Treaty of Versailles

4742:"The Treaty includes no provisions for the economic rehabilitation of Europe—nothing to make the defeated Central Empires into good neighbours, nothing to stabilize the new States of Europe, nothing to reclaim Russia; nor does it promote in any way a compact of economic solidarity amongst the Allies themselves; no arrangement was reached at Paris for restoring the disordered finances of France and Italy, or to adjust the systems of the Old World and the New. The Council of Four paid no attention to these issues, being preoccupied with others—Clemenceau to crush the economic life of his enemy, Lloyd George to do a deal and bring home something which would pass muster for a week, the President to do nothing that was not just and right. It is an extraordinary fact that the fundamental economic problems of a Europe starving and disintegrating before their eyes, was the one question in which it was impossible to arouse the interest of the Four. Reparation was their main excursion into the economic field, and they settled it as a problem of theology, of polities, of electoral chicane, from every point of view except that of the economic future of the States whose destiny they were handling." ( 2227: 4146: 4696:"The whole purpose of the league", began Makino, was "to regulate the conduct of nations and peoples toward one another, according to a higher moral standard than has reigned in the past, and to administer justice throughout the world." In this regard, the wrongs of racial discrimination have been, and continue to be, the source of "profound resentment on the part of large numbers of the human race", directly affecting their rights and their pride. Many nations fought in the recent war to create a new international order, he said, and the hopes of their nationals now have risen to new heights with victory. Given the objectives of the league, the wrongs of the past, and the aspirations of the future, stated Makino, the leaders of the world gathered in Paris should openly declare their support for at least "the principle of equality of nations and just treatment of their nationals" ( 4418:

of 100,000 volunteers was a compromise between the British and French positions. Germany, on the other hand, saw the terms as leaving them defenseless against any potential enemy. Bernadotte Everly Schmitt wrote that "there is no reason to believe that the Allied governments were insincere when they stated at the beginning of Part V of the Treaty ... that in order to facilitate a general reduction of the armament of all nations, Germany was to be required to disarm first." A lack of American ratification of the treaty or joining the League of Nations left France unwilling to disarm, which resulted in a German desire to rearm. Schmitt argued "had the four Allies remained united, they could have forced Germany really to disarm, and the German will and capacity to resist other provisions of the treaty would have correspondingly diminished."

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advantages of incumbency and socio-economic position". Blanke alleged "coercion of various kinds even in the face of an allied occupation regime" occurred, and that Germany granted votes to those "who had been born in Upper Silesia but no longer resided there". Blanke concluded that despite these protests "there is plenty of other evidence, including Reichstag election results both before and after 1921 and the large-scale emigration of Polish-speaking Upper Silesians to Germany after 1945, that their identification with Germany in 1921 was neither exceptional nor temporary" and "here was a large population of Germans and Poles—not coincidentally, of the same Catholic religion—that not only shared the same living space but also came in many cases to see themselves as members of the same national community". Prince

3065:", mostly Republicans but also representatives of the Irish and German Democrats, fiercely opposed the treaty. One bloc of Democrats strongly supported the Versailles Treaty, even with reservations added by Lodge. A second group of Democrats supported the treaty but followed Wilson in opposing any amendments or reservations. The largest bloc, led by Senator Lodge, comprised a majority of the Republicans. They wanted a treaty with "reservations", especially on Article 10, so that the League of Nations could not draw the US into war without the of the US Congress. All of the Irreconcilables were bitter enemies of President Wilson, and he launched a nationwide speaking tour in the summer of 1919 to refute them. But Wilson collapsed midway with a serious stroke that effectively ruined his leadership skills. 3761: 3232: 3163: 3298: 3701:(BAOR). The total number of troops committed to the occupation rapidly dwindled as veteran soldiers were demobilized, and were replaced by inexperienced men who had finished basic training following the cessation of hostilities. By 1920, the BAOR consisted of only 40,594 men and the following year had been further reduced to 12,421. The size of the BAOR fluctuated over the following years, but never rose above 9,000 men. The British did not adhere to all obligated territorial withdrawals as dictated by Versailles, on account of Germany not meeting her own treaty obligations. A complete withdrawal was considered, but rejected in order to maintain a presence to continue acting as a check on French ambitions and prevent the establishment of an autonomous 2814: 4142:, rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in Wilson's Fourteen Points, which Germany had accepted at the armistice. He stated: "I believe that the campaign for securing out of Germany the general costs of the war was one of the most serious acts of political unwisdom for which our statesmen have ever been responsible." Keynes had been the principal representative of the British Treasury at the Paris Peace Conference, and used in his passionate book arguments that he and others (including some US officials) had used at Paris. He believed the sums being asked of Germany in reparations were many times more than it was possible for Germany to pay, and that these would produce drastic instability. 3662: 241: 2904:. Australia, Canada, New Zealand and South Africa had each made significant contributions to the British war effort, but as separate countries, rather than as British colonies. India also made a substantial troop contribution, although under direct British control, unlike the Dominions. The four Dominions and India all signed the Treaty separately from Britain, a clear recognition by the international community that the Dominions were no longer British colonies. "Their status defied exact analysis by both international and constitutional lawyers, but it was clear that they were no longer regarded simply as colonies of Britain." By signing the Treaty individually, the four Dominions and India also were 4236: 4389:

on a gross simplification of the region's history. ... Versailles ignored any possibility of there being a third way: the kind of compact represented by the Swiss Federation; a bilingual or even trilingual Schleswig-Holsteinian state" or other options such as "a Schleswigian state in a loose confederation with Denmark or Germany, or an autonomous region under the protection of the League of Nations." In regard to the East Prussia plebiscite, historian Richard Blanke wrote that "no other contested ethnic group has ever, under un-coerced conditions, issued so one-sided a statement of its national preference". Richard Debo wrote "both Berlin and Warsaw believed the

