the Entente. Falkenhayn had already given up the plan for a counter-offensive by the 6th Army and sent 18 divisions to the 2nd Army and to the Russian front from the reserve and from the 6th Army; only one division remaining uncommitted by the end of August. The 5th Army had been ordered to limit its attacks at Verdun in June but a final effort was made in July to capture Fort Souville. The attack failed and on 12 July Falkenhayn ordered a strict defensive policy, permitting only small local attacks to limit the number of troops the French could transfer to the Somme.

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on the Meuse Heights. French casualties were inflicted by constant infantry attacks which were far more costly in men than destroying counter-attacks with artillery. The stalemate was broken by the Brusilov Offensive and the Anglo-French relief offensive on the Somme, which Falkehayn had expected to begin the collapse of the Anglo-French armies. Falkenhayn had begun to remove divisions from the Western Front in June for the strategic reserve but only twelve divisions could be spared. Four divisions were sent to the Somme, where three defensive positions had been built, based on the experience of the

1046:, believed that although victory might no longer be achieved by a decisive battle, the French army could still be defeated if it suffered a sufficient number of casualties. Falkenhayn offered five corps from the strategic reserve for an offensive at Verdun at the beginning of February 1916 but only for an attack on the east bank of the Meuse. Falkenhayn considered it unlikely the French would be complacent about Verdun; he thought that they might send all their reserves there and begin a counter-offensive elsewhere or fight to hold Verdun while the British launched a relief offensive. After the war, 138: 2007: 2098: 3199: 3365: 1609: 3174:

the dominating heights around the city. The 5th Army would begin a big offensive but with the objectives limited to seizing the Meuse Heights on the east bank, on which the German heavy artillery would dominate the battlefield. The French Army would "bleed itself white" in hopeless attempts to recapture the heights. The British would be forced to launch a hasty relief offensive and suffer an equally costly defeat. If the French refused to negotiate, a German offensive would mop up the remnants of the Franco-British armies, breaking the Entente "once and for all".

3954: 2262: 4268: 2277:, led Knobelsdorf to take soundings from the 5th Army corps commanders, who unanimously wanted to continue. The German infantry were exposed to continuous artillery fire from the flanks and rear; communications from the rear and reserve positions were equally vulnerable, which caused a constant drain of casualties. Defensive positions were difficult to build, because existing positions were on ground which had been swept clear by German bombardments early in the offensive, leaving German infantry with very little cover. General 2773:

superstructure. Thirty soldiers of Infantry Regiment 140 managed to reach the top of the fort on 12 July, from where the Germans could see the roofs of Verdun and the spire of the cathedral. After a small French counter-attack, the survivors retreated to their start lines or surrendered. During the evening of 11 July, Falkenhayn ordered Crown Prince Wilhelm to go onto the defensive and on 15 July, the French conducted a larger counter-attack which gained no ground; for the rest of the month the French made only small attacks.

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incompatible with casualty conservation by limited attacks, with pauses to consolidate and prepare. Mudra and other commanders who disagreed were sacked. Falkenhayn also intervened to change German defensive tactics, advocating a dispersed defence with the second line to be held as a main line of resistance and jumping-off point for counter-attacks. Machine-guns were to be set up with overlapping fields of fire and infantry given specific areas to defend. When French infantry attacked, they were to be isolated by

3448: 4067: 2743: 4170:, Verdun marks a transgression of the limits of the human condition". From 1918 to 1939, the French expressed two memories of the battle. One was a patriotic view embodied in memorials built on the battlefield and the Nivelle quote "They shall not pass". The other was the memory of the survivors who recalled the death, suffering and sacrifice of others. Verdun soon became a focal point for commemorations of the war. In 1920, a ceremony was held in the citadel of Verdun to choose a body to bury in the 3134: 3276:(rotation) system quickly to relieve French troops at Verdun, which involved most of the French Army in the battle but for shorter periods than the German troops in the 5th Army. The symbolic importance of Verdun proved a rallying point and the French did not collapse. Falkenhayn was forced to conduct the offensive for much longer and commit far more infantry than intended. By the end of April, most of the German strategic reserve was at Verdun, suffering similar casualties to the French army. 1515:(a rate of fire so rapid that the sound of shell-explosions merged into a rumble) would not begin until the last hour. As the infantry advanced, the artillery would increase the range of the bombardment to destroy the French second position. Artillery observers were to advance with the infantry and communicate with the guns by field telephones, flares and coloured balloons. When the offensive began, the French were to be bombarded continuously, with harassing fire being maintained at night. 1789: 1169: 1862: 2337: 2434:

company attached. The 2nd Battalion was to attack from the south and the 1st Battalion was to move along the west side of the fort to the north end, taking Fontaine Trench and linking with the 6th Company. Two battalions of the 74th Infantry Regiment were to advance along the east and south-east sides of the fort and take a machine-gun turret on a ridge to the east. Flank support was arranged with neighbouring regiments and diversions were planned near Fort Vaux and the

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furthest point reached by the Germans during the Verdun offensive. On 24 June the preliminary Anglo-French bombardment began on the Somme. Fleury changed hands sixteen times from 23 June to 17 August and four French divisions were diverted to Verdun from the Somme. The French artillery recovered sufficiently on 24 June to cut off the German front line from the rear. By 25 June, both sides were exhausted and Knobelsdorf suspended the attack.

4344: 1683: 322: 2440:. Preparations for the attack included the digging of 7.5 mi (12 km) of trenches and the building of large numbers of depots and stores but little progress was made due to a shortage of pioneers. French troops captured on 13 May, disclosed the plan to the Germans, who responded by subjecting the area to more artillery harassing fire, which also slowed French preparations. 3964:

right (east) bank, XV Corps and XXXII Corps were to advance a similar distance and take Côte de Talou, hills 344, 326 and the Bois de Caurières. About 21 mi (34 km) of 20 ft (6 m) wide road was rebuilt and paved for the supply of ammunition, along with a branch of the 24 in (60 cm) light railway. The French artillery prepared the attack with

2281:, commander of XV Corps, also wrote that French heavy artillery and gas bombardments were undermining the morale of the German infantry, which made it necessary to keep going to reach safer defensive positions. Knobelsdorf reported these findings to Falkenhayn on 20 April, adding that if the Germans did not go forward, they must go back to the start line of 21 February. 6948:]. Schlachten des Weltkrieges: In Einzeldarstellungen bearbeitet und herausgegeben im Auftrage des Reichsarchivs. Unter Benutzung der amtlichen Quellen des Reichsarchivs (Battles of the World War in Monographs Edited and Published on behalf of the Reicharchiv. Using Official Sources of the Reichsarchiv). Vol. XIV. Oldenburg, Berlin: Gerhard Stalling Verlag. 1086:, the French suffered "extraordinary casualties" from the German heavy artillery, which Falkenhayn considered offered a way out of the dilemma of material inferiority and the growing strength of the Allies. In the north, a British relief offensive would wear down British reserves, to no decisive effect but create the conditions for a German counter-offensive near 4033:

bank and argued that the French must go on or go back. The Germans counter-attacked from higher ground several times in September; holding the ground captured in August proved more costly than taking it. Fayolle advocated a limited advance to make German counter-attacks harder, improve conditions in the front line and deceive the Germans about French intentions.

1550:(GQG), reported that the new defences were satisfactory, except for small deficiencies in three areas. The fortress garrisons had been reduced to small maintenance crews and some of the forts had been readied for demolition. The maintenance garrisons were responsible to the central military bureaucracy in Paris and when the XXX Corps commander, Major-General 1312:, five shelters, six concrete batteries, an underground infantry shelter, two ammunition depots and several concrete infantry trenches. The Verdun forts had a network of concrete infantry shelters, armoured observation posts, batteries, concrete trenches, command posts and underground shelters between the forts. The artillery comprised 2785:. This prompted French counter-attacks for two weeks, which were only able to retake a small amount of the captured ground. On 18 August, Fleury was recaptured and by September, French counter-attacks had recovered much of the ground lost in July and August. On 29 August Falkenhayn was replaced as Chief of the General Staff by 2452:

generator and gas from disinterred corpses polluted the air. Water ran short but until 20 May, the fort remained operational, reports being passed back and reinforcements moving forward until the afternoon, when the Bourges Casemate was isolated and the wireless station in the north-western machine-gun turret burnt down.

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and 31st divisions was obstructed by German gas bombardments but their attack captured all but Hill 304, which fell on 24 August. On the right bank, XV Corps had to cross the 1.9 mi (3 km)-wide Côte de Talou in the middle of no man's land. The French infantry reached their objectives except

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Army casualties on the Somme. The Russians attacked again, causing more casualties in June and July. Falkenhayn was called on to justify his strategy to the Kaiser on 8 July and again advocated the minimal reinforcement of the east in favour of the "decisive" battle in France; the Somme offensive was

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from August to the end of 1914. The 5th Army had a lower rate of loss than armies on the Eastern Front in 1915 and the French had a lower average rate of loss at Verdun than the rate over three weeks during the Second Battle of Champagne (September–October 1915), which were not deliberately fought as

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The French advance was preceded by a double creeping barrage, with shrapnel-fire from field artillery 210 ft (64 m) in front of the infantry and a high-explosive barrage 460 ft (140 m) ahead, which moved towards a standing shrapnel bombardment along the German second line, laid to

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Chapelle Sainte-Fine was quickly recaptured by the French and the German advance was halted. The supply of water to the German infantry broke down, the salient was vulnerable to fire from three sides and the attack could not continue without more Diphosgene ammunition. Chapelle Sainte-Fine became the

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and reached their initial objectives easily. Gossler ordered a pause in the attack, to consolidate the captured ground and to prepare another big bombardment for the next day. On 22 March, two divisions attacked "Termite Hill" near Côte 304 but were met by a mass of artillery fire, which also fell on

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After a week, the German attack had reached the first-day objectives, to find that French guns behind Côte de Marre and Bois Bourrus were still operational and inflicting many casualties among the Germans on the east bank. German artillery moved to Côte 265, was subjected to systematic artillery fire

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would advance in open order, supported by grenade and flame-thrower detachments. Wherever possible, the French advanced trenches were to be occupied and the second position reconnoitred for the artillery to bombard on the second day. Great emphasis was placed on limiting German infantry casualties by

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Many of the Verdun forts had been modernised and made more resistant to artillery, with a reconstruction programme begun at Douaumont in the 1880s. A sand cushion and thick, steel-reinforced concrete tops up to 8 ft 2 in (2.5 m) thick, buried under 3 ft 3 in – 13 ft

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A XV Corps attack on 7 September failed and on 8 September XXXII Corps gained a costly success. The attack continued and the trenches necessary for a secure defensive position were taken but not the last German observation point. More attacks were met by massed artillery fire and counter-attacks and

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into the area to escort reconnaissance aircraft and protect observation balloons. The 5th Army had spent a year improving their defences at Verdun, including the excavation of tunnels linking Mort-Homme with the rear, to deliver supplies and infantry with impunity. On the right bank, the Germans had

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Fighting in such a small area devastated the land, resulting in miserable conditions for troops on both sides. Rain and the constant artillery bombardments turned the clayey soil into a wasteland of mud full of debris and human remains; shell craters filled with water and soldiers risked drowning in

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Falkenhayn had underestimated the French, for whom victory at all costs was the only way to justify the sacrifices already made; the French army never came close to collapsing and causing a premature British relief offensive. The ability of the German army to inflict disproportionate losses had also

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The strength of the Anglo-French attack on the Somme surprised Falkenhayn and his staff, despite the British casualties on 1 July. Artillery losses to "overwhelming" Anglo-French counter-battery fire and the German tactic of instant counter-attacks, led to far more German infantry casualties than at

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weighing 1,350,000 long tons (1,370,000 t). By May, the German offensive had been defeated by French reinforcements, difficulties of terrain and the weather. The 5th Army infantry was stuck in tactically dangerous positions, overlooked by the French on both banks of the Meuse, instead of dug in

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With insufficient forces to break through the Western Front and to overcome the reserves behind it, Falkenhayn tried to force the French to attack instead, by threatening a sensitive point close to the front line and chose Verdun. Huge losses were to be inflicted on the French by German artillery on

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Krumeich wrote that the Christmas Memorandum was fabricated to justify a failed strategy and that attrition had been substituted for the capture of Verdun only after the attack failed. Foley wrote that after the failure of the Ypres Offensive of 1914, Falkenhayn had returned to the pre-war strategic

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Conditions for the German infantry in the vicinity were far worse and by 18 May, the French destructive bombardment had obliterated many defensive positions, the survivors sheltering in shell-holes and dips of the ground. Communication with the rear was severed and food and water ran out by the time

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guns, began on 17 May and by 21 May, the French artillery commander claimed that the fort had been severely damaged. During the bombardment the German garrison in the fort experienced great strain, as French heavy shells smashed holes in the walls and concrete dust, exhaust fumes from an electricity

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took over the Second Army at Verdun. From 4 to 24 May, German attacks were made on the west bank around Mort-Homme and on 4 May, the north slope of Côte 304 was captured; French counter-attacks from 5 to 6 May were repulsed. The French defenders on the crest of Côte 304 were forced back on 7 May but

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In mid-March, Falkenhayn had reminded the 5th Army to use tactics intended to conserve infantry, after the corps commanders had been allowed discretion to choose between the cautious, "step by step" tactics desired by Falkenhayn and maximum efforts, intended to obtain quick results. On the third day

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and Falkenhayn began to think of ending the offensive, lest it become another costly and indecisive engagement similar to the First Battle of Ypres in late 1914. The 5th Army staff requested more reinforcements from Falkenhayn on 31 March with an optimistic report claiming that the French were close

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The German advance gained little ground on 27 February, after a thaw turned the ground into a swamp and the arrival of French reinforcements increased the effectiveness of the defence. Some German artillery became unserviceable and other batteries became stranded in the mud. German infantry began to

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fire. The heavy artillery was to maintain long-range bombardment of French supply routes and assembly areas; counter-battery fire was reserved for specialist batteries firing gas shells. Co-operation between the artillery and infantry was stressed, with accuracy of the artillery being given priority

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in 1915, the Germans planned to capture the Meuse Heights, an excellent defensive position, with good observation for artillery-fire on Verdun. The Germans hoped that the French would commit their strategic reserve to recapture the position and suffer catastrophic losses at little cost to the German

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of Beaumont-en-Verdunois, Bezonvaux, Cumières-le-Mort-Homme, Fleury-devant-Douaumont, Haumont-près-Samogneux and Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre. Alain Denizot included period photographs that show overlapping shell craters in an area of about 39 sq mi (100 km). Forests planted in the 1930s

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from the beginning, contrary to the views of Wolfgang Foerster in 1937, Gerd Krumeich in 1996 and others but the loss of documents led to many interpretations of the strategy. In 1916, critics of Falkenhayn claimed that the battle demonstrated that he was indecisive and unfit for command, echoed by

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The string in France has reached breaking point. A mass breakthrough—which in any case is beyond our means—is unnecessary. Within our reach there are objectives for the retention of which the French General Staff would be compelled to throw in every man they have. If they do so the forces of France

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surrendering on 7 June. When news of the loss of Fort Vaux reached Verdun, the Line of Panic was occupied and trenches were dug on the edge of the city. On the left bank, the German advanced from the line Côte 304, Mort-Homme and Cumières and threatened the French hold on Chattancourt and Avocourt.

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would conceal their advance by shrewd use of terrain and capture any blockhouses which remained after the artillery preparation. Strongpoints which could not be taken were to be by-passed and captured by follow-up troops. Falkenhayn ordered that the command of field and heavy artillery units was to

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In March the German attacks had no advantage of surprise and faced a determined and well-supplied adversary in superior defensive positions. German artillery could still devastate the French positions but could not prevent French artillery fire from inflicting many casualties on German infantry and

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in two parts, on Mort-Homme and Côte 265 on 6 March, followed by attacks on Avocourt and Côte 304 on 9 March. The German bombardment reduced the top of Côte 304 from a height of 997 ft (304 m) to 980 ft (300 m); Mort-Homme sheltered batteries of French field guns, which hindered

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to Verdun. The swift German advance had gone beyond the range of artillery covering fire and the muddy conditions made it very difficult to move the artillery forward as planned. The German advance southwards brought it into range of French artillery west of the Meuse, whose fire caused more German

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and 647 long tons (657 t) of ammunition in the forts of the RFV had been removed, leaving only the heavy guns in retractable turrets. The conversion of the RFV to a conventional linear defence, with trenches and barbed wire began but proceeded slowly, after resources were sent west from Verdun

1498:, which stipulated that the corps Generals of Foot Artillery were responsible for local target selection, while co-ordination of flanking fire by neighbouring corps and the fire of certain batteries, was reserved to the 5th Army headquarters. French fortifications were to be engaged by the heaviest 4226:

In the 1960s, Verdun became a symbol of Franco-German reconciliation, through remembrance of common suffering and in the 1980s it became a capital of peace. Organisations were formed and old museums were dedicated to the ideals of peace and human rights. On 22 September 1984, the German Chancellor

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The French planned an attack on a 5.6 mi (9 km) front on both sides of the Meuse; XIII Corps and XVI Corps to attack on the left bank with two divisions each and two in reserve. Côte 304, Mort-Homme and Côte (hill) de l'Oie were to be captured in a 1.9 mi (3 km) advance. On the

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III Corps was to command the attack by the 5th Division and the 71st Brigade, with support from three balloon companies for artillery observation and a fighter group. The main effort was to be conducted by two battalions of the 129th Infantry Regiment, each with a pioneer company and a machine-gun

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From 10 May German operations were limited to local attacks, either in reply to French counter-attacks on 11 April between Douaumont and Vaux and on 17 April between the Meuse and Douaumont, or local attempts to take points of tactical value. At the beginning of May, General Pétain was promoted to

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most of the OHL reserve, had been sent to Verdun and troops had also been transferred from the Eastern Front. The resort to large, unlimited attacks was costly for both sides but the German advance proceeded only slowly. Rather than causing devastating French casualties by heavy artillery with the

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Regiment 24 advanced with the II and III battalions side-by-side, each formed into two waves composed of two companies each. A delay in the arrival of orders to the regiments on the flanks, led to the III Battalion advancing without support on that flank. The Germans rushed French positions in the

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along a front about 19 mi (30 km) long by 3.1 mi (5 km) wide. The main concentration of fire was on the right (east) bank of the Meuse river. Twenty-six super-heavy, long-range guns, up to 17-inch (420 mm), fired on the forts and the city of Verdun; a rumble that could be heard

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were massed on the Verdun front, two thirds of which were heavy- and super-heavy artillery, which was obtained by stripping modern German artillery from the rest of the Western Front and substituting for it older types and captured Russian and Belgian guns. The German artillery could fire into the

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recruits. V Corps was placed behind the front line, ready to advance if necessary when the assault divisions were moving up. XV Corps, with two divisions, was in 5th Army reserve, ready to advance and mop up as soon as the French defence collapsed. Special arrangements were made to maintain a high

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Guillaumat was ordered to plan an operation to capture several trenches and a more ambitious offensive on the east bank to take the last ground from which German artillery observers could see Verdun. Pétain questioned Guillaumat and Fayolle, who criticised the selection of objectives on the right

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for a trench between hills 344, 326 and Samogneux, which was taken on 23 August. XXXII Corps reached its objectives in a costly advance but the troops found themselves too close to German trenches and under observed fire from German guns on high ground between Bezonvaux and Ornes. The French took

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eventually limited ripostes to important ground only, the rest to be retaken during the main attack. A preliminary bombardment began on 11 August and the destructive bombardment began two days later but poor weather led to the infantry attack being put back to 20 August. The assembly of the 25th,

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The infantry advanced 160 ft (50 m) behind a creeping field-artillery barrage, moving at a rate of 160 ft (50 m) in two minutes, beyond which a heavy artillery barrage moved in 1,600–3,300 ft (500–1,000 m) lifts, as the field artillery barrage came within 490 ft

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on 22 May on a 0.62 mi (1 km) front. On the left flank the 36th Infantry Regiment attack quickly captured Morchée Trench and Bonnet-d'Evèque but suffered many casualties and the regiment could advance no further. The flank guard on the right was pinned down, except for one company which

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In mid-April, Falkenhayn ordered that infantry should advance close to the barrage, to exploit the neutralising effect of the shellfire on surviving defenders, because fresh troops at Verdun had not been trained in these methods. Knobelsdorf persisted with attempts to maintain momentum, which was

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and the Vaux–Fleury railway but were then driven back by the French 5th Division. An attack was made on a wider front along both banks by the Germans at noon on 9 April, with five divisions on the left bank but this was repulsed except at Mort-Homme, where the French 42nd Division was forced back

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tried to signal to the artillery with flares but they were not seen due to the twilight and falling snow. Some of the party began to cut through the wire around the fort, while French machine-gun fire from Douaumont village ceased. The French had seen the German flares and took the Germans on the

