980:
1603:
810:
1592:
1564:
1668:
1641:
1614:
721:, who sought in Doumergue a conciliator capable of forming a cabinet of "republican harmony". From then on, Doumergue strove to reconcile the demands of the Radical party and the interests of the country, in an international horizon that was becoming darker: the statesman took precedence over the partisan. Doumergue needed to defend the law on three-year military service, which he voted through, not without scrutiny, in August 1913: "None of you is expecting us to reopen the debate: that's the law." The proposal to create an income tax by the finance minister,
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762:, called on Doumergue to replace him at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, during the composition of his short-lived first government. Then, he was Minister of the Colonies in the successive governments from 26 August 1914 to 19 March 1917. During this mandate, in the middle of the war, he ensured the security of French possessions and set up a secret
946:
in July 1926, Poincaré instituted a policy of austerity by bringing the franc back to its real value through a sharp devaluation. He also restored confidence and managed to boost a flagging economy. This neo-liberal policy also generated a period of economic and financial prosperity, at a time when
863:
Thus, the left, which forced
Alexandre Millerand to resign, then believed it could bring Painlevé to the presidency, but the moderates thwarted his ambitions by massively turning to Gaston Doumergue, who already benefitted from some of the votes on the left. He received 515 votes out of 815 voters,
966:
In May 1930, he went to the departments of
Algeria, to the lands he had known in the first years of his career, for the commemorations of the centenary of French Algeria, accompanied by a delegation of eight ministers and of several dozen deputies. The following year, a few weeks before the end of
1123:
Within such an unstable political world, Doumergue strove to support the management of public affairs in leftist values and a conservative guideline. An affable and courteous man, he seduced since the beginning of his political career with his good nature and his accent. After his election to the
880:
He appointed the mayor of Lyon, Ădouard
Herriot, as head of government and charged him with establishing a policy of symbolic change to satisfy the electorate. The cartel state was installed, with its members holding a majority of the presidencies of parliamentary committees, as well as the major
1200:
His goal was to reform institutions to reduce ministerial instability. This attempt did not succeed; in poor health, it was difficult for him to arbitrate within one of those cabinets in which the greatest hopes are generally placed because they symbolize the unity of the nation, but which are
733:
It was time for a policy of rearmament and closer alliances, which
Poincaré and Doumergue carried out successfully. However, Doumergue did not lose sight of the international situation, and the chancelleries were constantly kept on alert. The Radical party easily came out on top in the
1201:
actually made up of ministers from all sides of the political spectrum who do not get along. There was, however, an upturn in public finances, which allowed the price of government bonds to gain ten to twelve points between March and June. He was also weakened by the assassination of
539:
but died suddenly on
November 18, before the opening of the parliamentary session. Nothing destined him for politics and his grandfather had even refused an appointment as mayor of the village in 1836 because of the modesty of his fortune in a tax system.
729:
affair", which led to the resignation of the minister, put the government in a difficult position as the tenth legislature ended and a delicate electoral campaign began. Doumergue had, however, warned that he "would in no case stay after the elections".
666:
A fervent supporter of secular schools, he unleashed the most violent school war in the history of France by filing two "secular defense" projects in June 1908 aimed at punishing families who prevented their children from following an education, even an
836:, despite a higher number of votes for the right and thanks to an electoral law granting a bonus to alliances. Raymond Poincaré, the President of the Council since 1922, having been disavowed, submitted his resignation to President
738:
and this left-wing majority, elected on the theme of peace, caused the
President great difficulty in constituting a cabinet that could succeed Doumergue. The latter took advantage of the end of his functions to undertake a trip to
593:. From 1894, he also denounced the "benevolent indifference and not the pronounced sympathy" of public opinion vis-Ă -vis colonial policy, which masked the looting of conquered territories and the violence of the administration.
1196:
and Ădouard
Herriot rubbed shoulders. After having positioned himself at the centre-left of the political spectrum during his first mandate, he gradually neared the centre-right Independent Radicals during his presidency.
1169:, Gaston Drucker, who had come specially to the ĂlysĂ©e, with the secretary-general of the presidency, Jules Michel, as his witness. Doumergue thus became the first President of the Republic to marry during his mandate.
3515:
Simard, Marc (Spring 1990). "Doumergue et la rĂ©forme de l'Ătat en 1934 : La DerniĂšre Chance de la IIIe RĂ©publique?" [Doumergue and the reform of the State in 1934: The Last Chance of the Third
Republic?].
885:
overthrew the government and
Doumergue resolved to appoint Paul Painlevé as President of the Council in order to unite Radical and socialist voices, playing with designations according to the parliamentary pendulum.
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At the end of his mandate as
President of France, refusing to compete against his eventual successor, Doumergue retired, but chaired a government of national unity during the crisis created by the riots of
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He was minister without interruption from 1906 to 1910, first for Trade and Industry, where he created the direction of the merchant navy, then for Public Instruction and Fine Arts from 1908, replacing
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959:, contributed to the country's growth. Production capacity thus increased by 45% over the 1920s. To support this development, Doumergue reinforced a centrist policy and instituted workers'
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600:. His successive mandates were also an opportunity for him to defend small agricultural producers. His influence within the left grew. He was elected deputy for the third time on
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659:, praising the "heroism" of the writer just as he, on 19 March the previous year, had defended the organization of the transfer ceremony on the Assembly platform, against the
4237:
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4373:
458:
7104:
3292:
Chamboredon, Robert (April 2014). "Gaston Doumergue (1863-1937) : d'Aigues-Vives Ă l'ĂlysĂ©e" [Gaston Doumergue (1863â1937): from Aigues-Vives to the ĂlysĂ©e].
4421:
4356:
4203:
828:, for a seven-year term. This accession to the head of state was the result of several successive political events. The preceding 11 and 25 May saw the victory of the
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presidency of the Republic, his simplicity continued to earn him popularity in the public opinion, which is reflected in particular by his nickname of "Gastounet".
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4630:
825:
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3128:
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1146:, "sensitive to feminine charm", but his frequent passing liaisons were only the "Parisian manners of politicians". He maintained a long-term liaison with
548:
6135:
5827:
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1967:
5797:
3038:
725:, triggered a controversy among the conservatives, but was finally voted on in July 1914 by a Senate which had been hostile to it for five years. The "
5802:
524:, he returned to Aigues-Vives in France and presented his candidacy for a partial legislative election in December 1893, intended to fill the seat of
7004:
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1136:
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Moreover, Doumergue's accession to the presidency of the Republic made him the only Protestant head of state known to France since the abjuration of
438:. His mother, Françoise Pattus, raised him in the Protestant faith and the admiration of republican ideas. He was also the great-uncle of playwright
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7014:
5707:
4814:
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6253:
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Dictionnaire des parlementaires français : notices biographiques sur les ministres, sénateurs et députés français de 1889 à 1940
449:
A brilliant student, he claimed to have belonged to the "generation of revenge, animated by a beautiful patriotic ardour", after the
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4708:
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Premiers ministres et présidents du Conseil : Histoire et dictionnaire raisonné des chefs du gouvernement en France, 1815-2007
585:
and, during his speeches at the podium (which were well-received on the left benches), criticized successive governments for their
581:, in the first round of the ballot, with 11,514 votes against the conservative Albert de Nesmes-Desmarets. He was very involved in
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1102:, obtain the postal contracts and flyover rights from Brazil and Argentina necessary for the operation of an air transport line.
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1157:, an associate professor of the University. During his presidential mandate, he had breakfast with her at his former home at 73
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1063:
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Prime ministers and presidents of the Council: History and reasoned dictionary of the heads of government in France, 1815â2007
2119:
1209:, who died in 1925, said of him: "In a well-organized democracy, Doumergue would be a justice of the peace in the provinces."
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384:
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1062:: "the best Muslim is the one whose believers have neither hand nor tongue to fear". In French Indochina in the 1920s, the
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for him, which took place in NĂźmes. His grave is located in the small cemetery of Aigues-Vives, where his wife Jeanne (
956:
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Dictionary of French parliamentarians: biographical notes on French ministers, senators and deputies from 1889 to 1940
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1131:, on 25 July 1593. He was also the second unmarried President of the French Republic when he took office, after
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1971:
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for a year, from February 1905 to March 1906, between his two ministries. In 1910, he was elected senator for
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1165:. On 1 June 1931, twelve days before the end of his mandate, he married Gaussal in front of the mayor of the
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1058:, who was on an official visit to France. On this occasion, he became the first French president to quote a
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in the face of resurgent nationalism in parts of Europe, but also in France. He ran into difficulties: the
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which defined the demands that France and Russia would make in future peace negotiations with Germany and
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1930:
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His presidential mandate ended on 13 June 1931, and he retired from political life to his wife's home in
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1970:[Magistrate file: Pierre Paul Henri Gaston DOUMERGUE] (in French). 12 June 2010. Archived from
1934:
1633:
1618:
1602:
1238:, recalling that he was the first president to be hosted in this former presidential summer residence.
1091:
586:
6306:
6286:
6268:
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3019:[The Republic in its walls: The Presidents at the ChĂąteau de Vizille: 1925â1960] (in French).
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2150:Ăcole et citoyennetĂ© : l'individualisme rĂ©publicain de Jules Ferry Ă Vichy : controverses
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Disagreements with his foreign minister, Aristide Briand, only aggravated the colonial crises in
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3458:] (in French). Toulouse: Presses de l'Institut d'Ă©tudes politiques de Toulouse – via
2923:] (in French). Paris: Société d'éditions économiques et financiÚres (S.E.F.). p. 382.