3025: 392: 209: 2295: 4232:, both of which were smaller in population and less economically vibrant than Germany. Barnett concludes by saying that instead of weakening Germany, the treaty "much enhanced" German power. Britain and France should have (according to Barnett) "divided and permanently weakened" Germany by undoing Bismarck's work and partitioning Germany into smaller, weaker states so it could never have disrupted the peace of Europe again. By failing to do this and therefore not solving the problem of German power and restoring the equilibrium of Europe, Britain "had failed in her main purpose in taking part in the Great War". 557: 473: 137: 180: 4466:, which held that the German army had not lost the war and had been betrayed by the Weimar Republic, who negotiated an unnecessary surrender. The Great Depression exacerbated the issue and led to a collapse of the German economy. Though the treaty may not have caused the crash, it was a convenient scapegoat. Germans viewed the treaty as a humiliation and eagerly listened to Hitler's oratory which blamed the treaty for Germany's ills. Hitler promised to reverse the depredations of the Allied powers and recover Germany's lost territory and pride, which has led to the treaty being cited as a 379: 513: 335: 271: 419: 286: 350: 55: 3782:

Whilst in-kind payments of goods such as coal and timber were made throughout 1922, these were never paid in full, and in December 1922 Germany was declared in default of timber deliveries by a 3-to-1 vote of the Reparations Commission, the British representative casting the sole opposing vote. On 9 January of the following year, after Germany had defaulted either partially or wholly on coal deliveries for the thirty-fourth time in thirty-six months, the Reparations Commission also declared Germany in default of coal reparations and authorised the occupation of

499: 4580: 2254:, the head of the new government, sent a telegram stating his intention to sign the treaty if certain articles were withdrawn, including Articles 227 to 231 (i.e., the Articles related to the extradition of the Kaiser for trial, the extradition of German war criminals for trial before Allied tribunals, the handing over of documents relevant for war crimes trials, and accepting liability for war reparations). In response, the Allies issued an ultimatum stating that Germany would have to accept the treaty or face an invasion of Allied forces across the 194: 2352:, and organized as a consultation in which all citizens who opposed the annexation had to formally register their protest. Ultimately, only 271 of 33,726 voters signed the protest list, of which 202 were German state servants. After the Belgian government reported this result, the League of Nations confirmed the change of status on 20 September 1920, with the line of the German-Belgian border finally fixed by a League of Nations commission in 1922. To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines, Germany was to cede the output of the 447: 322: 3118:

treaty is bad and should never have been made and that it will involve Europe in infinite difficulties in its enforcement, I feel like admitting it. But I would also say in reply that empires cannot be shattered, and new states raised upon their ruins without disturbance. To create new boundaries is to create new troubles. The one follows the other. While I should have preferred a different peace, I doubt very much whether it could have been made, for the ingredients required for such a peace as I would have were lacking at Paris.

2487: 3199:", von Brockdorff-Rantzau replied to Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George: "We can sense the full force of hatred that confronts us here. ... You demand from us to confess we were the only guilty party of war; such a confession in my mouth would be a lie." Because Germany was not allowed to take part in the negotiations, the German government issued a protest against what it considered to be unfair demands, and a "violation of honour", soon afterwards withdrawing from the proceedings of the peace conference. 365: 309: 2109:

violation of the fundamental principles of justice and human rights of the native populations, and favored them having the right of self-determination via the creation of mandates. The promoted idea called for the major powers to act as disinterested trustees over a region, aiding the native populations until they could govern themselves. In spite of this position and in order to ensure that Japan did not refuse to join the League of Nations, Wilson favored turning over the former German colony of

615: 2725: 1716: 165: 150: 2045: 1568: 1952:" (at one point becoming the "Big Three" following the temporary withdrawal of Orlando). These four men met in 145 closed sessions to make all the major decisions, which were later ratified by the entire assembly. The minor powers attended a weekly "Plenary Conference" that discussed issues in a general forum but made no decisions. These members formed over 50 commissions that made various recommendations, many of which were incorporated into the final text of the treaty. 2800:

judges were to "fix such punishment which it considers should be imposed". The death penalty was therefore not precluded. Article 228 allowed the Allies to demand the extradition of German war criminals, who could be tried before military tribunals for crimes against "the laws and customs of war" under Article 229. To provide an evidentiary basis for such trials, Article 230 required the German government to transfer information and documents relevant to such trials.

4502: 4488: 225: 433: 4381: 1975:(Red Zone), the most industrialized region and the source of most coal and iron ore in the north-east, had been devastated, and in the final days of the war, mines had been flooded and railways, bridges and factories destroyed. Clemenceau intended to ensure the security of France, by weakening Germany economically, militarily, territorially and by supplanting Germany as the leading producer of steel in Europe. British economist and Versailles negotiator 4405:, alleged that Soviet Russia "appeared to be intentionally delaying negotiations" to end the Polish-Soviet War "with the object of influencing the Upper Silesian plebiscite". Once the region was partitioned, both "Germany and Poland attempted to 'cleanse' their shares of Upper Silesia" via oppression resulting in Germans migrating to Germany and Poles migrating to Poland. Despite the oppression and migration, Opole Silesia "remained ethnically mixed." 3490: billion); this being the genuine assessment of the commission on what Germany could pay, and allowed the Allied powers to save face with the public by presenting a higher figure. Furthermore, payments made between 1919 and 1921 of roughly 8 billion marks, most of it credit for state assets (e.g., German state railways in the Danzig corridor) transferred to Allied countries were taken into account reducing the sum to 41 billion gold marks. 406: 571: 528: 460: 656: 600: 586: 543: 4308:, but the German-born Australian historian Jürgen Tampke argued that it was "a perfidious distortion of history" to argue that the terms prevented the growth of democracy in Germany and aided the growth of the Nazi Party; saying that its terms were not as punitive as often held and that German hyper-inflation in the 1920s was partly a deliberate policy to minimise the cost of reparations. As an example of the arguments against the 486: 3720:. This campaign lasted throughout the 1920s and 30s, although peaked in 1920 and 1921. For example, a 1921 German Government memo detailed 300 acts of violence from colonial troops, which included 65 murders and 170 sexual offenses. Historical consensus is that the charges were exaggerated for political and propaganda purposes, and that the colonial troops behaved far better than their white counterparts. An estimated 500–800 683: 2105:, self-determination of European and Middle Eastern ethnic groups, the promotion of free trade, the creation of appropriate mandates for former colonies, and above all, the creation of a powerful League of Nations that would ensure the peace. The aim of the latter was to provide a forum to revise the peace treaties as needed, and deal with problems that arose as a result of the peace and the rise of new states. 4110: 3888:, was also used to circumvent the Treaty of Versailles. Publicly, these diplomatic exchanges were largely in regards to trade and future economic cooperation. But secret military clauses were included that allowed for Germany to develop weapons inside the Soviet Union. Furthermore, it allowed for Germany to establish three training areas for aviation, chemical and tank warfare. In 1923, the British newspaper 2694:. In the interim, the treaty required Germany to pay an equivalent of 20 billion gold marks ($ 5 billion) in gold, commodities, ships, securities or other forms. The money would help to pay for Allied occupation costs and buy food and raw materials for Germany. As a consequence of the treaty, the 5 May 1921 London Schedule of Payments required the Central Powers to pay 132 billion 3924:. Production was not the only violation: "Volunteers" were rapidly passed through the army to make a pool of trained reserves, and paramilitary organizations were encouraged with the illegally militarized police. Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) were not limited by the treaty, thus this loophole was exploited and as such the number of NCOs were vastly in excess to the number needed by the 4070:. Poland requested 51 people be extradited, and Yugoslavia (successor to wartime Serbia) four. Germany refused extradition, however, claiming that carrying out such a request to extradite people widely regarded as heroes in Germany would likely result in the fall of the government, but made a counter-offer of holding trials at Leipzig, an offer that was ultimately accepted by the Allies. 1855:

merchant ships to Allied ports to transport food supplies. Some Germans considered the armistice to be a temporary cessation of the war and knew, if fighting broke out again, their ships would be seized. Over the winter of 1919, the situation became desperate and Germany finally agreed to surrender its fleet in March. The Allies then allowed for the import of 270,000 tons of foodstuffs.

1880: 12386: 4041: 3716:). By 1923, the French occupation force had decreased to roughly 130,000 men, including 27,126 African troops. The troop numbers peaked again at 250,000 during the occupation of the Ruhr, before decreasing to 60,000 men by 1926. Germans viewed the use of French colonial troops as a deliberate act of humiliation, and used their presence to create a propaganda campaign dubbed the 4082:). In contrast the French list were all high-ranking officials, including Lieutenant-General Karl Stenger, who was accused of massacring French prisoners of war. The Belgian case involved a man accused of mistreating and imprisoning Belgian children. However, when the Germans announced that the trial would be under German law, with the German prosecutor being able to exercise 3825:, however the agreement was never ratified. The government of Adolf Hitler declared all further payments cancelled in 1933, and no further reparations payments were made until after the defeat of Nazi Germany in the Second World War. Germany finally paid off its debts under the Versailles treaty, which had been reduced by 50% at the 1953 London Debt Conference, in 2010. 1990:, to protect France from a German invasion and compensate for French demographic and economic inferiority. American and British representatives refused the French claim and after two months of negotiations, the French accepted a British pledge to provide an immediate alliance with France if Germany attacked again, and Wilson agreed to put a similar proposal to the 2968:. President Wilson rejected Italy's claims on the basis of "national self-determination." For their part, Britain and France—who had been forced in the war's latter stages to divert their own troops to the Italian front to stave off collapse—were disinclined to support Italy's position at the peace conference. Differences in negotiating strategy between Premier 2145:, that there was no applicable law under which the Kaiser could be tried. Additionally, the Americans favoured trying other German war criminals before military tribunals rather than an international court, with prosecutions being limited to "violation of the laws and customs of war", and opposed any trials based on violations against what was called " 3206:" that they saw as blaming Germany for starting the war was seen as an insult to the nation's honour. The clauses calling on the Germans to hand over alleged war criminals also caused deep offence, as many of those accused were seen as heroes, and also because the Allies were seen as applying one-sided justice. They referred to the treaty as "the 4180:—that the treaty was in fact quite advantageous to Germany. The Bismarckian Reich was maintained as a political unit instead of being broken up, and Germany largely escaped post-war military occupation (in contrast to the situation following World War II). In a 1995 essay, Weinberg noted that with the disappearance of 9038:'Von 1.058.000 Deutschen, die noch 1921 in Posen und Westpreußen lebten', ist bei Cartier zu lesen, 'waren bis 1926 unter polnischem Druck 758.867 abgewandert. Nach weiterer Drangsal wurde das volksdeutsche Bevölkerungselement vom Warschauer Innenministerium am 15. Juli 1939 auf weniger als 300.000 Menschen geschätzt.' 4326:, and though not without flaws was actually quite reasonable to Germany. Rather, Peukert argued that it was widely believed in Germany that Versailles was a totally unreasonable treaty, and it was this "perception" rather than the "reality" of the Versailles treaty that mattered. Peukert noted that because of the " 1573: 1571: 3144:'s government, which had secretly negotiated with the Japanese in order to secure loans to fund their military campaigns against the south. On 12 June 1919, the Chinese cabinet was forced to resign and the government instructed its delegation at Versailles not to sign the treaty. As a result, relations with the 2783:; the provision of a living wage; the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment; the protection of children, young persons and women; provision for old age and injury; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad; recognition of the principle of 1570: 15511: 3486:

Belgian, British, and French demands and assessments. Furthermore, the Commission recognized that the Central Powers could pay little and that the burden would fall upon Germany. As a result, the sum was split into different categories, of which Germany was only required to pay 50 billion gold marks (

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Frank Russell wrote that, in regard to the Saar plebiscite, the inhabitants "were not terrorized at the polls" and the "totalitarian German regime was not distasteful to most of the Saar inhabitants and that they preferred it even to an efficient, economical, and benevolent international rule." When

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Article 228 allowed for the extradition of German war criminals to stand trial before Allied tribunals. Originally a list of as many of 20,000 alleged criminals was prepared by the Allies, however this was later reduced. Following the ratification of the treaty in January 1920, the Allies submitted a

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German officials conspired systematically to evade the clauses of the treaty, by failing to meet disarmament deadlines, refusing Allied officials access to military facilities, and maintaining and hiding weapon production. As the treaty did not ban German companies from producing war material outside

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In late 1918, American, Belgian, British, and French troops entered the Rhineland to enforce the armistice. Before the treaty, the occupation force stood at roughly 740,000 men. Following the signing of the peace treaty, the numbers drastically decreased and by 1926 the occupation force numbered only

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Article 227 of the Versailles treaty required the handing over of Kaiser Wilhelm for trial "for supreme offence against international treaties and the sanctity of treaties" before a bench of five allied judges – one British, one American, one French, one Italian, and one Japanese. If found guilty the

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The French, who had suffered significantly in the areas occupied by Germany during the war, were in favour of trying German war criminals, including the Kaiser. In the face of American objections that there was no applicable existing law under which the Kaiser could be tried, Clemenceau took the view

