Vichy France - Knowledge

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regeneration and used propaganda, women's organisations and legislation to promote maternity; patriotic duty and female submission to marriage, home and children's education. The falling birth rate appeared to be a grave problem to Vichy, which introduced family allowances and opposed birth control and abortion. Conditions were very difficult for housewives, as food was short as well as most necessities. Mother's Day became a major date in the Vichy calendar, with festivities in the towns and schools featuring the award of medals to mothers of numerous children. Divorce laws were made much more stringent, and restrictions were placed on the employment of married women. Family allowances, which had begun in the 1930s, were continued and became a vital lifeline for many families as a monthly cash bonus for having more children. In 1942, the birth rate started to rise, and

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Nouailhetas to use the port and railway. The suggestion was accepted by the British government but because of the concessions granted to the Vichy regime in Syria, proposals were made to invade the colony instead. In June, Nouailhetas was given an ultimatum, the blockade was tightened and the Italian garrison at Assab was defeated by an operation from Aden. For six months, Nouailhetas remained willing to grant concessions over the port and railway but would not tolerate Free French interference. In October, the blockade was reviewed, but the beginning of the war against Japan in December led to all but two blockade ships being withdrawn. On 2 January 1942, the Vichy government offered the use of the port and railway, subject to the lifting of the blockade but the British refused and ended the blockade unilaterally in March.

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Joan's example literally, saying: "Some of the most notable heroes in our history have been women. But nevertheless, girls should preferably exercise the virtues of patience, persistence and resignation. They are destined to tend to the running of the household ... It is in love that our future mothers will find the strength to practise those virtues which best befit their sex and their condition". Exemplifying Vichy propaganda's synthesis of Joan the warrior and Joan the dutiful woman, Anne-Marie Hussenot, speaking at the school at Uriage, stated: "a woman should remember that, in the case of Joan of Arc, or other illustrious women throughout the exceptional mission that was confided to them, they first of all performed humbly and simply their woman's role".

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Belgium was not comparable as it mixed collaboration with elements of a war of secession. The 1940 invasion prompted the Flemish population to generally side with the Germans in the hope of gaining national recognition, and relative to national population, a much higher proportion of Belgians than French thus ended up collaborating with the Germans or volunteering to fight alongside them. The Walloon population, in turn, led massive anti-Flemish retribution after the war, some of which, such as the execution of

19638: 5499:) on 8 November 1942. Following the conclusion of the operation on 12 November, Vichy's remaining military forces were disbanded. Vichy continued to exercise its remaining jurisdiction over almost all of metropolitan France, with the residual power devolved into the hands of Laval, until the gradual collapse of the regime following the Allied invasion in June 1944. On 7 September 1944, following the Allied invasion of France, the remainders of the Vichy government cabinet fled to Germany and established a 284: 5379: 5678: 5785:. In as much as blanket rescission of all acts taken by Vichy, including measures that might have been taken by a legitimate republican government, was deemed impractical, the order provided that acts not expressly noted as nullified in the order were to continue to receive "provisional application". Many acts were explicitly repealed, including all acts that Vichy had called "constitutional acts", all acts that discriminated against Jews, all acts related to so-called "secret societies" (such as 25: 5175:, where 13,000 Jews had been rounded up for deportation to death camps in July 1942. "France, on that day , committed the irreparable. Breaking its word, it handed those who were under its protection over to their executioners," he said. Those responsible for the roundup were "450 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders obeyed the demands of the Nazis..... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French state". 3592: 5670: 3781: 244: 3394:, the local administrator and bishop sided with Vichy but faced opposition from some of the population and clergy; their attempts at naming a local king in 1941 to buffer the territory from their opponents backfired as the newly elected king refused to declare allegiance to Pétain. The situation stagnated for a long while due to the remoteness of the islands and because no overseas ship visited the islands for 17 months after January 1941. An 148: 6261: 5826: 4750: 4513: 1705: 5395:

economy was not a success, as German demands grew heavier and more unrealistic, passive resistance and inefficiencies multiplied and Allied bombers hit the rail yards. Vichy made the first comprehensive long-range plans for the French economy, but the government had never attempted a comprehensive overview. De Gaulle's provisional government in 1944–45 quietly used the Vichy plans as a base for its own reconstruction program. The

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debated the circumstances of the vote by the National Assembly of the Third Republic granting full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940. The main arguments advanced against Vichy's right to incarnate the continuity of the French state were based on the pressure exerted by Pierre Laval, a former prime minister in the Third Republic, on the deputies in Vichy and on the absence of 27 deputies and senators who had fled on the ship

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departments. The Vichy Minister of Interior wrote in 1942; "I am advised that the Travailleurs Étrangers...continue to be mobilization centres on behalf of the revolution. The responsible leaders of the communist activities have been recruiting among the Spanish Republicans...who, during the civil war in their own country, showed that they are capable of furnishing the core of an insurrectionary army".

1405: 2234:("deep France", denoting profoundly French aspects of French culture) still existed, and that the French people needed to return to what Pétain insisted was their true identity. Alongside this claim for a moral revolution was Pétain's call for France to turn inwards and to withdraw from the world, which Pétain always portrayed as a hostile and threatening place full of endless dangers for the French. 2473:

remaining two-fifths of southern and eastern metropolitan France and Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain. Ostensibly, the Vichy French government administered the whole of France (excluding Alsace-Lorraine), including Overseas Vichy France-North Africa.

4599:), using connections to the Pétain cabinet. Charged with the "study, in all of its aspects, of measures aimed at safeguarding, improving and developing the French population in all of its activities", the Foundation was created by decree of the collaborationist Vichy regime in 1941, and Carrel was appointed as "regent". The Foundation also had for some time as general secretary 4872:, encompassing Paris and its immediate suburbs, nearly 150,000 persons, unaware of the upcoming danger and assisted by the police, presented themselves at police stations in accordance with the military order. The registered information was then centralised by the French police, who constructed, under the direction of inspector Tulard, a central filing system. According to the 5417:. Low pay, long hours, frequent bombings and crowded air raid shelters added to the unpleasant conditions of poor housing, inadequate heating, limited food, and poor medical care, all compounded by harsh Nazi discipline. The workers finally returned home in the summer of 1945. The forced labour draft encouraged the French Resistance and undermined the Vichy government. 8925:

titre originaire ; la loi du 22 juillet 1940 établit un processus de révision des naturalisations acquises depuis 1927 ; enfin, la loi du 16 août 1940 réorganise la profession médicale et stipule que « nul ne peut exercer la profession de médecin en France s'il ne possède la nationalité française à titre originaire comme étant né de père français ».

2329:" and the relentless "eternal enemy" of France whose ruthlessness knew no bounds. Joan of Arc, who had fought against England, was made into the symbol of France partly for that reason. The chief themes of Vichy Anglophobia were British "selfishness" in using and then abandoning France after instigating wars, British "treachery" and British plans to take over 2024:'s attempts in London to dissuade them; only the German occupation of all of France in November 1942 ended diplomatic recognition. Supporters of Vichy point out that the grant of governmental powers was voted by a joint session of both chambers of the Third Republic Parliament (the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies) in keeping with the constitutional law. 1605:. In October 1940, during meeting with Adolf Hitler in Montoire sur le Loire, Petain officially announced the policy of collaboration with Germany while maintaining overall neutrality in the war, believing that improving relations with Germany would have been the only viable option to save France and preserve for it a dignified place within the context of 2444:

French territory, particularly as Hitler turned his attention toward Britain, which did not surrender and fought on against Germany. Finally, as Germany lacked a navy sufficient to occupy France's overseas territories, Hitler's only practical recourse to deny the British the use of those territories was to maintain France's status as a

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Blum, who voted no, wrote three months later that Laval's "obvious objective was to cut all the roots that bound France to its republican and revolutionary past. His 'national revolution' was to be a counter-revolution eliminating all the progress and human rights won in the last one hundred and fifty years". The minority of mostly

2314:, which was said to have destroyed French society and to have brought about the defeat of 1940. Such a harsh critique of French society could generate only so much support, and as such Vichy blamed French problems on various "enemies" of France, the chief of which was Britain, the "eternal enemy" that had supposedly conspired via 9811: 5091:, less than half of them with French citizenship (the others being foreign, mostly exiles from Germany during the 1930s). About 200,000 of them, and the large majority of foreign Jews, resided in Paris and its outskirts. Among the 150,000 French Jews, about 30,000, generally native from Central Europe, had been 1626:) on young Frenchmen. The Vichy government tried to negotiate with Germany for the early release of the French prisoners of war. French soldiers were kept hostage to ensure that Vichy would reduce its military forces and pay a heavy tribute in gold, food, and supplies to Germany. French police were ordered to 215: 5103:, this would have made for a total figure of 90,000 Jewish deaths (a quarter of the total Jewish population before the war, by his estimate). Paxton's numbers imply that 14,000 Jews died in French concentration camps, but the systematic census of Jewish deportees from France (citizens or not) drawn under 219: 1834:(French State). Because of its unique situation in the history of France, its contested legitimacy and the generic nature of its official name, the "French State" is most often represented in English by the synonyms "Vichy France"; "Vichy regime"; "government of Vichy"; or, in context, simply "Vichy". 218: 217: 7952:

L'Assemblée Nationale donne les plein pouvoirs au gouvernement de la République, sous l'autorité et la signature du maréchal Pétain, à l'effet de promulguer par un ou plusieurs actes une nouvelle Constitution de l'État français. Cette Constitution doit garantir les droits du travail, de la famille et

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Some imply that France did too little to deal with collaborators at this stage by selectively pointing out that in absolute value (numbers), there were fewer legal executions in France than in its smaller neighbour Belgium, and fewer internments than in Norway or the Netherlands, but the situation in

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and hostility to state management of the food supply. The Germans seized about 20% of the French food production, causing severe disruption to the French household economy. French farm production fell by half because of lack of fuel, fertiliser and workers. Even so, the Germans seized half the meat,

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of 1946 reaped the heritage of previous efforts at planning in the 1930s, Vichy, the Resistance, and the Provisional Government. Monnet's plan to modernise the economy was designed to improve the country's competitive position so as to prepare it for participation in an open multilateral system and,

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Proportionally, either number makes for a lower death toll than in some other countries (in the Netherlands, 75% of the Jewish population was murdered). This fact has been used as arguments by supporters of Vichy; according to Paxton, the figure would have been greatly lower if the "French state" had

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and shipped by rail to Auschwitz. Most of the victims died en route due to lack of food or water. The remaining survivors were sent to the gas chambers. This action alone represented more than a quarter of the 42,000 French Jews sent to concentration camps in 1942, of whom only 811 would return after

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Suspicions had been raised among prefects and police officials by the Vichy Minister of Interior as to the intentions of the men working within the camps. Many were suspected of retaining ties to anti-fascist groups as well as the burgeoning maquis and resistance groups, in particular in the southern

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As per the terms of the Franco-German armistice of June 22, 1940, Nazi Germany effectively annexed the provinces of Alsace and Lorraine while the German army occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the

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The two million French soldiers held as prisoners-of-war and forced labourers in Germany throughout the war were not at risk of death in combat, but the anxieties of separation for their 800,000 wives were high. The government provided a modest allowance, but one in ten became prostitutes to support

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Some people, including German soldiers, benefited from the black market, where food was sold without tickets at very high prices. Farmers especially diverted meat to the black market and so there was much less for the open market. Counterfeit food tickets were also in circulation. Direct buying from

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Nazi Germany kept French prisoners-of-war as forced labourers throughout the war. They added compulsory and volunteer workers from occupied nations, especially in metal factories. The shortage of volunteers led the Vichy government to pass a law in September 1942 that effectively deported workers to

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Vichy rhetoric exalted the skilled labourer and small businessman. In practice, the needs of artisans for raw materials were neglected in favour of big businesses. The General Committee for the Organization of Commerce (CGOC) was a national program to modernise and professionalise small business. In

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and subsequent deportation of 13,000 Jews. "It was indeed France that organised this," Macron insisted, French police collaborating with the Nazis. "Not a single German" was directly involved," he added. Macron was even more specific than Chirac had been in stating that the Government during the War

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of July 1942, Laval ordered the deportation of children, against explicit German orders. Paxton pointed out that if the total number of victims had not been higher, it was due to the shortage in wagons, the resistance of the civilian population, and deportation in other countries (notably in Italy).

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The National Assembly gives full powers to the government of the Republic, under the authority and the signature of Marshal Pétain, to the effect of promulgating by one or several acts a new constitution of the French state. This constitution must guarantee the rights of labour, of family and of the

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Out of a total of 544 Deputies, only 414 voted; and out of a total of 302 senators, only 235 voted. Of these, 357 deputies voted in favour of Pétain and 57 against, while 212 senators voted for Pétain, and 23 against. Thus, Pétain was approved by 65% of all deputies and 70% of all senators. Although

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Most legislators believed that democracy would continue, albeit with a new constitution. Although Laval said on 6 July that "parliamentary democracy has lost the war; it must disappear, ceding its place to an authoritarian, hierarchical, national and social regime", the majority trusted Pétain. Léon

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The Armistice required France to turn over any German citizens within the country upon German demand. The French regarded this as a "dishonourable" term since it would require France to hand over persons who had entered France seeking refuge from Germany. Attempts to negotiate the point with Germany

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declared "the Voices did speak!" in contrast with republican school texts, which had strongly implied Joan was mentally ill. Vichy instructors sometimes struggled to square Joan's military heroism with the classical virtues of womanhood, with one school textbook insisting that girls ought not follow

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20% of the produce and 2% of the champagne. Supply problems quickly affected French stores, which lacked most items. The government answered by rationing, but German officials set the policies, and hunger prevailed, especially affecting youth in urban areas. The queues lengthened in front of shops.

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Labour unions came under tight government control. There were no elections. The independence of women was reversed, with an emphasis put on motherhood. Government agencies had to fire married women employees. Conservative Catholics became prominent. Paris lost its avant-garde status in European art

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made the French hold on Indochina tenuous. The isolated colonial administration was cut off from outside help and from outside supplies. After negotiations with Japan, the French allowed the Japanese to set up military bases in Indochina. That seemingly-subservient behaviour convinced Major-General

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was fixed at 60,000 men plus an anti-aircraft force of 10,000 men. Despite the influx of trained soldiers from the colonial forces (reduced in size in accordance with the armistice), there was a shortage of volunteers. As a result, 30,000 men of the class of 1939 were retained to fill the quota. In

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The map clearly shows the division of France as per all the historical realities of the era: Nazi Germany effectively annexed Alsace Lorraine and occupied northern metropolitan France and all the Atlantic coastline down to the border with Spain. That left the rest of France, including the remaining

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were all Anglophobes. As early as February 1936, Pétain had told the Italian Ambassador to France that "England has always been France's most implacable enemy" and went on to say that France had "two hereditary enemies", namely Germany and Britain, with the latter being easily the more dangerous of

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appointed prime minister by President Lebrun on 16 June 1940 and he was legally within his rights to sign the armistice with Germany; however, his decision to ask the National Assembly to dissolve itself while granting him dictatorial powers has been more controversial. Historians have particularly

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never annexed the region. The Reich government at the time was not interested in attempting to enforce piecemeal annexations in the West although it later annexed Luxembourg; it operated under the assumption that Germany's new western border would be determined in peace negotiations, which would be

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Article 2: The following are therefore null and void: all legislative or regulatory acts as well as all actions of any description whatsoever taken to execute them, promulgated in Metropolitan France after 16 June 1940 and until the restoration of the Provisional Government of the French Republic.

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Though it is certain that the Vichy government and many of its top administration collaborated in the implementation of the Holocaust, the exact level of such co-operation is still debated. Compared with the Jewish communities established in other countries invaded by Germany, French Jews suffered

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The provisional government considered the Vichy government to have been unconstitutional and all of its actions therefore without legitimate authority. All "constitutional acts, legislative or regulatory" taken by the Vichy government, as well as decrees taken to implement them, were declared null

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Food shortages were most acute in the large cities. In the more remote country villages, clandestine slaughtering, vegetable gardens and the availability of milk products permitted better survival. The official ration provided starvation level diets of 1013 or fewer calories a day, supplemented by

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Vichy authorities strongly opposed "modern" social trends and tried "national regeneration" to restore behaviour more in line with traditional Catholicism. Philip Manow argued that, "Vichy represents the authoritarian, antidemocratic solution that the French political right, in coalition with the

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instituted a new French State during the war and that the Republic had been reestablished when the war was over. It was not for the Republic, therefore, to apologise for events that happened while it had not existed and that had been carried out by a State it did not recognise. For example, former

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demographics institute, employed 300 researchers from the summer of 1942 to the end of the autumn of 1944. "The foundation was chartered as a public institution under the joint supervision of the ministries of finance and public health. It was given financial autonomy and a budget of forty million

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to gain the support of the civilian population. On 30 October 1940, Pétain made state collaboration official, declaring on the radio: "I enter today on the path of collaboration." On 22 June 1942, Laval declared that he was "hoping for the victory of Germany". The sincere desire to collaborate did

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Pétain was a reactionary by nature and education, despite his status as a hero of the Third Republic during World War I. Almost as soon as he was granted full powers, Pétain began blaming the Third Republic's democracy and endemic corruption for France's humiliating defeat by Germany. Accordingly,

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Germany took two million French soldiers as prisoners-of-war and sent them to camps in Germany. About a third had been released on various terms by 1944. Of the remainder, the officers and NCOs (corporals and sergeants) were kept in camps but were exempt from forced labour. The privates were first

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While the debate continued, the government was forced to relocate several times to avoid capture by advancing German forces and finally reached Bordeaux. Communications were poor and thousands of civilian refugees clogged the roads. In those chaotic conditions, advocates of an armistice gained the

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In 1940, the government took direct control of all production, which was synchronised with German demands. It replaced free trade unions with compulsory state unions that dictated labour policy without regard to the voice or needs of the workers. The centralised bureaucratic control of the French

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Along with many French police officials, André Tulard was present on the day of the inauguration of Drancy internment camp in 1941, which was used largely by French police as the central transit camp for detainees captured in France. All Jews and others "undesirables" passed through Drancy before

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The Vichy French Metropolitan Army was deprived of tanks and other armoured vehicles and was desperately short of motorised transport, a particular problem for cavalry units. Surviving recruiting posters stress the opportunities for athletic activities, including horsemanship, reflecting both the

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Dès juillet 1940, paraissent donc de nouveaux textes qui vont constituer un arsenal législatif antijuif visant en particulier les médecins juifs : la loi du 17 juillet 1940 stipule que, désormais, pour être employé par une administration publique, il faut posséder la nationalité française à

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Historiographical debates are still passionate and oppose different views on the nature and legitimacy of Vichy's collaborationism with Germany in the implementation of the Holocaust. Three main periods have been distinguished in the historiography of Vichy. Firstly, the Gaullist period aimed at

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Meanwhile, the Vichy regime promoted a highly-traditional model of female roles. The National Revolution's official ideology fostered the patriarchal family, headed by a man with a subservient wife, who was devoted to her many children. It gave women a key symbolic role to carry out the national

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The additional participation of Free French forces in the Syrian operation was controversial within Allied circles. It raised the prospect of Frenchmen shooting at Frenchmen, raising fears of a civil war. Additionally it was believed that the Free French were widely reviled within Vichy military

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hoped to use American influence to encourage elements in the Vichy government opposed to military collaboration with Germany. Washington also hoped to encourage Vichy to resist German war demands, such as for air bases in French-mandated Syria or moving war supplies through French territories in

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had a number of reasons for agreeing to an armistice. He wanted to ensure that France did not continue to fight from North Africa and that the French Navy was taken out of the war. In addition, leaving a French government in place would relieve Germany of the considerable burden of administering

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attended by all of the Western Allies and thus producing a frontier that would be recognised by all of the major powers. Since Hitler's overall territorial ambitions were not limited to recovering Alsace-Lorraine, and Britain was never brought to terms, those peace negotiations never took place.

1765:. As the last French prime minister he blamed the Third Republic's democracy for France's sudden defeat by Germany, rather than military weakness. He set up an authoritarian regime that actively collaborated with Germany, despite Vichy's official neutrality. The Vichy government co-operated with 5697:

was selected by the Germans to establish a pseudo-government in exile at Sigmaringen. Pétain refused to participate further and the Sigmaringen operation had little to no authority. The offices used the official title "French Government Commission for the Defense of National Interests" (French:

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Wavell considered that if British pressure was applied, a rally would appear to have been coerced. Wavell preferred to let the propaganda continue and provided a small amount of supplies under strict control. When the policy had no effect, Wavell suggested negotiations with Vichy governor Louis

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concluded that 3,000 had died in French concentration camps and 1,000 more had been shot. Of the approximately 76,000 deported, 2,566 survived. The total thus reported is slightly below 77,500 dead (somewhat less than a quarter of the Jewish population in France in 1940). Over half of the Jews

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used their position to push various state, administrative, and economic reforms. These reforms have been cited as evidence of a continuity of the French administration before and after the war. Many of these civil servants and the reforms they advocated were retained after the war. Just as the

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wrote, "There seems little doubt... that at the beginning Vichy was both legal and legitimate". He stated that if legitimacy comes from popular support, Pétain's massive popularity in France until 1942 made his government legitimate, and if legitimacy comes from diplomatic recognition, over 40

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The conditioning of petty criminals with the whip, or some more scientific procedure, followed by a short stay in hospital, would probably suffice to ensure order. Those who have murdered, robbed while armed with automatic pistol or machine gun, kidnapped children, despoiled the poor of their

2020:'s Free French acknowledged the weakness of its case against Vichy's legality by citing multiple dates (16 June, 23 June and 10 July) for the start of Vichy's illegitimate rule, implying that at least for some time, Vichy was still legitimate. Countries recognised the Vichy government despite 5464:

On the other side, women of the Resistance, many of whom were associated with combat groups linked to the French Communist Party, broke the gender barrier by fighting side by side with men. After the war, this was considered to have been a mistake, but France did give women the vote in 1944.

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of the combined Allied command made Darlan sign on 22 November 1942 a treaty putting "North Africa at the disposition of the Americans" and making France "a vassal country". Washington then imagined, between 1941 and 1942, a protectorate status for France, which would be submitted after the

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ordered his forces to take Sigmaringen. The end came within days, and by the 26th, Pétain was in the hands of French authorities in Switzerland while Laval had fled to Spain. Brinon, Luchaire, and Darnand were captured, tried, and executed by 1947. Other members escaped to Italy or Spain.

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national) could also be interned in Camp Gurs and others. As the Wehrmacht advanced into Northern France, common prisoners evacuated from prisons were also interned in these camps. Camp Gurs received its first contingent of political prisoners in June 1940. It included left-wing activists

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Most of the French public initially supported the regime, but opinion turned against the Vichy government and the occupying German forces as the war dragged on and living conditions in France worsened. Open opposition intensified as it became clear that Germany was losing the war. The

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The Commission lasted for seven months, surviving Allied bombing runs, poor nutrition and housing, and a bitterly cold winter where temperatures plunged to −30 °C (−22 °F), while residents nervously watched the advancing Allied troops drawing closer and discussed rumours.

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There were five governments during the tenure of the Vichy regime, starting with the continuation of Pétain's position from the Third Republic, which dissolved itself and handed him full powers, leaving Pétain in absolute control of the new, "French State" as Pétain named it.

4044:) interview in Hitler's train on 24 October 1940, during which Pétain and Hitler shook hands and agreed on co-operation between the two states. Organised by Pierre Laval, a strong proponent of collaboration, the interview and the handshake were photographed and exploited by 3772:

initiated co-operation with the Allies, who recognised Darlan's self-nomination as High Commissioner of France (head of civil government) for North and West Africa. He ordered Vichy forces there to cease resisting and to co-operate with the Allies, and they did so. When the

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independent and neutral nation and to send a message to Britain that it was alone, with France appearing to switch sides and the United States remaining neutral. However, German espionage against France after its defeat intensified greatly, particularly in southern France.

2180:(French for the English word "I"), portrayed himself as a Christ-like figure sacrificing himself for France and assuming a God-like tone of a semi-omniscient narrator who knew truths about the world that the rest of the French did not. To justify the Vichy ideology of the 6109:

The proportion of collaborators was also higher in Norway, and collaboration occurred on a larger scale in the Netherlands (as in Flanders), based partly on linguistic and cultural commonality with Germany. The internments in Norway and the Netherlands, meanwhile, were

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national Church hierarchy, had sought repeatedly during the interwar period and almost put in place in 1934". Calling for "National Regeneration", Vichy reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy, with central planning as a key feature.

3168:, that Vichy France would not seriously resist a campaign by the Thai military to recover parts of Cambodia and Laos that had been taken from Thailand by France in the early 20th century. In October 1940, the military forces of Thailand attacked across the border with 2415:, who headed the French armistice delegation, was told to break off negotiations if the Germans demanded the occupation of all of Metropolitan France, the French fleet, or any of the French overseas territories. The Germans did not, however, make any of those demands. 2739:, to grant full and extraordinary powers to Pétain. By the same vote, they also granted him the power to write a new constitution. By Act No. 2 on the following day, Pétain defined his own powers and abrogated any Third Republic laws that were in conflict with them. ( 2359:

to portray the British as a racially degenerate "mixed race" working for Jewish capitalists, in contrast to the "racially pure" peoples on the continent of Europe who were building a "New Order". In an interview conducted by Béraud with Admiral Darlan published in

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over the Thais, Japan forced the French to accept Japanese mediation of a peace treaty, which returned the disputed territory to Thai control. The French were left in place to administer the rump colony of Indochina until 9 March 1945, when the Japanese staged a

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by René Jeanneret was required reading, and the anniversary of Joan's death became an occasion for school speeches commemorating her martyrdom. Joan's encounter with angelic voices, according to Catholic tradition, were presented as literal history. The textbook

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on 10 May 1940. Within days, it became clear that French military forces were overwhelmed and that military collapse was imminent. Government and military leaders, deeply shocked by the débâcle, debated how to proceed. Many officials, including Prime Minister

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The police oversaw the confiscation of telephones and radios from Jewish homes and enforced a curfew on Jews starting in February 1942. They also enforced requirements that Jews not appear in public places and ride only on the last car of the Parisian metro.

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Henri Giraud arrived in Algiers on 10 November 1942 and agreed to subordinate himself to Admiral Darlan as the French Africa army commander. Even though Darlan was now in the Allied camp, he maintained the repressive Vichy system in North Africa, including

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The British feared that the French naval fleet could end up in German hands and be used against its own naval forces, which were so vital to maintaining North Atlantic shipping and communications. Under the armistice, France had been allowed to retain the

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in 1941 to enable private trans-Atlantic communications was blocked after pressure by Roosevelt. On 24 December 1941 Free French forces on three corvettes, supported by a submarine landed and seized control of Saint Pierre and Miquelon on orders from

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sent to "Stalag" camps for processing and were then put to work. About half of them worked in German agriculture, where food rations were adequate and controls were lenient. The others worked in factories or mines, where conditions were much harsher.

4696:

savings, misled the public in important matters, should be humanely and economically disposed of in small euthanasic institutions supplied with proper gasses. A similar treatment could be advantageously applied to the insane, guilty of criminal acts.

3440:, on the northern coast of South America, removed its Vichy-supporting government on 22 March 1943, shortly after eight allied ships had been sunk by a German submarine off the coast of Guiana, and the arrival of American troops by air on 20 March. 3075:, under strict conditions. Vichy pledged that the fleet would never fall into German hands but refused to send the fleet beyond Germany's reach by sending it to Britain or to far-away French colonies such as in the West Indies. That did not satisfy 1946:

and pointedly the customs posts separating France from Germany were placed back where they had been between 1871 and 1918. Similarly, a sliver of French territory in the Alps was under direct Italian administration from June 1940 to September 1943.

9757: 4686:

The German government has taken energetic measures against the propagation of the defective, the mentally diseased, and the criminal. The ideal solution would be the suppression of each of these individuals as soon as he has proven himself to be

3833:, who refused to recognise Darlan's status. After Darlan signed an armistice with the Allies and took power in North Africa, Germany violated the 1940 armistice with France and invaded Vichy France on 10 November 1942 in the operation code-named 2554:

general emphasis placed by the Vichy government on rural virtues and outdoor activities and the realities of service in a small and technologically backward military force. Traditional features characteristic of the pre-1940 French Army, such as

9960: 5801:

The Provisional Government also took steps to replace local governments, including governments that had been suppressed by the Vichy regime through new elections or by extending the terms of those who had been elected not later than 1939.

4230:

Germany interfered little in internal French affairs for the first two years after the armistice, as long as public order was maintained. As soon as it was established, Pétain's government voluntarily took measures against "undesirables":

3760:), started on 8 November 1942, with landings in Morocco and Algeria. The long-term goal was to clear German and Italian forces from North Africa, enhance naval control of the Mediterranean and prepare for an invasion of Italy in 1943. The 2411:

upper hand. The Cabinet agreed on a proposal to seek armistice terms from Germany with the understanding that if Germany set forth dishonourable or excessively-harsh terms, France would retain the option to continue to fight. General

9428:

French: « ce fichier se subdivise en fichier simplement alphabétique, les Juifs de nationalité française et étrangère ayant respectivement des fiches de couleur différentes, et des fichiers professionnels par nationalité et par

4624:

and thus classify and select them according to scholastic performance. Besides these eugenic activities aimed at classifying the population and improving its health, the Foundation also supported an 11 October 1946 law instituting

2873:), composed of notables from the countryside and the provinces, was instituted under the same conditions. Despite the clear authoritarian cast of Pétain's government, he did not formally institute a one-party state, maintained the 214: 4495:

Vichy also enacted racial laws in its territories in North Africa. "The history of the Holocaust in France's three North African colonies (Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia) is intrinsically tied to France's fate during this period."

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to Pétain. They used every means available, such as promising ministerial posts to some and threatening and intimidating others. They were aided by the absence of popular, charismatic figures who might have opposed them, such as

2462:

two-fifths of southern and eastern metropolitan France and Overseas France North Africa, unoccupied, and under the control of a collaborationist French government based at the city of Vichy, and headed by Marshal Philippe Pétain.

4031:

Historians distinguish between state collaboration followed by the Vichy regime, and "collaborationists", who were private French citizens eager to collaborate with Germany and who pushed towards a radicalisation of the regime.

1580:

At Vichy, Pétain established an authoritarian government that reversed many liberal policies and began tight supervision of the economy. Conservative Catholics became prominent. The media were tightly controlled and promoted

1929:, replacing that region's inhabitants with German settlers, and initially forbade French refugees from returning to the region, but the restrictions were never thoroughly enforced and were basically abandoned following the 15711: 2403:, wanted to move the government to French territories in North Africa and to continue the war with the French Navy and colonial resources. Others, particularly Vice-Premier Philippe Pétain and Commander-in-Chief General 216: 16277: 4184:(GMR, Reserve Mobile Groups), is another example of Vichy policy reform and restructuring maintained by subsequent governments. A national paramilitary police force, the GMR was occasionally used in actions against the 3402:

took over Wallis on behalf of the Free French on 27 May 1942 and Futuna on 29 May 1942. That allowed American forces to build an airbase and seaplane base on Wallis (Navy 207) that served the Allied Pacific operations.

3884:

to counsel Giraud and to press him to repeal the Vichy laws. After difficult negotiations, Giraud agreed to suppress the racist laws and to liberate Vichy prisoners from the southern Algerian concentration camps. The

6019:

commuted the sentence to life imprisonment. In the police, some collaborators soon resumed official responsibilities. This continuity of the administration was pointed out, in particular concerning the events of the

2581:

after the German occupation of southern France and the disbandment of the Army of the Armistice in November 1942. By contrast, the Milice continued to collaborate, and its members were subject to reprisals after the

13184: 13144: 13211: 13070: 13816: 3639:. The British changed policy, with encouragement from the Free French, to "rally French Somaliland to the Allied cause without bloodshed". The Free French were to arrange a "voluntary ralliement" by propaganda ( 3545:

in response to the attack on Dakar. Shaken by the resolute Vichy defence and not wanting to further escalate the conflict, British and Free French forces withdrew on 25 September, bringing the battle to an end.

8160: 15716: 2540:

The exact strength of the Vichy French Metropolitan Army was set at 3,768 officers, 15,072 non-commissioned officers, and 75,360 men. All members had to be volunteers. In addition to the army, the size of the

1561:. By mid-June, the military situation of the French was dire, and it was apparent that it would lose the battle for Metropolitan France. The French government began to discuss the possibility of an armistice. 2550:

early 1942 those conscripts were released, but there were still not enough men. That shortage remained until the regime's dissolution, despite Vichy appeals to the Germans for a regular form of conscription.

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in June, the neutralisation of Vichy French colonies allowed the Italians to concentrate on the more lightly defended British Somaliland. On 23 July, Legentilhomme was ousted by the pro-Vichy naval officer

15106: 13621: 4074:

movement, judged that Pétain's accession to power was, in that respect, a "divine surprise", and many people of his persuasion believed it preferable to have an authoritarian government similar to that of

3857:. Numerous Jewish children were prohibited from going to school, which even Vichy had not implemented in Metropolitan France. Darlan was assassinated on 24 December 1942 in Algiers by the young monarchist 13179: 9739: 4397:" (National Revolution), the French administration opened up many concentration camps, to the point that, as historian Maurice Rajsfus writes, "The quick opening of new camps created employment, and the 2366:

newspaper in 1941, Darlan was quoted as saying that if the "New Order" failed in Europe, it would mean "here in France, the return to power of the Jews and Freemasons subservient to Anglo-Saxon policy".

8213: 2109:

rejects the idea that Vichy France was fascist, noting that "Pétain refused to create a single party state, avoided getting France involved in a new war, hated modernization, and supported the Church".

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who survived the war were regarded as traitors. Some of the more prominent officers were executed, while the rank-and-file were given prison terms. Some of them were given the option of doing time in

2589:

Vichy French colonial forces were reduced in accordance with the terms of the armistice, but in the Mediterranean area alone, Vichy still had nearly 150,000 men under arms. There were about 55,000 in

9942: 3461:

facilities from the Americans on the basis that it could be "acquired" at any time if needed. In July 1943, Free French sympathisers on the island took control of the gold and the fleet once Admiral

1955:, who coordinated raids with the Nazis. German laws took precedence over French laws in the occupied territories, and the Germans often rode roughshod over the sensibilities of Vichy administrators. 4907:

of French Jewish citizens. The law excluded Jews from the administration, the armed forces, entertainment, arts, media, and certain professions, such as teaching, law, and medicine. The next day, a

13194: 2429:

Prime Minister Reynaud favoured continuing the war but was soon outvoted by those who advocated an armistice. Facing an untenable situation, Reynaud resigned and, on his recommendation, President

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was certainly that of France. "It is convenient to see the Vichy regime as born of nothingness, returned to nothingness. Yes, it's convenient, but it is false. We cannot build pride upon a lie."

13341: 15751: 1982:

Vichy's claim to be the legitimate French government was denied by Free France and by all subsequent French governments after the war. They maintain that Vichy was an illegal government run by

13291: 9320: 6811:

Simultaneously, the French delegates at Wiesbaden were working to reach endurable levels of occupation costs, the early release of prisoners of war, and the return of the government to Paris.

6114:

and rather indiscriminate: there was a brief internment peak in these countries since internment was used partly for the purpose of separating collaborationists from others. Norway ended up

5530:, which controlled Vichy military units in North Africa. Darlan was neutralised within 15 hours by a 400-strong French resistance force. Roosevelt and Churchill accepted Darlan, rather than 5510:

Part of the residual legitimacy of the Vichy regime resulted from the continued ambivalence of U.S. and other leaders. President Roosevelt continued to cultivate Vichy, and promoted General

3361:, where he took control on 19 September. Its location on the edge of the Coral Sea and on the flank of Australia made New Caledonia become strategically critical in the effort to combat the 2954:, as well as the United States and the Soviet Union. During the war, Vichy France conducted military actions against armed incursions from Axis and Allied belligerents and was an example of 15829: 15706: 14412: 1519: 719: 698: 13325: 10130:

Philip Manow, "Workers, farmers and Catholicism: A history of political class coalitions and the south-European welfare state regime". Journal of European Social Policy 25.1 (2015): 32–49.