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2989:[A great Frenchman is no more: Sudden death in Aigues-Vives of Mr. Gaston Doumergue]
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1234:
A bust of Gaston Doumergue is exhibited in the room of the Presidents of the Republic in the
1051:
1004:
702:
499:. His time there was brief because he returned to France on the death of his father in 1891.
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in 1913, but was forced to leave power a few months after his appointment. He was elected as
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Encouraged by his mother who followed his career step-by-step, Doumergue was elected as the
480:, he registered in 1885 at the NĂźmes bar and participated in the resounding trial of deputy
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3017:"La République dans ses murs : Les Présidents au Chùteau de Vizille : 1925-1960"
2780:
Devenir « Monsieur le Président » : de Adolphe Thiers à François Mitterrand
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School and citizenship: Republican individualism from Jules Ferry to Vichy: controversies
1645:
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647:. In this capacity, on 4 June 1908, he delivered a speech on behalf of the government of
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Gaston Doumergue (first from left) during his investiture parade in June 1924, aboard a
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2987:"Un grand français n'est plus : Mort subite à Aigues-Vives de M. Gaston Doumergue"
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Still popular, he was recalled as President of the Council after the bloody events of
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deputy for NĂźmes with 10,101 votes, beating, in the second round, the mayor of NĂźmes,
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was brought to the head of the Chamber thanks to the votes of the Cartel also led by
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In foreign policy, he declared himself in favour of a policy of firmness vis-Ă -vis
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between 1925 and 1930, Doumergue's France was also duped by the German Chancellor
934:
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841:
574:. This event made him realize the seriousness and the danger of the use of power.
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4997:
4977:
4957:
4952:
4922:
4555:
4535:
4061:
3824:
3782:
3680:
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Dictionnaire biographique des protestants français de 1787 à nos jours : D-G
3266:
3223:
Chef de l'Ătat : l'histoire vivante des 22 prĂ©sidents Ă l'Ă©preuve du pouvoir
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2225:
2009:
1800:
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682:. In the field of education, Doumergue also pleaded in favour of the teaching of
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4400:
4301:
4148:
3704:
3477:
3275:
Biographical dictionary of French Protestants from 1787 to the present day: DâG
3227:
Head of State: the living history of the 22 presidents put to the test of power
3218:
3075:
1478:
1422:
1410:
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Doumergue died on 18 June 1937 at his house in Aigues-Vives, at the age of 73.
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368: – 18 June 1937 in Aigues-Vives) was a French politician of the
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1446:
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1332:
1221:
1202:
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1173:
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840:. The cartelists claimed power in the "smallest cogs of the administration".
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L'islam et les musulmans en France : perceptions, craintes et réalités
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succeeds Barthou (assassinated 9 October) as Minister of Foreign Affairs.
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6509:
6429:
6364:
5606:
5443:
5418:
4932:
4907:
4877:
4484:
4459:
4352:
4025:
3959:
3772:
3098:
2865:[Only Doumergue had married during his mandate, before Sarkozy].
2699:
2246:
1885:
1371:
1350:
1135:. Although an "old bachelor", he was nonetheless, according to historian
770:
755:
141:
3269:(2020). "Doumergue Gaston". In Encrevé, André; Cabanel, Patrick (eds.).
2731:"Gaston Doumergue : Premier célibataire et jeune marié de l'Elysée"
2602:[Money, politics and aviation. The airmail affair (1931â1932)].
1378:
succeeds Malvy as Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs.
713:
From 9 December 1913 to 8 June 1914 he was President of the Council and
656:
5448:
4069:
3676:
1927 clip of Gaston Doumergue receiving his honorary degree from Oxford
3277:] (in French). Vol. II. Paris: Max Chaleil. pp. 264â265.
2733:[Gaston Doumergue: First bachelor and newlywed of the Elysée].
2600:"Argent, politique et aviation. L'affaire de l'aéropostale (1931-1932)"
1079:
889:
On 5 July 1924 Gaston Doumergue proclaimed the official opening of the
323:
3539:
2414:[Today Election of the 12th President of the Third Republic].
881:
positions in the administration. The scandal of irregularities at the
2388:
1016:
383:
Tasked with important ministerial portfolios, he was first appointed
2784:
Becoming "Mr. President": from Adolphe Thiers to François Mitterrand
860:
was taken as a provocation and his government lasted only two days.
7055:
Members of the 9th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
7050:
Members of the 8th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
7045:
Members of the 7th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
7040:
Members of the 6th Chamber of Deputies of the French Third Republic
3531:
2190:
Formerly, From one war to another, 1914â1936 â Volume I â 1914â1934
1038:. After failed attempts at consultation by the prefect in place in
1012:
431:
3296:(in French) (29). SociĂ©tĂ© d'histoire de NĂźmes et du Gard: 91â108.
454:
3459:
3438:
2502:
2429:
1205:
on 9 October, and preferred to resign soon after, on November 8.
1078:, etc.) that colonial authorities repressed with rifle shots and
1047:
676:
3450:
Gaston Doumergue : du modĂšle rĂ©publicain au Sauveur SuprĂȘme
2863:"Seul Doumergue s'était marié en cours de mandat, avant Sarkozy"
3663:
3405:
2657:
2412:"Aujourd'hui Ălection du 12me PrĂ©sident de la IIIme RĂ©publique"
2386:[1924, the Bugatti 35: madness for gentlemen drivers].
1842:
1059:
1050:. At the same time, he participated in the inauguration of the
683:
558:, who obtained only 24 votes. He attended the banquet given in
3456:
Gaston Doumergue: from the republican model to Supreme Saviour
3105:(in Estonian). War of Independence History Society. p. 28
3294:
Revue d'histoire moderne et contemporaine de NĂźmes et du Gard
2786:] (in French). Paris: France‑Empire. p. 112.
2567:
Islam and Muslims in France: perceptions, fears and realities
2383:"1924, la Bugatti 35 : une folie pour gentlemen drivers"
2186:
Jadis, D'une guerre Ă l'autre, 1914-1936 â Tome I â 1914-1934
967:
his mandate, he commemorated the fiftieth anniversary of the
894:
492:
3433:]. Les Dictionnaires DĂ©partementaux (in French). Paris:
928:
Doumergue's seven-year term was marked by the prosperity of
3505:
3467:
3386:
3359:
3256:
3179:
2192:] (in French). Paris: Metvox Publications. p. 28.
1968:"Fiche Magistrat : Pierre Paul Henri Gaston DOUMERGUE"
1008:
698:
559:
491:, before entering the judiciary in 1890 as a substitute in
7095:
Members of the Académie des sciences morales et politiques
852:, and Aristide Briand against the candidate of the right,
781:. However, this treaty became null and void following the
596:
His secular and republican convictions made him side with
3344:]. Pour les nuls (in French). Paris: First Ă©ditions.
2534:[Celebration of the Centenary of French Algeria]
2158:
Presses de la Fondation nationale des sciences politiques
1892:[NĂźmes, the city whose prince is a high school].
1390:
Doumergue's Second Ministry, 9 February â 8 November 1934
1242:
Doumergue's First Ministry, 9 December 1913 â 9 June 1914
1035:
671:
one. For this, he received the nickname of "escapee from
2420:(in French). Vol. 49, no. 17.272. 13 June 1924
1007:
were unable to agree on Germany. Forced to evacuate the
799:
535:, a longtime friend who had just been re-elected in the
3158:(in Latvian). No. 259. 17 November 1927. p. 2
2606:(in French). Vol. 24, no. 1. pp. 29â40.
507:
3129:
San Marino Secretary for Foreign and Political Affairs
2997:(in French). Vol. 61, no. 170. 19 June 1937
1183:
951:. Progress in technical industry, particularly in the
3199:]. Le présent de l'histoire (in French). Monaco:
3197:
History of the Kings of France and the Heads of State
3005:– via Association les amis de Gaston Doumergue.
2813:
The ĂlysĂ©e: Behind the scenes and secrets of a palace
1355:
Minister of Commerce, Industry, Posts, and Telegraphs
622:
1105:
7105:
Recipients of the Order of the White Eagle (Poland)
3422:
2843:[Biography of Gaston Doumergue] (in French)
2519:(in French). Paris – via securite-sociale.fr.
2532:"Célébration du Centenaire de l'Algérie française"
2515:[Law of 5 April 1928 on social insurance]
1499:â Minister of Public Health and Physical Education
4608:
3555:]. Tempus (in French). Vol. 187. Paris:
3229:]. L'histoire au présent (in French). Paris:
3152:[Awarded with the Order of Three Stars].
3079:(in Polish). No. 281. Paris. 6 December 1924
2806:
2513:"Loi du 5 avril 1928 sur les assurances sociales"
1285:Minister of Labour and Social Security Provisions
6981:
3186: : document used for writing this article.
1247:Gaston Doumergue â President of the Council and
903:President of the International Olympic Committee
5685:
3193:Histoire des rois de France et des chefs d'Ătat
2645:
2569:] (in French). Paris: Tougui. p. 270.
1505:â Minister of Posts, Telegraphs, and Telephones
1192:, to form a government of national unity where
708:
3317:]. Histoire de France (in French). Paris:
3309:Duclert, Vincent (2010). Rousso, Henry (ed.).
3045:Directory of the Principality of Monaco â 1924
2951:Come back! or the art of returning to politics
2807:Duhamel, Patrice; Santamaria, Jacques (2012).