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German forces evacuated occupied France, Belgium, and Luxembourg within the fifteen days required by the armistice agreement. By late 1918, Allied troops had entered Germany and began the occupation of the Rhineland under the agreement, in the process establishing bridgeheads across the Rhine in case

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to the Entente powers. The most critical and controversial provision in the treaty was: "The Allied and Associated Governments affirm and Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals

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Similar wording was used in the treaties signed by the other defeated nations of the Central Powers: Article 177 of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye with Austria; Article 161 of the Treaty of Trianon with Hungary; Article 121 of the Treaty Areas of Neuilly-sur-Seine with Bulgaria; and Article 231

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Barnett also argues that, in strategic terms, Germany was in fact in a superior position following the Treaty than she had been in 1914. Germany's eastern frontiers faced Russia and Austria, who had both in the past balanced German power. Barnett asserts that its post-war eastern borders were safer,

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The closest the treaty came to passage was on 19 November 1919, as Lodge and his Republicans formed a coalition with the pro-treaty Democrats, and were close to a two-thirds majority for a Treaty with reservations, but Wilson rejected this compromise and enough Democrats followed his lead to end the

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following a national revolution against the occupying Central Powers, and renounce "all rights and title" over Polish territory. Portions of Upper Silesia were to be ceded to Poland, with the future of the rest of the province to be decided by plebiscite. The border would be fixed with regard to the

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to limit the charges solely to violation of the 1839 treaty guaranteeing Belgian neutrality. The British were also well aware that the Kaiser having sought refuge in the Netherlands meant that any trial was unlikely to take place and therefore any Article demanding it was likely to be a dead letter.

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had declared the intention "to bring to justice the criminals, whoever they be and whatever their station", and a resolution of the war cabinet in 1918 reaffirmed this intent. Lloyd George declared that the British people would not accept a treaty that did not include terms on this, though he wished

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During the formulation of the treaty, the British wanted Germany to abolish conscription but be allowed to maintain a volunteer Army. The French wanted Germany to maintain a conscript army of up to 200,000 men in order to justify their own maintenance of a similar force. Thus the treaty's allowance

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The Treaty of Versailles resulted in the creation of several thousand miles of new boundaries, with maps playing a central role in the negotiations at Paris. The plebiscites initiated due to the treaty have drawn much comment. Historian Robert Peckham wrote that the issue of Schleswig "was premised

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with the Western powers that Gustav Stresemann carried out between 1923 and 1929 were constructive policies that might have allowed Germany to play a more positive role in Europe, and that it was not true that German democracy was doomed to die in 1919 because of Versailles. Finally, Peukert argued

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that Germany herself, when she was expecting to win the war, had had in mind to impose on the Allies". Furthermore, he said, it was "hardly a slap on the wrist" when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russian SFSR in March 1918, which had taken away a

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The Commission of Allied Jurists responded to these proceedings on 22 January 1922 by declaring that the Leipzig court had failed to carry out its mandate by failing to convict accused who should have been convicted, and by showing excessive leniency even where people had been convicted. The Allied

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in the Dover Castle case, and in mitigation in the Llandovery Castle case where the officer responsible had massacred seamen in lifeboats. All but one of the people put forward by the French were acquitted, including Karl Stenger, who was showered with flowers by German spectators. The Belgian case

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Upon receiving Hindenburg's answer, the Bauer government recommended signing the treaty with the proviso that the "war-guilt" clause and the articles that required the extradition of war criminals and of the former Emperor be excluded. After the Allies refused anything other than full acceptance of

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knew that Germany was in an impossible situation. Although he shared his countrymen's disgust with the treaty, he was sober enough to consider the possibility that the government would not be in a position to reject it. He believed that if Germany refused to sign the treaty, the Allies would invade

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further undermined Italy's position at the conference. A furious Vittorio Orlando suffered a nervous collapse and at one point walked out of the conference (though he later returned). He lost his position as prime minister just a week before the treaty was scheduled to be signed, effectively ending

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Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war "as a consequence of the ... aggression of Germany and her allies." The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers, and it also established an Allied "Reparation Commission" to determine the exact amount which

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Before the American entry into the war, Wilson had talked of a "peace without victory". This position fluctuated following the US entry into the war. Wilson spoke of the German aggressors, with whom there could be no compromised peace. On 8 January 1918, however, Wilson delivered a speech (known as

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In private Lloyd George opposed revenge and attempted to compromise between Clemenceau's demands and the Fourteen Points, because Europe would eventually have to reconcile with Germany. Lloyd George wanted terms of reparation that would not cripple the German economy, so that Germany would remain a

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After subsequent negotiation, the list of alleged war criminals submitted by the Allies for trial at Leipzig was reduced to 45, however, this ultimately also ended up being too many for the German authorities, and in the end only 12 officers were put on trial – six from the British list, five from

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In June 1921 Germany made the first cash payment of 1 billion gold marks due under the London Schedule of Payments. However, this was the only full payment of cash made under the unamended schedule, and from then until the Dawes plan began operation in late 1924 only small cash payments were made.

3612:, a power-sharing arrangement to protect non-Lithuanians in the territory and its autonomous status while responsibility for the territory remained with the great powers. The League of Nations mediated between the Germans and Lithuanians on a local level, helping the power-sharing arrangement last 2108:

Wilson brought along top intellectuals as advisors to the American peace delegation, and the overall American position echoed the Fourteen Points. Wilson firmly opposed harsh treatment on Germany. While the British and French wanted to largely annex the German colonial empire, Wilson saw that as a

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Initially, a "Council of Ten" (comprising two delegates each from Britain, France, the United States, Italy, and Japan) met officially to decide the peace terms. This council was replaced by the "Council of Five", formed from each country's foreign ministers, to discuss minor matters. French Prime

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were to be disarmed and converted to merchant use. Article 198 prohibited Germany from having an air force, including naval air forces, and required Germany to hand over all aerial related materials. In conjunction, Germany was forbidden to manufacture or import aircraft or related material for a

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in a maximum of seven infantry and three cavalry divisions. The treaty laid down the organisation of the divisions and support units, and the General Staff was to be dissolved. Military schools for officer training were limited to three, one school per arm, and conscription was abolished. Private