9880: 2437:

was signed on 22 June 1940. A separate French agreement was reached with Italy, which had entered the war against France on 10 June, well after the outcome of the battle had been decided.

2252:

also fit well with Vichy's traditionalist message. Vichy literature portrayed Joan as an archetypal virgin and Marianne as an archetypal whore. Under the Vichy regime, the school textbook

15736: 5388: 5190:

Macron made a subtle reference to Chirac's remark when he added, "I say it again here. It was indeed France that organized the roundup, the deportation, and thus, for almost all, death."

2809:

The Constitutional Acts of 11 and 12 July 1940 granted to Pétain all powers (legislative, judicial, administrative, executive and diplomatic) and the title of "head of the French state" (

2975:

North Africa. The US position was essentially that unless explicitly required by the armistice terms, France should take no action that could adversely affect Allied efforts in the war.

1612:

The Vichy government believed that with its policy of collaboration, it could have extracted significant concessions from Germany and avoid harsh terms in the peace treaty. Germany kept

8268: 12263:. (Comparative study of anti-Jewish policy implemented by the government in Nazi-Germany, by German occupational forces in France and by the semi-autonomic French government in Vichy) 3537:

was heavily damaged by torpedoes, and Free French troops landing at a beach south of the port were driven off by heavy fire. Even worse from a strategic point of view, bombers of the

6721:

Article 3. The following acts are hereby expressly nullified and held invalid: The so-called "Constitutional Law of 10 July 1940; as well as any laws called 'Constitutional Law';...

5213: 4106: 11374:

Germany and the Second World War: Volume 5: Organization and Mobilization of the German Sphere of Power. Part I: Wartime Administration, Economy, and Manpower Resources, 1939–1941

5050:

near Aix-en-Provence before arriving at Drancy. Then, on 22, 23, and 24 January 1943, assisted by Bousquet's police force, the Germans organised a raid in Marseilles. During the

3615:

decided that Legentilhomme would command the military forces in both Somalilands in case of war against Italy. In June, an Italian force was assembled to capture the port city of

13277: 4261:'s conception of the "Anti-France" (which he defined as the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons, and foreigners"), Vichy persecuted these supposed enemies. 4036:, on the other hand, were direct supporters of Marshal Pétain rather than of Germany (although they accepted Pétain's state collaboration). State collaboration was sealed by the 2345:

in September 1940. Typical of Vichy anti-British propaganda was the widely distributed pamphlet published in August 1940 and written by self-proclaimed "professional Anglophobe"

6957:(literally 'in spite of us' or 'against our wishes') was the name given to those inhabitants of the Alsace-Lorraine region forcibly conscripted into the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS. 4636:

The Foundation initiated studies on demographics (Robert Gessain, Paul Vincent, Jean Bourgeois), nutrition (Jean Sutter), and housing (Jean Merlet), as well as the first polls (

14018: 2881:. Pétain excluded fascists from office in his government, and by and large, his cabinet comprised "February 6 men" (members of the "National Union government" formed after the 16237: 16056: 15961: 12819: 10788: 6695: 5534:, as the French leader in North Africa. De Gaulle had not even been informed of the landing in North Africa. The United States also resented the Free French taking control of 4188:, but its main purpose was to enforce Vichy authority through intimidation and repression of the civilian population. After Liberation, some of its units were merged with the 11036: 6115: 5440:

farmers in the countryside and barter against cigarettes became common although those activities were strictly forbidden and thus carried the risk of confiscation and fines.

2735:

on their way to North Africa and exile. On 10 July the National Assembly, comprising both the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies, voted by 569 votes to 80, with 20 voluntary

4412:, and Romani. Social undesirables such as homosexuals, and prostitutes were also interned. Vichy opened its first internment camp in the northern zone on 5 October 1940, in 13305: 10928: 10819: 4645:

francs, roughly one franc per inhabitant: a true luxury considering the burdens imposed by the German Occupation on the nation's resources. By way of comparison, the whole

4093: 2407:, insisted that the responsibility of the government was to remain in France and share the misfortune of its people; they called for an immediate cessation of hostilities. 14266: 6234:, a civil servant in Bordeaux who had been in charge of "Jewish affairs" during the war and was convicted after a very long trial (1981–1998) for crimes against humanity. 5024:) had directed the action, French police authorities vigorously participated. "There was no effective police resistance until the end of Spring of 1944", wrote historians 4254: 3880:. The latter wanted to pursue a political position in France and agreed to have Giraud as commander-in-chief, who was more qualified militarily. Later, the Americans sent 3282:'s agreement, organised "Operation Bobcat" to send nine ships with 5000 American soldiers to build a naval refuelling base and airstrip and set up coastal defence guns on 3457:

in June 1940. The island was blockaded by the British navy until an agreement was reached to immobilise French ships in port. The British used the gold as collateral for

18209: 12241: 11139: 4864:

of Paris, a filing system registering Jewish people was created. Tulard had previously created such a filing system under the Third Republic, registering members of the

3912:, which unified the Free French Forces and territories controlled by them and had been founded in late 1943. Democratic rule for the European population was restored in 3247:

joined the Free French in 1940 or in one case in 1942. They later served as bases for the Allied effort in the Pacific and contributed troops to the Free French Forces.

17954: 9716: 8112: 7024: 4272:. Between June 1940 and August 1944, 15,000 persons, mostly Jews, were denaturalised. This bureaucratic decision was instrumental in their subsequent internment in the 17562: 13867: 13654: 9919: 8157: 3980: 13845: 13270: 11919: 2296:, Vichy needed to portray the French declaration of war on Germany as a hideous mistake and the French society under the Third Republic as degenerate and rotten. The 20420: 19560: 17578: 16252: 13284: 11234: 9444: 2837:("forced labor in perpetuity"). Reynaud was arrested in September 1940 by the Vichy government and sentenced to life imprisonment in 1941, before the opening of the 1837:

The territory under the control of the French State was based in the city of Vichy, in the unoccupied southern portion of Metropolitan France. This was south of the

11173: 9839: 2934: 2845:

his government soon began taking on authoritarian characteristics. Democratic liberties and guarantees were immediately suspended. The crime of "crime of opinion" (

20813: 16087: 15664: 15525: 15515: 15480: 14485: 13712: 12253:

Staaten als Täter. Ministerialbürokratie und 'Judenpolitik' in NS-Deutschland und Vichy-Frankreich. Ein Vergleich. Preface by Horst Möller and Georges-Henri Soutou

4607: 17898: 4469:, which was used to exterminate at least 86 detainees (mostly Jewish) with the aim of obtaining a collection of undamaged skeletons for the use of Nazi professor 2577:(militia), a paramilitary force created on 30 January 1943 by the Vichy government to combat the Resistance. Members of the regular army could thus defect to the 20200: 17501: 17473: 16617: 14872: 13298: 5902:(GPRF, 1944–46) quickly reestablished order, and brought collaborationists before the courts. Many convicted collaborationists were then given amnesty under the 4056:

who felt that France's unfortunate fate was a result of its republican character and the actions of its left-wing governments of the 1930s, in particular of the

2244:

as the national symbol of France under Vichy, as her status as one of France's best-loved heroines gave her widespread appeal, and the image of Joan as a devout

2217:

values – locked in sterile rivalry with its antithetical outgrowths, Socialism and Communism". Pétain argued that rescuing the French people from

9052: 3675:, intervened in the fighting in small numbers. That highlighted Syria as a threat to British interests in the Middle East. Consequently, on 8 June, British and 2005:, notably by the United States and several other major Allied powers. Diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom had been severed since 8 July 1940 after the 20843: 19539: 18218: 17905: 17039: 15819: 13821: 13679: 13319: 12478: 10069: 8217: 6624: 6094:, who estimated the number to be around 10,000, which is also the figure accepted today by mainstream historians. Approximately 9,000 of these 10,000 refer to 5316:

Collaborationists may have influenced the Vichy government's policies, but ultra-collaborationists never comprised the majority of the government before 1944.

4682:". In the 1936 preface to the German edition of his book, Alexis Carrel had added a praise to the eugenics policies of the Third Reich, writing the following: 4610:", which required all couples seeking marriage to submit to a biological examination, to ensure the "good health" of the spouses, in particular with regard to 3635:

In March 1941, the British enforcement of a strict contraband regime to prevent supplies being passed on to the Italians, lost its point after the conquest of

11840: 9120: 5327: 2321:

No other nation was attacked as frequently and violently as Britain was in Vichy propaganda. In Pétain's radio speeches, Britain was always portrayed as the "

18521: 17884: 17193: 16818: 16122: 15505: 13334: 12794: 6451: 5722:

Germany and Japan, as well as an Italian consulate. The population of the enclave was about 6,000, including known collaborationist journalists, the writers

1933:, which had the effect of turning German territorial ambitions almost exclusively to the East. German troops guarding the boundary line of the northeastern 11126: 6698:[Law of 9 August 1944 Concerning the reestablishment of the legally constituted Republic on the mainland – consolidated version of 10 August 1944]. 2641: 1669:

in April 1945. Pétain was put on trial for treason by the new Provisional Government, and sentenced to death, but this was commuted to life imprisonment by

821:

Although the French Republic's institutions were officially maintained, the word "Republic" never occurred in any official document of the Vichy government.

17534: 17480: 16666: 15510: 15500: 14584: 13969: 11772: 4362:

started with France's declaration of war against Germany on 3 September 1939, these camps were used to intern enemy aliens. These included German Jews and

3715:

was forced to agree to a joint British and Free French proclamation promising that Syria and Lebanon would become fully independent at the end of the war.

12463: 11637:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press, Uckfield ed.). London: HMSO. 8960: 4145:(CNR), which gathered all Resistance movements under one unified political body, these reforms were a primary instrument in the establishment of post-war 20848: 17991: 17487: 17103: 15490: 15485: 5770: 5542:

believed, it interfered with a U.S.–Vichy agreement to maintain the status quo with respect to French territorial possessions in the western hemisphere.

3707:

circles and that Vichy forces in Syria were less likely to resist the British if they were not accompanied by elements of the Free French. Nevertheless,

3353:

promptly declared allegiance to the Free French on 20 July, the first colonial head to do so. The outcome was decided by a combination of patriotism and

3034: 3019: 2571:

The Vichy authorities did not deploy the Army of the Armistice against resistance groups active in the south of France, reserving that role to the Vichy

2106: 1433: 9829:"Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)" 9244: 5167:

The first official admission that the French State had been complicit in the deportation of 76,000 Jews during WW II was made in 1995 by then President

4711: 283: 16513: 13595: 13256: 9337: 9111: 8331: 5025: 4908: 3011: 1593:. The terms of the armistice allowed some degree of independence, France was officially declared as neutral country, and the Vichy government kept the 12349: 9809:

Allocution de M. Jacques CHIRAC Président de la République prononcée lors des cérémonies commémorant la grande rafle des 16 et 17 juillet 1942 (Paris)

9315: 8809: 17877: 17324: 17200: 16196: 15475: 15354: 15034: 14494: 13263: 13249: 13127: 13112: 12638: 9557: 6696:"Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental – Version consolidée au 10 août 1944" 6572: 5431:

Civilians suffered shortages of all varieties of consumer goods. The rationing system was stringent and badly mismanaged, leading to malnourishment,

4590: 4477: 4164: 3976: 3959: 3542: 3049:, Canada, despite being at war with the Axis since 1939, maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until early November 1942, when 2819:

as representative to the German High Command in Paris. Pétain remained the head of the Vichy regime until 20 August 1944. The French national motto,

1499: 397: 5230: 2815:), as well as the right to nominate his successor. On 12 July, Pétain designated Laval as vice-president and his designated successor and appointed 17177: 16557: 16339: 15991: 14957: 14855: 12804: 10901: 6587: 5262:

to refer to fascists and Nazi sympathisers who, for ideological reasons, wished a reinforced collaboration with Hitler's Germany. Examples are the

3920: 3854: 3080: 10954: 6011:

Paris 1944: Women accused of collaboration with Nazis are paraded through the streets; they often had their hair cut off as a form of humiliation.

4218: 3990: 2355:("Should England Be Reduced to Slavery?"); the question in the title was merely rhetorical. Additionally, Vichy mixed Anglophobia with racism and 17614: 16926: 14860: 14843: 9864: 6577: 6250: 3239:. The colonies were small and non-contiguous but politically united. Immediately after the fall of France, the Governor General of French India, 2752: 1781:

Metropolitan/continental France under German occupation (Germans occupied the southern zone starting in November 1942 – Operation

13626: 12809: 9218: 9192: 9166: 9140: 4935: 4354:

was founded in 1939 for this use; it later became the central transit camp through which all deportees passed on their way to concentration and

3530:). After attempts to encourage them to join the Allies were rebuffed by the defenders, fierce fighting erupted between Vichy and Allied forces. 3041:

Moscow maintained full diplomatic relations with the Vichy government until 30 June 1941, when they were broken by Vichy expressing support for

1849:, which was "an integral part of Vichy", with antisemitic policies implemented in Vichy France also being implemented here. This was called the 20833: 17433: 16735: 14622: 13988: 12980: 12514: 6597: 6001: 5235: 5205: 4715: 3726:, which the British feared Japanese forces might use as a base to disrupt trade and communications in the Indian Ocean. The initial landing at 19432: 14075: 11485: 9382: 6079: 3079:, who ordered French ships in British ports to be seized by the Royal Navy. Shortly after the armistice (22 June 1940), Britain conducted the 20526: 20092: 18225: 18188: 18165: 17686: 16608: 16578: 15863: 15364: 14989: 14222: 13228: 12613: 12490: 8260: 6007: 5899: 5774: 5764: 5554: 4679: 4630: 3029: 2766:

and all postwar French governments have contended that this vote by the National Assembly was illegal. Three main arguments are put forward:

1655: 1256: 783: 17940: 6653:, Pétain never promulgated a new constitution. A draft was written in 1941 and signed by Pétain in 1944 but was never submitted or ratified. 4814: 4461:) for the detention of enemy aliens on French territory; in Alsace, which was under the direct administration of the Reich, they opened the 3557:, had to be occupied by military force between 27 October and 12 November 1940. On 8 November 1940, Free French forces under the command of 2789:, the dubious circumstances of the vote explain why most French historians do not consider Vichy a complete continuity of the French state. 410: 18318: 18174: 18158: 18130: 17378: 16585: 16334: 15039: 14969: 14478: 12588: 6111: 4719: 4648: 3270:, with outlying islands reporting agreement in the following days. The vote was 5564 to 18 in favour of joining the Free French. After the 3014:(AMGOT) like Germany. After the assassination of Darlan on 24 December 1942, the Americans turned again towards Giraud to whom had rallied 8422: 5370:

wrote that Vichy "is notorious for its enactment of anti-Semitic laws and decrees, and these were all loyally enforced by the judiciary".

4786: 4193: 20798: 20788: 19075: 18142: 18054: 17998: 17961: 17243: 14682: 14677: 13189: 12965: 10997: 7660: 7242: 7203: 11470:

Manow, Philip. "Workers, farmers and Catholicism: A history of political class coalitions and the south-European welfare state regime".

11356:

Kocher, Adam, Adria K. Lawrence and Nuno P. Monteiro. 2018. "Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation."

7765: 7094: 5495:

to occupy Corsica and then the rest of the unoccupied southern zone in immediate reaction to the landing of the Allies in North Africa (

5182:

denounced the country's role in the Holocaust in France and the historical revisionism that denied France's responsibility for the 1942

2916:

was then head of government until April 1942, followed by Pierre Laval again until August 1944. The Vichy government fled into exile in

2434: 1601:

under French control, avoiding full occupation of the country by Germany. Despite heavy pressure, the Vichy government never joined the

18047: 16779: 14865: 14850: 12583: 9581: 8695: 8403: 7004: 3964: 3900:

in January 1943. The Allies discussed their general strategy for the war and recognised joint leadership of North Africa by Giraud and

2962:

on 27 November 1942 to prevent its capture by the Axis. Washington at first granted Vichy full diplomatic recognition, sending Admiral

5095:

French during the 1930s. Of the total, approximately 25,000 French Jews and 50,000 foreign Jews were deported. According to historian

20753: 20748: 19865: 19553: 18181: 16571: 16529: 15886: 15056: 14547: 14246: 12643: 7872: 4793: 3134: 1677:, although many had participated in the deportation of Jews, abuses of prisoners, and severe acts against members of the Resistance. 11020: 10784: 6703: 6078:

Executions without trials and other forms of "mob justice" were harshly criticised immediately after the war, with circles close to

5046:

The French police, headed by Bousquet, arrested 7,000 Jews in the southern zone in August 1942. 2,500 of them transited through the

3475:, also changed allegiance in 1943 after Admiral Georges Robert ordered police to fire on protestors, before he fled back to Europe. 19402: 17221: 16995: 16758: 16624: 16435: 16363: 15898: 15132: 12960: 10877: 5878:

After the liberation, France was swept for a short period with a wave of executions of collaborationists. Some were brought to the

4283:

inaugurated by the Third Republic were immediately put to new use, ultimately becoming transit camps for the implementation of the

4049:

not stop the Vichy government from organising the arrest and even sometimes the execution of German spies entering the Vichy zone.

2706:

hub. Toulouse was too remote and had a left-wing reputation. Vichy was centrally located and had many hotels for ministers to use.

2698:, their provisional capital in central France. Lyon, France's second-largest city, would have been a more logical choice but Mayor 1942:

Nevertheless, effectively Alsace-Lorraine was annexed: German law applied to the region, its inhabitants were conscripted into the

105: 10811: 8290: 5357:

Vichy French zinc and aluminium coins made during the war circulated in both the German–occupied zone and Vichy's unoccupied zone.

2508: 19691: 18297: 18094: 17131: 16631: 16543: 16479: 16127: 16107: 16031: 15731: 15014: 14471: 14394: 14099: 13754: 13616: 12718: 12623: 10921: 10094:

Collaborationists openly embraced fascism. ...They had to continue to believe in German victory or cease to be collaborationists.

6875: 6592: 6150: 4912: 3909: 3838: 3743: 2959: 2759:. The deputies and senators who voted to grant full powers to Pétain were condemned on an individual basis after the Liberation. 2482: 2379: 1939:

were withdrawn on the night of 17–18 December 1941, but the line remained in place on paper for the remainder of the occupation.

1690: 1613: 1426: 15848: 9030: 5156:

had maintained that the Vichy Government, not France's Republic, was responsible. This position was more recently reiterated by

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proportionately lighter losses, but in 1942, repression and deportations started to strike French Jews, not just foreign Jews.

5777:

quickly. The first action of the Provisional Government was to reestablish republican legality throughout Metropolitan France.

5075:, in charge of the German Police in France, made the trip from Paris and transmitted to Bousquet orders directly received from 4846:

A Nazi ordinance dated 21 September 1940 forced Jews of the occupied zone to declare themselves as such at a police station or

4800: 4499:

With regard to economic contribution to the German economy, it is estimated that France provided 42% of the total foreign aid.

4476:

The Vichy government took a number of racially motivated measures. In August 1940, laws against antisemitism in the media (the

3816: 602: 15824: 13785: 13722: 11136: 9700: 9362: 9285: 4484:

a number of French citizens, in particular Jews from Eastern Europe. Foreigners were rounded-up in "Foreign Workers' Groups" (

4436:, was the largest internment camp in the Southeast of France; twenty-five hundred Jews were deported from there following the 2785:

Pétain could claim legality for himself, particularly in comparison with the essentially self-appointed leadership of Charles

20808: 19993: 19096: 19001: 18528: 18274: 18149: 17235: 17209: 17066: 16772: 16689: 15853: 15843: 15721: 14033: 13882: 13877: 13027: 12422: 12393: 12289: 12260: 12206: 12172: 12043: 11999: 11686: 11668: 11642: 11537: 11503: 11461: 11382: 11350: 11286: 11255: 10964: 10853: 10578: 10553: 10528: 10429: 10404: 10310: 10277: 10151: 10115: 10079: 10041: 9534: 9476: 8837:"Discretionary Power in the Hands of an Authoritarian State: A Study of Denaturalizations under the Vichy Regime (1940–1944)" 8795: 8705: 8532: 8116: 8021: 7914: 7837: 7759: 7654: 7343: 7285: 7236: 7197: 7088: 7050: 7021: 6858: 6754: 6241:

Robert Paxton has denuded this weak defence of crimes against humanity in his book Vichy France: Old Guard, New Order (1972)

5321: 4566: 3573:, was bombed and captured. The final Vichy troops in Gabon surrendered without any military confrontation with the Allies at 2190:. During his radio speeches, the entire French Third Republic era was always painted in the blackest of colours as a time of 1076: 10762: 9903: 6015:

Philippe Pétain was charged with treason in July 1945. He was convicted and sentenced to death by firing squad, but Charles

3290:(phonetic pronunciation of the naval acronym, CB, or Construction Battalion) efforts in the Pacific, and the Bora Bora base 2375: 2230:, which Pétain claimed the French had forgotten. Despite his highly-negative view of the Third Republic, Pétain argued that 2151:

would again unify the nation. The Vichy government's "francisque" insignia featured two symbols from the Gallic period: the

20624: 19329: 18736: 18622: 17787: 17254: 17250: 17228: 16832: 16051: 15941: 15891: 15051: 14302: 14060: 13872: 13139: 9990: 9787: 8670: 6000:

Other historians have distinguished the purges against intellectuals (Brasillach, Céline, etc.), industrialists, fighters (

4167:(INED) after the war and exists to this day. Another example is the creation of the national statistics institute, renamed 16137: 11231: 9438: 5483: 5366:

and culture. The media were tightly controlled and stressed virulent anti-Semitism and, after June 1941, anti-Bolshevism.

4782: 4210: 4142: 3889:, which granted French citizenship to Jews in Algeria and had been repealed by Vichy, was immediately restored by Gaulle. 3377:) and Army in the South Pacific, and as a repair base for Allied vessels. New Caledonia contributed personnel both to the 2821: 2780:

The 1884 constitutional amendment making it unconstitutional to put into question the "republican form" of the government.

167: 20347: 20110: 19766: 19756: 19244: 18708: 18040: 18026: 17239: 16163: 15986: 15601: 14838: 14800: 11170: 10736: 10709: 10328:"L'exploitation de la Main-d'oeuvre Française dans l'industrie Siderurgique Allemande pendant la Seconde Guerre Mondiale" 10188:

Zdatny, Steven M. (1986). "The Corporatist Word and the Modernist Deed: Artisans and Political Economy in Vichy France".

9828: 7804: 5946:'s first ordonnance instituting purge Commissions was enacted on 18 August 1943): judgements of collaborationists by the 4969: 1194: 38: 13216: 8359:"Les ralliements du Pacifique en 1940: Entre légende gaulliste, enjeux stratégiques mondiaux et rivalités Londres/Vichy" 6475: 5331:

and cadets of the Légion, who had never seen battle but supported Pétain's régime. The name was then quickly changed to

4391:

and Germany. Finally, after Pétain's proclamation of the "French State" and the beginning of the implementation of the "

20195: 19453: 19322: 19200: 18778: 18493: 18444: 18202: 17757: 17009: 16848: 16696: 16550: 14999: 13003: 12068: 11948: 11567: 9074: 8247: 7988: 6944: 6629: 4722:

have accused Carrel of responsibility for the execution of thousands of mentally ill or impaired patients under Vichy.

3362: 3106: 2951: 2703: 2418: 1911:

and the rest of the French colonial empire that accepted the authority of Vichy; only the disputed border territory of

1522:

at first affected only the northern and western portions of the country, but in November 1942 the Germans and Italians

1419: 15669: 15520: 12970: 3223:

and severed diplomatic ties with the Vichy government only when it became clear that Vichy would not join the Allies.

2998:'s turn towards the Free Forces (he had been prime minister from February 1941 to April 1942) they played him against 2859:, and critics were frequently arrested. Elective bodies were replaced by nominated ones. The "municipalities" and the 2805:

1943 1 Franc coin. Front: "French State". Back: "Work Family Homeland". Symbolism on coinage was a propaganda vehicle.

1830:(French Republic) disappeared from all official documents. From then on, the regime was referred to officially as the 20838: 20823: 20758: 20167: 20152: 19569: 18451: 18423: 18240: 17822: 17541: 17508: 16132: 15858: 14554: 14498: 13730: 13370: 13122: 13117: 13075: 13065: 12975: 12751: 12140: 12111: 12094: 12021: 11981: 11912: 11827: 11743: 11517: 11435: 11411: 11115: 9048: 9014: 8977: 8945: 8758: 8461: 8146: 8089: 7938: 6650: 5865: 4833: 4552: 3698: 3586: 3291: 3259: 2929: 2740: 2637: 2615:. Colonial forces were allowed to keep some armoured vehicles, though these were mostly "vintage" World War I tanks ( 2002: 1744: 1550: 1542: 1355: 561: 80: 16724: 16324: 14463: 14235: 13924: 12472: 6372:, head of the Jewish Questions Service in the prefecture of Bordeaux. Condemned for crimes against humanity in 1998. 5794: 5611: 5341: 4448:. In contrast, French colonial soldiers were interned by the Germans in French territory instead of being deported. 2273:. In part, Vichy's virulent Anglophobia was due to its leaders' personal dislike of the British, as Marshal Pétain, 20868: 20818: 20435: 20276: 20230: 19606: 18764: 18701: 17836: 17672: 16795: 16041: 15155: 15024: 14947: 13600: 13552: 13420: 12628: 12199:

Persécutions et entraides dans la France occupée : comment 75 % des juifs de France ont échappé à la mort

12164: 11837: 11214: 6314: 6180:. He had been prosecuted but partially acquitted and immediately amnestied in 1949. In 1994, former Vichy official 5553:) and the departure of the Vichy leaders, the U.S., the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union finally recognised the 5299:

refers to those, primarily from the fascist right, who embraced the goal of a German victory as their own, whereas

4730: 4421: 4388: 3876:

successor in French Africa with Allied support. That occurred through a series of consultations between Giraud and

3182: 3138: 3083:, killing 1,297 French military personnel. Vichy severed diplomatic relations with Britain. The French squadron at 1308: 17349: 15837: 15091: 10056:

In France, collaborationists were committed to the victory of the Third Reich and actively worked toward that end.

7738:

French Colonial Soldiers in German Prisoner-of-War Camps (1940–1945), Raffael Scheck, 2010, French History, p. 421

6149:

spent part of their postwar effort trying to bring them before the courts. Some collaborationists then joined the

5458: 4999:, the state railway company. The police arrested 13,152 Jews, including 4,051 children – which the 2889:) and mainstream politicians whose career prospects had been blocked by the triumph of the Popular Front in 1936. 2105:

modernizers, and concluded that genuinely fascist elements had only minor roles in most sectors. French historian

2016:

countries, including the United States, Canada, and China, recognised the Vichy government. According to Jackson,

1926: 20803: 20763: 19130: 18971: 18960: 18796: 18555: 18514: 18407: 18345: 17732: 17002: 16871: 16839: 16046: 16016: 15029: 14662: 14241: 13527: 12633: 11201: 9657: 6716:

Article 1: The form of the government of France is and remains the Republic. By law, it has not ceased to exist.

5478: 3866: 3323: 1377: 1095: 17519: 17087: 15338: 14627: 13014: 11769: 10706:"Ordonnance du 9 août 1944 relative au rétablissement de la légalité républicaine sur le territoire continental" 10030:

Waschuk, Roman; Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (20 June 1986). Boshyk, Yury; Wynnyckyj, Andriy (eds.).

9469:

The Vichy laws: acts called 'laws' of the de facto authority claiming to be the 'government of the French state'

4440:. Exiled Republican, antifascist Spaniards who had sought refuge in France after the Nationalist victory in the 3942:(PPA). On the day of the Liberation of France, the GPRF would harshly repress a rebellion in Algeria during the 3416: 1777: 20455: 20030: 19516: 19488: 19366: 19159: 18396: 17847: 17773: 17569: 16940: 16659: 16564: 16449: 16201: 16026: 15971: 15303: 14932: 13398: 13393: 13093: 12608: 12460: 11706: 8678: 7829:

Judging War Crimes and Torture: French Justice and International Criminal Tribunals and Commissions (1940–2005)

5847: 5735: 5432: 5108:

deported from France were from Paris, with the majority of these Parisian Jews being taken into custody by the

4771: 4534: 3730:

was relatively quick, though it took British forces a further six months to gain control of the entire island.

2590: 1908: 1904: 1793: 1726: 1617: 12450: 12056:

Culture, médias, pouvoirs aux Etats-Unis et en Europe occidentale, France, Italie, RFA, Royaume-Uni, 1945–1991

6354:, delegate of Bousquet in the "free zone", charged with crimes against humanity for his role in the July 1942 6166: 5099:, 76,000 Jews were deported and died in concentration and extermination camps. Including the Jews who died in 4155:. An example of such continuities is the creation of the French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems by 3451: 3240: 2990:, general delegate of Vichy for Africa until December 1941. After the first choice had failed, they turned to 20378: 19998: 19939: 19934: 19576: 19509: 19460: 19391: 19216: 18722: 18673: 18437: 18430: 18033: 17794: 17585: 16638: 16082: 16077: 15698: 15586: 15397: 14994: 14723: 13582: 13060: 13037: 12708: 12246: 11153: 9240: 5843: 5811: 5391:

under the cover of supporting French agriculture but in fact to support flagging German armament production.

5100: 4767: 4739: 4530: 4445: 4232: 3846: 2669: 1786: 1766: 1722: 1554: 1372: 1365: 1350: 1338: 1323: 1125: 20020: 15659: 11191: 9334: 9108: 8335: 6968:

Peter Jackson & Simon Kitson ‘The paradoxes of foreign policy in Vichy France’ in Jonathan Adelman(ed),

1951:, the head of French police nominated by Vichy, exercised his power in Paris through his second-in-command, 20706: 20445: 19924: 19761: 19650: 19546: 18921: 18882: 17801: 17636: 17621: 17548: 17527: 17345: 17023: 16809: 16802: 16786: 16497: 16456: 16428: 16247: 16242: 16232: 16142: 15951: 15946: 15921: 15814: 14909: 14877: 13669: 13547: 12593: 12578: 11922:[Autumn publishing season launch – With Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, That's life in the castle]. 11589: 11303:

Jennings, Eric (1994). "'Reinventing Jeanne': The Iconology of Joan of Arc in Vichy Schoolbooks, 1940–44".

8784: 5426: 5303:

refers to those of the French who for whatever reason collaborated with the Germans. Organisations such as

4889: 4807: 4611: 4102: 3893: 3792: 3777:

was fought, the French forces in North Africa had gone over to the Allied side and joined the Free French.

3126: 3060:

Memorial to the 1,297 French seamen who died during the British bombardment of their ships at Mers El Kebir

2679: 2628:

proved unsuccessful, and the French decided not to press the issue to the point of refusing the Armistice.

1915:

was placed under direct German administration. Alsace-Lorraine was officially still part of France, as the

1838: 741: 14974: 14256: 12238:. Thorbecke, Ostfildern 2008, Beiheft der Francia Nr. 67, hrsg. von Deutschen Historischen Institut Paris. 11599:; with Stitt, Commander G. M. S.; Molony, Brigadier C. J. C. & Toomer, Air Vice-Marshal S. E. (1954). 10733:"Ordonnance du 21 avril 1944 relative à l'organisation des pouvoirs publics en France après la Libération" 9464:

Les lois de Vichy: actes dits 'lois' de l'autorité de fait se prétendant 'gouvernement de l'Etat français'

7475:

Cornick, Martyn "Fighting Myth with Reality: The Fall of France, Anglophobia, and the BBC" pp. 65–87 from

4141:– reforms adopted during World War II were kept and extended. Along with the 15 March 1944 Charter of the 3718:

From 5 May to 6 November 1942, British and Commonwealth forces conducted Operation Ironclad, known as the

3412: 1048: 20778: 20563: 20283: 20157: 20147: 19895: 19736: 19684: 19613: 18937: 18889: 18507: 18479: 18332: 17947: 17926: 17447: 17110: 17016: 16506: 16206: 16117: 15417: 14952: 14564: 13542: 13532: 13206: 12839: 11600: 9620: 6513: 6303: 6162: 5974:, executed on 6 February 1945, etc.), but many of those who survived that phase were later given amnesty. 5561:

as the legitimate government of France on 23 October 1944. Before that, the first return of democracy to

4347: 4052:

The composition and policies of the Vichy cabinet were mixed. Many Vichy officials, such as Pétain, were

4017: 3095:, commander of the British Mediterranean Fleet. After the Mers-el-Kebir incident, the British recognised 2898: 2224: 2043: 1345: 230: 20828: 14261: 13931: 13636: 10898: 6487: 6392: 6068: 5409:

Germany, where they were 15% of the labour force by August 1944. The largest number worked in the giant

5263: 5225: 3853:. Jewish goods were "aryanized" (stolen), and a special Jewish Affairs service was created, directed by 2533:

overseas. The function of those forces was to keep internal order and to defend French territories from

20474: 20395: 20162: 20072: 20051: 19751: 19741: 19731: 19411: 18907: 18826: 18771: 18659: 18615: 18265: 17891: 17815: 17717: 17594: 17466: 17459: 17419: 17392: 17124: 17057: 16652: 16463: 16393: 16216: 16211: 15936: 15568: 15563: 15558: 15553: 15548: 15540: 15450: 15076: 15044: 15009: 14753: 14217: 14055: 13765: 12955: 12548: 10190: 6582: 5898:, or Butter Eggs Cheese, because of the products sold at outrageous prices during the Occupation). The 5782: 4280: 4113: 3939: 1360: 1328: 1303: 863: 835: 615: 521: 14013: 11907:(dir. Jean-Pierre Azéma & François Bédarida, Institut d'histoire du temps présent), Fayard, 1992, 10330:[The Exploitation of French Labor in the German Iron and Steel Industry During World War II]. 10225:

Jones, Joseph (1982). "Vichy France and Postwar Economic Modernization: The Case of the Shopkeepers".

6749:. Histoire du temps présent (in French). Bruxelles: Éditions Complexe – IRPMF-CNRS, coll. p. 71. 6188:

was likewise convicted in 1998 but was released three years later due to ill health and died in 2007.

5058:

of 40,000 people, and the operation sent 2,000 Marseillese people in the death trains, leading to the

4350:(the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact) in August 1939, these camps were also used to intern French communists. 4307:

in the Unoccupied Zone; the regime even had a mixed-race cabinet minister, the Martinique-born lawyer

2831:(Work, Family, Homeland). It was noted at the time that TFP also stood for the criminal punishment of 2338: 2006: 1666: 20654: 20410: 20325: 20298: 20215: 20010: 19855: 19313: 19230: 19015: 18875: 18847: 18680: 18585: 18375: 17808: 16882: 16536: 16147: 15833: 15063: 14984: 14785: 14775: 13590: 13450: 12756: 12746: 11808:

Poznanski, Renée. "Rescue of the Jews and the Resistance in France: From History to Historiography",

11715: 10227: 9577: 9372: 9294: 9214: 9188: 9162: 9136: 8969: 6146: 5507:. That rump government finally fell when the city was taken by the Allied French army in April 1945. 4930: 4900: 4489: 3500: 3426: 3015: 2773:

The impossibility for Parliament to delegate its constitutional powers without controlling their use

2467: 2387: 2054: 1842: 1826: 1574: 1491: 929: 872: 17080: 13770: 12854: 12528: 12104:

Vichy-Auschwitz. Le rôle de Vichy dans la solution finale de la question juive en France. 1943–1944.

9640:

Summary from data compiled by the Association des Fils et Filles des déportés juifs de France, 1985.

9241:"The Holocaust: Re-examining The Wannsee Conference, Himmler's Appointments Book, and Tunisian Jews" 7315: 6458: 6321: 5978: 5923:

made in 1948 and 1952 counted as many as 6,000 executions before the Liberation and 4,000 afterward.