2540:Afrique Française du Nord (A.F.N.) Collections
1541:succeeds Sarraut as Minister of the Interior.
1374:succeeds Renoult as Minister of the Interior.
1161:every morning, where he went on foot from the
476:After a license and a doctorate in law at the
5671:
4594:
4085:
3335:
1890:"Nßmes, la ville dont le prince est un lycée"
1771:
1769:
1767:
804:
705:. Doumergue was re-elected in 1912 and 1921.
566:on 24 June 1894, during which the latter was
7030:Ministers of commerce and industry of France
3790:Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
3021:Centre national de documentation pédagogique
2921:The Prodigious History of the Stock Exchange
1312:Minister of Public Instruction and Fine Arts
921:, the members of the FOC, as well as the 44
611:since 1901, he was initiated into the lodge
430:family. His father, Pierre Doumergue, was a
3375:Gaston Doumergue â His life and his destiny
3336:Folch, Arnaud; Perrault, Guillaume (2011).
3291:
3101:[Diplomas of the Cross of Liberty]
3040:Annuaire de la PrincipautĂ© de Monaco â 1924
2947:Come back! ou l'art de revenir en politique
1395:Gaston Doumergue â President of the Council
820:His career culminated with his election as
5678:
5664:
4601:
4587:
4092:
4078:
3681:Newspaper clippings about Gaston Doumergue
3426:Dictionnaire biographique et album du Gard
2809:L'ĂlysĂ©e: Coulisses et secrets d'un palais
1841:]. Littérature Française (in French).
1764:
1212:
161:9 February 1934 â 8 November 1934
31:
4571:Acting presidents are denoted by italics.
3431:Biographical dictionary and album of Gard
2777:
2611:
2081:] (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris:
453:. He studied at the boys' high school in
7005:French Calvinist and Reformed Christians
4099:
3217:
2941:
2649:Le gùchis des années 30 : 1933-1937
2014:(in French). NĂźmes: La Laborieuse. 1921.
1807:[Protestant and Head of State].
1109:
978:
897:during the opening ceremony held at the
808:
411:
402:
3592:"The French President: An Appreciation"
3371:Gaston Doumergue â Sa vie et son destin
3311:La République imaginée : 1870-1914
3308:
3265:
2914:
2597:
2542:(in French). No. 65. pp. 7â18
2490:
2478:
2466:
2454:
2442:
2379:
2355:
2331:
2307:
2180:
2105:
2060:
2048:
1827:
1799:
1552:succeeds Chéron as Minister of Justice.
1545:succeeds Laval as Minister of Colonies.
1385:succeeds Monis as Minister of the Navy.
1370:succeeds Caillaux as Finance Minister.
6982:
3514:
3476:
3395:
3190:
3071:"Ambasador ChĆapowski u Prez. Francji"
2871:(in French). Toulouse. 2 February 2008
2560:
2295:
2147:
1884:
1775:
1072:assassination of Alfred François Bazin
1070:maintained an independence agitation (
947:the United States was hit hard by the
872:candidate in a presidential election.
206:9 December 1913 â 9 June 1914
7100:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Spain
7070:French senators of the Third Republic
5659:
4582:
4073:
3546:
3445:
3368:
2765:
2753:
2687:
2633:
2529:
2367:
2343:
2319:
2283:
2271:
2117:
2072:
2036:
2024:
1996:
1984:
1954:
1917:
1872:
1787:
1758:
1225:
1042:, Doumergue decided to send Marshall
800:President of the Republic (1924â1931)
693:He also became vice-president of the
407:
385:President of the Council of Ministers
359:
16:President of France from 1924 to 1931
3624:
3588:
3150:"Ar Triju zvaigĆŸĆu ordeni apbalvoto"
2917:La Prodigieuse histoire de la Bourse
1231:) was buried alongside him in 1963.
864:against 309 for Painlevé and 21 for
758:, the new President of the Council,
508:Beginnings in Parliament (1893â1901)
61:13 June 1924 â 13 June 1931
7035:Ministers of the overseas of France
2075:Dictionnaire de la franc-maçonnerie
1511:â Minister of Commerce and Industry
1184:Return to Council Presidency (1934)
502:
13:
7010:Radical Party (France) politicians
3582:
2604:VingtiĂšme SiĂšcle. Revue d'histoire
2380:Reisser, Sylvain (3 August 2014).
1607:Order of the Royal House of Chakri
875:
623:Ministerial portfolios (1902â1910)
353:Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue
256:Pierre Paul Henri Gaston Doumergue
14:
7116:
7065:Presidents of the Senate (France)
7015:20th-century presidents of France
3763:Minister of Commerce and Industry
3657:
3423:NĂ©auber and Company, ed. (1904).
1106:Particularities of his presidency
983:Gaston Doumergue (right) and the
974:
930:France during the interwar period
788:In February 1923, he was elected
3662:
3506:
3490:Presses Universitaires de France
3468:
3387:
3360:
3315:The imagined Republic: 1870â1914
3257:
3180:
2841:"Biographie de Gaston Doumergue"
2656:] (in French). Vol. 1.
2654:The mess of the 1930s: 1933â1937
2083:Presses Universitaires de France
1721:â 21 July 1924 and 2 August 1926
1682:
1666:
1651:
1639:
1624:
1612:
1601:
1590:
1574:
1562:
1462:â Minister of National Education
1236:Musée de la Révolution française
736:1914 French legislative election
338:
7020:20th-century princes of Andorra
3338:Les présidents de la République
3174:
3142:
3117:
3091:
3063:
3031:
3009:
2979:
2935:
2908:
2883:
2855:
2833:
2800:
2771:
2759:
2747:
2723:
2681:
2639:
2627:
2591:
2554:
2530:Vidal, Jacques (October 2010).
2523:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2404:
2373:
2361:
2349:
2337:
2325:
2313:
2301:
2289:
2277:
2265:
2239:
2214:
2174:
2141:
2122:[Zola at the Panthéon]
2111:
2099:
2066:
2054:
2042:
2030:
2018:
2002:
1990:
1978:
1960:
1948:
1732:
1617:Division III, 1st Class of the
7060:Members of Parliament for Gard
3342:The Presidents of the Republic
2646:Vanwelkenhuyzen, Jean (2008).
1923:
1911:
1878:
1866:
1821:
1805:"Protestant et chef de l'Ătat"
1793:
1781:
1752:
1646:Equestrian Order of San Marino
1099:Compagnie générale aéropostale
969:French protectorate of Tunisia
639:government from 1902 to 1905.
376:from 1924 to 1931, succeeding
1:
4610:Heads of government of France
1834:Ces voix que j'entends encore
1745:
1443:â Minister of Merchant Marine
1437:â Minister of Military Marine
1401:â Minister of Foreign Affairs
1290:Jean-Baptiste Bienvenu-Martin
746:On 3 August 1914, the day of
426:Gaston Doumergue came from a
417:
2851:– via nemausensis.com.
1085:In South America, he helped
752:declaration of war on France
717:at the request of President
709:First government (1913â1914)
577:He was re-elected deputy on
471:
7:
5687:Foreign Ministers of France
3869:Minister of Foreign Affairs
3842:Minister of Foreign Affairs
3685:20th Century Press Archives
3480:(1960). Jolly, Jean (ed.).
2778:Chabannes, Jacques (1986).
2739:(in French). Archived from
2073:Ligou, Daniel, ed. (2006).
2011:Gaston MaruĂ©jol (1847â1912)
1811:(in French). Archived from
1698:
1249:Minister of Foreign Affairs
1220:The government organized a
1167:8th arrondissement of Paris
1054:, with the Moroccan sultan
1023:despite the signing of the
899:Stade olympique de Colombes
715:Minister of Foreign Affairs
459:Alphonse-Daudet high school
10:
7121:
7090:University of Paris alumni
3437:. p. 220 – via
3404:] (in French). Paris:
2815:] (in French). Paris:
2698:] (in French). Paris:
1644:Knight Grand Cross of the
1634:Order of the Golden Fleece
1556:
1493:â Minister of Public Works
1413:â Minister of the Interior
1360:
949:stock market crash of 1929
805:Election to the presidency
7025:Prime ministers of France
6834:
6776:
6751:
6713:
6355:
6277:
6199:
6106:
6033:
6010:
5987:
5954:
5901:
5693:
5630:
5477:
5359:
5324:
5286:
4843:
4823:
4800:
4757:
4669:
4616:
4569:
4438:
4390:
4138:
4107:
4058:
4045:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4018:JustĂ Guitart i VilardebĂł
4006:
3998:
3993:
3983:
3974:
3966:
3956:
3947:
3939:
3929:
3920:
3912:
3902:
3893:
3885:
3875:
3866:
3858:
3848:
3839:
3831:
3821:
3812:
3804:
3796:
3787:
3779:
3769:
3760:
3752:
3742:
3733:
3728:
3718:
3709:
3701:
3696:
3628:"France and her Problems"
3519:French Historical Studies
3099:"Vabaduse Risti Diplomid"
2598:Neiertz, Nicolas (1989).
2550:– via alger-roi.fr.
2079:Dictionary of Freemasonry
1839:These voices I still hear
1621:(VR III/1), 29 April 1925
1481:â Minister of Agriculture
923:participating delegations
822:President of the Republic
570:by the Italian anarchist
346:
334:
322:
305:
295:
278:
251:
246:
242:
230:
218:
210:
199:
187:
175:
165:
154:
147:
135:
123:
65:
54:
46:
42:
30:
23:
6400:Barthélemy-Saint-Hilaire
5638:Chief minister of France
4492:Valéry Giscard d'Estaing
4118:Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte
4033:Awards and achievements
3977:Prime Minister of France
3815:Prime Minister of France
3605:(714). London: 757â763.