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On the subject of war crimes, the Americans differed to the British and French in that Wilson's proposal was that any trial of the Kaiser should be solely a political and moral affair, and not one of criminal responsibility, meaning that the death penalty would be precluded. This was based on the

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until Germany signed the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919. In March 1919, Churchill informed the House of Commons, that the ongoing blockade was a success and "Germany is very near starvation." From January 1919 to March 1919, Germany refused to agree to Allied demands that Germany surrender its

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were placed under foreign rule in a hostile environment, where harassment and violation of rights by authorities are documented. Cartier asserts that, out of 1,058,000 Germans in Posen-West Prussia in 1921, 758,867 fled their homelands within five years due to Polish harassment. These sharpening

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was committed to an annexationist program which aimed at Germany annexing most of Europe and Africa. Consequently, any peace treaty that did not leave Germany as the conqueror would be unacceptable to them. Short of allowing Germany to keep all the conquests of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Evans

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Despite "hang the Kaiser" being a popular slogan of the time, particularly in Britain, the proposed trial of the Kaiser under Article 227 of the Versailles treaty never took place. Defying popular British anger at the Kaiser, and the fact that putting the Kaiser on trial was originally a British

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The honour of the German people will not be affected by an act of violence. After the appalling suffering of the last four years, the German people lack any means to defend it externally. Therefore, yielding to overwhelming force and without abandoning its view of the outrageous injustice of the

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after the election of 1918, and were outraged by Wilson's refusal to discuss the war with them. The senators were divided into multiple positions on the Versailles question. It proved possible to build a majority coalition, but impossible to build a two-thirds coalition that was needed to pass a

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The Italian leadership were divided on whether to try the Kaiser. Sonnino considered that putting the Kaiser on trial could result in him becoming a "patriotic martyr". Orlando, in contrast, stated that "the ex-Kaiser ought to pay like other criminals", but was less sure about whether the Kaiser

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in 1914. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, followed quickly by Germany declaring war on Russia on 1 August, and on Belgium and France on 3 August. The German invasion of Belgium on 3 August led to a declaration of war by Britain on Germany on 4 August, creating the conflict that became the

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points out that the treaty allowed numerous nations in Central and Eastern Europe to liberate themselves from oppressive German rule, a fact that is often neglected by Western historiography, more interested in understanding the German point of view. In nations that found themselves free as the

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I am leaving Paris, after eight fateful months, with conflicting emotions. Looking at the conference in retrospect, there is much to approve and yet much to regret. It is easy to say what should have been done, but more difficult to have found a way of doing it. To those who are saying that the

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and their attitude towards Germany was not as hostile. Generally speaking, Sonnino was in line with the British position while Orlando favored a compromise between Clemenceau and Wilson. Within the negotiations for the Treaty of Versailles, Orlando obtained certain results such as the permanent

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Britain had suffered heavy financial costs but suffered little physical devastation during the war. British public opinion wanted to make Germany pay for the War. Public opinion favoured a "just peace", which would force Germany to pay reparations and be unable to repeat the aggression of 1914,

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In regard to the Silesian plebiscite, Blanke observed "given that the electorate was at least 60% Polish-speaking, this means that about one 'Pole' in three voted for Germany" and "most Polish observers and historians" have concluded that the outcome of the plebiscite was due to "unfair German

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On 5 May 1921, the reparation Commission established the London Schedule of Payments and a final reparation sum of 132 billion gold marks to be demanded of all the Central Powers. This was the public assessment of what the Central Powers combined could pay, and was also a compromise among

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could be ready, Germany now shifted forces to the Western Front and tried to overwhelm the Allies. It failed. Instead, the Allies won decisively on the battlefield, overwhelmed Germany's Turkish, Austro-Hungarian, and Bulgarian allies, and forced an armistice in November 1918 that resembled a

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delegation) wrote to Lloyd-George, before the signing, that the treaty was unstable and declared "Are we in our sober senses or suffering from shellshock? What has become of Wilson's 14 points?" He wanted the Germans not be made to sign at the "point of the bayonet". Smuts issued a statement

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than the Americans would concede and Clemenceau was willing to discuss German capacity to pay with the German delegation, before the final settlement was drafted. In April and May 1919, the French and Germans held separate talks, on mutually acceptable arrangements on issues like reparation,

3747:'s inauguration in 1921. On 7 January 1923, after the Franco–Belgian occupation of the Ruhr, the US senate legislated the withdrawal of the remaining force. On 24 January, the American garrison started their withdrawal from the Rhineland, with the final troops leaving in early February. 2712:) unconditionally. In the London ultimatum of that day, Germany was given six days to recognize the Schedule of Payments and to comply with the Treaty of Versailles' demands for disarmament and the extradition of German "war criminals". If it did not, the Allies threatened to occupy the 1572: 3272:

the treaty, the National Assembly voted in favour of signing it by 237 to 138, with five abstentions (there were 421 delegates in total). The result was wired to Clemenceau just hours before the deadline. The Bauer government included the following statement with the acceptance:

4372:, since the opening of French archives, most commentators have remarked on French restraint and reasonableness at the conference, though Stevenson notes that "he jury is still out", and that "there have been signs that the pendulum of judgement is swinging back the other way." 3806:, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925. The agreement of the Dawes plan in late 1924 also led to a resumption of reparations payments in hard cash and gold. Total receipts from the Ruhr occupation summed to 900 million gold marks. 3263:

if the army was capable of any meaningful resistance in the event the Allies resumed the war. If there was even the slightest chance that the army could hold out, Ebert intended to recommend against ratifying the treaty. Hindenburg—after prodding from his chief of staff,

3092:

was signed in Berlin on 25 August 1921. Article 1 of this treaty obliged the German government to grant to the U.S. government all rights and privileges that were enjoyed by the other Allies that had ratified the Versailles treaty. Two similar treaties were signed with

3970:, Germany withdrew to force France and Britain to accept German equality of status. London attempted to get Germany to return with the promise of all nations maintaining an equality in armaments and security. The British later proposed and agreed to an increase in the 2343:

on whether the citizens of the region wanted to remain under Belgian sovereignty or return to German control, communicate the results to the League of Nations and abide by the League's decision. The Belgian transitional administration, under High Commissioner General

2326:

The treaty stripped Germany of 65,000 km (25,000 sq mi) of territory and 7 million people. It also required Germany to give up the gains made via the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and grant independence to the protectorates that had been established. In