5723: 5353: 3045:, the German invasion of the Soviet Union. In response to British requests and sensitivities of the 2909: 2341:

on the French Mediterranean fleet that killed over 1,300 French sailors in July 1940 and the failed

483: 20743: 20235: 20205: 19810: 19052: 19029: 18281: 18082: 18075: 17739: 17399: 17371: 17364: 16751: 15931: 15358: 15268: 15253: 15071: 14810: 14672: 14617: 14612: 14537: 13674: 13659: 13474: 12666: 12511: 11596: 11482: 9390: 8903: 8194:

Jouin, Yves (1965). "La Nouvelle-Calédonie et la Polynésie Française dans la Guerre du Pacifique".

7953:

de la patrie. Elle sera ratifiée par la nation et appliquée par les Assemblées qu'elle aura créées.

6494: 6356: 6139: 5977:

the third phase, more lenient towards collaborationists (the trial of Philippe Pétain or of writer

5527: 5382:

Vichy-era poster calling for volunteers to work in Germany in exchange for French prisoners of war.

5183: 5117: 4982: 4964: 4952: 4892:, which resulted in 3,200 foreign and 1,000 French Jews being interned in various camps, including 4408:

Besides the political prisoners already detained there, Gurs was then used to intern foreign Jews,

3550: 3484: 3462: 3384: 3370: 3309: 3092: 2143:

as the "founder" of the French nation. It was asserted that just as the defeat of the Gauls in the

1817: 1635: 891: 440: 183: 17096: 17073: 14080: 11221:

Historical Dictionary of World War Two France: The Occupation, Vichy and the Resistance, 1938–1946

7985:"Actes constitutionnels du Gouvernement de Vichy, 1940–1944, France, MJP, université de Perpignan" 6047: 5769:

The Free French, concerned that the Allies might decide to put France under administration of the

5345:(SOL), which consisted mostly of French supporters of the Nazis and was fully approved by Pétain. 5062:. The operation also encompassed the expulsion of an entire neighbourhood (30,000 persons) in the 5011:(Winter Velodrome) in unhygienic conditions. They were led to Drancy internment camp (run by Nazi 2537:

assault. The French forces were to remain under the overall direction of the German armed forces.

2516:

The French government had responsibility for preventing French citizens from escaping into exile.

1502:. Though Paris was nominally its capital, the government established itself in the resort town of 20491: 20373: 20320: 20266: 20220: 19909: 19474: 19418: 19288: 19148: 18833: 18486: 18382: 18288: 17856: 17724: 17694: 17658: 17643: 17515: 17407: 17385: 17331: 17317: 17299: 16963: 16744: 16472: 16421: 16036: 15981: 15956: 15019: 14979: 14937: 14919: 14914: 14833: 14790: 14780: 14765: 14713: 14645: 14607: 14569: 14348: 14162: 13831: 12849: 12829: 12598: 12359: 12320: 8044:

John F. Sweets, Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation (New York, 1986), p. 33

6226: 6177: 6036: 5836: 5161: 5129: 5109: 5005:

had not asked for – and 5,082 women, on 16 and 17 July and imprisoned them in the

4869: 4760: 4523: 4314:

The Third Republic had first opened concentration camps during World War I for the internment of

4250: 3676: 3331: 3295: 1715: 1674: 1627: 1333: 1313: 1006: 13150: 11372: 9652: 8318: 5920: 5879: 5325:(LFC) (French Legion of Fighters), including at first only former combatants but quickly adding 5319:

To enforce the régime's will, some paramilitary organisations were created. One example was the

5172: 5007: 4393: 4205: 2203:

Summarising Pétain's speeches, the British historian Christopher Flood wrote that Pétain blamed

2182: 2119: 2033: 1038: 20596: 20558: 20516: 20501: 20293: 20115: 20015: 19677: 19166: 19059: 18861: 18812: 18715: 18608: 18578: 18361: 18249: 17975: 17766: 17357: 17338: 17308: 16855: 16825: 15687: 15288: 14589: 14380: 14251: 13897: 13735: 13571: 13032: 12688: 12506: 12354: 10981: 10327: 10302: 10269: 10263: 6158: 6021: 5903: 5645:, the Milice was responsible for helping the German forces and police in the repression of the 5642: 5535: 5310: 4893: 4865: 4351: 4343: 4331: 4304: 4269: 4246: 4057: 3913: 3858: 3684: 3538: 3271: 2882: 2797:

homeland. It will be ratified by the nation and applied by the assemblies which it has created.

2748: 2534: 2530: 2503: 2330: 2164: 2147:(52 BCE) had been the moment in French history when a sense of common nationhood was born, the 2127:

The Vichy government tried to assert its legitimacy by symbolically connecting itself with the

1694: 1598: 1538: 1515: 1318: 1266: 1145: 387: 94: 12054: 11555: 8957: 8214:"Les ÉFO dans la Seconde Guerre Mondiale : la question du ralliement et ses conséquences" 8011: 7906: 7827: 7644: 7272:. Palgrave Studies in Political History. Springer International Publishing. pp. 311–326. 7226: 7187: 6850: 6363: 5962:, was thus condemned to a life sentence on 25 January 1945), including 1,500 death sentences ( 5153: 4465:, the only concentration camp created by the Nazis on French territory. Natzweiler included a 147: 20773: 20768: 20728: 20521: 20511: 20303: 20127: 20035: 19970: 19657: 19380: 19223: 19119: 19089: 19045: 18785: 18750: 18743: 18666: 18564: 18005: 17982: 17829: 17440: 16977: 16717: 16703: 16386: 15868: 15430: 15402: 14795: 14452: 14228: 13982: 12889: 12703: 12541: 11934: 10365:

Kitson, Simon (2009). "The Marseille Police and the German Forced Labour Draft (1943–1944)".

10031: 9462: 8397: 8098: 7749: 7078: 6608: 6212:(1987), Vichy and the state collaboration of France remains a "past that doesn't pass away". 5996:, creator of the General Commission for Jewish Affairs, René Bousquet, head of French police) 5928: 5815: 5651: 5209: 5116:

not wilfully collaborated with Germany, which lacked staff for police activities. During the

5063: 4926: 4888:

IV-D. They were used by the Gestapo on various raids, among them the August 1941 raid in the

4847: 4626: 4242: 3946:

of 8 May 1945, which has been characterised by some historians as the "real beginning of the

3850: 2967: 2856: 2578: 2362: 2325:", a nation that was the complete antithesis of everything good in France, the blood-soaked " 2187: 1887:

were based on abbreviation and wordplay, such as the "zone nono", for the non-occupied Zone.

1821: 1534: 1276: 1203: 1165: 1105: 680: 17275: 11604: 10294: 10141: 7898: 7008: 3562: 3088: 2986:

and regarded him as an "apprentice dictator". The Americans first tried to support General

2867:(nominated by and dependent on the executive power). In January 1941, the National Council ( 62: 20858: 20783: 20546: 20087: 20025: 19914: 19805: 19481: 19336: 18987: 18944: 18914: 18840: 18650: 18629: 17555: 17032: 16710: 16360: 16319: 16282: 16011: 15792: 15445: 15407: 15328: 15323: 15243: 14887: 14760: 14748: 14738: 14632: 14597: 14387: 14212: 14070: 13907: 13740: 13649: 13200: 13008: 12713: 9639: 9500: 8176: 7698: 6619: 5706:). The enclave had its own radio station (Radio-patrie, Ici la France) and official press ( 5051: 4861: 4586: 4273: 4138: 4134: 4079:'s Spain, even if under Germany's yoke, than to have a republican government. Others, like 3812: 3719: 3354: 3313: 3110: 3056: 3042: 2583: 2544: 2529:) – stationed in the unoccupied zone, and for the military provision of the 2113: 2102: 2074: 1930: 1651: 1586: 1545:. The German Army rapidly broke through the Allied lines by bypassing the highly fortified 1155: 881: 15425: 14106: 11894: 7868: 5255: 3143: 8: 20629: 20586: 20506: 20460: 20337: 20330: 20310: 20271: 20183: 19975: 19944: 19919: 19885: 19787: 19782: 19599: 19373: 19251: 19207: 18729: 17863: 17629: 17156: 16986: 16970: 16919: 16092: 15619: 15530: 15435: 15223: 15208: 15198: 14892: 14805: 14733: 14657: 14167: 14157: 13780: 13440: 13380: 13042: 13021: 11920:"Rentrée littéraire – Avec Pierre Assouline, Sigmaringen, c'est la vie de château !" 11872:(1962). "Pétain : sa carrière, son procès" [Pétain: his career, his trial]. 11732: 9947: 9744: 7965: 6936: 6445: 5686: 5664: 5562: 5504: 5088: 5079:. It is another notable case of the French police's wilful collaboration with the Nazis. 4621: 4372: 4323: 3636: 3531: 3177: 3165: 3161: 3114: 2917: 2082: 2073:. French communists, strongest in labour unions, turned against Vichy in June 1941, when 2046: 1896: 1846: 1527: 1487: 1115: 1024: 963: 953: 759: 628: 314: 14271: 12660: 10869: 9554:

La Police de Vichy. Les Forces de l'ordre françaises au service de la Gestapo, 1940/1944

8482: 6531: 6176:

was assassinated while he awaited prosecution in Paris following a 1991 inculpation for

6126:

Some accused war criminals were judged, some for a second time, from the 1980s onwards:

5958: 5621: 5518:, despite the poor performance of Vichy forces in North Africa – Admiral 5021: 4600: 4339: 4070: 4013:(General Secretary of the French National Police created in 1941), creator of the GMRs; 2726: 2223:

required a period of authoritarian government that would restore national unity and the

544: 20541: 20486: 20440: 20288: 20254: 19838: 19592: 19425: 19350: 19304: 19274: 19182: 19022: 18687: 18571: 18465: 18416: 18354: 18110: 18061: 17870: 17494: 17149: 16947: 16179: 15776: 15611: 15495: 15440: 15248: 15188: 14667: 14152: 14043: 13892: 13790: 13537: 13455: 13412: 12939: 12725: 11320: 10623: 10517: 10347: 10244: 10207: 9674: 8864: 8836: 8628: 8620: 8380: 8294: 7303: 7291: 7150: 6789: 6208: 6063: 5989: 5546: 5367: 5059: 4675: 4355: 4300: 4189: 4002: 3820: 3625: 3604: 3523: 3472: 3374: 3212: 3113:

in 1944, when Pétain resigned and was deported to Germany for the creation of a forced

2860: 2852: 2646: 2608: 2598: 2334: 2322: 2070: 2039: 1606: 1514:), where it remained responsible for the civil administration of France as well as its 15624: 14132: 14122: 12904: 12834: 12761: 12529:

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity, But Not for All: France and the "Alien" Jews, 1933–1942

12455: 12224: 12189:

Jacques Sabille. "Les Juifs de Tunisie sous Vichy et l'Occupation". Paris: Edition du

11496:

Otto Abetz and His Paris Acolytes – French Writers Who Flirted with Fascism, 1930–1945

11188:

The Politics of Everyday Life in Vichy France: Foreigners, Undesirables, and Strangers

9265:

Christoph Buchheim, 'Die besetzten Lander im Dienste der Deutschen Kriegswirtschaft',

8498: 7683: 6883: 6505: 6464: 6375: 6297: 6032:

was head of state. Papon was tried and convicted for crimes against humanity in 1998.

5792:

Collaborationist paramilitary and political organisations, such as the Milice and the

5519: 5148: 3808: 3769: 2995: 2994:

shortly before the landing in North Africa on 8 November 1942. Finally, after Admiral

2913: 2713: 2699: 2422: 2286:, an event that Pétain claimed would solve all of the economic problems caused by the 2278: 1758: 1566: 1565:

resigned as prime minister rather than sign an armistice, and was replaced by Marshal

1475: 557: 495: 459: 429: 20687: 20669: 20664: 20649: 20634: 20573: 20536: 20450: 20383: 20361: 20342: 20210: 20137: 19960: 19860: 19746: 19726: 19703: 19583: 19467: 19357: 19297: 19258: 19191: 19173: 19139: 19082: 19036: 18980: 18805: 18543: 18535: 18472: 18325: 17919: 17451: 16912: 16891: 16601: 16287: 15313: 15238: 14962: 14493: 14417: 14341: 14327: 14172: 13902: 13795: 13664: 12869: 12864: 12428: 12418: 12399: 12389: 12363: 12295: 12285: 12256: 12202: 12178: 12168: 12136: 12107: 12090: 12074: 12064: 12039: 12017: 11995: 11987: 11977: 11954: 11944: 11908: 11883: 11823: 11739: 11682: 11664: 11638: 11614: 11573: 11563: 11533: 11513: 11499: 11457: 11450: 11431: 11416: 11388: 11378: 11346: 11324: 11282: 11261: 11251: 11111: 11028: 10989: 10960: 10849: 10574: 10549: 10524: 10497: 10462: 10425: 10400: 10306: 10295: 10273: 10211: 10157: 10147: 10111: 10085: 10075: 10047: 10037: 9952: 9911: 9872: 9749: 9708: 9678: 9530: 9482: 9472: 9034: 9010: 8973: 8941: 8868: 8856: 8801: 8791: 8754: 8720: 8701: 8632: 8457: 8243: 8142: 8027: 8017: 7934: 7910: 7899: 7843: 7833: 7755: 7650: 7614: 7339: 7295: 7281: 7232: 7193: 7142: 7084: 7046: 6986: 6940: 6854: 6843: 6769: 6750: 6614: 6602: 6558: 6544: 6434: 6339: 6333: 6095: 5971: 5919:– wild purge): extrajudicial executions and shaving of women's heads. Estimations by 5746: 5714: 5694: 5646: 5599: 5574: 5566: 5550: 5271: 5055: 5041: 4877: 4873: 4667: 4441: 4327: 4185: 4130: 3925: 3668: 3431: 3391: 3339: 3251: 3216: 3186: 3076: 2877:

and other symbols of republican France and, unlike many on the far right, was not an

2816: 2763: 2412: 2326: 2132: 2058: 2012: 1659: 1643: 1085: 984: 844: 818:

capital of the French State, although the Vichy government never operated from there.

15193: 14542: 14187: 12730: 11635:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans Come to the Help of their Ally (1941)

10480:

Mouré, Kenneth (2010). "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940–1944)".

10445:

Mouré, Kenneth (2010). "Food Rationing and the Black Market in France (1940–1944)".

7154: 7043:

Ecclesiastical Colony: China's Catholic Church and the French Religious Protectorate

4700:

Alexis Carrel had also taken an active part to a symposium in Pontigny organised by

4614:(STDs) and "life hygiene". Carrel's institute also conceived the "scholar booklet" ( 3995: 3943: 2318:

to weaken France and then to pressure France into declaring war on Germany in 1939.

1987: 20601: 20553: 20425: 20400: 19890: 19502: 19495: 19439: 19103: 18868: 18854: 18757: 18694: 18645: 18458: 18311: 18258: 18068: 18019: 17933: 17163: 17140: 16673: 16355: 15233: 15203: 15121: 14650: 14637: 14602: 14373: 14334: 13953: 13522: 13156: 12894: 12859: 12683: 12500: 12332: 11710: 11693:

Vichy Air Force at War: The French Air Force that Fought the Allies in World War II

11312: 10615: 10489: 10454: 10374: 10339: 10236: 10199: 9666: 9377: 9359: 9282: 8915: 8848: 8612: 8431: 8370: 7896: 7869:"Constitutional act no. 2, defining the authority of the chief of the French state" 7273: 7132: 6327: 6220:, who conceived himself above political parties and divisions. Then, the 1960s had 6103: 5734:, and their families, as well as 500 soldiers, 700 French SS, prisoners of war and 5247: 5217: 5076: 4734:

Poster above the entrance of an anti-semitic exhibition called "The Jew and France"

4409: 4152: 4076: 3931: 3774: 3612: 3515: 3287: 3275: 3274:, American forces identified French Polynesia as an ideal refuelling point between 3255: 3244: 3046: 2963: 2955: 2864: 2612: 2395: 2287: 2144: 2086: 2078: 2062: 1991: 1878: 1811: 1762: 1058: 45: 20063: 19902: 16682: 13697: 12799: 12766: 12315: 11606:

The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)

11198:

Marianne in Chains: Daily Life in the Heart of France During the German Occupation

10841: 7479:

edited by Valerie Holman and Debra Kelly, Oxford: Berghahan Books, 2000 pp. 69–74.

6508:, wore the Gestapo uniform during the war and participated in the creation of the 6291: 6221: 6173: 5068: 4175: 4010: 3091:, was effectively interned until 1943, when an agreement was reached with Admiral 2077:. Vichy was intensely anti-communist and generally pro-German; American historian 1948: 1225: 1030: 20696: 20659: 20644: 20639: 20581: 20496: 20056: 19797: 19525: 19237: 19152: 19110: 19008: 18951: 18819: 18601: 18592: 18121: 17703: 17679: 16933: 16021: 15639: 15629: 15258: 15147: 15004: 14704: 14085: 14038: 14028: 14023: 13745: 13497: 13460: 13445: 13312: 13133: 13082: 12789: 12672: 12618: 12518: 12482: 12467: 12412: 12383: 12271: 12150: 12099: 11873: 11844: 11776: 11489: 11245: 11238: 11177: 11143: 10905: 10758: 10571:

Vichy and the Eternal Feminine: A Contribution to a Political-Sociology of Gender

9982: 9815: 9779: 9549: 9448: 9366: 9341: 9289: 9115: 8988: 8964: 8674: 8420:

Lestrade, Claude (1997). "Le ralliement de Wallis à la " France libre " (1942)".

8407: 8164: 8093: 7362:

edited by Valerie Holman and Debra Kelly, Oxford: Berghahan Books, 2000 pp. 92–93

7277: 7028: 6930: 6804: 6526: 6520: 5953: 5731: 5496: 5179: 5144: 5104: 5047: 5029: 4433: 4429: 4376: 4258: 4117: 4065: 4045: 3886: 3765: 3739: 3656: 3640: 3616: 3566: 3357:

in the expectation that independence would result. Sautot subsequently sailed to

3173: 3130: 2886: 2878: 2683: 2519:

Article IV of the Armistice allowed for a small French army – the

2342: 2282:

the two; and he wanted a Franco-German-Italian alliance that would partition the

2210: 2050: 1959: 1912: 1868: 1451: 1214: 574: 394: 367: 203: 128: 20042: 19637: 15926: 12924: 11609:. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I. 8667: 8238:

Triest, Willard G. "Gearing up for Operation Bobcat" in Mason, John T., editor,

4857: 4488:) and as with the colonial troops, used by the Germans as manpower. The October 4308: 2433:

appointed the 84-year-old Pétain as the new prime minister on 16 June 1940. The

2346: 2061:

but demanded a return to traditional lines of culture and religion. It embraced

1895:

In theory, the civil jurisdiction of the Vichy government extended over most of

1176: 20853: 20619: 20614: 20606: 20430: 20388: 19965: 19532: 19068: 18994: 17046: 16905: 16061: 15996: 15634: 15455: 14882: 14825: 14559: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14430: 14425: 14309: 14276: 14177: 13887: 13425: 13388: 13242: 12934: 12693: 12678: 12327: 11858: 11698: 11316: 11118:; Biography of Louis Darquier de Pellepoix, the Commissioner for Jewish Affairs 11066: 10203: 8616: 8181: 7119:

Kocher, Matthew Adam; Lawrence, Adria K.; Monteiro, Nuno P. (1 November 2018).

6538: 6482: 6415: 6197: 6058: 5963: 5727: 5677: 5616: 5602: 5595: 5378: 5336: 5283: 5267: 5168: 4881: 4582: 4384: 4303:, and the first raids took place in May 1941. Vichy imposed no restrictions on 4265: 4129:

during the First World War had pushed forward state measures to reorganise the

4121: 4080: 3849:

in southern Algeria and racist laws. Detainees were also forced to work on the

3620: 3447: 3156: 2987: 2874: 2722: 2594: 2520: 2497: 2404: 2283: 2152: 2148: 1900: 1590: 1409: 995: 377: 153: 14192: 13760: 12844: 12432: 12403: 12078: 11958: 11392: 11181: 10732: 10705: 10089: 10051: 10029: 9486: 8512: 7847: 7800: 6309: 6134:, René Bousquet (the head of the French police during the war) and his deputy 5970:, head of the French government, were executed after trial on 4 October 1945, 5333:

Légion Française des Combattants et des volontaires de la Révolution Nationale

5275: 4662:("Man, This Unknown"). Since the early 1930s, Carrel had advocated the use of 4451:

Besides the concentration camps opened by Vichy, the Germans also opened some

3803:

by the French Resistance, most Vichy figures were arrested, including General

3748:

Operation Torch was the American and British invasion of French North Africa (

2702:

was too associated with the Third Republic. Marseilles had a reputation as an

20722: 20701: 20531: 20315: 20003: 19343: 17268: 17117: 16956: 16112: 16001: 15318: 15308: 15278: 15263: 15218: 14574: 14525: 14355: 14182: 13775: 13435: 12998: 12929: 12914: 12909: 12899: 12884: 12814: 12367: 12299: 12182: 11618: 11577: 11206: 11104: 11032: 10993: 10161: 9956: 9915: 9876: 9753: 9740:"Marine Le Pen: France 'not responsible' for deporting Jews during Holocaust" 9712: 9670: 9624: 8860: 8805: 8031: 7270:

Reactionary Nationalists, Fascists and Dictatorships in the Twentieth Century

7146: 6440: 6409: 6387: 6381: 6369: 6281: 6266: 6231: 6185: 6131: 6043: 6025: 5993: 5526:

the day before Operation Torch. Algiers was headquarters of the Vichy French

5251: 5157: 5096: 5012: 4922: 4671: 4637: 4570: 4481: 4417: 4288: 4156: 4084: 3804: 3437: 3422: 3358: 3299: 3006: 2716:

began their campaign to convince the assembled senators and deputies to vote

2687: 2430: 2356: 2315: 2197: 2140: 2094: 1798: 1650:

movement, increased in strength over the course of the occupation. After the

1558: 1394: 1135: 100:"French State" and "Fascist France" redirect here. For the modern state, see 12236:

Der verwaltete Raub. Die "Arisierung" der Wirtschaft in Frankreich 1940–1944

12229:

Frankreich in Hitlers Europa: die deutsche Frankreichpolitik im 2. Weltkrieg

11265: 11160:

Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints

10397:

Women and the Second World War in France, 1939–1948: Choices and Constraints

9865:"'France organised this': Macron denounces state role in Holocaust atrocity" 9078: 7984: 6402:, condemned in 1995 for crimes against humanity for his role as head of the 6138:. Bousquet and Leguay were both convicted for their responsibilities in the 4492:

excluded them from the civil administration and numerous other professions.

3691:, was captured on 17 June and the five-week campaign ended with the fall of 20415: 20120: 19877: 19848: 19642: 19446: 17651: 17282: 16645: 16409: 15333: 15178: 15123: 14687: 14520: 14127: 13707: 13702: 13557: 13517: 13492: 13487: 13430: 12919: 12874: 12824: 12501:

Vica Nazi Propaganda Comics – Duke University Libraries Digital Collections

12446: 12267: 12146: 12009: 11887: 11815: 11529: 11338: 11275: 10606:

Schwartz, Paula (1989). "Partisianes and Gender Politics in Vichy France".

10501: 10466: 9412: 6500: 6428: 6399: 6345: 6203: 6191: 6181: 6154: 6127: 6090:

estimated the mob executions to a number of 40,000 in 1960. This surprised

5967: 5883: 5700:

Commission gouvernementale française pour la défense des intérêts nationaux

5638: 5634: 5626: 5539: 5511: 5500: 4974: 4701: 4663: 4363: 4041: 4025: 3947: 3935: 3784: 3496: 3492: 3350: 3346: 3232: 3190: 2991: 2971: 2905: 2756: 2709: 2440: 2400: 2370: 2274: 1996: 1686: 1582: 1562: 1546: 1495: 1479: 974: 646: 531: 507: 471: 403: 400: 308: 11941:

And above all, not a word to the Maréchale ... : Pétain and his women

11556:"10 Collaboration and collaborators in Vichy France: An unfinished debate" 10761:. Axis and Foreign Volunteer Legion Military Awards & Postal History. 10343: 9578:""France" in U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum online Holocaust Encyclopedia" 8435: 8375: 8358: 8086: 7121:"Nationalism, Collaboration, and Resistance: France under Nazi Occupation" 6318:(RNP) in 1941. Joined the government in the last months of the Occupation. 4061: 1958:

On 11 November 1942, following the landing of the Allies in North Africa (

20082: 19985: 19830: 19281: 19267: 18929: 17605: 17426: 17411: 16765: 16272: 15293: 15228: 14692: 14511: 13945: 13800: 13482: 12879: 12160: 11869: 9653:"The Parisian Police and the Holocaust: Control, Round-ups, Hunt, 1940–4" 9441:

Disclosed: the zealous way Marshal Pétain enforced Nazi anti-Semitic laws

7137: 7120: 6351: 6143: 6135: 6087: 5719: 5690: 5570: 5396: 5240: 5092: 4992: 4470: 4466: 4398: 4367: 4315: 4126: 4053: 3881: 3727: 3629: 3591: 3574: 3488: 3465:

departed following a threat by America to launch a full-scale invasion.

3335: 3236: 3202: 3102: 3096: 3066: 2947: 2908:

formed the first government in 1940. The second government was formed by

2717: 2665: 2270: 2237: 2171: 2128: 2098: 1963: 1952: 1647: 1602: 1594: 1570: 1238: 357: 289: 16006: 12061:

Culture, Media, Power in the United States and Western Europe, 1945–1991

11121:

Campbell, Caroline. "Gender and Politics in Interwar and Vichy France."

10493: 10458: 10378: 10351: 9360:

Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy

9283:

Alexis Carrel, the Unknown: Eugenics and Population Research under Vichy

8919: 8384: 5693:

by the German forces. After both Pétain and Laval refused to cooperate,

4342:'s government (April 1938 – March 1940) took the decision to outlaw the 2333:. The three examples that were used to illustrate these themes were the 52: 20591: 19820: 18636: 18389: 18368: 17261: 16594: 16522: 16314: 15298: 15283: 15183: 14092: 13359: 13235: 13087: 12772: 12698: 12522: 9165:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 6 January 2011. 8821: 8740:

University of Chicago Press, 2008; the French edition appeared in 2005.

7265: 6745:

quel hymne pour le régime de Vichy ?". In Chimènes, Myriam (ed.).

6469: 6083: 6054: 5938: 5850: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5474: 5335:(French Legion of Fighters and Volunteers of the National Revolution). 5305: 5072: 4904: 4774: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4578: 4537: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4462: 4359: 4264:

In July 1940, Vichy set up a special commission charged with reviewing

4151:, a kind of semi-planned economy which led to France becoming a modern 3969: 3834: 3761: 3723: 3570: 3511: 3468: 3458: 3443: 3327: 3084: 3050: 3024: 2838: 2736: 2654: 2391: 2249: 2214: 1967: 1857: 1782: 1729: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1634:

and political refugees, and at least 72,500 French Jews were killed in

1631: 1523: 1509: 1471: 911: 588: 12350:"Was Vichy France a Puppet Government or a Willing Nazi Collaborator?" 11803: 11793: 11247:

France at War in the Twentieth Century: Propaganda, Myth, and Metaphor

11150:

France and the Second World War: Resistance, Occupation and Liberation

11085:

Collaboration and Resistance: Images of Life in Vichy France 1940–1944

10627: 10297:

France and the international economy: from Vichy to the Treaty of Rome

10248: 8883:État et identité nationale. Un rapport ambigu à propos des naturalisés 8624: 5669: 5178:

On 16 July 2017, also at a ceremony at the Vel' d'Hiv site, President

3916:, and the Communists and Jews liberated from the concentration camps. 3780: 2863:

were thus placed under the authority of the administration and of the

2801: 19929: 18899: 18304: 18101: 17912: 17710: 17665: 15380: 15213: 15173: 14942: 14902: 14897: 14728: 13975: 12281: 11936:

Et surtout, pas un mot à la Maréchale ... : Pétain et ses femmes

11108:

Bad Faith. A Forgotten History of Family, Fatherland and Vichy France

11092:

Voices from the Dark Years: The Truth About Occupied France 1940–1945

9904:"Macron Denounces Anti-Zionism as 'Reinvented Form of Anti-Semitism'" 6973: 5786: 5221: 4948: 4860:, head of the Service on Foreign Persons and Jewish Questions at the 4656:

Alexis Carrel had previously published in 1935 the best-selling book

4335: 4319: 4292: 4284: 4196:(CRS, Republican Security Companies), France's main anti-riot force. 4147: 4098: 3664: 3283: 3169: 2066: 2001:

and so could not take part in the vote. However, during the war, the

1943: 17186: 11408:

National Regeneration in Vichy France: Ideas and Policies, 1930–1944

11250:. Contemporary France (Providence, R.I.). New York: Berghahn Books. 9007:

Beyond Death and Exile; the Spanish Republicans in France, 1939-1955

8603:

Funk, Arthur L. (April 1973). "Negotiating the 'Deal with Darlan'".

7174:

National Regeneration in Vichy France: Ideas and Policies, 1930–1944

7022:

Canada's diplomatic relationships with Vichy: Foreign Affairs Canada

5825: 4749: 4512: 3985: 3399: 3366: 1704: 243: 17170: 16898: 16329: 15273: 14770: 14718: 14579: 12456:

Original "Establishment of the Vichy government" constitutional act

11924: 10619: 10240: 9335:

Eugenics in France (1913–1941) : a review of research findings

8852: 7646:

Maxime Weygand: A Biography of the French General in Two World Wars

6509: 6086:", "anarchy", or "blind vengeance". The writer and Jewish internee 4981:

In July 1942, under German orders, the French police organised the

4574: 4413: 4380: 4295:). A Vichy law of 4 October 1940 authorised internments of foreign 4160: 4037: 3688: 3600: 3504: 2691: 2245: 2241: 2227: 390: 336: 11560:

Collaboration with the Nazis: Public Discourse after the Holocaust

6719:

This nullification is hereby expressly declared and must be noted.

4606:

The Foundation was behind the 16 December 1942 Act mandating the "

3365:

and to protect the sea lanes between North America and Australia.

2290:. Beyond that, to justify both the armistice with Germany and the 19843: 19711: 11783:

Vichy's Afterlife: History & Counterhistory in Postwar France

11633:

Playfair, I. S. O.; et al. (2004) . Butler, J. R. M. (ed.).

11371:

Kroener, Bernhard R.; Muller, Rolf-Dieter; Umbreit, Hans (2000).

11167:

Vichy, Resistance, Liberation: New Perspectives on Wartime France

9049:"Saline royale d'Arc et Senans (25) – L'internement des Tsiganes" 7336:

Defending National Treasures: French Art and Heritage Under Vichy

6418:, Commander-in-Chief of the armed forces and Minister of Defense. 6260: 6072: 5673:

The Sigmaringen operation was based in the city's ancient castle.

5577:

was quashed by an overwhelming German attack by the end of July.

5523: 5214:

33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)

5016: 5001: 3934:, took advantage of his absence to exile anti-imperialist leader 3757: 3753: 3749: 3711:

convinced Churchill to allow his forces to participate, although

3680: 3655:

The next flashpoint between Britain and Vichy France came when a

3527: 2660: 2174:. In his radio speeches, Pétain always used the personal pronoun 2090: 1983: 1970:, occupying southern France and disbanding the strictly limited " 938: 814: 19669: 12036:

Les silences de la police : 16 juillet 1942–17 octobre 1961

11792:(1995) 19#2 pp 495–518, on the denial of the realities of Vichy 9943:"Macron hosts Netanyahu, condemns anti-Zionism as anti-Semitism" 9527:

Les silences de la police : 16 juillet 1942–17 octobre 1961

6567: 6275: 5590: 4322:, for example, had been set up in southwestern France after the 4028:, although it has also been argued it had an agenda of its own. 3109:

maintained diplomatic relations with the Vichy regime until the

2650:

Pierre Laval with the head of German police units in France, SS-

2457: 2186:("national revolution"), Pétain needed a radical break with the 1861:(Free Zone) in France, or less formally as the "Southern Zone" ( 1530:, ending any pretence of independence by the Vichy government. 20132: 19700: 17780: 16378: 15761: 13938: 12533: 11526:

Haile Selassie's War: The Italian−Ethiopian Campaign, 1935–1941

11428:

France since the Popular Front: Government and People 1936–1996

9345: 5985: 5702:) and informally was known as the "French Delegation" (French: 5201: 4223: 3800: 3692: 3267: 3263: 3148: 3053:

led to the complete occupation of Vichy France by the Germans.

2573: 2160: 2156: 942: 101: 11788:

Gordon, Bertram M. "The 'Vichy Syndrome' problem in history",

11440:

Lemmes, Fabian. "Collaboration in wartime France, 1940–1944",

10848:(in Norwegian) (2nd ed.). Oslo: Tanum-Norli. p. 59. 9621:

Le rôle du gouvernement de Vichy dans la déportation des juifs

8216:. Itereva Histoire-Géographie. 5 November 2006. Archived from 7897:

Christofferson, Thomas R.; Christofferson, Michael S. (2006).

6216:

national reconciliation and unity under the figure of Charles

3722:, the seizure of the large, Vichy French-controlled island of 3219:

1940 radio address. Initially, Churchill was ambivalent about

3120: 2200:

were alleged to have suffered moral degeneration and decline.

1824:

voted to give full powers to Pétain on 10 July 1940, the name

17968: 14743: 8548: 7871:. Journal Officiel de la République française. 11 July 1940. 6824:"Le Bilan de la Shoah en France [Le régime de Vichy]" 6563: 5414: 5410: 5309:

opposed the Third Republic, particularly while the left-wing

4425: 4237: 4168: 3672: 3554: 3519: 3395: 2982:

was especially hesitant and inconsistent. Roosevelt disliked

2939: 2695: 2616: 2565: 2386:

France declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939 after the

2136: 1503: 1483: 343: 331: 12273:

Vichy: Frankreich unter deutscher Besatzung ; 1940–1944

12255:

München, Oldenbourg, 2010 (Studien zur Zeitgeschichte; 80).

11679:

England's Last War Against France: Fighting Vichy, 1940–1942

11661:

Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship

8738:

The Hunt for Nazi Spies, Fighting Espionage in Vichy France.

8291:"Le Bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique (BIMP)" 7584: 7560: 7538: 7536: 7521: 7511: 7509: 7482: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7365: 5545:

Following the invasion of France via Normandy and Provence (

4214:

French Police registering new inmates at the Pithiviers camp

1845:. It also included the overseas French territories, such as 1658:(GPRF) was installed as the new national government, led by 20405: 19815: 12414:

The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France Since 1944

12190: 11820:

The Vichy Syndrome: History and Memory in France since 1944

11610: 11377:. Germany & Second World War. OUP Oxford. p. iii. 11343:

The Hunt for Nazi Spies: Fighting Espionage in Vichy France

10634: 10587: 8584: 8572: 7406: 6098:

in the whole of the country, which occurred during battle.

4996: 4885: 4641: 4452: 4330:(1936–1939), to receive the Republican refugees, including 4174:

The reorganisation and unification of the French police by

4088: 3660: 2555: 1761:

was known as a World War I hero, who was the victor of the

901: 12503: – Pro-Nazi comics produced in Vichy France 11974:

L'Eglise sous Vichy. 1940–1945. La repentance en question.

11832:

Singer, Barnett. "The Changing Image of Vichy in France",

11131:

Christofferson, Thomas R., and Michael S. Christofferson.

