Philippe Pétain - Knowledge

1305: 5324: 479: 466: 5046: 3332: 1857:'s reply to President Lebrun's requests for assistance came with only vague promises and saying that it was impossible for the President to do anything without Congressional approval. Pétain then drew a letter of resignation from his pocket, an act which was certain to bring down the government (he had persuaded Weygand to come to Bordeaux by telling him that 16 June would be the decisive day). Lebrun persuaded him to stay until Churchill’s reply had been received. After lunch, Churchill's telegram arrived agreeing to an armistice provided the French fleet was moved to British ports, a suggestion which was not acceptable to Darlan, who argued that it was outrageous and would leave France defenseless. 1366:, announced that although Pétain's proposals were excellent they were unaffordable". In addition, François-Marsal announced reductions – in the army from fifty-five divisions to thirty, in the air force, and did not mention tanks. It was left to the Marshals, Pétain, Joffre, and Foch, to pick up the pieces of their strategies. The General Staff, now under General Edmond Buat, began to think seriously about a line of forts along the frontier with Germany, and their report was tabled on 22 May 1922. The three Marshals supported this. The cuts in military expenditure meant that taking the offensive was now impossible and a defensive strategy was all they could have. 1774:, whose 4th Armoured Division had launched one of the few French counterattacks the previous month. Pétain was displeased at de Gaulle’s appointment. By 8 June, Paris was threatened, and the government was preparing to depart, although Pétain was opposed to such a move. During a cabinet meeting that day, Reynaud argued that before asking for an armistice, France would have to get Britain's permission to be relieved from their accord of March 1940 not to sign a separate cease-fire. Pétain replied that "the interests of France come before those of Britain. Britain got us into this position, let us now try to get out of it." . 5646: 8345: 1928: 5104: 3401: 3530:

forthwith to British harbours or to a neutral country, so it was out of reach of the Germans, pending negotiations. Notwithstanding the agreement between Britain and France and in complete disregard of her obligations to Britain, France allowed her fleet to fall into Germany’s hands. Further, Paul Reynaud agreed with Britain that if peace was made with Germany, German airmen who were prisoners of war would be sent to Britain. Again, the Pétain Government did not honour this pledge and the German airmen, many of whom had been shot down by the RAF, were returned to Germany.

45: 1767:, urged the French not to sign an armistice, saying that if French ports were occupied by Germany, Britain would have to bomb them. Spears reported that Pétain did not respond immediately but stood there "perfectly erect, with no sign of panic or emotion. He did not disguise the fact that he considered the situation catastrophic. I could not detect any sign in him of broken morale, of that mental wringing of hands and incipient hysteria noticeable in others." Pétain later remarked to Reynaud about this statement: "your ally now threatens us." 861: 5416: 445: 5653: 5546: 5539: 5639: 5632: 5625: 5567: 5560: 5553: 5532: 1027: 1476: 1702:. French artillery had not been modernised since 1918. The result of all these failings is that the French Army had to face the invading enemy in 1940 with the dated weaponry of 1918. Pétain had been made Minister of War in 1934, but could not reverse 15 years of inactivity and constant cutbacks. French aviation entered the War in 1939 without even the prototype of a bomber aeroplane capable of reaching Berlin and coming back. French industrial efforts in fighter aircraft were dispersed among several firms ( 1208: 3507:", which rejected much of the former Third Republic's secular and liberal traditions in favour of an authoritarian and paternalist society. Pétain, amongst others, took exception to the use of the term "revolution" to describe what he believed to be an essentially conservative movement, but otherwise participated in the transformation of French society from "Republic" to "State". He added that the new France would be "a social hierarchy... rejecting the false idea of the natural equality of men." 3271: 5187: 1812:

conference Pétain met de Gaulle for the first time in two years. Pétain noted his recent promotion to general, adding that he did not congratulate him, as ranks were of no use in defeat. When de Gaulle protested that Pétain himself had been promoted to brigadier-general and division commander at the Battle of the Marne in 1914, he replied that there was "no comparison" with the present situation. De Gaulle later conceded that Pétain was right about that much at least.

3385:(who would later be a prosecution witness at Pétain's trial) and Jeanneney, the presidents of the two Chambers of Parliament, as well as Lebrun said they wanted to go. Pétain said he was not departing. On 20 June, a delegation from the two chambers came to Pétain to protest at the proposed departure of President Lebrun. The next day, they went to Lebrun himself. In the event, only 26 deputies and 1 senator headed for Africa, among them those with Jewish backgrounds, 1728: 4945: 3574: 925: 5212: 1678:

frequently cut military budgets. In addition, with the restrictions imposed on Germany by the Versailles Treaty there seemed no urgency for vast expenditure until the advent of Hitler. It is argued that while Pétain supported the massive use of tanks he saw them mostly as infantry support, leading to the fragmentation of the French tank force into many types of unequal value spread out between mechanised cavalry (such as the

3283: 500: 3465:, as well as all postwar French governments, consider this vote to be illegal; not only were several deputies and senators not present, but the constitution explicitly stated that the republican form of government could not be changed, though it could be argued that a republican dictatorship was installed. On the next day, Pétain formally assumed near-absolute powers as "Head of State". 1283:, Pétain was able to defend in depth and launch counter offensives, with the new French tanks and the assistance of the Americans. Later in the year, Pétain was stripped of his right of direct appeal to the French government and requested to report to Foch, who increasingly assumed the co-ordination and ultimately the command of the Allied offensives. 1698:, obsolete when compared to the new automatic weapons of German infantry. A modern infantry rifle was adopted in 1936 but very few of these MAS-36 rifles had been issued to the troops by 1940. A well-tested French semiautomatic rifle, the MAS 1938–39, was ready for adoption but it never reached the production stage until after World War II as the 5140:, who told him that he had "formal orders from Berlin". The written text was submitted to Pétain: "The Reich Government instructs the transfer of the Head of State, even against his will". Faced with the Marshal's continued refusal, the Germans threatened to bring in the Wehrmacht to bomb Vichy. After having requested the Swiss ambassador 5091:, as the Germans had negated the pretence of an "independent" government at Vichy. Pétain however remained popular and engaged in a series of visits around France as late as 1944, when he arrived in Paris on 28 April in what Nazi propaganda newsreels described as a "historic" moment for the city. Large crowds cheered him in front of the 1841:

Pétain was sent to speak to Weygand (who was waiting outside, as he was not a member of the cabinet) for around fifteen minutes. Weygand persuaded him that Reynaud's suggestion would be a shameful surrender. Chautemps then put forward a 'fudge' proposal, an enquiry about terms. The Cabinet voted 13–6 for the Chautemps proposal.

1103:" to bring a continuous stream of artillery, ammunition, and fresh troops into besieged Verdun also played a key role in grinding down the German onslaught to a final halt in July 1916. In effect, he applied the basic principle that was a mainstay of his teachings at the École de Guerre (War College) before World War I: " 1490:. By 1932 the economic situation had worsened and Édouard Herriot's government had made "severe cuts in the defence budget... orders for new weapons systems all but dried up". Summer manoeuvres in 1932 and 1933 were cancelled due to lack of funds, and recruitment to the armed forces fell off. In the latter year General 3545:" which included "Friends of the Legion" and "Cadets of the Legion", groups of those who had never fought but were politically attached to the new regime. Pétain championed a rural and reactionary France that spurned internationalism. As a retired military commander, he ran the country on military lines. 911:, who served under him, later wrote that his "first colonel, Pétain, taught (him) the Art of Command". In the spring of 1914, he was given command of a brigade (still with the rank of colonel). By then aged 58 and having been told he would never become a general, Pétain had bought a villa for retirement. 1815:

On 12 June, after a second session of the conference, the cabinet met and Weygand again called for an armistice. He referred to the danger of military and civil disorder and the possibility of a Communist uprising in Paris. Pétain and Minister of Information Prouvost urged the cabinet to hear Weygand

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In November, the Doumergue government fell. Pétain had previously expressed interest in being named Minister of Education (as well as of War), a role in which he hoped to combat what he saw as the decay in French moral values. Now, however, he refused to continue in Flandin's (short-lived) government

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had previously been sympathetic. By May, Pétain required constant nursing care, and often suffered from hallucinations, e.g. that he was commanding armies in battle, or that naked women were dancing around his room. By the end of 1949, Pétain was suffering from severe cognitive impairment, with only

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To this, Churchill subsequently reported, Pétain replied quietly, and with dignity that he had in those days, a strategic reserve of sixty divisions; now, there were none, and the British ought to be providing divisions to aid France. Making Paris into a ruin would not affect the final event. At the

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His important success that year was in getting Daladier's previous proposal to reduce the number of officers repealed. He improved the recruitment programme for specialists and lengthened the training period by reducing leave entitlements. However, Weygand reported to the Senate Army Commission that

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in February 1916. During the battle, he was promoted to Commander of Army Group Centre, which contained a total of 52 divisions. Rather than holding down the same infantry divisions on the Verdun battlefield for months, akin to the German system, he rotated them out after only two weeks on the front

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redoubt, to which Weygand replied that it was just a "fantasy". Churchill then said the French should consider "guerrilla warfare". Pétain then replied that it would mean the destruction of the country. Churchill then said the French should defend Paris and reminded Pétain of how he had come to the

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expressed his fury at British retreats and the unfulfilled promise of British fighter aircraft. He and Pétain regarded the military situation as hopeless. Colonel de Villelume subsequently stated before a parliamentary commission of inquiry in 1951 that Reynaud, as Premier of France, said to Pétain

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In 1928, Pétain had supported the creation of an independent air force removed from the control of the army, and on 9 February 1931, following his retirement as Vice-Chairman of the Supreme War Council, he was appointed Inspector-General of Air Defence. His first report on air defence, submitted in

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the former Minister of War) thereafter occupied a good deal of Pétain's attention during 1928, when he also travelled extensively, visiting military installations up and down the country. Pétain had based his strong support for the Maginot Line on his own experience of the role played by the forts

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The Assembly, both Senate and Chamber, were also at Bordeaux and immersed themselves in the armistice debate. At cabinet on 15 June, Reynaud urged that France follow the Dutch example, that the Army should lay down its arms so that the fight could be continued from abroad. Pétain was sympathetic.

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the need to stay in France, to prepare a national revival, and to share the sufferings of our people. It is impossible for the government to abandon French soil without emigrating, without deserting. The duty of the government is, come what may, to remain in the country, or it could not longer be

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Some argue that Pétain, as France's most senior soldier after Foch's death, should bear some responsibility for the poor state of French weaponry preparation before World War II. Others say that Pétain was one of many on a large committee responsible for national defence, and interwar governments

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had no option in the straitened circumstances but to agree. Pétain disapproved of the whole thing, pointing out that North Africa still had to be defended and in itself required a substantial standing army. But he recognised, after the new Army Organisation Law of 1927, that the tide was flowing

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now headed the "government commission". In a note dated 29 October 1944, Pétain forbade de Brinon to use the Marshal's name in any connection with this new government, and on 5 April 1945, Pétain wrote a note to Hitler expressing his wish to return to France. No reply ever came. However, on his

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On 24th June the British government stated that France had broken its agreement with Britain. At the beginning of the war it had been agreed that neither Britain nor France would make a separate peace. Britain was prepared to release France from the agreement, providing the French fleet sailed

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Churchill returned to France on 13 June for another conference at Tours. Baudouin met his plane and immediately spoke to him of the hopelessness of further French resistance. Reynaud then put the cabinet's armistice proposals to Churchill, who replied that "whatever happened, we would level no

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failed in April 1917 and thereby provoked widespread mutinies in the French Army. They involved, to various degrees, nearly half of the French infantry divisions stationed on the Western Front. Pétain restored morale by talking to the men, promising no more suicidal attacks, providing rest for

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Pétain was reactionary by temperament and education, and quickly began blaming the Third Republic and its endemic corruption for the French defeat. His regime soon took on clear authoritarian – and in some cases, fascist – characteristics. The republican motto of

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by 1914 when she was 35. At the opening of the Battle of Verdun in 1916 Pétain is said to have been fetched during the night from a Paris hotel by a staff officer who knew that he could be found with Eugénie Hardon. She had no children by Pétain but already had a son from her first marriage,

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outside the Chamber of Deputies, killing 14 and wounding a further 236. President Lebrun invited 71-year-old Doumergue to come out of retirement and form a new "government of national unity". On 8 February, Pétain was invited to join the new French cabinet as Minister of War, which he only

1304: 1739:"many years ago at France's war college" and was sent to Spain "in the hope he would win his former pupil away from Italian and German influence." When World War II began in September, Daladier offered Pétain a position in his government, which Pétain turned down. However, after 779:. He was originally sentenced to death, but due to his age and World War I service his sentence was commuted to life in prison. His journey from military obscurity, to hero of France during World War I, to collaborationist ruler during World War II, led his successor 1554:(the latter died suddenly in July) added their names to the report. After the autumn manoeuvres, which Pétain had reinstated, a report was presented to Pétain that officers had been poorly instructed, had little basic knowledge and no confidence. He was also told by 1336:

on 28 June 1919. His job as Commander-in-Chief came to an end with peace and demobilisation, and with Foch out of favour after his quarrel with the French government over the peace terms, it was Pétain who, in January 1920, was appointed Vice-Chairman of the revived

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Pétain's career progressed slowly, as he rejected the French Army philosophy of the furious infantry assault, arguing instead that "firepower kills". His views were later proved to be correct during the First World War. He was promoted to captain in 1890 and major

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A small museum glorifying Pétain, the Historical Museum of the Île d’Yeu, displays writings and personal items of Pétain, such as his deathbed, his clothes and his cane. The museum is not publicized and rarely opens – according to its manager, to "avoid trouble".

1351:), and Pétain would hold it until 1931. Pétain was encouraged by friends to go into politics, although he protested that he had little interest in running for an elected position. He nevertheless tried and failed to get himself elected President following the 3489:, and designate a successor (he chose Laval). Though Pétain publicly stated that he had no desire to become "a Caesar", by January 1941, Pétain held virtually all governing power in France; nearly all legislative, executive, and judicial powers were either 1871:'s later recollection, no formal vote appears to have been taken at Cabinet on 16 June. The outcome of the meeting is uncertain. Ten ministers wanted to fight on and seven favoured an armistice (but these included the two Deputy Prime Ministers Pétain and 1751:. Reynaud hoped that the hero of Verdun might instill a renewed spirit of resistance and patriotism in the French Army. Reportedly Franco advised Pétain against leaving his diplomatic post in Madrid, to return to a collapsing France as a "sacrifice". 1343:(Supreme War Council). This was France's highest military position, whose holder was Commander-in-Chief designate in the event of war and who had the right to overrule the Chief of the General Staff (a position held in the 1920s by Pétain's protégés 5131:

to the French Head of State", asked Pétain to allow himself to be transferred to the northern zone. Pétain refused and asked for a written formulation of this request. Renthe-Fink renewed his request twice on the 18th, then returned on the 19th, at

3359:. At midnight on 17 June 1940, Baudouin asked the Spanish Ambassador to submit to Germany a request to cease hostilities at once and for Germany to make known its peace terms. At 12:30 am, Pétain made his first broadcast to the French people. 1170:; 554 mutineers were sentenced to death but over 90% had their sentences commuted. The mutinies were kept secret from the Germans and their full extent and intensity were not revealed until decades later. Gilbert and Bernard find multiple causes: 3453:", held an emergency meeting on 10 July to ratify the armistice. At the same time, the draft constitutional proposals were tabled. The presidents of both Chambers spoke and declared that constitutional reform was necessary. The Congress voted 569– 1836:

on 14 June, where French governments had fled German invasions in 1870 and 1914. By coincidence, that evening in Bordeaux, de Gaulle dined in the same restaurant as Pétain; he came over to shake his hand in silence and they never met again.

3485:("Work, family, fatherland"). He issued new constitutional acts which abolished the presidency, indefinitely adjourned parliament, and also gave him full power to appoint and fire ministers and civil service members, pass laws through the 5280:

Although Pétain had still been in good health for his age at the time of his imprisonment, by late 1947, he suffered from memory lapses. By January 1949, his lucid intervals were becoming fewer and fewer. On 3 March 1949, a meeting of the

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after the Marshal, although it is more likely that he named his son after his family ancestor Jean Baptiste Philippe de Gaulle, before finally falling out over the authorship of a book he had said he had ghost-written for Pétain.

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In 1924 the National Assembly was elected on a platform of reducing the length of national service to one year, to which Pétain was almost violently opposed. In January 1926, the Chief of Staff, General Debeney, proposed to the

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at the end of the war, commuted the sentence to life imprisonment on the grounds of age. After his conviction, the court stripped Pétain of all military ranks and honours, not including the distinction of Marshal of France.

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called him "the most human of our military commanders". Pétain did not get involved in non-military issues when in the Cabinet, and unlike other military leaders he did not have a reputation as an extreme Catholic or a

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that gave Germany control over the north and west of the country, including Paris and all of the Atlantic coastline, but left the rest, around two-fifths of France's prewar territory, unoccupied. Paris remained the

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Lebrun reluctantly accepted Reynaud's resignation as Prime Minister on 17 June, Reynaud recommending to the President that he appoint Marshal Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at

1864:. Reynaud and five ministers thought these proposals acceptable. The others did not, seeing the offer as insulting and a device to make France subservient to Great Britain, as a kind of extra Dominion. Contrary to 10855: 10714: 5202:, Pétain remained silent through most of the proceedings after an initial statement that denied the right of the High Court as it was constituted to try him. De Gaulle himself later criticised the trial, stating, 5086:

and Admiral Darlan's agreement to support the Allies. Although the French government nominally remained in existence, civilian administration of almost all France being under it, Pétain became nothing more than a

11460: 5028:), the French government became increasingly fearful of the British and took the initiative to collaborate with the occupiers. Pétain accepted the government's creation of a collaborationist armed militia (the 1190:

that autumn. Pétain, instead, held off from major French offensives until the Americans arrived in force on the front lines, which did not happen until the early summer of 1918. He was also waiting for the new

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Pétain, who was 84 years old when he became Prime Minister and later Chief of State, remains both the oldest person to become the head of government and the oldest person to become the head of state of France.