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Fort Souville dominated a crest 0.62 mi (1 km) south-east of Fleury and was one of the original objectives of the February offensive. The capture of the fort would give the Germans control of the heights overlooking Verdun and allow the infantry to dig in on commanding ground. A German

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Before the offensive, Falkenhayn had expected that French artillery on the west bank would be suppressed by counter-battery fire but this had failed. The Germans set up a specialist artillery force to counter French artillery fire from the west bank but this also failed to reduce German infantry

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bigger attack elsewhere but finally yielded to political pressure and ordered the VII Corps to Verdun on 23 January, to hold the north face of the west bank. XXX Corps held the salient east of the Meuse to the north and north-east and II Corps held the eastern face of the Meuse Heights; Herr had

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Hints about Falkenhayn's thinking were picked up by Dutch military intelligence and passed on to the British in December. The German strategy was to create a favourable operational situation without a mass attack, which had been costly and ineffective when tried by the Franco-British, Falkenhayn

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Despite German small-arms fire, the 129th Infantry Regiment reached the fort in a few minutes and managed to get in through the west and south sides. By nightfall, about half of the fort had been recaptured and next day, the 34th Division was sent to reinforce the French troops in the fort. The

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In late January 1916, French intelligence obtained an accurate assessment of German military capacity and intentions at Verdun but Joffre considered that an attack would be a diversion, because of the lack of an obvious strategic objective. By the time of the German offensive, Joffre expected a

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ordered there to be no retreat and that German attacks were to be counter-attacked, despite this exposing French infantry to the German artillery. By 29 March, French guns on the west bank had begun a constant bombardment of Germans on the east bank, causing many infantry casualties. The German

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In a revised instruction to the French Army in January 1916, the General Staff (GQG) wrote that equipment could not be fought by men. Firepower could conserve infantry but attrition prolonged the war and consumed troops that had been preserved in earlier battles. In 1915 and early 1916, German

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The Haudromont quarries, Ouvrage de Thiaumont and Thiaumont Farm, Douaumont village, the northern end of Caillette Wood, Vaux pond, the eastern fringe of Bois Fumin and the Damloup battery were captured. The heaviest French artillery bombarded Fort Vaux for the next week and on 2 November, the

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The German strategy in 1916 was to inflict mass casualties on the French, a goal achieved against the Russians from 1914 to 1915, to weaken the French Army to the point of collapse. The French had to be drawn into circumstances from which the Army could not escape, for reasons of strategy and

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An attack by three German divisions began on 11 July, but German infantry bunched on the path leading to Fort Souville and came under bombardment from French artillery. The surviving troops were fired on by sixty French machine-gunners, who had emerged from the fort and taken positions on the

3208:

French infantry survived bombardment better because their positions were dispersed and tended to be on dominating ground, not always visible to the Germans. As soon as a German attack began, the French replied with machine-gun and rapid field-artillery fire. On 22 April, the Germans suffered

1428:

in the next twelve. Five repair shops were built close to the front to reduce delays for maintenance and factories in Germany were made ready, rapidly to refurbish artillery needing more extensive repairs. A redeployment plan for the artillery was devised, to move field guns and mobile heavy

1950:

and the French held on to Samogneux. German attacks continued on 24 February and the French XXX Corps was forced out of the second line of defence; XX Corps (General Maurice Balfourier) arrived at the last minute and was rushed forward. That evening Castelnau advised Joffre that the

938:

In early May, the Germans changed tactics again and made local attacks and counter-attacks; the French recaptured part of Fort Douaumont but the Germans ejected them and took many prisoners. The Germans tried alternating their attacks on either side of the Meuse and in June captured

7168:

Förster, W. (1937). "Falkenhayns Plan für 1916 ein Beitrag zur Frage: Wie gelangt man aus dem Stellungskrieg zu Entscheidungsuchender Operation?" [Falkenhayn's plan for 1916: A Contribution to the Question: How to get out of Trench Warfare and Attain a Decisive Decision?].

3931:

Discontent began to spread among French troops at Verdun; after the promotion of Pétain from the Second Army on 1 June and his replacement by Nivelle, five infantry regiments were affected by episodes of "collective indiscipline"; Lieutenants Henri Herduin and Pierre Millant were

1037:

to break through the German defences and recover the lost territory. In late 1914 and in 1915, offensives on the Western Front had failed to gain much ground and been extremely costly in casualties. According to his memoirs written after the war, the Chief of the

2028:

retreating from Côte 378. The Germans were able to reach the north-east end of the fort before the French resumed firing. The German party found a way through the railings on top of the ditch and climbed down without being fired on, since the machine-gun bunkers

4606:

said that the situation was "somewhat like Verdun". French forces at Dien Bien Phu were supplied by transport aircraft, using a landing strip in range of Viet Minh artillery; the French forces at Verdun were supplied by road and rail, beyond the reach of German

2170:

by the French, which left the Germans needing to implement the second part of the west bank offensive, to protect the gains of the first phase. German attacks changed from large operations on broad fronts, to narrow-front attacks with limited objectives.

2333:

be combined, with a commander at each corps headquarters. Common observers and communication systems would ensure that batteries in different places could bring targets under converging fire, which would be allotted systematically to support divisions.

2937:

French eavesdroppers overheard a German wireless message announcing the departure and a French infantry company entered the fort unopposed; on 5 November, the French reached the front line of 24 February and offensive operations ceased until December.

2296:

infantry in secure defensive positions, which the French were compelled to attack, the Germans inflicted casualties by attacks which provoked French counter-attacks and assumed that the process inflicted five French casualties for two German losses.

2572:

Later in May 1916, the German attacks shifted from the left bank at Mort-Homme and Côte 304 to the right bank, south of Fort Douaumont. A German attack to reach Fleury Ridge, the last French defensive line began. The attack was intended to capture

2290:

and advocated a return to wide-front attacks with unlimited objectives, swiftly to reach the line from Ouvrage de Thiaumont to Fleury, Fort Souville and Fort de Tavannes. Falkenhayn was persuaded to agree to the change and by the end of April,

2060:

A French counter-attack on Fort Douaumont failed and Pétain ordered that no more attempts were to be made; existing lines were to be consolidated and other forts were to be occupied, rearmed and supplied to withstand a siege if surrounded.

3069:

at Douaumont had been repaired and fired in support of the French attack. The closest German point to Verdun had been pushed 4.7 mi (7.5 km) back and all the dominating observation points had been recaptured. The French took

1063:

By seizing or threatening to capture Verdun, the Germans anticipated that the French would send all their reserves, which would then have to attack secure German defensive positions supported by a powerful artillery reserve. In the

2353:(barrage-fire) on their former front line, to increase French infantry casualties. The changes desired by Falkenhayn had little effect, because the main cause of German casualties was artillery fire, just as it was for the French. 3186:

and each corps with four groups of long-range guns. Both sides at Verdun had the means to fire huge numbers of heavy shells to suppress the opposing defences before risking infantry in the open. At the end of May, the Germans had

1127:

of ammunition. Plans to demolish forts Douaumont and Vaux to deny them to the Germans were made and 11,000 lb (5,000 kg) of explosives had been placed in Douaumont by the time of the German offensive on 21 February. The

2074:

being suffered in the fighting around Douaumont village. On 29 February, the German advance was contained at Douaumont by a heavy snowfall and the defence of French 33rd Infantry Regiment. Delays gave the French time to bring up

4597:

of German infantry casualties. In 1935, a number of mechanised and motorised units were deployed behind the Maginot Line and plans were laid to send detachments to fight a mobile defence in front of the fortifications. At the

1723:

on the left bank. A "line of resistance" was established on the east bank from Souville to Thiaumont, around Fort Douaumont to Fort Vaux, Moulainville and along the ridge of the Woëvre. On the west bank, the line ran from

1294:. More guns were added from 1903 to 1913 in four retractable steel turrets. The guns could rotate for all-round defence and two smaller versions, at the north-eastern and north-western corners of the fort, housed twin 2837:

at Verdun were replaced by mid-October and French infantry platoons were reorganised to contain sections of riflemen, grenadiers and machine-gunners. In a six-day preliminary bombardment, the French artillery fired

2925:(150 m), to force the German infantry and machine-gunners to stay under cover. The Germans had partly evacuated Douaumont and it was recaptured on 24 October by French marines and colonial infantry; more than 3564:

reported to the Chamber of Deputies but could not give figures per battle, except for some by using numerical reports from the armies, which were unreliable unless reconciled with the system established in 1916.

3267:

in 1917. The penalty of attrition tactics was indecision, because limited-objective attacks under an umbrella of massed heavy artillery fire could succeed but led to battles of unlimited duration. Pétain used a

4120:

On the right bank of the Meuse, a combined Franco-American force under American command, took Brabant, Haumont, Bois d'Haumont and Bois des Caures and then crossed the front line of February 1916. By November,

955:

into the French defences. Fleury was captured and the Germans came within 2.5 mi (4 km) of the Verdun citadel but in July the offensive was limited to provide troops, artillery and ammunition for the

964:

to the Somme front. From 23 June to 17 August, Fleury changed hands sixteen times and a German attack on Fort Souville failed. The offensive was reduced further but to keep French troops away from the Somme,

7186:

Krumeich, G. (1996). ""Saigner la France"? Mythes et Realite de la Strategie Allemande de la Bataille de Verdun" ["Bleed France"? Myths and Reality of the German Strategy of the Battle of Verdun].

3902:

them. Forests were reduced to tangled piles of wood by artillery fire and eventually obliterated. The effect of the battle on many soldiers was profound and accounts of men breaking down with insanity and

1825:

The bombardment was paused at midday as a ruse to prompt French survivors to reveal themselves and German artillery-observation aircraft were able to fly over the battlefield unchallenged. The III Corps,

1589:(wall bunkers) with Hotchkiss revolver-cannons protecting the moats, were unmanned and over 11,000 lb; 4.9 long tons (5,000 kg) of explosives had been placed in the fort to demolish it. Colonel 2044:

After quietly moving inside, the Germans heard voices and persuaded a French prisoner, captured in an observation post, to lead them to the lower floor, where they found Warrant Officer Chenot and about

3556:(Medical Report). Using such sources for comparison is difficult because the information recorded losses over time, rather than place. Losses calculated for a battle could be inconsistent, as in the 2326:(storm units) composed of two infantry squads and one of engineers, armed with automatic weapons, hand grenades, trench mortars and flame-throwers, to advance in front of the main infantry body. The 3130:(Army Military History Research Institute) files, he concluded that the memorandum had been written after the war but that it was an accurate reflection of Falkenhayn's thinking at the end of 1915. 3921:

Humanity is mad. It must be mad to do what it is doing. What a massacre! What scenes of horror and carnage! I cannot find words to translate my impressions. Hell cannot be so terrible. Men are mad!

2049:

troops, most of the skeleton garrison of the fort, and took them prisoner. On 26 February, the Germans had advanced 1.9 mi (3 km) on a 6.2 mi (10 km) front; French losses were

2648:

when some French troops were able to fight a rearguard action. The Ouvrage (shelter) de Thiaumont and the Ouvrage de Froidterre at the south end of the plateau were captured and the villages of

4516:

Klüfer of Infantry Regiment 24 being transferred and to controversy after the war, when Radtke published a memoir and Klüfer published a detailed examination of the capture of the fort, naming

1220:) had been built around Verdun on commanding ground, at least 490 ft (150 m) above the river valley, 1.6–5.0 mi (2.5–8 km) from the citadel. A programme had been devised by 2395:, commander of the 5th Division to plan a counter-attack on Fort Douaumont. The initial plan was for an attack on a 1.9 mi (3 km) front but several minor German attacks captured the 4440:

Forts in the outer ring were (clockwise) Douaumont, Vaux, Moulainville, Le Rozelier, Haudainville, Dugny, Regret and Marre. The inner ring included Souville, Tavannes, Belrupt and Belleville.

3574:

discriminate between lightly wounded, treated locally for 20 to 30 days and severely wounded evacuated to hospitals. Uncertainty over the criteria had not been resolved before the war ended.

3396:. Before the battle on the Somme began, Falkenhayn thought that German preparations were better than ever and the British offensive would easily be defeated. The 6th Army, further north, had 2173:

On 14 March a German attack captured Côte 265 at the west end of Mort-Homme but the French 75th Infantry Brigade managed to hold Côte 295 at the east end. On 20 March, after a bombardment by

2373:

German infantry were unable to occupy the ridge, because of the intensity of French artillery fire. Cumieres and Caurettes fell on 24 May as a French counter-attack began at Fort Douaumont.

3505:

with the records of hospital admissions. The new system was used to calculate losses back to August 1914, which took several months; the system had become established by February 1916. The

3427:

been overestimated, in part because the 5th Army commanders had tried to capture Verdun and attacked regardless of loss. Even when reconciled to the attrition strategy, they continued with

2126:

artillery batteries, artillery command was centralised under one officer and arrangements were made for the artillery on the east bank to fire in support. The attack was planned by General

2035:) at each corner of the ditch had been left unmanned. The German parties continued and found a way inside the fort through one of the unoccupied ditch bunkers and then reached the central 1696:

the corps commander, to hold the right (east) bank of the Meuse at all costs. Herr sent a division from the west bank and ordered XXX Corps to hold a line from Bras to Douaumont, Vaux and

3178:

industry quintupled the output of heavy artillery and doubled the production of super-heavy artillery. French production had also recovered since 1914 and by February 1916 the army had

2555: 3469:) at the Ministry of War received daily counts of wounded taken in by hospitals and other services but casualty data was dispersed among regimental depots, GQG, the Registry Office ( 2562: 370: 935:

offensive was extended to the west bank of the Meuse to gain observation and eliminate the French artillery firing over the river but the attacks failed to reach their objectives.

9207: 6243: 9222: 3115:

prestige. The Germans planned to use a large number of heavy and super-heavy guns to inflict a greater number of casualties than French artillery, which relied mostly upon the

1012:

casualties were suffered in the vicinity of Verdun in the war. In France, the battle came to symbolise the determination of the French Army and the destructiveness of the war.

9406: 3162:(attrition strategy), because the coalition fighting Germany was too powerful to be defeated decisively. Falkenhayn wanted to divide the Allies by forcing at least one of the 2982:

The final French bombardment was directed from artillery-observation aircraft, falling on trenches, dugout entrances and observation posts. Five German divisions supported by

1119:

in 1914 that fortifications had been made obsolete by German super-heavy siege artillery. In a directive of the General Staff of 5 August 1915, the RFV was to be stripped of

4052:

artillery groups conducted a raid on a 2.5 mi (4 km) front in appalling weather. A line of pillboxes were demolished and the infantry returned to their positions.

4108:. German troops were able to repulse American attacks on Montfaucon ridge, until it was outflanked to the south and Montfaucon was surrounded. German counter-attacks from 4092:

after a three-hour bombardment. American troops quickly captured Malancourt, Bethincourt and Forges on the left bank of the Meuse and by midday the Americans had reached

2644:

the Germans attacked on a 3.1 mi (5 km) front and drove a 1.9 by 1.2 mi (3 by 2 km) salient into the French defences. The advance was unopposed until

1913:

managed to escape. Poor communications meant that only then did the French High Command realise the seriousness of the attack. The Germans managed to take the village of

1136:

and a small reserve of ammunition, while their garrisons had been reduced to small maintenance crews. The railway line from the south into Verdun had been cut during the

4281: 3218: 7665: 7524:

Bruce, Robert B. (1998). "To the Last Limits of Their Strength The French Army and the Logistics of Attrition at the Battle of Verdun 21 February – 18 December 1916".

2962:) was planned by Pétain and Nivelle and commanded by Mangin. The 126th Division (General Paul Muteau), 38th Division (General Guyot de Salins), 37th Division (General 2734:(1 July – 18 November 1916), forced the Germans to transfer some of their artillery from Verdun, which was the first strategic success of the Anglo-French offensive. 9304: 2193:

The limited German success had been costly and French artillery inflicted more casualties as the German infantry tried to dig in. By 30 March, Gossler had captured

1575:. One of the rotating 6.1 in (155 mm) turrets was partially manned and the other was left empty. The Hotchkiss machine-guns were stored in boxes and four 8941: 8765: 8105: 2508:, a battalion of the 74th Infantry Regiment was unable to leave its trenches; the other battalion managed to reach its objectives at an ammunition depot, shelter 9383: 4267: 2476:. German artillery fire increased and twenty minutes before zero hour, a German bombardment began, which reduced the 129th Infantry Regiment companies to about 9411: 7918: 3229:

rather than distributing them piecemeal across the front, unable to concentrate against large German formations. The fighter escadrilles drove away the German

972:

In September and December, French counter-offensives recaptured much ground on the east bank and recovered Fort Douaumont and Fort Vaux. The battle lasted for

1543: 215: 9599: 9326: 9018: 7976: 7612: 3217:

artillery shells against an attack to the south-east of Fort Douaumont. A few days after taking over at Verdun, Pétain ordered the air commander, Commandant

3124:

Foerster in 1937. In 1994, Holger Afflerbach questioned the authenticity of the "Christmas Memorandum"; after studying the evidence that had survived in the

363: 9859: 9706: 2595:

Heavy rains slowed the German advance towards Fort Souville, where both sides attacked and counter-attacked for the next two months. The 5th Army suffered

9849: 9614: 9369: 2920:

The 38th Division (General Guyot de Salins), 133rd Division (General Fenelon F.G. Passaga) and 74th Division (General Charles de Lardemelle) attacked at

3870:

casualties in 2005. In 2005, Robert Foley used the Wendt calculations of 1931 to give German casualties at Verdun from 21 February to 31 August 1916 of

3221:

to sweep away German fighter aircraft and to provide artillery observation. German air superiority was reversed by concentrating the French fighters in

2213:). Malancourt village was captured on 31 March, Haucourt fell on 5 April and Béthincourt on 8 April. On the east bank, German attacks near Vaux reached 1072:), the German and Austro-Hungarian Armies attacked Russian defences frontally, after pulverising them with large amounts of heavy artillery. During the 9609: 9299: 9250: 9165: 9844: 9453: 3794:

In 2000, Holger Afflerbach used calculations made by Hermann Wendt in 1931 to give German casualties at Verdun from 21 February to 31 August 1916 as

1732:, Côte 304 and Avocourt. A "line of panic" was planned in secret as a final line of defence north of Verdun, through forts Belleville, St Michel and 6970:

Königlich preußisches Sturm-Bataillon Nr 5 (Rohr): nach der Erinnerung aufgezeichnet unter Zuhilfenahme des Tagebuches von Oberstleutnant a. D. Rohr

3858:

missing, many of whom were eventually presumed dead. Doughty wrote that other historians had followed Winston Churchill (1927) who gave a figure of

9839: 4307: 4199: 3166:

powers into a negotiated peace. An attempt at attrition lay behind the offensive in the east in 1915 but the Russians had refused to accept German

598: 356: 3059:

to Côte du Poivre, 1.2–1.9 mi (2–3 km) beyond Douaumont and 0.62 mi (1 km) north of Fort Vaux, before the German reserves and

1306:

at the north end, to cover the intervals between the neighbouring forts. The fort at Douaumont formed part of a complex of the village, fort, six

9294: 8652: 660: 2793:. On 3 September, an attack on both flanks at Fleury advanced the French line several hundred metres, against which German counter-attacks from 9879: 4585:) along the border with Germany began. At Verdun, French field artillery in the open outnumbered turreted guns in the Verdun forts by at least 2904:

the super-heavy shells hit Fort Douaumont, the sixth penetrating to the lowest level and exploding in a pioneer depot, starting a fire next to

8083: 3544:(Central Information Office) published an amended edition of the lists produced during the war, incorporating medical service data not in the 8145: 7650: 4539:

leader and President of France, was a company commander in this regiment and was wounded and taken prisoner near Douaumont during the battle.

1542:

In October 1915, building began on trench lines known as the first, second and third positions and in January 1916, an inspection by General

6251: 1246:

were sited to overlook each other for mutual support and the outer ring had a circumference of 28 mi (45 km). The outer forts had

86: 9354: 9284: 8923: 8135: 8046: 1295: 3608:

contained incomplete data for the Verdun area, did not define "wounded" and the 5th Army field reports exclude them. The Marin Report and

9378: 8269: 7723: 4236: 1547: 1025:

After the German invasion of France had been halted at the First Battle of the Marne in September 1914, the war of movement ended at the

3910:

and execution if captured; on 20 March, French deserters disclosed details of French defences to the Germans, who were able to surround

1605:. The formidable Verdun defences were a shell and were now threatened by a German offensive; Driant was to be proved correct by events. 7946: 7567:

Initiative Within the Philosophy of Auftragstaktik: Determining Factors of the Understanding of Initiative in the German Army 1806–1955

3720:

to include lightly wounded, following the views of McRandle and Quirk; the loss rate is similar to the estimate for French casualties.