7624: 7435: 7433: 7394: 7358:

Flood, Christopher "Pétain and de Gaulle" pp. 88–110 from

7168: 7166: 7164: 6932:

French Crime Fiction, 1945–2005 Investigating World War II

6910: 5689:

on 25 August 1944, Pétain and his ministers were taken to

5278:. A principal motivation and ideological foundation among 4420:

department, which it quickly filled with PCF members. The

2209:

on "political and economic liberalism, with its divisive,

11703:

Choices in Vichy France: The French Under Nazi Occupation

10519:

We Will Wait: Wives of French Prisoners of War, 1940–1945

7596: 7572: 7548: 7533: 7506: 7494: 7377: 7264:

Wiewiorka, Olivier (2019). "Vichy, a Fascist State?". In

4991:) under orders by René Bousquet and his second in Paris, 4480:) were repealed, while decree n°1775 of 5 September 1943 4296: 4287:

and the extermination of all undesirables, including the

3316:

and subsequently combining with another unit to form the

1482:. It was named after its seat of government, the city of 11211:

Americans in Paris: Life and Death Under Nazi Occupation

10922:"Bousquet, Touvier and Papon: Three Vichy personalities" 9623:, notes taken by Evelyne Marsura during a conference of 5909:

Four different periods are distinguished by historians:

4899:

On 3 October 1940, the Vichy government promulgated the

4091:

sympathizers. A number of these joined the units of the

3541:

based in North Africa began bombing the British base at

2371:

Fall of France and establishment of the Vichy government

2308:("France alone") were meant to "regenerate" France from 11882:] (in French). Paris: Librairie Académique Perrin. 11548:

France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era

10682: 10422:

The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food

9217:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 9191:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 9139:. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (ushmm.org). 9009:(1st ed.). Harvard University Press. p. 124. 8904:"L'éviction des médecins juifs dans la France de Vichy" 8763: 7457: 7445: 7430: 7418: 7161: 7080:

France's New Deal: From the Thirties to the Postwar Era

6547:, chairman of the municipal council of Paris 1943–1944. 5630: 4666:

to rid humanity of its "inferior stock", endorsing the

4437: 3518:, an attempt to seize the strategic Vichy-held port of 1537:

had begun the war in September 1939 on the side of the

17040:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

11967:

Dictionnaire historique de la France sous l'Occupation

11798:

Munholland, Kim. "Wartime France: Remembering Vichy",

11562:. Routledge Jewish Studies series. London: Routledge. 11099:

France Under the Germans: Collaboration and Compromise

10670: 10658: 10071:

Collaborationism in France During the Second World War

10033:

Ukraine During World War II: History and Its Aftermath

9376:, 25:2 Spring 2002), p. 339. Also quoted in French by 8560: 8536: 8487:. Center of Military History United States Army. 1964. 8115:. International.gc.ca. 31 January 2011. Archived from 7780: 7691: 7619:

The Breaking Point: Sedan and the Fall of France, 1940

7118: 7058: 6625:

Western Front (Frankreich) Area (Luftflotte 3, France)

6573:

Collaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II

6184:(1915–1996) was convicted of crimes against humanity. 4620:"), which could be used to record students' grades in 4596:

Fondation Française pour l'Étude des Problèmes Humains

3872:

After Darlan's assassination, Henri Giraud became his

2057:, had never accepted the republican traditions of the 304:

Independent state under partial occupation (1940–1942)

11133:

France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation

11021:"Ex-Vichy Aide Is Convicted And Reaction Ranges Wide" 10569:

Muel-Dreyfus, Francine; Johnson, Kathleen A. (2001).

8410:, Gordon L. Rottman, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2002 7901:

France during World War II: From Defeat to Liberation

7892: 7890: 7747: 6898: 6790:"Allocution Radiodiffusée [Broadcast Speech]" 6665:

J'entre aujourd'hui dans la voie de la collaboration.

6452:

Legion des volontaires francais contre le bolchevisme

6082:

advancing the figures of 100,000 and denouncing the "

5459:

by 1945, it was higher than it had been for a century

5035: 4880:, head of the Gestapo in France, under the orders of 4094:

Légion des Volontaires Français contre le Bolchévisme

3196: 3185:

and took control, establishing their own colony, the

11722:, Manchester University Press, 1998, paperback 2007. 8265:

for valor during the fourth battle of Monte Cassino"

6366:, later President of the French Republic (1981–1995) 5952:, who condemned approximately 120,000 persons (e.g. 5789:), and all acts that established special tribunals. 5594:

A recruitment poster for the Milice. The text says "

5565:

since 1940 had occurred with the declaration of the

5444:

home gardens and especially black market purchases.

4653:(CNRS) was given a budget of fifty million francs." 4199: 3369:

served as a headquarters of the United States Navy (

2097:

analysed the entire range of Vichy supporters, from

2069:. The Vichy regime also framed itself as decisively 10982:"Maurice Papon, Convicted Vichy Official, 96, Dies" 10568: 9529:(in French). Paris: L'Esprit frappeur. p. 17. 9308: 9306: 9304: 9137:"Vichy discrimination against Jews in North Africa" 7189:

Fascism: A Comparative Approach Toward a Definition

6437:, writer, executed for collaboration after the war. 6336:, Vichy ambassador to the United States of America. 5771:

Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories

5619:, became independent and was transformed into the " 5143:For decades, the French government argued that the 5066:

before its destruction. For this occasion, then SS-

4921:) was created on 29 March 1941. It was directed by 3671:aircraft, staging through the French possession of 3446:became home to the bulk of the Gold reserve of the 3434:without reference to any of the Allied commanders. 3018:, who had financial responsibilities in Vichy, and 2631: 2170:To advance his message, Pétain frequently spoke on 1986:, having come to power through an unconstitutional 1855:(Unoccupied Zone) by the Germans, and known as the 1646:, working largely in concert with the London-based 13596:Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race 13379: 11653:Reign of virtue: mobilising gender in Vichy France 11510:Darlan: Admiral and Statesman of France, 1881–1942 11449: 11274: 11228:Politics, Society and Christianity in Vichy France 10699: 10697: 10646: 10546:Reign of Virtue: Mobilizing Gender in Vichy France 10516: 9602:Azéma, Jean-Pierre and Bédarida, François (dir.), 9314: 8968:. Michael Robert Marrus, Robert O. Paxton (1995). 8783: 8356: 7887: 7682: 6842: 6024:, executed under the orders of Paris Police Chief 5400:thereby, to reduce the need for trade protection. 5139:after the 16–17 July 1942 roundup of Jews in Paris 4640:). The foundation, which after the war became the 3953: 3499:on 30 August 1940. They were joined by the French 3012:Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories 2912:, and lasted just two months until February 1941. 2642:Vote of full constituent powers to Philippe Pétain 2512:French colonial prisoner in German captivity, 1940 1673:. Only four senior Vichy officials were tried for 1665:The last of the Vichy exiles were captured in the 15610: 13128:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems 13113:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy 11863:La grande histoire des Français sous l'Occupation 10956:Fire and Blood: The European Civil War, 1914–1945 10067: 9316:"Vichy mentally ill patients 'were not murdered'" 9189:"Jews in North Africa: Oppression and Resistance" 8663: 8661: 8659: 8657: 8655: 5629:himself, the SOL was led by Darnand, who held an 5538:on 24 December 1941, because, Secretary of State 5468: 5015:and French constabulary police) and crammed into 4591:French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems 4291:(who refer to the extermination of the Romani as 3960:Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy 3869:, he is believed to have acted as an individual. 3865:had been a member of the resistance group led by 3663:was put down by British forces in June 1941. The 3487:went over to the Free French almost immediately: 3483:In Central Africa, three of the four colonies in 3450:, with 286 tons of gold transported there on the 3387:that saw action in the Pacific and Indian Ocean. 3207:To counter the Vichy government, General Charles 2946:Vichy France in 1940–1942 was recognised by most 2825:(Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood) was replaced by 20720: 12033: 11586:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940–1944 9518: 9383:"Quand le négationnisme s'invite à l'université" 9301: 9215:"Jews in North Africa after the Allied Landings" 8263:bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique 7268:; Box, Zira; Morant, Toni; Sanz, Julián (eds.). 7185: 6849:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 6802: 6690: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6588:Italian occupation of France during World War II 6330:, State Secretary of Information and Propaganda. 5637:. Under Darnand and his sub-commanders, such as 5133:Commemorative plaque to the victims held in the 4358:in the Third Reich and Eastern Europe. When the 3968:23 January 1943: German-Vichy French meeting in 3930:, secretary of the general government headed by 3643:), and the British were to blockade the colony. 3319:Bataillon d'infanterie de marine et du Pacifique 3081:destruction of the French Fleet at Mers-el-Kebir 3035:Banque nationale pour le commerce et l'industrie 1974:" that Vichy had been allowed by the armistice. 1458:; 10 July 1940 – 9 August 1944), officially the 1224: 46:http://fhs.dukejournals.org/cgi/reprint/25/2/331 20814:German occupation of France during World War II 13071:List of constitutional laws of the Vichy regime 11595: 11080:(The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1985) 10787:. german-foreign-policy.com. 11 December 2007. 10694: 10390: 10388: 10143:Knight-Monks of Vichy France: Uriage, 1940–1945 10106:Azéma, Jean-Pierre; Wiewiorka, Olivier (2004). 10015:Hoffmann, Stanley (1974). "La droite à Vichy". 9701:"Chirac Affirms France's Guilt In Fate of Jews" 9616: 9614: 9612: 9031:"Aincourt, camp d'internement et centre de tri" 8993:Drancy, un camp de concentration très ordinaire 8668:Extraits de l'entretien d'Annie Rey-Goldzeiguer 8554: 8357:Regnault, Jean-Marc; Kurtovitch, Ismet (2002). 7861: 7832:. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff/Brill. p. 140. 7338:. Stanford University Press. pp. 126–128. 7005:"Historique des relations franco-australiennes" 6985: 6578:German occupation of France during World War II 6467:, co-founder of the right-wing terrorist group 6251:Category:French collaborators with Nazi Germany 4958: 3807:, chief commander in North Africa, and Admiral 3565:, along with the assistance of the Royal Navy, 2003:Vichy government was internationally recognised 1486:. Officially independent, but with half of its 14623:National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands 14495:Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy 13989:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 10759:"Flemish Legion Military and Feldpost History" 10178:(Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2015) pp. 91–112. 10105: 10074:. Cornell University Press. pp. 20, 143. 9451:, 3 October 2010, last accessed 3 October 2010 8775: 8652: 8003: 7819: 7076: 6876:"Vichy Web – The Occupiers and Their Policies" 6806:Vichy France: Old Guard and New Order, 1940-44 6598:Military history of France during World War II 6422: 6192:Historiographical debates and "Vichy syndrome" 5348: 5295:) should be distinguished from collaboration. 5206:Legion of French Volunteers Against Bolshevism 4444:were then deported, and 5,000 of them died in 4137:theories – structures retained after the 1919 3312:in 1942, distinguishing themselves during the 3286:. That first experience was valuable in later 20844:States and territories disestablished in 1944 19685: 16394: 15107: 14479: 12549: 12461:Map of the "free" and "occupied" French zones 12278:Vichy: France under the Occupation: 1940–1944 12053:Delporte, Christian; Moine, Caroline (2018). 12052: 11452:Insiders' French : beyond the dictionary 11365:The Expectation of Justice: France, 1944–1946 11333:Occupied France: Collaboration and Resistance 10899:René Bousquet devant la Haute Cour de Justice 10730: 10703: 10133: 9121:Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration 9075:"Listes des internés du camp des Milles 1941" 8725:The French Republic: History, Values, Debates 8332:"Document 3: le choix des Nouvelles-Hébrides" 7982: 7798: 7751:The Papon Affair: Memory and Justice on Trial 7705:. The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 7045:, Oxford University Press, pp. 250–251, 6845:Insiders' French : beyond the dictionary 6681: 6165:became counsellor to the Portuguese dictator 5900:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5775:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5765:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5555:Provisional Government of the French Republic 5087:In 1940, approximately 350,000 Jews lived in 4680:An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races 4631:Provisional Government of the French Republic 3687:, or Operation Exporter. The Syrian capital, 3514:and Free French forces under Gaulle launched 3478: 1656:Provisional Government of the French Republic 1427: 20061: 20040: 19900: 16177: 15378: 15153: 15145: 12347: 12280:]. Beck'sche Reihe (in German). Munich: 11727:The Unfree French: Life Under the Occupation 10812:"War memories widen Belgium's communal rift" 10385: 10061: 10023: 9609: 9313:Broughton, Philip Delves (16 October 2003). 9277: 9275: 8242:U.S. Naval Institute Press, 2003, pp. 41–51 7950: 7726:The Unfree French: Life under the Occupation 7329: 7327: 7325: 6952: 6922: 6816: 6740: 6734: 6663: 6412:, Commissioner General for Jewish Questions. 6230:(1971). Finally, in the 1990s, the trial of 5947: 5914: 5893: 5887: 5707: 5134: 5124: 4995:, with co-operation from authorities of the 4986: 4916: 4851: 4705: 4657: 4649:Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique 4646: 4615: 4594: 4456: 4179: 3824: 3696: 3417:History of French Guiana § 20th century 3378: 3363:Japanese advance in the Pacific in 1941–1942 3317: 3303: 3070: 2868: 2846: 2832: 2826: 2810: 2730: 2602: 2564:(buttoned-back greatcoats) were replaced by 2559: 2542: 2524: 2350: 2309: 2303: 2297: 2291: 2260: 2253: 2218: 2204: 2191: 2175: 1934: 1916: 1882: 1872: 1862: 1850: 1802: 1621: 1507: 1464: 228: 201: 181: 120: 104:. For the history of fascism in France, see 13190:Underground media in German-occupied France 12381: 12191:Centre de Documentation Juive Contemporaine 12063:] (in French). Malakoff: Armand Colin. 11875:Grands dossiers de l'histoire contemporaine 11243: 8694:Wright, Edmund (2006). "Vichy government". 8499:"Eight Allied Ships Sunk Off French Guiana" 8484:Guarding the United States and Its Outposts 8447: 8445: 8057:, New York: CooperSquare Press, 2000 p. 83. 7602: 7590: 7578: 7566: 7554: 7542: 7527: 7515: 7500: 7488: 7400: 7388: 7371: 6834: 6702:. Legifrance. 9 August 1944. Archived from 5886:were also stigmatised as "war profiteers" ( 5625:" (French Militia). Officially directed by 4973:Two Jewish women in occupied Paris wearing 4241:(immigrants from Mediterranean countries), 3799:In North Africa, after the 8 November 1942 3628:and left on 5 August for Aden, to join the 3121:French Indochina, Japan and Franco-Thai War 2851:) was reestablished, effectively repealing 288:The gradual loss of all Vichy territory to 20849:States and territories established in 1940 19692: 19678: 16401: 16387: 15114: 15100: 14486: 14472: 12556: 12542: 12348:Boissoneault, Lorraine (9 November 2017). 10419: 10017:Essais sur la France: déclin ou renouveau? 9454: 9419:New York: Syracuse University Press, 1977. 9163:"Jewish population of French North Africa" 8082: 8080: 8078: 8076: 8055:Occupation The Ordeal of France, 1940–1944 7801:"Loi constitutionnelle du 10 Juillet 1940" 6529:, writer and founder of royalist movement 6067:, prison guards asked him for autographs. 5932:or legal purge), which began with Charles 5615:(SOL) collaborationist militia, headed by 5585: 5250:in 1974 and then other historians such as 5020:the end of the war. Although the Nazi VT ( 4911:was signed authorising their detention. A 4401:never ceased to hire during this period." 4326:, in the first months of 1939, during the 4159:, a renowned physician who also supported 3766:killing 479 Allied forces and wounding 720 2452: 2352:Faut-il réduire l'Angleterre en esclavage? 2269:The key component of Vichy's ideology was 1434: 1420: 282: 242: 11932: 11691:Sutherland, Jonathan, and Diane Canwell. 11135:(2nd ed. 2006) 206pp; brief introduction 10332:Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 10174:Hans Petter Graver, "The Opposition", in 9983:"Israel PM mourns France's deported Jews" 9312: 9272: 8889:, hors-série 2007, pp. 39–49 (see p. 48) 8451: 8374: 8363:Revue d'Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine 8187: 8009: 7825: 7333: 7322: 7263: 7136: 5866:Learn how and when to remove this message 5758: 5658: 4918:Commissariat Général aux Questions Juives 4834:Learn how and when to remove this message 4589:(PPF), advocated for the creation of the 4553:Learn how and when to remove this message 4165:National Institute of Demographic Studies 4068:, a monarchist writer and founder of the 3413:History of Martinique § World War II 3342:and onwards to the Liberation of France. 3135:Japanese coup de main in French Indochina 2978:The US position towards Vichy France and 2958:. The most important such action was the 2743:would later be annulled in August 1944.) 2117:Propaganda poster for the Vichy Regime's 1925:The Nazis had some intention of annexing 1877:by German forces in November 1942. Other 1745:Learn how and when to remove this message 81:Learn how and when to remove this message 13212:Newspapers confiscated for collaboration 12028:La vie politique à Alger, de 1940 à 1944 11943:] (in French). Paris: Albin Michel. 11632: 11456:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11302: 10952: 10834: 10605: 10548:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 10268:. New York: St. Martin's Press. p. 10261: 10014: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9096: 8781: 8590: 8578: 8442: 8419: 7792: 7463: 7451: 7439: 7424: 7412: 6880:French Studies, University of Birmingham 6873: 6732: 6726: 6006: 5984:finally came the period for amnesty and 5676: 5668: 5589: 5580: 5482: 5377: 5352: 5229: 5128: 4968: 4729: 4670:discourse. One of the founders of these 4318:and later used them for other purposes. 4217: 4209: 3963: 3815:finally accepted his self-nomination as 3779: 3590: 3142: 3055: 3038:(National Bank for Trade and Industry). 2933: 2800: 2664:Pierre Laval and Philippe Pétain in the 2659: 2645: 2507: 2456: 2417: 2382:are marched off under German guard, 1940 2374: 2343:Anglo-Free French attempt to seize Dakar 2112: 1792: 1776: 1573:. Shortly thereafter, Pétain signed the 106:History of far-right movements in France 34:lists the same citations more than once. 16:Client state of Nazi Germany (1940–1944) 13617:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs 13195:Freedom of the Press Ordinances of 1944 12196: 12038:(in French). Paris: L'Esprit frappeur. 11986: 11766:France at War: Vichy and the Historians 11523: 11447: 11370: 11345:, (University of Chicago Press, 2008). 11272: 11165:Diamond, Hanna, and Simon Kitson, eds. 11152:(Introduction to History) (2000) 128pp 11018: 10979: 10840: 10688: 10640: 10593: 10543: 10514: 10394: 10265:Jean Monnet: The Path to European Unity 10262:Brinkley, Douglas; et al. (1992). 10139: 10010: 10008: 9940: 9901: 9737: 9524: 8769: 8566: 8477: 8475: 8473: 8139:La France à l'heure allemande 1940–1944 8073: 8013:Concise Oxford Dictionary of Quotations 7786: 7630: 7231:. U. of California Press. p. 298. 7224: 7064: 6916: 6904: 6840: 6593:List of French possessions and colonies 6004:etc.) and civil servants (Papon etc.). 5633:rank and pledged an oath of loyalty to 4936:Union générale des israélites de France 4913:Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs 4257:, and left-wing activists. Inspired by 3910:French Committee of National Liberation 3839:scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon 3744:French Committee of National Liberation 3650: 3599:The governor of French Somaliland (now 3254:, debate arose among the population of 2960:scuttling of the French fleet in Toulon 2792:The text voted by the Congress stated: 2483:French prisoners of war in World War II 2038:The Vichy regime sought an anti-modern 1691:Events preceding World War II in Europe 20721: 18248: 18226:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 15769: 15594: 15390: 15166: 13162:Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline 12410: 12266: 12145: 11553: 11481:. (Stanford University Press, 1995). 11477:Marrus, Michael R. and Robert Paxton. 11244:Holman, Valerie; Kelly, Debra (2000). 10980:Whitney, Craig R. (18 February 2007). 10364: 10325: 10187: 9895: 9857: 9772: 9698: 9471:] (in French). Editions Romillat. 8693: 8513:"Encyclopedia Britannica – Guadeloupe" 8087:When the US wanted to take over France 7642: 7477:France At War In the Twentieth Century 7360:France At War In the Twentieth Century 7245:from the original on 27 September 2015 7192:. U. of Wisconsin Press. p. 137. 6928: 5193: 4163:. This institution was renamed as the 3811:. Darlan was released, and US General 3733: 2390:on 1 September. After the eight-month 20834:Political history of France by period 19673: 19097:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 18529:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 18175:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 18131:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 17236:Rape during the occupation of Germany 16382: 15095: 14467: 12537: 11994:. Tempus (in French). Paris: Perrin. 11928:(in French). Le Point Communications. 11917: 11736:Vichy Law and the Holocaust in France 11658: 11000:from the original on 16 December 2017 10765:from the original on 24 February 2009 10652: 10479: 10444: 10292: 10224: 10146:. Montreal: McGill-Queen. p. 5. 9780:"France opens WW2 Vichy regime files" 9692: 9584:from the original on 2 September 2012 9323:from the original on 10 January 2022. 9093: 9004: 8901: 8542: 8314: 8312: 8193: 8158:Lawrence Journal-World – Aug 22, 1944 7905:. Fordham University Press. pp. 7723: 7114: 7112: 7040: 6784: 6782: 6649:Given full constituent powers in the 5569:on 3 July 1944, at the behest of the 5164:, during the 2017 election campaign. 4486:groupements de travailleurs étrangers 4097:(Legion of French Volunteers Against 4024:Vichy is often described as a German 3099:as the legitimate French government. 2966:as American ambassador. US President 264: German military occupation zone 53:https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2Fcrq025 18219:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 17251:Rape during the liberation of France 14303:The Destruction of the European Jews 13145:Political situation in French Africa 13140:Police collaboration in Vichy France 12163: ? n° 1720 (in French). Paris: 11880:Major issues in contemporary history 11868: 11810:French Politics, Culture and Society 11039:from the original on 2 February 2018 10880:from the original on 13 January 2014 10822:from the original on 31 January 2012 10809: 10712:from the original on 8 February 2012 10676: 10664: 10523:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 10005: 9993:from the original on 5 December 2017 9963:from the original on 1 February 2018 9922:from the original on 28 January 2018 9883:from the original on 24 October 2017 9790:from the original on 9 November 2017 9760:from the original on 13 January 2018 9719:from the original on 7 December 2017 9650: 9460: 8834: 8602: 8470: 8423:Journal de la Société des Océanistes 7875:from the original on 8 December 2015 7768:from the original on 2 November 2015 7684:"Spying for Germany in Vichy France" 7663:from the original on 1 November 2015 7206:from the original on 24 October 2015 7097:from the original on 24 October 2015 6035:The French members of the Waffen-SS 5848:adding citations to reliable sources 5819: 5082: 4772:adding citations to reliable sources 4743: 4691:Carrel also wrote this in his book: 4535:adding citations to reliable sources 4506: 4502: 4194:Compagnies Républicaines de Sécurité 3619:, the main military base. After the 3580: 3292:supplied the Allied ships and planes 3226: 2923: 1927:a large swath of northeastern France 1727:adding citations to reliable sources 1698: 1520:occupation of France by Nazi Germany 18: 14801:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman 12382:Conan, Eric; Rousso, Henry (1998). 11738:. New York University Press. 1998. 11655:(University of Chicago Press, 2012) 11305:The Journal of Contemporary History 11078:From Munich to Liberation 1938–1944 9357:Quoted in Andrés Horacio Reggiani. 8812:from the original on 15 August 2016 7007:. 27 September 2006. Archived from 6348:, Prime Minister (1940, 1942–1944). 6116:executing only 37 collaborationists 5487:Progressive end of the Vichy regime 4929:until February 1944. Mirroring the 4725: 4366:, but any German citizen (or other 4346:(PCF) following the signing of the 3326:, distinguishing themselves at the 3298:. Troops from French Polynesia and 1971: 1614:two million French prisoners-of-war 13: 20799:Former countries in French history 20789:Catholicism and far-right politics 18445:German invasion of the Netherlands 16725:Weather events during World War II 13004:French National-Collectivist Party 12341: 12201:(in French). Paris: Seuil Arènes. 11905:Le régime de Vichy et les Français 11019:Whitney, Craig R. (3 April 1998). 10919: 9195:from the original on 3 August 2009 9077:. Jewishtraces.org. Archived from 8309: 8102:, May 2003 (English, French, etc.) 7991:from the original on 29 March 2013 7966:"Centre for History and Economics" 7109: 6779: 6733:Dompnier, Nathalie (2001). "Entre 6630:World War II in the Basque Country 6342:, general and Minister of Defense. 6306:, Commissioner for Jewish Affairs. 6244: 5573: – but that act of 5389:mobilisation of non-ferrous metals 5036:August 1942 and January 1943 raids 4020:(Commissioner for Jewish Affairs). 3197:Colonial struggle with Free France 2755:who opposed Laval became known as 1797:Personal flag of Philippe Pétain, 1609:shaped by the victorious Germany. 1490:occupied under the harsh terms of 14: 20880: 19699: 19076:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 15549:Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe 14555:Armenian Revolutionary Federation 13118:Collaboration with Imperial Japan 13076:French Constitutional Law of 1940 12752:French Constitutional Law of 1940 12440: 11918:Béglé, Jérôme (20 January 2014). 11750: 11720:The French Empire at War, 1940–45 11498:. (Sussex Academic Press, 2016). 11472:Journal of European Social Policy 11277:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 10791:from the original on 23 July 2011 10573:. Durham: Duke University Press. 9902:Goldman, Russell (17 July 2017). 9845:from the original on 24 July 2014 9344:", Joint Programmatic Commission 8835:Zalc, Claire (16 November 2020). 8399:World War II Pacific Island Guide 8271:from the original on 11 July 2011 8113:"Canada and the World: A History" 7807:from the original on 23 July 2001 6774:France: The Dark Years, 1940–1944 6269:in 1941, who was executed in 1944 5420: 4428:, was used to intern Romani. The 4348:German–Soviet non-aggression pact 4200:Racial policies and collaboration 4143:Conseil National de la Résistance 3908:then became co-presidents of the 3896:, with Roosevelt, Churchill, and 3817:High Commissioner of North Africa 3587:French Somaliland in World War II 2930:Foreign relations of Vichy France 2638:French Constitutional Law of 1940 2622: 2491: 2302:together with Pétain's policy of 2159:) arranged so as to resemble the 1767:the Germans' Nazi racial policies 1630:and other "undesirables" such as 20754:1944 disestablishments in France 20749:1944 disestablishments in Europe 19636: 16408: 16037:Serbia (Commissioner Government) 14651:Russian Liberation People's Army 13601:Second law on the status of Jews 13028:Légion Française des Combattants 12563: 12165:Presses Universitaires de France 12014:Vichy, un passé qui ne passe pas 11695:(Pen & Sword Aviation, 2011) 11597:Playfair, Major-General I. S. O. 11012: 10973: 10946: 10934:from the original on 20 May 2011 10913: 10892: 10862: 10810:Helm, Sarah (16 February 1996). 10803: 10777: 10751: 10739:from the original on 12 May 2013 10724: 10599: 10562: 10537: 10508: 10473: 10438: 10413: 10358: 10319: 10286: 10255: 10218: 10181: 10168: 10124: 10099: 9975: 9934: 9821: 9802: 9738:McAuley, James (10 April 2017). 9731: 9699:Simons, Marlise (17 July 1995). 9644: 9633: 9596: 9570: 9543: 9493: 9432: 9422: 9405: 9351: 9327: 9259: 9247:from the original on 4 June 2011 9233: 9207: 9181: 9155: 9129: 9067: 9055:from the original on 21 May 2011 9041: 9023: 8998: 8982: 8950: 8930: 8895: 8875: 8828: 8790:. Paris: PUF. pp. 143–193. 8501:. The Advertiser. 12 March 1943. 7754:. Psychology Press. p. 14. 6566:, Allied intelligence center in 6476:Mouvement social révolutionnaire 6315:Rassemblement national populaire 6274: 6259: 6161:escaped to Quebec, then Brazil. 5913:the first phase of mob justice ( 5824: 5736:French civilian forced labourers 5403: 5322:Légion Française des Combattants 5054:, the French police checked the 4748: 4511: 4422:Royal Saltworks at Arc-et-Senans 3139:French Indochina in World War II 2729:, who were then aboard the ship 2632:10 July 1940 vote of full powers 2075:Germany invaded the Soviet Union 2049:in France, with strength in the 1703: 1403: 1388: 854: 792: 774: 750: 732: 691: 673: 212: 160: 146: 23: 16017:Norway (Administrative Council) 14663:Slovak Expeditionary Army Group 13292:France, revue de l'État nouveau 13185:Censorship under the occupation 11757:Conan, Eric, and Henry Rousso. 11367:. (Duke University Press. 1999) 11054: 9941:McAuley, James (16 July 2017). 9658:Journal of Contemporary History 9221:from the original on 6 May 2009 9169:from the original on 6 May 2009 9143:from the original on 6 May 2009 8751:World War Two. Nation by Nation 8743: 8730: 8723:, "The Republic and Vichy." in 8714: 8687: 8639: 8605:Journal of Contemporary History 8596: 8526: 8505: 8491: 8413: 8391: 8350: 8324: 8283: 8253: 8232: 8206: 8170: 8151: 8131: 8105: 8060: 8047: 8038: 7976: 7958: 7943: 7923: 7741: 7732: 7717: 7675: 7636: 7608: 7469: 7352: 7257: 7218: 7179: 7070: 7034: 7015: 6997: 6979: 6962: 6656: 6643: 6172:In 1993, former Vichy official 6121: 5892:), and popularly called "BOF" ( 5835:needs additional citations for 5718:), and hosted the embassies of 5514:as a preferable alternative to 5479:Operation Attila (World War II) 4856:). Under the responsibility of 4783:"Vichy antisemitic legislation" 4759:needs additional citations for 4678:in his 1853–1855 essay titled " 4522:needs additional citations for 3954:Collaboration with Nazi Germany 3425:build powerful transmitters on 3183:coup d'état in French Indochina 2155:and the double-headed hatchet ( 1890: 1714:needs additional citations for 1654:began in 1944, the Free French 1506:in the unoccupied "free zone" ( 20031:Government of National Defense 19323:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 17033:Territorial changes of Germany 16941:Indonesian National Revolution 13094:Service du travail obligatoire 13066:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre 12576:World War II collaboration in: 12087:Les Juifs pendant l'Occupation 11802:(1994) 18#3 pp. 801–820 8995:, Cherche Midi éditeur (2005). 8334:. 17 July 2010. Archived from 8010:Ratcliffe, Susan, ed. (2011). 7748:Richard Joseph Golsan (2000). 6929:Hutton, Margaret-Anne (2016). 6867: 6796: 6763: 6153:terrorist movement during the 5469:German invasion, November 1942 4334:from all nations, fleeing the 3938:and arrest the leaders of his 3699:Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre 3595:Map of French Somaliland, 1922 2892: 2425:meeting Hitler in October 1940 2081:found that it was "distinctly 1909:French protectorate of Tunisia 1905:French protectorate in Morocco 1772: 1623:service du travail obligatoire 1: 20864:Former states and territories 20794:Client states of Nazi Germany 20739:1940 establishments in France 20734:1940 establishments in Europe 19940:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756 19935:War of the Spanish Succession 18723:Japanese invasion of Thailand 18674:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 18438:German invasion of Luxembourg 16819:Mediterranean and Middle East 16042:Serbia (Council of Ministers) 14724:Collaborationist Chinese Army 13217:Office français d'information 13038:Revolutionary Social Movement 12709:History of the Jews in France 11423:, (1947); U.S. policy 1940–42 11123:Contemporary European History 10301:. London: Routledge. p. 10293:Lynch, Frances M. B. (1997). 9651:Joly, Laurent (23 May 2019). 9606:, 2 vol., Paris, Seuil, 1993 9348:-ONG Science and Ethics, 2003 8841:The Journal of Modern History 8697:A Dictionary of World History 7334:Karlsgodt, Elizabeth (2011). 7083:. Princeton U.P. p. 12. 6675: 6324:, Prime Minister (1940–1941). 6300:, Prime Minister (1941–1942). 6061:; according to the newspaper 5956:, the leader of the royalist 5936:'s 26 and 27 June 1944 purge 5812:Pursuit of Nazi collaborators 5101:concentration camps in France 4740:Vichy anti-Jewish legislation 4633:(GPRF) after the Liberation. 4612:sexually transmitted diseases 4446:Mauthausen concentration camp 4270:reform of the nationality law 3826:Afrique occidentale française 3231:Until 1962, France possessed 3176:. Although the French won an 3028:and entrepreneur, as well as 2770:Abrogation of legal procedure 2394:, the Germans launched their 1977: 1879:contemporary colloquial terms 1812:Zone libre § Other names 1785:). The yellow zone was under 65:to identify unique citations. 18630:Invasion of the Soviet Union 18319:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 17637:Independent State of Croatia 15815:Army Group Rear Area Command 15122:Administrative divisions in 13015:Jeunesse Populaire Française 12507:NAZI diplomacy: Vichy, 1940 12417:. Harvard University Press. 11681:, London, Weidenfeld, 2009. 11335:(Oxford, 1985), short survey 10036:. CIUS Press. pp. 45–. 9818:, Président de la république 9051:. Cheminsdememoire.gouv.fr. 8727:(2011): 65–73 quoting p. 65. 8456:. Macmillan London Limited. 8167:. Retrieved 17 January 2016. 7278:10.1007/978-3-030-22411-0_17 6491:(PPF) and member of the LVF. 6431:, also known as Pierre Bony. 6294:, head of the French police. 6142:of July 1942. Among others, 5753: 5427:Black market in Vichy France 5387:1941 it also instituted the 5112:rather than by the Germans. 4959:July 1942 Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4890:11th arrondissement of Paris 3867:Henri d'Astier de La Vigerie 3829:, AOF), a move that enraged 3695:and the Convention of Acre ( 3421:A Vichy France plan to have 3308:in 1940; became part of the 3164:, the prime minister of the 3127:Invasion of French Indochina 2822:Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité 2476: 2337:in May 1940, the Royal Navy 1931:invasion of the Soviet Union 190:("Work, Family, Fatherland") 7: 19614:End of World War II in Asia 19454:Western invasion of Germany 18961:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 18938:Second Battle of El Alamein 18508:Hundred Regiments Offensive 18480:Battle of the Mediterranean 18333:Italian invasion of Albania 16507:Air warfare of World War II 16197:Belgium and Northern France 15820:Belgium and Northern France 14565:Battaglione Azad Hindoustan 14242:Municipal elections of 1945 13925:Service d'ordre légionnaire 13533:French protectorate of Laos 13207:Maréchal, nous voilà ! 12840:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 12385:Vichy: An Ever-present Past 11759:Vichy: An ever-present past 11281:. Oxford University Press. 11273:Jackson, Julian T. (2001). 9838:(in French). 16 July 1995. 9627:at Lyon on 4 November 2000 9604:La France des années noires 8700:. Oxford University Press. 8452:Stevenson, William (1976). 8240:The Pacific War Remembered. 8196:Revue Historique des Armées 8016:. OUP Oxford. p. 291. 7970:www.histecon.magd.cam.ac.uk 6551: 6443:, founder of the far-right 6423:Non-Vichy collaborationists 6384:, Minister of the Interior. 6304:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 6167:António de Oliveira Salazar 5795:Service d'ordre légionnaire 5612:Service d'ordre légionnaire 5349:Social and economic history 5342:Service d'Ordre Légionnaire 4925:until May 1942 and then by 4018:Louis Darquier de Pellepoix 3406: 3241:Louis Alexis Étienne Bonvin 2899:Governments of Vichy France 2834:travaux forcés à perpetuité 2597:, and almost 40,000 in the 2027: 1680: 231:Maréchal, nous voilà ! 10: 20885: 20421:French subdivisions by GDP 20168:2022 presidential election 20153:2017 presidential election 19540:Naval bombardment of Japan 18908:First Battle of El Alamein 18827:Battle of Christmas Island 18772:Japanese invasion of Burma 18536:Italian invasion of Greece 18452:German invasion of Belgium 18424:German invasion of Denmark 18397:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 18266:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 16530:Comparative military ranks 15699:Civil Administration Areas 15304:Southern Hanover–Brunswick 14754:First Indian National Army 14267:Holocaust denial in France 14218:Ordinance of 9 August 1944 12956:Government of Vichy France 11865:, 8 volumes, Laffont, 1976 11558:. In Stauber, Roni (ed.). 11442:European Review of History 11317:10.1177/002200949402900406 11059: 10420:Collingham, E. M. (2011). 10326:Berger, Françoise (2003). 10204:10.1177/026569148601600202 10191:European History Quarterly 10068:Bertram M. Gordon (1980). 8887:Journal des anthropologues 8753:, London, Cassell, p. 86. 8617:10.1177/002200947300800205 7649:. McFarland. p. 111. 6993:. Knopf. pp. 364–376. 6747:La vie musicale sous Vichy 6583:Government of Vichy France 6248: 6195: 5966:, head of the Milice, and 5809: 5783:Ordinance of 9 August 1944 5773:, strove to establish the 5762: 5681:Liberation of France, 1944 5662: 5503:in exile in the so-called 5472: 5424: 5373: 5199: 5039: 4962: 4909:law regarding foreign Jews 4903:, which created a special 4737: 4281:Internment camps in France 4203: 4181:groupes mobiles de réserve 3957: 3737: 3584: 3510:On 23 September 1940, the 3479:Equatorial and West Africa 3410: 3338:; and participated in the 3233:four colonies across India 3200: 3124: 3047:French-Canadian population 3032:, general director of the 2927: 2896: 2635: 2501: 2495: 2480: 2465: 2031: 1809: 1684: 767:Commission for the Defense 491:• 1941–1942 (acting) 479:• 1940–1941 (acting) 272: French protectorates 248:The French State in 1942: 99: 92: 20682: 20572: 20482: 20473: 20369: 20360: 20262: 20253: 20191: 20182: 20103: 19984: 19953: 19925:Second Hundred Years' War 19876: 19829: 19796: 19775: 19767:Liberalism and radicalism 19719: 19710: 19629: 19461:Bratislava–Brno offensive 19401: 19392:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 19129: 19016:Allied invasion of Sicily 18970: 18876:Aleutian Islands campaign 18848:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 18795: 18786:Greek famine of 1941–1944 18681:Second Battle of Changsha 18586:German invasion of Greece 18554: 18431:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 18406: 18344: 18239: 18120: 17846: 17756: 17604: 17307: 17298: 17056: 16881: 16773:North and Central Pacific 16734: 16496: 16489: 16416: 16348: 16307: 16300: 16265: 16225: 16189: 16176: 16156: 16070: 15914: 15907: 15879: 15805: 15785: 15760: 15697: 15686: 15652: 15585: 15569:North Brabant and Limburg 15564:South Holland and Zeeland 15559:North Holland and Utrecht 15554:Gelderland and Overijssel 15539: 15468: 15416: 15377: 15347: 15144: 15131: 14823: 14703: 14519: 14509: 14505: 14408: 14365: 14319: 14294: 14285: 14247:1946 legislative election 14203: 14145: 14115: 14061:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 14001: 13962: 13916: 13860: 13853: 13844: 13809: 13721: 13688: 13635: 13609: 13591:Law on the status of Jews 13581: 13570: 13510: 13473: 13411: 13371:Syria and Lebanon mandate 13351: 13170: 13103: 13051: 12989: 12948: 12782: 12747:Armistice of 22 June 1940 12739: 12652: 12571: 12481:27 September 2007 at the 12476:coverage of the armistice 12217: 12197:Sémelin, Jacques (2013). 12128:.: A documentary history. 12034:Jean-Luc Einaudi (2001). 11933:Bentégeat, Hervé (2014). 11897:& François Bedarida, 11851: 11800:French Historical Studies 11790:French Historical Studies 11761:(UP of New England, 1998) 11524:Mockler, Anthony (1984). 11479:Vichy France and the Jews 11448:Levieux, Eleanor (1999). 11110:. New York: Knopf. 2006. 11094:(The History Press, 2015) 11087:(2000) 220pp; photographs 10816:The Independent on Sunday 10608:French Historical Studies 10544:Pollard, Miranda (1998). 10228:French Historical Studies 9373:French Historical Studies 9295:French Historical Studies 8970:Stanford University Press 8958:Vichy France and the Jews 8940:, Romillat, 2004, p. 91, 8137:Burrin, Philippe (1997). 7931:De Munich à la Libération 7228:Fascism: A Reader's Guide 7186:Stanley G. Payne (1983). 6841:Levieux, Eleanor (1999). 6803:Robert O. Paxton (1972). 6147:Serge and Beate Klarsfeld 6104:Irma Swertvaeger Laplasse 5805: 5292: 5147:had been dismantled when 5125:Government responsibility 4931:Reich Association of Jews 4901:Law on the status of Jews 4647: 4490:law on the status of Jews 4000:(Commander of Marseilles 3679:forces invaded Syria and 3501:League of Nations mandate 3427:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 3147:Japanese troops entering 3016:Maurice Couve de Murville 2568:and simplified uniforms. 2468:Armistice of 22 June 1940 2388:German invasion of Poland 1843:Armistice of 22 June 1940 1804:(Chef de l'État Français) 1575:Armistice of 22 June 1940 1541:. On 10 May 1940, it was 1500:a policy of collaboration 808: 652: 642: 638: 625: 612: 599: 584: 571: 554: 541: 537: 527: 517: 513: 501: 489: 477: 465: 453: 449: 439: 435: 423: 419: 409: 383: 373: 363: 353: 324: 297: 281: 241: 237:("Marshal, here we are!") 194: 176: 142: 137: 115: 20839:Politics of World War II 20824:Modern history of France 20809:France–Germany relations 20759:Anti-communism in France 20196:Administrative divisions 19053:Allied invasion of Italy 19030:Solomon Islands campaign 18779:Third Battle of Changsha 18376:First Battle of Changsha 18282:Second Sino-Japanese War 17222:German military brothels 17088:United States war crimes 15807:Military administrations 15339:Württemberg-Hohenzollern 14673:Ukrainian Insurgent Army 14618:National Republican Army 14613:Latvian Auxiliary Police 14538:Albanian Fascist Militia 14257:Trial of Philippe Pétain 13932:Groupe mobile de réserve 13475:French Equatorial Africa 13278:L'Émancipation nationale 13180:Antisemitic publications 12517:22 February 2019 at the 12491:"Obituary of a Republic" 12308: 11764:Fishman, Sarah, et al. 11237:13 December 2019 at the 11142:14 December 2019 at the 11083:Azema, Jean-Pierre, ed. 10846:Det vanskelige oppgjøret 9671:10.1177/0022009419839774 9562:La Bataille de Marseille 9461:Rémy, Dominique (1992). 9417:The Theology of Medicine 9340:18 February 2006 at the 8096:, Annie Lacroix-Riz, in 8092:27 November 2010 at the 7933:, Le Seuil, 1979, p. 82 7826:Beigbeder, Yves (2006). 7643:Singer, Barnett (2008). 7225:Laqueur, Walter (1978). 6636: 6514:Service d'Action Civique 6495:Pierre Drieu La Rochelle 6488:Parti Populaire Français 6393:Parti Populaire Français 6163:Jacques Ploncard d'Assac 5567:Free Republic of Vercors 5447: 5264:Parti Populaire Français 5226:Groupe mobile de réserve 4622:French secondary schools 4573:, an early proponent of 3892:Giraud took part in the 3683:; this was known as the 3567:invaded Vichy-held Gabon 3551:French Equatorial Africa 3485:French Equatorial Africa 3385:Free French Naval Forces 3371:Naval Base New Caledonia 3310:1st Free French Division 3278:and Australia and, with 3260:referendum was organised 3093:Andrew Browne Cunningham 2861:departmental commissions 2828:Travail, Famille, Patrie 1636:Nazi concentration camps 1213: 1175: 1005: 994: 973: 184:Travail, Famille, Patrie 20869:Provisional governments 20819:The Holocaust in France 20416:Franc (former currency) 20021:Coup of 2 December 1851 19994:Long nineteenth century 19475:Second Guangxi campaign 19330:Philippines (1944–1945) 18834:Battle of the Coral Sea 18737:Fall of the Philippines 18383:Battle of South Guangxi 18289:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 17695:Italian Social Republic 14791:Royal Thai Armed Forces 14781:Manchukuo Imperial Army 14766:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 14714:Burma Independence Army 14646:Russian Liberation Army 14608:Kalmykian Cavalry Corps 14570:Belarusian Home Defence 14534:Albanian collaborators 14349:The Sorrow and the Pity 14163:Siegfried Line campaign 13970:SS Charlemagne division 13832:The Holocaust in France 12981:Second Laval government 12850:Charles du Paty de Clam 12830:Pierre-Antoine Cousteau 12512:The Holocaust in France 12360:Smithsonian Institution 12321:The Sorrow and the Pity 12106:, Fayard, Paris, 1985, 12030:, L.G.D.J., Paris 1963. 12016:, Fayard, Paris, 1994, 11976:, Perrin, Paris, 1998. 11707:excerpt and text search 11590:excerpt and text search 11554:Michel, Alain (2014) . 11488:11 October 2017 at the 11444:(2008), 15#2 pp 157–177 11412:excerpt and text search 11223:(Westport, Conn., 1998) 11215:excerpt and text search 11202:excerpt and text search 11192:excerpt and text search 11154:excerpt and text search 10953:Traverso, Enzo (2016). 10904:3 December 2002 at the 10515:Fishman, Sarah (1991). 10395:Diamond, Hanna (1999). 10140:Hellman, John (2008) . 10110:. Perrin. p. 234. 9447:1 December 2016 at the 9365:4 February 2007 at the 9288:4 February 2007 at the 9114:28 January 2016 at the 8963:24 October 2015 at the 8782:Boninchi, Marc (2005). 8163:26 January 2016 at the 7724:Vinen, Richard (2006). 