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in March 1918, threatened to split the British and French forces apart, and, after Pétain had threatened to retreat on Paris, the Doullens Conference was called. Just prior to the main meeting, Prime Minister

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Too often, the discussions took on the appearance of a partisan trial, sometimes even a settling of scores, when the whole affair should have been treated only from the standpoint of national defence and

1107:" or "firepower kills!" – in this case meaning French field artillery, which fired over 15 million shells on the Germans during the first five months of the battle. Although Pétain did say 10823: 1763:

on that day that they must seek an armistice. Weygand said that he was in favor of saving the French army and that he "wished to avoid internal troubles and above all anarchy". Churchill's man in Paris,

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with General Neubronn "at 7:30 p.m.", the Head of State was supervising the packing up of his suitcases and papers. The next day, 20 August 1944, Pétain was taken against his will by the German army to

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in October 1940 to discuss the French government's role in the new "European Order", the handshake he offered to Hitler caused much uproar in London, and probably influenced Britain's decision to lend

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The new government immediately used its new powers to order harsh measures, including the dismissal of republican civil servants, the installation of exceptional jurisdictions, the proclamation of

1650:, where he reviewed the history of the army since 1927–28. He criticised the reservist system in France, and her lack of adequate air power and armour. This article appeared just five days before 12291: 11288: 10985: 1565:

During this period, he repeatedly called for a lengthening of the term of compulsory military service for conscripts from two to three years, to no avail. Pétain accompanied President Lebrun to

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demanded immediate action on a line of fortifications along the eastern frontier to counter the already proposed decline in manpower. A new commission for this purpose was established, under

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department, northern France, on 24 April 1856. He was one of five children of Omer-Venant Pétain, a farmer, and Clotilde Legrand, and was their only son. His father had previously lived in

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reproaches against France." At that day's cabinet meeting, Pétain strongly supported Weygand’s demand for an armistice and read out a draft proposal to the cabinet where he spoke of

1447:, and called for reports. In July 1927 Pétain himself went to reconnoitre the whole area. He returned with a revised plan and the commission then proposed two fortified regions. The 14896: 8674: 1644:

on the 23rd, Pétain claimed that it would be fruitless to look for assistance to Britain in the event of a German attack. On 1 March 1935, Pétain's famous article appeared in the

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occasional moments of lucidity. He was also beginning to suffer from heart problems and was no longer able to walk without assistance. Plans were made for his death and funeral.

3537:"From several regions of France, I have felt an ill-wind rising for some time... the authority of my government is contested... a genuine malaise is gripping the French people". 1513:– an election which was highly contested, in part due to Maurois' Jewish origin. Maurois made a point of acknowledging with thanks his debt to Pétain in his 1941 autobiography, 1320:

Pétain ended the war regarded "without a doubt, the most accomplished defensive tactician of any army" and "one of France's greatest military heroes" and was presented with his

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went for Germany, "it would be a serious military error" for the French Army to intervene. Pétain responded by again petitioning the government for further funds for the army.

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On 5 June, following the fall of Dunkirk, there was a Cabinet reshuffle. Reynaud brought into his War Cabinet as Undersecretary for War the newly promoted Brigadier-General

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Several ministers were still opposed to an armistice, and Weygand immediately lashed out at them for even leaving Paris. Like Pétain, he said he would never leave France.

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and the two men reminisced about their experiences in the Great War. "When Göring returned to Germany he spoke admiringly of Pétain, describing him as a 'man of honour'".

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Pétain proved a capable opponent of the Germans both in defence and through counter-attack. The third offensive, "Blücher", in May 1918, saw major German advances on the

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in Western Europe), and on those who allowed Communists intellectual responsibility. He said that France had lost faith in her destiny. Pétain was now in his 80th year.

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in 1876 and pursued a career in the military, achieving the rank of colonel by the outbreak of World War I. He led the French Army to victory at the nine-month-long

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On 10 June, the government left Paris for Tours. Weygand, the Commander-in-Chief, now declared that "the fighting had become meaningless". He, Minister of Finance

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having personal discussions with President Lebrun, who had, in the event, not left France. On 1 July, the government, finding Clermont too cramped, moved to

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by writing Darnand a letter of reprimand for the organisation's "excesses". Darnand sarcastically replied that Pétain should have "thought of this before".

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interceded in vain for his release, even offering to provide political asylum in the U.S. A similar offer was later made by the Spanish dictator General

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newspaper, calling for Pétain as a candidate for a dictatorship. 200,000 readers responded to the paper's poll. Pétain came first, with 47,000, ahead of

14881: 5768:: During World War I, Pétain was honored with the Order of the White Eagle. The Serbians awarded it to him because of his support of the Serbian forces. 5755:, Phillipe Pétain made the same one except it is gifted for fighting with the axis against the allies and it is decorated with a black and green ribbon. 13103: 11239: 10900: 5229:, and confiscation of his property. Due to his advanced age, the court asked that the sentence not be carried out. De Gaulle, who was President of the 4990: 6467: 1735:

In March 1939, Pétain was appointed French ambassador to the newly recognized Nationalist government of Spain. Pétain had taught the Spanish dictator

1064:; little over a month later, in October 1914, he was promoted yet again and became XXXIII Corps commander. After leading his corps in the spring 1915 14796: 14771: 13605: 12178: 10907: 10893: 10771: 10756: 10282: 8835: 5724: 669: 5311:, informed that Pétain did not have much longer to live, commuted his sentence to confinement in hospital; the news was kept secret until after the 3526:

were effectively abolished with the reinstatement of the crime of "felony of opinion". Pétain was always aware of civil discontent over Vichy rule.

1287:, Pétain wanted to continue offensive operations into Germany to prevent another war but was overruled by Foch. After the war ended Pétain was made 14570: 13204: 13097: 12943: 10448: 8149: 5332: 3501:. Fascistic and revolutionary conservative factions within the new government used the opportunity to launch an ambitious programme known as the " 3313: 2600: 12973: 10068: 14921: 14891: 14886: 14831: 14801: 12938: 12933: 12928: 5141: 4273: 4160: 1050: 12953: 12913: 11270: 10453: 5237:

Fearing riots at the announcement of the sentence, de Gaulle ordered that Pétain be immediately transported on the former's private aircraft to

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a "totally new kind of army. Only 20 infantry divisions would be maintained on a standing basis". Reserves could be called up when needed. The

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Pétain was appointed Inspector-General of the Army in February 1922, and produced, in concert with the new Chief of the General Staff, General

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Pétain's government acquiesced to Axis demands for large supplies of manufactured goods and foodstuffs, and also ordered French troops in the

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and instead allowed his men to be hit by the initial massive German bombardment. By the time of the last German offensives, Gneisenau and the

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had spoken to Reynaud during the impending fall of France, saying of Pétain, "... he had always been a defeatist, even in the last war ."

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recorded that Pétain had "a terrible look. He had the appearance of a commander who had lost his nerve". Pétain believed – wrongly – that

888:, and following promotion to lieutenant-colonel was promoted to professor on 3 April 1908. He was brevetted to colonel on 1 January 1910. 14726: 13197: 13116: 12860: 12407: 10833: 10609: 8928: 5831:, Pétain never promulgated a new constitution. A draft was written in 1941 and signed by Pétain in 1944, but never submitted or ratified. 4545: 1085: 13135: 5245:, where he remained from 15 August to 16 November 1945. The government later transferred him to the Fort de Pierre-Levée citadel on the 1786:, and several other members of the government were already set on an armistice. On 11 June, Churchill flew to the Château du Muguet, at 740:. The government then resolved to sign armistice agreements with Germany and Italy. The entire government subsequently moved briefly to 13659: 12129: 10227: 10076: 9149: 4685: 1598:

as Minister of War and stood down – in spite of a direct appeal from Lebrun himself. At this moment an article appeared in the popular

884:) in 1900. In March 1904, by then serving in the 104th Infantry, he was appointed adjunct professor of applied infantry tactics at the 2804: 1240:("the Germans will beat the English (sic) in open country, then they'll beat us as well"). He reported this conversation to President 14841: 14791: 14731: 11890: 10287: 8852: 8086: 7835: 5286: 3841: 9043: 8960: 8662: 1396:

tribes, in concert with the Spanish Army, which was successfully concluded by the end of October. He was subsequently decorated, at

828:

Pétain's mother died when he was 18 months old, and he was raised by relatives after his father remarried. He attended the Catholic

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A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East

5072:(in Dakar, Syria, Madagascar, Oran, and Morocco) to defend sovereign French territory against any aggressors, Allied or otherwise. 989: 8509: 14906: 14766: 14701: 14190: 12348: 12248: 12038: 11743: 11398: 11260: 10362: 10267: 8990: 961: 8560: 5354: 5323: 4059: 1388:, which soon became known as 'the Bible'. On 3 September 1925, Pétain was appointed sole Commander-in-Chief of French Forces in 1358:

Shortly after the war, Pétain had placed before the government plans for a large tank and air force, but "at the meeting of the

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Cabinet and Parliament still argued between themselves on the question of whether to retreat to North Africa. On 18 June,

14776: 9121: 9101: 8227: 5808: 4267: 4180: 3846: 3757: 3720: 3015: 2687: 2321: 1154: 444: 10860: 8713: 1690:). Modern infantry rifles and machine guns were not manufactured, with the sole exception of a light machine-rifle, the 942: 14871: 14861: 14215: 14014: 13761: 12208: 10647: 8419: 7917: 7169: 6136: 6080: 5890: 5719: 4965: 4878: 4465: 4049: 3836: 3804: 3782: 3742: 3640: 3331: 14079: 10614: 8884: 8744: 8645: 5704:: 24 August 1917; Grand Officer: 27 April 1916; Commander: 10 May 1915; Officer: 6 October 1914; Knight: 11 July 1901. 975: 14836: 12324: 11374: 11014: 10766: 10761: 10719: 10709: 10619: 10395: 9048: 9013: 8944: 8577: 8526: 7966: 7812: 7791: 7039: 6823: 6779: 6663: 6544: 6501: 6425: 6383: 5828: 5765: 5486:

Pétain was a bachelor until his sixties and known for his womanising. After World War I Pétain married his mistress,

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until April 1945. Pétain, however, having been forced to leave France, refused to participate in this government and

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Pétain conducted some successful but limited offensives in the latter part of 1917, while the British carried out an

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birthday almost three weeks later, he was taken to the Swiss border. Two days later he crossed the French frontier.

5160:, on 8 September 1944, Pétain and other members of the French cabinet at Vichy were relocated by the Germans to the 1339: 14084: 12223: 11244: 11196: 11064: 10272: 8368: 5312: 4081: 3955: 3787: 3767: 2590: 1659: 1352: 876:, the elite light infantry of the French Army. Thereafter, he alternated between staff and regimental assignments. 115: 9467: 7186: 5144:

to bear witness to the Germans' blackmail, Pétain submitted. When Renthe-Fink entered the Marshal's office at the

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Captain Charles de Gaulle continued to be a protégé of Pétain throughout these years. He even allegedly named his

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politics, no government was willing to risk unpopularity by releasing him. As early as June 1946, U.S. President

5083: 4695: 4108: 4074: 3609: 3299: 2980: 1909: 1748: 957: 218: 169: 13871: 12556: 12520: 10658: 8696: 8543: 5737:: Pétain received the Order of the Black Star (Ordre de l’Étoile Noire) from the French colonial administration. 5713: 13652: 13231: 12122: 11042: 11037: 10737: 10252: 10100: 9159: 8970: 8805: 8220: 8140: 8124: 7719: 6732:

Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940-2005)

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and a week before the announcement that Germany was increasing its army to 36 divisions. On 26 April 1936, the

946: 10052: 8826: 8324: 5442:, has a Petain Street dating from the 1920s, alongside parallel streets named for other World War I generals, 1547: 1517: – though by the time of writing their paths had sharply diverged, Pétain having become Head of State of 1111:(an echoing of Joan of Arc, roughly: "We'll get them!"), the other famous quotation often attributed to him – 13811: 13178: 13168: 12820: 12582: 12412: 11226: 10704: 10681: 10352: 8952: 8894: 8874: 8412: 8131: 5740: 4958: 4922: 4817: 4759: 4455: 4205: 3888: 3511: 2291: 2233: 1499: 1284: 13509: 783:

to declare that Pétain's life was "successively banal, then glorious, then deplorable, but never mediocre".

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Among a vast number of books and articles about Pétain, the most complete and documented biographies are:

14876: 14856: 14711: 14155: 13073: 12983: 12662: 12602: 12218: 11186: 11176: 10850: 10483: 9033: 7939: 7879: 4843: 3752: 3442: 3077: 2892: 2371: 2266: 2196: 1559: 1253: 1245: 1212: 1035: 14676: 14276: 11905: 11575: 11280: 9788: 8985: 3362:"The enthusiasm of the country for the Maréchal was tremendous. He was welcomed by people as diverse as 14004: 13267: 13220: 12354: 12213: 11861: 11699: 11409: 10599: 10192: 10140: 10108: 9217: 9192: 8363: 4253: 3700: 3344: 2880: 2769: 2620: 2510: 1280: 1073: 872:. Between graduating in 1878 and 1899, he served in various garrisons with different battalions of the 841: 684: 11657: 7029: 5021: 2672: 1666:

parties against 4.5 million for the Right on an 84% turnout. On 3 May Pétain, was interviewed in

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that autumn. He acquired a reputation as one of the more successful commanders on the Western Front.

1061: 812: 704: 59: 13851: 13494: 12730: 12657: 12359: 11414: 10498: 9640: 9567: 9111: 5396:, were named after him in 1919, while nearby summits were given the names of other French generals ( 4998: 3433:

at Baudouin's suggestion, the empty hotels there being more suitable for the government ministries.

3236: 2697: 90: 14761: 13916: 13687: 13595: 13570: 13272: 12301: 12281: 12253: 12193: 12183: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 11318: 11303: 11118: 10310: 9972: 9232: 9197: 8176: 8159: 8052: 5439: 5294: 4889: 4873: 4823: 4705: 4200: 3762: 3635: 3604: 3480: 3226: 2870: 2490: 2053: 266: 143: 11724: 9023: 7898: 7066: 5265:, appealed to successive French governments for Pétain's release, but given the unstable state of 5257:

Over the following years Pétain's lawyers and many foreign governments and dignitaries, including

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On 11 November 1942, German forces invaded the unoccupied zone of Southern France in response to

4838: 4590: 4440: 4327: 3831: 3772: 3675: 3599: 3065: 2912: 2610: 2530: 2426: 2129: 1486: 1187: 1065: 935: 711:, he was head of the peacetime French Army, commanded joint Franco-Spanish operations during the 14529: 14029: 13109: 13008: 12628: 10794: 10044: 9773: 8344: 7687:

Aron, Robert (1962). "Pétain: sa carriere, son procès" [Pétain: his career, his trial].

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At the end of Pétain's trial, he was convicted on all charges. The jury sentenced him to death,

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in his hands. One of his advisors commented that he had more power than any French leader since

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That afternoon, the British Government offered joint nationality for Frenchmen and Britons in a

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Von der Goltz, Anna, and Robert Gildea. "Flawed saviours: the myths of Hindenburg and Pétain".

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where he launched an attack on the Franco-Soviet Pact, on Communism in general (France had the

1663: 1534: 568: 14361: 14044: 13298: 8843: 7658: 7606: 7580: 6730: 6068: 6042: 6016: 5701: 5412:). The names referring to Pétain were removed in 2021 and 2022, leaving the features unnamed. 5225: 5110:

in southern Germany housed Vichy and other collaborationist exiles in 1944 and 1945 after the

5038:, who, along with German forces, led a campaign of repression against the French resistance (" 3131: 1927: 1332:

by President Poincaré on 8 December 1918. He was summoned to be present at the signing of the

815:. One of his great-uncles, a Catholic priest, Father Abbe Lefebvre (1771–1866), served in the 14706: 14225: 14054: 13735: 13621: 13308: 13003: 12805: 12544: 12096: 11872: 11626: 10533: 10347: 10185: 10092: 9911: 9886: 9841: 9813: 9179: 8774: 8474: 8383: 8289: 7632: 7554: 7528: 7445: 7419: 7393: 7367: 7341: 7224: 7159: 6686: 6627: 6126: 6100: 5987: 5961: 5342:

on the Île d'Yeu on 23 July 1951, at the age of 95. His body was buried in a local cemetery (

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Pétain admitted Darnand into his government as Secretary of the Maintenance of Public Order (

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Pierre Laval as Minister of Foreign Affairs (this appointment was briefly vetoed by Weygand)

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July that year, advocated increased expenditure. In 1931 Pétain was elected a Fellow of the

1127:

at Verdun in May 1916. At the very end of 1916, Nivelle was promoted over Pétain to replace

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Petain: How the Hero of France Became a Convicted Traitor and Changed the Course of History

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Following honours and decorations withdrawn following conviction for high treason in 1945:

5645: 2809: 2201: 1432:, even voted against the whole package, on the grounds that the Army was still too large. 20: 8: 14630: 14466: 14446: 14371: 14175: 14064: 14049: 13941: 13901: 13800: 13786: 13772: 13447: 13381: 13252: 12795: 12427: 12369: 11811: 11801: 11424: 11084: 11024: 10686: 10665: 9537: 9447: 9322: 8653: 8551: 8500: 8245: 5305: 5165: 5161: 5118: 4781: 4680: 4673: 4364: 4044: 3987: 3945: 3405: 3275: 2907: 2902: 2739: 2682: 2228: 2134: 1973: 1865: 1257: 1238:"les Allemands battront les Anglais en rase campagne, après quoi ils nous battront aussi" 1116: 523: 413: 301: 14256: 14110: 13724: 13514: 13504: 13058: 12825: 11915: 10304: 9936: 9891: 9602: 9557: 9542: 9492: 9462: 9397: 9262: 8619: 8602: 5496: 3371: 3117: 2965: 2764: 1495: 1429: 1241: 796: 736:

that he appoint Pétain in his place, which he did that day, while the government was at

380: 44: 14603: 14563: 14140: 13692: 13328: 13323: 13130: 12525: 12495: 12379: 11796: 11687: 11536: 11434: 11181: 11099: 11056: 10583: 10369: 10164: 9442: 9377: 9169: 9073: 9063: 9028: 8276: 7000: 5389: 5107: 4749: 4655: 4575: 4560: 4403: 4286: 4281: 4228: 4138: 3908: 3523: 3221: 3169: 3145: 3049: 2987: 2650: 2640: 2570: 2446: 2361: 2356: 2216: 2211: 1942: 1755: 1578: 1460: 1321: 1233: 1179: 1132: 1060:, who had taken his own life. He was given command of the 6th Division in time for the 14436: 14401: 14336: 14135: 13896: 13702: 13048: 12592: 11766: 10478: 9946: 9916: 9645: 9532: 9487: 9472: 9078: 8237: 5002: 4470: 3382: 2744: 2560: 2346: 1182:

and the trade-union movement, and disappointment at the nonarrival of American troops.