6492:] (in German) (facs. trans. of Hutchinson 1919 trans. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). Berlin: Mittler & Sohn. 8276: 3723: 1329:

were linked by telephone and telegraph, a narrow-gauge railway system and a road network; on mobilisation, the RFV had a garrison of

581: 3032:

the five front divisions were lost, most having been trapped while under cover and taken prisoner when the French infantry arrived.

2137:

and then losing it to a French counter-attack, the Germans launched another assault on Mort-Homme on 9 March, from the direction of

7928: 1842:

followed closely with rifles slung, using hand grenades to kill the remaining defenders. This tactic had been developed by Captain

1708:

as head of operations, only to hear that Fort Douaumont had fallen. Pétain ordered the remaining Verdun forts to be re-garrisoned.

9604: 2522:

attempt to reinforce the fort failed and German reserves managed to cut off the French troops inside and force them to surrender,

9536: 9374: 9361: 9318: 9227: 8953: 8755: 8662: 8564: 8322: 7969: 3051:

divisions, which had been ordered forward the previous evening, were still 14 mi (23 km) away at noon. By the night of

1692:

Castelnau met De Langle de Cary on 25 February, who doubted the east bank could be held. Castelnau disagreed and ordered General

7622: 2131:

German progress towards Verdun on the right bank; the hills also provided commanding views of the left bank. After storming the

9869: 9864: 9728: 9718: 9586: 4522:

Kunze as the first German soldier to enter Fort Douaumont, which was considered improbable since only one report mentioned him.

2885: 1583:

had already been removed. The drawbridge had been jammed in the down position by a German shell and had not been repaired. The

4148: 2674:

Nivelle had been concerned about declining French morale at Verdun; after his promotion to lead the Second Army in June 1916,

9884: 9500: 9434: 9271: 9150: 8823: 7842: 7698: 7462: 7422: 7396: 7374: 7321: 7299: 7280: 7261: 7242: 7113: 7077: 7058: 7039: 7020: 6998: 6928: 6909: 6890: 6842: 6816: 6794: 6750: 6731: 6708: 6689: 6666: 6644: 6625: 6606: 6584: 6565: 6546: 6523: 6497: 6452: 6430: 6411: 6392: 6353: 6331: 2893: 9675: 9095: 7880: 7533: 3538:

of 1924–1925. German medical units kept detailed records of medical treatment at the front and in hospital and in 1923 the

2590:

troops, the top of Fort Vaux was occupied on 2 June. Fighting went on underground until the garrison ran out of water, the

916:

in the first three days. The advance then slowed for several days, despite inflicting many French casualties. By 6 March,

9446: 8770: 8398: 7903: 3759:

Churchill wrote that an eighth needed to be deducted from his figures to account for casualties on other sectors, giving

3457:

In 2013, Paul Jankowski wrote that since the beginning of the war, French army units had produced numerical loss states (

335: 9660: 7642: 3099:

Falkenhayn wrote in his memoirs that he sent an appreciation of the strategic situation to the Kaiser in December 1915,

2619: 2203:

and the Germans were still short of Côte 304. On 30 March, the XXII Reserve Corps arrived as reinforcements and General

9645: 8935: 8337: 8095: 7256:. Translated by Uffindell, A. (Hbk. Pen & Sword Military, Barnsley ed.). Paris: Bernard Giovanangeli Éditeur. 7237:]. Translated by Buckley, Anne; Summers, Caroline (Hbk. Cambridge University Press ed.). München: C. H. Beck. 6974:

Royal Prussian Storm Battalion No. 5 (Rohr): After the Memory Recorded using the Diary of Lieutenant-Colonel a. D. Rohr

189: 2873: 447: 9520: 9214: 9030: 8302: 7773: 7565: 3043:, despite attacking in very bad weather. German reserve battalions did not reach the front until the evening and two 1806:(Operation Judgement) was due to begin on 12 February but fog, heavy rain and high winds delayed the offensive until 1447: 1368:–Aubréville–Verdun railway in the Forest of Argonne was closed in mid-July 1915, by the right flank divisions of the 1104: 400: 2147:

was captured again at great cost in casualties, before the Germans took parts of Mort-Homme, Côte 304, Cumières and

8700: 7738: 7139:

Barcellini, S. (1996). "Memoire et Memoires de Verdun 1916–1996" [Memory and Memoirs of Verdun 1916–1996].

2084:

infantry casualties than in the earlier fighting, when French infantry on the east bank had fewer guns in support.

1839: 1376: 1111:, the Commander-in-Chief of the French Army, had concluded from the swift capture of the Belgian fortresses at the 815: 2579:, Fleury, Fort Souville and Fort Vaux at the north-east extremity of the French line, which had been bombarded by 2456:

of the French attack on 22 May. The troops of Infantry Regiment 52 in front of Fort Douaumont had been reduced to

1397:

The III Corps, VII Reserve Corps and XVIII Corps were transferred to the 5th Army, each corps being reinforced by

9771: 9576: 9556: 9343: 9279: 9102: 8971: 7875: 7795: 7733: 7659: 7637: 518: 314: 8436: 3240:

The fighting at Verdun was less costly to both sides than the war of movement in 1914, when the French suffered

1265: 1221: 1065: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9551: 9245: 7890: 7865: 7763: 4140:

and several thousand machine-guns had been captured. A German retreat began and continued until the Armistice.

3936:

on 11 June and Nivelle published an Order of the Day forbidding surrender. In 1926, after an inquiry into the

3550:. Monthly figures of wounded and ill servicemen that received medical treatment were published in 1934 in the 1679:

some being 16 in (410 mm). Eight specialist flame-thrower companies were also sent to the 5th Army.

9546: 9541: 9505: 9439: 9331: 9177: 8760: 8612: 8150: 8078: 8009: 7778: 7748: 7743: 4171: 2897: 2881: 2460:

near Thiaumont Farm and German counter-barrages inflicted similar losses on French troops. On 22 May, French

1557:

Douaumont was the largest fort in the RFV and by February 1916, the only artillery left in the fort were the

977: 539: 7504:]. Translated by Sutton, Eric (2nd. trans. Viking Press, New York ed.). Amsterdam: Querido Verlag. 3649:, not taking account of the inclusion or exclusion of lightly wounded. In 2006, McRandle and Quirk used the 2483: 464: 9495: 9122: 9062: 8959: 8864: 8627: 8413: 8117: 7956: 7855: 3149: 2889: 2866: 2416: 2313: 2301: 638: 469: 184: 7607: 9733: 9170: 9155: 9013: 8965: 8730: 8281: 8155: 8068: 8063: 7832: 7820: 7815: 4158:

Verdun has become for the French the representative memory of the First World War, comparable to how the

2687: 2426: 1523: 1455: 875: 838: 810: 790: 623: 380: 39: 9874: 8342: 7254:

Marshal Joffre: The Triumphs, Failures and Controversies of France's Commander-in-Chief in the Great War

6516:

German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916

3040: 1736:. I Corps and XX Corps arrived from 24 to 26 February, increasing the number of divisions in the RFV to 1659:) had the I and XX corps with two divisions each in reserve, plus most of the 19th Division; Joffre had 481: 9713: 9670: 8947: 8705: 8690: 8592: 8461: 8029: 7941: 7898: 7597: 6939: 4468: 4408: 4334: 3568:

Some French data excluded those lightly wounded but some did not. In April 1917, GQG required that the

2731: 2119:, Bois des Cumières and Côte 205, from which the French artillery on the west bank could be destroyed. 1693: 1650: 1073: 1047: 905: 785: 775: 753: 687: 603: 593: 566: 395: 225: 3350:

divisions fought at Verdun and that from February to August, the ratio of German to French losses was

2813: 1285: 9829: 9655: 9423: 9007: 8995: 8750: 8735: 8456: 8347: 8041: 8019: 7768: 7758: 7691: 4368: 3024:

cut off the German retreat and block the advance of reinforcements. The German defence collapsed and

2652:

and Chapelle Sainte-Fine were overrun. The attack came close to Fort Souville (which had been hit by

1827: 1656: 1463: 985: 833: 805: 760: 743: 699: 613: 534: 491: 486: 220: 8602: 2963: 1914: 1725: 1663:

in the French strategic reserve. French artillery reinforcements had brought the total at Verdun to

9834: 9630: 9117: 9107: 9036: 8989: 8977: 8917: 8725: 8720: 8642: 8051: 8024: 7728: 4392: 4093: 4081: 3628:

from the Marin Report, for March to June and November to December 1916, for all the Western Front.

3561: 3078:

Some German officers complained to Mangin about their lack of comfort in captivity and he replied,

2407:

ravines on the south-east and west sides of the fort. A further attack took the ridge south of the

1475: 1369: 1149: 887: 870: 800: 738: 714: 618: 544: 7647: 4453:

at Fort Douaumont bombarded German positions north of Verdun and a German observation post at the

4112:

slowed the American advance but Ivoiry and Epinon-Tille were captured, then Montfaucon ridge with

4000:

and made several spoiling attacks to disrupt French preparations. The French counter-attacked but

2538:

in Infantry Regiment 52, Grenadier Regiment 12 and Leib-Grenadier Regiment 8 of the 5th Division.

1878: 1852:

which delivered the attack. French survivors engaged the attackers, yet the Germans suffered only

1716: 1060:(OHL, General Headquarters), wrote that Falkenhayn believed the last possibility was most likely. 1033:. The Germans built field fortifications to hold the ground captured in 1914 and the French began 9854: 9701: 9693: 9635: 9395: 9090: 8853: 8680: 8675: 8607: 8466: 8451: 8446: 8426: 8307: 8184: 4599: 4400: 4190: 4101: 4061: 3682:, which explicitly excluded lightly wounded, compared German losses at Verdun in 1916, averaging 2649: 944: 765: 726: 704: 554: 496: 422: 20: 8647: 6348:(Cambridge University Press ed.). London: Publications of the German Historical Institute. 2753:

preparatory bombardment began on 9 July, with an attempt to suppress French artillery with over

1429:

artillery forward, under the covering fire of mortars and the super-heavy artillery. A total of

9468: 9192: 9127: 8983: 8710: 8637: 8587: 8572: 8554: 8527: 8441: 8408: 8073: 8034: 8014: 7825: 7718: 7457:. International Warfare Encyclopedias from ABC Clio. Vol. I. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. 4424: 4384: 4376: 4235:(who had been taken prisoner nearby in the Second World War), stood at the Douaumont cemetery, 4215:(Red Zone) but the battlefield remains a vast graveyard, containing the mortal remains of over 2946: 2518:

and the machine-gun turret east of the fort, where the battalion found its flanks unsupported.

2489: 2159: 780: 748: 709: 677: 608: 576: 549: 523: 432: 4232: 3487:(Family Liaison), which communicated with next of kin. Regimental depots were ordered to keep 3354:

not the third of French losses assumed by Falkenhayn. By 31 August, the 5th Army had suffered

2910: 559: 9458: 9112: 9001: 8777: 8740: 8670: 8617: 8539: 8507: 8481: 8431: 8362: 8264: 8217: 8001: 7870: 7753: 4603: 4464: 4038: 3862:

by mistakenly including all French losses on the Western Front. R. G. Grant gave a figure of

3410:

divisions and plenty of heavy artillery, ready to attack once the British had been defeated.

2876:

super-heavy shells, each weighing 1 short ton (0.91 t). The French had identified about

2278: 2000: 1956: 1675:

guns, two thirds of which were heavy and super heavy, including 14 in (360 mm) and

1503: 1116: 1056: 1030: 795: 770: 628: 511: 415: 154: 149: 6921:

Command or Control? Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies 1888–1918

6535: 3237:

s and the two-seater reconnaissance and artillery-observation aircraft that they protected.

2781:

On 1 August, a German surprise-attack advanced 2,600–3,000 ft (800–900 m) towards

2284:

Knobelsdorf rejected the policy of limited piecemeal attacks tried by Mudra as commander of

1996: 1750:. By 6 March, the arrival of the XIII, XXI, XIV and XXXIII corps had increased the total to 912:

Poor weather delayed the beginning of the attack until 21 February but the Germans captured

9808: 9723: 8403: 8377: 8327: 7684: 7627: 6479: 4077: 3595: 3364: 3198: 2465: 2127: 1952: 1720: 1043: 1039: 930:

French divisions were in the RFV and a more extensive defence in depth had been organised.

897: 682: 169: 8352: 6246:[Place of the Month – November 2011 – The underground citadel – place of choice]. 4502:

Cordt von Brandis. Brandis and Haupt were awarded the highest German military decoration,

2986:

held the defensive position, which was 1.4 mi; 2.3 km (2,300 m) deep, with

2966:) and the 133rd Division (General Fénelon Passaga) attacked with four more in reserve and 8: 9790: 8929: 8793: 8745: 8622: 8582: 8577: 8522: 8205: 8199: 8100: 4549: 4159: 3641:

and in 1930, Hermann Wendt recorded French Second Army and German 5th Army casualties of

2786: 2707: 2667: 2006: 1510: 1365: 1203: 961: 957: 943:. The Germans advanced towards the last geographical objectives of the original plan, at 692: 648: 643: 459: 437: 174: 9743: 2757:

shells, which had little effect, since the French had been equipped with an improved M2

2659:

since April) bringing the Germans within 3.1 mi (5 km) of the Verdun citadel.

2097: 1601:. Joffre did not listen but Colonel Driant received the support of the Minister for War 1236:

as defensive screens and to enclose towns intended to be the bases for counter-attacks.

9750: 9665: 9024: 8888: 8870: 8835: 8799: 8632: 8597: 8549: 8534: 8421: 8372: 8211: 8170: 7850: 7545: 7204: 7156: 7102: 4553: 4203: 3953: 3937: 2727: 2703: 1712: 1608: 1478:. The preliminary artillery bombardment was to begin in the morning of 12 February. At 1026: 952: 665: 506: 427: 240: 6852: 4292: 3558:

Statistics of the Military Effort of the British Empire during the Great War 1914–1920

1112: 931: 405: 230: 9783: 9777: 9738: 9640: 9473: 9056: 8911: 8894: 8695: 8517: 8497: 8332: 8317: 8247: 8235: 7936: 7913: 7860: 7571: 7537: 7505: 7481: 7458: 7441: 7418: 7392: 7370: 7353: 7336: 7317: 7295: 7276: 7257: 7238: 7196: 7174: 7148: 7109: 7073: 7054: 7035: 7016: 6994: 6977: 6949: 6924: 6905: 6886: 6862: 6838: 6812: 6790: 6766: 6746: 6727: 6704: 6685: 6662: 6640: 6621: 6602: 6580: 6561: 6542: 6519: 6493: 6483: 6467: 6448: 6440: 6426: 6407: 6388: 6371: 6363: 6349: 6327: 4532: 4327: 4220: 4219:

soldiers, except for those discovered by the French Forestry Service and laid in the

3989:

developed four defensive positions, the last on the French front line of early 1916.

3933: 3835: 3802:

Verdun from February to December 1916. David Mason wrote in 2000 that there had been

3728: 3264: 3120: 3046: 2586:

a day since the beginning of the offensive. After a final assault on 1 June by about

2261: 1199: 1153: 1008:

casualties suffered by both sides during the Battle of Verdun in 1916 and that about

731: 672: 476: 4505: 8841: 8811: 8805: 8715: 8544: 8512: 8241: 8165: 8160: 8088: 7908: 7808: 6341: 6205: 3686:

per thousand men, with the 9th Army in Poland 1914 which had a casualty average of

3232: 3139: 2790: 2305: 2229: 2204: 1892: 1705: 1357: 1195: 1137: 883: 410: 199: 194: 179: 79: 7617: 6883:

Bloody Victory: The Sacrifice on the Somme and the making of the Twentieth Century

4274:

Part of the Verdun battlefield in 2005 showing the legacy of artillery bombardment

4001: 3153: 2190:

assembly points and the German lines of communication, ending the German advance.

1551: 1346: 1206:

of 1648 awarded Verdun to France. At the heart of the city was a citadel built by

9650: 9490: 8829: 8382: 8357: 8056: 7964: 7803: 7654: 7097: 4186: 4175: 2929:

and fifteen guns were captured by 25 October but an attempt on Fort Vaux failed.

2421:

French anti-aircraft guns mounted on vehicles during the Battle of Verdun, 1916.

1602: 879: 861: 828: 501: 43: 7670: 4066: 3287:

and Falkenhayn was confident that German artillery could easily inflict another

2742: 2381: 2122:

The artillery of the two-corps assault group on the west bank was reinforced by

1871:

By 22 February, German troops had advanced 3.1 mi (5 km) and captured

1590: 9483: 9463: 9134: 8847: 8685: 8476: 8367: 8223: 8127: 8110: 6826: 6760: 6654: 4416: 3997: 3163: 3083: 2830: 2492:

or 120 L) overrun by German forces, possibly the 34 Infantry Division at Verdun

2392: 2369: 1793: 1778: 1288:

to cover the south-western approach and the defensive works along the ridge to

1187: 1051: 1034: 966: 913: 571: 442: 245: 235: 7509: 4322: 3133: 2138: 9823: 9594: 8882: 8876: 8312: 8229: 8140: 7575: 7541: 7485: 7445: 7406: 7357: 7340: 7200: 7178: 7152: 7008: 6981: 6953: 6770: 4571:

Pétain praised what he saw as the success of the fortifications at Verdun in

4348: 4163: 4085: 3996:

batteries in the area and frequently bombarded French positions with the new

3907: 3036: 2782: 2391:

In May, General Nivelle, who had taken over the Second Army, ordered General

2116: 1989:

woods and on Côte 347, with the support of machine-gun fire from the edge of

1788: 1554:, attempted to inspect Fort Douaumont in January 1916, he was refused entry. 1179: 1168: 1108: 948: 454: 210: 142: 137: 101: 88: 7104:

The Harper's Encyclopaedia of Military History: From 3,500 BC to the Present

6346:

Great War, Total War, Combat and Mobilization on the Western Front 1914–1918

3447: 1955:, under General Pétain, should be sent to the RFV. The Germans had captured 1434:

Verdun salient from three directions yet remain dispersed around the edges.

1145: 9044: 8471: 7493: 6866: 6856: 6678: 6375: 5340: 4576: 4097: 3940:, Herduin and Millant were exonerated and their military records expunged. 3167: 2869: 2823:

On 20 October 1916, the French began the First Offensive Battle of Verdun (

2758: 2148: 1896: 1861: 1835: 1733: 1565:

guns and light guns covering the ditch. The fort was used as a barracks by

1373: 1361: 1141: 6471: 3463:) every five days for the Bureau of Personnel at GQG. The Health Service ( 3255:

battles of attrition. German loss rates increased relative to losses from

3195:

sufficient to contain the Germans but not enough for a counter-offensive.

2636:(Green Cross) gas shells at French artillery positions, which caused over 2336: 1356:

Verdun had been isolated on three sides since 1914 and the mainline Paris–

9255: 9160: 8858: 8286: 7707: 7570:(MMAS). Fort Leavenworth, KS: US Army Command and General Staff College. 7384: 7309: 6594: 6485:

Die Oberste Heeresleitung 1914–1916 in ihren wichtigsten Entschliessungen

6244:"Lieu du Mois – Novembre 2011 – La citadelle souterraine – lieu du choix" 5996: 4536: 4228: 3903: 3889:

and noted a recent estimate of casualties at Verdun from 1914 to 1918 of

3614:

covered different periods but included lightly wounded. Churchill used a

3039:

and Louvemont which had been lost in February, along with Hardaumont and

2680:, manifestations of indiscipline, occurred in five front line regiments. 2469: 2079:

and 23,000 short tons (21,000 t) of ammunition from the railhead at

1985: 1391:) 15–46 ft (4.5–14 m) deep were dug, each to accommodate up to 1191: 981: 7549: 7235:

Auf Messers Schneide: Wie das Deutsche Reich den Ersten Weltkrieg verlor

7208: 7160: 2266:

Death works "Verdun the World-blood-pump", German propaganda medal, 1916

1254:

and machine-guns to protect the ditches around the forts. Six forts had

4459:(the Ornes binoculars). In February 1915, Douaumont was bombarded by a 4312: 4210: 3702:

Jankowski estimated an equivalent figure for the French Second Army of

3672:

compared to the French Official History record to 20 December 1916, of

3283:

military intelligence thought that by 11 March the French had suffered

3224: 2632: 2422: 2320:

to the accompaniment of its band. Falkenhayn urged the 5th Army to use

2102: 2080: 1944:. The German attackers suffered many casualties during their attack on 1843: 1729: 1270: 1183: 51: 7417:] (in French) (Prion Lost Treasures ed.). Paris: Flammarion. 5825: 3119:

gun. In 2007, Robert Foley wrote that Falkenhayn intended a battle of

1507:

over rate of fire. The opening bombardment was to build up slowly and

9050: 8817: 6804: 4562:" (But, gentlemen, I did not expect you so soon, in so great number.) 4181: 4167: 3906:

were common. Some French soldiers tried to desert to Spain and faced

3586:

records included them. Churchill revised German statistics by adding

3291:

In May, Falkenhayn estimated that French casualties had increased to

3203:

Nieuport 16 fighter in camouflage adopted during the Battle of Verdun

3080:

We do regret it, gentlemen, but then we did not expect so many of you

3056: 2833:, with an advance of more than 1.2 mi (2 km). Seven of the 2547: 2177:

mortar rounds, the 11th Bavarian and 11th Reserve divisions attacked

1888: 1594: 1499: 1190:

failed to seize the town in the fifth century and when the empire of

940: 4559:

Mais, messieurs, je ne vous attendais pas sitôt, en si grand nombre.