7603:Holman & Kelly 2000 7591:Holman & Kelly 2000 7579:Holman & Kelly 2000 7567:Holman & Kelly 2000 7555:Holman & Kelly 2000 7543:Holman & Kelly 2000 7528:Holman & Kelly 2000 7516:Holman & Kelly 2000 7501:Holman & Kelly 2000 7489:Holman & Kelly 2000 7401:Holman & Kelly 2000 7389:Holman & Kelly 2000 7372:Holman & Kelly 2000 7077:Philip G. Nord (2010). 6227:The Sorrow and the Pity 6178:crimes against humanity 5949:Commissions d'épuration 5798:, were also dissolved. 5586:Independence of the SOL 5110:Paris Police Prefecture 4977:before the mass arrests 4870:department of the Seine 4299:on the sole basis of a 4268:granted since the 1927 4133:against the prevailing 4120:and engineers from the 4107:SS Charlemagne Division 3940:Algerian People's Party 3495:on 29 August 1940, and 3332:Battle of Monte Cassino 3296:battle of the Coral Sea 3262:on 2 September 1940 in 3178:important naval victory 2970:and Secretary of State 2938:A propaganda poster in 2812:chef de l'État français 2453:Conditions of armistice 2380:French prisoners of war 2339:attack at Mers-el-Kébir 2196:("decadence") when the 2093:". Political scientist 2007:attack on Mers-el-Kébir 1675:crimes against humanity 1557:, and as an extension, 1543:invaded by Nazi Germany 820: 811: 20804:France in World War II 20764:Antisemitism in France 20436:Science and technology 20093:Provisional Government 20062: 20041: 19901: 19060:Armistice of Cassibile 18862:Battle of Dutch Harbor 18813:Battle of the Java Sea 18716:Attack on Pearl Harbor 18616:Syria–Lebanon campaign 18609:Battle of South Shanxi 18579:Invasion of Yugoslavia 18362:Battle of the Atlantic 17976:Korean Liberation Army 17689:(until September 1943) 17646:(until September 1944) 17624:(until September 1944) 16178: 15908:Puppet administrations 15712:Carinthia and Carniola 15379: 15154: 15146: 15126:and German occupations 14776:Malayan Volunteer Army 14642:Russian collaborators 14590:Finnish Defence Forces 14223:Provisional Government 13883:15th Military Division 13878:14th Military Division 13713:Yellow badge in France 13033:National Popular Rally 12966:First Laval government 12855:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 12689:French colonial empire 12411:Rousso, Henry (1991). 12089:, Seuil, Paris, 1991, 11901:, Paris, Fayard, 1996. 11550:(Princeton U.P., 2010) 11474:(2015) 25#1 pp: 32–49. 11358:International Security 11125:27.3 (2018): 482–499. 10424:. London: Allen Lane. 10176:Judges Against Justice 9836:www.jacqueschirac-asso 9505:encyclopedia.ushmm.org 9118:on the website of the 8786:Vichy et l'ordre moral 8673:1 October 2013 at the 7951: 7703:Holocaust Encyclopedia 7125:International Security 7041:Young, Ernest (2013), 6953: 6809:. Barrie and Jenkins. 6741: 6735: 6664: 6459:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 6322:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 6159:Jacques de Bernonville 6106:, were controversial. 6053:Among artists, singer 6022:Paris massacre of 1961 6012: 5979:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 5948: 5915: 5894: 5888: 5759:Provisional government 5724:Louis-Ferdinand Céline 5708: 5703: 5699: 5682: 5674: 5659:Sigmaringen commission 5643:Jacques de Bernonville 5606: 5571:Free French government 5536:St Pierre and Miquelon 5488: 5383: 5358: 5244: 5236:Légion des Volontaires 5140: 5135: 4987: 4978: 4917: 4852: 4735: 4707:Entretiens de Pontigny 4706: 4698: 4689: 4658: 4616: 4608:prenuptial certificate 4595: 4457: 4352:Drancy internment camp 4344:French Communist Party 4227: 4215: 4180: 4171:after the Liberation. 4021: 3859:Bonnier de La Chapelle 3825: 3796: 3697: 3685:Syria-Lebanon campaign 3611:1940, British General 3596: 3539:Vichy French Air Force 3380:Bataillon du Pacifique 3379: 3318: 3305:Bataillon du Pacifique 3304: 3272:attack on Pearl Harbor 3245:possessions in Oceania 3152: 3071: 3061: 2943: 2910:Pierre-Étienne Flandin 2883:6 February 1934 crisis 2869: 2847: 2833: 2827: 2811: 2806: 2799: 2731: 2675: 2657: 2603: 2560: 2543: 2531:French colonial empire 2525: 2513: 2504:Vichy French Air Force 2463: 2435:armistice with Germany 2426: 2383: 2351: 2310: 2304: 2298: 2292: 2261: 2254: 2219: 2205: 2192: 2176: 2124: 1935: 1917: 1883: 1873: 1871:, the invasion of the 1863: 1851: 1841:as established by the 1807: 1803: 1790: 1695:Causes of World War II 1622: 1599:French colonial empire 1589:started in June 1941, 1508: 1465: 1455: 1049:Valois-Angoulême kings 787:of the French Republic 785:Provisional Government 627:• Capture of the 229: 202: 182: 121: 95:Vichy (disambiguation) 61:Please consider using 19224:Second Battle of Guam 19120:Bengal famine of 1943 19090:Second Battle of Kiev 19046:Battle of the Dnieper 18751:Battle of Wake Island 18623:East African campaign 18565:Battle of South Henan 18210:atrocities by Germans 17983:Korean Volunteer Army 16964:Occupation of Germany 16718:Music in World War II 15359:Reichsfestung Belgrad 14796:Russian Fascist Party 14585:Croatian Armed Forces 14453:Category:Vichy France 14076:Operation Bright Moon 13873:7th Military Division 13271:Documents maçonniques 12466:13 April 2005 at the 12124:, Julliard, , 1967. 11899:Vichy et les Français 11843:8 August 2020 at the 11775:5 August 2020 at the 11663:. London: Brassey's. 11659:Raugh, H. E. (1993). 11406:Lackerstein, Debbie. 11176:5 August 2020 at the 10399:. New York: Longman. 10344:10.3917/rhmc.503.0148 9814:13 April 2009 at the 9560:, 1995. Chapter XIV, 9005:Stein, Louis (1979). 8902:Nahum, Henri (2008). 8647:The Politics of Torch 8454:A man called Intrepid 8436:10.3406/jso.1997.2029 8406:19 March 2015 at the 8376:10.3917/rhmc.494.0071 8099:Le Monde diplomatique 7011:on 27 September 2006. 6970:Hitler and his Allies 6742:Maréchal, nous voilà! 6196:Further information: 6010: 5810:Further information: 5680: 5672: 5593: 5581:Decline of the regime 5486: 5381: 5356: 5233: 5171:, at the site of the 5132: 5040:Further information: 4972: 4927:Darquier de Pellepoix 4733: 4693: 4684: 4627:occupational medicine 4221: 4213: 4204:Further information: 4105:, later becoming the 3967: 3958:Further information: 3894:Casablanca Conference 3851:Trans-Saharan Railway 3793:Casablanca Conference 3783: 3603:), Brigadier-General 3594: 3193:controlled by Tokyo. 3146: 3059: 3022:, a former member of 2968:Franklin D. Roosevelt 2937: 2928:Further information: 2804: 2794: 2678:On 10 July 1940, the 2663: 2649: 2636:Further information: 2511: 2466:Further information: 2460: 2421: 2396:offensive in the West 2378: 2188:French Third Republic 2135:, and celebrated the 2116: 2032:Further information: 1810:Further information: 1796: 1780: 1685:Further information: 1535:Third French Republic 769:of National Interests 467:• 1940 (acting) 364:Common languages 292:and the Allied powers 256: Unoccupied zone 37:The reason given is: 20241:World Heritage Sites 20158:Coronavirus pandemic 19510:Surrender of Germany 18988:Battle of West Hubei 18945:Guadalcanal campaign 18915:Battle of Stalingrad 18841:Battle of Madagascar 17615:Albania protectorate 17402:(formerly Swaziland) 17111:Wehrmacht war crimes 16927:Expulsion of Germans 16711:Art and World War II 16609:British contribution 16558:Governments in exile 16361:Strength Through Joy 16320:Weather Station Kurt 16022:Norway (Quisling II) 15269:Munich–Upper Bavaria 15254:March of Brandenburg 14761:Inner Mongolian Army 14749:Indian National Army 14633:Royal Hungarian Army 14628:Romanian Land Forces 14388:Le Silence de la mer 14213:Liberation of France 13822:Deportation timeline 13327:Révolution nationale 13201:Le Juif et la France 13151:Révolution nationale 13009:French Popular Party 12714:Treaty of Versailles 12131:Herbert R. Lottman. 12116:Launay, Jacques de. 11969:(2nd ed. 2000) 732pp 11812:(2012) 30#2 pp 8–32. 11733:Weisberg, Richard H. 11592:; influential survey 11076:Azema, Jean-Pierre. 10870:"Vichy France Facts" 10735:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 10708:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 9786:. 28 December 2015. 9269:, 32, (1984), p. 119 8749:J.Lee Ready (1995), 8555:Playfair et al. 1954 8338:on 28 September 2011 7987:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 7803:. Mjp.univ-perp.fr. 7172:Debbie Lackerstein, 7138:10.1162/isec_a_00329 6937:Taylor & Francis 6620:Amy Elizabeth Thorpe 6473:in 1935 and fascist 6075:were also detained. 5889:profiteurs de guerre 5844:improve this article 5704:Délégation française 5243:on the Eastern Front 5162:National Front Party 5052:Battle of Marseilles 4862:Prefecture of Police 4768:improve this article 4710:". Scholars such as 4659:L'Homme, cet inconnu 4587:French Popular Party 4531:improve this article 4394:Révolution nationale 4274:green ticket roundup 4206:Révolution nationale 4139:Treaty of Versailles 3813:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3764:initially resisted, 3720:Battle of Madagascar 3651:Syria and Madagascar 3355:economic opportunism 3314:Battle of Bir Hakeim 3235:, the largest being 3111:liberation of France 3043:Operation Barbarossa 2526:Armée de l'Armistice 2299:Révolution nationale 2293:Révolution nationale 2183:Révolution nationale 2163:, the symbol of the 2120:Révolution nationale 2034:Révolution nationale 1827:République française 1723:improve this article 1652:liberation of France 1587:Operation Barbarossa 1257:Provisional Republic 1039:Valois-Orléans kings 93:For other uses, see 20379:Automotive industry 20163:2021 labor protests 19920:Peace of Westphalia 19788:History of Normandy 19783:History of Brittany 19600:Potsdam Declaration 19489:Italy (Spring 1945) 19252:Liberation of Paris 18709:Siege of Sevastopol 17727:(until August 1944) 17630:Wang Jingwei regime 17452:from September 1943 17412:from September 1944 17350:from September 1944 17210:Romanian war crimes 17201:Persecution of Jews 17187:Croatian war crimes 17157:Japanese war crimes 16971:Occupation of Japan 16920:First Indochina War 16632:Military production 16544:Declarations of war 16180:Reichskommissariats 16012:Norway (Quisling I) 15942:Chechnya-Ingushetia 15602:Bohemia and Moravia 15587:Partial annexations 15398:Danzig–West Prussia 14806:Takasago Volunteers 14734:Gando Special Force 14658:Security Battalions 14168:Sigmaringen enclave 14158:Liberation of Paris 13817:Deportation convoys 13786:Royallieu-Compiègne 13751:Natzweiler-Struthof 13622:Order of Physicians 13381:French North Africa 13043:Peasant Corporation 13022:Mouvement Franciste 12820:Jacques Charpentier 12795:Jean-Marie Bergeret 12474:National Geographic 12358:. Washington D.C.: 12122:Collection Archives 12118:Le Dossier de Vichy 12026:Yves Maxime Danan, 11834:Contemporary Review 11781:Golsan, Richard J. 11709:, focus on city of 11512:. (Praeger, 1998). 11508:Melton, George E. 11483:online 1981 edition 11430:(Oxford U P 1997). 11186:Fogg, Shannon Lee. 10731:Jean-Pierre Maury. 10704:Jean-Pierre Maury. 10643:, pp. 567–568. 10596:, pp. 331–332. 9948:The Washington Post 9745:The Washington Post 9298:, 2002; 25: 331–356 8920:10.3917/aj.411.0041 8593:, pp. 323–324. 8581:, pp. 322–323. 8321:Order of Liberation 8066:William L. Langer, 7983:Jean-Pierre Maury. 7929:Jean-Pierre Azéma, 7799:Jean-Pierre Maury. 7728:. pp. 183–214. 7633:, pp. 121–126. 7415:, pp. 712–714. 6919:, pp. 160–162. 6651:law of 10 July 1940 6517:(SAC) in the 1960s. 6446:Mouvement franciste 6364:François Mitterrand 6050:instead of prison. 6046:(1946–54) with the 5895:Beurre Oeuf Fromage 5687:liberation of Paris 5665:Sigmaringen enclave 5598:/ French Militia / 5563:Metropolitan France 5505:Sigmaringen enclave 5280:collaborationnistes 5260:collaborationnistes 5258:have used the term 5195:Collaborationnistes 5154:François Mitterrand 5089:metropolitan France 5060:extermination camps 4988:Rafle du Vel' d'Hiv 4375:, trade-unionists, 4356:extermination camps 4112:On the other hand, 4060:(1936–1938) led by 3919:In late April 1945 3847:concentration camps 3734:French North Africa 3703:) on 14 July 1941. 3637:Italian East Africa 3507:on 27 August 1940. 3491:on 26 August 1940, 3166:Kingdom of Thailand 3162:Plaek Pibulsonggram 3115:government-in-exile 2920:in September 1944. 2680:Chamber of Deputies 1897:Metropolitan France 1867:) especially after 1847:French North Africa 1839:Line of Demarcation 1667:Sigmaringen enclave 1528:Metropolitan France 812:Paris remained the 629:Sigmaringen enclave 616:Vichy laws repealed 315:Government-in-exile 39:DuplicateReferences 20779:Anti-Protestantism 20446:Telecommunications 20148:2015 Paris attacks 20011:Revolution of 1848 19839:Visigothic Kingdom 19593:Surrender of Japan 19426:Battle of Iwo Jima 19275:Belgrade offensive 18688:Siege of Leningrad 18572:Battle of Shanggao 18501:British Somaliland 18466:Dunkirk evacuation 18417:Norwegian campaign 18355:Invasion of Poland 18182:Japanese prisoners 17150:Italian war crimes 17081:British war crimes 16996:Soviet occupations 16780:South-West Pacific 16667:Allied cooperation 16625:Military equipment 15612:General Government 15289:Schleswig-Holstein 14668:Slovene Home Guard 14262:Klaus Barbie trial 14153:Operation Overlord 13893:Army of the Levant 13827:Holocaust timeline 13511:Asia & Oceania 13413:French West Africa 12971:Flandin government 12940:Carltheo Zeitschel 12726:War guilt question 12152:Le régime de Vichy 11988:Cointet, Jean-Paul 11965:Michèle Cointet. 11822:. (2nd ed. 2006). 11651:Pollard, Miranda. 11584:Paxton, Robert O. 11097:Burrin, Philippe. 11025:The New York Times 10986:The New York Times 10019:. Paris: Le Seuil. 9908:The New York Times 9705:The New York Times 9333:Gwen Terrenoire, " 8881:François Masure, " 7027:2011-08-11 at the 6886:on 11 October 2017 6357:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 6209:The Vichy Syndrome 6140:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 6096:summary executions 6013: 5990:Jean-Pierre Esteva 5926:the second phase ( 5683: 5675: 5607: 5547:Operation Overlord 5489: 5384: 5368:Hans Petter Graver 5359: 5289:Collaborationnisme 5245: 5239:fighting with the 5141: 5118:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 5056:identity documents 4983:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4979: 4965:Vel' d'Hiv Roundup 4736: 4676:Arthur de Gobineau 4674:theories had been 4672:pseudoscientifical 4581:, and a member of 4458:Internierungslager 4228: 4226:guarding detainees 4216: 4178:, who created the 4101:) fighting on the 4022: 4003:Sicherheitspolizei 3821:French West Africa 3797: 3626:Pierre Nouailhetas 3605:Paul Legentilhomme 3597: 3563:Marie-Pierre Kœnig 3524:French West Africa 3473:French West Indies 3375:South Pacific Area 3213:Free French Forces 3155:In June 1940, the 3153: 3089:René-Emile Godfroy 3062: 2944: 2853:freedom of thought 2807: 2676: 2671:Divide and Conquer 2658: 2599:Army of the Levant 2514: 2464: 2427: 2384: 2335:Dunkirk evacuation 2232:la France profonde 2125: 2040:counter-revolution 1852:Unbesetztes Gebiet 1808: 1791: 1607:New European Order 1492:the 1940 armistice 1474:headed by Marshal 1470:), was the French 1410:History portal 906: until 50 BC 307:Fully occupied by 20716: 20715: 20678: 20677: 20469: 20468: 20356: 20355: 20348:Political parties 20284:Foreign relations 20249: 20248: 20178: 20177: 19961:French Revolution 19915:Thirty Years' War 19896:Absolute monarchy 19861:Kingdom of France 19757:Foreign relations 19737:Political history 19667: 19666: 19625: 19624: 19468:Battle of Okinawa 19367:Burma (1944–1945) 19201:Mariana and Palau 18981:Tunisian campaign 18806:Fall of Singapore 18730:Fall of Hong Kong 18473:Battle of Britain 18326:Operation Himmler 18235: 18234: 17899:Dutch East Indies 17542:Southern Rhodesia 17294: 17293: 17194:Genocide of Serbs 17097:German war crimes 17074:Soviet war crimes 17067:Allied war crimes 16913:Division of Korea 16892:Chinese Civil War 16690:Strategic bombing 16602:Manhattan Project 16376: 16375: 16372: 16371: 16296: 16295: 16266:Other occupations 16261: 16260: 16172: 16171: 15887:Adriatic Littoral 15880:Operational Zones 15801: 15800: 15682: 15681: 15678: 15677: 15648: 15647: 15581: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15464: 15463: 15373: 15372: 15089: 15088: 15085: 15084: 15068: 14924: 14819: 14818: 14707:collaborationists 14683:Wehrmacht foreign 14678:Waffen-SS foreign 14594: 14528:collaborationists 14461: 14460: 14418:French Resistance 14404: 14403: 14342:Milice, film noir 14328:Bombing the Nazis 14236:Épuration sauvage 14173:Fernand de Brinon 14141: 14140: 14081:Wallis and Futuna 13997: 13996: 13840: 13839: 13731:Beaune-la-Rolande 13566: 13565: 13553:Kouang-Tchéou-Wan 13506: 13505: 13469: 13468: 13407: 13406: 13342:L'Union française 13123:Foreign relations 12976:Darlan government 12961:Pétain government 12870:Charles Huntziger 12865:Gaston Henry-Haye 12424:978-0-674-93538-9 12395:978-0-87451-795-8 12291:978-3-406-58454-1 12261:978-3-486-58945-0 12231:, Stuttgart 1966. 12208:978-2-35204-235-8 12174:978-2-13-054077-9 12045:978-2-84405-173-8 12001:978-2-262-03300-2 11972:Michèle Cointet. 11895:Jean-Pierre Azéma 11705:(New York, 1986) 11687:978-0-297-85218-6 11670:978-0-08-040983-2 11644:978-1-84574-066-5 11539:978-0-394-54222-5 11504:978-1-84519-784-1 11494:Martin Mauthner. 11463:978-0-226-47502-8 11426:Larkin, Maurice. 11384:978-0-19-160683-0 11363:Kooreman, Megan. 11351:978-0-226-43893-1 11288:978-0-19-820706-1 11257:978-1-57181-701-3 11073:, (Longman, 1997) 10966:978-1-78478-134-7 10874:World War 2 Facts 10855:978-82-518-0917-7 10785:"Accession Plans" 10679:, pp. 81–82. 10667:, pp. 48–49. 10580:978-0-8223-2777-6 10555:978-0-226-67349-3 10530:978-0-300-04774-5 10494:10.1093/fh/crq025 10459:10.1093/fh/crq025 10431:978-0-7139-9964-8 10406:978-0-582-29909-2 10379:10.1093/fh/crp006 10312:978-0-415-14219-9 10279:978-0-312-04773-3 10153:978-0-7735-0973-3 10117:978-2-262-02229-7 10081:978-0-8014-1263-9 10043:978-0-920862-36-0 9536:978-2-84405-173-8 9478:978-2-87894-026-8 8938:Les Lois de Vichy 8797:978-2-13-055339-7 8721:Julian T. Jackson 8707:978-0-19-280700-7 8545:, pp. 75–76. 8261:"Citation of the 8220:on 17 August 2011 8119:on 11 August 2011 8023:978-0-19-956707-2 7916:978-0-8232-2562-0 7839:978-90-474-1070-6 7761:978-0-415-92365-1 7656:978-0-7864-3571-5 7615:Robert A. Doughty 7593:, pp. 75–76. 7569:, pp. 72–73. 7530:, pp. 71–76. 7491:, pp. 69–70. 7374:, pp. 96–98. 7345:978-0-8047-7018-7 7287:978-3-030-22411-0 7238:978-0-520-03642-0 7199:978-0-299-08064-8 7090:978-0-691-14297-5 7052:978-0-19-992462-2 6860:978-0-226-47502-8 6770:Julian T. Jackson 6756:978-2-87027-864-2 6662:French: Pétain: " 6615:Organisation Todt 6603:Oradour-sur-Glane 6559:Camp of Septfonds 6545:Pierre Taittinger 6485:, founder of the 6435:Robert Brasillach 6340:Charles Huntziger 6334:Gaston Henry-Haye 6312:, founder of the 6202:As the historian 5972:Robert Brasillach 5916:épuration sauvage 5880:Vélodrome d'hiver 5876: 5875: 5868: 5747:General de Lattre 5745:On 21 April 1945 5715:Le Petit Parisien 5695:Fernand de Brinon 5647:French Resistance 5600:Secretary-General 5596:Against Communism 5557:(GPRF) headed by 5551:Operation Dragoon 5501:puppet government 5328:Amis de la Légion 5272:Robert Brasillach 5256:Jean-Pierre Azéma 5173:Vélodrome d'Hiver 5083:Jewish death toll 5042:Marseille roundup 5008:Vélodrome d'Hiver 4878:Theodor Dannecker 4844: 4843: 4836: 4818: 4668:scientific racism 4629:, enacted by the 4563: 4562: 4555: 4503:Eugenics policies 4442:Spanish Civil War 4438:August 1942 raids 4410:stateless persons 4328:Spanish Civil War 4324:fall of Catalonia 4301:prefectoral order 4186:French Resistance 4135:classical liberal 4131:economy of France 4125:necessities of a 3837:, triggering the 3669:Italian Air Force 3581:French Somaliland 3432:Charles de Gaulle 3392:Wallis and Futuna 3340:Provence landings 3252:Appeal of 18 June 3227:India and Oceania 3217:Appeal of 18 June 3187:Empire of Vietnam 3172:and launched the 3077:Winston Churchill 3020:Lemaigre-Dubreuil 3010:Liberation to an 2924:Foreign relations 2817:Fernand de Brinon 2764:French historians 2668:documentary film 2413:Charles Huntziger 2327:Perfidious Albion 2262:Miracle de Jeanne 2255:Miracle de Jeanne 2107:Olivier Wiewiorka 2065:while dismissing 2059:French Revolution 2013:Julian T. Jackson 1818:National Assembly 1757:In 1940, Marshal 1755: 1754: 1747: 1660:Charles de Gaulle 1644:French Resistance 1526:the remainder of 1444: 1443: 1395:France portal 1288: 1287: 1185: 1184: 1096:Kingdom of France 1086:French Revolution 1077:Long 19th century 1067: 1066: 1015: 1014: 985:Kingdom of France 920: 919: 828: 827: 804: 803: 800: 799: 765:French Government 712: 711: 522:National Assembly 503:• 1942–1944 455:• 1940–1942 425:• 1940–1944 221: 91: 90: 83: 20876: 20480: 20479: 20396:Economic history 20367: 20366: 20260: 20259: 20189: 20188: 20067: 20046: 19945:Seven Years' War 19910:Wars of Religion 19906: 19891:House of Bourbon 19886:Early modern era 19866:Fundamental laws 19742:Military history 19717: 19716: 19694: 19687: 19680: 19671: 19670: 19660: 19653: 19646: 19643:World portal 19641: 19640: 19616: 19609: 19602: 19595: 19586: 19579: 19572: 19563: 19556: 19549: 19542: 19535: 19528: 19519: 19512: 19505: 19503:Prague offensive 19498: 19496:Battle of Berlin 19491: 19484: 19477: 19470: 19463: 19456: 19449: 19442: 19440:Vienna offensive 19435: 19428: 19421: 19419:Battle of Manila 19414: 19394: 19385: 19376: 19369: 19360: 19353: 19346: 19339: 19332: 19325: 19318: 19309: 19300: 19293: 19284: 19277: 19270: 19263: 19254: 19247: 19240: 19233: 19226: 19219: 19212: 19203: 19196: 19187: 19178: 19169: 19162: 19160:Korsun–Cherkassy 19155: 19144: 19122: 19113: 19106: 19099: 19092: 19085: 19078: 19071: 19062: 19055: 19048: 19041: 19032: 19025: 19018: 19011: 19004: 19002:Bombing of Gorky 18997: 18990: 18983: 18963: 18956: 18947: 18940: 18933: 18924: 18917: 18910: 18903: 18892: 18885: 18878: 18871: 18869:Battle of Midway 18864: 18857: 18855:Battle of Gazala 18850: 18843: 18836: 18829: 18822: 18815: 18808: 18788: 18781: 18774: 18767: 18765:Battle of Borneo 18760: 18758:Malayan campaign 18753: 18746: 18739: 18732: 18725: 18718: 18711: 18704: 18702:Bombing of Gorky 18697: 18695:Battle of Moscow 18690: 18683: 18676: 18669: 18662: 18655: 18639: 18632: 18625: 18618: 18611: 18604: 18595: 18588: 18581: 18574: 18567: 18547: 18538: 18531: 18524: 18517: 18510: 18503: 18496: 18489: 18482: 18475: 18468: 18461: 18459:Battle of France 18454: 18447: 18440: 18433: 18426: 18419: 18399: 18392: 18385: 18378: 18371: 18364: 18357: 18335: 18328: 18321: 18314: 18312:Munich Agreement 18307: 18300: 18291: 18284: 18277: 18268: 18261: 18246: 18245: 18228: 18221: 18212: 18205: 18198: 18197:Soviet prisoners 18191: 18184: 18177: 18168: 18161: 18152: 18145: 18138: 18137:German prisoners 18133: 18113: 18104: 18097: 18090: 18085: 18078: 18071: 18064: 18057: 18050: 18043: 18036: 18029: 18022: 18015: 18008: 18001: 17994: 17985: 17978: 17971: 17964: 17957: 17950: 17943: 17936: 17929: 17922: 17915: 17908: 17901: 17894: 17887: 17880: 17873: 17866: 17859: 17839: 17832: 17825: 17818: 17811: 17804: 17797: 17790: 17783: 17776: 17769: 17749: 17742: 17735: 17728: 17720: 17713: 17706: 17697: 17690: 17682: 17675: 17673:French Indochina 17668: 17661: 17654: 17647: 17639: 17632: 17625: 17617: 17597: 17588: 17581: 17572: 17565: 17558: 17551: 17544: 17537: 17530: 17523: 17520:from August 1944 17511: 17504: 17497: 17490: 17483: 17476: 17469: 17462: 17455: 17443: 17436: 17429: 17422: 17415: 17403: 17395: 17388: 17381: 17374: 17367: 17360: 17353: 17341: 17334: 17327: 17320: 17305: 17304: 17285: 17278: 17271: 17264: 17257: 17246: 17231: 17224: 17217: 17212: 17203: 17196: 17189: 17180: 17173: 17166: 17164:Nanjing Massacre 17159: 17152: 17143: 17141:Nuremberg trials 17134: 17127: 17120: 17113: 17106: 17099: 17090: 17083: 17076: 17069: 17049: 17042: 17035: 17026: 17019: 17012: 17005: 16998: 16991: 16982: 16973: 16966: 16959: 16952: 16943: 16936: 16929: 16922: 16915: 16908: 16901: 16894: 16874: 16865: 16858: 16851: 16842: 16835: 16828: 16821: 16812: 16805: 16798: 16789: 16782: 16775: 16768: 16761: 16754: 16747: 16745:Asia and Pacific 16727: 16720: 16713: 16706: 16699: 16692: 16685: 16676: 16674:Mulberry harbour 16669: 16662: 16655: 16648: 16641: 16634: 16627: 16620: 16611: 16604: 16597: 16588: 16581: 16574: 16567: 16560: 16553: 16546: 16539: 16532: 16525: 16516: 16509: 16494: 16493: 16482: 16475: 16466: 16459: 16452: 16445: 16438: 16431: 16424: 16403: 16396: 16389: 16380: 16379: 16305: 16304: 16187: 16186: 16183: 15912: 15911: 15899:Alpine Foothills 15767: 15766: 15717:Gebiet Bialystok 15695: 15694: 15608: 15607: 15592: 15591: 15537: 15536: 15451:Tyrol–Vorarlberg 15414: 15413: 15388: 15387: 15384: 15329:Westphalia-South 15324:Westphalia-North 15244:Magdeburg-Anhalt 15164: 15163: 15159: 15151: 15142: 15141: 15116: 15109: 15102: 15093: 15092: 15066: 14922: 14638:Royal Iraqi Army 14592: 14517: 14516: 14507: 14506: 14488: 14481: 14474: 14465: 14464: 14381:Section spéciale 14374:Castle to Castle 14335:The Eye of Vichy 14292: 14291: 14272:Mission Mattéoli 14229:Épuration légale 13983:Légion impériale 13954:Special Brigades 13858: 13857: 13851: 13850: 13655:Clermont-Ferrand 13579: 13578: 13523:French Indochina 13508: 13507: 13471: 13470: 13409: 13408: 13377: 13376: 13257:Le Cri du peuple 13225: 13157:Special Sections 13061:Anti-Jewish laws 12895:George Montandon 12890:Bernard Ménétrel 12860:Philippe Henriot 12661:Action Française 12558: 12551: 12544: 12535: 12534: 12487: 12436: 12407: 12378: 12376: 12374: 12333:The Eye of Vichy 12303: 12250: 12234:Martin Jungius: 12212: 12186: 12157:The Vichy Regime 12082: 12049: 12005: 11962: 11929: 11891: 11725:Vinen, Richard. 11711:Clermont-Ferrand 11674: 11648: 11629: 11627: 11625: 11601:Butler, J. R. M. 11581: 11543: 11467: 11455: 11421:Our Vichy gamble 11403: 11401: 11399: 11328: 11299: 11297: 11295: 11280: 11269: 11196:Gildea, Robert. 11158:Diamond, Hanna. 11049: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11016: 11010: 11009: 11007: 11005: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10950: 10944: 10943: 10941: 10939: 10933: 10926: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10896: 10890: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10838: 10832: 10831: 10829: 10827: 10807: 10801: 10800: 10798: 10796: 10781: 10775: 10774: 10772: 10770: 10755: 10749: 10748: 10746: 10744: 10728: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10717: 10701: 10692: 10686: 10680: 10674: 10668: 10662: 10656: 10650: 10644: 10638: 10632: 10631: 10603: 10597: 10591: 10585: 10584: 10566: 10560: 10559: 10541: 10535: 10534: 10522: 10512: 10506: 10505: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10442: 10436: 10435: 10417: 10411: 10410: 10392: 10383: 10382: 10362: 10356: 10355: 10323: 10317: 10316: 10300: 10290: 10284: 10283: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10222: 10216: 10215: 10185: 10179: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10137: 10131: 10128: 10122: 10121: 10103: 10097: 10096: 10065: 10059: 10058: 10027: 10021: 10020: 10012: 10003: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9989:. 16 July 2017. 9979: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9938: 9932: 9931: 9929: 9927: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9871:. 17 July 2017. 9861: 9855: 9854: 9852: 9850: 9844: 9833: 9825: 9819: 9806: 9800: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9776: 9770: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9735: 9729: 9728: 9726: 9724: 9696: 9690: 9689: 9687: 9685: 9648: 9642: 9637: 9631: 9630: 9618: 9607: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9589: 9574: 9568: 9567: 9547: 9541: 9540: 9525:Einaudi (2001). 9522: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9497: 9491: 9490: 9458: 9452: 9436: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9393:on 16 March 2007 9389:. Archived from 9378:Didier Daeninckx 9355: 9349: 9331: 9325: 9324: 9318: 9310: 9299: 9279: 9270: 9263: 9257: 9256: 9254: 9252: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9228: 9226: 9211: 9205: 9204: 9202: 9200: 9185: 9179: 9178: 9176: 9174: 9159: 9153: 9152: 9150: 9148: 9133: 9127: 9126: 9109:Film documentary 9106: 9091: 9090: 9088: 9086: 9071: 9065: 9064: 9062: 9060: 9045: 9039: 9038: 9037:on 14 July 2006. 9033:. Archived from 9027: 9021: 9020: 9002: 8996: 8986: 8980: 8954: 8948: 8936:Dominique Rémy, 8934: 8928: 8927: 8899: 8893: 8892: 8879: 8873: 8872: 8832: 8826: 8825: 8819: 8817: 8789: 8779: 8773: 8767: 8761: 8747: 8741: 8734: 8728: 8718: 8712: 8711: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8665: 8650: 8645:Arthur L. Funk, 8643: 8637: 8636: 8600: 8594: 8588: 8582: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8558: 8552: 8546: 8540: 8534: 8530: 8524: 8523: 8521: 8519: 8509: 8503: 8502: 8495: 8489: 8488: 8479: 8468: 8467: 8449: 8440: 8439: 8417: 8411: 8395: 8389: 8388: 8378: 8354: 8348: 8347: 8345: 8343: 8328: 8322: 8316: 8307: 8306: 8304: 8302: 8293:. Archived from 8287: 8281: 8280: 8278: 8276: 8267:. 22 July 1944. 8257: 8251: 8236: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8191: 8185: 8174: 8168: 8155: 8149: 8141:. Paris: Seuil. 8135: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8124: 8109: 8103: 8084: 8071: 8068:Our Vichy Gamble 8064: 8058: 8051: 8045: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8007: 8001: 8000: 7998: 7996: 7980: 7974: 7973: 7962: 7956: 7955: 7947: 7941: 7927: 7921: 7920: 7904: 7894: 7885: 7884: 7882: 7880: 7865: 7859: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7823: 7817: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7777: 7775: 7773: 7745: 7739: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7695: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7670: 7668: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7622: 7612: 7606: 7600: 7594: 7588: 7582: 7576: 7570: 7564: 7558: 7552: 7546: 7540: 7531: 7525: 7519: 7513: 7504: 7498: 7492: 7486: 7480: 7473: 7467: 7461: 7455: 7449: 7443: 7437: 7428: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7386: 7375: 7369: 7363: 7356: 7350: 7349: 7331: 7320: 7319: 7313: 7309: 7307: 7299: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7222: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7183: 7177: 7170: 7159: 7158: 7140: 7116: 7107: 7106: 7104: 7102: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7038: 7032: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6991:Our Vichy gamble 6983: 6977: 6966: 6960: 6959: 6956: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6895: 6893: 6891: 6882:. Archived from 6871: 6865: 6864: 6848: 6838: 6832: 6831: 6820: 6814: 6813: 6800: 6794: 6793: 6786: 6777: 6767: 6761: 6760: 6744: 6738: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6713: 6711: 6692: 6669: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6647: 6532:Action Française 6378:, Head of State. 6328:Philippe Henriot 6278: 6263: 6219: 6112:highly temporary 6093: 6057:was detained in 6031: 6018: 5959:Action Française 5951: 5945: 5935: 5929:épuration légale 5918: 5897: 5891: 5871: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5851: 5828: 5820: 5816:Épuration légale 5781:and void by the 5711: 5622:Milice française 5560: 5533: 5517: 5453:their families. 5297:Collaborationism 5294: 5293:collaborationism 5248:Stanley Hoffmann 5218:Special Brigades 5210:Légion impériale 5160:, leader of the 5138: 5077:Heinrich Himmler 5026:Jean-Luc Einaudi 5022:Verfügungstruppe 4990: 4920: 4874:Dannecker report 4855: 4853:sous-préfectures 4839: 4832: 4828: 4825: 4819: 4817: 4776: 4752: 4744: 4726:Antisemitic laws 4709: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4619: 4617:"livret scolaire 4601:François Perroux 4598: 4558: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4538: 4515: 4507: 4460: 4377:anti-militarists 4340:Édouard Daladier 4190:Free French Army 4183: 4153:social democracy 4077:Francisco Franco 4071:Action Française 3999: 3932:Yves Chataigneau 3929: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3879: 3864: 3832: 3828: 3790: 3775:Tunisia Campaign 3714: 3710: 3702: 3613:Archibald Wavell 3610: 3560: 3516:Operation Menace 3382: 3324:Italian Campaign 3322:; fought in the 3321: 3307: 3294:that fought the 3281: 3256:French Polynesia 3222: 3215:(FFL) after his 3210: 3087:, under Admiral 3074: 3072:Marine Nationale 3001: 2985: 2981: 2964:William D. Leahy 2956:armed neutrality 2872: 2870:Conseil National 2850: 2836: 2830: 2814: 2788: 2762:The majority of 2734: 2727:Édouard Daladier 2606: 2563: 2548: 2528: 2354: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2288:Great Depression 2264: 2257: 2222: 2208: 2195: 2179: 2165:Italian Fascists 2145:Battle of Alesia 2133:France's history 2079:Stanley G. Payne 2063:authoritarianism 2023: 2019: 1992:constitutionally 1938: 1920: 1886: 1876: 1866: 1854: 1806: 1801:of Vichy France 1763:Battle of Verdun 1750: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1707: 1699: 1672: 1625: 1513: 1468: 1436: 1429: 1422: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1393: 1392: 1391: 1284: 1200: 1199: 1082: 1081: 1035: 1034: 996:Direct Capetians 935: 934: 878: 877: 858: 848: 830: 829: 796: 795: 788: 778: 777: 770: 754: 753: 746: 743:Italian military 736: 735: 728: 716: 715: 707: 695: 694: 685: 677: 676: 670: 669: 654: 653: 595:11 November 1942 545:Second Compiègne 398:collaborationist 354:Capital-in-exile 346:(constitutional) 286: 271: 263: 255: 246: 234: 223: 222: 207: 187: 164: 150: 132: 124: 113: 112: 86: 79: 75: 72: 66: 63:named references 55:(refs: 157, 158) 48:(refs: 117, 120) 27: 26: 19: 20884: 20883: 20879: 20878: 20877: 20875: 20874: 20873: 20829:Philippe Pétain 20744:1940s in France 20719: 20718: 20717: 20712: 20711: 20692: 20674: 20655:Public holidays 20568: 20527:Life expectancy 20465: 20352: 20245: 20174: 20143:Great Recession 20116:Fourth Republic 20111:1900 to present 20099: 20016:Second Republic 19980: 19949: 19872: 19825: 19792: 19771: 19706: 19698: 19668: 19663: 19656: 19649: 19635: 19633: 19621: 19612: 19605: 19598: 19591: 19582: 19575: 19568: 19559: 19554:Atomic bombings 19552: 19545: 19538: 19531: 19524: 19515: 19508: 19501: 19494: 19487: 19480: 19473: 19466: 19459: 19452: 19445: 19438: 19431: 19424: 19417: 19410: 19397: 19390: 19379: 19372: 19365: 19356: 19349: 19342: 19335: 19328: 19321: 19312: 19303: 19296: 19287: 19280: 19273: 19266: 19257: 19250: 19245:Eastern Romania 19243: 19238:Warsaw Uprising 19236: 19231:Tannenberg Line 19229: 19222: 19217:Western Ukraine 19215: 19206: 19199: 19190: 19181: 19172: 19165: 19158: 19147: 19138: 19125: 19118: 19109: 19102: 19095: 19088: 19081: 19074: 19067: 19058: 19051: 19044: 19035: 19028: 19021: 19014: 19009:Battle of Kursk 19007: 19000: 18993: 18986: 18979: 18966: 18959: 18950: 18943: 18936: 18927: 18920: 18913: 18906: 18897: 18888: 18881: 18874: 18867: 18860: 18853: 18846: 18839: 18832: 18825: 18820:St Nazaire Raid 18818: 18811: 18804: 18791: 18784: 18777: 18770: 18763: 18756: 18749: 18742: 18735: 18728: 18721: 18714: 18707: 18700: 18693: 18686: 18679: 18672: 18665: 18658: 18644: 18635: 18628: 18621: 18614: 18607: 18602:Anglo-Iraqi War 18600: 18593:Battle of Crete 18591: 18584: 18577: 18570: 18563: 18550: 18541: 18534: 18527: 18522:Eastern Romania 18520: 18513: 18506: 18499: 18492: 18485: 18478: 18471: 18464: 18457: 18450: 18443: 18436: 18429: 18422: 18415: 18402: 18395: 18388: 18381: 18374: 18367: 18360: 18353: 18340: 18331: 18324: 18317: 18310: 18303: 18296: 18287: 18280: 18273: 18264: 18257: 18231: 18224: 18217: 18208: 18201: 18196: 18187: 18180: 18173: 18164: 18157: 18148: 18141: 18136: 18129: 18116: 18109: 18100: 18093: 18088: 18083:Western Ukraine 18081: 18074: 18067: 18060: 18053: 18046: 18039: 18032: 18027:Northeast China 18025: 18018: 18011: 18004: 17997: 17990: 17981: 17974: 17967: 17960: 17953: 17946: 17939: 17932: 17925: 17918: 17911: 17904: 17897: 17890: 17883: 17876: 17869: 17862: 17855: 17842: 17835: 17828: 17821: 17814: 17807: 17800: 17793: 17786: 17779: 17772: 17765: 17752: 17745: 17738: 17733:Slovak Republic 17731: 17723: 17716: 17709: 17704:Empire of Japan 17702: 17693: 17685: 17678: 17671: 17664: 17657: 17650: 17642: 17635: 17628: 17620: 17613: 17600: 17593: 17584: 17577: 17568: 17561: 17554: 17547: 17540: 17533: 17526: 17514: 17507: 17500: 17493: 17486: 17479: 17472: 17465: 17458: 17446: 17439: 17432: 17425: 17418: 17406: 17398: 17391: 17384: 17377: 17370: 17363: 17356: 17344: 17337: 17330: 17323: 17316: 17290: 17281: 17274: 17267: 17260: 17249: 17234: 17227: 17220: 17216:Sexual violence 17215: 17208: 17199: 17192: 17185: 17176: 17169: 17162: 17155: 17148: 17139: 17130: 17123: 17116: 17109: 17102: 17095: 17086: 17079: 17072: 17065: 17052: 17045: 17038: 17031: 17022: 17015: 17008: 17001: 16994: 16985: 16976: 16969: 16962: 16955: 16946: 16939: 16934:Greek Civil War 16932: 16925: 16918: 16911: 16904: 16897: 16890: 16877: 16870: 16861: 16854: 16847: 16838: 16831: 16824: 16817: 16808: 16801: 16794: 16785: 16778: 16771: 16764: 16759:South-East Asia 16757: 16750: 16743: 16730: 16723: 16716: 16709: 16702: 16695: 16688: 16681: 16672: 16665: 16658: 16651: 16644: 16637: 16630: 16623: 16618:Military awards 16616: 16607: 16600: 16593: 16584: 16577: 16570: 16563: 16556: 16549: 16542: 16535: 16528: 16521: 16512: 16505: 16485: 16478: 16471: 16462: 16455: 16448: 16443: 16434: 16427: 16420: 16412: 16407: 16377: 16368: 16364:holiday resorts 16344: 16292: 16257: 16221: 16168: 16152: 16066: 15903: 15875: 15797: 15781: 15756: 15689: 15674: 15644: 15606: 15573: 15535: 15460: 15412: 15369: 15343: 15224:Halle-Merseburg 15209:Electoral Hesse 15199:Eastern Hanover 15136: 15134: 15127: 15120: 15090: 15081: 14844:Italian Albania 14815: 14699: 14524: 14501: 14492: 14462: 14457: 14422:Year in France 14413:Occupied France 14400: 14395:Suite française 14361: 14315: 14287: 14281: 14252:Fourth Republic 14205: 14199: 14137: 14133:Philippe Pétain 14123:François Darlan 14111: 14039:Franco-Thai War 13993: 13958: 13912: 13836: 13805: 13717: 13690: 13684: 13631: 13605: 13573: 13562: 13502: 13465: 13403: 13375: 13347: 13313:Je suis partout 13250:Le Cahier jaune 13223: 13219: 13172: 13166: 13134:La jeune France 13105: 13099: 13083:Paris Protocols 13053: 13047: 12991: 12985: 12944: 12905:Philippe Pétain 12835:François Darlan 12790:Joseph Antignac 12778: 12762:Philippe Pétain 12735: 12673:Camelots du Roi 12648: 12567: 12562: 12519:Wayback Machine 12485: 12483:Wayback Machine 12468:Wayback Machine 12443: 12425: 12396: 12372: 12370: 12344: 12342:Further reading 12339: 12311: 12306: 12292: 12244: 12225:Eberhard Jäckel 12220: 12215: 12209: 12175: 12100:Serge Klarsfeld 12071: 12046: 12002: 11951: 11854: 11849: 11845:Wayback Machine 11777:Wayback Machine 11753: 11748: 11699:Sweets, John F. 11671: 11645: 11623: 11621: 11588:(2nd ed. 2001) 11570: 11540: 11490:Wayback Machine 11464: 11417:Langer, William 11397: 11395: 11385: 11360:43(2): 117–150. 11331:Kedward, H. R. 11293: 11291: 11289: 11258: 11239:Wayback Machine 11226:Halls, W. D. 11178:Wayback Machine 11148:Davies, Peter. 11144:Wayback Machine 11090:Boyd, Douglas. 11067:Atkin, Nicholas 11062: 11057: 11052: 11042: 11040: 11017: 11013: 11003: 11001: 10978: 10974: 10967: 10959:. Verso Books. 10951: 10947: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10924: 10920:Kitson, Simon. 10918: 10914: 10908: 10906:Wayback Machine 10897: 10893: 10883: 10881: 10868: 10867: 10863: 10856: 10839: 10835: 10825: 10823: 10808: 10804: 10794: 10792: 10783: 10782: 10778: 10768: 10766: 10757: 10756: 10752: 10742: 10740: 10729: 10725: 10715: 10713: 10702: 10695: 10687: 10683: 10675: 10671: 10663: 10659: 10651: 10647: 10639: 10635: 10604: 10600: 10592: 10588: 10581: 10567: 10563: 10556: 10542: 10538: 10531: 10513: 10509: 10478: 10474: 10453:(2): 262–282 . 10443: 10439: 10432: 10418: 10414: 10407: 10393: 10386: 10363: 10359: 10324: 10320: 10313: 10291: 10287: 10280: 10260: 10256: 10223: 10219: 10186: 10182: 10173: 10169: 10154: 10138: 10134: 10129: 10125: 10118: 10104: 10100: 10082: 10066: 10062: 10044: 10028: 10024: 10013: 10006: 9996: 9994: 9981: 9980: 9976: 9966: 9964: 9939: 9935: 9925: 9923: 9900: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9863: 9862: 9858: 9848: 9846: 9842: 9831: 9827: 9826: 9822: 9816:Wayback Machine 9807: 9803: 9793: 9791: 9778: 9777: 9773: 9763: 9761: 9736: 9732: 9722: 9720: 9697: 9693: 9683: 9681: 9649: 9645: 9638: 9634: 9628: 9619: 9610: 9601: 9597: 9587: 9585: 9576: 9575: 9571: 9565: 9564:, pp. 209–217. 9558:Le Cherche midi 9550:Maurice Rajsfus 9548: 9544: 9537: 9523: 9519: 9509: 9507: 9499: 9498: 9494: 9479: 9459: 9455: 9449:Wayback Machine 9437: 9433: 9427: 9423: 9410: 9406: 9396: 9394: 9381: 9367:Wayback Machine 9356: 9352: 9342:Wayback Machine 9332: 9328: 9311: 9302: 9290:Wayback Machine 9280: 9273: 9264: 9260: 9250: 9248: 9239: 9238: 9234: 9224: 9222: 9213: 9212: 9208: 9198: 9196: 9187: 9186: 9182: 9172: 9170: 9161: 9160: 9156: 9146: 9144: 9135: 9134: 9130: 9124: 9116:Wayback Machine 9107: 9094: 9084: 9082: 9081:on 22 July 2011 9073: 9072: 9068: 9058: 9056: 9047: 9046: 9042: 9029: 9028: 9024: 9017: 9003: 8999: 8989:Maurice Rajsfus 8987: 8983: 8972:. pp. 367–368. 