860: 95: 14575: 14441: 14421: 14376: 14286: 13861: 13846: 13697: 13590: 13575: 13361: 13338: 12883: 12840: 12815: 12770: 12652: 12480: 12384: 12286: 12061: 11985: 11971: 11816: 11546: 11439: 11308: 10513: 10508: 9931: 9921: 9821: 9803: 9670: 9592: 9552: 9507: 9372: 8995: 8783: 8171: 8096: 7913: 7891: 7847: 7826: 7808: 7787: 7756: 7738: 7715: 7698: 7288: 7194: 7165: 7035: 6902: 6819: 6775: 6746: 6736: 6704: 6694: 6659: 6540: 6497: 6421: 6379: 6132: 6076: 5942: 5886: 5688: 5415: 5366: 5337: 5199: 5198:, the trial taking place from 23 July to 15 August 1945. Dressed in the uniform of a 5169: 5076: 4799: 4535: 4315: 4185: 4096: 4064: 4022: 3462: 3375: 3356: 3231: 3190: 2774: 2712: 2702: 2401: 2271: 2103: 1872: 1800: 1538: 1325: 1309: 1288: 1228: 1162: 908: 780: 700: 612: 563: 177: 129: 14584: 14331: 14094: 14089: 13906: 13841: 12465: 11831: 10374: 9793: 9517: 9337: 9144: 9106: 7241:"After Calgarian's efforts, Nazi collaborator's name removed from Alberta–B.C. peak" 7219: 6417: 6411: 5487: 3176: 2386: 2276: 1586: 1227:

The year 1918 saw major German offensives on the Western Front. The first of these,

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Because of his high prestige as a soldier's soldier, Pétain served briefly as Army

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that was allowed to govern the southeast of France and which collaborated with the

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Pétain greets a French peasant farmer in a poster, produced in the context of the

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The immediate cause was the extreme optimism and subsequent disappointment at the

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offensive in the spring of 1917. Other causes were pacifism, stimulated by the

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A Certain idea of France The life of Charles de Gaulle, Julian Jackson, p. 58.

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By 26 May, the Allied lines had been shattered, and British forces had begun

1637: 1444: 1397: 1313: 1272: 1265: 1220: 1128: 800: 757: 733: 110: 14210: 9763: 7001:"Philippe Pétain | WWI Hero, French General & Vichy Leader | Britannica" 6151:

Bentley B. Gilbert and Paul P. Bernard, "The French Army Mutinies of 1917",

5346:). Calls were made to relocate his remains to the grave prepared for him at 5194:

The provisional government, headed by de Gaulle, placed Pétain on trial for

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Unlike many French officers, Pétain served mainly in mainland France, never

715:

and served twice as a government minister. During this time he was known as

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Association Pour Défendre la Mémoire du Maréchal Pétain (A.D.M.P.) (2009).

5803: 5447: 5409: 5405: 5258: 5061:). In August 1944, Pétain tried to distance himself from the crimes of the 4927: 4786: 4727: 4630: 4515: 4500: 4338: 4029: 3573: 3565: 3426: 3363: 3058: 2471: 2441: 2436: 2411: 2396: 2248: 2150: 2016: 1744: 1651: 1605: 1546:

year that the French Army still could not resist a German attack. Marshals

1518: 1448: 1401: 1393: 1249: 836:, where he was an excellent student, showing an aptitude for geography and 753: 729: 677: 673: 547: 484: 313: 201: 85: 12835: 12107: 9685: 9597: 9587: 8752: 6440:

Philippe Pétain, "La securité de la France aux cours des années creuses",

5186: 4123: 2023: 1621: 1613: 1275:, as the French Army commander (Humbert) ignored Pétain's instructions to 1195:

tanks to be introduced in large numbers, hence his statement at the time:

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Le général J. B. E. Estienne – père des chars: Des chenilles et des ailes

7304:

Verdun 1916, by Malcolm Brown, Tempus Publishing Ltd., Stroud, UK, p. 86.

6693:. Translated by Arthur Goldhammer. Cornell University Press. p. 67. 5744: 5691:: 21 November 1918 (the sole award retained following his trial in 1945) 5435: 5388:, nearby Pétain Creek, and Pétain Falls, forming the Pétain Basin on the 5262: 5013: 4620: 4321: 4034: 3970: 3248: 2191: 2077: 2009: 2004: 1978: 1727: 1687: 1683: 1522: 1344: 869: 761: 665: 661: 537: 505: 13411: 7265:

Monumental battle rages over monuments. New York Press, August 30,2017

6689:. In Edward G. Berenson; Vincent Duclert; Christophe Prochasson (eds.). 3425:

where the first discussions of constitutional changes were mooted, with

811:, before returning to the family farm in Cauchy-à-la-Tour following the 14634: 13779: 13078: 13018: 12515: 12435: 11736: 11003: 10879: 10731: 10416: 10342: 9783: 8404: 5752: 5430:, was "Avenue Pétain" between 1922 and 1943. There is a Petain Road in 5397: 5088: 4994: 4985:

Within months, Pétain signed antisemitic ordinances. This included the

4894: 4722: 4605: 4600: 4580: 4490: 4475: 4450: 4398: 4248: 4039: 3965: 3461:, effectively "voting the Third Republic out of existence". Nearly all 2139: 2113: 1494:

claimed that "the French Army was no longer a serious fighting force".

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exhausted units, home furloughs, and moderate discipline. He held 3400

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Pétain was admitted to Saint-Cyr in 1876, beginning his career in the

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Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George

14752:

Foreign recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (United States)

14366: 14296: 13277: 12780: 12672: 11619: 7880:"Marshal Pétain and French nationalism: The interwar years and Vichy" 6515:

End of the Affair: The Collapse of the Anglo-French Alliance, 1939–40

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out because "he was the only one really to know what was happening".

1771: 1703: 1679: 1655: 1620:

was conservative, Pétain's high reputation was bipartisan; socialist

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Pétain and his final meeting with the departing American ambassador

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In a radio address to the country on 12 August 1941, Pétain stated;

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General J. B.E. Estienne – Father of tanks, Caterpillars and Wings

3397:. Pétain made a broadcast again to the French people on that day. 13416: 13282: 7656: 7630: 7604: 7578: 7552: 7526: 7469: 7443: 7417: 7391: 7365: 7339: 7313: 6170: 6098: 6040: 6014: 5985: 5959: 5195: 5150: 4989:, prohibiting Jews from exercising numerous professions, and the 4416: 4409: 4370: 4343: 3351:

A new Cabinet with Pétain as head of government was formed, with

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Provisional Instruction on the Tactical Employment of Large Units

1375: 1244:, adding "surely a general should not speak or think like that?" 900: 896: 849: 776: 712: 598: 542: 32: 3459:

to grant the Cabinet the authority to draw up a new constitution

1616:

in May 1935 (and another cordial meeting with Göring). Although

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or any of the African colonies, although he participated in the

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Grandeur and Misery: France's Bid for Power in Europe 1914–1940

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in November 1942, Pétain's government worked closely with the

14180: 14120: 14115: 6629:"Un homme d’influence à Vichy: Henry du Moulin de Labarthète" 4309: 3430: 3097: 1640:

in June and was appalled by what he had seen. Addressing the

904: 804: 745: 7164:. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. p. 21. 6966:

Pétain et la fin de la collaboration: Sigmaringen, 1944–1945

1807:

I will fight in front of Paris, in Paris, and behind Paris.

14131:

Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain

7146:

The French Against the French: Collaboration and Resistance

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and the government desire for an armistice, Prime Minister

14852:

Knights Grand Commander (Senangapati) of the Order of Rama

8275: 5353:

In February 1973, Pétain's coffin housing his remains was

3514:, and the imprisonment of opponents and foreign refugees. 1636:. Weygand had been at the British Army 1934 manoeuvres at 1428:

against him. He would not forget that the Radical leader,

1099:

lines. His decision to organise truck transport over the "

6847:. Translated by Lambert, James. London: Cassell & Co. 6073:

The United States in the First World War: an encyclopedia

5908:"Birth certificate of Pétain, Henri Philippe Benoni Omer" 19:"Le Maréchal" redirects here. For the mathematician, see 6949: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 5315:, but by then, Pétain was too ill to be moved to Paris. 1045:(29 August 1914). The following day, he was promoted to 903:, he was given command of the 33rd Infantry Regiment at 14897:

Recipients of the Distinguished Service Medal (US Army)

10061:

Claude Louis Hector de Villars, Marshal-Duke of Villars

7659:"Ministère de l'instruction publique et des beaux-arts" 7753:

The General: Charles de Gaulle and the France He Saved

7470:

Government of the French Republic (22 November 1918).

7366:

Government of the French Republic (18 November 1890).

7314:

Government of the French Republic (13 December 1883).

7062: 7060: 6099:

Government of the French Republic (18 December 1914).

6015:

Government of the French Republic (30 December 1909).

7028:(1995). "XVI - le délibéré, le verdict et la grâce". 6936: 6158: 4997:. Neither Pétain nor his successive deputies, Laval, 3477:("Freedom, equality, brotherhood") was replaced with 1467: 7931:

Article on Philippe Pétain by the Académie française

7657:

Government of the French Republic (1 January 1910).

7607:"Tableaux de concours pour la Legion d'Honneur 1901" 7527:

Government of the French Republic (25 August 1917).

3421:

capital. On 29 June, the French government moved to

14912:

Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)