3382:

guns; from February to December, the French and German armies fired

3182:

guns. In May Joffre began to issue each division with two groups of

3170:, despite the huge defeats inflicted on them by the Austro-Germans. 2624:

Ground captured by the German 5th Army at Verdun, February–June 1916

1471: 1229: 9310: 4257: 3755:

and expressed dismay that French casualties had exceeded German by

3279:

The Germans believed that they were inflicting losses at a rate of

2566:

Verdun battlefield from Fort de la Chaume, looking north–east, 1917

2461: 2317: 2112: 1910: 1580: 1420:

munitions trains per day were to deliver ammunition sufficient for

6599:

War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II, 1941–44

3414:

the height of the fighting at Verdun, where the 5th Army suffered

2872:, 8.1 mi (13 km) to the south-west at Baleycourt, fired 1132:

forts and other batteries around Verdun were left with fewer than

6861:. Translated by MacVeagh, M. London: Elkin Mathews & Marrot. 6620:. Battleground Europe (repr. ed.). Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 6024: 5368: 4037:

the French ended the operation. On 25 November after a five-hour

2761:. Fort Souville and its approaches were bombarded with more than 2526:

prisoners being taken. After three days, the French had suffered

1938:

continued until the Germans outflanked the French defenders from

1225: 1182:

river, had played an important role in the defence of the French

7602: 6445:

Pyrrhic victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War

348: 6941:

Die Tragödie von Verdun 1916. II. Teil: Das Ringen um Fort Vaux

6809:

The Road to Verdun: France, Nationalism and the First World War

5984: 4974: 4773: 4625: 4623: 4316: 4105: 2933:

Germans evacuated the fort, after a huge explosion caused by a

2801:

Losses were light except at the Tavannes railway tunnel, where

2473: 2025: 1704:

with Colonel Maurice de Barescut as chief of staff and Colonel

1598: 1593:

was stationed at Verdun and criticised Joffre for removing the

1207: 7676: 6946:

The Tragedy of Verdun 1916 Part II: The Struggle for Fort Vaux

6174: 6164: 6162: 6147: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5028: 4239:

in driving rain as a gesture of Franco-German reconciliation.

4202:

in the area were not rebuilt but were given special status as

3782:

casualties. In 2000, Hannes Heer and Klaus Naumann calculated

3086:, commander of XIV Reserve Corps, were sacked on 16 December. 2818:

First Offensive Battle of Verdun, 24 October – 2 November 1916

2730:(4 June – 20 September 1916) had begun and the opening of the 2472:; other French aircraft attacked the 5th Army headquarters at 1682: 890:

attacked the defences of the Fortified Region of Verdun (RFV,

9478: 7632: 7015:(repr. Leo Cooper ed.). London: Sidgwick & Jackson. 7013:

The Smoke and the Fire, Myths and Anti-myths of War 1861–1945

5960: 5948: 5936: 5718: 5684: 5682: 5419: 3271: 2611:

French counter-attacks on 8 and 9 June were costly failures.

1917:

but French forces repulsed a German attack on the village of

1087: 901: 6577:

Nieuport 11/16 Bébé vs Fokker Eindecker – Western Front 1916

6278: 5781: 5757: 5606: 5604: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5045: 5043: 5018: 5016: 4620: 3838:

gave French casualties (21 February to 20 December 1916) as

2850:

medium artillery shells and three hundred and seventy-three

2712:

By the end of May, French casualties at Verdun had risen to

1711:

Four groups were established, under the command of Generals

1351:

Map of Verdun and the vicinity (commune FR insee code 55545)

1278:

In 1903, Douaumont was equipped with a new concrete bunker (

7072:(Greenwood Press, NY ed.). London: Faber & Faber. 6159: 5808: 5747: 5745: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5577: 5397: 5395: 4231:(whose father had fought near Verdun) and French President 1240:

1 in (1–4 m) of earth, were added. The forts and

1233: 6447:. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University. 6186: 6135: 6012: 5769: 5706: 5679: 5667: 5616: 5535: 5431: 4911: 4848: 4790: 4788: 4510:

but Radtke was overlooked. Attempts to remedy this led to

3263:

the end of the battle, a trend which continued during the

1298:. On the east side of the fort, an armoured turret with a 6490:

General Headquarters and its Critical Decisions 1914–1916

6320:

Falkenhayn, Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich

5972: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5730: 5601: 5552: 5550: 5513: 5511: 5491: 5330: 5328: 5313: 5274: 5262: 5168: 5166: 5067: 5040: 5013: 5003: 5001: 4964: 4962: 4899: 4865: 4863: 4761: 4749: 4737: 4727: 4725: 4686: 3526:(loss lists) every ten days, which were published by the 3511:

were used to calculate casualty figures published in the

3009:

Two of the German divisions were understrength with only

2220:

from the north-east face. On the right bank an attack on

1697: 1258:

in retractable turrets and fourteen had retractable twin

874:) was fought from 21 February to 18 December 1916 on the 6976:]. Aus Deutschlands großer Zeit. Sporn: Zeulenroda. 6518:(pbk. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6266: 6087: 6077: 6075: 5842: 5840: 5742: 5640: 5567: 5565: 5443: 5392: 5356: 5238: 5226: 5214: 5190: 5139: 5127: 5079: 4923: 4836: 4824: 4800: 4676: 4674: 4071:

Meuse–Argonne Offensive, 26 September – 11 November 1918

3493:(position sheets) to record losses continuously and the 1810:

on 21 February, when a 10-hour artillery bombardment by

1700:. Pétain took over command of the defence of the RFV at 7195:(182). Paris: Presses universitaires de France: 17–29. 7147:(182). Paris: Presses universitaires de France: 77–98. 6963:– via The digital State Library of Upper Austria. 6466:. Vol. X. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. 6324:

Falkenhayn, Political Thinking and Action in the Empire

6123: 6048: 6036: 5924: 5798: 5796: 5467: 5303: 5301: 4785: 4635: 2243:

By the end of March the offensive had cost the Germans

1302:

gun faced north and north-east and another housed twin

6537:

Battle: A Visual Journey through 5,000 Years of Combat

6290: 6224: 5589: 5547: 5523: 5508: 5479: 5455: 5407: 5325: 5286: 5163: 5151: 5091: 4998: 4986: 4959: 4947: 4935: 4887: 4860: 4722: 3517:, the French Official History and other publications. 2951:

Second Offensive Battle of Verdun, 15–16 December 1916

2690:

that followed the Nivelle Offensive (April–May 1917).

16:

Battle on the Western Front during the First World War

7603:

Map of the Verdun battlefield, showing fortifications

7231:

On a Knife Edge: How Germany Lost the First World War

7051:

A Life of General De Gaulle: The Last Great Frenchman

6111: 6099: 6072: 6060: 5912: 5900: 5837: 5628: 5562: 4710: 4698: 4671: 4332: 2996:

of the infantry in the battle zone and the remaining

2070:

suffer from exhaustion and unexpectedly high losses,

1899:. Driant was killed, fighting with the 56th and 59th 1772: 1496:

Order for the Activities of the Artillery and Mortars

7173:(in German) (2nd part 3 ed.). Berlin: Mittler. 5793: 5694: 5380: 5298: 5250: 5202: 5178: 5115: 5103: 5055: 4875: 4812: 2697: 1273:

mounted on its combined railway and firing platform.

7070:

If Germany Attacks: The Battle in Depth in the West

4659: 4647: 4193:, opened 1967: to the fallen soldiers and civilians 3992:Strategic surprise was impossible; the Germans had 2087: 2011:

Verdun, east bank of the Meuse, 21–26 February 1916

1224:in the 1870s to build two lines of fortresses from 1107:formed during the German invasion of 1914. General 7101: 6677: 6661:(pbk. repr. Penguin ed.). London: Macmillan. 6534: 3299:and that the French strategic reserve was down to 2805:troops died in a fire which began on 4 September. 2640:and silenced many of the French guns. Next day at 1442:The 5th Army divided the attack front into areas, 6370:(Odhams ed.). London: Thornton Butterworth. 6340: 6030: 5831: 3127:Kriegsgeschichtliche Forschungsanstalt des Heeres 3006:in reserve 6.2–9.9 mi (10–16 km) back. 2880:guns on the right bank capable of supporting the 2666:Vous ne les laisserez pas passer, mes camarades ( 2251: 1569:under the command of Warrant Officer Chenot, the 19:For the battle during the French Revolution, see 9821: 6639:. Battleground Europe. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 6425:(in French). Paris: Nouvelles Éditions Latines. 4589:It was the mass of French field artillery (over 4308:List of French villages destroyed in World War I 3142:horses resting in a river on their way to Verdun 2599:in the vicinity of Fort Vaux from 1 to 10 June, 2271:The failure of German attacks in early April by 1144:; the line west from Verdun to Paris was cut at 8653:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 7648:The Battle of Verdun – The Greatest Battle Ever 3698:and the 2nd Army average for the Somme 1916 of 3314:divisions had been withdrawn and rested by the 2974:on 15 December, after a six-day bombardment of 1494:Control of the artillery was centralised by an 6937: 6326:] (in German). München: Verlag Oldenburg. 5374: 5346: 3767:casualties. In 1980, John Terraine calculated 3748:included officers. Churchill gave a figure of 3433:(strategy of annihilation) and the tactics of 1424:to be fired in the first six days and another 1103:The Fortified Region of Verdun (RFV) lay in a 960:, leading to a similar transfer of the French 7692: 7455:Ground Warfare: an International Encyclopedia 6401: 5775: 4484:The first party to enter the fort was led by 4041:, the 128th and 37th divisions, supported by 3744:for other ranks and the figure of "probably" 3082:. Lochow, the 5th Army commander and General 2769:14 in (360 mm) shells on the fort. 1923:. On 23 February, a French counter-attack at 1406:rate of artillery-fire during the offensive; 1159: 878:in France. The battle was the longest of the 364: 70:(9 months, 3 weeks and 6 days) 7563: 7108:(4th ed.). New York: Harper Reference. 7032:The Last Valley: The Battle of Dien Bien Phu 6765:. Clermont Ferrand: Michelin and Cie. 1919. 6461: 6406:. Mountain View, CA: Flying Machines Press. 5688: 4580: 4557: 4517: 4511: 4503: 4497: 4491: 4485: 4454: 4208: 4162:is viewed in the United Kingdom and Canada. 4006: 3983: 3977: 3810:casualties. In 2003, Anthony Clayton quoted 3694:, the 1st Army on the Somme 1916 average of 3677: 3656: 3650: 3632: 3615: 3609: 3603: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3494: 3488: 3482: 3476: 3470: 3464: 3458: 3434: 3428: 3391: 3341: 3328:battalions of the French metropolitan army, 3315: 3269: 3230: 3222: 3157: 3125: 3060: 3055:the French had consolidated a new line from 3044: 2957: 2824: 2747:French troops attacking under artillery fire 2681: 2675: 2574: 2513: 2503: 2435: 2408: 2402: 2396: 2363: 2348: 2327: 2321: 2285: 2272: 2221: 2214: 2208: 2194: 2184: 2178: 2142: 2132: 2036: 2030: 1990: 1972: 1966: 1960: 1945: 1939: 1933: 1924: 1918: 1900: 1887:(wood) for two days but were forced back to 1882: 1872: 1847: 1801: 1796:before the battle (German aerial photograph) 1648: 1584: 1570: 1508: 1386: 1380: 1324: 1307: 1289: 1279: 1241: 1215: 1160: 1152:, which had attacked southwards through the 1095: 1077: 1004:a month. In 2014, William Philpott wrote of 891: 9860:Battles involving the French Foreign Legion 9143: 7638:Douaumont Bataille Ossuaire Three panoramas 7189:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains 7141:Guerres Mondiales et Conflits Contemporains 6701:Verdun: The Longest Battle of the Great War 6593: 6206:"Verdun: France's sacred symbol of healing" 6018: 3740:(1938), Churchill wrote that the figure of 3481:, which counted injuries and illnesses and 2443:The French preliminary bombardment by four 2341:French soldiers attacking from their trench 1528:East bank of the Meuse, February–March 1916 9850:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 7699: 7685: 7666:Contemporary Schneider artillery catalogue 7480:] (in French). Paris: Librairie Plon. 7228: 7138: 7095: 6825: 6555: 6478: 6317: 6284: 6180: 6153: 6141: 6006: 5724: 5425: 4629: 4055: 3452:The remains of soldiers recovered in 1919. 2808: 2776: 2164:German dispositions, Verdun, 31 March 1916 371: 357: 7431: 7347: 7330: 7251: 6991:The German Army on the Western Front 1915 6762:Verdun and the Battles for its Possession 6698: 6560:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 6541:. London: Dorling Kindersley Publishers. 6362: 5990: 5978: 5966: 5954: 5942: 5787: 5763: 4153:French commemorative medal for the battle 3320:system, once infantry casualties reached 3016:instead of their normal establishment of 2207:took command of a new Attack Group West ( 1597:guns and infantry from fortresses around 1020: 9845:Battles of World War I involving Germany 8942:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 7471: 7289: 7185: 7048: 7007: 6967: 6899: 6880: 6759: 6717: 6634: 6615: 6272: 6192: 6093: 6002: 5736: 5661: 5610: 5583: 5556: 5529: 5502: 5473: 5350: 5334: 5319: 5292: 5280: 5268: 5172: 5097: 5073: 5049: 5034: 5022: 4980: 4869: 4767: 4755: 4743: 4731: 4716: 4704: 4680: 4180: 4147: 4065: 3952: 3943: 3885:had been killed; German casualties were 3850:of the casualties at Verdun were fatal, 3722: 3690:the 11th Army in Galicia 1915 averaging 3446: 3363: 3197: 3132: 2945: 2909: 2812: 2741: 2629:On 22 June, German artillery fired over 2618: 2482: 2415: 2380: 2335: 2260: 2228: 2158: 2096: 2005: 1860: 1787: 1687:The Woëvre region of Lorraine (in green) 1681: 1607: 1522: 1345: 1264: 1167: 9840:Battles of World War I involving France 9319:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 7452: 7405: 7167: 7029: 6988: 6918: 6902:Attrition: Fighting the First World War 6675: 6574: 6558:The French Army and the First World War 6439: 6420: 6402:Davilla, J. J.; Soltan, Arthur (1997). 6385:Paths of Glory: The French Army 1914–18 6382: 6230: 6168: 6129: 6054: 6042: 5930: 5819: 5712: 5673: 5622: 5595: 5541: 5517: 5485: 5461: 5437: 5413: 5307: 5157: 4941: 4917: 4893: 4854: 4779: 4692: 4260:of the battle showing a French soldier. 3818:killed or missing; the French suffered 3035:The French reached their objectives at 2956:The Second Offensive Battle of Verdun ( 2900:and 5th divisions in reserve. At least 2719:and in June, German losses had reached 2534:in the attack and the Germans suffered 2308:), had ordered that Herbebois be taken 9822: 7383: 7364: 7352:. Vol. 38. New York: J. B. Lyon. 7308: 6851: 6784: 6404:French Aircraft of the First World War 6296: 5634: 5571: 4575:(1929) and in 1930, when building the 3346:(western army). Afflerbach wrote that 2941: 2468:and shot down six for the loss of one 1518: 1341: 1210:in the 17th century. A double ring of 9272:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 8608:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 7680: 7671:Chlumberg, H. "The Miracle at Verdun" 7523: 7492: 7270: 7067: 7034:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 6803: 6740: 6653: 6532: 6513: 6117: 6105: 6081: 6066: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5802: 5751: 5700: 5649: 5449: 5401: 5386: 5362: 5256: 5244: 5232: 5220: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5145: 5133: 5121: 5109: 5085: 5061: 5007: 4992: 4968: 4953: 4929: 4905: 4881: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4665: 4653: 4641: 4593:after May 1916) that inflicted about 4088:to the Meuse on 26 September 1918 at 3499:of GQG began to compare the five-day 2970:guns in support. The attack began at 2915:French infantry recapturing Douaumont 2846:field-gun shells, a hundred thousand 2797:failed. The French attacked again on 2154: 1881:. Two French battalions had held the 882:and took place on the hills north of 869: 860: 352: 9676:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 7534:U.S. Army Center of Military History 6993:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Military. 6745:. Moreton-in-Marsh: Windrush Press. 4449:In September and December 1914, the 3948: 3877:(In 2014, William Philpott recorded 2234:German soldiers attack Le mort homme 1250:in shellproof turrets and more than 988:calculated that the French suffered 9605:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 8399:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 6787:An Asian Zone of Monetary Stability 6726:] (in French). Paris: Citédis. 6703:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6684:. London: Oxford University Press. 3716:adjustment to the German figure of 3213:and in mid-April, the French fired 2858:super-heavy shells, from more than 2842:including more than half a million 1999:in 1914, by the German super-heavy 1538:for the Second Battle of Champagne 1198:(843), the town became part of the 13: 8338:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 7217: 7171:Militärwissenschaftliche Rundschau 6837:] (in French). Paris: Perrin. 3598:, the British official historian, 2959:2ième Bataille Offensive de Verdun 2799:9, 13 and from 15 to 17 September. 2662:On 23 June 1916, Nivelle ordered, 2541: 2386:Front line at Mort-Homme, May 1916 1814:began. The German artillery fired 1773:First phase, 21 February – 1 March 1633:divisions in the front line, with 1540:(25 September to 6 November 1915). 969:were used to disguise the change. 190:Konstantin Schmidt von Knobelsdorf 14: 9896: 9880:France–Germany military relations 7633:Verdun, A Battle of the Great War 7590: 7440:] (in French). Paris: Payot. 7088: 6680:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 4373:20 December 1914 to 17 March 1915 4237:holding hands for several minutes 3790:casualties, a monthly average of 3580:excluded lightly wounded and the 3369:French trench at Côte 304, Verdun 2826:1ère Bataille Offensive de Verdun 2698:Fourth phase 1 July – 17 December 2064: 1783: 378: 8701:Second Battle of the Piave River 8323:Russian invasion of East Prussia 6789:. Canberra: Asia Pacific Press. 6720:Verdun, les Forts de la Victoire 6236: 6198: 4565: 4342: 4280: 4266: 4249: 4207:have grown and hide most of the 4143: 4027: 3772: 750,000 French and German 3065:units could counter-attack. The 2789:and First Quartermaster-General 2554: 2088:Second phase, 6 March – 15 April 900:on the right (east) bank of the 320: 313: 148: 136: 50: 9772:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 8972:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 7706: 6659:The Price of Glory: Verdun 1916 6462:Durant, A.; Durant, W. (1967). 4542: 4525: 4478: 4443: 4434: 3418:in the first ten days, against 1977:, which led to Fort Douaumont. 1822:99 mi (160 km) away. 1148:in mid-July 1915 by the German 1084:25 September to 6 November 1915 9595:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 9454:Deportations from East Prussia 9251:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 7335:. Glasgow: Blackie & Son. 6968:Schwerin, E. Graf von (1939). 6556:Greenhalgh, Elizabeth (2014). 4362: 3602:For the Battle of Verdun, the 3475:), which recorded deaths, the 2252:Third phase, 16 April – 1 July 1902:Bataillons de chasseurs à pied 1877:at the edge of the village of 1437: 1178:For centuries, Verdun, on the 904:. Using the experience of the 321: 68:21 February – 18 December 1916 1: 9870:History of Meuse (department) 9865:Military history of Grand Est 9506:Ukrainian Canadian internment 7517: 6835:Petain, the Soldier 1914–1940 6305: 6031:Chickering & Förster 2006 5832:Chickering & Förster 2006 4381:December 1914 to January 1915 4134: 4128: 4122: 3914:and force them to surrender. 3768: 3710: 3662: 3442: 3383: 3374:In June 1916, the French had 3304: 3248: 3241: 3017: 3010: 2720: 2713: 2653: 2614: 2580: 2092: 2054: 2017: 1853: 1815: 1313: 1015: 283: 260: 9885:Wilhelm, German Crown Prince 9661:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 8960:Estonian War of Independence 8628:Southern Palestine offensive 7660:Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr) 7415:Prelude to Verdun and Verdun 7053:. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey Bass. 6724:Verdun, the Forts of Victory 6601:. New York: Berghahn Books. 4614: 3560:(1922). In the early 1920s, 3089: 2737: 2376: 2115:to Côte 304 north of Esnes, 1984:on 25 February, infantry of 1849:Sturm-Bataillon Nr. 5 (Rohr) 1830:and XVIII Corps attacked at 1647:divisions in close reserve. 1613:West bank of the Meuse, 1916 1333:and rations for six months. 1054:, the Operations Officer at 7: 9615:USA against Austria-Hungary 9014:Turkish War of Independence 8966:Latvian War of Independence 8691:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 8282:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 7618:Info from firstworldwar.com 7411:Prélude à Verdun and Verdun 7294:. Barnsley: Pen and Sword. 7131: 6938:Schwencke, A. (1925–1930). 6831:Petain: Le Soldat 1914–1940 6579:. Duel 59. Oxford: Osprey. 6250:(in French). Archived from 4301: 4172:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier 4138: 1,000 trench mortars 3917:A French lieutenant wrote, 3634:états numériques des pertes 3594:, written in the 1920s and 3571:états numériques des pertes 3520:The German armies compiled 3508:états numériques des pertes 3502:états numériques des pertes 3484:Renseignements aux Familles 3460:états numériques des pertes 3094: 2427:Jules Gervais-Courtellemont 2356: 1997:demolition of Belgian forts 1548:French General Headquarters 980:in human history. In 2000, 839:Western Front tactics, 1917 295:379,000–400,000 casualties 279:336,000–355,000 casualties 10: 9901: 9698:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 9246:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 8706:Second Battle of the Marne 8593:Second battle of the Aisne 8462:Second Battle of Champagne 8303:German invasion of Belgium 7350:The Encyclopedia Americana 7333:The Story of the Great War 7222: 4429:25 September to 4 November 4421:25 September to 14 October 4413:25 September to 6 November 4409:Second Battle of Champagne 4242: 4059: 3958:French attack, August 1917 3750:278,000 German casualties, 3647:21 February to 20 December 3637:give French casualties as 3590:for unrecorded wounded in 3303:Actual French losses were 2701: 2668:You will not let them pass 2545: 2488:French artillery battery ( 2304:of the III Corps (General 1866:Douaumont after the battle 1776: 1336: 1162:Région Fortifiée de Verdun 1140:in 1914, with the loss of 1074:Second Battle of Champagne 1070:1 May to 19 September 1915 906:Second Battle of Champagne 896:) and those of the French 893:Région Fortifiée de Verdun 871:[ʃlaxtʔʊmˈvɛɐ̯dœ̃] 18: 9804: 9763: 9684: 9623: 9585: 9529: 9518: 9479:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 9422: 9394: 9342: 9264: 9238: 9190: 9083: 9076: 9008:Irish War of Independence 8904: 8786: 8751:Armistice of Villa Giusti 8736:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 8661: 8563: 8490: 8391: 8348:First Battle of the Marne 8295: 8257: 8192: 8183: 8126: 8000: 7989: 7955: 7927: 7889: 7841: 7794: 7787: 7714: 7653:25 September 2022 at the 7564:Sonnenberger, M. (2013). 7557: 7453:Sandler, S., ed. (2002). 7432:Rouquerol, J. J. (1931). 7391:. London: Profile Books. 7389:The Myth of the Great War 7348:McDannald, A. H. (1920). 7331:MacKenzie, D. A. (1920). 6904:. London: Little, Brown. 6885:. London: Little, Brown. 6811:. London: Jonathan Cape. 6464:The Story of Civilization 5776:Davilla & Soltan 1997 4552:after his victory at the 4369:First Battle of Champagne 4084:attacked on a front from 3896: 3736:In the second edition of 3387: 10,000,000 shells, 3245: 850,000 casualties 3219:Charles Tricornot de Rose 2365:Groupe d'armées du centre 1767: 1651:Groupe d'armées du centre 388: 308: 272: 254: 221:Fernand de Langle de Cary 160: 129: 60: 49: 37: 32: 9631:Constantinople Agreement 8924:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 8787:Co-belligerent conflicts 8756:Second Romanian campaign 8726:Third Transjordan attack 8437:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 8343:Battle of Grand Couronné 7532:(45). Washington, D.C.: 7478:Thirty Years with Pétain 7229:Afflerbach, H. (2022) . 6310: 5689:Durant & Durant 1967 4782:, pp. 164, 200–201. 4355: 4289:Verdun Tableau de guerre 4189:on the battlefield near 4126: 20,000 prisoners, 3976:guns and howitzers. The 3709:lightly wounded. With a 3332:went to Verdun, against 3041:Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre 2874:16 in (400 mm) 2464:fighters attacked eight 2256: 1482:, the infantry in areas 1066:Gorlice–Tarnów Offensive 9694:Modus vivendi of Acroma 9646:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 8954:Greater Poland Uprising 8854:National Protection War 8731:Meuse–Argonne offensive 8681:German spring offensive 8676:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 8452:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 8427:Second Battle of Artois 8308:Battle of the Frontiers 7498:Education Before Verdun 7252:Bourachot, A. (2014) . 6699:Jankowski, P. (2014) . 6344:; Förster, S. (2006) . 6318:Afflerbach, H. (1994). 6019:Heer & Naumann 2000 4983:, pp. 9–12, 24–29. 4600:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 4496:Hans Joachim Haupt and 4401:Second Battle of Artois 4191:Fleury-devant-Douaumont 4100:, the southern part of 4062:Meuse-Argonne Offensive 4056:Meuse–Argonne Offensive 3972:guns and howitzers and 3778:Dupuy and Dupuy (1993) 3259:early 1915 to close to 3191:guns at Verdun and the 2809:20 October – 2 November 2777:1 August – 17 September 2053:and German losses were 2032:coffres de contrescarpe 1819: 1,000,000 shells 1323:reserve; the forts and 1100:(Operation Judgement). 976:one of the longest and 945:Fleury-devant-Douaumont 862:[batajdəvɛʁdœ̃] 727:German spring offensive 21:Battle of Verdun (1792) 9719:Paris Peace Conference 9707:Ukraine–Central Powers 9501:Massacres of Albanians 9469:Late Ottoman genocides 9276:Bulgarian occupations 8984:Third Anglo-Afghan War 8948:Hungarian–Romanian War 8766:Naval Victory Bulletin 8761:Armistice with Germany 8711:Hundred Days Offensive 8638:Battle of La Malmaison 8588:Second battle of Arras 8555:Battle of Transylvania 8409:Second Battle of Ypres 8277:Sarajevo assassination 8166:South African Republic 7474:Trente Ans avec Pétain 7316:. London: Hutchinson. 7068:Wynne, G. C. (1976) . 6923:. London: Frank Cass. 6616:Holstein, C. (2010) . 6597:; Naumann, K. (2000). 6514:Foley, R. T. (2007) . 6007:Dupuy & Dupuy 1993 5037:, pp. 54–55, 148. 4581: 4558: 4518: 4512: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4455: 4425:Third Battle of Artois 4385:Second Battle of Ypres 4377:First Battle of Artois 4209: 4195: 4155: 4073: 4007: 3984: 3979:Aéronautique Militaire 3978: 3960: 3929: 3846:Verdun and the Somme; 3733: 3678: 3657: 3651: 3633: 3616: 3610: 3604: 3582: 3576: 3570: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3528: 3522: 3513: 3507: 3501: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3454: 3435: 3429: 3392: 3371: 3342: 3316: 3270: 3231: 3223: 3205: 3158: 3144: 3126: 3112: 3061: 3045: 3014: 3,000 infantry, 2964:Noël Garnier-Duplessix 2958: 2953: 2917: 2825: 2820: 2749: 2682: 2676: 2672: 2626: 2575: 2514: 2504: 2494: 2436: 2430: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2388: 2364: 2349: 2343: 2328: 2322: 2300:of the offensive, the 2286: 2273: 2268: 2236: 2222: 2215: 2209: 2195: 2185: 2179: 2166: 2143: 2133: 2107: 2037: 2031: 2013: 1991: 1973: 1967: 1961: 1946: 1940: 1934: 1925: 1919: 1901: 1883: 1873: 1868: 1857: 600 casualties. 1848: 1802: 1798: 1719:on the right bank and 1689: 1649: 1615: 1585: 1571: 1530: 1509: 1387: 1381: 1379:) when it reached the 1353: 1325: 1308: 1300:155 mm short-barrelled 1296:Hotchkiss machine-guns 1291:Ouvrage de Froideterre 1290: 1280: 1275: 1242: 1216: 1194:was divided under the 1175: 1173:Map of the battlefield 1161: 1096: 1078: 1021:Strategic developments 892: 866: 857: 339:Location within France 161:Commanders and leaders 9729:Treaty of St. Germain 9702:Russia–Central Powers 9656:Sykes–Picot Agreement 9484:Pontic Greek genocide 9459:Destruction of Kalisz 9435:Eastern Mediterranean 8996:Polish–Lithuanian War 8778:Armistice of Belgrade 8741:Armistice of Salonica 8671:Operation Faustschlag 8618:Third Battle of Oituz 8540:Baranovichi offensive 8508:Lake Naroch offensive 8482:Battle of Robat Karim 8457:Vistula–Bug offensive 8432:Battles of the Isonzo 8363:First Battle of Ypres 7608:Underground at Verdun 7472:Serrigny, B. (1959). 7434:Le Drame de Douaumont 7290:Holstein, C. (2009). 7049:Williams, C. (1998). 6900:Philpott, W. (2014). 6881:Philpott, W. (2009). 6718:Le Hallé, G. (1998). 6635:Holstein, C. (2011). 6533:Grant, R. G. (2005). 5993:, pp. 1003–1004. 4604:Christian de Castries 4602:(1953–1954), General 4573:La Bataille de Verdun 4184: 4151: 4069: 4039:hurricane bombardment 3985:escadrilles de chasse 3956: 3944:Subsequent operations 3919: 3726: 3624:and took a figure of 3450: 3430:Vernichtungsstrategie 3378:at Verdun, including 3367: 3201: 3136: 3101: 2949: 2913: 2816: 2745: 2664: 2622: 2497:The assault began at 2486: 2425:colour photograph by 2419: 2384: 2339: 2279:Berthold von Deimling 2264: 2232: 2162: 2100: 2009: 1957:Beaumont-en-Verdunois 1864: 1791: 1694:Frédéric-Georges Herr 1685: 1611: 1526: 1349: 1268: 1171: 1057:Oberste Heeresleitung 1031:First Battle of Ypres 273:Casualties and losses 226:Frédéric-Georges Herr 9724:Treaty of Versailles 9440:Mount Lebanon famine 9355:in the United States 9323:Russian occupations 9037:Turkish–Armenian War 8978:Polish–Ukrainian War 8918:Ukrainian–Soviet War 8865:Central Asian Revolt 8648:Armistice of Focșani 8378:Battle of Sarikamish 8328:Battle of Tannenberg 7724:Military engagements 7613:The Battle of Verdun 7502:Erziehung vor Verdun 7030:Windrow, M. (2004). 