8965:Wayback Machine 8955: 8951: 8935: 8931: 8908:Archives Juives 8900: 8896: 8890: 8880: 8876: 8833: 8829: 8815: 8813: 8798: 8780: 8776: 8768: 8764: 8748: 8744: 8735: 8731: 8719: 8715: 8708: 8692: 8688: 8682: 8675:Wayback Machine 8666: 8653: 8644: 8640: 8601: 8597: 8589: 8585: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8541: 8537: 8531: 8527: 8517: 8515: 8511: 8510: 8506: 8497: 8496: 8492: 8481: 8480: 8471: 8464: 8450: 8443: 8418: 8414: 8408:Wayback Machine 8396: 8392: 8355: 8351: 8341: 8339: 8330: 8329: 8325: 8317: 8310: 8300: 8298: 8297:on 23 July 2011 8289: 8288: 8284: 8274: 8272: 8259: 8258: 8254: 8237: 8233: 8223: 8221: 8212: 8211: 8207: 8192: 8188: 8175: 8171: 8165:Wayback Machine 8156: 8152: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8120: 8111: 8110: 8106: 8094:Wayback Machine 8085: 8074: 8065: 8061: 8052: 8048: 8043: 8039: 8024: 8008: 8004: 7994: 7992: 7981: 7977: 7964: 7963: 7959: 7948: 7944: 7928: 7924: 7917: 7895: 7888: 7878: 7876: 7867: 7866: 7862: 7852: 7850: 7840: 7824: 7820: 7810: 7808: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7771: 7769: 7762: 7746: 7742: 7737: 7733: 7722: 7718: 7708: 7706: 7697: 7696: 7692: 7681: 7680: 7676: 7666: 7664: 7657: 7641: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7613: 7609: 7601: 7597: 7589: 7585: 7577: 7573: 7565: 7561: 7553: 7549: 7541: 7534: 7526: 7522: 7514: 7507: 7499: 7495: 7487: 7483: 7474: 7470: 7462: 7458: 7450: 7446: 7438: 7431: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7387: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7357: 7353: 7346: 7332: 7323: 7311: 7310: 7301: 7300: 7288: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7239: 7223: 7219: 7209: 7207: 7200: 7184: 7180: 7171: 7162: 7117: 7110: 7100: 7098: 7091: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7053: 7039: 7035: 7029:Wayback Machine 7020: 7016: 7003: 7002: 6998: 6987:Langer, William 6984: 6980: 6967: 6963: 6947: 6927: 6923: 6915: 6911: 6903: 6899: 6889: 6887: 6872: 6868: 6861: 6839: 6835: 6822: 6821: 6817: 6801: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6780: 6768: 6764: 6757: 6736:La Marseillaise 6731: 6727: 6720: 6717: 6709: 6707: 6706:on 16 July 2009 6694: 6693: 6682: 6678: 6673: 6672: 6661: 6657: 6648: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6554: 6527:Charles Maurras 6521:Robert Le Vigan 6506:Étienne Leandri 6465:Eugène Deloncle 6425: 6376:Philippe Pétain 6298:François Darlan 6288: 6287: 6286: 6285: 6284: 6279: 6271: 6270: 6264: 6253: 6247: 6245:Notable figures 6217: 6200: 6194: 6124: 6091: 6029: 6016: 5954:Charles Maurras 5943: 5933: 5921:police prefects 5904:Fourth Republic 5872: 5861: 5855: 5852: 5841: 5829: 5818: 5808: 5767: 5761: 5756: 5732:Robert Le Vigan 5667: 5661: 5588: 5583: 5558: 5531: 5528:19th Army Corps 5520:François Darlan 5515: 5497:Operation Torch 5491:Hitler ordered 5481: 5471: 5450: 5429: 5423: 5413:steel works in 5406: 5376: 5351: 5228: 5200:Main articles: 5198: 5180:Emmanuel Macron 5149:Philippe Pétain 5145:French Republic 5127: 5105:Serge Klarsfeld 5085: 5048:Camp des Milles 5044: 5038: 5030:Maurice Rajsfus 4967: 4961: 4866:Communist Party 4848:sub-prefectures 4840: 4829: 4823: 4820: 4777: 4775: 4765: 4753: 4742: 4728: 4559: 4548: 4542: 4539: 4528: 4516: 4505: 4478:Marchandeau Act 4463:Natzweiler camp 4434:Aix-en-Provence 4430:Camp des Milles 4385:French fascists 4266:naturalisations 4259:Charles Maurras 4208: 4202: 4118:Jean Bichelonne 4066:Charles Maurras 4046:Nazi propaganda 3993: 3977:Bernhard Griese 3974:Sturmbannführer 3962: 3956: 3923: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3887:Cremieux decree 3877: 3862: 3830: 3809:François Darlan 3795:in January 1943 3788: 3770:François Darlan 3746: 3740:Operation Torch 3738:Main articles: 3736: 3712: 3708: 3653: 3641:Operation Marie 3608: 3589: 3583: 3569:. The capital, 3558: 3481: 3452:French cruiser 3419: 3411:Main articles: 3409: 3279: 3229: 3220: 3208: 3205: 3199: 3174:Franco-Thai War 3141: 3131:French-Thai War 3125:Main articles: 3123: 2999: 2996:François Darlan 2983: 2979: 2932: 2926: 2914:François Darlan 2901: 2895: 2887:Stavisky Affair 2879:anti-Dreyfusard 2848:délit d'opinion 2786: 2714:Raphaël Alibert 2704:organised crime 2700:Édouard Herriot 2644: 2634: 2625: 2604:Armée du Levant 2506: 2500: 2494: 2485: 2479: 2470: 2455: 2423:Philippe Pétain 2373: 2331:French colonies 2305:la France seule 2279:François Darlan 2211:individualistic 2055:Roman Catholics 2036: 2030: 2021: 2017: 1980: 1968:Operation Anton 1960:Operation Torch 1913:Alsace-Lorraine 1893: 1869:Operation Anton 1814: 1789:administration. 1775: 1759:Philippe Pétain 1751: 1740: 1734: 1731: 1720: 1708: 1697: 1683: 1670: 1567:Philippe Pétain 1551:through Belgium 1476:Philippe Pétain 1456:Régime de Vichy 1446: 1440: 1404: 1402: 1389: 1387: 1382: 1290: 1289: 1282: 1267:Fourth Republic 1248: 1215:Interwar period 1197: 1187: 1186: 1146:Second Republic 1079: 1069: 1068: 1027: 1017: 1016: 932: 922: 921: 875: 846: 839: 824: 793: 786: 784: 775: 768: 766: 764: 763: 751: 744: 742: 733: 726: 725:German military 724: 720: 705: 704:German military 703: 699: 692: 683: 681: 674: 631: 618: 605: 592: 580:8 November 1942 577: 575:Operation Torch 564: 547: 504: 496:François Darlan 492: 480: 468: 460:Philippe Pétain 456: 430:Philippe Pétain 426: 349: 340:administrative) 320: 293: 277: 276: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 236: 226: 225: 224: 213: 209: 204:La Marseillaise 199: 189: 172: 171: 170: 165: 157: 156: 151: 133: 126: 118: 109: 98: 87: 76: 70: 67: 60: 59: 56: 49: 42: 28: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 20882: 20872: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20746: 20741: 20736: 20731: 20714: 20713: 20710: 20709: 20704: 20699: 20693: 20691: 20690: 20684: 20683: 20680: 20679: 20676: 20675: 20673: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20611:Cultural icons 20609: 20604: 20599: 20594: 20589: 20584: 20578: 20576: 20570: 20569: 20567: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20551: 20550: 20549: 20539: 20534: 20529: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20489: 20483: 20477: 20471: 20470: 20467: 20466: 20464: 20463: 20458: 20453: 20448: 20443: 20438: 20433: 20431:Stock exchange 20428: 20423: 20418: 20413: 20408: 20403: 20398: 20393: 20392: 20391: 20381: 20376: 20370: 20364: 20358: 20357: 20354: 20353: 20351: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20335: 20334: 20333: 20328: 20323: 20313: 20308: 20307: 20306: 20301: 20291: 20286: 20281: 20280: 20279: 20269: 20263: 20257: 20251: 20250: 20247: 20246: 20244: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20231:National parks 20228: 20223: 20218: 20213: 20208: 20206:Climate change 20203: 20198: 20192: 20186: 20180: 20179: 20176: 20175: 20173: 20172: 20171: 20170: 20165: 20160: 20155: 20150: 20145: 20140: 20135: 20128:Fifth Republic 20125: 20124: 20123: 20113: 20107: 20105: 20101: 20100: 20098: 20097: 20096: 20095: 20090: 20085: 20080: 20070: 20069: 20068: 20054: 20049: 20048: 20047: 20036:Third Republic 20033: 20028: 20023: 20018: 20013: 20007: 20006: 20001: 19996: 19990: 19988: 19982: 19981: 19979: 19978: 19973: 19971:First Republic 19968: 19966:Napoleonic era 19963: 19957: 19955: 19951: 19950: 19948: 19947: 19942: 19937: 19932: 19927: 19922: 19917: 19912: 19907: 19898: 19893: 19888: 19882: 19880: 19874: 19873: 19871: 19870: 19869: 19868: 19858: 19853: 19852: 19851: 19841: 19835: 19833: 19827: 19826: 19824: 19823: 19818: 19813: 19811:Greek colonies 19808: 19802: 19800: 19794: 19793: 19791: 19790: 19785: 19779: 19777: 19773: 19772: 19770: 19769: 19764: 19759: 19754: 19749: 19744: 19739: 19734: 19729: 19723: 19721: 19714: 19708: 19707: 19697: 19696: 19689: 19682: 19674: 19665: 19664: 19662: 19661: 19654: 19647: 19630: 19627: 19626: 19623: 19622: 19620: 19619: 19618: 19617: 19610: 19603: 19589: 19588: 19587: 19573: 19570:South Sakhalin 19566: 19565: 19564: 19550: 19543: 19536: 19529: 19522: 19521: 19520: 19506: 19499: 19492: 19485: 19478: 19471: 19464: 19457: 19450: 19443: 19436: 19429: 19422: 19415: 19407: 19405: 19399: 19398: 19396: 19395: 19388: 19387: 19386: 19370: 19363: 19362: 19361: 19347: 19340: 19333: 19326: 19319: 19310: 19301: 19294: 19285: 19278: 19271: 19264: 19255: 19248: 19241: 19234: 19227: 19220: 19213: 19204: 19197: 19188: 19179: 19170: 19163: 19156: 19145: 19135: 19133: 19127: 19126: 19124: 19123: 19116: 19115: 19114: 19107: 19093: 19086: 19079: 19072: 19065: 19064: 19063: 19049: 19042: 19033: 19026: 19019: 19012: 19005: 18998: 18995:Battle of Attu 18991: 18984: 18976: 18974: 18968: 18967: 18965: 18964: 18957: 18948: 18941: 18934: 18925: 18918: 18911: 18904: 18895: 18894: 18893: 18886: 18872: 18865: 18858: 18851: 18844: 18837: 18830: 18823: 18816: 18809: 18801: 18799: 18793: 18792: 18790: 18789: 18782: 18775: 18768: 18761: 18754: 18747: 18744:Battle of Guam 18740: 18733: 18726: 18719: 18712: 18705: 18698: 18691: 18684: 18677: 18670: 18667:Battle of Kiev 18663: 18656: 18642: 18641: 18640: 18626: 18619: 18612: 18605: 18598: 18597: 18596: 18582: 18575: 18568: 18560: 18558: 18552: 18551: 18549: 18548: 18539: 18532: 18525: 18518: 18511: 18504: 18497: 18490: 18483: 18476: 18469: 18462: 18455: 18448: 18441: 18434: 18427: 18420: 18412: 18410: 18404: 18403: 18401: 18400: 18393: 18386: 18379: 18372: 18365: 18358: 18350: 18348: 18342: 18341: 18339: 18338: 18337: 18336: 18329: 18322: 18315: 18308: 18294: 18293: 18292: 18285: 18271: 18270: 18269: 18254: 18252: 18243: 18237: 18236: 18233: 18232: 18230: 18229: 18222: 18215: 18214: 18213: 18206: 18194: 18193: 18192: 18178: 18171: 18170: 18169: 18166:United Kingdom 18162: 18155: 18154: 18153: 18134: 18126: 18124: 18118: 18117: 18115: 18114: 18107: 18106: 18105: 18098: 18086: 18079: 18072: 18065: 18058: 18051: 18044: 18037: 18030: 18023: 18016: 18009: 18002: 17995: 17988: 17987: 17986: 17979: 17965: 17958: 17951: 17944: 17937: 17930: 17923: 17916: 17909: 17902: 17895: 17888: 17881: 17874: 17867: 17860: 17852: 17850: 17844: 17843: 17841: 17840: 17833: 17826: 17819: 17812: 17805: 17798: 17791: 17784: 17777: 17770: 17762: 17760: 17754: 17753: 17751: 17750: 17743: 17736: 17729: 17721: 17714: 17707: 17700: 17699: 17698: 17683: 17676: 17669: 17662: 17655: 17648: 17640: 17633: 17626: 17618: 17610: 17608: 17602: 17601: 17599: 17598: 17591: 17590: 17589: 17575: 17574: 17573: 17570:British Empire 17563:United Kingdom 17559: 17552: 17545: 17538: 17531: 17524: 17512: 17505: 17498: 17491: 17484: 17477: 17470: 17463: 17456: 17444: 17437: 17430: 17423: 17416: 17404: 17396: 17389: 17382: 17379:Czechoslovakia 17375: 17368: 17361: 17354: 17342: 17335: 17328: 17321: 17313: 17311: 17302: 17296: 17295: 17292: 17291: 17289: 17288: 17287: 17286: 17279: 17276:Rape of Manila 17272: 17265: 17258: 17247: 17232: 17225: 17213: 17206: 17205: 17204: 17197: 17183: 17182: 17181: 17174: 17167: 17153: 17146: 17145: 17144: 17137: 17136: 17135: 17128: 17114: 17107: 17093: 17092: 17091: 17084: 17077: 17062: 17060: 17054: 17053: 17051: 17050: 17047:United Nations 17043: 17036: 17029: 17028: 17027: 17020: 17013: 17006: 16992: 16983: 16974: 16967: 16960: 16953: 16944: 16937: 16930: 16923: 16916: 16909: 16906:Decolonization 16902: 16895: 16887: 16885: 16879: 16878: 16876: 16875: 16868: 16867: 16866: 16852: 16845: 16844: 16843: 16836: 16829: 16815: 16814: 16813: 16806: 16792: 16791: 16790: 16783: 16776: 16769: 16762: 16755: 16740: 16738: 16732: 16731: 16729: 16728: 16721: 16714: 16707: 16700: 16693: 16686: 16679: 16678: 16677: 16670: 16656: 16649: 16642: 16635: 16628: 16621: 16614: 16613: 16612: 16598: 16591: 16590: 16589: 16582: 16579:United Kingdom 16575: 16561: 16554: 16547: 16540: 16533: 16526: 16519: 16518: 16517: 16502: 16500: 16491: 16487: 16486: 16484: 16483: 16476: 16469: 16468: 16467: 16460: 16453: 16441: 16440: 16439: 16425: 16417: 16414: 16413: 16406: 16405: 16398: 16391: 16383: 16374: 16373: 16370: 16369: 16367: 16366: 16358: 16352: 16350: 16346: 16345: 16343: 16342: 16337: 16332: 16327: 16322: 16317: 16311: 16309: 16302: 16298: 16297: 16294: 16293: 16291: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16275: 16269: 16267: 16263: 16262: 16259: 16258: 16256: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16229: 16227: 16223: 16222: 16220: 16219: 16214: 16209: 16204: 16199: 16193: 16191: 16184: 16174: 16173: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16166: 16160: 16158: 16154: 16153: 16151: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16100: 16095: 16090: 16085: 16080: 16074: 16072: 16068: 16067: 16065: 16064: 16062:Zuyev Republic 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15952:Czechoslovakia 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15918: 15916: 15909: 15905: 15904: 15902: 15901: 15896: 15895: 15894: 15883: 15881: 15877: 15876: 15874: 15873: 15872: 15871: 15861: 15856: 15851: 15846: 15841: 15827: 15822: 15817: 15811: 15809: 15803: 15802: 15799: 15798: 15796: 15795: 15789: 15787: 15783: 15782: 15780: 15779: 15773: 15771: 15764: 15758: 15757: 15755: 15754: 15749: 15744: 15739: 15734: 15729: 15724: 15719: 15714: 15709: 15703: 15701: 15692: 15684: 15683: 15680: 15679: 15676: 15675: 15673: 15672: 15667: 15662: 15656: 15654: 15650: 15649: 15646: 15645: 15643: 15642: 15637: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15616: 15614: 15605: 15604: 15598: 15596: 15589: 15583: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15575: 15574: 15572: 15571: 15566: 15561: 15556: 15551: 15545: 15543: 15534: 15533: 15528: 15523: 15518: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15472: 15470: 15466: 15465: 15462: 15461: 15459: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15422: 15420: 15411: 15410: 15405: 15400: 15394: 15392: 15385: 15375: 15374: 15371: 15370: 15368: 15367: 15362: 15351: 15349: 15345: 15344: 15342: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15266: 15261: 15256: 15251: 15249:Main Franconia 15246: 15241: 15236: 15231: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15196: 15191: 15189:Cologne–Aachen 15186: 15181: 15176: 15170: 15168: 15161: 15139: 15133:Administrative 15129: 15128: 15119: 15118: 15111: 15104: 15096: 15087: 15086: 15083: 15082: 15080: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15061: 15060: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15048: 15047: 15032: 15027: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14966: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14925: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14906: 14905: 14900: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14870: 14869: 14868: 14863: 14858: 14848: 14847: 14846: 14841: 14839:German Albania 14830: 14828: 14826:Axis countries 14821: 14820: 14817: 14816: 14814: 14813: 14811:Vanguard Youth 14808: 14803: 14798: 14793: 14788: 14783: 14778: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14757: 14756: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14710: 14708: 14701: 14700: 14698: 14697: 14696: 14695: 14690: 14680: 14675: 14670: 14665: 14660: 14655: 14654: 14653: 14648: 14640: 14635: 14630: 14625: 14620: 14615: 14610: 14605: 14600: 14595: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14560:Armistice Army 14557: 14552: 14551: 14550: 14545: 14543:Balli Kombëtar 14540: 14531: 14529: 14514: 14503: 14502: 14499:Imperial Japan 14491: 14490: 14483: 14476: 14468: 14459: 14458: 14456: 14455: 14450: 14449: 14448: 14443: 14438: 14433: 14428: 14420: 14415: 14409: 14406: 14405: 14402: 14401: 14399: 14398: 14391: 14384: 14377: 14369: 14367: 14363: 14362: 14360: 14359: 14352: 14345: 14338: 14331: 14323: 14321: 14317: 14316: 14314: 14313: 14310:Strange Defeat 14306: 14298: 14296: 14289: 14283: 14282: 14280: 14279: 14277:Vichy syndrome 14274: 14269: 14264: 14259: 14254: 14249: 14244: 14239: 14232: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14209: 14207: 14201: 14200: 14198: 14197: 14196: 14195: 14190: 14188:Eugène Bridoux 14185: 14180: 14178:Joseph Darnand 14175: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14149: 14147: 14143: 14142: 14139: 14138: 14136: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14119: 14117: 14113: 14112: 14110: 14109: 14104: 14103: 14102: 14090: 14083: 14078: 14073: 14068: 14063: 14058: 14053: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14036: 14031: 14026: 14021: 14016: 14011: 14005: 14003: 13999: 13998: 13995: 13994: 13992: 13991: 13986: 13979: 13972: 13966: 13964: 13960: 13959: 13957: 13956: 13951: 13950: 13949: 13935: 13928: 13920: 13918: 13914: 13913: 13911: 13910: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13890: 13888:Armistice Army 13885: 13880: 13875: 13870: 13864: 13862: 13855: 13848: 13842: 13841: 13838: 13837: 13835: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13813: 13811: 13807: 13806: 13804: 13803: 13798: 13793: 13788: 13783: 13778: 13773: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13727: 13725: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13715: 13710: 13705: 13700: 13694: 13692: 13689:Discrimination 13686: 13685: 13683: 13682: 13677: 13672: 13667: 13662: 13657: 13652: 13647: 13645:French Riviera 13641: 13639: 13633: 13632: 13630: 13629: 13624: 13619: 13613: 13611: 13610:Administration 13607: 13606: 13604: 13603: 13598: 13593: 13587: 13585: 13576: 13568: 13567: 13564: 13563: 13561: 13560: 13555: 13550: 13545: 13540: 13535: 13530: 13525: 13520: 13514: 13512: 13504: 13503: 13501: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13485: 13479: 13477: 13467: 13466: 13464: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13443: 13438: 13433: 13428: 13423: 13417: 13415: 13405: 13404: 13402: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13389:French Algeria 13385: 13383: 13374: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13355: 13353: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13345: 13338: 13331: 13323: 13316: 13309: 13302: 13295: 13288: 13281: 13274: 13267: 13260: 13253: 13246: 13239: 13232: 13220: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13197: 13192: 13187: 13182: 13176: 13174: 13168: 13167: 13165: 13164: 13159: 13154: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13130: 13125: 13120: 13115: 13109: 13107: 13101: 13100: 13098: 13097: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13079: 13078: 13068: 13063: 13057: 13055: 13049: 13048: 13046: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13018: 13011: 13006: 13001: 12995: 12993: 12987: 12986: 12984: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12958: 12952: 12950: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12935:Maxime Weygand 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12805:Louis Bourgain 12802: 12797: 12792: 12786: 12784: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12769: 12764: 12759: 12754: 12749: 12743: 12741: 12737: 12736: 12734: 12733: 12731:Henry Dorgères 12728: 12723: 12722: 12721: 12711: 12706: 12704:Third Republic 12701: 12696: 12694:Nuremberg Laws 12691: 12686: 12684:Fall of France 12681: 12679:Dreyfus affair 12676: 12669: 12664: 12656: 12654: 12650: 12649: 12647: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12572: 12569: 12568: 12561: 12560: 12553: 12546: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12526: 12509: 12504: 12498: 12497:, 22 July 1940 12488: 12470: 12458: 12453: 12451:Vichy web-page 12442: 12441:External links 12439: 12438: 12437: 12423: 12408: 12394: 12379: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12337: 12328:Claude Chabrol 12325: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12304: 12290: 12264: 12239: 12232: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12213: 12207: 12194: 12187: 12173: 12143: 12129: 12114: 12097: 12083: 12070:978-2200624187 12069: 12050: 12044: 12031: 12024: 12008:Eric Conan et 12006: 12000: 11984: 11970: 11963: 11950:978-2226256911 11949: 11930: 11915: 11902: 11892: 11866: 11859:Henri Amouroux 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11847: 11838:online edition 11830: 11813: 11806: 11796: 11786: 11779: 11770:online edition 11762: 11754: 11752: 11751:Historiography 11749: 11747: 11746: 11730: 11723: 11716:Thomas, Martin 11713: 11696: 11689: 11677:Smith, Colin. 11675: 11669: 11656: 11649: 11643: 11630: 11593: 11582: 11569:978-1138788770 11568: 11551: 11546:Nord, Philip. 11544: 11538: 11521: 11506: 11492: 11475: 11468: 11462: 11445: 11438: 11424: 11414: 11404: 11383: 11368: 11361: 11354: 11336: 11329: 11311:(4): 711–734. 11300: 11287: 11270: 11256: 11241: 11232:online edition 11224: 11217: 11207:Glass, Charles 11204: 11194: 11190:(2009), 226pp 11184: 11171:online edition 11163: 11156: 11146: 11137:online edition 11129: 11119: 11102: 11095: 11088: 11081: 11074: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11050: 11011: 10972: 10965: 10945: 10912: 10891: 10861: 10854: 10833: 10802: 10776: 10750: 10723: 10693: 10691:, p. 426. 10681: 10669: 10657: 10645: 10633: 10620:10.2307/286436 10614:(1): 126–151. 10598: 10586: 10579: 10561: 10554: 10536: 10529: 10507: 10488:(2): 262–282. 10482:French History 10472: 10447:French History 10437: 10430: 10412: 10405: 10384: 10373:(2): 241–260. 10367:French History 10357: 10338:(3): 148–181. 10318: 10311: 10285: 10278: 10254: 10241:10.2307/286424 10235:(4): 541–563. 10217: 10198:(2): 155–179. 10180: 10167: 10152: 10132: 10123: 10116: 10098: 10080: 10060: 10042: 10022: 10004: 9974: 9933: 9894: 9856: 9820: 9801: 9771: 9730: 9691: 9665:(3): 557–578. 9643: 9632: 9608: 9595: 9569: 9542: 9535: 9517: 9492: 9477: 9453: 9439:The Guardian: 9431: 9421: 9404: 9350: 9326: 9300: 9281:See Reggiani, 9271: 9258: 9243:. Nizkor.org. 9232: 9206: 9180: 9154: 9128: 9092: 9066: 9040: 9022: 9015: 8997: 8981: 8949: 8929: 8894: 8874: 8853:10.1086/711477 8847:(4): 817–858. 8827: 8796: 8774: 8772:, p. 139. 8762: 8742: 8736:Simon Kitson, 8729: 8713: 8706: 8686: 8651: 8638: 8595: 8583: 8571: 8569:, p. 241. 8559: 8547: 8535: 8525: 8504: 8490: 8469: 8462: 8441: 8430:(2): 199–203. 8412: 8390: 8349: 8323: 8308: 8282: 8252: 8248:978-1591144786 8231: 8205: 8186: 8182:The Rising Sun 8169: 8150: 8130: 8104: 8072: 8059: 8046: 8037: 8022: 8002: 7975: 7957: 7942: 7922: 7915: 7886: 7860: 7838: 7818: 7791: 7789:, p. 142. 7779: 7760: 7740: 7731: 7716: 7690: 7674: 7655: 7635: 7623: 7607: 7595: 7583: 7571: 7559: 7547: 7532: 7520: 7505: 7493: 7481: 7468: 7466:, p. 724. 7456: 7454:, p. 725. 7444: 7442:, p. 717. 7429: 7427:, p. 716. 7417: 7405: 7403:, p. 101. 7393: 7376: 7364: 7351: 7344: 7321: 7286: 7256: 7237: 7217: 7198: 7178: 7160: 7131:(2): 117–150. 7108: 7089: 7069: 7067:, p. 134. 7057: 7051: 7033: 7014: 6996: 6978: 6961: 6946:978-1317132691 6945: 6921: 6909: 6907:, p. iii. 6897: 6874:Simon Kitson. 6866: 6859: 6833: 6815: 6795: 6778: 6762: 6755: 6725: 6679: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6655: 6641: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6632: 6627: 6622: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6561: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6549: 6548: 6542: 6539:Lucien Rebatet 6536: 6524: 6518: 6503: 6498: 6492: 6483:Jacques Doriot 6480: 6462: 6456: 6438: 6432: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416:Maxime Weygand 6413: 6407: 6397: 6390:, head of the 6385: 6379: 6373: 6367: 6361: 6349: 6343: 6337: 6331: 6325: 6319: 6307: 6301: 6295: 6280: 6273: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6254: 6246: 6243: 6198:Vichy syndrome 6193: 6190: 6123: 6120: 6059:Fresnes Prison 6048:Foreign Legion 6028:while Charles 5998: 5997: 5982: 5975: 5964:Joseph Darnand 5924: 5874: 5873: 5832: 5830: 5823: 5807: 5804: 5763:Main article: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5728:Lucien Rebatet 5685:Following the 5663:Main article: 5660: 5657: 5617:Joseph Darnand 5603:Joseph Darnand 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5522:had landed in 5470: 5467: 5449: 5446: 5422: 5421:Food shortages 5419: 5405: 5402: 5375: 5372: 5350: 5347: 5337:Joseph Darnand 5313:was in power. 5284:anticommunism. 5268:Jacques Doriot 5197: 5192: 5169:Jacques Chirac 5126: 5123: 5084: 5081: 5037: 5034: 4963:Main article: 4960: 4957: 4884:, head of the 4882:Adolf Eichmann 4868:(PCF). In the 4842: 4841: 4756: 4754: 4747: 4738:Main article: 4727: 4724: 4712:Lucien Bonnafé 4583:Jacques Doriot 4561: 4560: 4519: 4517: 4510: 4504: 4501: 4387:who supported 4201: 4198: 4122:Groupe X-Crise 4083:, were strong 4081:Joseph Darnand 3981:Marcel Lemoine 3955: 3952: 3944:Sétif massacre 3921:Pierre Gazagne 3914:French Algeria 3863:de La Chapelle 3855:Pierre Gazagne 3735: 3732: 3652: 3649: 3621:Fall of France 3585:Main article: 3582: 3579: 3549:One colony in 3480: 3477: 3463:Georges Robert 3448:Bank of France 3408: 3405: 3250:Following the 3228: 3225: 3201:Main article: 3198: 3195: 3157:Fall of France 3122: 3119: 3107:neutral states 2988:Maxime Weygand 2952:neutral powers 2925: 2922: 2897:Main article: 2894: 2891: 2782: 2781: 2778: 2771: 2723:Georges Mandel 2633: 2630: 2624: 2623:German custody 2621: 2591:French Morocco 2521:Armistice Army 2498:Armistice Army 2496:Main article: 2493: 2492:Armistice Army 2490: 2481:Main article: 2478: 2475: 2454: 2451: 2405:Maxime Weygand 2372: 2369: 2316:Masonic lodges 2284:British Empire 2225:traditionalist 2149:defeat of 1940 2044:traditionalist 2029: 2026: 1979: 1976: 1972:Armistice Army 1936:Zone interdite 1901:French Algeria 1892: 1889: 1822:Third Republic 1799:Chief of State 1774: 1771: 1753: 1752: 1711: 1709: 1702: 1682: 1679: 1591:anti-Sovietism 1442: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1431: 1424: 1416: 1413: 1412: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1380: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1363: 1358: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1341: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1297: 1296: 1292: 1291: 1286: 1285: 1279: 1277:Fifth Republic 1273: 1272: 1269: 1263: 1262: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1228: 1221: 1220: 1217: 1210: 1209: 1206: 1204:Third Republic 1198: 1193: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1183: 1182: 1179: 1172: 1171: 1168: 1166:Third Republic 1162: 1161: 1158: 1152: 1151: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1132: 1131: 1128: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1112: 1111: 1108: 1106:First Republic 1102: 1101: 1098: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1080: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1070: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1028: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1002: 1001: 998: 991: 990: 987: 981: 980: 977: 970: 969: 966: 960: 959: 956: 950: 949: 946: 933: 928: 927: 924: 923: 918: 917: 916:50 BC – 486 AD 914: 908: 907: 904: 898: 897: 896:600 BC – 49 BC 894: 892:Greek colonies 888: 887: 884: 876: 871: 870: 867: 866: 860: 859: 851: 850: 841: 840: 833: 826: 825: 823: 822: 819: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 798: 797: 790: 780: 779: 772: 756: 755: 748: 745:administration 738: 737: 730: 727:administration 713: 710: 709: 706:administration 696: 688: 687: 678: 666: 665: 660: 650: 649: 644: 640: 639: 636: 635: 632: 626: 623: 622: 619: 613: 610: 609: 606: 603:German retreat 600: 597: 596: 593: 585: 582: 581: 578: 572: 569: 568: 565: 555: 552: 551: 548: 542: 539: 538: 535: 534: 529: 528:Historical era 525: 524: 519: 515: 514: 511: 510: 505: 502: 499: 498: 493: 490: 487: 486: 481: 478: 475: 474: 469: 466: 463: 462: 457: 454: 451: 450: 447: 446: 443: 441:Prime Minister 437: 436: 433: 432: 427: 424: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 411:Chief of State 407: 406: 385: 381: 380: 378:Roman Catholic 375: 371: 370: 365: 361: 360: 355: 351: 350: 348: 347: 341: 328: 326: 322: 321: 319: 318: 312: 305: 301: 299: 295: 294: 287: 279: 278: 275: 274: 268: 266: 260: 258: 252: 249: 247: 239: 238: 235:" (unofficial) 211: 210: 192: 191: 174: 173: 166: 159: 158: 152: 145: 144: 143: 140: 139: 135: 134: 119: 116: 89: 88: 71:September 2024 58: 57: 50: 36: 31: 29: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 20881: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20745: 20742: 20740: 20737: 20735: 20732: 20730: 20727: 20726: 20724: 20708: 20705: 20703: 20700: 20698: 20695: 20694: 20689: 20686: 20685: 20681: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20610: 20608: 20605: 20603: 20600: 20598: 20595: 20593: 20590: 20588: 20585: 20583: 20580: 20579: 20577: 20575: 20571: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20555: 20552: 20548: 20545: 20544: 20543: 20540: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20492:Birth control 20490: 20488: 20485: 20484: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20472: 20462: 20459: 20457: 20454: 20452: 20449: 20447: 20444: 20442: 20439: 20437: 20434: 20432: 20429: 20427: 20424: 20422: 20419: 20417: 20414: 20412: 20409: 20407: 20404: 20402: 20399: 20397: 20394: 20390: 20387: 20386: 20385: 20382: 20380: 20377: 20375: 20372: 20371: 20368: 20365: 20363: 20359: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20332: 20329: 20327: 20324: 20322: 20319: 20318: 20317: 20314: 20312: 20309: 20305: 20302: 20300: 20297: 20296: 20295: 20292: 20290: 20287: 20285: 20282: 20278: 20275: 20274: 20273: 20270: 20268: 20267:Constitutions 20265: 20264: 20261: 20258: 20256: 20252: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20209: 20207: 20204: 20202: 20199: 20197: 20194: 20193: 20190: 20187: 20185: 20181: 20169: 20166: 20164: 20161: 20159: 20156: 20154: 20151: 20149: 20146: 20144: 20141: 20139: 20136: 20134: 20131: 20130: 20129: 20126: 20122: 20119: 20118: 20117: 20114: 20112: 20109: 20108: 20106: 20102: 20094: 20091: 20089: 20086: 20084: 20081: 20079: 20076: 20075: 20074: 20071: 20066: 20065: 20064:Années folles 20060: 20059: 20058: 20055: 20053: 20050: 20045: 20044: 20039: 20038: 20037: 20034: 20032: 20029: 20027: 20026:Second Empire 20024: 20022: 20019: 20017: 20014: 20012: 20009: 20008: 20005: 20004:July Monarchy 20002: 20000: 19997: 19995: 19992: 19991: 19989: 19987: 19983: 19977: 19974: 19972: 19969: 19967: 19964: 19962: 19959: 19958: 19956: 19952: 19946: 19943: 19941: 19938: 19936: 19933: 19931: 19928: 19926: 19923: 19921: 19918: 19916: 19913: 19911: 19908: 19905: 19904: 19903:Ancien Régime 19899: 19897: 19894: 19892: 19889: 19887: 19884: 19883: 19881: 19879: 19875: 19867: 19864: 19863: 19862: 19859: 19857: 19854: 19850: 19847: 19846: 19845: 19842: 19840: 19837: 19836: 19834: 19832: 19828: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19814: 19812: 19809: 19807: 19804: 19803: 19801: 19799: 19795: 19789: 19786: 19784: 19781: 19780: 19778: 19774: 19768: 19765: 19763: 19760: 19758: 19755: 19753: 19750: 19748: 19745: 19743: 19740: 19738: 19735: 19733: 19730: 19728: 19725: 19724: 19722: 19718: 19715: 19713: 19709: 19705: 19702: 19695: 19690: 19688: 19683: 19681: 19676: 19675: 19672: 19659: 19655: 19652: 19648: 19645: 19644: 19639: 19632: 19631: 19628: 19615: 19611: 19608: 19604: 19601: 19597: 19596: 19594: 19590: 19585: 19581: 19580: 19578: 19577:Kuril Islands 19574: 19571: 19567: 19562: 19558: 19557: 19555: 19551: 19548: 19544: 19541: 19537: 19534: 19530: 19527: 19523: 19518: 19514: 19513: 19511: 19507: 19504: 19500: 19497: 19493: 19490: 19486: 19483: 19479: 19476: 19472: 19469: 19465: 19462: 19458: 19455: 19451: 19448: 19444: 19441: 19437: 19434: 19430: 19427: 19423: 19420: 19416: 19413: 19409: 19408: 19406: 19404: 19400: 19393: 19389: 19384: 19383: 19378: 19377: 19375: 19371: 19368: 19364: 19359: 19355: 19354: 19352: 19348: 19345: 19344:Syrmian Front 19341: 19338: 19334: 19331: 19327: 19324: 19320: 19317: 19316: 19311: 19308: 19307: 19302: 19299: 19295: 19292: 19291: 19290:Market Garden 19286: 19283: 19279: 19276: 19272: 19269: 19265: 19262: 19261: 19256: 19253: 19249: 19246: 19242: 19239: 19235: 19232: 19228: 19225: 19221: 19218: 19214: 19211: 19210: 19205: 19202: 19198: 19195: 19194: 19189: 19186: 19185: 19180: 19177: 19176: 19171: 19168: 19164: 19161: 19157: 19154: 19150: 19149:Monte Cassino 19146: 19143: 19142: 19137: 19136: 19134: 19132: 19128: 19121: 19117: 19112: 19108: 19105: 19101: 19100: 19098: 19094: 19091: 19087: 19084: 19080: 19077: 19073: 19070: 19066: 19061: 19057: 19056: 19054: 19050: 19047: 19043: 19040: 19039: 19034: 19031: 19027: 19024: 19020: 19017: 19013: 19010: 19006: 19003: 18999: 18996: 18992: 18989: 18985: 18982: 18978: 18977: 18975: 18973: 18969: 18962: 18958: 18955: 18954: 18949: 18946: 18942: 18939: 18935: 18932: 18931: 18926: 18923: 18919: 18916: 18912: 18909: 18905: 18902: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18887: 18884: 18880: 18879: 18877: 18873: 18870: 18866: 18863: 18859: 18856: 18852: 18849: 18845: 18842: 18838: 18835: 18831: 18828: 18824: 18821: 18817: 18814: 18810: 18807: 18803: 18802: 18800: 18798: 18794: 18787: 18783: 18780: 18776: 18773: 18769: 18766: 18762: 18759: 18755: 18752: 18748: 18745: 18741: 18738: 18734: 18731: 18727: 18724: 18720: 18717: 18713: 18710: 18706: 18703: 18699: 18696: 18692: 18689: 18685: 18682: 18678: 18675: 18671: 18668: 18664: 18661: 18657: 18653: 18652: 18647: 18643: 18638: 18634: 18633: 18631: 18627: 18624: 18620: 18617: 18613: 18610: 18606: 18603: 18599: 18594: 18590: 18589: 18587: 18583: 18580: 18576: 18573: 18569: 18566: 18562: 18561: 18559: 18557: 18553: 18546: 18545: 18540: 18537: 18533: 18530: 18526: 18523: 18519: 18516: 18515:Baltic states 18512: 18509: 18505: 18502: 18498: 18495: 18491: 18488: 18484: 18481: 18477: 18474: 18470: 18467: 18463: 18460: 18456: 18453: 18449: 18446: 18442: 18439: 18435: 18432: 18428: 18425: 18421: 18418: 18414: 18413: 18411: 18409: 18405: 18398: 18394: 18391: 18387: 18384: 18380: 18377: 18373: 18370: 18366: 18363: 18359: 18356: 18352: 18351: 18349: 18347: 18343: 18334: 18330: 18327: 18323: 18320: 18316: 18313: 18309: 18306: 18302: 18301: 18299: 18295: 18290: 18286: 18283: 18279: 18278: 18276: 18272: 18267: 18263: 18262: 18260: 18256: 18255: 18253: 18251: 18247: 18244: 18242: 18238: 18227: 18223: 18220: 18216: 18211: 18207: 18204: 18200: 18199: 18195: 18190: 18186: 18185: 18183: 18179: 18176: 18172: 18167: 18163: 18160: 18159:United States 18156: 18151: 18147: 18146: 18144: 18140: 18139: 18135: 18132: 18128: 18127: 18125: 18123: 18119: 18112: 18108: 18103: 18099: 18096: 18095:Quốc dân Đảng 18092: 18091: 18087: 18084: 18080: 18077: 18073: 18070: 18066: 18063: 18059: 18056: 18052: 18049: 18045: 18042: 18038: 18035: 18031: 18028: 18024: 18021: 18017: 18014: 18010: 18007: 18003: 18000: 17996: 17993: 17989: 17984: 17980: 17977: 17973: 17972: 17970: 17966: 17963: 17959: 17956: 17952: 17949: 17945: 17942: 17938: 17935: 17931: 17928: 17924: 17921: 17917: 17914: 17910: 17907: 17903: 17900: 17896: 17893: 17889: 17886: 17882: 17879: 17875: 17872: 17868: 17865: 17861: 17858: 17854: 17853: 17851: 17849: 17845: 17838: 17834: 17831: 17827: 17824: 17820: 17817: 17813: 17810: 17806: 17803: 17799: 17796: 17795:Liechtenstein 17792: 17789: 17785: 17782: 17778: 17775: 17771: 17768: 17764: 17763: 17761: 17759: 17755: 17748: 17744: 17741: 17737: 17734: 17730: 17726: 17722: 17719: 17715: 17712: 17708: 17705: 17701: 17696: 17692: 17691: 17688: 17684: 17681: 17677: 17674: 17670: 17667: 17663: 17660: 17656: 17653: 17649: 17645: 17641: 17638: 17634: 17631: 17627: 17623: 17619: 17616: 17612: 17611: 17609: 17607: 17603: 17596: 17592: 17587: 17583: 17582: 17580: 17579:United States 17576: 17571: 17567: 17566: 17564: 17560: 17557: 17553: 17550: 17546: 17543: 17539: 17536: 17532: 17529: 17525: 17521: 17517: 17513: 17510: 17506: 17503: 17499: 17496: 17492: 17489: 17485: 17482: 17478: 17475: 17471: 17468: 17464: 17461: 17457: 17453: 17449: 17445: 17442: 17438: 17435: 17431: 17428: 17424: 17421: 17417: 17413: 17409: 17405: 17401: 17397: 17394: 17390: 17387: 17383: 17380: 17376: 17373: 17369: 17366: 17362: 17359: 17355: 17351: 17347: 17343: 17340: 17336: 17333: 17329: 17326: 17322: 17319: 17315: 17314: 17312: 17310: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17297: 17284: 17280: 17277: 17273: 17270: 17269:Comfort women 17266: 17263: 17259: 17256: 17253: / 17252: 17248: 17245: 17242: / 17241: 17238: / 17237: 17233: 17230: 17229:Camp brothels 17226: 17223: 17219: 17218: 17214: 17211: 17207: 17202: 17198: 17195: 17191: 17190: 17188: 17184: 17179: 17175: 17172: 17168: 17165: 17161: 17160: 17158: 17154: 17151: 17147: 17142: 17138: 17133: 17129: 17126: 17122: 17121: 17119: 17118:The Holocaust 17115: 17112: 17108: 17105: 17104:forced labour 17101: 17100: 17098: 17094: 17089: 17085: 17082: 17078: 17075: 17071: 17070: 17068: 17064: 17063: 17061: 17059: 17055: 17048: 17044: 17041: 17037: 17034: 17030: 17025: 17021: 17018: 17014: 17011: 17007: 17004: 17000: 16999: 16997: 16993: 16990: 16989: 16984: 16981: 16980: 16975: 16972: 16968: 16965: 16961: 16958: 16957:Marshall Plan 16954: 16951: 16950: 16945: 16942: 16938: 16935: 16931: 16928: 16924: 16921: 16917: 16914: 16910: 16907: 16903: 16900: 16896: 16893: 16889: 16888: 16886: 16884: 16880: 16873: 16869: 16864: 16860: 16859: 16857: 16853: 16850: 16846: 16841: 16837: 16834: 16830: 16827: 16823: 16822: 16820: 16816: 16811: 16810:Eastern Front 16807: 16804: 16803:Western Front 16800: 16799: 16797: 16793: 16788: 16784: 16781: 16777: 16774: 16770: 16767: 16763: 16760: 16756: 16753: 16749: 16748: 16746: 16742: 16741: 16739: 16737: 16733: 16726: 16722: 16719: 16715: 16712: 16708: 16705: 16701: 16698: 16697:Puppet states 16694: 16691: 16687: 16684: 16680: 16675: 16671: 16668: 16664: 16663: 16661: 16657: 16654: 16650: 16647: 16643: 16640: 16639:Naval history 16636: 16633: 16629: 16626: 16622: 16619: 16615: 16610: 16606: 16605: 16603: 16599: 16596: 16592: 16587: 16586:United States 16583: 16580: 16576: 16573: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16562: 16559: 16555: 16552: 16548: 16545: 16541: 16538: 16534: 16531: 16527: 16524: 16520: 16515: 16511: 16510: 16508: 16504: 16503: 16501: 16499: 16495: 16492: 16488: 16481: 16477: 16474: 16470: 16465: 16461: 16458: 16454: 16451: 16447: 16446: 16442: 16437: 16433: 16432: 16430: 16426: 16423: 16419: 16418: 16415: 16411: 16404: 16399: 16397: 16392: 16390: 16385: 16384: 16381: 16365: 16362: 16359: 16357: 16354: 16353: 16351: 16347: 16341: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16326: 16323: 16321: 16318: 16316: 16313: 16312: 16310: 16306: 16303: 16299: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16274: 16271: 16270: 16268: 16264: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16234: 16231: 16230: 16228: 16224: 16218: 16215: 16213: 16210: 16208: 16205: 16203: 16200: 16198: 16195: 16194: 16192: 16188: 16185: 16182: 16181: 16175: 16165: 16162: 16161: 16159: 16155: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16124: 16123:Russia (KONR) 16121: 16119: 16118:Russia (ODNR) 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16099: 16096: 16094: 16091: 16089: 16086: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16076: 16075: 16073: 16069: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15919: 15917: 15913: 15910: 15906: 15900: 15897: 15893: 15890: 15889: 15888: 15885: 15884: 15882: 15878: 15870: 15867: 15866: 15865: 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15839: 15838:zone réservée 15835: 15834:Atlantic Wall 15831: 15828: 15826: 15823: 15821: 15818: 15816: 15813: 15812: 15810: 15808: 15804: 15794: 15791: 15790: 15788: 15784: 15778: 15775: 15774: 15772: 15768: 15765: 15763: 15759: 15753: 15750: 15748: 15745: 15743: 15740: 15738: 15735: 15733: 15730: 15728: 15725: 15723: 15720: 15718: 15715: 15713: 15710: 15708: 15705: 15704: 15702: 15700: 15696: 15693: 15691: 15685: 15671: 15668: 15666: 15663: 15661: 15660:Burgundy (SS) 15658: 15657: 15655: 15651: 15641: 15638: 15636: 15633: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15617: 15615: 15613: 15609: 15603: 15600: 15599: 15597: 15593: 15590: 15588: 15584: 15570: 15567: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15557: 15555: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15546: 15544: 15542: 15538: 15532: 15529: 15527: 15524: 15522: 15519: 15517: 15514: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15473: 15471: 15467: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15423: 15421: 15419: 15415: 15409: 15406: 15404: 15401: 15399: 15396: 15395: 15393: 15389: 15386: 15383: 15382: 15376: 15366: 15363: 15360: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15346: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15314:Upper Silesia 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15265: 15262: 15260: 15257: 15255: 15252: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15239:Lower Silesia 15237: 15235: 15232: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15200: 15197: 15195: 15192: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15182: 15180: 15177: 15175: 15172: 15171: 15169: 15165: 15162: 15158: 15157: 15150: 15149: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15130: 15125: 15117: 15112: 15110: 15105: 15103: 15098: 15097: 15094: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15065: 15062: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15046: 15043: 15042: 15041: 15038: 15037: 15036: 15033: 15031: 15028: 15026: 15023: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14950: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14929: 14926: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14904: 14901: 14899: 14896: 14895: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14867: 14864: 14862: 14859: 14857: 14854: 14853: 14852: 14851:Baltic states 