7631:Government of the French Republic (7 August 1918). 7553:Government of the French Republic (29 April 1916). 7444:Government of the French Republic (22 April 1915). 7418:Government of the French Republic (25 March 1907). 7340:Government of the French Republic (10 April 1889). 7057: 5361:cemetery by extremists who demanded that President 5293:(a military hospital in Paris), a measure to which 3548: 3393:, and the former Popular Front Education Minister, 1505:In 1938, Pétain encouraged and assisted the writer 840:. In 1875, with the intention of preparing for the 13104:Sons and Daughters of Jewish Deportees from France 11240:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race 11023: 7605:Government of the French Republic (16 June 1915). 7579:Government of the French Republic (16 June 1915). 7392:Government of the French Republic (13 July 1900). 6772:The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen 6041:Government of the French Republic (28 June 1911). 5986:Government of the French Republic (5 April 1908). 5960:Government of the French Republic (1 April 1904). 5438:, a traditionally French-Canadian neighborhood of 4991:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race 1199:("I am waiting for the tanks and the Americans.") 775:After the war, Pétain was tried and convicted for 10772:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems 10757:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy 8943: 6604: 6602: 5123:On 17 August 1944, the Germans, in the person of 5075:Pétain's motives are a topic of wide conjecture. 1573:, who had been assassinated on 6 October 1934 in 1542:reluctantly accepted after many representations. 1521:while Maurois went into exile and sided with the 1413: 756:, better known as Vichy France, an authoritarian 14668: 13667: 6592: 6590: 6376:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 5249:, a small island off the French Atlantic coast. 639:(24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951), better known as 10715:List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime 7690:Les grands dossiers de lh́istoire contemporaine 6968:, Henry Rousso, éditions Complexe, Paris, 1984. 6735:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff/Brill. p. 140. 6564: 6562: 6409: 6190:"Hero of Verdun: Marshal Henri Philippe Pétain" 1883:. Pétain already had a ministerial team ready: 1533:Political unease was sweeping the country and, 13221:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934) 11633:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 10020: 7709: 7104: 7102: 7092: 7090: 6599: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6176: 5871: 5466:On 26 October 1931, Pétain was honored with a 5181: 4869:U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism 3408:created in the first years of the Vichy regime 3378:, a call that was heard by comparatively few. 2861:National Centre of Independents & Peasants 2501:Memoirs Illustrating the History of Jacobinism 1592: 14827:Heads of government who were later imprisoned 13653: 13205: 12123: 10193: 10006: 8929: 8420: 8261: 7981:as Vice President of the Superior War Council 7232: 7034:. Hors collection. Perrin. pp. 381–387. 6691:The French Republic: History, Values, Debates 6587: 6124: 5725:1914–1918 Inter-Allied Victory medal (France) 5231:Provisional Government of the French Republic 4966: 3307: 2551:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 1694:. The French heavy machine gun was still the 1153:(from the end of April 1917). He then became 748:in central France. It voted to transform the 14737:École Spéciale Militaire de Saint-Cyr alumni 7710:Farrar-Hockley, General Sir Anthony (1975). 6580: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6559: 6067:Anne Cipriano Venzon, Paul L. Miles (1999), 5461: 3246: 3075: 3056: 3047: 3038: 3029: 3013: 2999: 2985: 2963: 2182: 2155: 2118: 2082: 2063: 2014: 1990: 1952: 1608:'s 31,000 votes. These two men travelled to 716: 14917:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles 14822:Heads of government convicted of war crimes 14010:Fédération d'action nationale et européenne 13098:Fondation pour la Mémoire de la Déportation 12408:Center of Contemporary Jewish Documentation 12137: 10834:Underground media in German-occupied France 7697:]. Paris: Librairie académique Perrin. 7157: 7099: 7087: 6857: 6398: 5933:Baussan, Charles (1918). "Marshal Petain". 5766:Grand cross of the Order of the White Eagle 3376:a call for resistance from there on 18 June 1900: 1799:aid of the British with forty divisions in 1794:, where he put forward first his idea of a 1299: 1068:, in July 1915 he was given command of the 14742:Expelled members of the Académie Française 13660: 13646: 13212: 13198: 12130: 12116: 10200: 10186: 10013: 9999: 8936: 8922: 8427: 8413: 8268: 8254: 8021:Vice President of the Superior War Council 7494: 7492: 6094: 6092: 5730:1914–1918 Commemorative war medal (France) 5615:Divisional general holding higher command 5419:Pinardville, New Hampshire, November 2019. 4973: 4959: 3314: 3300: 1848: 807:, where he worked for photography pioneer 660:), was a French general who commanded the 279:9 February 1934 – 8 November 1934 43: 10069:Honoré Armand de Villars, Duke of Villars 8906:Acting presidents are denoted by italics. 8103:as Chairman of the Provisional Government 7936:Newspaper clippings about Philippe Pétain 7446:"Armée active: nominations et promotions" 7420:"Armée active: nominations et promotions" 7394:"Armée active: promotions et nominations" 7316:"Armée active: nominations et promotions" 6877:. Columbia University Press. p. 226. 6728: 6571: 6370: 6368: 6010: 6008: 1360:Conseil supérieur de la Défense Nationale 1009:Learn how and when to remove this message 795:Pétain was born into a peasant family in 429: 14797:French people who died in prison custody 14772:French military personnel of the Rif War 11900: 10856:Newspapers confiscated for collaboration 8434: 7238: 6378:, pp. 36–37. Columbia University Press. 5867: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5855: 5853: 5650: 5643: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5564: 5557: 5550: 5543: 5536: 5529: 5414: 5322: 5210: 5185: 5102: 5059:Secrétaire d'État au Maintien de l'Ordre 5044: 4304: 3436: 3399: 3330: 3326: 1726: 1474: 1451:, as it came to be called, (named after 1362:of 12 March 1920, the Finance Minister, 1303: 1206: 1025: 859: 855: 637:Henri Philippe Bénoni Omer Joseph Pétain 375:Henri Philippe Bénoni Omer Joseph Pétain 14882:People convicted of indignité nationale 14191:National Council of European Resistance 13136:List of Holocaust memorials and museums 12418:Timeline of deportations to death camps 11261:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs 10839:Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944 7489: 6842: 6684: 6089: 5932: 5098: 1722: 1537:, the Paris police fired on a group of 1392:to launch a major campaign against the 14922:19th-century French military personnel 14892:Prisoners who died in French detention 14887:Prisoners sentenced to death by France 14832:Heads of state convicted of war crimes 14802:French politicians convicted of crimes 14669: 13117:Mémorial des Martyrs de la Déportation 12623:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline 10806:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline 7728: 7185:Méheut, Constant (10 September 2022). 7184: 7024: 6919:"Marshal Pétain visits the Paris area" 6872: 6658:. Pan Macmillan, London, 1990. p. 40, 6365: 6164: 6005: 5794:Historiography of the Battle of France 5576:15 August 1945 (after degradation for 5127:, "special diplomatic delegate of the 4854:Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism 2976:(formerly known as: Club de l'Horloge) 1743:, Pétain joined the new government of 1662:showed 5.5 million votes for the 1612:for the funeral of the Polish Marshal 832:of Saint-Bertin in the nearby town of 135:Provisional Government of the Republic 72:11 July 1940 – 20 August 1944 14807:French people convicted of war crimes 14692:20th-century heads of state of France 14020:French and European Nationalist Party 13641: 13193: 12111: 10181: 9994: 8917: 8408: 8249: 7967:Commander-in-Chief of the French Army 7071:. Marechal-petain.com. Archived from 6838: 6836: 6834: 6832: 5850: 5827:Given full constituent powers in the 5678: 4885:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 3931:during the Israel-Hamas war (2023-24) 3626:Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism 3256:Social thinking of Arthur de Gobineau 1456:during the Battle of Verdun in 1916. 1256:had been routed like the Italians at 1202: 1197:J'attends les chars et les Américains 1157:of the entire French army, replacing 907:on 25 June 1911; a young lieutenant, 647: 13268:Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12) 12698:Police collaboration in Vichy France 11947:The Destruction of the European Jews 10789:Political situation in French Africa 10784:Police collaboration in Vichy France 7695:Major issues in contemporary history 7686: 7500:"PETAIN, Henri Philippe Benoni Omer" 6953: 6416:. Oxford University Press. pp. 5814: 5344:Cimetière communal de Port-Joinville 3343:on the right, Hitler's interpreter, 1123:who succeeded him in command of the 947:adding citations to reliable sources 918: 732:resigned, recommending to President 333:30 April 1917 – 16 May 1917 156:16 June 1940 – 11 July 1940 14812:French prisoners sentenced to death 13124:Mémorial national de la déportation 10085:Jean-Gérard Lacuée, count of Cessac 7508:. Government of the French Republic 7158:Conan, Eric; Rousso, Henry (1998). 6539:, Constable, London, 1970, p. 231, 5434:in the Little India neighbourhood. 5318: 4181:21 Paths to the Kingdom of Darkness 3016:Union Nationale Inter-universitaire 1717: 1682:) and infantry support (mostly the 1079: 1021: 770:Nazi German military administration 724:On 16 June 1940, with the imminent 231:18 May 1940 – 16 June 1940 16:French military officer (1856–1951) 13: 14727:Catholicism and far-right politics 14216:Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms 14015:Federation of Nationalist Students 13762:French National-Collectivist Party 10648:French National-Collectivist Party 10109:Albert de Broglie, Duke of Broglie 7773: 6890:Free French Africa in World War II 6829: 6468:"Petain appointed envoy to Burgos" 6131:. Black Rabbit Books. p. 53. 5935:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review 4879:Working definition of antisemitism 3641:Working definition of antisemitism 3412:On 22 June 1940, France signed an 1803:, and repeated Clemenceau's words 1528: 1294: 1086:Grand Quartier Général (1914–1919) 914: 14: 14933: 10762:Collaboration with Imperial Japan 10720:French Constitutional Law of 1940 10396:French Constitutional Law of 1940 8200:The oldest current head of state 7924: 7729:Mondet, Arlette Estienne (2011). 6875:Old Guard and New Order 1940–1944 6413:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 6353:Williams, 2005, pp. 260–261, 265. 5906:Government of the French empire. 5809:List of ministers in Vichy France 5502: 5499:, whom Pétain strongly disliked. 5331:Pétain died in a private home in 4859:Union of Councils for Soviet Jews 3543:Légion Française des Combattants, 2898:French Agrarian and Peasant Party 1896:Bouthillie as Minister of Finance 1777: 1654:'s announcement of Germany's new 668:and later became the head of the 14842:Holocaust perpetrators in France 14792:French people of Flemish descent 14732:Deputy prime ministers of France 14085:Revolutionary Nationalist Groups 13319:Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912) 13304:Bombardment of Casablanca (1907) 13253:First Franco-Moroccan War (1844) 11245:Second law on the status of Jews 10672:Légion Française des Combattants 10207: 8369:Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque 8343: 7905:(June 1990) 40#6 pp. 13–19. 7846:UK), London, 2005, p. 206, 7769:(1984; English ed. 1991), 640 pp 6218:, ABC-CLIO, California, p. 1738. 5743:although the medal is gifted by 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5565: 5558: 5551: 5544: 5537: 5530: 5481: 5164:in Germany, where they became a 5138:Alexander Neubronn von Eisenberg 4995:occupation of the rest of France 4944: 4943: 3572: 3549:State collaboration with Germany 3281: 3269: 1926: 1479:1926 painting of Maréchal Pétain 923: 498: 477: 464: 443: 14697:20th-century princes of Andorra 14080:Rassemblement National Français 13237:Spanish protectorate in Morocco 12969:Marie-Claude Vaillant-Couturier 10936:France, revue de l'État nouveau 10829:Censorship under the occupation 7650: 7624: 7598: 7572: 7546: 7520: 7463: 7437: 7411: 7385: 7359: 7333: 7307: 7298: 7277: 7258: 7212: 7178: 7151: 7138: 7129: 7120: 7111: 7048: 7018: 6993: 6980: 6971: 6959: 6911: 6896: 6881: 6866: 6851: 6808: 6785: 6764: 6722: 6678: 6669: 6648: 6639: 6636:, 2002, issue 622, pp. 353–385. 6620: 6611: 6550: 6529: 6520: 6507: 6486: 6460: 6457:(London: Arnold, 1995), p. 182. 6447: 6434: 6389: 6356: 6347: 6338: 6329: 6320: 6311: 6302: 6293: 6284: 6275: 6266: 6257: 6248: 6239: 6230: 6221: 6208: 6182: 6145: 6118: 5988:"Service des ecoles militaires" 5821: 5714:Academic Officer (Silver Palms) 5365:consent to its re-interment at 5252: 5176: 5084:Allied landings in North Africa 4268:Protocols of the Elders of Zion 2981:Initiative and Liberty Movement 1893:Darlan as Minister for the Navy 1581:, a Bulgarian nationalist from 1558:that, if the plebiscite in the 1384:, the new army manual entitled 934:needs additional citations for 425: 219:Deputy Prime Minister of France 14907:World War II political leaders 14767:French generals of World War I 14702:Ambassadors of France to Spain 13258:Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60) 13232:French protectorate in Morocco 10738:Service du travail obligatoire 10710:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre 10220:World War II collaboration in: 10101:Jean Baptiste Henri Lacordaire 8221:Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido 8203:11 July 1940 – 19 August 1944 7899:"Vichy: Pétain's Hollow Crown" 7805:Pétain, Le Soldat et la Gloire 7767:De Gaulle: The Rebel 1890–1944 7680: 7239:Kaufmann, Bill (4 July 2022). 6792:'Not a Caesar,' Petain asserts 6128:World War I: The Western Front 6060: 6034: 5979: 5953: 5926: 5899: 4224:Hunter (William Luther Pierce) 1890:Weygand as Minister of Defence 1435:On 5 December 1925, after the 1414:Vocal critic of defence policy 1340:Conseil supérieur de la Guerre 1119:"!) – was actually uttered by 1041:Pétain led his brigade at the 848:college of Albert-le-Grand in 1: 14542:Active publications and media 13812:Revolutionary Social Movement 13179:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation 13169:History of the Jews in France 12413:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation 10861:Office français d'information 10682:Revolutionary Social Movement 10353:History of the Jews in France 10077:"Cardinal Loménie de Brienne" 8945:Heads of government of France 8025:January 1920 – February 1931 7998:as Chief of Staff of the Army 7912:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). 7857: 7737:]. Editions L'Harmattan. 7069:"The World's Oldest Prisoner" 6977:Griffiths, 1970, pp. 333–334. 6617:Lacouture, 1991, pp. 206–207. 6608:Lacouture, 1991, pp. 204–205. 5838: 5747:Forces for fighting with the 5327:Grave of Pétain on Île d'Yeu. 4818:Campaign Against Antisemitism 3926:during the Gaza War (2008-09) 3353:Henry du Moulin de Labarthète 1714:), each with its own models. 1500:Geneva Disarmament Conference 790: 14902:Romani genocide perpetrators 14747:Far-right politics in France 14196:National Republican Movement 13731:Antisemitic League of France 13669:Far-right politics in France 13606:Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912) 13309:Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909) 12557:Jeunesse Populaire Française 12521:Carl-Heinrich von Stülpnagel 10659:Jeunesse Populaire Française 8232:25 July 1949 – 23 July 1951 7892:10.1016/0191-6599(92)90119-W 7368:"École Supérieure de Guerre" 7126:Williams, 2005, pp. 528–529. 7117:Williams, 2005, pp. 527–528. 7054:Williams, 2005, pp. 512–513. 7031:Le Procès Pétain (1945-1995) 6596:Williams, 2005, pp. 325–327. 6395:Williams, 2005, pp. 268–269. 6335:Williams, 2005, pp. 253–254. 6326:Williams, 2005, pp. 250–252. 6290:Williams, 2005, pp. 233–235. 6263:Williams, 2005, pp. 217–219. 5843: 4807:Anti-antisemitism in Germany 4299:Antisemitism on the Internet 4087:Jewish war conspiracy theory 3473:Liberté, égalité, fraternité 2943:Union for a Popular Movement 2591:The Future of Intelligentsia 1825:regarded as the government. 1758:. French commander-in-chief 1236:claimed he heard Pétain say 676:, from 1940 to 1944, during 7: 14156:Equality and Reconciliation 13818:Service d'ordre légionnaire 13596:Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911) 13586:Algeciras Conference (1906) 13263:First Melilla War (1893–94) 12663:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 12603:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 11886:Municipal elections of 1945 11569:Service d'ordre légionnaire 11177:French protectorate of Laos 10851:Maréchal, nous voilà ! 10484:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 10053:Jean François de Chamillart 7971:17 May 1917 – January 1920 7940:20th Century Press Archives 7786:, Constable, London, 1970, 7161:Vichy: An Ever-present Past 6687:"7. The Republic and Vichy" 5777: 5591:12 July 1890 (substantive) 5182:Trial before the High Court 4844:Southern Poverty Law Center 4003:COVID-19 pandemic incidents 1593:Critic of government policy 1560:Territory of the Saar Basin 1509:in gaining election to the 1285:On the day of the armistice 1049:to replace brigade general 1036:Jules Gervais-Courtellemont 691:, for which he was called " 683:Pétain was admitted to the 10: 14938: 14777:Ministers of war of France 14060:Organisation Armée Secrète 14005:European Rally for Liberty 13510:Manuel Fernández Silvestre 13299:Bombardment of Salé (1851) 11911:Holocaust denial in France 11862:Ordinance of 9 August 1944 10600:Government of Vichy France 8364:Jean de Lattre de Tassigny 8228:Oldest living state leader 7865:European History Quarterly 7274:Accessed 17 February 2018. 6374:Paxton, Robert O. (1982). 6101:"Armée active: nomination" 5759: 5380: 5369:among the war dead of the 5116: 5008:When Hitler met Pétain at 4254:On the Jews and Their Lies 2881:VIA, the Way of the People 2621:The Tears of the White Man 2511:The Genius of Christianity 1373: 1369: 1312:(Pétain, Foch, Joffre) at 1281:Second Battle of the Marne 1188:offensive at Passchendaele 1163:Chemin des Dames offensive 1142: 1083: 886:École Supérieure de Guerre 842:Saint-Cyr Military Academy 764:. After Germany and Italy 685:Saint-Cyr Military Academy 321:Chief of Staff of the Army 18: 14872:Prime ministers of France 14862:People from Pas-de-Calais 14618: 14541: 14495: 14234: 14103: 13985: 13834: 13716: 13675: 13614: 13563: 13543: 13487: 13471: 13453:Joseph-François Poeymirau 13430: 13354: 13347: 13329:Battle of El Herri (1914) 13324:Battle of El Ksiba (1913) 13314:Bloody Days of Fes (1912) 13291: 13273:Second Melilla War (1909) 13245: 13227: 13144: 13087: 12982: 12912: 12859: 12706: 12643: 12573: 12534: 12426: 12398: 12315: 12262: 12145: 12052: 12009: 11963: 11938: 11929: 11891:1946 legislative election 11847: 11789: 11759: 11705:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 11645: 11606: 11560: 11504: 11497: 11488: 11453: 11365: 11332: 11279: 11253: 11235:Law on the status of Jews 11225: 11214: 11154: 11117: 11055: 11015:Syria and Lebanon mandate 10995: 10814: 10747: 10695: 10633: 10592: 10426: 10391:Armistice of 22 June 1940 10383: 10296: 10215: 10031: 9965: 9812: 9694: 9659: 9621: 9178: 9158: 9135: 9092: 9004: 8951: 8904: 8773: 8725: 8473: 8442: 8382: 8352: 8341: 8288: 8234: 8225: 8217: 8205: 8198: 8188: 8183: 8167: 8141:Justí Guitart i Vilardebó 8129: 8125:Justí Guitart i Vilardebó 8115: 8110: 8093: 8087:Chief of the French State 8084: 8069: 8059: 8050: 8042: 8037: 8027: 8018: 8005: 7988: 7973: 7964: 7956: 7951: 7884:History of European Ideas 7342:"Armée active: mutations" 6845:In the Thick of the Fight 5789:1917 French Army mutinies 5741:Croix de Guerre 1939–1945 5683: 5601: 5462:New York Canyon of Heroes 5136:, accompanied by General 4987:Law on the status of Jews 4829:Fundamental Rights Agency 4262:Undisputed Over The World 4077: Jewish conspiracy 3449:, meeting together as a " 3335:Pétain meeting Hitler at 3002:Nouvelle Action Royaliste 1853:On Sunday, 16 June 1940, 1145:1917 French Army mutinies 1138: 1062:First Battle of the Marne 844:, Pétain enrolled in the 630: 626: 622: 618: 604: 590: 586: 581: 577: 556: 530: 519: 511: 493: 456: 451: 439: 407: 390: 370: 365: 361: 349: 337: 326: 319: 307: 295: 283: 272: 265: 255: 245: 235: 224: 217: 207: 195: 168: 160: 149: 142: 123: 116:President of the Republic 104: 76: 65: 60:Chief of the French State 58: 54: 49:Philippe Pétain (c. 1941) 42: 30: 14837:Heads of state of France 14496:Ideologies and movements 13622:Tangier Crisis (1905–06) 13591:Pact of Cartagena (1907) 13576:Treaty of Wad Ras (1860) 13571:Treaty of Tangier (1844) 13339:Alhucemas Landing (1925) 12551:Parti Populaire Français 11901:Trial of Philippe Pétain 11576:Groupe mobile de réserve 11119:French Equatorial Africa 10922:L'Émancipation nationale 10824:Antisemitic publications 9973:Chief minister of France 8827:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing 8453:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte 8325:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 8177:Ramon Iglesias i Navarri 8160:Ramon Iglesias i Navarri 8053:Prime Minister of France 7886:15.1–3 (1992): 113–118. 