6989:Sheldon, J. (2012). 6919:Samuels, M. (1995). 6676:Jackson, J. (2001). 6575:Guttman, J. (2014). 6421:Denizot, A. (1996). 6383:Clayton, A. (2003). 5834:, pp. 130, 126. 4908:, pp. 215, 217. 4556:(5 November 1757): " 4204:uninhabited communes 3881:casualties, of whom 3814:casualties, of whom 3583:Zentral Nachweiseamt 3541:Zentral Nachweiseamt 3104:will bleed to death. 2906:7,000 hand-grenades. 2896:divisions, with the 2688:French army mutinies 2657: 38,000 shells 2576:Ouvrage de Thiaumont 2466:observation balloons 2128:Heinrich von Gossler 2016:The German party of 2001:Krupp 420 mm mortars 1721:Georges de Bazelaire 1546:, Chief of Staff at 1377:Crown Prince Wilhelm 1156:since the new year. 1044:Erich von Falkenhayn 1040:German General Staff 834:French Army mutinies 829:1914 Christmas truce 599:Hohenzollern Redoubt 336:class=notpageimage| 185:Crown Prince Wilhelm 170:Erich von Falkenhayn 102:49.20806°N 5.42194°E 9791:They shall not pass 9714:Treaty of Bucharest 9671:Treaty of Bucharest 9610:USA against Germany 9587:Declarations of war 9291:German occupations 9204:British casualties 9063:Soviet–Georgian War 8990:Egyptian Revolution 8930:Armeno-Georgian War 8794:Somaliland campaign 8746:Armistice of Mudros 8623:Battle of Caporetto 8613:Battle of Mărășești 8583:Zimmermann telegram 8578:February Revolution 8523:Battle of the Somme 8447:Bug-Narew Offensive 8422:Battle of Gallipoli 8414:Sinking of the RMS 8206:Scramble for Africa 8200:Franco-Prussian War 7856:Sinai and Palestine 7662:at German Knowledge 7643:Map of Europe, 1916 7628:Dutch/Flemish Forum 7438:The Drama of Verdun 7365:Martin, W. (2001). 7314:The First World War 6785:Murase, T. (2002). 6387:. London: Cassell. 6254:on 19 December 2022 6183:, pp. 238–239. 6171:, pp. 382–383. 6156:, pp. 237–238. 5969:, pp. 259–260. 5957:, pp. 258–259. 5945:, pp. 257–258. 5897:, pp. 254–256. 5885:, pp. 251–254. 5873:, pp. 249–250. 5861:, pp. 235–236. 5822:, pp. 120–121. 5790:, pp. 114–120. 5766:, pp. 109–112. 5754:, pp. 206–207. 5727:, pp. 543–545. 5715:, pp. 304–330. 5676:, pp. 308–309. 5664:, pp. 112–114. 5652:, pp. 166–167. 5625:, pp. 306–308. 5586:, pp. 102–103. 5544:, pp. 305–306. 5452:, pp. 183–167. 5440:, pp. 361–365. 5428:, pp. 150–153. 5404:, pp. 229–231. 5377:, pp. 118–124. 5375:Schwencke 1925–1930 5365:, pp. 150–159. 5347:Schwencke 1925–1930 5247:, pp. 232–233. 5235:, pp. 230–231. 5223:, pp. 228–229. 5199:, pp. 226–227. 5148:, pp. 225–226. 5136:, pp. 224–225. 5088:, pp. 114–115. 4932:, pp. 107–109. 4920:, pp. 272–273. 4857:, pp. 265–266. 4845:, pp. 213–214. 4833:, pp. 211–212. 4809:, pp. 214–216. 4695:, pp. 275–276. 4644:, pp. 191–192. 4632:, pp. 217–218. 4550:Frederick the Great 4548:Mangin paraphrased 4233:François Mitterrand 4160:Battle of the Somme 4043:18-field artillery, 4024:killed or missing. 3926:(Diary 23 May 1916) 3820:351,000 casualties, 3700:39.1 per 1,000 men. 3670:373,882 casualties, 3643:362,000 and 336,831 3159:Ermattungsstrategie 2942:15–17 December 1916 2787:Paul von Hindenburg 2732:Battle of the Somme 2724: 200,000 men. 2708:Battle of the Somme 2584: 8,000 shells 2502:disappeared and in 2210:Angriffsgruppe West 2141:to the north-west. 2021: 100 soldiers 1971:and were moving up 1935:Bois de l'Herbebois 1920:Bois de l'Herbebois 1834:; the Germans used 1803:Unternehmen Gericht 1572:Gardien de Batterie 1519:French preparations 1366:Clermont-en-Argonne 1342:German preparations 1281:Casemate de Bourges 1232:and from Verdun to 1214:and smaller works ( 1204:Peace of Westphalia 1097:Unternehmen Gericht 958:Battle of the Somme 823:Associated articles 540:Hartmannswillerkopf 401:Invasion of Belgium 264: 50 divisions 175:Paul von Hindenburg 98: / 9751:Treaty of Lausanne 9666:Paris Economy Pact 9600:UK against Germany 9530:Entry into the war 9496:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 9215:Ottoman casualties 9025:Franco-Turkish War 8905:Post-War conflicts 8889:Russian Revolution 8871:Invasion of Darfur 8836:Kelantan rebellion 8824:Kurdish rebellions 8800:Mexican Revolution 8633:October Revolution 8598:Kerensky offensive 8573:Capture of Baghdad 8550:Monastir offensive 8535:Brusilov offensive 8373:Battle of Kolubara 8212:Russo-Japanese War 7598:NASA satellite map 7369:. London: Osprey. 7275:. Stroud: Tempus. 7271:Brown, M. (1999). 6741:Mason, D. (2000). 4797:, pp. 21, 32. 4554:Battle of Rossbach 4389:21 April to 25 May 4200:destroyed villages 4196: 4156: 4110:27 to 28 September 4074: 4008:Division Marocaine 3961: 3860:442,000 casualties 3842:and casualties of 3746:460,000 casualties 3734: 3714: 11 per cent 3704:40.9 men per 1,000 3692:52.4 per 1,000 men 3666: 11 per cent 3645:respectively from 3639:348,000 to 378,000 3626:532,500 casualties 3622:428,000 casualties 3600:added 30 per cent. 3535:deutsches Jahrbuch 3490:fiches de position 3455: 3372: 3356:281,000 casualties 3285:100,000 casualties 3206: 3145: 2954: 2918: 2821: 2750: 2728:Brusilov Offensive 2704:Brusilov Offensive 2686:reappeared in the 2627: 2495: 2431: 2410:ravin de Couleuvre 2389: 2368:(GAC) and General 2344: 2310:regardless of loss 2287:Angriffsgruppe Ost 2274:Angriffsgruppe Ost 2269: 2237: 2196:Bois de Malancourt 2186:Bois de Malancourt 2167: 2155:11 March – 9 April 2108: 2058: 25,000 men. 2014: 1968:Bois des Caurières 1869: 1799: 1713:Adolphe Guillaumat 1690: 1616: 1531: 1354: 1284:), containing two 1276: 1176: 1027:Battle of the Yser 1000:and an average of 990:377,231 casualties 867:Schlacht um Verdun 858:Bataille de Verdun 241:Adolphe Guillaumat 9817: 9816: 9800: 9799: 9784:The Golden Virgin 9778:Mutilated victory 9759: 9758: 9739:Treaty of Trianon 9734:Treaty of Neuilly 9641:Damascus Protocol 9514: 9513: 9474:Armenian genocide 9431:Allied blockades 9403:Belgian refugees 9186: 9185: 9096:Strategic bombing 9072: 9071: 9057:Franco-Syrian War 9031:Greco-Turkish War 9019:Anglo-Turkish War 9002:Polish–Soviet War 8936:German Revolution 8912:Russian Civil War 8895:Finnish Civil War 8721:Battle of Megiddo 8696:Battle of Goychay 8643:Battle of Cambrai 8603:Battle of Mărăști 8518:Battle of Jutland 8498:Erzurum offensive 8353:Siege of Przemyśl 8333:Siege of Tsingtao 8318:Battle of Galicia 8248:Second Balkan War 8236:Italo-Turkish War 8193:Pre-War conflicts 8179: 8178: 8069:Portuguese Empire 7985: 7984: 7947:German New Guinea 7929:Asian and Pacific 7464:978-1-57607-344-5 7424:978-1-85375-358-9 7398:978-1-86197-276-7 7376:978-1-85532-993-5 7323:978-0-09-180178-6 7301:978-1-84415-867-6 7282:978-0-7524-1774-5 7263:978-1-78346-165-3 7244:978-1-108-83288-5 7115:978-0-06-270056-8 7079:978-0-8371-5029-1 7060:978-0-471-11711-7 7041:978-0-297-84671-0 7022:978-0-85052-330-0 7000:978-1-84884-466-7 6930:978-0-7146-4214-7 6911:978-1-4087-0355-7 6892:978-1-4087-0108-9 6844:978-2-262-01386-8 6818:978-0-224-05990-9 6796:978-0-7315-3664-1 6752:978-1-900624-41-1 6733:978-2-911920-10-3 6710:978-0-19-931689-2 6691:978-0-19-820706-1 6668:978-0-14-193752-6 6646:978-1-78303-235-8 6627:978-1-84884-345-5 6608:978-1-57181-232-2 6586:978-1-78200-353-3 6567:978-1-107-60568-8 6548:978-1-4053-1100-7 6525:978-0-521-04436-3 6499:978-1-84574-139-6 6454:978-0-674-01880-8 6432:978-2-7233-0514-3 6423:Verdun, 1914–1918 6413:978-1-891268-09-0 6394:978-0-304-35949-3 6355:978-0-521-02637-6 6333:978-3-486-55972-9 6287:, pp. 77–98. 6195:, pp. 24–25. 5739:, pp. 17–29. 5613:, pp. 19–20. 5505:, pp. 94–95. 5322:, pp. 79–82. 5283:, pp. 76–78. 5271:, pp. 17–18. 5076:, pp. 57–58. 5052:, pp. 45–50. 5025:, pp. 43–44. 5010:, pp. 60–64. 4995:, pp. 54–59. 4971:, pp. 49–51. 4956:, pp. 48–49. 4770:, pp. 33–34. 4758:, pp. 25–29. 4746:, pp. 31–32. 4533:Charles de Gaulle 4328:Moulin de Rouvres 4221:Douaumont ossuary 4080:and the American 4018:14,000 casualties 3949:20–26 August 1917 3854:were wounded and 3836:Robert A. Doughty 3834:Writing in 2005, 3828:or prisoners and 3729:Douaumont ossuary 3416:25,989 casualties 3330:259 (78 per cent) 3265:Nivelle Offensive 2976:1,169,000 shells, 2245:81,607 casualties 2201:20,000 casualties 2144:Bois des Corbeaux 2134:Bois des Corbeaux 1715:, Balfourier and 1657:De Langle de Cary 1544:Noël de Castelnau 1448:VII Reserve Corps 1399:2,400 experienced 1317: 1,000 guns 1200:Holy Roman Empire 1048:Kaiser Wilhelm II 847: 846: 673:Nivelle offensive 448:Trouée de Charmes 347: 346: 216:Noël de Castelnau 125: 124: 107:49.20806; 5.42194 56:Map of the battle 9892: 9830:Battle of Verdun 9744:Treaty of Sèvres 9636:Treaty of London 9527: 9526: 9305:Northeast France 9236: 9235: 9208:Parliamentarians 9141: 9140: 9103:Chemical weapons 9081: 9080: 8842:Senussi campaign 8812:Muscat rebellion 8806:Maritz rebellion 8774: 8716:Vardar offensive 8545:Battle of Romani 8513:Battle of Asiago 8503:Battle of Verdun 8467:Kosovo offensive 8242:First Balkan War 8190: 8189: 8089:Russian Republic 7998: 7997: 7792: 7791: 7734:Economic history 7701: 7694: 7687: 7678: 7677: 7623:Verdun (excerpt) 7586: 7584: 7582: 7553: 7513: 7489: 7468: 7449: 7428: 7402: 7380: 7361: 7344: 7327: 7305: 7286: 7267: 7248: 7212: 7182: 7164: 7126: 7124: 7122: 7107: 7083: 7064: 7045: 7026: 7004: 6985: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6934: 6915: 6896: 6877: 6875: 6873: 6848: 6822: 6800: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6756: 6737: 6714: 6695: 6683: 6672: 6650: 6631: 6612: 6590: 6571: 6552: 6540: 6529: 6510: 6508: 6506: 6475: 6458: 6436: 6417: 6398: 6379: 6368:The World Crisis 6364:Churchill, W. S. 6359: 6337: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6202: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6070: 6064: 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6010: 6000: 5994: 5988: 5982: 5976: 5970: 5964: 5958: 5952: 5946: 5940: 5934: 5928: 5922: 5916: 5910: 5904: 5898: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5844: 5835: 5829: 5823: 5817: 5806: 5800: 5791: 5785: 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5755: 5749: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5638: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5614: 5608: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5560: 5554: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5506: 5500: 5489: 5483: 5477: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5453: 5447: 5441: 5435: 5429: 5423: 5417: 5411: 5405: 5399: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5360: 5354: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5296: 5290: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5083: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5059: 5053: 5047: 5038: 5032: 5026: 5020: 5011: 5005: 4996: 4990: 4984: 4978: 4972: 4966: 4957: 4951: 4945: 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4897: 4891: 4885: 4879: 4873: 4867: 4858: 4852: 4846: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4783: 4777: 4771: 4765: 4759: 4753: 4747: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4669: 4663: 4657: 4651: 4645: 4639: 4633: 4627: 4608: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4569: 4563: 4561: 4546: 4540: 4529: 4523: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4482: 4476: 4474: 4462: 4458: 4456:Jumelles d'Ornes 4452: 4447: 4441: 4438: 4432: 4430: 4422: 4414: 4406: 4405:9 May to 18 June 4398: 4390: 4382: 4374: 4366: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4284: 4270: 4253: 4218: 4214: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4132: 150 guns, 4130: 4127: 4124: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4091: 4051: 4047: 4044: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4014:11,000 prisoners 4010: 3995: 3987: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3927: 3913: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3873: 3872:281,000, against 3869: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3831: 3830:195,000 wounded. 3827: 3824: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3751: 3747: 3743: 3738:The World Crisis 3719: 3715: 3712: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3676:casualties. The 3675: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3655:to increase the 3654: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3611:Service de Santé 3607: 3601: 3592:The World Crisis 3589: 3585: 3579: 3573: 3555: 3549: 3543: 3537: 3531: 3525: 3516: 3514:Journal Officiel 3510: 3504: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3478:Service de Santé 3474: 3468: 3466:Service de Santé 3462: 3438: 3432: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3401: 3395: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3313: 3309: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3250: 3247:and the Germans 3246: 3243: 3236: 3233:Fokker Eindecker 3228: 3216: 3212: 3211:1,000 casualties 3194: 3190: 3185: 3181: 3161: 3150:Moltke the Elder 3129: 3118: 3110: 3077: 3073: 3072:11,387 prisoners 3068: 3064: 3054: 3050: 3031: 3027: 3022: 3019: 3015: 3012: 3005: 3004: 3000: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2985: 2981: 2977: 2973: 2969: 2961: 2936: 2928: 2923: 2907: 2903: 2879: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2829:), to recapture 2828: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2795:4 to 5 September 2791:Erich Ludendorff 2768: 2764: 2756: 2725: 2722: 2718: 2715: 2685: 2679: 2658: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638:1,600 casualties 2635: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2597:2,742 casualties 2593: 2589: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2558: 2537: 2536:4,500 casualties 2533: 2529: 2528:5,640 casualties 2525: 2517: 2507: 2500: 2479: 2459: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2367: 2352: 2331: 2325: 2306:Ewald von Lochow 2294: 2289: 2276: 2246: 2225: 2218: 2212: 2205:Max von Gallwitz 2202: 2198: 2188: 2182: 2176: 2146: 2136: 2125: 2078: 2073: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2034: 2022: 2019: 1994: 1983: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1949: 1943: 1941:Bois de Wavrille 1937: 1928: 1922: 1908: 1904: 1893:Beaumont-en-Auge 1886: 1876: 1858: 1855: 1851: 1833: 1820: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1749: 1748: 1744: 1741: 1706:Bernard Serrigny 1703: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1646: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1632: 1631: 1627: 1624: 1588: 1578: 1574: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1541: 1536: 1514: 1481: 1446:occupied by the 1432: 1427: 1426:2,000,000 shells 1423: 1422:2,000,000 rounds 1419: 1418: 1414: 1411: 1404: 1400: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1318: 1315: 1311: 1305: 1301: 1293: 1286:75 mm field guns 1283: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1222:Séré de Rivières 1219: 1213: 1196:Treaty of Verdun 1164: 1138:Battle of Flirey 1135: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1099: 1085: 1081: 1071: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 992:and the Germans 991: 975: 929: 928: 924: 921: 895: 884:Verdun-sur-Meuse 873: 864: 854:Battle of Verdun 786:St Quentin Canal 383: 373: 366: 359: 350: 349: 324: 323: 317: 288: 285: 265: 262: 200:Max von Gallwitz 195:Ewald von Lochow 180:Erich Ludendorff 153: 152: 141: 140: 113: 112: 110: 109: 108: 103: 99: 96: 95: 94: 91: 80:Verdun-sur-Meuse 62: 61: 54: 33:Battle of Verdun 30: 29: 9900: 9899: 9895: 9894: 9893: 9891: 9890: 9889: 9875:Philippe Pétain 9835:Battles in 1916 9820: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9796: 9755: 9687: 9680: 9651:Treaty of Darin 9619: 9581: 9537:Austria-Hungary 9523: 9510: 9491:Rape of Belgium 9418: 9390: 9338: 9332:Western Armenia 9327:Eastern Galicia 9260: 9234: 9198: 9197:Civilian impact 9196: 9182: 9139: 9068: 8900: 8830:Ovambo Uprising 8782: 8768: 8657: 8559: 8486: 8404:Battle of Łomża 8387: 8383:Christmas truce 8358:Race to the Sea 8291: 8253: 8175: 8146:Austria-Hungary 8122: 8057:Empire of Japan 7994: 7992: 7981: 7965:U-boat campaign 7951: 7923: 7885: 7837: 7783: 7764:Popular culture 7710: 7705: 7675: 7655:Wayback Machine 7593: 7580: 7578: 7560: 7520: 7465: 7425: 7399: 7377: 7324: 7302: 7283: 7264: 7245: 7225: 7220: 7218:Further reading 7215: 7134: 7129: 7120: 7118: 7116: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7061: 7042: 7023: 7001: 6958: 6956: 6931: 6912: 6893: 6871: 6869: 6845: 6819: 6797: 6775: 6773: 6753: 6734: 6711: 6692: 6669: 6647: 6628: 6609: 6587: 6568: 6549: 6526: 6504: 6502: 6500: 6455: 6433: 6414: 6395: 6356: 6334: 6313: 6308: 6303: 6295: 6291: 6285:Barcellini 1996 6283: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6257: 6255: 6248:verdun-meuse.fr 6242: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6215: 6213: 6204: 6203: 6199: 6191: 6187: 6181:Greenhalgh 2014 6179: 6175: 6167: 6160: 6154:Greenhalgh 2014 6152: 6148: 6142:Greenhalgh 2014 6140: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6073: 6065: 6061: 6053: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6029: 6025: 6017: 6013: 6009:, p. 1052. 6001: 5997: 5989: 5985: 5977: 5973: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5949: 5941: 5937: 5929: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5905: 5901: 5893: 5889: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5845: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5818: 5809: 5801: 5794: 5786: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5762: 5758: 5750: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5725:Afflerbach 1994 5723: 5719: 5711: 5707: 5699: 5695: 5687: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5629: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5563: 5555: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5528: 5524: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5492: 5484: 5480: 5472: 5468: 5460: 5456: 5448: 5444: 5436: 5432: 5426:Pedroncini 1989 5424: 5420: 5412: 5408: 5400: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349:, p. 118; 5345: 5341: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5299: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5164: 5156: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5132: 5128: 5120: 5116: 5108: 5104: 5096: 5092: 5084: 5080: 5072: 5068: 5060: 5056: 5048: 5041: 5033: 5029: 5021: 5014: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4979: 4975: 4967: 4960: 4952: 4948: 4940: 4936: 4928: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4904: 4900: 4892: 4888: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4817: 4813: 4805: 4801: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4766: 4762: 4754: 4750: 4742: 4738: 4730: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4703: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4672: 4664: 4660: 4652: 4648: 4640: 4636: 4630:Falkenhayn 2004 4628: 4621: 4617: 4612: 4611: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4570: 4566: 4547: 4543: 4530: 4526: 4483: 4479: 4472: 4460: 4450: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4420: 4412: 4404: 4396: 4388: 4380: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4353: 4343: 4341: 4333: 4304: 4297: 4296: 4293:Félix Vallotton 4285: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4254: 4245: 4217:100,000 missing 4216: 4194: 4187:Verdun Memorial 4176:Arc de Triomphe 4154: 4146: 4137: 4131: 4125: 4117: 4114:8,000 prisoners 4113: 4109: 4089: 4072: 4064: 4058: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4030: 4021: 4017: 4013: 3993: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3959: 3951: 3946: 3928: 3925: 3911: 3899: 3890: 3886: 3882: 3878: 3875:315,000 French. 3874: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3829: 3826:100,000 missing 3825: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3799: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3732: 3717: 3713: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3688:48.1 per 1,000, 3687: 3684:37.7 casualties 3683: 3679:Sanitätsbericht 3673: 3669: 3665: 3652:Sanitätsbericht 3646: 3642: 3638: 3625: 3621: 3605:Sanitätsbericht 3599: 3587: 3553:Sanitätsbericht 3496:Première Bureau 3453: 3445: 3419: 3415: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3386: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3359: 3358:and the French 3355: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3307: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3289:100,000 losses. 3288: 3284: 3280: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3192: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3143: 3116: 3111: 3108: 3097: 3092: 3075: 3071: 3066: 3053:16/17 December, 3052: 3029: 3025: 3020: 3013: 3002: 2998: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2952: 2944: 2934: 2927:6,000 prisoners 2926: 2921: 2916: 2905: 2901: 2877: 2862:and howitzers. 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2840:855,264 shells, 2839: 2834: 2819: 2811: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2779: 2766: 2763:300,000 shells, 2762: 2754: 2748: 2740: 2723: 2716: 2710: 2702:Main articles: 2700: 2670:, my comrades). 2656: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2617: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2570: 2569: 2568: 2567: 2564: 2559: 2550: 2544: 2542:30 May – 7 June 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2512:at the edge of 2498: 2493: 2477: 2457: 2448: 2444: 2429: 2387: 2379: 2362:the command of 2359: 2342: 2292: 2267: 2259: 2254: 2244: 2235: 2200: 2180:Bois d'Avocourt 2174: 2165: 2157: 2123: 2106: 2095: 2090: 2076: 2071: 2067: 2057: 2050: 2046: 2020: 2012: 1981: 1962:Bois des Fosses 1926:Bois des Caures 1906: 1874:Bois des Caures 1867: 1856: 1831: 1818: 1811: 1807: 1797: 1786: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1760: 1756: 1753: 1751: 1746: 1742: 1739: 1737: 1701: 1688: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1614: 1603:Joseph Gallieni 1576: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1539: 1534: 1529: 1521: 1479: 1440: 1430: 1425: 1421: 1416: 1412: 1409: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1393:1,200 infantry. 