14849: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14836: 14835: 14832: 14831: 14829: 14827: 14822: 14812: 14809: 14807: 14804: 14802: 14799: 14797: 14794: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14782: 14779: 14777: 14774: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14755: 14752: 14751: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14739:Golden Square 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14709: 14706: 14702: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14685: 14684: 14681: 14679: 14676: 14674: 14671: 14669: 14666: 14664: 14661: 14659: 14656: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14643: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14634: 14631: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14614: 14611: 14609: 14606: 14604: 14601: 14599: 14598:Golden Square 14596: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14575:Blue Division 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14549: 14548:Cham Albanian 14546: 14544: 14541: 14539: 14536: 14535: 14533: 14532: 14530: 14527: 14522: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14508: 14504: 14500: 14496: 14489: 14484: 14482: 14477: 14475: 14470: 14469: 14466: 14454: 14451: 14447: 14444: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14423: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14410: 14407: 14397: 14396: 14392: 14390: 14389: 14385: 14383: 14382: 14378: 14376: 14375: 14371: 14370: 14368: 14364: 14358: 14357: 14353: 14351: 14350: 14346: 14344: 14343: 14339: 14337: 14336: 14332: 14330: 14329: 14325: 14324: 14322: 14318: 14312: 14311: 14307: 14305: 14304: 14300: 14299: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14284: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14258: 14255: 14253: 14250: 14248: 14245: 14243: 14240: 14238: 14237: 14233: 14231: 14230: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14219: 14216: 14214: 14211: 14210: 14208: 14202: 14194: 14191: 14189: 14186: 14184: 14183:Jean Luchaire 14181: 14179: 14176: 14174: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14156: 14154: 14151: 14150: 14148: 14144: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14120: 14118: 14114: 14108: 14105: 14101: 14098: 14097: 14096: 14095: 14091: 14089: 14088: 14084: 14082: 14079: 14077: 14074: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14062: 14059: 14057: 14056:Syria–Lebanon 14054: 14052: 14049: 14045: 14042: 14041: 14040: 14037: 14035: 14032: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14020: 14017: 14015: 14014:Mers-el-Kébir 14012: 14010: 14007: 14006: 14004: 14000: 13990: 13987: 13985: 13984: 13980: 13978: 13977: 13973: 13971: 13968: 13967: 13965: 13961: 13955: 13952: 13948: 13947: 13943: 13942: 13941: 13940: 13936: 13934: 13933: 13929: 13927: 13926: 13922: 13921: 13919: 13915: 13909: 13906: 13904: 13901: 13899: 13896: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13886: 13884: 13881: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13865: 13863: 13859: 13856: 13852: 13849: 13847: 13843: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13814: 13812: 13808: 13802: 13799: 13797: 13794: 13792: 13789: 13787: 13784: 13782: 13779: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13764: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13728: 13726: 13724: 13720: 13714: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13701: 13699: 13696: 13695: 13693: 13687: 13681: 13678: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13661: 13658: 13656: 13653: 13651: 13648: 13646: 13643: 13642: 13640: 13638: 13634: 13628: 13625: 13623: 13620: 13618: 13615: 13614: 13612: 13608: 13602: 13599: 13597: 13594: 13592: 13589: 13588: 13586: 13584: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13569: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13544: 13541: 13539: 13536: 13534: 13531: 13529: 13526: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13515: 13513: 13509: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13484: 13481: 13480: 13478: 13476: 13472: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13447: 13444: 13442: 13439: 13437: 13434: 13432: 13429: 13427: 13424: 13422: 13419: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13410: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13386: 13384: 13382: 13378: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13366:Occupied zone 13364: 13362: 13361: 13357: 13356: 13354: 13350: 13344: 13343: 13339: 13337: 13336: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13324: 13322: 13321: 13317: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13308: 13307: 13303: 13301: 13300: 13299:Ici la France 13296: 13294: 13293: 13289: 13287: 13286: 13282: 13280: 13279: 13275: 13273: 13272: 13268: 13266: 13265: 13261: 13259: 13258: 13254: 13252: 13251: 13247: 13245: 13244: 13240: 13238: 13237: 13233: 13231: 13230: 13226: 13221: 13218: 13215: 13213: 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13202: 13198: 13196: 13193: 13191: 13188: 13186: 13183: 13181: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13169: 13163: 13160: 13158: 13155: 13153: 13152: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13135: 13131: 13129: 13126: 13124: 13121: 13119: 13116: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13102: 13096: 13095: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13077: 13074: 13073: 13072: 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13050: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13023: 13019: 13017: 13016: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13005: 13002: 13000: 12999:French League 12997: 12996: 12994: 12992:organizations 12988: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12957: 12954: 12953: 12951: 12947: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12930:Xavier Vallat 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12915:Simon Sabiani 12913: 12911: 12910:Pierre Pucheu 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12900:Maurice Papon 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12885:Jean Luchaire 12883: 12881: 12878: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12815:Alexis Carrel 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12800:René Bousquet 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12775: 12774: 12770: 12768: 12767:Hôtel du Parc 12765: 12763: 12760: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12744: 12742: 12738: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12720: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12685: 12682: 12680: 12677: 12675: 12674: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12662: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12651: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12584:Baltic states 12582: 12580: 12577: 12574: 12573: 12570: 12566: 12559: 12554: 12552: 12547: 12545: 12540: 12539: 12536: 12530: 12527: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12502: 12499: 12496: 12492: 12489: 12484: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12471: 12469: 12465: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12448: 12445: 12444: 12434: 12430: 12426: 12420: 12416: 12415: 12409: 12405: 12401: 12397: 12391: 12387: 12386: 12380: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12345: 12335: 12334: 12329: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12317: 12316:Marcel Ophüls 12314: 12313: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12287: 12283: 12279: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12268:Rousso, Henry 12265: 12262: 12258: 12254: 12248: 12243: 12242:Michael Mayer 12240: 12237: 12233: 12230: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12210: 12204: 12200: 12195: 12192: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12170: 12166: 12162: 12158: 12154: 12153: 12148: 12147:Rousso, Henry 12144: 12142: 12141:2-02-006763-3 12138: 12135:Seuil, 1984, 12134: 12130: 12127: 12123: 12120:, in series, 12119: 12115: 12113: 12112:2-213-01573-2 12109: 12105: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12095:2-02-013509-4 12092: 12088: 12085:André Kaspi. 12084: 12080: 12076: 12072: 12066: 12062: 12058: 12057: 12051: 12047: 12041: 12037: 12032: 12029: 12025: 12023: 12022:2-213-59237-3 12019: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12003: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11983: 11982:2-262-01231-8 11979: 11975: 11971: 11968: 11964: 11960: 11956: 11952: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11937: 11931: 11927: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11914: 11913:2-213-02683-1 11910: 11906: 11903: 11900: 11896: 11893: 11889: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11876: 11871: 11867: 11864: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11846: 11842: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11829: 11828:0-674-93539-X 11825: 11821: 11817: 11816:Rousso, Henry 11814: 11811: 11807: 11805: 11801: 11797: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11784: 11780: 11778: 11774: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11760: 11756: 11755: 11745: 11744:0-8147-9336-3 11741: 11737: 11734: 11731: 11728: 11724: 11721: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11708: 11704: 11700: 11697: 11694: 11690: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11676: 11672: 11666: 11662: 11657: 11654: 11650: 11646: 11640: 11636: 11631: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11607: 11602: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11575: 11571: 11565: 11561: 11557: 11552: 11549: 11545: 11541: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11522: 11519: 11518:0-275-95973-2 11515: 11511: 11507: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11484: 11480: 11476: 11473: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11454: 11453: 11446: 11443: 11439: 11437: 11436:0-19-873151-5 11433: 11429: 11425: 11422: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11409: 11405: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11380: 11376: 11375: 11369: 11366: 11362: 11359: 11355: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11339:Kitson, Simon 11337: 11334: 11330: 11326: 11322: 11318: 11314: 11310: 11306: 11301: 11290: 11284: 11279: 11278: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11259: 11253: 11249: 11248: 11242: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11229: 11225: 11222: 11218: 11216: 11212: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11193: 11189: 11185: 11183: 11182:online review 11179: 11175: 11172: 11168: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11145: 11141: 11138: 11134: 11130: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11116:0-375-41131-3 11113: 11109: 11106: 11105:Carmen Callil 11103: 11100: 11096: 11093: 11089: 11086: 11082: 11079: 11075: 11072: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11015: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10987: 10983: 10976: 10968: 10962: 10958: 10957: 10949: 10930: 10923: 10916: 10907: 10903: 10900: 10895: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10865: 10857: 10851: 10847: 10843: 10842:Andenæs, Johs 10837: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10806: 10790: 10786: 10780: 10764: 10760: 10754: 10738: 10734: 10727: 10711: 10707: 10700: 10698: 10690: 10685: 10678: 10673: 10666: 10661: 10654: 10649: 10642: 10637: 10629: 10625: 10621: 10617: 10613: 10609: 10602: 10595: 10590: 10582: 10576: 10572: 10565: 10557: 10551: 10547: 10540: 10532: 10526: 10521: 10520: 10511: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10491: 10487: 10483: 10476: 10468: 10464: 10460: 10456: 10452: 10448: 10441: 10433: 10427: 10423: 10416: 10408: 10402: 10398: 10391: 10389: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10361: 10353: 10349: 10345: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10329: 10322: 10314: 10308: 10304: 10299: 10298: 10289: 10281: 10275: 10271: 10267: 10266: 10258: 10250: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10229: 10221: 10213: 10209: 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10192: 10184: 10177: 10171: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10145: 10144: 10136: 10127: 10119: 10113: 10109: 10108:Vichy 1940–44 10102: 10095: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10073: 10072: 10064: 10057: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10039: 10035: 10034: 10026: 10018: 10011: 10009: 9992: 9988: 9984: 9978: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9949: 9944: 9937: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9898: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9860: 9841: 9837: 9830: 9824: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9805: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9775: 9759: 9755: 9751: 9747: 9746: 9741: 9734: 9718: 9714: 9710: 9706: 9702: 9695: 9680: 9676: 9672: 9668: 9664: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9647: 9641: 9636: 9626: 9625:Robert Paxton 9622: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9605: 9599: 9583: 9580:. Ushmm.org. 9579: 9573: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9546: 9538: 9532: 9528: 9521: 9506: 9502: 9496: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9465: 9457: 9450: 9446: 9443: 9442: 9435: 9425: 9418: 9414: 9413:Szasz, Thomas 9408: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9379: 9375: 9374: 9369: 9368: 9364: 9361: 9354: 9347: 9343: 9339: 9336: 9330: 9322: 9317: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9287: 9284: 9278: 9276: 9268: 9262: 9246: 9242: 9236: 9220: 9216: 9210: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9168: 9164: 9158: 9142: 9138: 9132: 9123: 9122: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9105: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9054: 9050: 9044: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9018: 9016:0-674-06888-2 9012: 9008: 9001: 8994: 8990: 8985: 8979: 8978:0-8047-2499-7 8975: 8971: 8967: 8966: 8962: 8959: 8953: 8947: 8946:2-87894-026-1 8943: 8939: 8933: 8926: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8905: 8898: 8888: 8884: 8878: 8870: 8866: 8862: 8858: 8854: 8850: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8831: 8823: 8811: 8807: 8803: 8799: 8793: 8788: 8787: 8778: 8771: 8766: 8760: 8759:1-85409-290-1 8756: 8752: 8746: 8739: 8733: 8726: 8722: 8717: 8709: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8690: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8669: 8664: 8662: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8648: 8642: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8611:(2): 81–117. 8610: 8606: 8599: 8592: 8591:Playfair 2004 8587: 8580: 8579:Playfair 2004 8575: 8568: 8563: 8557:, p. 89. 8556: 8551: 8544: 8539: 8533: 8529: 8514: 8508: 8500: 8494: 8486: 8485: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8465: 8463:0-333-19377-6 8459: 8455: 8448: 8446: 8437: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8424: 8416: 8409: 8405: 8402: 8400: 8394: 8386: 8382: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8353: 8337: 8333: 8327: 8320: 8315: 8313: 8296: 8292: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8264: 8256: 8249: 8245: 8241: 8235: 8219: 8215: 8209: 8202:(3): 155–164. 8201: 8197: 8190: 8184: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8166: 8162: 8159: 8154: 8148: 8147:2-02-031477-0 8144: 8140: 8134: 8118: 8114: 8108: 8101: 8100: 8095: 8091: 8088: 8083: 8081: 8079: 8077: 8069: 8063: 8056: 8050: 8041: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8019: 8015: 8014: 8006: 7990: 7986: 7979: 7971: 7967: 7961: 7954: 7946: 7940: 7939:2-02-005215-6 7936: 7932: 7926: 7918: 7912: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7893: 7891: 7874: 7870: 7864: 7849: 7845: 7841: 7835: 7831: 7830: 7822: 7806: 7802: 7795: 7788: 7783: 7767: 7763: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7744: 7735: 7727: 7720: 7704: 7700: 7694: 7685: 7678: 7662: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7639: 7632: 7627: 7620: 7616: 7611: 7605:, p. 76. 7604: 7599: 7592: 7587: 7581:, p. 75. 7580: 7575: 7568: 7563: 7557:, p. 72. 7556: 7551: 7545:, p. 97. 7544: 7539: 7537: 7529: 7524: 7518:, p. 70. 7517: 7512: 7510: 7503:, p. 69. 7502: 7497: 7490: 7485: 7478: 7472: 7465: 7464:Jennings 1994 7460: 7453: 7452:Jennings 1994 7448: 7441: 7440:Jennings 1994 7436: 7434: 7426: 7425:Jennings 1994 7421: 7414: 7413:Jennings 1994 7409: 7402: 7397: 7391:, p. 99. 7390: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7373: 7368: 7361: 7355: 7347: 7341: 7337: 7330: 7328: 7326: 7317: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7289: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7260: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7221: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7191: 7190: 7182: 7175: 7169: 7167: 7165: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7139: 7134: 7130: 7126: 7122: 7115: 7113: 7096: 7092: 7086: 7082: 7081: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7054: 7048: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7026: 7023: 7018: 7010: 7006: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6982: 6975: 6971: 6965: 6958: 6955: 6948: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6933: 6925: 6918: 6913: 6906: 6901: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6856: 6852: 6847: 6846: 6837: 6829: 6828:bseditions.fr 6825: 6819: 6812: 6808: 6807: 6799: 6791: 6785: 6783: 6775: 6771: 6766: 6758: 6752: 6748: 6743: 6737: 6729: 6722: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6680: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6646: 6642: 6631: 6628: 6626: 6623: 6621: 6618: 6616: 6613: 6611: 6610: 6609:Ordre Nouveau 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6528: 6525: 6522: 6519: 6516: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6489: 6484: 6481: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6471: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6448: 6447: 6442: 6441:Marcel Bucard 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6426: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6410:Xavier Vallat 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6396:in Marseille. 6395: 6394: 6389: 6388:Simon Sabiani 6386: 6383: 6382:Pierre Pucheu 6380: 6377: 6374: 6371: 6370:Maurice Papon 6368: 6365: 6362: 6359: 6358: 6353: 6350: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6316: 6311: 6308: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6293: 6292:René Bousquet 6290: 6289: 6283: 6282:Xavier Vallat 6277: 6268: 6267:Pierre Pucheu 6262: 6252: 6242: 6239: 6235: 6233: 6232:Maurice Papon 6229: 6228: 6223: 6222:Marcel Ophüls 6213: 6211: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6189: 6187: 6186:Maurice Papon 6183: 6179: 6175: 6174:René Bousquet 6170: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6133: 6132:Maurice Papon 6129: 6119: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6105: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6085: 6081: 6076: 6074: 6070: 6069:Pierre Benoit 6066: 6065: 6060: 6056: 6051: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6039: 6033: 6027: 6026:Maurice Papon 6023: 6009: 6005: 6003: 5995: 5994:Xavier Vallat 5991: 5987: 5983: 5980: 5976: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5941: 5940: 5931: 5930: 5925: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5901: 5896: 5890: 5885: 5881: 5870: 5867: 5859: 5856:December 2016 5849: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5833:This section 5831: 5827: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5803: 5799: 5797: 5796: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5751: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5737: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5716: 5710: 5705: 5701: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5679: 5671: 5666: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5618: 5614: 5613: 5604: 5601: 5597: 5592: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5556: 5552: 5548: 5543: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5462: 5460: 5454: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5434: 5433:black markets 5428: 5418: 5416: 5412: 5404:Forced labour 5401: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5380: 5371: 5369: 5363: 5355: 5346: 5344: 5343: 5338: 5334: 5330: 5329: 5324: 5323: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5311:Popular Front 5308: 5307: 5302: 5301:collaboration 5298: 5290: 5286: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5270:, the writer 5269: 5266:(PPF) leader 5265: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5252:Robert Paxton 5249: 5242: 5238: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5196: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5181: 5176: 5174: 5170: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5158:Marine Le Pen 5155: 5150: 5146: 5137: 5131: 5122: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5097:Robert Paxton 5094: 5090: 5080: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069:Gruppenführer 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5043: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5018: 5014: 5013:Alois Brunner 5010: 5009: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4976: 4975:yellow badges 4971: 4966: 4956: 4954: 4950: 4944: 4940: 4939:was founded. 4938: 4937: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4923:Xavier Vallat 4919: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4838: 4835: 4827: 4816: 4813: 4809: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4795: 4792: 4788: 4785: – 4784: 4780: 4779:Find sources: 4773: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4757:This section 4755: 4751: 4746: 4745: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4708: 4703: 4697: 4692: 4688: 4683: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4654: 4650: 4643: 4639: 4638:Jean Stoetzel 4634: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4609: 4604: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4576: 4572: 4571:Alexis Carrel 4568: 4557: 4554: 4546: 4543:February 2012 4536: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4520:This section 4518: 4514: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4482:denaturalised 4479: 4474: 4472: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4418:Seine-et-Oise 4415: 4411: 4406: 4402: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4386: 4383:, as well as 4382: 4378: 4374: 4371:(communists, 4369: 4365: 4364:anti-fascists 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4312: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4290: 4289:Romani people 4286: 4282: 4277: 4275: 4271: 4267: 4262: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4225: 4220: 4212: 4207: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4176:René Bousquet 4172: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4157:Alexis Carrel 4154: 4150: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4110: 4108: 4104: 4103:Eastern Front 4100: 4096: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4058:Popular Front 4055: 4054:reactionaries 4050: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4019: 4016: 4012: 4011:René Bousquet 4009: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3987: 3982: 3978: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3904:. Giraud and 3895: 3890: 3888: 3883: 3875: 3870: 3868: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3842: 3840: 3836: 3827: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3805:Alphonse Juin 3802: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3778: 3776: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3759: 3755: 3751: 3745: 3741: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3704: 3701: 3700: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3648: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3627: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3606: 3602: 3593: 3588: 3578: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3536: 3535: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3476: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3439: 3438:French Guiana 3435: 3433: 3428: 3424: 3423:Western Union 3418: 3414: 3404: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3359:New Caledonia 3356: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3300:New Caledonia 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3194: 3192: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3118: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3058: 3054: 3052: 3048: 3044: 3039: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3008: 3007:Mark W. Clark 3003: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2976: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2936: 2931: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2824: 2823: 2818: 2813: 2803: 2798: 2793: 2790: 2779: 2776: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2690:in the quiet 2689: 2688:joint session 2685: 2681: 2674: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2656: 2653: 2652:Gruppenführer 2648: 2643: 2639: 2629: 2620: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2569: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2547: 2546: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2489: 2484: 2474: 2469: 2459: 2450: 2447: 2442: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2431:Albert Lebrun 2424: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2381: 2377: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2358: 2357:anti-Semitism 2353: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2319: 2317: 2312: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2276: 2272: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2233: 2229: 2226: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2207: 2201: 2199: 2198:French people 2194: 2189: 2185: 2184: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2141:Vercingetorix 2138: 2134: 2130: 2123:program, 1942 2122: 2121: 2115: 2111: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2099:reactionaries 2096: 2095:Robert Paxton 2092: 2088: 2087:authoritarian 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2035: 2025: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1993: 1990:. Pétain was 1989: 1985: 1975: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1954: 1950: 1949:René Bousquet 1945: 1940: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1923: 1919: 1914: 1910: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1888: 1885: 1880: 1875: 1870: 1865: 1860: 1859: 1853: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1832:État Français 1829: 1828: 1823: 1819: 1813: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1770: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1749: 1746: 1738: 1728: 1724: 1718: 1717: 1712:This section 1710: 1706: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1678: 1676: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1645: 1639: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1628:round up Jews 1624: 1619: 1618:forced labour 1615: 1610: 1608: 1604: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1549:and invading 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1505: 1501: 1498:, it adopted 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1467: 1466:État français 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1437: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1418: 1417: 1415: 1414: 1411: 1400: 1396: 1386: 1385: 1379: 1376: 1374: 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16978: 16948: 16826:North Africa 16787:Indian Ocean 16646:Nazi plunder 16537:Cryptography 16410:World War II 16325:Schatzgräber 15966: 15747:West Prussia 15727:Lower Styria 15665:Holland (SS) 15436:Upper Danube 15431:Lower Danube 15234:Hesse-Nassau 15204:East Prussia 15174:Baden-Alsace 15137:Nazi Germany 15135:divisions of 15124:Nazi Germany 15035:Soviet Union 14927: 14923:(until 1944) 14688:Afrika Korps 14593:(until 1944) 14393: 14386: 14379: 14372: 14354: 14347: 14340: 14333: 14326: 14308: 14301: 14234: 14227: 14206:& Impact 14128:Henri Giraud 14093: 14086: 14065: 14050: 14008: 13981: 13974: 13944: 13937: 13930: 13923: 13868:1st Regiment 13708:Yellow badge 13703:Nazi plunder 13698:Aryanisation 13680:Villeurbanne 13650:Green ticket 13558:New Hebrides 13518:French India 13493:Ubangi-Shari 13488:Middle Congo 13358: 13340: 13333: 13326: 13318: 13311: 13304: 13297: 13290: 13283: 13276: 13269: 13262: 13255: 13248: 13241: 13234: 13227: 13222: 13199: 13149: 13132: 13104:Policy & 13092: 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Retrieved 6704:the original 6699: 6658: 6645: 6607: 6530: 6512: 6501:Henri Lafont 6486: 6474: 6468: 6450: 6444: 6429:Pierre Bonny 6403: 6400:Paul Touvier 6391: 6355: 6346:Pierre Laval 6313: 6240: 6236: 6225: 6214: 6207: 6204:Henry Rousso 6201: 6182:Paul Touvier 6171: 6155:Algerian War 6144:Nazi hunters 6128:Paul Touvier 6125: 6122:1980s trials 6108: 6100: 6077: 6062: 6052: 6037: 6034: 6014: 5999: 5968:Pierre Laval 5957: 5937: 5927: 5908: 5884:black market 5877: 5862: 5853: 5842:Please help 5837:verification 5834: 5800: 5793: 5791: 5779: 5768: 5744: 5740: 5730:, the actor 5713: 5684: 5650: 5639:Paul Touvier 5635:Adolf Hitler 5627:Pierre Laval 5620: 5610: 5609:In 1943 the 5608: 5544: 5540:Cordell Hull 5512:Henri Giraud 5509: 5492: 5490: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5407: 5393: 5385: 5364: 5360: 5340: 5332: 5326: 5320: 5318: 5315: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5287: 5279: 5259: 5246: 5234: 5194: 5189: 5177: 5166: 5142: 5114: 5086: 5067: 5045: 5006: 5000: 4980: 4945: 4941: 4934: 4898: 4858:André Tulard 4845: 4830: 4821: 4811: 4804: 4797: 4790: 4778: 4766:Please help 4761:verification 4758: 4716:Patrick Tort 4702:Jean Coutrot 4699: 4694: 4690: 4685: 4664:gas chambers 4655: 4635: 4605: 4564: 4549: 4540: 4529:Please help 4524:verification 4521: 4498: 4494: 4485: 4475: 4450: 4407: 4403: 4392: 4316:enemy aliens 4313: 4309:Henry Lémery 4305:black people 4278: 4263: 4236: 4229: 4192:to form the 4173: 4146: 4111: 4092: 4085:anti-Semites 4069: 4051: 4042:Loir-et-Cher 4033: 4030: 4026:puppet state 4023: 4014: 4007: 4001: 3984: 3973: 3948:Algerian War 3936:Messali Hadj 3918: 3891: 3873: 3871: 3843: 3798: 3785:Henri Giraud 3762:Vichy forces 3747: 3728:Diégo-Suarez 3717: 3705: 3677:Commonwealth 3654: 3645: 3634: 3609:8–13 January 3598: 3548: 3533: 3509: 3497:Ubangi-Shari 3493:French Congo 3482: 3467: 3454:Émile Bertin 3453: 3442: 3436: 3420: 3389: 3351:Henri Sautot 3347:New Hebrides 3344: 3249: 3230: 3211:created the 3206: 3191:puppet state 3154: 3101: 3063: 3040: 3033: 3023: 3004: 2992:Henri Giraud 2977: 2972:Cordell Hull 2945: 2906:Pierre Laval 2902: 2843: 2820: 2808: 2795: 2791: 2783: 2775:a posteriori 2774: 2761: 2757:the Vichy 80 2745: 2710:Pierre Laval 2708: 2686:gathered in 2677: 2670: 2651: 2626: 2593:, 50,000 in 2588: 2572: 2570: 2552: 2539: 2518: 2515: 2486: 2471: 2445: 2441:Adolf Hitler 2439: 2428: 2409: 2401:Paul Reynaud 2385: 2361: 2347:Henri Béraud 2320: 2311:la décadence 2277:and Admiral 2275:Pierre Laval 2268: 2236: 2231: 2206:la décadence 2202: 2181: 2172:French radio 2169: 2126: 2118: 2101:to moderate 2037: 2011: 1997: 1981: 1957: 1941: 1924: 1894: 1891:Jurisdiction 1856: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1815: 1756: 1741: 1732: 1721:Please help 1716:verification 1713: 1687:World War II 1664: 1640: 1616:and imposed 1611: 1583:antisemitism 1579: 1569:, a hero of 1563:Paul Reynaud 1559:the Ardennes 1547:Maginot Line 1532: 1496:Nazi Germany 1480:World War II 1463: 1460:French State 1459: 1448:Vichy France 1447: 1445: 1398: 1356:Christianity 1244:Vichy France 1243: 1195:20th century 1177:Belle Époque 1116:First Empire 1029: 1025:Early modern 975:West Francia 964:Carolingians 954:Merovingians 813: 760: 721: 700: 682:French Third 663:Succeeded by 662: 657: 647:French franc 587: 567:10 July 1940 550:22 June 1940 532:World War II 508:Pierre Laval 484:P.É. Flandin 472:Pierre Laval 404:dictatorship 401:totalitarian 335: 208:" (official) 195: 178:Motto: 177: 117:French State 110: 77: 68: 33: 20859:Rump states 20784:Axis powers 20707:WikiProject 20522:Immigration 20512:Health care 20374:Agriculture 20326:enforcement 20083:Free France 20052:World War I 19999:Restoration 19986:Late Modern 19856:Middle Ages 19831:Middle Ages 19816:Celtic Gaul 19382:Bodenplatte 19268:Gothic Line 18494:West Africa 18041:Philippines 18020:Netherlands 17885:Czech lands 17823:Switzerland 17767:Afghanistan 17718:Philippines 17586:Puerto Rico 17502:Philippines 17488:New Zealand 17474:Netherlands 17427:Free France 17178:Prosecution 16979:Osoaviakhim 16849:West Africa 16833:East Africa 16480:Conferences 16202:Netherlands 16002:Netherlands 15742:Sudetenland 15690:occupations 15526:Vistulaland 15403:Sudetenland 15355:Prinz-Eugen 15259:Mecklenburg 15040:Byelorussia 15010:Philippines 15000:Netherlands 14693:Ostlegionen 14512:Axis forces 14288:& Media 14193:Marcel Déat 14146:Dissolution 13946:Franc-Garde 13810:Deportation 13781:Romainville 13691:and plunder 13538:Cochinchina 13456:Upper Volta 13421:Ivory Coast 13329:(newspaper) 13243:Aujourd'hui 12990:Parties and 12949:Governments 12880:Jean Leguay 12845:Marcel Déat 12719:Article 231 12486:(in French) 12355:Smithsonian 12245: [ 12161:Que sais-je 11992:Sigmaringen 11624:3 September 11219:Gordon, B. 11004:16 December 10909:(in French) 9997:16 December 9967:16 December 9926:16 December 9887:16 December 9794:16 December 9764:16 December 9723:16 December 9684:12 February 9629:(in French) 9566:(in French) 9429:rue. » 9125:(in French) 8891:(in French) 8683:(in French) 8053:Ousby, Ian 7709:22 December 7312:|work= 7266:Saz, Ismael 6954:Malgré nous 6352:Jean Leguay 6310:Marcel Déat 6157:(1954–62). 6136:Jean Leguay 6088:Robert Aron 6038:Charlemagne 5939:ordonnances 5906:(1946–54). 5720:Axis powers 5691:Sigmaringen 5397:Monnet Plan 5276:Marcel Déat 5093:naturalised 4993:Jean Leguay 4947:heading to 4567:Nobel Prize 4471:August Hirt 4467:gas chamber 4399:Gendarmerie 4255:homosexuals 4127:war economy 4114:technocrats 4034:Pétainistes 3994: [ 3991:Rolf Mühler 3924: [ 3882:Jean Monnet 3861:. Although 3791:during the 3630:Free French 3575:Port-Gentil 3489:French Chad 3383:and to the 3330:during the 3237:Pondicherry 3203:Free France 3103:Switzerland 3097:Free France 3067:French Navy 3030:Alfred Pose 3005:US General 2918:Sigmaringen 2893:Governments 2737:abstentions 2718:full powers 2666:Frank Capra 2545:Gendarmerie 2271:Anglophobia 2238:Joan of Arc 2129:Gallo-Roman 2071:nationalist 2051:aristocracy 1988:coup d'état 1953:Jean Leguay 1864:zone du sud 1773:Terminology 1648:Free France 1603:Axis powers 1595:French Navy 1585:and, after 1571:World War I 1309:Health care 1239:Free France 1126:Restoration 930:Middle Ages 902:Celtic Gaul 845:History of 658:Preceded by 608:Summer 1944 562:full powers 518:Legislature 395:nonpartisan 388:Provisional 358:Sigmaringen 317:(1944–1945) 311:(1942–1944) 290:Free France 20723:Categories 20650:Philosophy 20635:Literature 20547:secularism 20343:Parliament 20138:2005 riots 20088:Liberation 19954:Revolution 19821:Roman Gaul 19806:Prehistory 19762:Journalism 19482:West Hunan 19315:Pointblank 18651:Silver Fox 18637:Summer War 18390:Winter War 18369:Phoney War 18150:Azerbaijan 18111:Yugoslavia 18006:Luxembourg 17848:Resistance 17595:Yugoslavia 17460:Luxembourg 17262:Sook Ching 17058:War crimes 16660:Technology 16653:Opposition 16595:Lend-Lease 16572:Australian 16565:Home front 16523:Blitzkrieg 16473:Casualties 16464:Commanders 16436:Operations 16335:Bassgeiger 16315:New Swabia 16283:San Marino 16108:Montenegro 16032:Montenegro 15854:Luxembourg 15732:Luxembourg 15516:Vandalland 15481:Beskidland 15408:Wartheland 15381:Reichsgaus 15194:Düsseldorf 14990:Luxembourg 14071:Madagascar 13791:Rivesaltes 13766:Pithiviers 13675:Vel' d'Hiv 13441:Mauritania 13360:Zone libre 13335:La Semaine 13173:propaganda 13088:Riom Trial 12810:André Broc 12773:Zone libre 12757:The Eighty 12740:Beginnings 12699:Phoney War 12667:Boulangism 12614:Luxembourg 12523:Yad Vashem 12433:1034576435 12404:1137403989 12079:1191067431 11959:1015992303 11393:1058510505 11043:2 February 10884:12 January 10653:Béglé 2014 10090:1004807892 10052:1065422517 9510:20 October 9487:1038535440 9411:Quoted in 9397:28 January 8822:Cairn.info 8543:Raugh 1993 7879:24 October 7848:1058436580 6972:, London, 6710:21 October 6676:References 6470:La Cagoule 6249:See also: 6206:put it in 6084:Red Terror 6080:Pétainists 6055:Tino Rossi 5787:Freemasons 5575:resistance 5493:Case Anton 5475:Case Anton 5473:See also: 5425:See also: 5339:created a 5306:La Cagoule 5291:(English: 5152:President 5136:Vel' d'Hiv 5073:Carl Oberg 4951:and other 4905:underclass 4794:newspapers 4720:Max Lafont 4687:dangerous. 4579:euthanasia 4373:anarchists 4360:Phoney War 4336:Francoists 4332:Brigadists 4247:Communists 4243:Freemasons 4099:Bolshevism 4087:and overt 3983:(regional 3970:Marseilles 3835:Case Anton 3768:. Admiral 3724:Madagascar 3571:Libreville 3534:Resolution 3512:Royal Navy 3469:Guadeloupe 3459:Lend-Lease 3444:Martinique 3398:sent from 3334:and on to 3328:Garigliano 3105:and other 3085:Alexandria 3051:Case Anton 3025:La Cagoule 2885:after the 2857:expression 2839:Riom Trial 2753:Socialists 2741:These acts 2655:Carl Oberg 2617:Renault FT 2584:Liberation 2558:and heavy 2502:See also: 2392:Phoney War 2349:entitled, 2215:hedonistic 2139:chieftain 2131:period of 2089:but never 2053:and among 1978:Legitimacy 1884:Zone libre 1874:Zone libre 1858:Zone libre 1820:under the 1816:After the 1783:Case Anton 1735:April 2013 1632:communists 1555:Luxembourg 1510:zone libre 1472:rump state 945:settlement 912:Roman Gaul 882:Prehistory 589:Case Anton 384:Government 20507:Education 20461:Transport 20311:Judiciary 20272:Elections 20226:Mountains 20184:Geography 19930:Louis XIV 19720:Overviews 19547:Manchuria 19433:Indochina 19209:Bagration 18660:Lithuania 18305:Anschluss 18102:Viet Minh 17999:Lithuania 17941:Hong Kong 17711:Manchukuo 17666:Azad Hind 17325:Australia 17125:Aftermath 16988:Paperclip 16883:Aftermath 16683:Total war 16551:Diplomacy 16514:In Europe 16356:Nordstern 16340:Edelweiss 16248:Turkestan 16238:Don-Volga 16138:Turkestan 16088:Cossackia 16027:Macedonia 15987:Lithuania 15892:Ljubljana 15777:Bialystok 15762:Districts 15426:Carinthia 15319:Weser-Ems 15309:Thuringia 15279:Pomerania 15264:Moselland 15219:Franconia 15067:(limited) 14970:Indonesia 14948:Indochina 14898:Manchukuo 14866:Lithuania 14824:Lists by 14729:Gakutotai 14510:Lists by 14204:Aftermath 14034:Indochina 14019:Gibraltar 13976:Carlingue 13963:Auxiliary 13898:Air Force 13796:Septfonds 13771:Récébédou 13665:Marseille 13352:Territory 13285:La France 13171:Press and 13052:Legal and 12368:0037-7333 12300:316118163 12282:C.H. 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19282:Lapland 19260:Dragoon 19193:Neptune 19175:Ichi-Go 19141:Tempest 19083:Changde 19038:Cottage 18930:Jubilee 18646:Finland 18544:Compass 18250:Prelude 18203:Finland 18089:Vietnam 18055:Romania 17927:Germany 17906:Estonia 17892:Denmark 17871:Belgium 17864:Austria 17857:Albania 17788:Ireland 17774:Andorra 17758:Neutral 17725:Romania 17659:Hungary 17644:Finland 17516:Romania 17408:Finland 17386:Denmark 17332:Belgium 17318:Algeria 17024:Romania 17010:Hungary 16766:Pacific 16490:General 16444:Leaders 16429:Battles 16422:Outline 16308:Founded 16288:Tunisia 16273:Finland 16243:Muscovy 16217:Ukraine 16212:Ostland 16190:Founded 16143:Ukraine 16113:Romania 16103:Hungary 16078:Belarus 16052:Ukraine 15977:Hungary 15957:Denmark 15947:Croatia 15937:Belarus 15932:Austria 15922:Albania 15915:Founded 15825:Croatia 15770:Founded 15620:Galicia 15595:Founded 15501:Galicia 15486:Brabant 15418:Austria 15391:Founded 15365:Holland 15294:Silesia 15229:Hamburg 15167:Founded 15057:Ukraine 15045:Belarus 15020:Romania 14963:Vietnam 14938:Hungary 14920:Finland 14915:Denmark 14910:Croatia 14873:Belgium 14856:Estonia 14834:Albania 14526:Italian 14366:Fiction 14295:History 14286:History 14107:Réunion 14002:Battles 13917:Militia 13861:Regular 13574:affairs 13451:Senegal 13426:Dahomey 13399:Tunisia 13394:Morocco 13320:Revivre 13264:Combats 13236:L'Appel 12653:Prelude 12644:Ukraine 12599:Denmark 12594:Croatia 12589:Belarus 12579:Albania 12525:website 12373:2 April 12336:(1993). 12324:(1969). 12159:]. 12133:Pétain. 11888:1356008 11768:(2000) 11603:(ed.). 11410:(2013) 11398:28 July 11230:(1995) 11213:(2009) 11200:(2004) 11169:(2005) 11060:English 9849:17 July 8518:27 July 8401:, p. 71 7853:20 July 6890:18 June 6776:(2001). 6700:gouv.fr 6073:Arletty 5524:Algiers 5374:Economy 5184:roundup 5002:Gestapo 4915:(CGQJ, 4808:scholar 4704:, the " 4569:winner 4432:, near 4222:French 4015:behind: 3758:Tunisia 3754:Algeria 3750:Morocco 3681:Lebanon 3528:Senegal 3345:In the 3336:Tuscany 3189:, as a 3151:in 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