7873:10.1177/0265691409105061 7633:"Ministere de la guerre" 7581:"Ministere de la guerre" 7555:"Ministere de la guerre" 7529:"Ministere de la guerre" 7472:"Ministère de la guerre" 7287:, London, 2005, p. 206, 7270:24 December 2018 at the 6818:(p. 73), Penguin books, 6774:, pp. 15–17. Routledge. 6729:Beigbeder, Yves (2006). 6685:Jackson, Julian (2011). 6675:Griffiths, 1970, p. 248. 6568:Lacouture, 1991, p. 201. 6556:Lacouture, 1991, p. 197. 6526:Lacouture, 1991, p. 190. 6410:Jackson, Julian (2001). 6075:, Taylor & Francis, 6069:"Pétain, Henri-Philippe" 6043:"Ministère de la guerre" 5660:1 January 1910 (brevet) 5440:Goffstown, New Hampshire 5016:naval support for their 4890:Three Ds of antisemitism 4874:Wiener Holocaust Library 4824:Community Security Trust 4686:Black Death persecutions 4201:The Dearborn Independent 4174:Antisemitic publications 3541:The regime organised a " 3481:Travail, famille, patrie 3078:Service d'Action Civique 2491:Considerations on France 2054:Catholic social teaching 1908:This article is part of 1901:Head of the French State 1832:The government moved to 1660:general election results 1548:Louis Franchet d'Espèrey 1328:at a public ceremony at 1300:Respected hero of France 1264:was appointed as Allied 144:Prime Minister of France 14025:Front Algérie Française 13500:Arsenio Martínez-Campos 13334:Battle of Annual (1921) 12683:Charles du Paty de Clam 12583:Anti-Jewish legislation 12292:French Riviera roundups 12139:The Holocaust in France 11993:The Sorrow and the Pity 11807:Siegfried Line campaign 11614:SS Charlemagne division 11476:The Holocaust in France 10625:Second Laval government 10494:Charles du Paty de Clam 10474:Pierre-Antoine Cousteau 7135:Williams, 2005, p. 530. 7108:Williams, 2005, p. 523. 7096:Williams, 2005, p. 520. 6873:Paxton, Robert (2001). 6858:Holroyd-Doveton, John. 6770:Shields, James (2007). 6584:Atkin, 1997, pp. 82–86. 6362:Williams, 2005, p. 266. 6344:Williams, 2005, p. 257. 6308:Williams, 2005, p. 247. 6299:Williams, 2005, p. 244. 6281:Williams, 2005. p. 232. 6272:Williams, 2005, p. 219. 6254:Williams, 2005, p. 217. 6236:Williams, 2005, p. 212. 6227:Williams, 2005, p. 204. 6194:Warfare History Network 6155:(1959) 22#1, pp. 24–41. 5735:Order of the Black Star 5190:Pétain during the trial 5034:) under the command of 4839:Simon Wiesenthal Center 4591:Corneliu Zelea Codreanu 4365:The Occidental Observer 4328:Europa: The Last Battle 4276:Between Blacks and Jews 4274:The Secret Relationship 3276:Conservatism portal 3066:Independent Republicans 2913:Independent Republicans 2611:Violence and the Sacred 2531:St Petersburg Dialogues 1849:Pétain replaces Reynaud 1672:largest communist party 1353:November 1919 elections 1113:"Ils ne passeront pas!" 897:Rif campaign in Morocco 14867:People of Vichy France 14817:French Roman Catholics 14757:French anti-communists 14722:Antiziganism in France 14717:Antisemitism in France 14655:Algiers putsch of 1961 14641:6 February 1934 crisis 14206:Rassemblement National 14146:Carrefour de l'Horloge 13807:National Popular Rally 13525:Miguel Primo de Rivera 13495:Juan García y Margallo 13372:Mouha ou Hammou Zayani 13367:Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni 13154:Antisemitism in France 13074:André and Magda Trocmé 12879:Antoinette Feuerwerker 12658:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 11867:Provisional Government 11527:15th Military Division 11522:14th Military Division 11357:Yellow badge in France 10677:National Popular Rally 10610:First Laval government 10499:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 10333:French colonial empire 8335:Michel-Joseph Maunoury 7867:39.3 (2009): 439–464. 7844:Time Warner Book Group 6990:, vol. 2, pp. 249–250. 6843:Reynaud, Paul (1955). 6125:Nicola Barber (2003). 6017:"Tableau d'avancement" 5772:Military Medal (Spain) 5420: 5328: 5220: 5209: 5191: 5114: 5070:French colonial empire 5054: 4999:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 4849:Stephen Roth Institute 4812:Anti-Defamation League 3539: 3457:(with 18 abstentions) 3414:armistice at Compiègne 3409: 3348: 3341:Joachim von Ribbentrop 3247: 3076: 3057: 3048: 3039: 3030: 3014: 3000: 2986: 2973:Carrefour de l'Horloge 2964: 2928:Rally for the Republic 2856:Future with Confidence 2183: 2156: 2119: 2083: 2064: 2015: 1991: 1953: 1919:Conservatism in France 1827: 1809: 1741:Germany invaded France 1732: 1480: 1317: 1224: 1184: 1072:, which he led in the 1038: 865: 766:occupied all of France 744:, then to the town of 717: 696: 657: 185:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 91:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 13736:Breton National Party 13004:Le Chambon-sur-Lignon 12545:Devisenschutzkommando 12097:Category:Vichy France 11720:Operation Bright Moon 11517:7th Military Division 10915:Documents maçonniques 10141:André François-Poncet 10093:Alexis de Tocqueville 9979:Deputy Prime Minister 8013:as Commander-in-Chief 7225:BC Geographical Names 6903:Churchill, Winston S. 6797:12 March 2016 at the 6453:Anthony Adamthwaite, 6442:Revue des deux mondes 6214:Tucker, S. C. (2009) 5418: 5326: 5214: 5204: 5189: 5125:Cecil von Renthe-Fink 5106: 5048: 4556:William Luther Pierce 4234:The International Jew 4146:Stab-in-the-back myth 4129:Rootless cosmopolitan 3535: 3520:freedom of expression 3437:Constitutional change 3403: 3334: 3327:The armistice of 1940 3237:Immigrant criminality 3217:Clerical philosophers 2933:Republican Federation 2601:The Reign of Quantity 2292:Blanc de Saint-Bonnet 2207:Thermidorian Reaction 2165:Traditional authority 1969:Political Catholicism 1822: 1805: 1756:evacuating at Dunkirk 1749:Deputy Prime Minister 1730: 1647:Revue des deux mondes 1478: 1307: 1291:on 21 November 1918. 1260:. At the Conference, 1210: 1172: 1090:Pétain commanded the 1029: 863: 856:Early military career 750:French Third Republic 721:("the Old Marshal"). 512:Years of service 472:French Third Republic 414:Eugénie Hardon Pétain 14530:Révolution nationale 14030:Groupe Union Défense 13995:Charles Martel Group 13825:Solidarité Française 13767:French Popular Party 13627:Agadir Crisis (1911) 13601:Treaty of Fes (1912) 13581:Treaty of Fes (1894) 13110:Mémorial de la Shoah 13064:Jules-Géraud Saliège 13024:Pierre-Marie Gerlier 13009:Château de Chabannes 12746:Messaoud El Mediouni 12629:Révolution nationale 12032:Le Silence de la mer 11857:Liberation of France 11466:Deportation timeline 10971:Révolution nationale 10845:Le Juif et la France 10795:Révolution nationale 10653:French Popular Party 10358:Treaty of Versailles 10045:François Charpentier 8436:Presidents of France 8132:Co-Prince of Andorra 7796:Herbert R. Lottman, 6906:The Second World War 6535:Griffiths, Richard, 6494:The Spanish Bourbons 5720:Croix de guerre 1915 5313:elections on 17 June 5283:Council of Ministers 5158:liberation of France 5112:Liberation of France 5099:Exile to Sigmaringen 5095:and in the streets. 4933:Zionist antisemitism 4740:Martyrdom in Judaism 4466:Richard Girnt Butler 4219:Hitlers Zweites Buch 3805:textbook controversy 3504:Révolution nationale 3487:Council of Ministers 3391:Pierre Mendès France 3339:on 24 October 1940; 3227:French–German enmity 2631:The Tyranny of Guilt 2541:Democracy in America 2244:Second French Empire 1993:Révolution nationale 1862:Franco-British Union 1723:Return to government 1382:Marie-Eugène Debeney 1334:Treaty of Versailles 1094:at the start of the 943:improve this article 699:). After the failed 649:[filippetɛ̃] 582:Criminal conviction 14787:French nationalists 14631:Franco-Prussian War 14377:Le Pen (Jean-Marie) 14186:League of the South 14176:Generation Identity 14065:Party of New Forces 14045:Nouvelle Résistance 13801:Mouvement Franciste 13787:Ligue des Patriotes 13773:Jeunesses Patriotes 13448:Paul Prosper Henrys 13278:Zaian War (1914–21) 13131:Rivesaltes Memorial 12486:Hans-Dietrich Ernst 12375:Royallieu-Compiègne 12345:Natzweiler-Struthof 11812:Sigmaringen enclave 11802:Liberation of Paris 11461:Deportation convoys 11430:Royallieu-Compiègne 11395:Natzweiler-Struthof 11266:Order of Physicians 11025:French North Africa 10687:Peasant Corporation 10666:Mouvement Franciste 10464:Jacques Charpentier 10439:Jean-Marie Bergeret 8844:François Mitterrand 8654:Alexandre Millerand 8552:Jean Casimir-Perier 8501:Patrice de MacMahon 8282:of the 20th century 7908:Williams, Charles. 7782:Richard Griffiths, 7714:. London: Granada. 7283:Williams, Charles, 6986:Charles De Gaulle, 6492:John D. Bergamini. 6245:Atkin, 1997, p. 41. 6179:, pp. 301–302. 6177:Farrar-Hockley 1975 5962:"Ecoles militaires" 5829:law of 10 July 1940 5700:Grand Cross of the 5612:Divisional general 5525:Lieutenant colonel 5226:indignité nationale 5166:government-in-exile 5162:Sigmaringen enclave 5119:Sigmaringen enclave 5018:operations in Gabon 4782:Spanish Inquisition 4681:Rhineland massacres 4191:Culture of Critique 4045:Cultural Bolshevism 3443:Chamber of Deputies 3406:cult of personality 3132:La Nation française 2908:Movement for France 2903:French Social Party 2723:Political positions 2713:Le Pen (Jean-Marie) 2342:Fustel de Coulanges 2234:Bourbon Restoration 2229:Second White Terror 1974:Christian democracy 1855:President Roosevelt 1632:He remained on the 1569:for the funeral of 1117:They shall not pass 1074:Champagne Offensive 864:Pétain in the 1880s 705:subsequent mutinies 524:General of division 302:Joseph Paul-Boncour 14877:Princes of Andorra 14857:Marshals of France 14712:Anti-Protestantism 14550:Boulevard Voltaire 14070:Phalange Française 13520:José Millán-Astray 13463:Henry de Bournazel 13392:Sidi Ahmed El Hiba 13069:Pierre-Marie Théas 12526:Carltheo Zeitschel 12496:Ernst Heinrichsohn 11906:Klaus Barbie trial 11797:Operation Overlord 11537:Army of the Levant 11471:Holocaust timeline 11155:Asia & Oceania 11057:French West Africa 10615:Flandin government 10584:Carltheo Zeitschel 10370:War guilt question 10165:Mario Vargas Llosa 10022:Académie française 8394:Marie-Pierre Kœnig 8278:Marshals of France 8208:The King of Sweden 8191:The King of Sweden 8038:Political offices 7878:Szaluta, Jacques. 7191:The New York Times 7075:on 4 November 2009 7005:www.britannica.com 6988:Mémoires de guerre 6887:Jennings, Eric T. 6513:Eleanor M. Gates. 6472:The New York Times 5716:(23 December 1909) 5679:Honours and awards 5666:14 September 1914 5618:Marshal of France 5492:François de Hérain 5468:ticker-tape parade 5421: 5390:Continental Divide 5329: 5221: 5192: 5115: 5108:Sigmaringen Castle 5055: 4750:Pale of Settlement 4656:Gamal Abdel Nasser 4576:Kevin Alfred Strom 4561:Richard B. Spencer 4404:Triple parentheses 4287:The Turner Diaries 4260:Our Race Will Rule 4229:1988 Hamas Charter 4023:Antisemitic tropes 3909:Christian Identity 3842:Conservative Party 3410: 3349: 3222:European New Right 3146:Le Figaro Magazine 3111:Famille chrétienne 2988:La Manif pour tous 2641:The French Suicide 2267:Barbey d'Aurevilly 2217:Companions of Jehu 2212:First White Terror 2059:Counter-revolution 1943:French nationalism 1747:on 18 May 1940 as 1733: 1731:Pétain in May 1940 1579:Vlado Chernozemski 1535:on 6 February 1934 1511:Académie française 1487:Académie française 1481: 1470:Académie française 1318: 1225: 1203:End of World War I 1180:Russian Revolution 1155:Commander-in-Chief 1133:Commander-in-Chief 1039: 866: 813:Revolution of 1848 693:the Lion of Verdun 14664: 14663: 14472:Tixier-Vignancour 14040:L'Œuvre Française 13917:Drieu La Rochelle 13635: 13634: 13559: 13558: 13362:Mohammed Ameziane 13283:Rif War (1921–26) 13187: 13186: 13044:Père Marie-Benoît 12884:David Feuerwerker 12841:Charlotte Salomon 12816:Sonia Olschanezky 12771:Maurice Halbwachs 12653:Robert Brasillach 12537:and organizations 12481:Theodor Dannecker 12325:Beaune-la-Rolande 12105: 12104: 12062:French Resistance 12048: 12047: 11986:Milice, film noir 11972:Bombing the Nazis 11880:Épuration sauvage 11817:Fernand de Brinon 11785: 11784: 11725:Wallis and Futuna 11641: 11640: 11484: 11483: 11375:Beaune-la-Rolande 11210: 11209: 11197:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 11150: 11149: 11113: 11112: 11051: 11050: 10986:L'Union française 10767:Foreign relations 10620:Darlan government 10605:Pétain government 10514:Charles Huntziger 10509:Gaston Henry-Haye 10175: 10174: 10117:Melchior de Vogüé 9988: 9987: 9837:Couve de Murville 8911: 8910: 8881:François Hollande 8784:Charles de Gaulle 8402: 8401: 8244: 8243: 8235:Succeeded by 8206:Succeeded by 8172:Charles de Gaulle 8168:Succeeded by 8106: 8097:Charles de Gaulle 8094:Succeeded by 8082: 8060:Succeeded by 8028:Succeeded by 8016: 8001: 7989:Succeeded by 7984: 7974:Succeeded by 7952:Military offices 7852:978-0-316-86127-4 7831:978-0-582-07037-0 7825:, Longman, 1997, 7765:Lacouture, Jean. 7761:978-1-847-39410-1 7751:Fenby, Jonathan. 7744:978-2-296-44757-8 7293:978-0-316-86127-4 7026:Varaut, Jean-Marc 6956:, pp. 41–42. 6742:978-90-474-1070-6 6626:Jérôme Cotillon, 5815:Explanatory notes 5689:Marshal of France 5676: 5675: 5672:21 November 1918 5586:12 December 1883 5367:Douaumont ossuary 5200:Marshal of France 5170:Fernand de Brinon 5077:Winston Churchill 4983: 4982: 4765:Russian Civil War 4706:Ghettos in Europe 4536:Ernest G. Liebold 4435:Prominent figures 4316:The Daily Stormer 4206:Ethnic Cleansing 4186:The Barnes Review 4065:Franklin Prophecy 3518:was imposed, and 3463:French historians 3357:Cabinet Secretary 3324: 3323: 3288:France portal 3232:French Revolution 3191:Valeurs actuelles 2698:de La Tour du Pin 2571:What Is a Nation? 2202:War in the Vendée 1873:Camille Chautemps 1634:Conseil superieur 1539:far-right rioters 1515:Call no man happy 1404:with the Spanish 1326:Marshal of France 1310:Marshal of France 1289:Marshal of France 1229:Operation Michael 1019: 1018: 1011: 993: 958:"Philippe Pétain" 909:Charles de Gaulle 882:chef de bataillon 781:Charles de Gaulle 718:le vieux Maréchal 701:Nivelle Offensive 697:le lion de Verdun 634: 633: 613:life imprisonment 564:Marshal of France 261:Camille Chautemps 251:Camille Chautemps 178:Camille Chautemps 133:(Chairman of the 130:Charles de Gaulle 21:Claude Lemaréchal 14929: 14598:Radio Courtoisie 14579: 14235:Post-1945 people 14166:The Nationalists 14151:Debout la France 14111:Action Française 13988:post-1945 groups 13725:Action Française 13662: 13655: 13648: 13639: 13638: 13535:Francisco Franco 13515:Dámaso Berenguer 13505:José Marina Vega 13382:Mhand n'Ifrutant 13352: 13351: 13214: 13207: 13200: 13191: 13190: 13164:Battle of France 13150: 13090: 13059:Germaine Ribière 12917: 12874:Jean Elleinstein 12862: 12826:Béatrice Reinach 12811:Casimir Oberfeld 12806:Irène Némirovsky 12756:Benjamin Fondane 12709: 12429: 12401: 12277:Clermont-Ferrand 12132: 12125: 12118: 12109: 12108: 12025:Section spéciale 12018:Castle to Castle 11979:The Eye of Vichy 11936: 11935: 11916:Mission Mattéoli 11873:Épuration légale 11627:Légion impériale 11598:Special Brigades 11502: 11501: 11495: 11494: 11299:Clermont-Ferrand 11223: 11222: 11167:French Indochina 11152: 11151: 11115: 11114: 11053: 11052: 11021: 11020: 10901:Le Cri du peuple 10869: 10801:Special Sections 10705:Anti-Jewish laws 10539:George Montandon 10534:Bernard Ménétrel 10504:Philippe Henriot 10305:Action Française 10202: 10195: 10188: 10179: 10178: 10168: 10160: 10152: 10144: 10136: 10128: 10120: 10112: 10104: 10096: 10088: 10080: 10072: 10064: 10056: 10048: 10040: 10015: 10008: 10001: 9992: 9991: 9975:(pre-Revolution) 9789:Bourgès-Maunoury 9358:Waldeck-Rousseau 9162:National Defense 9150:Cousin-Montauban 9102:Dupont de l'Eure 8938: 8931: 8924: 8915: 8914: 8856: 8839: 8814: 8802:Georges Pompidou 8765: 8748: 8717: 8700: 8683: 8671:Gaston Doumergue 8666: 8649: 8632: 8620:Raymond Poincaré 8615: 8603:Armand Fallières 8598: 8581: 8564: 8547: 8530: 8513: 8496: 8465: 8429: 8422: 8415: 8406: 8405: 8386: 8356: 8347: 8292: 8283: 8279: 8270: 8263: 8256: 8247: 8246: 8218:Preceded by 8189:Preceded by 8116:Preceded by 8100: 8076: 8070:Preceded by 8043:Preceded by 8010: 8006:Preceded by 7995: 7978: 7957:Preceded by 7949: 7948: 7897:Vinen, Richard. 7842:, Little Brown ( 7836:Charles Williams 7807:, Perrin, 1989, 7803:Guy Pedroncini, 7748: 7725: 7706: 7674: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7645: 7643: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7619: 7617: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7593: 7591: 7576: 7570: 7569: 7567: 7565: 7550: 7544: 7543: 7541: 7539: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7515: 7513: 7496: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7482: 7467: 7461: 7460: 7458: 7456: 7441: 7435: 7434: 7432: 7430: 7415: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7404: 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7354: 7352: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7296: 7281: 7275: 7262: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7216: 7210: 7209: 7207: 7205: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7155: 7149: 7142: 7136: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7118: 7115: 7109: 7106: 7097: 7094: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7064: 7055: 7052: 7046: 7045: 7022: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 6997: 6991: 6984: 6978: 6975: 6969: 6963: 6957: 6951: 6934: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6915: 6909: 6908:, Vol 2, p. 159. 6900: 6894: 6885: 6879: 6878: 6870: 6864: 6863: 6855: 6849: 6848: 6840: 6827: 6812: 6806: 6803:Associated Press 6789: 6783: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6715: 6700:978-0801-46064-7 6682: 6676: 6673: 6667: 6652: 6646: 6645:Griffiths, 1970. 6643: 6637: 6634:Revue Historique 6624: 6618: 6615: 6609: 6606: 6597: 6594: 6585: 6582: 6569: 6566: 6557: 6554: 6548: 6533: 6527: 6524: 6518: 6511: 6505: 6490: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6464: 6458: 6451: 6445: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6407: 6396: 6393: 6387: 6372: 6363: 6360: 6354: 6351: 6345: 6342: 6336: 6333: 6327: 6324: 6318: 6315: 6309: 6306: 6300: 6297: 6291: 6288: 6282: 6279: 6273: 6270: 6264: 6261: 6255: 6252: 6246: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6228: 6225: 6219: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6186: 6180: 6174: 6168: 6162: 6156: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6111: 6096: 6087: 6085: 6064: 6058: 6057: 6055: 6053: 6038: 6032: 6031: 6029: 6027: 6012: 6003: 6002: 6000: 5998: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5957: 5951: 5950: 5930: 5924: 5923: 5921: 5919: 5903: 5897: 5896: 5869: 5832: 5825: 5784:Battle of France 5702:Légion d'honneur 5655: 5648: 5641: 5634: 5627: 5609:Brigade general 5569: 5562: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5534: 5522:Battalion chief 5507: 5506: 5497:Pierre de Hérain 5476:Canyon of Heroes 5408:, Castelnau and 5394:Canadian Rockies 5371:Battle of Verdun 5363:Georges Pompidou 5341: 5319:Death and burial 5304:On 8 June 1951, 5287:Charles Williams 5275:Francisco Franco 5239:Fort du Portalet 5217:Fort du Portalet 5135: 5051:William D. Leahy 4975: 4968: 4961: 4947: 4946: 4626:Nichifor Crainic 4571:Julius Streicher 4511:Heinrich Himmler 4376:Renegade Tribune 4097:Judeo-Bolshevism 4076: 4070:Host desecration 4050:Cultural Marxism 3936:Holocaust denial 3576: 3553: 3552: 3512:antisemitic laws 3423:Clermont-Ferrand 3347:, in the centre. 3316: 3309: 3302: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3274: 3273: 3272: 3252: 3184:Radio Courtoisie 3165: 3081: 3062: 3053: 3044: 3035: 3019: 3005: 2991: 2977: 2969: 2966:Action Française 2938:Resistance Party 2923:Rally for France 2851:The Nationalists 2841:Debout la France 2688:de Chateaubriand 2656: 2646: 2636: 2626: 2616: 2606: 2596: 2586: 2576: 2566: 2561:The Ancient City 2556: 2546: 2536: 2526: 2516: 2506: 2496: 2322:de Chateaubriand 2188: 2161: 2146:Social hierarchy 2124: 2088: 2069: 2020: 1996: 1958: 1930: 1920: 1905: 1904: 1737:Francisco Franco 1718:Battle of France 1618:Le Petit Journal 1601:Le Petit Journal 1496:Édouard Daladier 1468:Election to the 1430:Édouard Daladier 1242:Raymond Poincaré 1096:Battle of Verdun 1080:Battle of Verdun 1066:Artois Offensive 1059: 1030:Pétain in 1915. 