14974: 12453: 12443: 3000:, which were threatened with seizure by both Britain and Germany. To this extent, she succeeded in her war aims. The treaty recognized Portuguese sovereignty over these areas and awarded her small portions of Germany's bordering overseas colonies, including the 3493:

In order to meet this sum, Germany could pay in cash or kind: coal, timber, chemical dyes, pharmaceuticals, livestock, agricultural machines, construction materials, and factory machinery. Germany's assistance with the restoration of the university library of

2604:

forces were forbidden. The Rhineland was to be demilitarized, all fortifications in the Rhineland and 50 kilometres (31 miles) east of the river were to be demolished and new construction was forbidden. Military structures and fortifications on the islands of

4065:

for the sinkings of civilian shipping by German U-boats. Italy's request included 29 names divided between those accused of mistreating prisoners of war and those responsible for U-Boat sinkings. Romania requested the extradition of 41 individuals including

14969: 14813: 15041: 14833: 12458: 3370:

at the League of Nations Commission. Their proposals to this end were consistently rebuffed by British, French, American and Australian diplomats, who were all sensitive to their respective countries' internal pressures. Wilson himself was an enactor of

12438: 2943:

stated "this (treaty) is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years."; a criticism over the failure to annex the Rhineland and for compromising French security for the benefit of the United States and Britain. When Clemenceau stood for election as

12448: 14989: 1507:

nor conciliated, nor was it permanently weakened. The United States never ratified the Versailles treaty and made a separate peace treaty with Germany, albeit based on the Versailles treaty. The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the

3334:

against their business men, severe immigration restrictions on Asiatics, and court judgments hostile to Japanese interests, which characterized Western states' treatment of their nationals. Japan's delegation, among whose plenipotentiaries figured

12391: 1539:

Although it is often referred to as the "Versailles Conference", only the actual signing of the treaty took place at the historic palace. Most of the negotiations were in Paris, with the "Big Four" meetings taking place generally at the French

3135:

refused to sign the treaty and the Chinese delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was the only nation that did not sign the Treaty of Versailles at the signing ceremony. The sense of betrayal led to great demonstrations in China such as the

14838: 14908: 14878: 3943:

to be spent over the following five years: this program sought to provide Germany the capability of creating and supplying a defensive force of 21 divisions supported by aircraft, artillery, and tanks. This coincided with a 1 billion

4019:

On 7 March 1936, German troops entered and remilitarized the Rhineland. On 12 March 1938, following German pressure to the collapse of the Austrian Government, German troops crossed into Austria and the following day Hitler announced the

15095: 14893: 14793: 7402: 4124:

Historians are split on the impact of the treaty. Some saw it as a good solution in a difficult time, others saw it as a disastrous measure that would anger the Germans to seek revenge. The actual impact of the treaty is also disputed.

3433:, where Japan's proper sphere of geostrategic interests in Asia would be recognized. Some years earlier, Japan secured both British and French support for its claims to inherit rights that Germany had exercised both in China and in the 2067:

to thwart a French attempt to establish itself as the dominant European power. A revived Germany would be a counterweight to France and a deterrent to Bolshevik Russia. Lloyd George also wanted to neutralize the German navy to keep the

14883: 4212:. However the treaty was quickly nullified with Germany's armistice with the Allies on 11 November 1918. Eventually, even under the "cruel" terms of the Treaty of Versailles, Germany's economy had been restored to its pre-war status. 3948:

programme that planned for additional industrial infrastructure that would be able to permanently maintain this force. As these programs did not require an expansion of the military, they were nominally legal. On 7 November 1932, the

14984: 3048:

After the Versailles conference, Democratic President Woodrow Wilson claimed that "at last the world knows America as the savior of the world!" However, Wilson had refused to bring any leading members of the Republican party, led by

15004: 12396: 4074:

the French one, and one from the Belgian list. The British list included only low-level officers and enlisted men, including a prison-guard accused of beating prisoners of war and two U-Boat commanders who sank hospital ships (the

3268:—concluded the army could not resume the war even on a limited scale. But rather than inform Ebert himself, he had Groener inform the government that the army would be in an untenable position in the event of renewed hostilities. 15078: 7392: 15355: 14783: 2205:

as a mutilated victory, replying at nationalists calling for a greater expansion that "Italy today is a great state....on par with the great historic and contemporary states. This is, for me, our main and principal expansion."

14828: 14736: 4314:

he quotes Elizabeth Wiskemann who heard two officer's widows in Wiesbaden complaining that "with their stocks of linen depleted they had to have their linen washed once a fortnight (every two weeks) instead of once a month!"

2060:

viable economic power and trading partner. By arguing that British war pensions and widows' allowances should be included in the German reparation sum, Lloyd George ensured that a large amount would go to the British Empire.

15428: 14788: 4049:

proposal, Lloyd George refused to support French calls for the Kaiser to be extradited from the Netherlands where he was living in exile. The Dutch authorities refused extradition, and the former Kaiser died there in 1941.

11264: 14964: 15413: 3317:

The disenfranchised and often colonized "non-white" world held high expectations that a new order would open up an unheralded opportunity to have a principle of racial equality recognized by the leading global powers.

15226: 14959: 14932: 4581: 1858:

Both German and non-German observers have argued that these were the most devastating months of the blockade for German civilians, though disagreement persists as to the extent and who is truly at fault. According to

2201:" for what they considered to be little territorial gains achieved in the other treaties directly impacting Italy's borders. Orlando was ultimately forced to abandon the conference and resign. Orlando refused to see 14898: 2748:

and the territories to the north would be evacuated and after fifteen years remaining Allied forces would be withdrawn. If Germany reneged on the treaty obligations, the bridgeheads would be reoccupied immediately.

2657:

including manning for the fleet, coast defences, signal stations, administration, other land services, officers and men of all grades and corps. The number of officers and warrant officers was not allowed to exceed

2936:-wing politicians attacked the treaty and Clemenceau for being too harsh (the latter turning into a ritual condemnation of the treaty, for politicians remarking on French foreign affairs, as late as August 1939). 4683:"wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses, die uns hier entgegentritt ... Es wird von uns verlangt, daß wir uns als die allein Schuldigen am Kriege bekennen; ein solches Bekenntnis wäre in meinem Munde eine Lüge." ( 3686:

negotiated the early withdrawal of Allied forces from the Rhineland. On 30 June 1930, after speeches and the lowering of flags, the last troops of the Anglo-French-Belgian occupation force withdrew from Germany.