3589:Bell, John (June 1926).
2915:Colling, Alfred (1949).
1738:His mother died in 1920.
1725:
1679:(1st class), 6 July 1927
1677:Order of the Three Stars
1596:Order of the White Eagle
1346:Minister of Public Works
1267:Minister of the Interior
915:French Olympic Committee
858:Frédéric François-Marsal
633:Minister of the Colonies
627:Under the presidency of
615:at the Orient of NĂźmes,
591:occupation of Madagascar
587:military interventionism
583:France's colonial policy
512:In 1893, while he was a
149:Prime Minister of France
75:Frédéric François-Marsal
3923:President of the Senate
3625:Bell, John (May 1934).
3435:Librairie E. Flammarion
3398:La TroisiĂšme RĂ©publique
3396:Miquel, Pierre (1989).
3191:Arnoux, Pascal (2001).
3051:(in French). p. 62
1896:(Podcast) (in French).
1894:La Marche de l'histoire
1671:Commander Grand Cross (
1328:Minister of Agriculture
1213:Death and state funeral
1087:Marcel Bouilloux-Lafont
1064:Vietnamese nationalists
913:, the President of the
901:in the presence of the
790:President of the Senate
754:, marking the start of
651:during the transfer of
389:President of the Senate
3987:Pierre Ătienne Flandin
3598:The Fortnightly Review
3547:Yvert, BenoĂźt (2007).
3492:. pp. 1476â1481.
3369:Lafue, Pierre (1933).
2688:Amson, Daniel (2002).
2561:Sellam, Sadek (1987).
1710:6 February 1934 crisis
1569:Order of Saint Charles
1491:Pierre-Ătienne Flandin
1487:â Minister of Colonies
1475:â Minister of Pensions
1120:
1096:, the director of the
1046:, who quickly won the
996:
817:
617:Grand Orient de France
613:L'Ăcho du Grand Orient
604:, in the first round.
589:and in particular the
572:Sante Geronimo Caserio
478:School of Law of Paris
423:
361:[ÉĄastÉÌdumÉÊÉĄ]
194:Pierre-Ătienne Flandin
5644:Deputy Prime Minister
3671:at Wikimedia Commons
2691:La RĂ©publique du flou
2613:10.3406/xxs.1989.2183
2148:DĂ©loye, Yves (1994).
2118:PagĂšs, Alain (2008).
1692:Order of the Seraphim
1661:Order of the Elephant
1431:â Minister of Justice
1419:â Minister of Finance
1113:
1052:Grand Mosque of Paris
982:
909:, the members of the
856:. The appointment of
834:legislative elections
812:
701:, after the death of
415:
403:Early life and career
357:French pronunciation:
4101:Presidents of France
4009:Co-Prince of Andorra
3896:Minister of Colonies
3712:Minister of Colonies
3446:Rives, Jean (1992).
3203:. pp. 358â359.
3027:on 30 December 2021.
2696:The Republic of Blur
2507:; FalliÚres, André;
1817:on 30 December 2021.
1583:, 1924, by right as
1425:â Minister of Labour
1417:Louis Germain-Martin
1337:Minister of Colonies
1303:Minister of the Navy
891:1924 Summer Olympics
537:August 1893 election
514:justice of the peace
380:, who had resigned.
4509:François Mitterrand
4319:Alexandre Millerand
4217:Jean Casimir-Perier
4166:Patrice de MacMahon
4002:Alexandre Millerand
3950:President of France
3943:Alexandre Millerand
3637:. London: 580â586.
3488:] (in French).
3377:] (in French).
2995:Le Petit Dauphinois
2953:] (in French).
2943:Delporte, Christian
2743:on 9 November 2007.
2503:Doumergue, Gaston;
2156:] (in French).
1803:(2 November 2006).
1648:, 16 September 1926
1579:Grand Cross of the
1567:Grand Cross of the
1523:â Minister of State
1517:â Minister of State
1294:Minister of Justice
1276:Minister of Finance
1119:cover, 21 July 1924
944:Ministry of Finance
907:Pierre de Coubertin
838:Alexandre Millerand
695:Chamber of Deputies
378:Alexandre Millerand
374:President of France
364:; 1 August 1863 in
329:University of Paris
130:Alexandre Millerand
49:President of France
6347:La Tour d'Auvergne
6035:Second Restoration
4015:Served alongside:
3879:Théophile Delcassé
3736:Minister of Labour
3697:Political offices
3634:The English Review
3402:The Third Republic
3201:Ăditions du Rocher
3155:ValdÄ«bas VÄstnesis
2891:"Gaston Doumergue"
2868:La DĂ©pĂȘche du Midi
2511:(12 April 1928) .
2253:. 15 December 2023
2247:"Gaston Doumergue"
2222:"DOUMERGUE Gaston"
2120:"Zola au Panthéon"
1829:Chapsal, Madeleine
1715:List of covers of
1548:15 October 1934 â
1533:13 October 1934 â
1121:
997:
866:Zéphyrin Camélinat
830:Cartel des Gauches
818:
783:October Revolution
649:Georges Clemenceau
424:
408:Protestant origins
366:Aigues-Vives, Gard
7080:French Freemasons
6977:
6976:
6844:Couve de Murville
6826:Couve de Murville
6083:Montmorency-Laval
5989:First Restoration
5653:
5652:
5502:Couve de Murville
4576:
4575:
4546:François Hollande
4449:Charles de Gaulle
4068:
4067:
4059:Succeeded by
4023:Succeeded by
4013:1924â1931
3984:Succeeded by
3957:Succeeded by
3930:Succeeded by
3903:Succeeded by
3876:Succeeded by
3849:Succeeded by
3822:Succeeded by
3797:Succeeded by
3770:Succeeded by
3756:Georges Trouillot
3743:Succeeded by
3722:Ătienne ClĂ©mentel
3719:Succeeded by
3667:Media related to
3566:978-2-262-02687-5
3351:978-2-7540-2066-4
3328:978-2-7011-3388-1
3284:978-2-8462-1288-5
2895:National Assembly
2826:978-2-259-21606-7
2505:Poincaré, Raymond
2417:Le Petit Parisien
2199:979-10-94787-51-9
2128:National Assembly
2092:978-2-13-055094-5
1974:on 23 April 2023.
1935:National Assembly
1609:, 30 January 1925
1598:, 4 December 1924
1449:â Minister of Air
1407:â Minister of War
1021:Gustav Stresemann
940:fall of the franc
350:
349:
105:Camille Chautemps
37:Doumergue in 1924
7112:
7075:Senators of Gard
7000:People from Gard
6425:Challemel-Lacour
6327:La Tour Auvergne
5680:
5673:
5666:
5657:
5656:
5640:(pre-Revolution)
5454:BourgĂšs-Maunoury
5023:Waldeck-Rousseau
4827:National Defense
4815:Cousin-Montauban
4767:Dupont de l'Eure
4603:
4596:
4589:
4580:
4579:
4521:
4504:
4479:
4467:Georges Pompidou
4430:
4413:
4382:
4365:
4348:
4336:Gaston Doumergue
4331:
4314:
4297:
4285:Raymond Poincaré
4280:
4268:Armand FalliĂšres
4263:
4246:
4229:
4212:
4195:
4178:
4161:
4130:
4094:
4087:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4038:Preceded by
3999:Preceded by
3970:Ădouard Daladier
3967:Preceded by
3940:Preceded by
3933:Justin de Selves
3913:Preceded by
3886:Preceded by
3859:Preceded by
3832:Preceded by
3805:Preceded by
3780:Preceded by
3753:Preceded by
3702:Preceded by
3694:
3693:
3669:Gaston Doumergue
3666:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3630:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3594:
3578:
3543:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3504:
3501:
3473:
3472:
3471:
3466:
3463:
3453:
3442:
3419:
3392:
3391:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3358:
3355:
3332:
3305:
3288:
3267:Cabanel, Patrick
3262:
3261:
3260:
3255:
3252:
3214:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3086:
3084:
3067:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3050:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3023:. Archived from
3013:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2992:
2983:
2977:
2976:
2939:
2933:
2932:
2912:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2859:
2853:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2837:
2831:
2830:
2804:
2798:
2797:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2727:
2721:
2720:
2718:
2716:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2674:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2620:
2615:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2537:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2476:
2470:
2464:
2458:
2452:
2446:
2440:
2434:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2408:
2402:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2385:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2299:
2293:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2263:
2262:
2260:
2258:
2243:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2182:Herriot, Ădouard
2178:
2172:
2171:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2125:
2115:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2070:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1975:
1964:
1958:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1943:
1941:
1927:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1888:(17 June 2019).