1022:Beginning of war 1014: 1007: 1003: 1000: 994: 992: 951: 927: 919: 893:French Indochina 797:Cauchy-à-la-Tour 742:Clermont-Ferrand 720: 689:Battle of Verdun 670:collaborationist 651: 646: 605:Criminal penalty 595: 504: 502: 501: 483: 481: 480: 470: 468: 467: 452:Military service 447: 433: 431: 427: 397: 381:Cauchy-à-la-Tour 366:Personal details 352: 340: 331: 310: 298: 290:Gaston Doumergue 286: 277: 258: 248: 238: 229: 210: 198: 154: 138: 126: 119: 107: 79: 70: 47: 28: 27: 14937: 14936: 14932: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14927: 14926: 14762:French fascists 14677:Philippe Pétain 14667: 14666: 14665: 14660: 14614: 14573: 14537: 14518:Nouvelle Droite 14491: 14382:Le Pen (Marine) 14230: 14221:Terre et Peuple 14201:Party of France 14161:Europe-Jeunesse 14136:Cité catholique 14099: 14075:Radical Network 13987: 13981: 13835:Pre-1945 people 13830: 13742:Camelots du Roi 13717:Pre-1945 groups 13712: 13671: 13666: 13636: 13631: 13610: 13555: 13551:Mohamed Meziane 13539: 13483: 13479:Thami El Glaoui 13467: 13458:Philippe Pétain 13426: 13407:Assou Oubasslam 13343: 13287: 13241: 13223: 13218: 13188: 13183: 13174:Occupied France 13148: 13140: 13083: 13049:René de Naurois 12985: 12984:Righteous Among 12978: 12949:Denise Holstein 12915: 12908: 12855: 12846:Sascha Schapiro 12761:Otto Freundlich 12751:Jacques Feldbau 12702: 12639: 12613:Philippe Pétain 12593:François Darlan 12569: 12536: 12535:Nazi occupation 12530: 12441:Ernst Achenbach 12422: 12394: 12311: 12258: 12141: 12136: 12106: 12101: 12066:Year in France 12057:Occupied France 12044: 12039:Suite française 12005: 11959: 11931: 11925: 11896:Fourth Republic 11849: 11843: 11781: 11777:Philippe Pétain 11767:François Darlan 11755: 11683:Franco-Thai War 11637: 11602: 11556: 11480: 11449: 11361: 11334: 11328: 11275: 11249: 11217: 11206: 11146: 11109: 11047: 11019: 10991: 10957:Je suis partout 10894:Le Cahier jaune 10867: 10863: 10816: 10810: 10778:La jeune France 10749: 10743: 10727:Paris Protocols 10697: 10691: 10635: 10629: 10588: 10549:Philippe Pétain 10479:François Darlan 10434:Joseph Antignac 10422: 10406:Philippe Pétain 10379: 10317:Camelots du Roi 10292: 10211: 10206: 10176: 10171: 10163: 10155: 10147: 10139: 10133:Philippe Pétain 10131: 10123: 10115: 10107: 10099: 10091: 10083: 10075: 10067: 10059: 10051: 10043: 10035: 10027: 10019: 9989: 9984: 9961: 9808: 9696:Fourth Republic 9690: 9662: 9655: 9617: 9468:François-Marsal 9174: 9161: 9154: 9131: 9094:Second Republic 9088: 9000: 8947: 8942: 8912: 8907: 8900: 8891:Emmanuel Macron 8871:Nicolas Sarkozy 8850: 8833: 8808: 8769: 8759: 8742: 8727:Fourth Republic 8721: 8711: 8694: 8677: 8660: 8643: 8626: 8609: 8592: 8575: 8558: 8541: 8524: 8507: 8490: 8469: 8459: 8444:Second Republic 8438: 8433: 8403: 8398: 8384: 8378: 8354: 8348: 8339: 8315:Joseph Gallieni 8310:Philippe Pétain 8290: 8284: 8281: 8277: 8274: 8240: 8238:Pedro Lascuráin 8231: 8223: 8213: 8209: 8202: 8196: 8192: 8179: 8175: 8170: 8157: 8147: 8137: 8135: 8127: 8123: 8118: 8099: 8090: 8075: 8065: 8056: 8048: 8033: 8024: 8009: 7994: 7977: 7970: 7962: 7927: 7860: 7798:Philippe Pétain 7776: 7774:Further reading 7745: 7722: 7683: 7678: 7677: 7667: 7665: 7655: 7651: 7641: 7639: 7629: 7625: 7615: 7613: 7603: 7599: 7589: 7587: 7577: 7573: 7563: 7561: 7551: 7547: 7537: 7535: 7525: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7498: 7497: 7490: 7480: 7478: 7468: 7464: 7454: 7452: 7442: 7438: 7428: 7426: 7416: 7412: 7402: 7400: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7364: 7360: 7350: 7348: 7338: 7334: 7324: 7322: 7312: 7308: 7303: 7299: 7282: 7278: 7272:Wayback Machine 7263: 7259: 7249: 7247: 7237: 7233: 7220:"Pétain, Mount" 7218: 7217: 7213: 7203: 7201: 7183: 7179: 7172: 7156: 7152: 7143: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7121: 7116: 7112: 7107: 7100: 7095: 7088: 7078: 7076: 7065: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7042: 7023: 7019: 7009: 7007: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6964: 6960: 6952: 6937: 6927: 6925: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6901: 6897: 6886: 6882: 6871: 6867: 6856: 6852: 6841: 6830: 6813: 6809: 6805:, 16 June 1945. 6799:Wayback Machine 6790: 6786: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6743: 6727: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6701: 6683: 6679: 6674: 6670: 6654:Webster, Paul. 6653: 6649: 6644: 6640: 6625: 6621: 6616: 6612: 6607: 6600: 6595: 6588: 6583: 6572: 6567: 6560: 6555: 6551: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6512: 6508: 6491: 6487: 6477: 6475: 6466: 6465: 6461: 6452: 6448: 6439: 6435: 6428: 6408: 6399: 6394: 6390: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6357: 6352: 6348: 6343: 6339: 6334: 6330: 6325: 6321: 6316: 6312: 6307: 6303: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6276: 6271: 6267: 6262: 6258: 6253: 6249: 6244: 6240: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6222: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6197: 6188: 6187: 6183: 6175: 6171: 6163: 6159: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6123: 6119: 6109: 6107: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6065: 6061: 6051: 6049: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6023: 6013: 6006: 5996: 5994: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5958: 5954: 5941:(28): 584–595. 5931: 5927: 5917: 5915: 5912:culture.gouv.fr 5904: 5900: 5893: 5870: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5835: 5826: 5822: 5817: 5780: 5762: 5710:(6 August 1918) 5686: 5681: 5663:30 August 1914 5590: 5575: 5513:Sub-lieutenant 5505: 5484: 5464: 5383: 5335: 5321: 5271:Harry S. Truman 5267:Fourth Republic 5263:Duke of Windsor 5255: 5219:in the Pyrenees 5184: 5179: 5133: 5121: 5101: 5003:François Darlan 4979: 4938: 4937: 4918:Self-hating Jew 4908: 4900: 4899: 4820: 4802: 4792: 4791: 4676: 4666: 4665: 4641:Philippe Pétain 4636:László Ferenczy 4616:Gheorghe Buzatu 4551:Eustace Mullins 4546:Kevin MacDonald 4526:Osama bin Laden 4521:Arthur J. Jones 4506:Joseph Goebbels 4496:Theodor Fritsch 4486:Louis Farrakhan 4471:Édouard Drumont 4461:James von Brunn 4436: 4428: 4427: 4382:The Right Stuff 4300: 4292: 4291: 4278: 4275: 4264: 4261: 4239:La Libre Parole 4214:La France juive 4176: 4166: 4165: 4060:Finance control 4025: 4015: 4014: 3956:Nation of Islam 3884: 3876: 3875: 3783:Imperial Russia 3656: 3646: 3645: 3621: 3592: 3591: 3551: 3439: 3383:Édouard Herriot 3329: 3320: 3282: 3280: 3270: 3268: 3261: 3260: 3205: 3197: 3196: 3163: 3093: 3085: 3084: 3041:Cercle Proudhon 3032:Camelots du Roi 3009:Student Cockade 2975: 2956: 2948: 2947: 2871:The Republicans 2836:Alliance Royale 2828: 2820: 2819: 2718:Le Pen (Marine) 2668: 2660: 2659: 2654: 2644: 2634: 2624: 2614: 2604: 2594: 2584: 2574: 2564: 2554: 2544: 2534: 2524: 2514: 2504: 2494: 2485: 2477: 2476: 2262: 2254: 2253: 2239:Ultra-royalists 2178: 2170: 2169: 2085:Noblesse oblige 2044: 2036: 2035: 1955:Nouvelle Droite 1938: 1918: 1903: 1851: 1780: 1725: 1720: 1708:Morane-Saulnier 1696:Hotchkiss M1914 1595: 1556:Maurice Gamelin 1531: 1529:Minister of War 1473: 1416: 1407:Medalla Militar 1378: 1372: 1364:François-Marsal 1302: 1297: 1295:Interwar period 1277:defend in depth 1205: 1159:General Nivelle 1147: 1141: 1088: 1082: 1053: 1047:brigade general 1043:Battle of Guise 1024: 1015: 1004: 998: 995: 952: 950: 940: 928: 917: 915:First World War 858: 830:boarding school 823:Napoleonic Wars 793: 709:interwar period 658:Maréchal Pétain 644: 641:Philippe Pétain 591: 573: 552: 499: 497: 489: 478: 476: 465: 463: 435: 423: 419: 416: 399: 395: 379: 377: 376: 350: 338: 332: 327: 308: 296: 284: 278: 273: 267:Minister of War 256: 246: 236: 230: 225: 208: 196: 191: 188:François Darlan 155: 150: 132: 124: 113: 105: 100: 96:François Darlan 77: 71: 66: 50: 38: 37:Philippe Pétain 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 14935: 14925: 14924: 14919: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14899: 14894: 14889: 14884: 14879: 14874: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14839: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14819: 14814: 14809: 14804: 14799: 14794: 14789: 14784: 14782:French Morocco 14779: 14774: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14719: 14714: 14709: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14689: 14684: 14679: 14662: 14661: 14659: 14658: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14628: 14626:Dreyfus affair 14622: 14620: 14619:Notable events 14616: 14615: 14613: 14612: 14607: 14600: 14595: 14588: 14585:Nouvelle École 14581: 14571:National-Hebdo 14567: 14560: 14553: 14545: 14543: 14539: 14538: 14536: 14535: 14534: 14533: 14521: 14514: 14507: 14499: 14497: 14493: 14492: 14490: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14439: 14434: 14429: 14424: 14419: 14414: 14409: 14404: 14399: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14379: 14374: 14369: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14329: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14238: 14236: 14232: 14231: 14229: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14171:French Renewal 14168: 14163: 14158: 14153: 14148: 14143: 14138: 14133: 14128: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14107: 14105: 14101: 14100: 14098: 14097: 14095:Unité Radicale 14092: 14090:Troisième Voie 14087: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14067: 14062: 14057: 14052: 14047: 14042: 14037: 14032: 14027: 14022: 14017: 14012: 14007: 14002: 13997: 13991: 13989: 13983: 13982: 13980: 13979: 13974: 13969: 13964: 13959: 13954: 13949: 13944: 13939: 13934: 13929: 13924: 13919: 13914: 13909: 13904: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13884: 13879: 13874: 13869: 13864: 13859: 13854: 13852:Benoist-Méchin 13849: 13844: 13838: 13836: 13832: 13831: 13829: 13828: 13821: 13814: 13809: 13804: 13797: 13790: 13783: 13776: 13769: 13764: 13759: 13752: 13745: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13720: 13718: 13714: 13713: 13711: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13695: 13690: 13685: 13679: 13677: 13673: 13672: 13665: 13664: 13657: 13650: 13642: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13629: 13624: 13618: 13616: 13612: 13611: 13609: 13608: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13578: 13573: 13567: 13565: 13561: 13560: 13557: 13556: 13554: 13553: 13547: 13545: 13544:Spanish allies 13541: 13540: 13538: 13537: 13532: 13527: 13522: 13517: 13512: 13507: 13502: 13497: 13491: 13489: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13481: 13475: 13473: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13465: 13460: 13455: 13450: 13445: 13443:Hubert Lyautey 13440: 13438:Charles Mangin 13434: 13432: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13424: 13422:Beni Ouryaghel 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13399: 13394: 13389: 13384: 13379: 13374: 13369: 13364: 13358: 13356: 13349: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13341: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13306: 13301: 13295: 13293: 13289: 13288: 13286: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13249: 13247: 13243: 13242: 13240: 13239: 13234: 13228: 13225: 13224: 13217: 13216: 13209: 13202: 13194: 13185: 13184: 13182: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13120: 13113: 13106: 13101: 13093: 13091: 13085: 13084: 13082: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13031: 13026: 13021: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12996: 12990: 12988: 12980: 12979: 12977: 12976: 12971: 12966: 12961: 12956: 12951: 12946: 12944:Nadine Heftler 12941: 12936: 12931: 12926: 12920: 12918: 12910: 12909: 12907: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12891: 12886: 12881: 12876: 12871: 12865: 12863: 12857: 12856: 12854: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12823: 12818: 12813: 12808: 12803: 12798: 12796:Hélène Metzger 12793: 12791:Georges Mandel 12788: 12783: 12778: 12773: 12768: 12763: 12758: 12753: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12723: 12718: 12712: 12710: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12700: 12695: 12690: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12649: 12647: 12641: 12640: 12638: 12637: 12632: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12598:Joseph Darnand 12595: 12590: 12585: 12579: 12577: 12571: 12570: 12568: 12567: 12560: 12553: 12548: 12540: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12529: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12508: 12503: 12501:Helmut Knochen 12498: 12493: 12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12468: 12466:Karl Bömelburg 12463: 12458: 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12432: 12430: 12424: 12423: 12421: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12404: 12402: 12396: 12395: 12393: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12321: 12319: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12268: 12266: 12260: 12259: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12221: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12146: 12143: 12142: 12135: 12134: 12127: 12120: 12112: 12103: 12102: 12100: 12099: 12094: 12093: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12064: 12059: 12053: 12050: 12049: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12042: 12035: 12028: 12021: 12013: 12011: 12007: 12006: 12004: 12003: 11996: 11989: 11982: 11975: 11967: 11965: 11961: 11960: 11958: 11957: 11954:Strange Defeat 11950: 11942: 11940: 11933: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11923: 11921:Vichy syndrome 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11898: 11893: 11888: 11883: 11876: 11869: 11864: 11859: 11853: 11851: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11839: 11834: 11832:Eugène Bridoux 11829: 11824: 11822:Joseph Darnand 11819: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11793: 11791: 11787: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11780: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11763: 11761: 11757: 11756: 11754: 11753: 11748: 11747: 11746: 11734: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11702: 11697: 11692: 11691: 11690: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11649: 11647: 11643: 11642: 11639: 11638: 11636: 11635: 11630: 11623: 11616: 11610: 11608: 11604: 11603: 11601: 11600: 11595: 11594: 11593: 11579: 11572: 11564: 11562: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11554: 11549: 11544: 11539: 11534: 11532:Armistice Army 11529: 11524: 11519: 11514: 11508: 11506: 11499: 11492: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11481: 11479: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11457: 11455: 11451: 11450: 11448: 11447: 11442: 11437: 11432: 11427: 11422: 11417: 11412: 11407: 11402: 11392: 11387: 11382: 11377: 11371: 11369: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11338: 11336: 11333:Discrimination 11330: 11329: 11327: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11289:French Riviera 11285: 11283: 11277: 11276: 11274: 11273: 11268: 11263: 11257: 11255: 11254:Administration 11251: 11250: 11248: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11231: 11229: 11220: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11169: 11164: 11158: 11156: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11123: 11121: 11111: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11092: 11087: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11061: 11059: 11049: 11048: 11046: 11045: 11040: 11035: 11033:French Algeria 11029: 11027: 11018: 11017: 11012: 11007: 10999: 10997: 10993: 10992: 10990: 10989: 10982: 10975: 10967: 10960: 10953: 10946: 10939: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10897: 10890: 10883: 10876: 10864: 10858: 10853: 10848: 10841: 10836: 10831: 10826: 10820: 10818: 10812: 10811: 10809: 10808: 10803: 10798: 10791: 10786: 10781: 10774: 10769: 10764: 10759: 10753: 10751: 10745: 10744: 10742: 10741: 10734: 10729: 10724: 10723: 10722: 10712: 10707: 10701: 10699: 10693: 10692: 10690: 10689: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10669: 10662: 10655: 10650: 10645: 10639: 10637: 10631: 10630: 10628: 10627: 10622: 10617: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10596: 10594: 10590: 10589: 10587: 10586: 10581: 10579:Maxime Weygand 10576: 10571: 10566: 10561: 10556: 10551: 10546: 10541: 10536: 10531: 10526: 10521: 10516: 10511: 10506: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10481: 10476: 10471: 10466: 10461: 10456: 10451: 10449:Louis Bourgain 10446: 10441: 10436: 10430: 10428: 10424: 10423: 10421: 10420: 10413: 10408: 10403: 10398: 10393: 10387: 10385: 10381: 10380: 10378: 10377: 10375:Henry Dorgères 10372: 10367: 10366: 10365: 10355: 10350: 10348:Third Republic 10345: 10340: 10338:Nuremberg Laws 10335: 10330: 10328:Fall of France 10325: 10323:Dreyfus affair 10320: 10313: 10308: 10300: 10298: 10294: 10293: 10291: 10290: 10285: 10280: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10240: 10235: 10230: 10225: 10216: 10213: 10212: 10205: 10204: 10197: 10190: 10182: 10173: 10172: 10170: 10169: 10161: 10153: 10145: 10137: 10129: 10125:Ferdinand Foch 10121: 10113: 10105: 10097: 10089: 10081: 10073: 10065: 10057: 10049: 10041: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10018: 10017: 10010: 10003: 9995: 9986: 9985: 9983: 9982: 9976: 9969: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9949: 9944: 9939: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9919: 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9894: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9849: 9844: 9839: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9818: 9816: 9814:Fifth Republic 9810: 9809: 9807: 9806: 9801: 9796: 9791: 9786: 9781: 9776: 9771: 9766: 9761: 9756: 9751: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9700: 9698: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9688: 9683: 9678: 9673: 9667: 9665: 9657: 9656: 9654: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9627: 9625: 9619: 9618: 9616: 9615: 9610: 9605: 9600: 9595: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9525: 9520: 9515: 9510: 9505: 9500: 9495: 9490: 9485: 9480: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9440: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9420: 9415: 9410: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9325: 9323:Casimir-Perier 9320: 9315: 9310: 9305: 9300: 9295: 9290: 9285: 9280: 9275: 9270: 9265: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9225: 9220: 9215: 9210: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9184: 9182: 9180:Third Republic 9176: 9175: 9173: 9172: 9166: 9164: 9156: 9155: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9141: 9139: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9129: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9098: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9010: 9008: 9002: 9001: 8999: 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8957: 8955: 8949: 8948: 8941: 8940: 8933: 8926: 8918: 8909: 8908: 8905: 8902: 8901: 8899: 8898: 8888: 8878: 8868: 8861:Jacques Chirac 8858: 8841: 8824: 8816: 8799: 8791: 8780: 8778: 8777:(1958–present) 8775:Fifth Republic 8771: 8770: 8768: 8767: 8750: 8736:Vincent Auriol 8732: 8730: 8723: 8722: 8720: 8719: 8702: 8685: 8668: 8651: 8637:Paul Deschanel 8634: 8617: 8600: 8583: 8566: 8549: 8532: 8515: 8498: 8484:Adolphe Thiers 8480: 8478: 8475:Third Republic 8471: 8470: 8468: 8467: 8449: 8447: 8440: 8439: 8432: 8431: 8424: 8417: 8409: 8400: 8399: 8397: 8396: 8390: 8388: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8360: 8358: 8350: 8349: 8342: 8340: 8338: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8320:Hubert Lyautey 8317: 8312: 8307: 8305:Ferdinand Foch 8302: 8296: 8294: 8286: 8285: 8273: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8250: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8233: 8224: 8219: 8215: 8214: 8207: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8186: 8185: 8181: 8180: 8169: 8166: 8150:Ricard Fornesa 8128: 8117: 8113: 8112: 8111:Regnal titles 8108: 8107: 8095: 8092: 8083: 8071: 8067: 8066: 8061: 8058: 8049: 8044: 8040: 8039: 8035: 8034: 8031:Maxime Weygand 8029: 8026: 8017: 8007: 8003: 8002: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7975: 7972: 7963: 7960:Robert Nivelle 7958: 7954: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7933: 7926: 7925:External links 7923: 7922: 7921: 7918:978-1403970114 7906: 7895: 7876: 7859: 7856: 7855: 7854: 7833: 7819:Nicholas Atkin 7816: 7801: 7794: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7770: 7763: 7749: 7743: 7726: 7720: 7707: 7682: 7679: 7676: 7675: 7663:gallica.bnf.fr 7649: 7637:gallica.bnf.fr 7623: 7611:gallica.bnf.fr 7597: 7585:gallica.bnf.fr 7571: 7559:gallica.bnf.fr 7545: 7533:gallica.bnf.fr 7519: 7488: 7476:gallica.bnf.fr 7462: 7450:gallica.bnf.fr 7436: 7424:gallica.bnf.fr 7410: 7398:gallica.bnf.fr 7384: 7372:gallica.bnf.fr 7358: 7346:gallica.bnf.fr 7332: 7320:gallica.bnf.fr 7306: 7297: 7276: 7257: 7245:Calgary Herald 7231: 7211: 7177: 7171:978-0874517958 7170: 7150: 7144:Dank, Milton. 7137: 7128: 7119: 7110: 7098: 7086: 7056: 7047: 7040: 7017: 6992: 6979: 6970: 6958: 6935: 6910: 6895: 6880: 6865: 6860:Maxim Litvinov 6850: 6828: 6816:Dark Continent 6814:Mark Mazower: 6807: 6784: 6763: 6741: 6721: 6699: 6677: 6668: 6656:Pétain's Crime 6647: 6638: 6619: 6610: 6598: 6586: 6570: 6558: 6549: 6537:Marshal Pétain 6528: 6519: 6506: 6485: 6474:. 3 March 1939 6459: 6446: 6433: 6426: 6397: 6388: 6364: 6355: 6346: 6337: 6328: 6319: 6310: 6301: 6292: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6256: 6247: 6238: 6229: 6220: 6207: 6196:. 15 July 2021 6181: 6169: 6167:, p. 159. 