3365:

would, it was thought, allow them finally to take their rightful place among the victorious Great Powers. They solicited support especially from the American delegation to obtain recognition for the principle of

1481:

have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." The other members of the Central Powers signed treaties containing similar articles. This article,

4673:

President Woodrow Wilson speaking on the League of Nations to a luncheon audience in Portland OR. 66th Cong., 1st sess. Senate Documents: Addresses of President Wilson (May–November 1919), vol. 11, no. 120, p.

3801:

in the period from late 1921 to 1924. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the

15194: 14947: 14818: 4095:

Jurists recommended that extradition of war criminals be requested under Article 228. However, no further extradition request was made, though trials were held in France and Belgium of German war criminals

15433: 15423: 15293: 2916:

The signing of the treaty was met with roars of approval, singing, and dancing from a crowd outside the Palace of Versailles. In Paris proper, people rejoiced at the official end of the war, the return of

1998:, in December 1918, that his goal was to maintain an alliance with both countries. Clemenceau accepted the offer, in return for an occupation of the Rhineland for fifteen years and that Germany would also 4330:" created in Germany during World War I when for a time it appeared that Germany was on the verge of conquering all of Europe, any peace treaty the Allies of World War I imposed on the defeated 1476:, be responsible with its allies for damages of the Allied and Associated sides in World War I, recognise the independence of states whose territory had previously been part of the German Empire, and pay 15526: 4437:

per year. P. M. H. Bell argued that the British Government was aware of later Weimar rearming, and lent public respectability to the German efforts by not opposing them, an opinion shared by Churchill.

1763:. The German government tried to obtain a peace settlement based on the Fourteen Points, and maintained it was on this basis that they surrendered. Following negotiations, the Allied powers and Germany 15266: 3604:. The French garrison withdrew, and in February the Allies agreed to attach Memel as an "autonomous territory" to Lithuania. On 8 May 1924, after negotiations between the Lithuanian Government and the 1569: 15408: 15333: 14920: 12422: 8526: 2821:

The delegates of the Commonwealth and British Government had mixed thoughts on the treaty, with some seeing the French policy as being greedy and vindictive. Lloyd George and his private secretary

1778:

Many aspects of the Versailles treaty that were later criticised were agreed first in the 11 November armistice agreement, whilst the war was still ongoing. These included the German evacuation of

15470: 3398:

in the treaty, had broad support, but was effectively declined when it was rejected by the United States, Great Britain and Australia, despite a powerfully persuasive speech delivered by Makino.

3909:

the disclosed military budget. By 1925, German companies had begun to design tanks and modern artillery. During the year, over half of Chinese arms imports were German and worth 13 million

14863: 14697: 2005:

French negotiators required reparations, to make Germany pay for the destruction induced throughout the war and to decrease German strength. The French also wanted the iron ore and coal of the

15506: 3690:

Belgium maintained an occupation force of roughly 10,000 troops throughout the initial years. This figure fell to 7,102 by 1926, and continued to fall as a result of diplomatic developments.

1794:(all of which were to be administered by the Allies under the armistice agreement), the surrender of a large quantity of war materiel, and the agreed payment of "reparation for damage done". 8043:

Altic, Mirela (2016). "The Peace Treaty of Versailles: The Role of Maps in Reshaping the Balkans in the Aftermath of WWI". In Liebenberg, Elri; Demhardt, Imre & Vervust, Soetkin (eds.).

14756: 14714: 4169:

in an attempt to rebut Keynes' claims. More recently economists have argued that the restriction of Germany to a small army saved it so much money it could afford the reparations payments.

3817:, reparations payments were made regularly and on time both in cash and in-kind, though always slightly less than was required under the plan. The one year suspension of payments under the 2690:

Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take. The commission was required to "give to the German Government a just opportunity to be heard", and to submit its conclusions by

2262:

On 23 June, Bauer capitulated and sent a second telegram with a confirmation that a German delegation would arrive shortly to sign the treaty. On 28 June 1919, the fifth anniversary of the

2218:

as a criminal or merely have a political verdict cast against him. Orlando also considered that "he question of the constitution of the Court presents almost insurmountable difficulties".

1850:

The blockade was maintained for eight months after the Armistice in November 1918, into the following year of 1919. Foodstuffs imports into Germany were controlled by the Allies after the

15328: 2589:

with former officers being forbidden to attend military exercises. To prevent Germany from building up a large cadre of trained men, the number of men allowed to leave early was limited.

1735:

During the autumn of 1918, the Central Powers began to collapse. Desertion rates within the German army began to increase, and civilian strikes drastically reduced war production. On the

3498:, which was destroyed by the Germans on 25 August 1914, was also credited towards the sum. Territorial changes imposed by the treaty were also factored in. The payment schedule required 14746: 3581:

the population voting for the province to remain part of Germany. Following the vote, the League of Nations debated the future of the province. In 1922, Upper Silesia was partitioned:

15288: 12078: 15450: 3004:. Otherwise, Portugal gained little at the peace conference. Her promised share of German reparations never materialized, and a seat she coveted on the executive council of the new 14726: 14023: 4336:

were bound to create a nationalist backlash, and there was nothing the Allies could have done to avoid that backlash. Having noted that much, Peukert commented that the policy of

2460:

was to be ceded to the Allied and Associated powers, for disposal according to their wishes. Germany was to cede the city of Danzig and its hinterland, including the delta of the

1461:

of 11 November 1918 ended the actual fighting, and agreed certain principles and conditions including the payment of reparations, it took six months of Allied negotiations at the

3558:. On 20 September 1920, the League of Nations allotted these territories to Belgium. These latter plebiscites were followed by a boundary commission in 1922, followed by the new 15455: 15308: 15261: 15236: 15199: 14038: 1685:

to guarantee the political independence and territorial integrity of all states. It called for what it characterised as a just and democratic peace uncompromised by territorial

9514: 3289:

travelled to Versailles to sign the treaty on behalf of Germany. The treaty was signed on 28 June 1919 and ratified by the National Assembly on 9 July by a vote of 209 to 116.

14222: 11634:

Sampaio, Guilherme (2020). "'This Is No Longer a Book, It Is a Political Event' The French Reception of John Maynard Keynes's Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919–1920)".