1882:
1876:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1816:
1801:Cabanel, Patrick
1797:
1791:
1785:
1779:
1773:
1762:
1756:
1739:
1736:
1719:magazine (1920s)
1686:
1670:
1655:
1643:
1628:
1619:Cross of Liberty
1616:
1605:
1594:
1581:Legion of Honour
1578:
1566:
1539:Paul Marchandeau
1509:Lucien Lamoureux
1474:
1466:Georges Rivollet
1461:
1441:William Bertrand
1381:20 March 1914 â
1366:17 March 1914 â
1325:
1230:
1159:Avenue de Wagram
1156:
1145:
1095:
1025:Locarno Treaties
961:social insurance
942:. Called to the
719:Raymond Poincaré
703:Frédéric Desmons
661:anti-Dreyfusards
655:'s ashes to the
557:
534:
503:Political career
497:French Indochina
490:
467:
444:Jacqueline Audry
422:
421: 1910â1915
419:
363:
358:
342:
318:
285:
265:
263:
247:Personal details
233:
221:
214:Raymond Poincaré
204:
190:
182:Ădouard Daladier
178:
159:
138:
126:
95:Raymond Poincaré
68:
59:
35:
25:Gaston Doumergue
21:
20:
7120:
7119:
7115:
7114:
7113:
7111:
7110:
7109:
6980:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6879:François-Poncet
6830:
6778:Fourth Republic
6772:
6754:
6747:
6709:
6351:
6307:Drouyn de Lhuys
6287:Drouyn de Lhuys
6273:
6269:Drouyn de Lhuys
6249:Drouyn de Lhuys
6229:Drouyn de Lhuys
6201:Second Republic
6195:
6102:
6048:A. E. Richelieu
6029:
6006:
5983:
5950:
5897:
5713:A. J. Richelieu
5689:
5684:
5654:
5649:
5626:
5473:
5361:Fourth Republic
5355:
5327:
5320:
5282:
5133:François-Marsal
4839:
4826:
4819:
4796:
4759:Second Republic
4753:
4665:
4612:
4607:
4577:
4572:
4565:
4556:Emmanuel Macron
4536:Nicolas Sarkozy
4515:
4498:
4473:
4434:
4424:
4407:
4392:Fourth Republic
4386:
4376:
4359:
4342:
4325:
4308:
4291:
4274:
4257:
4240:
4223:
4206:
4189:
4172:
4155:
4134:
4124:
4109:Second Republic
4103:
4098:
4064:
4062:William Sproule
4055:
4043:
4028:
4014:
4012:
4004:
3989:
3980:
3972:
3962:
3953:
3945:
3935:
3926:
3918:
3908:
3899:
3891:
3889:Maurice Raynaud
3881:
3872:
3864:
3854:
3845:
3837:
3827:
3825:Alexandre Ribot
3818:
3810:
3800:
3793:
3785:
3783:Aristide Briand
3775:
3766:
3758:
3748:
3739:
3724:
3715:
3707:
3660:
3647:
3645:
3615:
3613:
3585:
3583:Further reading
3567:
3507:
3502:
3478:Robert, Adolphe
3469:
3464:
3416:
3388:
3383:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3329:
3285:
3258:
3253:
3241:
3219:Berstein, Serge
3211:
3181:
3177:
3172:
3171:
3161:
3159:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3133:
3131:
3123:
3122:
3118:
3108:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3096:
3092:
3082:
3080:
3069:
3068:
3064:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3037:
3036:
3032:
3015:
3014:
3010:
3000:
2998:
2990:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2965:
2940:
2936:
2913:
2909:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2874:
2872:
2861:
2860:
2856:
2846:
2844:
2839:
2838:
2834:
2827:
2819:. p. 194.
2805:
2801:
2794:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2752:
2748:
2729:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2710:
2686:
2682:
2672:
2670:
2668:
2660:. p. 130.
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2618:
2616:
2596:
2592:
2577:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2535:
2528:
2524:
2516:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2465:
2461:
2453:
2449:
2441:
2437:
2423:
2421:
2410:
2409:
2405:
2395:
2393:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2354:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2330:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2294:
2290:
2282:
2278:
2270:
2266:
2256:
2254:
2245:
2244:
2240:
2230:
2228:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2200:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2146:
2142:
2132:
2130:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2100:
2093:
2071:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2043:
2035:
2031:
2023:
2019:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1983:
1979:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1937:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1883:
1879:
1871:
1867:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1826:
1822:
1798:
1794:
1786:
1782:
1774:
1765:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1705:Interwar France
1701:
1694:, 1 August 1927
1663:, 12 March 1927
1559:
1515:Ădouard Herriot
1468:
1455:
1435:François Piétri
1405:Philippe PĂ©tain
1392:
1383:Armand Gauthier
1363:
1319:
1317:Maurice Raynaud
1272:Joseph Caillaux
1258:Minister of War
1244:
1215:
1190:6 February 1934
1186:
1150:
1139:
1137:Adrien Dansette
1108:
1089:
1044:Philippe PĂ©tain
977:
919:Justinien Clary
878:
876:Domestic policy
850:Ădouard Herriot
807:
802:
779:Austria-Hungary
723:Joseph Caillaux
711:
680:Ădouard Drumont
673:St. Bartholomew
645:Aristide Briand
625:
568:fatally stabbed
551:
549:Gaston Maruéjol
528:
510:
505:
484:
474:
461:
420:
410:
405:
397:6 February 1934
372:. He served as
356:
312:
296:Political party
287:
283:
267:
261:
259:
258:
257:
237:Alexandre Ribot
231:
219:
205:
200:
188:
176:
160:
155:
136:
124:
119:
90:Aristide Briand
80:Ădouard Herriot
66:
60:
55:
38:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7118:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7085:French lawyers
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7062:
7057:
7052:
7047:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7027:
7022:
7017:
7012:
7007:
7002:
6997:
6992:
6975:
6974:
6972:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6891:
6886:
6881:
6876:
6871:
6866:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6840:
6838:
6836:Fifth Republic
6832:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6823:
6818:
6813:
6808:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6782:
6780:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6770:
6765:
6759:
6757:
6749:
6748:
6746:
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6719:
6717:
6711:
6710:
6708:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6567:
6562:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6467:
6465:Casimir-Perier
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6417:
6412:
6407:
6402:
6397:
6392:
6387:
6382:
6377:
6372:
6367:
6361:
6359:
6357:Third Republic
6353:
6352:
6350:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6283:
6281:
6275:
6274:
6272:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6205:
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6112:
6110:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6063:M. Montmorency
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6039:
6037:
6031:
6030:
6028:
6027:
6022:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6007:
6005:
6004:
5999:
5993:
5991:
5985:
5984:
5982:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5966:
5960:
5958:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5918:
5913:
5907:
5905:
5903:First Republic
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5865:
5860:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5770:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5699:
5697:
5691:
5690:
5683:
5682:
5675:
5668:
5660:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5641:
5634:
5632:
5628:
5627:
5625:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5569:
5564:
5559:
5554:
5549:
5544:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5483:
5481:
5479:Fifth Republic
5475:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5421:
5416:
5411:
5406:
5401:
5396:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5376:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5332:
5330:
5322:
5321:
5319:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5292:
5290:
5284:
5283:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5270:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5165:
5160:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4988:Casimir-Perier
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4915:
4910:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4849:
4847:
4845:Third Republic
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4806:
4804:
4798:
4797:
4795:
4794:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4763:
4761:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4675:
4673:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4605:
4598:
4591:
4583:
4574:
4573:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4553:
4543:
4533:
4526:Jacques Chirac
4523:
4506:
4489:
4481:
4464:
4456:
4445:
4443:
4442:(1958âpresent)
4440:Fifth Republic
4436:
4435:
4433:
4432:
4415:
4401:Vincent Auriol
4397:
4395:
4388:
4387:
4385:
4384:
4367:
4350:
4333:
4316:
4302:Paul Deschanel
4299:
4282:
4265:
4248:
4231:
4214:
4197:
4180:
4163:
4149:Adolphe Thiers
4145:
4143:
4140:Third Republic
4136:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4114:
4112:
4105:
4104:
4097:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4074:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4057:
4044:
4039:
4035:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4024:
4021:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3995:
3994:Regnal titles
3991:
3990:
3985:
3982:
3973:
3968:
3964:
3963:
3958:
3955:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3936:
3931:
3928:
3919:
3916:LĂ©on Bourgeois
3914:
3910:
3909:
3904:
3901:
3892:
3887:
3883:
3882:
3877:
3874:
3865:
3860:
3856:
3855:
3852:LĂ©on Bourgeois
3850:
3847:
3838:
3835:Stéphen Pichon
3833:
3829:
3828:
3823:
3820:
3811:
3806:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3786:
3781:
3777:
3776:
3771:
3768:
3759:
3754:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3741:
3732:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3717:
3708:
3705:Albert Decrais
3703:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3691:
3678:
3659:
3658:External links
3656:
3655:
3654:
3622:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3565:
3544:
3532:10.2307/286488
3526:(3): 576â596.
3512:
3474:
3443:
3420:
3414:
3393:
3379:Librairie Plon
3366:
3350:
3333:
3327:
3306:
3289:
3283:
3263:
3239:
3215:
3209:
3176:
3173:
3170:
3169:
3141:
3116:
3090:
3076:Gazeta Lwowska
3062:
3030:
3008:
2978:
2963:
2934:
2907:
2882:
2854:
2832:
2825:
2799:
2792:
2770:
2758:
2746:
2722:
2708:
2702:. p. 78.