1392: 1352: 1344: 1339: 1330: 1320: 1316: 1303: 1299: 1274: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1211: 1174: 1166: 1133: 1129: 1124: 1120: 1113:Battle of Liège 1083: 1069: 1023: 1018: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 973: 932:Philippe Pétain 926: 922: 919: 917: 880:First World War 850: 849: 848: 843: 820: 624:Vimy Ridge 1916 502:Race to the Sea 470:1st St. Quentin 393: 384: 379: 377: 343: 342: 341: 340: 338: 332: 331: 330: 329: 325: 302:216,000 wounded 286: 263: 250: 231:Philippe Pétain 204: 147: 135: 106: 104: 100: 97: 92: 89: 87: 85: 84: 83: 69: 55: 44:First World War 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 9898: 9888: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9855:1916 in France 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9815: 9814: 9812: 9811: 9805: 9802: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9794: 9787: 9780: 9775: 9767: 9765: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9756: 9754: 9753: 9748: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9716: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9704: 9696: 9690: 9688: 9686:Peace treaties 9685: 9682: 9681: 9679: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9620: 9618: 9617: 9612: 9607: 9602: 9597: 9591: 9589: 9583: 9582: 9580: 9579: 9574: 9572:United Kingdom 9569: 9564: 9562:Ottoman Empire 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9533: 9531: 9524: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9509: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9466: 9464:Sack of Dinant 9461: 9456: 9451: 9450: 9449: 9444: 9443: 9442: 9428: 9426: 9420: 9419: 9417: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9412:United Kingdom 9409: 9400: 9398: 9392: 9391: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9386: 9381: 9372: 9366:POW locations 9364: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9348: 9346: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9321: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9289: 9288: 9287: 9282: 9274: 9268: 9266: 9262: 9261: 9259: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9242: 9240: 9233: 9232: 9231: 9230: 9225: 9217: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9201: 9199: 9191: 9188: 9187: 9184: 9183: 9181: 9180: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9166:United Kingdom 9163: 9161:Ottoman Empire 9158: 9153: 9147: 9145: 9138: 9137: 9135:Trench warfare 9132: 9131: 9130: 9120: 9115: 9110: 9105: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9087: 9085: 9078: 9074: 9073: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9060: 9054: 9048: 9042: 9041: 9040: 9034: 9028: 9022: 9011: 9005: 8999: 8993: 8987: 8981: 8975: 8969: 8963: 8957: 8951: 8945: 8939: 8933: 8927: 8921: 8915: 8908: 8906: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8892: 8886: 8880: 8874: 8868: 8862: 8856: 8851: 8848:Volta-Bani War 8845: 8839: 8833: 8827: 8821: 8815: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8790: 8788: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8703: 8698: 8693: 8688: 8686:Zeebrugge Raid 8683: 8678: 8673: 8667: 8665: 8659: 8658: 8656: 8655: 8650: 8645: 8640: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8569: 8567: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8531: 8530: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8505: 8500: 8494: 8492: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8477:Battle of Loos 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8411: 8406: 8401: 8395: 8393: 8389: 8388: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8368:Black Sea raid 8365: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8292: 8290: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8270:Historiography 8261: 8259: 8255: 8254: 8252: 8251: 8245: 8239: 8233: 8227: 8224:Bosnian Crisis 8221: 8218:Tangier Crisis 8215: 8209: 8203: 8196: 8194: 8187: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8176: 8174: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8153: 8151:Ottoman Empire 8148: 8143: 8138: 8132: 8130: 8128:Central Powers 8124: 8123: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8114: 8113: 8111:British Empire 8106:United Kingdom 8103: 8098: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8086: 8084:Russian Empire 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8060: 8059: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8038: 8037: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8006: 8004: 8002:Entente Powers 7995: 7990: 7987: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7974: 7973: 7972: 7970:North Atlantic 7961: 7959: 7953: 7952: 7950: 7949: 7944: 7939: 7933: 7931: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7895: 7893: 7887: 7886: 7884: 7883: 7881:Central Arabia 7878: 7873: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7847: 7845: 7843:Middle Eastern 7839: 7838: 7836: 7835: 7830: 7829: 7828: 7818: 7813: 7812: 7811: 7800: 7798: 7789: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7756: 7751: 7746: 7744:Historiography 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7715: 7712: 7711: 7704: 7703: 7696: 7689: 7681: 7674: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7657: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7594: 7592: 7591:External links 7589: 7588: 7587: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7554: 7519: 7516: 7515: 7514: 7490: 7469: 7463: 7450: 7429: 7423: 7403: 7397: 7381: 7375: 7362: 7345: 7328: 7322: 7306: 7300: 7292:Walking Verdun 7287: 7281: 7268: 7262: 7249: 7243: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7214: 7213: 7183: 7165: 7135: 7133: 7130: 7128: 7127: 7114: 7096:Dupuy, E. R.; 7092: 7090: 7089:Encyclopaedias 7087: 7085: 7084: 7078: 7065: 7059: 7046: 7040: 7027: 7021: 7005: 6999: 6986: 6965: 6935: 6929: 6916: 6910: 6897: 6891: 6878: 6849: 6843: 6827:Pedroncini, G. 6823: 6817: 6801: 6795: 6782: 6757: 6751: 6738: 6732: 6715: 6709: 6696: 6690: 6673: 6667: 6651: 6645: 6632: 6626: 6618:Fort Douaumont 6613: 6607: 6591: 6585: 6572: 6566: 6553: 6547: 6530: 6524: 6511: 6498: 6480:Falkenhayn, E. 6476: 6459: 6453: 6441:Doughty, R. A. 6437: 6431: 6418: 6412: 6399: 6393: 6380: 6360: 6354: 6342:Chickering, R. 6338: 6332: 6314: 6312: 6309: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6301: 6299:, p. 304. 6289: 6277: 6275:, p. 124. 6265: 6235: 6223: 6197: 6185: 6173: 6158: 6146: 6144:, p. 237. 6134: 6132:, p. 122. 6122: 6120:, p. 160. 6110: 6108:, p. 236. 6098: 6096:, p. 226. 6086: 6084:, p. 259. 6071: 6069:, p. 276. 6059: 6057:, p. 309. 6047: 6045:, p. 110. 6035: 6033:, p. 114. 6023: 6011: 6005:, p. 59; 5995: 5991:Churchill 1938 5983: 5981:, p. 261. 5979:Jankowski 2014 5971: 5967:Jankowski 2014 5959: 5955:Jankowski 2014 5947: 5943:Jankowski 2014 5935: 5933:, p. 499. 5923: 5921:, p. 329. 5911: 5909:, p. 258. 5899: 5887: 5875: 5863: 5851: 5849:, p. 185. 5836: 5824: 5807: 5805:, p. 256. 5792: 5788:Jankowski 2014 5780: 5768: 5764:Jankowski 2014 5756: 5741: 5729: 5717: 5705: 5703:, p. 168. 5693: 5678: 5666: 5654: 5639: 5637:, p. 227. 5627: 5615: 5600: 5598:, p. 306. 5588: 5576: 5574:, p. 221. 5561: 5546: 5534: 5522: 5520:, p. 299. 5507: 5490: 5488:, p. 298. 5478: 5476:, p. 217. 5466: 5464:, p. 126. 5454: 5442: 5430: 5418: 5416:, p. 136. 5406: 5391: 5389:, p. 229. 5379: 5367: 5355: 5339: 5324: 5312: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5259:, p. 234. 5249: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5211:, p. 228. 5201: 5189: 5187:, p. 226. 5177: 5162: 5160:, p. 283. 5150: 5138: 5126: 5124:, p. 223. 5114: 5112:, p. 115. 5102: 5090: 5078: 5066: 5064:, p. 220. 5054: 5039: 5027: 5012: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4958: 4946: 4944:, p. 274. 4934: 4922: 4910: 4898: 4896:, p. 267. 4886: 4884:, p. 217. 4874: 4859: 4847: 4835: 4823: 4821:, p. 211. 4811: 4799: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4721: 4709: 4697: 4685: 4670: 4668:, p. 193. 4658: 4656:, p. 192. 4646: 4634: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4564: 4541: 4524: 4506:Pour le Mérite 4490:Eugen Radtke, 4477: 4442: 4433: 4417:Battle of Loos 4397:10 to 13 March 4393:Neuve Chapelle 4360: 4359: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4351: 4331: 4330: 4325: 4320: 4310: 4303: 4300: 4299: 4298: 4287: 4286: 4279: 4277: 4273: 4272: 4265: 4263: 4256: 4255: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4185: 4152: 4145: 4142: 4070: 4060:Main article: 4057: 4054: 4029: 4026: 3974:80 super-heavy 3957: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3934:summarily shot 3923: 3898: 3895: 3879:377,000 French 3868:400,000 French 3864:355,000 German 3823:56,000 killed, 3812:330,000 German 3808:337,000 German 3804:378,000 French 3788:337,000 German 3784:377,231 French 3780:542,000 French 3774:casualties in 3765:244,000 German 3761:403,000 French 3727: 3718:37.7 per 1,000 3696:54.7 per 1,000 3674:373,231 French 3451: 3444: 3441: 3436:Bewegungskrieg 3393:Herbstschlacht 3368: 3308: 130,000 3297:250,000 German 3252: 670,000 3202: 3137: 3106: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3084:Hans von Zwehl 2950: 2943: 2940: 2914: 2831:Fort Douaumont 2817: 2810: 2807: 2778: 2775: 2746: 2739: 2736: 2717: 185,000 2699: 2696: 2623: 2616: 2613: 2603:being killed, 2565: 2561: 2560: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2546:Main article: 2543: 2540: 2515:Bois Caillette 2505:Bois Caillette 2487: 2420: 2393:Charles Mangin 2385: 2378: 2375: 2370:Robert Nivelle 2358: 2355: 2340: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2253: 2250: 2233: 2223:Côte-du-Poivre 2216:Bois Caillette 2163: 2156: 2153: 2101: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2072:500 casualties 2066: 2065:27–29 February 2063: 2038:Rue de Rempart 2010: 1992:Bois Hermitage 1974:ravin Hassoule 1947:Bois de Fosses 1929:was defeated. 1865: 1794:Fort Douaumont 1792: 1785: 1784:21–26 February 1782: 1779:Fort Douaumont 1777:Main article: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1686: 1671:guns, against 1655:(GAC, General 1612: 1567:68 technicians 1527: 1520: 1517: 1439: 1436: 1382:La Morte Fille 1350: 1343: 1340: 1338: 1335: 1269: 1252:200 light guns 1188:Attila the Hun 1172: 1165: 1158: 1154:Argonne Forest 1125:128,000 rounds 1123:batteries and 1117:Siege of Namur 1079:Herbstschlacht 1052:Gerhard Tappen 1022: 1019: 1017: 1014: 914:Fort Douaumont 845: 844: 842: 841: 836: 831: 819: 818: 816:Lys and Escaut 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 788: 783: 778: 773: 768: 763: 758: 757: 756: 751: 746: 741: 736: 718: 717: 712: 707: 702: 697: 696: 695: 690: 685: 680: 670: 663: 652: 651: 646: 641: 636: 631: 626: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 585: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 563: 562: 552: 547: 545:Neuve Chapelle 542: 537: 526: 521: 519:Winter actions 516: 515: 514: 509: 499: 494: 489: 484: 482:Grand Couronné 479: 474: 473: 472: 467: 462: 452: 451: 450: 445: 440: 435: 430: 420: 419: 418: 413: 408: 398: 389: 386: 385: 376: 375: 368: 361: 353: 345: 344: 334: 333: 327: 326: 319: 318: 312: 311: 310: 309: 306: 305: 304: 303: 300: 292: 291: 290: 287: 143,000 275: 274: 270: 269: 266: 257: 256: 252: 251: 249: 248: 246:Charles Mangin 243: 238: 236:Robert Nivelle 233: 228: 223: 218: 213: 207: 205: 203: 202: 197: 192: 187: 182: 177: 172: 166: 163: 162: 158: 157: 145: 132: 131: 127: 126: 123: 122: 121:French victory 119: 115: 114: 78: 76: 72: 71: 66: 58: 57: 47: 46: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9897: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9810: 9807: 9806: 9803: 9793: 9792: 9788: 9786: 9785: 9781: 9779: 9776: 9774: 9773: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9762: 9752: 9749: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9721: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9683: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9622: 9616: 9613: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9590: 9588: 9584: 9578: 9577:United States 9575: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9535: 9534: 9532: 9528: 9525: 9522: 9517: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9471: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9448: 9445: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9436: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9429: 9427: 9425: 9421: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9404: 9402: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9393: 9385: 9382: 9380: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9349: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9277: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9269: 9267: 9263: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9237: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9189: 9179: 9178:United States 9176: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9136: 9133: 9129: 9128:Convoy system 9126: 9125: 9124: 9123:Naval warfare 9121: 9119: 9116: 9114: 9111: 9109: 9106: 9104: 9101: 9097: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9089: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9079: 9075: 9064: 9061: 9058: 9055: 9052: 9049: 9046: 9043: 9038: 9035: 9032: 9029: 9026: 9023: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9009: 9006: 9003: 9000: 8997: 8994: 8991: 8988: 8985: 8982: 8979: 8976: 8973: 8970: 8967: 8964: 8961: 8958: 8955: 8952: 8949: 8946: 8943: 8940: 8937: 8934: 8931: 8928: 8925: 8922: 8919: 8916: 8913: 8910: 8909: 8907: 8903: 8896: 8893: 8890: 8887: 8884: 8883:Kaocen revolt 8881: 8878: 8877:Easter Rising 8875: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8849: 8846: 8843: 8840: 8837: 8834: 8831: 8828: 8825: 8822: 8819: 8816: 8813: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8798: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8702: 8699: 8697: 8694: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8668: 8666: 8664: 8660: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8644: 8641: 8639: 8636: 8634: 8631: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8570: 8568: 8566: 8562: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8529: 8526: 8525: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8516: 8514: 8511: 8509: 8506: 8504: 8501: 8499: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8489: 8483: 8480: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8442:Great Retreat 8440: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8410: 8407: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8390: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8313:Battle of Cer 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8300: 8298: 8294: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8267: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8260: 8256: 8249: 8246: 8243: 8240: 8237: 8234: 8231: 8230:Agadir Crisis 8228: 8225: 8222: 8219: 8216: 8213: 8210: 8207: 8204: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8195: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8182: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8119: 8118:United States 8116: 8112: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8058: 8055: 8054: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8035:French Empire 8033: 8032: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7988: 7978: 7977:Mediterranean 7975: 7971: 7968: 7967: 7966: 7963: 7962: 7960: 7958: 7957:Naval warfare 7954: 7948: 7945: 7943: 7940: 7938: 7935: 7934: 7932: 7930: 7926: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7896: 7894: 7892: 7888: 7882: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7872: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7840: 7834: 7833:Italian Front 7831: 7827: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7821:Eastern Front 7819: 7817: 7816:Western Front 7814: 7810: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7802: 7801: 7799: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7786: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7774:Puppet states 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7755: 7752: 7750: 7747: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7716: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7697: 7695: 7690: 7688: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7652: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7614: 7611: 7609: 7606: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7595: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7527: 7522: 7521: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7456: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7439: 7435: 7430: 7426: 7420: 7416: 7412: 7408: 7404: 7400: 7394: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7355: 7351: 7346: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7297: 7293: 7288: 7284: 7278: 7274: 7269: 7265: 7259: 7255: 7250: 7246: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7227: 7226: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7194: 7191:(in French). 7190: 7184: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7117: 7111: 7106: 7105: 7099: 7094: 7093: 7081: 7075: 7071: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7028: 7024: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6966: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6943: 6942: 6936: 6932: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6913: 6907: 6903: 6898: 6894: 6888: 6884: 6879: 6868: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6854: 6853:Pétain, H. P. 6850: 6846: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6810: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6758: 6754: 6748: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6729: 6725: 6721: 6716: 6712: 6706: 6702: 6697: 6693: 6687: 6682: 6681: 6674: 6670: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6642: 6638: 6633: 6629: 6623: 6619: 6614: 6610: 6604: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6582: 6578: 6573: 6569: 6563: 6559: 6554: 6550: 6544: 6539: 6538: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6501: 6495: 6491: 6487: 6486: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6428: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6409: 6405: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6386: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6351: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6335: 6329: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6315: 6298: 6293: 6286: 6281: 6274: 6273:Holstein 2010 6269: 6253: 6249: 6245: 6239: 6233:, p. 28. 6232: 6227: 6212:. 28 May 2016 6211: 6207: 6201: 6194: 6193:Michelin 1919 6189: 6182: 6177: 6170: 6165: 6163: 6155: 6150: 6143: 6138: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6095: 6094:Philpott 2014 6090: 6083: 6078: 6076: 6068: 6063: 6056: 6051: 6044: 6039: 6032: 6027: 6021:, p. 26. 6020: 6015: 6008: 6004: 6003:Terraine 1992 5999: 5992: 5987: 5980: 5975: 5968: 5963: 5956: 5951: 5944: 5939: 5932: 5927: 5920: 5915: 5908: 5903: 5896: 5891: 5884: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5860: 5855: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5804: 5799: 5797: 5789: 5784: 5777: 5772: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5748: 5746: 5738: 5737:Krumeich 1996 5733: 5726: 5721: 5714: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5691:, p. 50. 5690: 5685: 5683: 5675: 5670: 5663: 5662:Holstein 2010 5658: 5651: 5646: 5644: 5636: 5631: 5624: 5619: 5612: 5611:Michelin 1919 5607: 5605: 5597: 5592: 5585: 5584:Holstein 2010 5580: 5573: 5568: 5566: 5559:, p. 99. 5558: 5557:Holstein 2010 5553: 5551: 5543: 5538: 5532:, p. 95. 5531: 5530:Holstein 2010 5526: 5519: 5514: 5512: 5504: 5503:Holstein 2010 5499: 5497: 5495: 5487: 5482: 5475: 5474:Philpott 2009 5470: 5463: 5458: 5451: 5446: 5439: 5434: 5427: 5422: 5415: 5410: 5403: 5398: 5396: 5388: 5383: 5376: 5371: 5364: 5359: 5353:, p. 82. 5352: 5351:Holstein 2011 5348: 5343: 5337:, p. 91. 5336: 5335:Holstein 2010 5331: 5329: 5321: 5320:Holstein 2010 5316: 5309: 5304: 5302: 5295:, p. 78. 5294: 5293:Holstein 2010 5289: 5282: 5281:Holstein 2010 5277: 5270: 5269:Michelin 1919 5265: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5186: 5181: 5175:, p. 29. 5174: 5173:Michelin 1919 5169: 5167: 5159: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5135: 5130: 5123: 5118: 5111: 5106: 5100:, p. 45. 5099: 5098:Williams 1998 5094: 5087: 5082: 5075: 5074:Holstein 2010 5070: 5063: 5058: 5051: 5050:Holstein 2010 5046: 5044: 5036: 5035:Holstein 2010 5031: 5024: 5023:Holstein 2010 5019: 5017: 5009: 5004: 5002: 4994: 4989: 4982: 4981:Schwerin 1939 4977: 4970: 4965: 4963: 4955: 4950: 4943: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4919: 4914: 4907: 4902: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4878: 4872:, p. 36. 4871: 4870:Holstein 2010 4866: 4864: 4856: 4851: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4827: 4820: 4815: 4808: 4803: 4796: 4791: 4789: 4781: 4776: 4769: 4768:Holstein 2010 4764: 4757: 4756:Holstein 2010 4752: 4745: 4744:Holstein 2010 4740: 4734:, p. 32. 4733: 4732:Holstein 2010 4728: 4726: 4719:, p. 15. 4718: 4717:Le Hallé 1998 4713: 4707:, p. 20. 4706: 4705:Holstein 2010 4701: 4694: 4689: 4683:, p. 35. 