6157: 6144: 6138:978-1583402689 6137: 6117: 6105:gallica.bnf.fr 6088: 6082:978-0815333531 6081: 6059: 6047:gallica.bnf.fr 6033: 6021:gallica.bnf.fr 6004: 5992:gallica.bnf.fr 5978: 5966:gallica.bnf.fr 5952: 5925: 5898: 5892:978-1317897972 5891: 5873:Nicholas Atkin 5848: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5779: 5776: 5775: 5774: 5769: 5761: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5738: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5711: 5708:Military Medal 5705: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5670: 5669:20 April 1915 5667: 5664: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5635: 5628: 5620: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5597:23 March 1907 5595: 5592: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5571: 5570: 5563: 5556: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5526: 5523: 5520: 5517: 5514: 5511: 5504: 5503:Military ranks 5501: 5488:Eugénie Hardon 5483: 5480: 5463: 5460: 5452:Ferdinand Foch 5382: 5379: 5333:Port-Joinville 5320: 5317: 5309:Vincent Auriol 5298:Henri Queuille 5295:Prime Minister 5254: 5251: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5156:Following the 5117:Main article: 5100: 5097: 5093:Hôtel de Ville 5036:Joseph Darnand 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4955: 4952: 4951: 4940: 4939: 4936: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4909: 4907:Related topics 4906: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4892: 4887: 4882: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4814: 4809: 4803: 4798: 4797: 4794: 4793: 4790: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4760:Russian Empire 4752: 4747: 4745:Nuremberg Laws 4742: 4737: 4730: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4714: 4713: 4708: 4701:Jewish quarter 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4677: 4672: 4671: 4668: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661:Richard Wagner 4658: 4653: 4651:Stepan Bandera 4648: 4646:Symon Petliura 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4598: 4593: 4588: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4483: 4481:Adolf Eichmann 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4433: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4425: 4423:Veterans Today 4420: 4417:The Unz Review 4413: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4361: 4356: 4351: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4324: 4319: 4312: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4272: 4270: 4265: 4258: 4256: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4177: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4161:ZOG conspiracy 4158: 4156:White genocide 4153: 4151:Well poisoning 4148: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4136: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4109:Judeo-Masonism 4106: 4105: 4104: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4037: 4032: 4026: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4005: 3995: 3990: 3985: 3980: 3975: 3974: 3973: 3968: 3958: 3953: 3948: 3943: 3938: 3933: 3928: 3923: 3918: 3913: 3912: 3911: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3885: 3883:Manifestations 3882: 3881: 3878: 3877: 3874: 3873: 3868: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3851: 3850: 3849: 3844: 3837:United Kingdom 3834: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3740: 3735: 3730: 3725: 3724: 3723: 3718: 3716:Dreyfus affair 3708: 3703: 3698: 3693: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3657: 3652: 3651: 3648: 3647: 3644: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3631:Nexus Document 3628: 3622: 3619: 3618: 3615: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3594: 3593: 3590: 3589: 3587:discrimination 3583:Jewish history 3578: 3577: 3569: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3550: 3547: 3438: 3435: 3387:Georges Mandel 3328: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3319: 3318: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3293: 3292: 3291: 3290: 3278: 3263: 3262: 3259: 3258: 3253: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3211:Archeofuturism 3206: 3204:Related topics 3203: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3195: 3194: 3187: 3180: 3177:Nouvelle École 3173: 3166: 3156: 3149: 3142: 3135: 3128: 3121: 3114: 3107: 3100: 3094: 3091: 3090: 3087: 3086: 3083: 3082: 3073: 3068: 3063: 3054: 3045: 3036: 3021: 3020: 3011: 3006: 2997: 2995:March for Life 2992: 2983: 2978: 2970: 2957: 2954: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2918:Party of Order 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2884: 2883: 2878: 2873: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2843: 2838: 2829: 2826: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2812: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2782: 2777: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2726: 2725: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2669: 2666: 2665: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2657: 2647: 2637: 2627: 2617: 2607: 2597: 2587: 2577: 2567: 2557: 2547: 2537: 2527: 2517: 2507: 2497: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2479: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2462:de Tocqueville 2459: 2454: 2449: 2444: 2439: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2389: 2384: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2334: 2329: 2324: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2299: 2294: 2289: 2284: 2279: 2274: 2269: 2263: 2260: 2259: 2256: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2246: 2241: 2236: 2231: 2226: 2225: 2224: 2219: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2172: 2171: 2168: 2167: 2162: 2153: 2148: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2126: 2125: 2111: 2106: 2104:French culture 2101: 2096: 2094:Ethnopluralism 2091: 2090: 2089: 2080: 2070: 2061: 2056: 2051: 2049:Anti-communism 2045: 2042: 2041: 2038: 2037: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2012: 2007: 1997: 1988: 1987: 1986: 1984:Ultramontanism 1981: 1976: 1966: 1961: 1960: 1959: 1950: 1939: 1936: 1935: 1932: 1931: 1923: 1922: 1914: 1913: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1888: 1850: 1847: 1843:Admiral Darlan 1779: 1778:Fall of France 1776: 1760:Maxime Weygand 1724: 1721: 1719: 1716: 1686:tanks and the 1594: 1591: 1587:Hermann Göring 1585:. Here he met 1571:King Alexander 1552:Hubert Lyautey 1530: 1527: 1492:Maxime Weygand 1472: 1466: 1437:Locarno Treaty 1415: 1412: 1374:Main article: 1371: 1368: 1301: 1298: 1296: 1293: 1262:Ferdinand Foch 1204: 1201: 1168:courts martial 1151:Chief of Staff 1143:Main article: 1140: 1137: 1121:Robert Nivelle 1109:"On les aura!" 1084:Main article: 1081: 1078: 1023: 1020: 1017: 1016: 931: 929: 922: 916: 913: 857: 854: 809:Louis Daguerre 792: 789: 726:Fall of France 654:Marshal Pétain 632: 631: 628: 627: 624: 623: 620: 619: 616: 615: 611:; commuted to 606: 602: 601: 596: 588: 587: 584: 583: 579: 578: 575: 574: 572: 571: 569:Military Medal 566: 560: 558: 554: 553: 551: 550: 545: 540: 534: 532: 528: 527: 521: 517: 516: 513: 509: 508: 495: 494:Branch/service 491: 490: 488: 487: 474: 460: 458: 454: 453: 449: 448: 441: 437: 436: 421: 417: 412: 411: 409: 405: 404: 398:(aged 95) 392: 388: 387: 374: 372: 368: 367: 363: 362: 359: 358: 356:Ferdinand Foch 353: 347: 346: 344:Robert Nivelle 341: 335: 334: 324: 323: 317: 316: 311: 305: 304: 299: 293: 292: 287: 285:Prime Minister 281: 280: 270: 269: 263: 262: 259: 253: 252: 249: 243: 242: 239: 237:Prime Minister 233: 232: 222: 221: 215: 214: 211: 205: 204: 199: 193: 192: 190: 189: 186: 183: 180: 174: 172: 166: 165: 162: 158: 157: 147: 146: 140: 139: 127: 121: 120: 108: 102: 101: 99: 98: 93: 88: 82: 80: 78:Prime Minister 74: 73: 63: 62: 56: 55: 52: 51: 48: 40: 39: 36: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14934: 14923: 14920: 14918: 14915: 14913: 14910: 14908: 14905: 14903: 14900: 14898: 14895: 14893: 14890: 14888: 14885: 14883: 14880: 14878: 14875: 14873: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14823: 14820: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14808: 14805: 14803: 14800: 14798: 14795: 14793: 14790: 14788: 14785: 14783: 14780: 14778: 14775: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14723: 14720: 14718: 14715: 14713: 14710: 14708: 14705: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14688: 14685: 14683: 14680: 14678: 14675: 14674: 14672: 14656: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14636: 14632: 14629: 14627: 14624: 14623: 14621: 14617: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14605: 14601: 14599: 14596: 14594: 14593: 14589: 14587: 14586: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14572: 14568: 14566: 14565: 14561: 14559: 14558: 14554: 14552: 14551: 14547: 14546: 14544: 14540: 14532: 14531: 14527: 14526: 14525: 14522: 14520: 14519: 14515: 14513: 14512: 14508: 14506: 14505: 14501: 14500: 14498: 14494: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14443: 14440: 14438: 14435: 14433: 14430: 14428: 14425: 14423: 14420: 14418: 14415: 14413: 14410: 14408: 14405: 14403: 14400: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14383: 14380: 14378: 14375: 14373: 14370: 14368: 14365: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14328: 14325: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14239: 14237: 14233: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14142: 14139: 14137: 14134: 14132: 14129: 14127: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14104:Active groups 14102: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14086: 14083: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14071: 14068: 14066: 14063: 14061: 14058: 14056: 14055:Ordre Nouveau 14053: 14051: 14048: 14046: 14043: 14041: 14038: 14036: 14033: 14031: 14028: 14026: 14023: 14021: 14018: 14016: 14013: 14011: 14008: 14006: 14003: 14001: 14000:Europe-Action 13998: 13996: 13993: 13992: 13990: 13984: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13958: 13955: 13953: 13950: 13948: 13945: 13943: 13940: 13938: 13935: 13933: 13930: 13928: 13925: 13923: 13920: 13918: 13915: 13913: 13910: 13908: 13905: 13903: 13900: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13888: 13885: 13883: 13880: 13878: 13875: 13873: 13870: 13868: 13865: 13863: 13860: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13839: 13837: 13833: 13827: 13826: 13822: 13820: 13819: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13802: 13798: 13796: 13795: 13791: 13789: 13788: 13784: 13782: 13781: 13777: 13775: 13774: 13770: 13768: 13765: 13763: 13760: 13758: 13757: 13753: 13751: 13750: 13746: 13744: 13743: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13726: 13722: 13721: 13719: 13715: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13674: 13670: 13663: 13658: 13656: 13651: 13649: 13644: 13643: 13640: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13619: 13617: 13613: 13607: 13604: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13587: 13584: 13582: 13579: 13577: 13574: 13572: 13569: 13568: 13566: 13562: 13552: 13549: 13548: 13546: 13542: 13536: 13533: 13531: 13530:José Sanjurjo 13528: 13526: 13523: 13521: 13518: 13516: 13513: 13511: 13508: 13506: 13503: 13501: 13498: 13496: 13493: 13492: 13490: 13486: 13480: 13477: 13476: 13474: 13472:French allies 13470: 13464: 13461: 13459: 13456: 13454: 13451: 13449: 13446: 13444: 13441: 13439: 13436: 13435: 13433: 13429: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13398: 13397:Ma al-'Aynayn 13395: 13393: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13380: 13378: 13375: 13373: 13370: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13357: 13353: 13350: 13346: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13310: 13307: 13305: 13302: 13300: 13297: 13296: 13294: 13290: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13256: 13254: 13251: 13250: 13248: 13244: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13229: 13226: 13222: 13215: 13210: 13208: 13203: 13201: 13196: 13195: 13192: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13147: 13146: 13143: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13125: 13121: 13119: 13118: 13114: 13112: 13111: 13107: 13105: 13102: 13100: 13099: 13095: 13094: 13092: 13086: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13054:Paul Ramadier 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13030: 13029:Justin Godart 13027: 13025: 13022: 13020: 13017: 13015: 13014:Jacques Ellul 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12994:Albert Bedane 12992: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12981: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12964:André Rogerie 12962: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12950: 12947: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12939:Henry Bulawko 12937: 12935: 12934:Henri Borlant 12932: 12930: 12929:Joseph Bialot 12927: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12911: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12890: 12887: 12885: 12882: 12880: 12877: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12869:Guy Deutscher 12867: 12866: 12864: 12858: 12852: 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12831:Claude Rodier 12829: 12827: 12824: 12822: 12819: 12817: 12814: 12812: 12809: 12807: 12804: 12802: 12801:Bernard Natan 12799: 12797: 12794: 12792: 12789: 12787: 12786:Bereck Kofman 12784: 12782: 12779: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12769: 12767: 12766:Salomon Gluck 12764: 12762: 12759: 12757: 12754: 12752: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12741:Marianne Cohn 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12716:Henri Abraham 12714: 12713: 12711: 12705: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12693:Xavier Vallat 12691: 12689: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12678:Maurice Papon 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12646: 12645:Collaborators 12642: 12636: 12633: 12631: 12630: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12588:René Bousquet 12586: 12584: 12581: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12572: 12566: 12565: 12561: 12559: 12558: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12546: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12533: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12507: 12504: 12502: 12499: 12497: 12494: 12492: 12491:Herbert Hagen 12489: 12487: 12484: 12482: 12479: 12477: 12476:Alois Brunner 12474: 12472: 12469: 12467: 12464: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12425: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12405: 12403: 12400:Documentation 12397: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12350: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12320: 12318: 12314: 12308: 12305: 12303: 12300: 12298: 12295: 12293: 12290: 12288: 12285: 12283: 12280: 12278: 12275: 12273: 12270: 12269: 12267: 12265: 12261: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12220: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12157: 12155: 12151: 12150:The Holocaust 12148: 12147: 12144: 12140: 12133: 12128: 12126: 12121: 12119: 12114: 12113: 12110: 12098: 12095: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12067: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12054: 12051: 12041: 12040: 12036: 12034: 12033: 12029: 12027: 12026: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12015: 12014: 12012: 12008: 12002: 12001: 11997: 11995: 11994: 11990: 11988: 11987: 11983: 11981: 11980: 11976: 11974: 11973: 11969: 11968: 11966: 11962: 11956: 11955: 11951: 11949: 11948: 11944: 11943: 11941: 11937: 11934: 11928: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11897: 11894: 11892: 11889: 11887: 11884: 11882: 11881: 11877: 11875: 11874: 11870: 11868: 11865: 11863: 11860: 11858: 11855: 11854: 11852: 11846: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11827:Jean Luchaire 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11814: 11813: 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11788: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11762: 11758: 11752: 11749: 11745: 11742: 11741: 11740: 11739: 11735: 11733: 11732: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11701: 11700:Syria–Lebanon 11698: 11696: 11693: 11689: 11686: 11685: 11684: 11681: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11658:Mers-el-Kébir 11656: 11654: 11651: 11650: 11648: 11644: 11634: 11631: 11629: 11628: 11624: 11622: 11621: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11611: 11609: 11605: 11599: 11596: 11592: 11591: 11587: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11580: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11571: 11570: 11566: 11565: 11563: 11559: 11553: 11550: 11548: 11545: 11543: 11540: 11538: 11535: 11533: 11530: 11528: 11525: 11523: 11520: 11518: 11515: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11507: 11503: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11446: 11443: 11441: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11431: 11428: 11426: 11423: 11421: 11418: 11416: 11413: 11411: 11408: 11406: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11381: 11378: 11376: 11373: 11372: 11370: 11368: 11364: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11331: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11286: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11272: 11269: 11267: 11264: 11262: 11259: 11258: 11256: 11252: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11228: 11224: 11221: 11219: 11213: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11153: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11106: 11103: 11101: 11098: 11096: 11093: 11091: 11088: 11086: 11083: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11062: 11060: 11058: 11054: 11044: 11041: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11031: 11030: 11028: 11026: 11022: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11010:Occupied zone 11008: 11006: 11005: 11001: 11000: 10998: 10994: 10988: 10987: 10983: 10981: 10980: 10976: 10974: 10972: 10968: 10966: 10965: 10961: 10959: 10958: 10954: 10952: 10951: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10943:Ici la France 10940: 10938: 10937: 10933: 10931: 10930: 10926: 10924: 10923: 10919: 10917: 10916: 10912: 10910: 10909: 10905: 10903: 10902: 10898: 10896: 10895: 10891: 10889: 10888: 10884: 10882: 10881: 10877: 10875: 10874: 10870: 10865: 10862: 10859: 10857: 10854: 10852: 10849: 10847: 10846: 10842: 10840: 10837: 10835: 10832: 10830: 10827: 10825: 10822: 10821: 10819: 10813: 10807: 10804: 10802: 10799: 10797: 10796: 10792: 10790: 10787: 10785: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10775: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10765: 10763: 10760: 10758: 10755: 10754: 10752: 10746: 10740: 10739: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10721: 10718: 10717: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10694: 10688: 10685: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10668: 10667: 10663: 10661: 10660: 10656: 10654: 10651: 10649: 10646: 10644: 10643:French League 10641: 10640: 10638: 10636:organizations 10632: 10626: 10623: 10621: 10618: 10616: 10613: 10611: 10608: 10606: 10603: 10601: 10598: 10597: 10595: 10591: 10585: 10582: 10580: 10577: 10575: 10574:Xavier Vallat 10572: 10570: 10567: 10565: 10562: 10560: 10559:Simon Sabiani 10557: 10555: 10554:Pierre Pucheu 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10544:Maurice Papon 10542: 10540: 10537: 10535: 10532: 10530: 10529:Jean Luchaire 10527: 10525: 10522: 10520: 10517: 10515: 10512: 10510: 10507: 10505: 10502: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10480: 10477: 10475: 10472: 10470: 10467: 10465: 10462: 10460: 10459:Alexis Carrel 10457: 10455: 10452: 10450: 10447: 10445: 10444:René Bousquet 10442: 10440: 10437: 10435: 10432: 10431: 10429: 10425: 10419: 10418: 10414: 10412: 10411:Hôtel du Parc 10409: 10407: 10404: 10402: 10399: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10388: 10386: 10382: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10356: 10354: 10351: 10349: 10346: 10344: 10341: 10339: 10336: 10334: 10331: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10319: 10318: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10307: 10306: 10302: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10289: 10286: 10284: 10281: 10279: 10276: 10274: 10271: 10269: 10266: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10239: 10236: 10234: 10231: 10229: 10228:Baltic states 10226: 10224: 10221: 10218: 10217: 10214: 10210: 10203: 10198: 10196: 10191: 10189: 10184: 10183: 10180: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10157:Michel Serres 10154: 10150: 10146: 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10034: 10033: 10030: 10026: 10023: 10016: 10011: 10009: 10004: 10002: 9997: 9996: 9993: 9980: 9977: 9974: 9971: 9970: 9968: 9964: 9958: 9955: 9953: 9950: 9948: 9945: 9943: 9940: 9938: 9935: 9933: 9930: 9928: 9925: 9923: 9920: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9863: 9860: 9858: 9855: 9853: 9850: 9848: 9845: 9843: 9842:Chaban-Delmas 9840: 9838: 9835: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9823: 9820: 9819: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9802: 9800: 9797: 9795: 9792: 9790: 9787: 9785: 9782: 9780: 9777: 9775: 9774:Mendès France 9772: 9770: 9767: 9765: 9762: 9760: 9757: 9755: 9752: 9750: 9747: 9745: 9742: 9740: 9737: 9735: 9732: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9701: 9699: 9697: 9693: 9687: 9684: 9682: 9679: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9658: 9652: 9649: 9647: 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9628: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9614: 9611: 9609: 9606: 9604: 9601: 9599: 9596: 9594: 9591: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9506: 9504: 9501: 9499: 9496: 9494: 9491: 9489: 9486: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9461: 9459: 9456: 9454: 9451: 9449: 9446: 9444: 9441: 9439: 9436: 9434: 9431: 9429: 9426: 9424: 9421: 9419: 9416: 9414: 9411: 9409: 9406: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9324: 9321: 9319: 9316: 9314: 9311: 9309: 9306: 9304: 9301: 9299: 9296: 9294: 9291: 9289: 9286: 9284: 9281: 9279: 9276: 9274: 9271: 9269: 9266: 9264: 9261: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9229: 9226: 9224: 9221: 9219: 9218:A. de Broglie 9216: 9214: 9211: 9209: 9206: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9193:A. de Broglie 9191: 9189: 9186: 9185: 9183: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9168: 9167: 9165: 9163: 9160:Government of 9157: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9142: 9140: 9138: 9137:Second Empire 9134: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9118: 