2680:
2666:
2638:
2626:
2590:
2575:
2553:
2522:
2509:Barthou, Louis
2495:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2447:
2435:
2403:
2372:
2360:
2348:
2336:
2324:
2312:
2300:
2298:, p. 1478
2288:
2276:
2264:
2238:
2213:
2198:
2173:
2166:
2140:
2110:
2098:
2091:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2001:
1989:
1977:
1959:
1947:
1922:
1910:
1877:
1865:
1851:
1820:
1792:
1780:
1778:, p. 1477
1763:
1750:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1680:
1664:
1649:
1637:
1622:
1610:
1599:
1588:
1572:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1553:
1546:
1525:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1503:André Mallarmé
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1479:Henri Queuille
1476:
1463:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1423:Adrien Marquet
1420:
1414:
1411:Albert Sarraut
1408:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1386:
1379:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1357:
1348:
1339:
1330:
1314:
1305:
1296:
1287:
1278:
1269:
1260:
1254:Joseph Noulens
1251:
1243:
1240:
1214:
1211:
1185:
1182:
1148:Jeanne Gaussal
1107:
1104:
1076:YĂȘn BĂĄi mutiny
1056:Moulay Youssef
993:Amanullah Khan
976:
975:Foreign policy
973:
953:steel industry
883:Bank of France
877:
874:
806:
803:
801:
798:
794:LĂ©on Bourgeois
710:
707:
688:French Algeria
624:
621:
598:Alfred Dreyfus
509:
506:
504:
501:
473:
470:
451:defeat of 1870
442:and filmmaker
409:
406:
404:
401:
370:Third Republic
348:
347:
344:
343:
336:
332:
331:
326:
320:
319:
310:Jeanne Gaussal
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
288:Aigues-Vives,
286:(aged 73)
280:
276:
275:
255:
253:
249:
248:
244:
243:
240:
239:
234:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
212:
208:
207:
197:
196:
191:
185:
184:
179:
173:
172:
167:
163:
162:
152:
151:
145:
144:
139:
133:
132:
127:
121:
120:
118:
117:
112:
110:Théodore Steeg
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
71:
69:
67:Prime Minister
63:
62:
52:
51:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7117:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7076:
7073:
7071:
7068:
7066:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7056:
7053:
7051:
7048:
7046:
7043:
7041:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7031:
7028:
7026:
7023:
7021:
7018:
7016:
7013:
7011:
7008:
7006:
7003:
7001:
6998:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6987:
6985:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6915:
6912:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6900:
6897:
6895:
6892:
6890:
6887:
6885:
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6869:Sauvagnargues
6867:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6850:
6847:
6845:
6842:
6841:
6839:
6837:
6833:
6827:
6824:
6822:
6819:
6817:
6814:
6812:
6809:
6807:
6804:
6802:
6801:MendĂšs France
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6775:
6769:
6766:
6764:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6756:
6750:
6744:
6741:
6739:
6736:
6734:
6731:
6729:
6726:
6724:
6721:
6720:
6718:
6716:
6712:
6706:
6703:
6701:
6698:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6678:
6676:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6666:
6663:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6641:
6638:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6628:
6626:
6623:
6621:
6618:
6616:
6613:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6603:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6354:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6305:
6303:
6300:
6298:
6295:
6293:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6284:
6282:
6280:
6279:Second Empire
6276:
6270:
6267:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6206:
6204:
6202:
6198:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6177:
6174:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6162:
6159:
6157:
6154:
6152:
6149:
6147:
6144:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6113:
6111:
6109:
6108:July Monarchy
6105:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6068:Chateaubriand
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6040:
6038:
6036:
6032:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6009:
6003:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5994:
5992:
5990:
5986:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5965:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5929:
5927:
5924:
5922:
5919:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5908:
5906:
5904:
5900:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5859:
5856:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5833:L. Phélypeaux
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5803:Saint-Contest
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5774:
5771:
5769:
5766:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5739:
5736:
5734:
5731:
5729:
5726:
5724:
5723:R. Phélypeaux
5721:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5698:
5696:
5695:Ancien RĂ©gime
5692:
5688:
5681:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5667:
5662:
5661:
5658:
5645:
5642:
5639:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5629:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5573:
5570:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5560:
5558:
5555:
5553:
5550:
5548:
5545:
5543:
5540:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5507:Chaban-Delmas
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5480:
5476:
5470:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:MendĂšs France
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5420:
5417:
5415:
5412:
5410:
5407:
5405:
5402:
5400:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5390:
5387:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5370:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5362:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5323:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5291:
5289:
5285:
5279:
5276:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5159:
5156:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5139:
5136:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4929:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4911:
4909:
4906:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4883:A. de Broglie
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4858:A. de Broglie
4856:
4854:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4842:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4828:
4825:Government of
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4807:
4805:
4803:
4802:Second Empire
4799:
4793:
4790:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4714:V. de Broglie
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4679:V. de Broglie
4677:
4676:
4674:
4672:
4671:July Monarchy
4668:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4604:
4599:
4597:
4592:
4590:
4585:
4584:
4581:
4568:
4561:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4490:
4487:
4486:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4468:
4465:
4462:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4380:
4375:
4371:
4370:Albert Lebrun
4368:
4363:
4358:
4354:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4337:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4320:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4286:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4218:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4184:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4159:
4154:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4128:
4123:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4110:
4106:
4102:
4095:
4090:
4088:
4083:
4081:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4063:
4056:21 July 1924
4054:
4053:
4051:
4042:
4036:
4031:
4027:
4020:
4019:
4011:
4010:
4003:
3997:
3992:
3988:
3979:
3978:
3971:
3965:
3961:
3952:
3951:
3944:
3938:
3934:
3925:
3924:
3917:
3911:
3907:
3906:André Maginot
3898:
3897:
3890:
3884:
3880:
3871:
3870:
3863:
3857:
3853:
3844:
3843:
3836:
3830:
3826:
3817:
3816:
3809:
3808:Louis Barthou
3803:
3799:Maurice Faure
3792:
3791:
3784:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3714:
3713:
3706:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3686:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3673:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3635:
3629:
3623:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3550:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3522:(in French).
3521:
3520:
3513:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3475:
3461:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3421:
3417:
3415:2-213-02361-1
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3367:
3353:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3240:2-200-26245-0
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3216:
3212:
3210:2-268-03925-0
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3187:
3157:
3156:
3151:
3145:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3100:
3094:
3078:
3077:
3072:
3066:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3012:
2996:
2988:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2966:
2964:9782081337022
2960:
2956:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2930:
2926:
2922:
2918:
2911:
2896:
2893:(in French).
2892:
2886:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2858:
2842:
2836:
2828:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2803:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2762:
2756:, p. 253
2755:
2750:
2742:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2684:
2669:
2667:9782873864088
2663:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2614:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2576:2-7363-0008-4
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2541:
2533:
2526:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2431:
2419:
2418:
2413:
2407:
2391:
2390:
2384:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2357:
2352:
2345:
2340:
2333:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2309:
2304:
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2252:
2251:ĂlysĂ©e Palace
2249:(in French).
2248:
2242:
2227:
2224:(in French).
2223:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2177:
2169:
2167:2-7246-0655-8
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2144:
2129:
2126:(in French).
2121:
2114:
2108:, p. 341
2107:
2102:
2094:
2088:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2069:
2063:, p. 562
2062:
2057:
2051:, p. 590
2050:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2026:
2021:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1993:
1986:
1981:
1973:
1969:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1936:
1933:(in French).