4682: 4681:Holstein 2010 4677: 4675: 4667: 4662: 4655: 4650: 4643: 4638: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4619: 4605: 4601: 4583: 4582:Ligne Maginot 4578: 4574: 4568: 4560: 4555: 4551: 4545: 4538: 4535:, the future 4534: 4528: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4470: 4466: 4461:420 mm mortar 4457: 4446: 4437: 4426: 4418: 4410: 4402: 4394: 4386: 4378: 4370: 4365: 4361: 4350: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4329: 4326: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4314: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4294: 4290: 4283: 4278: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4252: 4247: 4246: 4240: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4224: 4222: 4213: 4212: 4205: 4201: 4192: 4188: 4183: 4179: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4166:wrote, "Like 4165: 4164:Antoine Prost 4161: 4150: 4144:Commemoration 4141: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4087: 4086:Moronvilliers 4083: 4079: 4068: 4063: 4053: 4040: 4034: 4028:7–8 September 4025: 4009: 4003: 3999: 3994:380 artillery 3990: 3986: 3980: 3955: 3941: 3939: 3938:cause célèbre 3935: 3922: 3918: 3915: 3909: 3908:court-martial 3905: 3894: 3837: 3832: 3739: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3708: 3680: 3668:, which gave 3659: 3658:Verlustlisten 3653: 3635: 3629: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3597: 3596:James Edmonds 3593: 3584: 3578: 3577:Verlustlisten 3572: 3566: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3548: 3547:Verlustlisten 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3523:Verlustlisten 3518: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3449: 3440: 3437: 3431: 3424: 3411: 3394: 3366: 3362: 3344: 3318: 3277: 3274: 3273: 3266: 3238: 3235: 3234: 3227: 3226: 3220: 3200: 3196: 3175: 3171: 3169: 3168:peace feelers 3165: 3160: 3155: 3154:Hans Delbrück 3151: 3141: 3135: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3105: 3100: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3067:155 mm turret 3063: 3058: 3049: 3048: 3042: 3038: 3037:Vacherauville 3033: 3021: 7,000. 3007: 2965: 2960: 2948: 2939: 2935:220 mm shell. 2930: 2912: 2908: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2868: 2867:Saint-Chamond 2863: 2832: 2827: 2815: 2806: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2783:Fort Souville 2774: 2770: 2760: 2744: 2735: 2733: 2729: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2691: 2689: 2684: 2678: 2671: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2651: 2634: 2621: 2612: 2605:2,170 wounded 2592:574 survivors 2588:10,000 German 2577: 2563: 2557: 2549: 2539: 2519: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2453: 2441: 2438: 2437:ravin de Dame 2428: 2424: 2418: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2399: 2394: 2383: 2374: 2371: 2366: 2354: 2351: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2319: 2316:had attacked 2315: 2311: 2307: 2303: 2297: 2293:21 divisions, 2288: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2263: 2249: 2241: 2231: 2227: 2224: 2217: 2211: 2206: 2199:at a cost of 2197: 2191: 2187: 2181: 2175:13,000 trench 2171: 2161: 2152: 2151:on 14 March. 2150: 2145: 2140: 2135: 2129: 2120: 2118: 2117:Le Mort Homme 2114: 2104: 2099: 2085: 2082: 2062: 2042: 2039: 2033: 2027: 2008: 2004: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1987: 1978: 1975: 1969: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1942: 1936: 1932:Fighting for 1930: 1927: 1921: 1916: 1912: 1903: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1863: 1859: 1850: 1845: 1841: 1840:stormtroopers 1837: 1836:flamethrowers 1829: 1823: 1804: 1795: 1790: 1780: 1765: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1717:Denis Duchêne 1714: 1709: 1707: 1699: 1695: 1684: 1680: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1610: 1606: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1573: 1563:155 mm turret 1555: 1553: 1552:Paul Chrétien 1549: 1545: 1525: 1516: 1513: 1512: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1477: 1474:plain by the 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1403:2,000 trained 1395: 1389: 1383: 1378: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1348: 1334: 1327: 1310: 1297: 1292: 1287: 1282: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1260:75 mm turrets 1244: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1170: 1163: 1157: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1109:Joseph Joffre 1106: 1101: 1098: 1091: 1089: 1080: 1075: 1067: 1061: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1036: 1035:siege warfare 1032: 1028: 1013: 987: 986:Klaus Naumann 983: 979: 970: 968: 963: 959: 954: 950: 949:Fort Souville 946: 942: 936: 933: 915: 910: 907: 903: 899: 894: 889: 886:. The German 885: 881: 877: 876:Western Front 872: 868: 863: 859: 855: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 826: 825: 824: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 791:Meuse-Argonne 789: 787: 784: 782: 779: 777: 774: 772: 769: 767: 764: 762: 759: 755: 752: 750: 747: 745: 742: 740: 737: 735: 734: 730: 729: 728: 725: 724: 723: 722: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 705:Passchendaele 703: 701: 698: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 675: 674: 671: 669: 668: 664: 662: 659: 658: 657: 656: 650: 647: 645: 642: 640: 637: 635: 632: 630: 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 591: 590: 589: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 567:2nd Champagne 565: 561: 558: 557: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 535:1st Champagne 533: 532: 531: 530: 525: 522: 520: 517: 513: 510: 508: 505: 504: 503: 500: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 457: 456: 455:Great Retreat 453: 449: 446: 444: 441: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 425: 424: 421: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 403: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 387: 382: 381:Western Front 374: 369: 367: 362: 360: 355: 354: 351: 337: 316: 307: 301: 298: 297: 296: 293: 282: 281: 280: 277: 276: 271: 267: 259: 258: 253: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 217: 214: 212: 211:Joseph Joffre 209: 208: 206: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 181: 178: 176: 173: 171: 168: 167: 165: 164: 159: 156: 151: 146: 144: 139: 134: 133: 128: 120: 117: 116: 111: 81: 77: 74: 73: 67: 64: 63: 59: 53: 48: 45: 41: 40:Western Front 36: 31: 26: 22: 9789: 9782: 9770: 9377: / 9309: 9144:Conscription 9108:Cryptography 9045:Iraqi Revolt 8502: 8472:Siege of Kut 8415: 7993:participants 7942:German Samoa 7876:South Arabia 7579:. Retrieved 7566: 7529: 7526:Army History 7525: 7501: 7497: 7477: 7473: 7454: 7437: 7433: 7414: 7410: 7388: 7366: 7349: 7332: 7313: 7291: 7272: 7253: 7234: 7230: 7192: 7188: 7170: 7144: 7140: 7119:. Retrieved 7103: 7098:Dupuy, T. N. 7069: 7050: 7031: 7012: 7009:Terraine, J. 6990: 6973: 6969: 6957:. Retrieved 6945: 6940: 6920: 6901: 6882: 6870:. Retrieved 6857: 6834: 6830: 6808: 6786: 6774:. Retrieved 6761: 6742: 6723: 6719: 6700: 6679: 6658: 6636: 6617: 6598: 6576: 6557: 6536: 6515: 6503:. Retrieved 6489: 6484: 6463: 6444: 6422: 6403: 6384: 6367: 6345: 6323: 6319: 6292: 6280: 6268: 6258:20 September 6256:. Retrieved 6252:the original 6247: 6238: 6231:Jackson 2001 6226: 6216:21 September 6214:. Retrieved 6209: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6169:Doughty 2005 6149: 6137: 6130:Clayton 2003 6125: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6062: 6055:Doughty 2005 6050: 6043:Clayton 2003 6038: 6026: 6014: 5998: 5986: 5974: 5962: 5950: 5938: 5931:Windrow 2004 5926: 5914: 5902: 5890: 5878: 5866: 5854: 5827: 5820:Clayton 2003 5783: 5778:, p. 7. 5771: 5759: 5732: 5720: 5713:Förster 1937 5708: 5696: 5674:Doughty 2005 5669: 5657: 5630: 5623:Doughty 2005 5618: 5596:Doughty 2005 5591: 5579: 5542:Doughty 2005 5537: 5525: 5518:Doughty 2005 5486:Doughty 2005 5481: 5469: 5462:Samuels 1995 5457: 5445: 5438:Doughty 2005 5433: 5421: 5414:Denizot 1996 5409: 5382: 5370: 5358: 5342: 5315: 5310:, p. 9. 5308:Guttman 2014 5288: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5192: 5180: 5158:Doughty 2005 5153: 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5081: 5069: 5057: 5030: 4988: 4976: 4949: 4942:Doughty 2005 4937: 4925: 4918:Doughty 2005 4913: 4901: 4894:Doughty 2005 4889: 4877: 4855:Doughty 2005 4850: 4838: 4826: 4814: 4802: 4780:Sheldon 2012 4775: 4763: 4751: 4739: 4712: 4700: 4693:Doughty 2005 4688: 4661: 4649: 4637: 4577:Maginot Line 4572: 4567: 4544: 4527: 4499:Oberleutnant 4480: 4473:380 mm naval 4445: 4436: 4364: 4295:, 1865–1925) 4288: 4225: 4197: 4157: 4075: 4035: 4031: 3991: 3962: 3930: 3920: 3916: 3900: 3833: 3816:143,000 were 3753:72,000 fatal 3737: 3735: 3706: 3630: 3617:Reichsarchiv 3591: 3567: 3557: 3529:Reichsarchiv 3519: 3456: 3425: 3412: 3373: 3326:330 infantry 3322:50 per cent. 3301:300,000 men. 3278: 3239: 3215:26,000 field 3207: 3176: 3172: 3148:thinking of 3146: 3113: 3102: 3098: 3079: 3034: 3008: 2955: 2931: 2919: 2894:33rd Reserve 2870:railway guns 2864: 2835:22 divisions 2822: 2780: 2771: 2751: 2711: 2692: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2628: 2609:191 missing; 2571: 2524:1,000 French 2520: 2509: 2496: 2454: 2447:mortars and 2442: 2432: 2390: 2360: 2345: 2314:5th Division 2309: 2302:6th Division 2298: 2283: 2270: 2242: 2238: 2192: 2172: 2168: 2149:Chattancourt 2121: 2109: 2105:and Côte 304 2068: 2043: 2015: 1979: 1931: 1870: 1824: 1800: 1734:Moulainville 1710: 1691: 1677:202 mortars, 1673:1,201 German 1661:25 divisions 1617: 1591:Émile Driant 1556: 1532: 1511:Trommelfeuer 1495: 1493: 1487: 1483: 1467: 1459: 1451: 1443: 1441: 1396: 1374:Generalmajor 1362:Les Islettes 1358:St Menehould 1355: 1277: 1238: 1177: 1142:Saint-Mihiel 1121:54 artillery 1102: 1092: 1062: 1055: 1024: 971: 951:, driving a 937: 911: 853: 851: 822: 821: 781:Saint-Mihiel 749:Belleau Wood 732: 720: 719: 710:La Malmaison 666: 654: 653: 633: 619:Kink Salient 587: 586: 582:Gas: Wieltje 528: 527: 390: 299:163,000 dead 294: 278: 268:75 divisions 130:Belligerents 38:Part of the 25: 9407:Netherlands 9384:Switzerland 9265:Occupations 9256:Spanish flu 9033:(1919–1922) 9027:(1918–1921) 9021:(1918–1923) 9010:(1919–1921) 9004:(1919–1921) 8998:(1919–1920) 8974:(1918–1920) 8968:(1918–1920) 8962:(1918–1920) 8944:(1918–1920) 8926:(1918–1920) 8920:(1917–1921) 8914:(1917–1921) 8861:(1916-1918) 8859:Arab Revolt 8850:(1915–1917) 8844:(1915–1917) 8832:(1914-1917) 8826:(1914–1917) 8820:(1914–1921) 8814:(1913–1920) 8802:(1910–1920) 8796:(1900–1920) 8769: [ 8287:July Crisis 8208:(1880–1914) 7871:Mesopotamia 7749:Home fronts 7708:World War I 7407:Romains, J. 7367:Verdun 1916 7273:Verdun 1916 6297:Murase 2002 5635:Pétain 1930 5572:Pétain 1930 4595:70 per cent 4537:Free French 4323:Voie Sacrée 4229:Helmut Kohl 4078:Fourth Army 4076:The French 3998:mustard gas 3982:crowded 16 3970:1.520 heavy 3966:1,280 field 3904:shell shock 3856:28 per cent 3852:56 per cent 3848:16 per cent 3796:336,000 and 3742:442,000 was 3562:Louis Marin 3380:1,138 field 3338:25 per cent 3336:divisions, 3293:525,000 men 3281:5:2; German 3225:escadrilles 3193:French 548, 3189:1,730 heavy 3184:155 mm guns 3180:3,500 heavy 3117:75 mm field 2978:fired from 2865:Two French 2683:Défaillance 2677:Défaillance 2499:11:50 a. m. 2470:Nieuport 16 2398:Fausse-Côte 2329:Stoßtruppen 2323:Stoßtruppen 2139:Béthincourt 2024:fort to be 1986:Brandenburg 1953:Second Army 1764:divisions. 1702:11:00 p.m., 1456:XVIII Corps 1438:German plan 1401:troops and 1256:155 mm guns 1192:Charlemagne 1115:and at the 996:a total of 982:Hannes Heer 898:Second Army 801:2nd Cambrai 639:Boar's Head 629:Mont Sorrel 105: / 9824:Categories 9624:Agreements 9424:War crimes 9300:Luxembourg 9193:Casualties 8064:Montenegro 7899:South West 7779:Technology 7769:Propaganda 7759:Opposition 7510:1016268225 7385:Mosier, J. 7310:Keegan, J. 6505:9 February 6306:References 6118:Mason 2000 6106:Horne 2007 6082:Foley 2007 6067:Grant 2005 5919:Wynne 1976 5907:Foley 2007 5895:Foley 2007 5883:Foley 2007 5871:Foley 2007 5859:Foley 2007 5847:Mason 2000 5803:Foley 2007 5752:Foley 2007 5701:Wynne 1976 5650:Wynne 1976 5450:Mason 2000 5402:Ousby 2002 5387:Ousby 2002 5363:Mason 2000 5257:Foley 2007 5245:Foley 2007 5233:Foley 2007 5221:Foley 2007 5209:Foley 2007 5197:Foley 2007 5185:Foley 2007 5146:Foley 2007 5134:Foley 2007 5122:Foley 2007 5110:Mason 2000 5086:Mason 2000 5062:Foley 2007 5008:Mason 2000 4993:Mason 2000 4969:Mason 2000 4954:Mason 2000 4930:Mason 2000 4906:Foley 2007 4882:Foley 2007 4843:Foley 2007 4831:Foley 2007 4819:Foley 2007 4807:Foley 2007 4795:Mason 2000 4666:Foley 2007 4654:Foley 2007 4642:Foley 2007 4607:artillery. 4591:2,000 guns 4465:Big Bertha 4451:155 mm gun 4313:Rue Verdun 4211:Zone rouge 4102:Montfaucon 4090:5:30 a.m., 4082:First Army 4022:4,470 were 3844:579,798 at 3800:365,000 at 3798:French as 3757:about 3:2. 3620:figure of 3588:2 per cent 3472:État Civil 3443:Casualties 3420:40,187 2nd 3376:2,708 guns 3310:by 1 May; 3109:Falkenhayn 3026:13,500 men 2972:10:00 a.m. 2922:11:40 a.m. 2878:800 German 2803:474 French 2765:including 2755:60,000 gas 2646:9:00 a.m., 2642:5:00 a.m., 2633:Diphosgene 2615:22–25 June 2532:12,000 men 2423:Autochrome 2350:Sperrfeuer 2103:Mort Homme 2093:6–11 March 2081:Bar-le-Duc 2077:90,000 men 2051:24,000 men 1844:Willy Rohr 1730:Mort Homme 1577:75 mm guns 1431:1,201 guns 1331:66,000 men 1304:75 mm guns 1184:hinterland 1146:Aubréville 1016:Background 962:Tenth Army 909:infantry. 865:; German: 614:Wulverghem 577:3rd Artois 555:2nd Artois 524:1st Artois 90:49°12′29″N 9521:Diplomacy 9228:Olympians 9151:Australia 9118:Logistics 9051:Vlora War 8980:(1918–19) 8956:(1918–19) 8950:(1918–19) 8938:(1918–19) 8885:(1916–17) 8867:(1916–17) 8818:Zaian War 8808:(1914–15) 8528:first day 8416:Lusitania 8244:(1912–13) 8238:(1911–12) 8226:(1908–09) 8220:(1905–06) 8202:(1870–71) 7991:Principal 7851:Gallipoli 7754:Memorials 7739:Geography 7729:Aftermath 7576:875682161 7542:1546-5330 7496:(1936) . 7494:Zweig, A. 7486:469408701 7446:248000026 7409:(1999) . 7358:506108219 7341:179279677 7201:0984-2292 7179:0935-3623 7153:0984-2292 7121:6 October 7011:(1992) . 6982:250134090 6954:929264533 6855:(1930) . 6805:Ousby, I. 6776:16 August 6771:654957066 6657:(2007) . 6655:Horne, A. 6637:Fort Vaux 6482:(2004) . 6366:(1938) . 4615:Footnotes 4519:Feldwebel 4493:Hauptmann 4463:known as 4319:, Lebanon 4168:Auschwitz 4118:100 guns. 3912:2,000 men 3891:1,250,000 3776:299 days; 3707:including 3348:85 French 3334:48 German 3312:42 French 3121:attrition 3090:Aftermath 3076:115 guns. 3057:Bezonvaux 3030:21,000 in 2980:827 guns. 2968:740 heavy 2767:about 500 2738:9–15 July 2548:Fort Vaux 2530:from the 2449:300 heavy 2404:Couleuvre 2377:22–24 May 2047:25 French 1982:3:00 p.m. 1911:Chasseurs 1905:and only 1889:Samogneux 1832:4:00 p.m. 1828:VII Corps 1808:7:15 a.m. 1669:244 heavy 1667:guns and 1665:388 field 1595:artillery 1581:casemates 1533:In 1915, 1500:howitzers 1480:5:00 p.m. 1464:III Corps 1010:1,250,000 978:costliest 974:302 days, 941:Fort Vaux 856:(French: 796:5th Ypres 776:2nd Somme 754:2nd Marne 744:3rd Aisne 693:The Hills 688:2nd Aisne 649:Fromelles 644:1st Somme 594:The Bluff 560:Hébuterne 550:2nd Ypres 512:1st Ypres 492:1st Aisne 487:1st Marne 460:Le Cateau 438:Charleroi 423:Frontiers 93:5°25′19″E 9809:Category 9396:Refugees 9362:Italians 9351:Germans 9311:Ober Ost 9091:Aviation 8185:Timeline 8156:Bulgaria 7937:Tsingtao 7914:Togoland 7861:Caucasus 7796:European 7788:Theatres 7651:Archived 7550:26304799 7536:: 9–21. 7518:Journals 7387:(2001). 7312:(1998). 7209:25732324 7161:25732329 7132:Journals 7100:(1993). 6959:28 March 6829:(1989). 6807:(2002). 6595:Heer, H. 6443:(2005). 6210:BBC News 4531:Captain 4487:Leutnant 4469:Long Max 4302:See also 4291:, 1917 ( 4258:Souvenir 4094:Gercourt 4050:9 trench 4046:24 heavy 4020:of whom 3924:— 3360:315,000. 3343:Westheer 3295:against 3257:1:2.2 in 3107:— 3095:Analysis 3062:Eingreif 3047:Eingreif 2984:533 guns 2860:700 guns 2759:gas mask 2631:116,000 2462:Nieuport 2357:4–22 May 2318:Wavrille 2312:and the 2226:failed. 2124:25 heavy 2113:Avocourt 1812:808 guns 1726:Cumières 1535:237 guns 1504:enfilade 1476:XV Corps 1370:5th Army 1326:ouvrages 1309:ouvrages 1271:Long Max 1243:ouvrages 1217:ouvrages 1212:28 forts 1150:3rd Army 1134:300 guns 1130:18 large 1029:and the 994:337,000, 888:5th Army 806:Courtrai 761:Soissons 700:Messines 667:Alberich 477:Maubeuge 433:Ardennes 428:Lorraine 396:Moresnet 255:Strength 82:, France 75:Location 9547:Germany 9447:Germany 9375:Germany 9295:Belgium 9280:Albania 9239:Disease 9219:Sports 9171:Ireland 9084:Warfare 9077:Aspects 8265:Origins 8258:Prelude 8161:Senussi 8141:Germany 8136:Leaders 8074:Romania 8015:Belgium 8010:Leaders 7909:Kamerun 7891:African 7826:Romania 7804:Balkans 7719:Outline 7581:12 June 6867:1890922 6376:4945014 4243:Gallery 4174:at the 4002:Fayolle 3887:337,000 3883:162,000 3840:377,231 3792:70,000. 3731:in 1927 3532:in the 3405:⁄ 3340:of the 3324:Of the 3164:Entente 3138:French 3028:of the 3001:⁄ 2991:⁄ 2601:381 men 2026:Zouaves 1915:Haumont 1759:⁄ 1745:⁄ 1642:⁄ 1628:⁄ 1586:coffres 1579:in the 1470:on the 1462:by the 1454:by the 1415:⁄ 1388:Stollen 1337:Prelude 1319:, with 1248:79 guns 1226:Belfort 1105:salient 1006:714,000 998:714,231 953:salient 925:⁄ 771:Ailette 739:The Lys 733:Michael 715:Cambrai 609:Hulluch 604:St Eloi 497:Antwerp 143:Germany 42:of the 9567:Russia 9542:France 9370:Canada 9285:Serbia 9156:Canada 9113:Horses 9065:(1921) 9059:(1920) 9053:(1920) 9047:(1920) 9039:(1920) 8992:(1919) 8986:(1919) 8932:(1918) 8897:(1918) 8891:(1917) 8879:(1916) 8873:(1916) 8838:(1915) 8250:(1913) 8232:(1911) 8214:(1905) 8171:Darfur 8096:Serbia 8079:Russia 8042:Greece 8030:France 8020:Brazil 7866:Persia 7809:Serbia 7574: 7558:Theses 7548: 7540: 7508: 7484: 7461: 7444: 7421: 7395: 7373: 7356: 7339: 7320: 7298: 7279: 7260: 7241: 7207: 7199: 7177: 7159: 7151: 7112: 7076: 7057: 7038: 7019: 6997: 6980: 6952: 6927: 6908: 6889: 6872:31 May 6865: 6858:Verdun 6841: 6815: 6793: 6769: 6749: 6743:Verdun 6730: 6707: 6688: 6665: 6643: 6624: 6605: 6583: 6564: 6545: 6522: 6496: 6472:387805 6470: 6451: 6429: 6410: 6391: 6374: 6352: 6330: 4587:200:1. 4423:) and 4349:France 4335:Portal 4317:Beirut 4106:Cheppy 4005:16th, 3968:guns, 3897:Morale 3352:1:1.1, 3261:1:1 by 2856:400 mm 2852:370 mm 2848:155 mm 2650:Fleury 2480:each. 2478:45 men 2474:Stenay 2458:37 men 2445:370 mm 1907:118 of 1879:Flabas 1768:Battle 1599:Verdun 1472:Woëvre 1321:250 in 1230:Épinal 1208:Vauban 1202:; the 1002:70,000 811:Sambre 766:Amiens 634:Verdun 465:Étreux 411:Dinant 328:Verdun 155:France 118:Result 9764:Other 9557:Japan 9552:Italy 9379:camps 9223:Rugby 8773:] 8052:Japan 8047:Italy 8025:China 7919:North 7546:JSTOR 7500:[ 7476:[ 7436:[ 7413:[ 7233:[ 7223:Books 7205:JSTOR 7157:JSTOR 6972:[ 6944:[ 6833:[ 6722:[ 6488:[ 6322:[ 6311:Books 4513:Major 4356:Notes 4098:Cuisy 3317:noria 3272:noria 3140:train 2902:20 of 2844:75 mm 2490:155 L 2257:April 1897:Ornes 1559:75 mm 1180:Meuse 1088:Arras 967:ruses 902:Meuse 678:Arras 661:Ancre 416:Namur 406:Liège 9344:POWs 8663:1918 8565:1917 8491:1916 8392:1915 8296:1914 8101:Siam 7904:East 7583:2014 7572:OCLC 7538:ISSN 7506:OCLC 7482:OCLC 7459:ISBN 7442:OCLC 7419:ISBN 7393:ISBN 7371:ISBN 7354:OCLC 7337:OCLC 7318:ISBN 7296:ISBN 7277:ISBN 7258:ISBN 7239:ISBN 7197:ISSN 7175:ISSN 7149:ISSN 7123:2019 7110:ISBN 7074:ISBN 7055:ISBN 7036:ISBN 7017:ISBN 6995:ISBN 6978:OCLC 6961:2019 6950:OCLC 6925:ISBN 6906:ISBN 6887:ISBN 6874:2016 6863:OCLC 6839:ISBN 6813:ISBN 6791:ISBN 6778:2013 6767:OCLC 6747:ISBN 6728:ISBN 6705:ISBN 6686:ISBN 6663:ISBN 6641:ISBN 6622:ISBN 6603:ISBN 6581:ISBN 6562:ISBN 6543:ISBN 6520:ISBN 6507:2016 6494:ISBN 6468:OCLC 6449:ISBN 6427:ISBN 6408:ISBN 6389:ISBN 6372:OCLC 6350:ISBN 6328:ISBN 6260:2019 6218:2019 4475:gun. 4471:, a 4467:and 4198:Six 4116:and 4104:and 4048:and 4016:for 3866:and 3806:and 3786:and 3763:and 3631:The 3152:and 3074:and 2898:10th 2892:and 2886:54th 2882:34th 2854:and 2726:The 2706:and 2607:and 2401:and 2183:and 1965:and 1909:the 1895:and 1884:bois 1846:and 1838:and 1561:and 1502:and 1466:and 1234:Toul 1050:and 984:and 947:and 852:The 721:1918 683:Vimy 655:1917 588:1916 572:Loos 529:1915 507:Yser 443:Mons 391:1914 289:dead 65:Date 4415:), 4407:), 4399:), 4391:), 4383:), 4375:), 3893:). 3661:by 3156:on 2890:9th 2510:DV1 1980:At 1728:to 1698:Eix 1486:to 1228:to 9826:: 8771:It 7544:. 7530:45 7528:. 7203:. 7193:46 7155:. 7145:46 7143:. 6208:. 6161:^ 6074:^ 5839:^ 5810:^ 5795:^ 5744:^ 5681:^ 5642:^ 5603:^ 5564:^ 5549:^ 5510:^ 5493:^ 5394:^ 5327:^ 5300:^ 5165:^ 5042:^ 5015:^ 5000:^ 4961:^ 4862:^ 4787:^ 4724:^ 4673:^ 4622:^ 4431:). 4315:, 4223:. 4178:. 4135:c. 4129:c. 4123:c. 4096:, 3769:c. 3711:c. 3663:c. 3398:17 3384:c. 3305:c. 3249:c. 3242:c. 3018:c. 3011:c. 2888:, 2884:, 2721:c. 2714:c. 2654:c. 2581:c. 2055:c. 2041:. 2018:c. 2003:. 1959:, 1891:, 1854:c. 1816:c. 1752:20 1738:14 1458:, 1450:, 1408:33 1314:c. 1262:. 1186:. 1090:. 1082:) 1042:, 918:20 284:c. 261:c. 9195:/ 7700:e 7693:t 7686:v 7585:. 7552:. 7512:. 7488:. 7467:. 7448:. 7427:. 7401:. 7379:. 7360:. 7343:. 7326:. 7304:. 7285:. 7266:. 7247:. 7211:. 7181:. 7163:. 7125:. 7082:. 7063:. 7044:. 7025:. 7003:. 6984:. 6933:. 6914:. 6895:. 6876:. 6847:. 6821:. 6799:. 6780:. 6755:. 6736:. 6713:. 6694:. 6671:. 6649:. 6630:. 6611:. 6589:. 6570:. 6551:. 6528:. 6509:. 6474:. 6457:. 6435:. 6416:. 6397:. 6378:. 6358:. 6336:. 6262:. 6220:. 4579:( 4427:( 4419:( 4411:( 4403:( 4395:( 4387:( 4379:( 4371:( 4337:: 3407:2 3403:1 3400:+ 3003:3 2999:1 2993:3 2989:2 2029:( 1761:2 1757:1 1754:+ 1747:2 1743:1 1740:+ 1644:2 1640:1 1637:+ 1635:2 1630:2 1626:1 1623:+ 1621:8 1488:C 1484:A 1468:D 1460:C 1452:B 1444:A 1417:2 1413:1 1410:+ 1372:( 1364:– 1360:– 1076:( 1068:( 927:2 923:1 920:+ 372:e 365:t 358:v 23:.

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Index