9115: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9091: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9049:V. de Broglie 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9014:V. de Broglie 9012: 9011: 9009: 9007: 9006:July Monarchy 9003: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8962: 8959: 8958: 8956: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8939: 8934: 8932: 8927: 8925: 8920: 8919: 8916: 8903: 8896: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8882: 8879: 8876: 8872: 8869: 8866: 8862: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8828: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8803: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8785: 8782: 8781: 8779: 8776: 8772: 8763: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8724: 8715: 8710: 8706: 8705:Albert Lebrun 8703: 8698: 8693: 8689: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8655: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8638: 8635: 8630: 8625: 8621: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8604: 8601: 8596: 8591: 8587: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8570: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8553: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8536: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8502: 8499: 8494: 8489: 8485: 8482: 8481: 8479: 8476: 8472: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8430: 8425: 8423: 8418: 8416: 8411: 8410: 8407: 8395: 8392: 8391: 8389: 8387: 8381: 8375: 8374:Alphonse Juin 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8361: 8359: 8357: 8351: 8346: 8336: 8333: 8331: 8330:Émile Fayolle 8328: 8326: 8323: 8321: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8300:Joseph Joffre 8298: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8287: 8280: 8271: 8266: 8264: 8259: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8248: 8239: 8230: 8229: 8222: 8216: 8212: 8201: 8195: 8187: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8165: 8162: 8161: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8134: 8133: 8126: 8121: 8120:Albert Lebrun 8114: 8109: 8105: 8104: 8098: 8089: 8088: 8081: 8080: 8074: 8073:Albert Lebrun 8068: 8064: 8055: 8054: 8047: 8041: 8036: 8032: 8023: 8022: 8015: 8014: 8004: 8000: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7969: 7968: 7961: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7919: 7915: 7911: 7907: 7904: 7903:History Today 7900: 7896: 7893: 7889: 7885: 7881: 7877: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7853: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7837: 7834: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7813:2-262-00628-8 7810: 7806: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7793: 7792:0-09-455740-3 7789: 7785: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7768: 7764: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7723: 7717: 7713: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7691: 7685: 7684: 7664: 7660: 7653: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7586: 7582: 7575: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7534: 7530: 7523: 7507: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7477: 7473: 7466: 7451: 7447: 7440: 7425: 7421: 7414: 7399: 7395: 7388: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7347: 7343: 7336: 7321: 7317: 7310: 7301: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7261: 7246: 7242: 7235: 7227: 7226: 7221: 7215: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7188: 7181: 7173: 7167: 7163: 7162: 7154: 7147: 7141: 7132: 7123: 7114: 7105: 7103: 7093: 7091: 7074: 7070: 7063: 7061: 7051: 7043: 7041:9782262010911 7037: 7033: 7032: 7027: 7021: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6989: 6983: 6974: 6967: 6962: 6955: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6924: 6923:INA MediaClip 6920: 6914: 6907: 6904: 6899: 6892: 6891: 6884: 6876: 6869: 6861: 6854: 6846: 6839: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6825: 6824:0-14-024159-0 6821: 6817: 6811: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6793: 6788: 6781: 6780:0-415-09755-X 6777: 6773: 6767: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6738: 6734: 6733: 6725: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6681: 6672: 6665: 6664:0-333-57301-3 6661: 6657: 6651: 6642: 6635: 6631: 6630: 6623: 6614: 6605: 6603: 6593: 6591: 6581: 6579: 6577: 6575: 6565: 6563: 6553: 6546: 6545:0-09-455740-3 6542: 6538: 6532: 6523: 6516: 6510: 6503: 6502:0-399-11365-7 6499: 6495: 6489: 6473: 6469: 6463: 6456: 6450: 6443: 6437: 6429: 6427:0-19-820706-9 6423: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6406: 6404: 6402: 6392: 6385: 6384:0-231-12469-4 6381: 6377: 6371: 6369: 6359: 6350: 6341: 6332: 6323: 6314: 6305: 6296: 6287: 6278: 6269: 6260: 6251: 6242: 6233: 6224: 6217: 6211: 6195: 6191: 6185: 6178: 6173: 6166: 6161: 6154: 6148: 6140: 6134: 6130: 6129: 6121: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6093: 6084: 6078: 6074: 6070: 6063: 6048: 6044: 6037: 6022: 6018: 6011: 6009: 5993: 5989: 5982: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5929: 5913: 5909: 5902: 5894: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5866: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5856: 5854: 5849: 5830: 5824: 5820: 5810: 5807: 5805: 5802: 5800: 5799:Hôtel du Parc 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5763: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5742: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5715: 5712: 5709: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5658: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5608: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5596: 5594:12 July 1900 5593: 5589:1889 (brevet) 5588: 5585: 5582: 5579: 5573: 5572: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5547: 5540: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5509: 5508: 5500: 5498: 5493: 5489: 5482:Personal life 5479: 5477: 5473: 5469: 5459: 5457: 5456:Joseph Joffre 5453: 5449: 5445: 5444:John Pershing 5441: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5424:Hengshan Road 5417: 5413: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5399: 5395: 5391: 5387: 5378: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5356: 5351: 5349: 5345: 5339: 5334: 5325: 5316: 5314: 5310: 5307: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5278: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5250: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5235: 5232: 5228: 5227: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5207:independence. 5203: 5201: 5197: 5188: 5174: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5154: 5152: 5147: 5146:Hôtel du Parc 5143: 5142:Walter Stucki 5139: 5130: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5052: 5047: 5043: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5022:Mers-el-Kébir 5019: 5015: 5011: 5006: 5004: 5001:, or Admiral 5000: 4996: 4992: 4988: 4976: 4971: 4969: 4964: 4962: 4957: 4956: 4954: 4953: 4950: 4942: 4941: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4923:Weaponization 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4913:Philosemitism 4911: 4910: 4904: 4903: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4888: 4886: 4883: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4834:Philosemitism 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4815: 4813: 4810: 4808: 4805: 4804: 4801: 4796: 4795: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4718:The Holocaust 4716: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611:Octavian Goga 4609: 4607: 4604: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4596:Ion Antonescu 4594: 4592: 4589: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4566:Joseph Stalin 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4541:Martin Luther 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4446:Andrew Anglin 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4431: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4418: 4414: 4412: 4411: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4369: 4367: 4366: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4350: 4347: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4305:4chan (/pol/) 4303: 4302: 4296: 4295: 4288: 4285: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4209: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4196:Currency Wars 4194: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4178: 4175: 4170: 4169: 4162: 4159: 4157: 4154: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4139:Slánský trial 4137: 4135: 4134:Doctors' plot 4132: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4119:Media control 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4099: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075:International 4073: 4071: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4061: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4033: 4031: 4028: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4018: 4009: 4006: 4004: 4001: 4000: 3999: 3996: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3962: 3959: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3932: 3929: 3927: 3924: 3922: 3919: 3917: 3914: 3910: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3886: 3880: 3879: 3872: 3869: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3856: 3855: 3852: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3839: 3838: 3835: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3801: 3798: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3734: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3722: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3713: 3712: 3709: 3707: 3704: 3702: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3659: 3658: 3655: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3596: 3595: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3570: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3559: 3555: 3554: 3546: 3544: 3538: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3474: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3424: 3420: 3415: 3407: 3402: 3398: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3358: 3354: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3317: 3312: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3298: 3297: 3295: 3294: 3289: 3279: 3277: 3267: 3266: 3265: 3264: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3212: 3208: 3207: 3201: 3200: 3193: 3192: 3188: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3179: 3178: 3174: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3161: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3150: 3148: 3147: 3143: 3141: 3140: 3136: 3134: 3133: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3122: 3120: 3119: 3118:L'Écho du Sud 3115: 3113: 3112: 3108: 3106: 3105: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3089: 3088: 3080: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3046: 3043: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3026: 3025: 3018: 3017: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2993: 2990: 2989: 2984: 2982: 2979: 2974: 2971: 2968: 2967: 2962: 2961: 2960: 2955:Organisations 2952: 2951: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2890: 2889: 2888: 2882: 2879: 2877: 2876:Soyons libres 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2864: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2846:French Future 2844: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2813: 2811: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2793: 2791: 2788: 2786: 2783: 2781: 2778: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2768: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2751: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2741: 2738: 2736: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2724: 2721: 2720: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2664: 2663: 2653: 2652: 2648: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2632: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2618: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2593: 2592: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2572: 2568: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2528: 2523: 2522: 2518: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2492: 2488: 2487: 2481: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2458: 2455: 2453: 2450: 2448: 2445: 2443: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2433: 2430: 2428: 2425: 2423: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2413: 2410: 2408: 2405: 2403: 2400: 2398: 2395: 2393: 2390: 2388: 2385: 2383: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2372:de La Mennais 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2333: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2323: 2320: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2283: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2268: 2265: 2264: 2261:Intellectuals 2258: 2257: 2250: 2247: 2245: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2235: 2232: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2187: 2186: 2185:Ancien Régime 2181: 2180: 2174: 2173: 2166: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2158:Souverainisme 2154: 2152: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2123: 2122: 2117: 2116: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2099:Family values 2097: 2095: 2092: 2087: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2076: 2075: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2062: 2060: 2057: 2055: 2052: 2050: 2047: 2046: 2040: 2039: 2032: 2029: 2025: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2013: 2011: 2008: 2006: 2003: 2002: 2001: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1989: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1957: 1956: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1924: 1921: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1906: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1885: 1884: 1882: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1869:Albert Lebrun 1867: 1863: 1858: 1856: 1846: 1844: 1838: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1784:Paul Baudouin 1775: 1773: 1768: 1766: 1765:Edward Spears 1761: 1757: 1752: 1750: 1746: 1742: 1738: 1729: 1715: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1664:Popular Front 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1643: 1639: 1638:Tidworth Camp 1635: 1630: 1628: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1602: 1590: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1563: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1536: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1507:André Maurois 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1488: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1462: 1457: 1454: 1453:André Maginot 1450: 1446: 1445:Joseph Joffre 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1426: 1422: 1411: 1409: 1408: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1356: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1315: 1314:Les Invalides 1311: 1306: 1292: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1269: 1267: 1266:Generalissimo 1263: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1230: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1209: 1200: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1177: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1146: 1136: 1134: 1130: 1129:Joseph Joffre 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1097: 1093: 1087: 1077: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1057: 1052: 1051:Pierre Peslin 1048: 1044: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1013: 1010: 1002: 991: 988: 984: 981: 977: 974: 970: 967: 963: 960: – 959: 955: 954:Find sources: 948: 944: 938: 937: 932:This section 930: 926: 921: 920: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 887: 883: 877: 875: 871: 862: 853: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 826: 824: 820: 819: 814: 810: 806: 802: 801:Pas-de-Calais 798: 788: 784: 782: 778: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 758:puppet regime 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 734:Albert Lebrun 731: 727: 722: 719: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 690: 686: 681: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 650: 642: 638: 629: 625: 621: 617: 614: 610: 607: 603: 600: 597: 594: 593:Conviction(s) 589: 585: 580: 576: 570: 567: 565: 562: 561: 559: 555: 549: 546: 544: 541: 539: 536: 535: 533: 529: 525: 522: 518: 514: 510: 507: 496: 492: 486: 475: 473: 462: 461: 459: 455: 450: 446: 442: 438: 415: 410: 406: 402: 393: 389: 386: 385:French Empire 382: 378:24 April 1856 373: 369: 364: 360: 357: 354: 348: 345: 342: 336: 330: 325: 322: 318: 315: 312: 306: 303: 300: 294: 291: 288: 282: 276: 271: 268: 264: 260: 254: 250: 244: 240: 234: 228: 223: 220: 216: 212: 206: 203: 200: 194: 187: 184: 181: 179: 176: 175: 173: 171: 167: 164:Albert Lebrun 163: 159: 153: 148: 145: 141: 136: 131: 128: 122: 117: 112: 111:Albert Lebrun 109: 103: 97: 94: 92: 89: 87: 84: 83: 81: 75: 69: 64: 61: 57: 53: 46: 41: 34: 29: 26: 22: 14707:Anti-Masonry 14651:Algerian War 14646:Vichy France 14602: 14590: 14583: 14569: 14562: 14555: 14548: 14528: 14516: 14511:Maurrassisme 14509: 14502: 14226:The Patriots 14126:Alsace First 14035:Jeune Nation 13951: 13823: 13816: 13799: 13792: 13785: 13778: 13771: 13754: 13749:Croix-de-Feu 13747: 13740: 13723: 13457: 13387:Ali Amhaouch 13377:Moha ou Said 13122: 13115: 13108: 13096: 13034:Père Jacques 12999:Marc Boegner 12959:Sarah Kofman 12924:Louise Alcan 12904:Rose Warfman 12821:Victor Perez 12776:Paul Hermann 12721:Victor Basch 12688:Paul Touvier 12635:Vichy Police 12627: 12618:André Tulard 12612: 12608:Pierre Laval 12575:Vichy France 12562: 12555: 12543: 12511:Kurt Lischka 12506:Josef Kramer 12471:Heinz Röthke 12451:Klaus Barbie 12446:Horst Ahnert 12428:Perpetrators 12307:Villeurbanne 12272:Green ticket 12152:by country: 12037: 12030: 12023: 12016: 11998: 11991: 11984: 11977: 11970: 11952: 11945: 11878: 11871: 11850:& Impact 11776: 11772:Henri Giraud 11737: 11730: 11709: 11694: 11652: 11625: 11618: 11588: 11581: 11574: 11567: 11512:1st Regiment 11352:Yellow badge 11347:Nazi plunder 11342:Aryanisation 11324:Villeurbanne 11294:Green ticket 11202:New Hebrides 11162:French India 11137:Ubangi-Shari 11132:Middle Congo 11002: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10941: 10934: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10906: 10899: 10892: 10885: 10878: 10871: 10866: 10843: 10793: 10776: 10748:Policy & 10736: 10664: 10657: 10569:André Tulard 10564:Paul Touvier 10548: 10519:Pierre Laval 10469:Henry Coston 10427:Participants 10415: 10405: 10315: 10303: 10283:Soviet Union 10219: 10209:Vichy France 10132: 10037:Jean Baudoin 9630: 9623:Vichy France 9612: 9538:Paul-Boncour 8895:2017–present 8818: 8793: 8586:Émile Loubet 8385:5th Republic 8355:4th Republic 8309: 8291:3rd Republic 8226: 8199: 8163: 8158: 8154: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8130: 8102: 8101: 8085: 8079:as President 8078: 8077: 8063:Pierre Laval 8051: 8046:Paul Reynaud 8019: 8012: 8011: 7997: 7996: 7980: 7979: 7965: 7909: 7902: 7883: 7864: 7839: 7822: 7804: 7797: 7783: 7777: 7766: 7752: 7734: 7730: 7711: 7694: 7689: 7668:25 September 7666:. 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Cuza 4601:Horia Sima 4581:Rick Wiles 4531:David Lane 4491:Henry Ford 4476:David Duke 4451:Louis Beam 4399:Terrorgram 4394:Stormfront 4249:Mein Kampf 4114:Kosher tax 4102:Żydokomuna 4040:Cohen Plan 3916:Creativity 3516:Censorship 2893:Feuillants 2866:Reconquête 2810:de Villèle 2785:Retailleau 2651:Submission 2484:Literature 2447:de Rivarol 2432:Peyrefitte 2427:d'Ornellas 2402:de Maistre 2312:Brunetière 2287:de Benoist 2140:Patriotism 2114:Monarchism 2043:Principles 2010:Legitimism 1937:Ideologies 1801:March 1918 1668:Le Journal 1627:monarchist 1461:eldest son 1400:, by King 1254:Fifth Army 1234:Clemenceau 1193:Renault FT 1131:as French 1032:Autochrome 969:newspapers 838:arithmetic 834:Saint-Omer 791:Early life 672:regime of 457:Allegiance 14524:Pétainism 14442:Reynouard 14422:Philippot 14372:Le Gallou 14357:Holeindre 14352:Gollnisch 14272:Benedetti 13902:Déroulède 13847:Bainville 13688:Boulanger 13488:Spaniards 13355:Moroccans 13089:Memorials 12916:testimony 12861:Survivors 12836:Alma 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1390:Morocco 1376:Rif War 1370:Rif War 1349:Debeney 1223:in 1918 1176:Nivelle 983:scholar 901:colonel 850:Arcueil 777:treason 713:Rif War 645:French: 599:Treason 543:Rif War 434: 422: 418: 33:Marshal 14564:Minute 14477:Venner 14467:Susini 14437:Ravier 14412:Ménard 14407:Mégret 14392:Maribe 14337:Duprat 14317:Coston 14307:Briois 14247:Antony 13972:Vallat 13952:Pétain 13947:Ousset 13922:Guénon 13912:Doriot 13887:Daudet 13877:Coston 13867:Bucard 13842:Barrès 13794:Milice 13683:Bonald 13615:Crises 13431:French 12564:Milice 12390:Vernet 12340:Milles 12330:Drancy 12249:Serbia 12244:Russia 12234:Poland 12229:Norway 12204:Latvia 12189:France 12000:Uranus 11744:Toulon 11583:Milice 11498:Forces 11445:Vernet 11390:Milles 11380:Drancy 11216:Jewish 11192:Tonkin 11080:Guinea 10868:Press: 10273:Serbia 10268:Poland 10263:Norway 10253:Greece 10248:France 10167:(2021) 10159:(1990) 10151:(1978) 10143:(1952) 10135:(1929) 10127:(1918) 10119:(1901) 10111:(1862) 10103:(1860) 10095:(1841) 10087:(1803) 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