1932:
1926:
1919:
1914:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1854:
1852:9782213667621
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1835:
1830:
1824:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1796:
1789:
1784:
1777:
1772:
1770:
1768:
1760:
1755:
1751:
1735:
1731:
1720:
1718:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1638:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1620:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1604:
1600:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1586:
1582:
1577:
1573:
1570:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1531:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1521:André Tardieu
1519:
1516:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1504:
1501:
1498:
1495:
1492:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:Victor Denain
1445:
1442:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1424:
1421:
1418:
1415:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:Louis Barthou
1397:
1394:
1393:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1356:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1343:
1342:Fernand David
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:Albert Lebrun
1331:
1329:
1323:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1246:
1245:
1239:
1237:
1232:
1229: Gaussal
1228:
1223:
1222:state funeral
1218:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1203:Louis Barthou
1198:
1195:
1194:André Tardieu
1191:
1181:
1179:
1178:Haute-Garonne
1175:
1174:Tournefeuille
1170:
1168:
1164:
1163:ĂlysĂ©e Palace
1160:
1154:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
994:
990:
986:
981:
972:
970:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
945:
941:
937:
936:
935:Années folles
931:
926:
924:
920:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
896:
892:
887:
884:
873:
871:
867:
861:
859:
855:
854:André Maginot
851:
847:
843:
842:Paul Painlevé
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
816:
811:
797:
795:
791:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
769:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
742:
741:Upper Austria
737:
731:
728:
724:
720:
716:
706:
704:
700:
696:
691:
689:
685:
681:
678:
674:
670:
669:anti-Catholic
664:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
640:
638:
634:
630:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
602:27 April 1902
599:
594:
592:
588:
584:
580:
575:
573:
569:
565:
562:by President
561:
555:
550:
546:
541:
538:
532:
527:
523:
519:
515:
500:
498:
494:
488:
483:
479:
469:
465:
460:
457:, the future
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
440:Colette Audry
437:
433:
429:
414:
400:
398:
392:
390:
386:
381:
379:
375:
371:
367:
362:
354:
345:
341:
337:
333:
330:
327:
325:
321:
316:
311:
308:
304:
301:
298:
294:
291:
281:
277:
274:
270:
266:1 August 1863
254:
250:
245:
241:
238:
235:
229:
226:
225:Louis Barthou
223:
217:
213:
209:
203:
198:
195:
192:
186:
183:
180:
174:
171:
170:Albert Lebrun
168:
164:
158:
153:
150:
146:
143:
140:
134:
131:
128:
122:
116:
113:
111:
108:
106:
103:
101:
100:André Tardieu
98:
96:
93:
91:
88:
86:
85:Paul Painlevé
83:
81:
78:
76:
73:
72:
70:
64:
58:
53:
50:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
19:
6939:Alliot-Marie
6929:Douste-Blazy
6715:Vichy France
6675:Paul-Boncour
6645:Paul-Boncour
6549:
6534:
6078:La Ferronays
6020:Caulaincourt
6012:Hundred Days
5979:Caulaincourt
5956:First Empire
5911:Lebrun-Tondu
5893:Sainte-Croix
5288:Vichy France
5227:
5203:Paul-Boncour
5077:
4560:2017âpresent
4483:
4458:
4335:
4251:Ămile Loubet
4049:
4046:
4041:Alexey Rykov
4016:
4007:
3975:
3948:
3921:
3894:
3867:
3862:René Viviani
3840:
3813:
3788:
3761:
3746:René Viviani
3734:
3729:
3710:
3661:
3646:. Retrieved
3632:
3614:. Retrieved
3602:
3596:
3552:
3548:
3523:
3517:
3485:
3481:
3455:
3449:
3430:
3425:
3401:
3397:
3374:
3370:
3341:
3337:
3314:
3310:
3293:
3274:
3270:
3231:Armand Colin
3226:
3222:
3196:
3192:
3178:
3175:Bibliography
3160:. Retrieved
3153:
3144:
3132:. Retrieved
3119:
3107:. Retrieved
3093:
3081:. Retrieved
3074:
3065:
3053:. Retrieved
3044:
3039:
3033:
3025:the original
3011:
2999:. Retrieved
2994:
2981:
2950:
2946:
2937:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2898:. Retrieved
2885:
2873:. Retrieved
2866:
2857:
2845:. Retrieved
2835:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2783:
2779:
2773:
2768:, p. 13
2761:
2749:
2741:the original
2736:L'Internaute
2734:
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2695:
2690:
2683:
2671:. Retrieved
2653:
2648:
2641:
2636:, p. 22
2629:
2617:. Retrieved
2603:
2593:
2566:
2562:
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2539:
2525:
2498:
2491:Duclert 2010
2486:
2479:Duclert 2010
2474:
2467:Duclert 2010
2462:
2455:Duclert 2010
2450:
2443:Duclert 2010
2438:
2428:– via
2422:. Retrieved
2415:
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2387:
2375:
2370:, p. 81
2363:
2356:Duclert 2010
2351:
2346:, p. 58
2339:
2332:Duclert 2010
2327:
2322:, p. 74
2315:
2308:Duclert 2010
2303:
2291:
2286:, p. 48
2279:
2274:, p. 44
2267:
2255:. Retrieved
2241:
2229:. Retrieved
2216:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2153:
2149:
2143:
2131:. Retrieved
2113:
2106:Duclert 2010
2101:
2078:
2074:
2068:
2061:Duclert 2010
2056:
2049:Duclert 2010
2044:
2039:, p. 36
2032:
2027:, p. 34
2020:
2010:
2004:
1999:, p. 11
1992:
1987:, p. 10
1980:
1972:the original
1962:
1957:, p. 17
1950:
1938:. Retrieved
1931:"Numa Gilly"
1925:
1920:, p. 24
1913:
1901:. Retrieved
1898:France Inter
1893:
1886:Lebrun, Jean
1880:
1875:, p. 15
1868:
1856:. Retrieved
1838:
1833:
1823:
1814:the original
1808:
1795:
1790:, p. 21
1783:
1754:
1734:
1716:
1672:
1587:of the Order
1585:Grand Master
1550:Henry LĂ©mery
1543:Louis Rollin
1535:Pierre Laval
1527:
1526:
1485:Pierre Laval
1453:Aimé Berthod
1429:Henry Chéron
1368:René Renoult
1308:René Viviani
1299:Ernest Monis
1281:Albert MĂ©tin
1263:René Renoult
1233:
1219:
1216:
1207:René Viviani
1199:
1187:
1171:
1133:Napoleon III
1126:
1122:
1114:
1097:
1084:
1029:
998:
965:
933:
927:
888:
879:
868:, the first
862:
826:13 June 1924
819:
815:Renault 40CV
792:, replacing
787:
760:René Viviani
745:
732:
712:
692:
665:
641:
637:Ămile Combes
629:Ămile Loubet
626:
612:
606:
595:
576:
542:
526:Ămile Jamais
522:AĂŻn El Arbaa
511:
475:
448:
436:Aigues-Vives
425:
393:
382:
352:
351:
284:(1937-06-18)
282:18 June 1937
269:Aigues-Vives
232:Succeeded by
201:
189:Succeeded by
156:
137:Succeeded by
115:Pierre Laval
56:
18:
6995:1937 deaths
6990:1863 births
6859:Bettencourt
6753:Provisional
6234:Tocqueville
5828:Ă. Choiseul
5823:C. Choiseul
5818:Ă. Choiseul
5728:Bouthillier
5326:Provisional
4618:Restoration
4516: [
4499: [
4485:Alain Poher
4474: [
4460:Alain Poher
4425: [
4408: [
4394:(1947â1958)
4377: [
4360: [
4353:Paul Doumer
4343: [
4326: [
4309: [
4292: [
4275: [
4258: [
4241: [
4234:FĂ©lix Faure
4224: [
4207: [
4200:Sadi Carnot
4190: [
4183:Jules Grévy
4173: [
4156: [
4142:(1870â1940)
4125: [
4111:(1848â1852)
4026:Paul Doumer
3960:Paul Doumer
3773:Jean Cruppi
3648:6 September
3616:6 September
3001:5 September
2900:5 September
2875:5 September
2847:5 September
2715:5 September
2700:Odile Jacob
2673:5 September
2619:5 September
2546:5 September
2424:5 September
2396:5 September
2392:(in French)
2296:Robert 1960
2257:5 September
2231:5 September
2133:5 September
1940:5 September
1903:5 September
1858:5 September
1776:Robert 1960
1761:, p. 8
1497:Louis Marin
1469: [
1456: [
1376:Raoul PĂ©ret
1372:Louis Malvy
1351:Louis Malvy
1320: [
1151: [
1140: [
1090: [
1080:guillotines
989:Afghanistan
957:automobiles
771:Nicholas II
756:World War I
675:" from the
564:Sadi Carnot
552: [
529: [
485: [
462: [
416:Doumergue,
313: [
220:Preceded by
177:Preceded by
142:Paul Doumer
125:Preceded by
6984:Categories
6874:Guiringaud
6755:Government
6390:Waddington
6385:Banneville
6375:A. Broglie
6322:La Valette
6312:La Valette
6176:Montebello
6161:V. Broglie
6141:V. Broglie
6136:SĂ©bastiani
6043:Talleyrand
6002:Talleyrand
5964:Talleyrand
5946:Talleyrand
5936:Talleyrand
5888:Dubouchage
5328:Government
5108:Clemenceau
5043:Clemenceau
4898:Waddington
4888:Rochebouët
4626:Talleyrand
3954:1924â1931
3927:1923â1924
3900:1914â1917
3846:1913â1914
3819:1913â1914
3794:1908â1910
3767:1906â1908
3730:New office
3716:1902â1905
2955:Flammarion
2793:2704804680
2766:Rives 1992
2754:Rives 1992
2709:2738110657
2634:Rives 1992
2368:Lafue 1933
2344:Lafue 1933
2320:Lafue 1933
2284:Lafue 1933
2272:Lafue 1933
2208:1153577182
2037:Lafue 1933
2025:Lafue 1933
1997:Rives 1992
1985:Rives 1992
1955:Lafue 1933
1918:Lafue 1933
1873:Rives 1992
1788:Lafue 1933
1759:Rives 1992
1746:References
1673:with Chain
1015:, and the
677:polemicist
653:Ămile Zola
579:8 May 1898
482:Numa Gilly
428:Protestant
324:Alma mater
262:1863-08-01
6585:Millerand
6550:Doumergue
6540:Bourgeois
6535:Doumergue
6500:Bourgeois
6480:Bourgeois
6475:Berthelot
6435:Freycinet
6420:FalliĂšres
6410:Freycinet
6395:Freycinet
6302:Thouvenel
6209:Lamartine
6098:Mortemart
6053:Dessolles
5969:Champagny
5931:Delacroix
5916:Deforgues
5883:Chambonas
5873:Dumouriez
5863:Montmorin
5853:Montmorin
5848:Vergennes
5838:Aiguillon
5798:Puisieulx
5778:Chauvelin
5646:(defunct)
5597:Cazeneuve
5552:Bérégovoy
5487:De Gaulle
5469:De Gaulle
5336:De Gaulle
5258:Chautemps
5228:Doumergue
5218:Chautemps
5173:Chautemps
5113:Millerand
5078:Doumergue
5003:Bourgeois
4968:Freycinet
4943:Freycinet
4928:FalliĂšres
4918:Freycinet
4903:Freycinet
4777:Cavaignac
4656:Martignac
4646:Richelieu
4636:Dessolles
4631:Richelieu
4550:2012â2017
4540:2007â2012
4530:1995â2007
4513:1981â1995
4496:1974â1981
4488:(interim)
4471:1969â1974
4463:(interim)
4453:1959â1969
4422:1954â1959
4418:René Coty
4405:1947â1954
4374:1932â1940
4357:1931â1932
4340:1924â1931
4323:1920â1924
4289:1913â1920
4272:1906â1913
4255:1899â1906
4238:1895â1899
4221:1894â1895
4204:1887â1894
4187:1879â1887
4170:1873â1879
4153:1871â1873
4122:1848â1851
4048:Cover of
3575:1633-8294
3302:1763-4946
3249:1637-8156
3125:"Honours"
2973:870641642
2389:Le Figaro
1675:) of the
1017:Rhineland
870:communist
846:LĂ©on Blum
764:agreement
631:, he was
609:freemason
472:Judiciary
391:in 1923.
335:Signature
211:President
202:In office
166:President
157:In office
57:In office
6969:Séjourné
6959:Le Drian
6934:Kouchner
6919:Villepin
6909:Charette
6884:Cheysson
6854:Schumann
6723:Baudouin
6705:Baudouin
6695:Daladier
6685:Daladier
6650:Daladier
6605:Lefebvre
6600:Poincaré
6555:Delcassé
6520:Poincaré
6490:Delcassé
6485:Hanotaux
6470:Hanotaux
6440:Flourens
6405:Gambetta
6337:Ollivier
6317:Moustier
6292:Walewski
6244:La Hitte
6239:Rayneval
6093:Polignac
6088:Portalis
6058:Pasquier
5997:Laforest
5941:Reinhard
5858:Vauguyon
5793:Argenson
5788:Noailles
5783:Chaillou
5773:Morville
5763:Huxelles
5748:Pomponne
5733:Chavigny
5708:Villeroy
5602:Philippe
5577:Villepin
5572:Raffarin
5557:Balladur
5497:Pompidou
5464:Pflimlin
5459:Gaillard
5409:Queuille
5399:Queuille
5389:Queuille
5369:Ramadier
5268:Daladier
5238:Bouisson
5223:Daladier
5208:Daladier
5158:Poincaré
5143:Painlevé
5128:Poincaré
5103:Painlevé
5063:Poincaré
5058:Caillaux
4913:Gambetta
4810:Ollivier
4787:Hautpoul
4684:Laffitte
4661:Polignac
4052:magazine
3639:ProQuest
3607:ProQuest
3221:(2002).
2945:(2014).
2585:18445345
2184:(2019).
1831:(2011).
1699:See also
1129:Henry IV
1034:and the
1013:Saarland
932:and the
727:Calmette
657:Panthéon
516:for the
432:vigneron
6964:Colonna
6954:Ayrault
6924:Barnier
6914:VĂ©drine
6894:Raimond
6796:Bidault
6791:Schuman
6786:Bidault
6763:Bidault
6733:Flandin
6700:Reynaud
6690:Reynaud
6665:Flandin
6655:Barthou
6640:Herriot
6635:Tardieu
6620:Herriot
6610:Herriot
6590:Leygues
6575:Barthou
6560:Viviani
6545:Viviani
6525:Jonnart
6495:Rouvier
6460:Develle
6450:Spuller
6415:Duclerc
6380:Decazes
6370:RĂ©musat
6342:Gramont
6297:Baroche
6259:Baroche
6254:Brénier
6224:Bastide
6214:Bastide
6151:Bresson
6121:Jourdan
5974:Bassano
5878:Naillac
5868:Lessart
5808:Rouillé
5753:Croissy
5738:Brienne
5718:Sillery
5631:Related
5622:Barnier
5587:Ayrault
5547:Cresson
5512:Messmer
5394:Bidault
5384:Schuman
5374:Schuman
5346:Bidault
5306:Flandin
5273:Reynaud
5248:Sarraut
5233:Flandin
5213:Sarraut
5198:Herriot
5193:Tardieu
5178:Tardieu
5168:Tardieu
5153:Herriot
5138:Herriot
5118:Leygues
5088:Viviani
5073:Barthou
5038:Sarrien
5033:Rouvier
5013:Brisson
4958:Floquet
4953:Rouvier
4938:Brisson
4923:Duclerc
4893:Dufaure
4873:Dufaure
4853:Dufaure
4792:Faucher
4709:Mortier
4651:VillĂšle
4641:Decazes
3687:of the
3683:in the
3643:2425805
3611:2448900
3460:Gallica
3439:Gallica
3162:22 June
3134:22 June
3109:22 June
3083:22 June
3055:22 June
2929:2649231
2493:, 10516
2481:, 10341
2469:, 10327
2457:, 10245
2445:, 10228
2430:Gallica
1809:RĂ©forme
1690:of the
1659:of the
1632:of the
1557:Honours
1528:Changes
1361:Changes
1066:of the
1048:Rif War
1040:Morocco
1001:Germany
832:in the
748:Germany
635:in the
545:Radical
518:commune
300:Radical
6949:Fabius
6864:Jobert
6821:Pleven
6816:Pineau
6738:Darlan
6680:Bonnet
6670:Delbos
6625:Briand
6615:Briand
6595:Briand
6580:Pichon
6565:Briand
6530:Pichon
6515:Selves
6510:Cruppi
6505:Pichon
6445:Goblet
6264:Turgot
6219:Bedeau
6191:Guizot
6186:Thiers
6166:Thiers
6131:Maison
6116:Bignon
6025:Bignon
5926:Herman
5921:Goujon
5843:Bertin
5813:Bernis
5768:Dubois
5743:Lionne
5607:Castex
5582:Fillon
5567:Jospin
5542:Rocard
5537:Chirac
5532:Fabius
5527:Mauroy
5517:Chirac
5449:Mollet
5434:Laniel
5414:Pleven
5404:Pleven
5311:Darlan
5296:PĂ©tain
5278:PĂ©tain
5163:Briand
5148:Briand
5123:Briand
5093:Briand
5068:Briand
5048:Briand
5028:Combes
5008:MĂ©line
4973:Loubet
4963:Tirard
4948:Goblet
4868:Buffet
4863:Cissey
4835:Trochu
4782:Barrot
4744:Guizot
4734:Thiers
4719:Thiers
4699:GĂ©rard
4689:Perier
3641:
3609:
3573:
3563:
3557:Perrin
3540:286488
3538:
3503:
3498:444421
3496:
3465:
3412:
3406:Fayard
3384:
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3325:
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3281:
3254:
3247:
3237:
3207:
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2971:
2961:
2927:
2823:
2790:
2706:
2664:
2658:Racine
2583:
2573:
2358:, 9091
2334:, 9074
2310:, 9057
2226:Senate
2206:
2196:
2164:
2089:
1849:
1843:Fayard
1688:Knight
1657:Knight
1636:, 1926
1630:Knight
1571:, 1914
1060:hadith
1005:Allies
995:(1928)
775:Russia
684:Arabic
306:Spouse
290:France
273:France
6944:Juppé
6904:Juppé
6899:Dumas
6889:Dumas
6849:Debré
6811:Pinay
6806:Faure
6743:Laval
6728:Laval
6660:Laval
6630:Laval
6570:Ribot
6455:Ribot
6430:Ferry
6365:Favre
6181:Soult
6156:Rigny
6146:Rigny
6073:Damas
5758:Torcy
5703:Revol
5617:Attal
5612:Borne
5592:Valls
5562:Juppé
5522:Barre
5492:Debré
5444:Faure
5429:Mayer
5424:Pinay
5419:Faure
5379:Marie
5341:Gouin
5316:Laval
5301:Laval
5243:Laval
5188:Laval
5183:Steeg
5098:Ribot
5083:Ribot
5053:Monis
5018:Dupuy
4998:Ribot
4993:Dupuy
4983:Dupuy
4978:Ribot
4933:Ferry
4908:Ferry
4878:Simon
4772:Arago
4739:Soult
4729:Soult
4704:Maret
4694:Soult
4520:]
4503:]
4478:]
4429:]
4412:]
4381:]
4364:]
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4330:]
4313:]
4296:]
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4129:]
3981:1934
3873:1914
3740:1906
3551:[
3536:JSTOR
3484:[
3454:[
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3400:[
3373:[
3340:[
3319:Belin
3313:[
3273:[
3225:[
3195:[
3103:(PDF)
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2991:(PDF)
2949:[
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2536:(PDF)
2517:(PDF)
2188:[
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2124:(PDF)
2077:[
1837:[
1726:Notes
1473:]
1460:]
1324:]
1176:, in
1155:]
1144:]
1094:]
1068:VNQDÄ
1032:Syria
895:Paris
766:with
556:]
533:]
493:Hanoi
489:]
466:]
455:NĂźmes
317:]
47:13th
6768:Blum
6332:Daru
6171:Molé
6126:Molé
5351:Blum
5263:Blum
5253:Blum
4749:Molé
4724:Molé
4306:1920
4050:Time
3650:2023
3618:2023
3571:ISSN
3561:ISBN
3494:OCLC
3410:ISBN
3346:ISBN
3323:ISBN
3298:ISSN
3279:ISBN
3245:ISSN
3235:ISBN
3205:ISBN
3164:2024
3136:2024
3111:2024
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3003:2023
2969:OCLC
2959:ISBN
2925:OCLC
2902:2023
2877:2023
2849:2023
2821:ISBN
2817:Plon
2788:ISBN
2717:2023
2704:ISBN
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2662:ISBN
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2581:OCLC
2571:ISBN
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2204:OCLC
2194:ISBN
2162:ISBN
2135:2023
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1942:2023
1905:2023
1860:2023
1847:ISBN
1717:Time
1116:Time
1009:Ruhr
985:King
955:and
768:Tsar
699:Gard
560:Lyon
279:Died
252:Born
3689:ZBW
3603:119
3528:doi
2608:doi
1227:née
1036:Rif
987:of
911:IOC
893:in
824:on
773:of
750:'s
686:in
520:of
434:in
6986::
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