3898:, was transferring army staff to civilian positions in order to obscure their real duties, and warned of the militarization of the German police force by the exploitation the 2740:

east of the Rhine were to be occupied by Allied troops for fifteen years. If Germany had not committed aggression, a staged withdrawal would take place; after five years, the

1661:

played a significant role in shaping the peace terms. His expressed aim was to detach the war from nationalistic disputes and ambitions. On 8 January 1918, Wilson issued the

15475: 15318: 14761: 3619:

On 13 January 1935, 15 years after the Saar Basin had been placed under the protection of the League of Nations, a plebiscite was held to determine the future of the area.

2384:

wrote that the territories of Alsace-Lorraine were requested by Germany for the sole purpose of national defense and not to expand the German territory. The sovereignty of

2072:

as the greatest naval power in the world; dismantle the German colonial empire with several of its territorial possessions ceded to Britain and others being established as

14709: 8457:

Brüll, Christoph (8 October 2014). "Eupen-Malmedy". In Daniel, Ute; Gatrell, Peter; Janz, Oliver; Jones, Heather; Keene, Jennifer; Kramer, Alan & Nasson, Bill (eds.).

3573:

took place between German and Polish civilians, resulting in German and Polish military forces also becoming involved. In March 1921, the Inter-Allied Commission held the

2542:, China, to Japan, not to China. Japan was granted all German possessions in the Pacific north of the equator and those south of the equator went to Australia, except for 2572:

incapable of offensive action and to encourage international disarmament. Germany was to demobilize sufficient soldiers by 31 March 1920 to leave an army of no more than

15313: 4421:

Max Hantke and Mark Spoerer wrote "military and economic historians found that the German military only insignificantly exceeded the limits" of the treaty before 1933.

4476:

first met Adolf Hitler at a speech which Hitler gave at a rally against French demands for the extradition of alleged German war criminals under the Versailles treaty.

4061:

for the damages they had inflicted on Belgium and the mass deportations they had overseen from both France and Belgium. Britain submitted a list of 94 names, including

2026:

that the "law of responsibility" overruled all other laws and that putting the Kaiser on trial offered the opportunity to establish this as an international precedent.

326: 10276:. Schriftenreihe der Historischen Kommission bei der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Bd. 63 (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhooeck & Ruprecht. p. 184. 2850:

wrote that the "average Englishman ... thought Germany got only what it deserved" as a result of the treaty, but public opinion changed as German complaints mounted.

15662: 15303: 14937: 14120: 4425:

concurred, and wrote "To put this in perspective, annual military spending by the Weimar Republic was counted not in the billions but in the hundreds of millions of

1677:

was assumed. It called for a negotiated end to the war, international disarmament, the withdrawal of the Central Powers from occupied territories, the creation of a

3277:

peace terms, the Government of the German Republic declares that it is prepared to accept and sign the peace terms imposed by the Allied and Associated Governments.

13757: 13581: 12921: 2600:

The number of civilian staff supporting the army was reduced and the police force was reduced to its pre-war size, with increases limited to population increases;

1416: 1126: 950: 2960:

to the treaty was extremely negative. The country had suffered high casualties, yet failed to achieve most of its major war goals, notably gaining control of the

2456:, was transferred to Poland outright without plebiscite. An area of 51,800 square kilometres (20,000 square miles) was transferred to Poland under the agreement. 15667: 14199: 12417: 11849: 2905: 1779: 3905:

The Weimar Government also funded domestic rearmament programs, which were covertly funded with the money camouflaged in "X-budgets", worth up to an additional

1503:

The result of these competing and sometimes conflicting goals among the victors was a compromise that left no one satisfied. In particular, Germany was neither

15485: 14731: 14227: 12734: 2825:

believed in the treaty, although they also felt that the French would keep Europe in a constant state of turmoil by attempting to enforce the treaty. Delegate

2137:, refused to include prominent Republicans in the American delegation making his efforts seem partisan, and contributed to a risk of political defeat at home. 10742: 15009: 14913: 14751: 14415: 14142: 13834: 12792: 11748: 2775:, which provided for the creation of the League, an organization for the arbitration of international disputes. Part XIII organized the establishment of the 2432:(Eastern Pomerania), on historical and ethnic grounds, was transferred to Poland so that the new state could have access to the sea and became known as the 1472:, make territorial concessions, respect Austrian independence, extradite alleged war criminals, agree to Kaiser Wilhelm being put on trial, agree to Allied 14522: 12229: 15388: 14430: 14185: 12241: 4442:

wrote that "a curious oversight" of the military restrictions were that they "did not include rockets in its list of prohibited weapons", which provided

3991:, Germany withdrew from the League of Nations and the World Disarmament Conference. In March 1935, Germany reintroduced conscription followed by an open 3506: million annually, plus 26 per cent of the value of German exports. The German Government was to issue bonds at five per cent interest and set up a 3401:

Japan itself both prior to and during WW1 had embarked on a vigorous expansion of continental colonialism, whose aims were justified in terms of uniting

1925: 4053:

request that 890 (or 895) alleged war criminals be extradited for trial. France and Belgium each requested the extradition of 334 individuals including

3786:

coalfields in order to secure the deliveries, again with the British representative casting the sole opposing vote and all other votes being in favour.

2266:(the immediate impetus for the war), the peace treaty was signed. The treaty had clauses ranging from war crimes, the prohibition on the merging of the 1798:

of renewed fighting at Cologne, Koblenz, and Mainz. Allied and German forces were additionally to be separated by a 10 km-wide demilitarised zone.

14425: 14115: 14066: 13981: 12143: 7976: 4274:, were all equally opposed to Versailles, and it is false to say as some historians have that opposition to Versailles also equalled opposition to the 4252:

argued that there was nothing that could have been done to persuade the German right to accept Versailles. Evans further noted that the parties of the

1787: 9596: 3256:

Germany from the west—and there was no guarantee that the army would be able to make a stand in the event of an invasion. With this in mind, he asked

2838:

condemning the treaty and regretting that the promises of "a new international order and a fairer, better world are not written in this treaty". Lord

14269: 1928:) and early withdrawal from the war. Furthermore, German negotiators were excluded to deny them an opportunity to divide the Allies diplomatically. 15531: 15100: 14888: 2226: 1913: 2242:

In June 1919, the Allies declared that war would resume if the German government did not sign the treaty they had agreed to among themselves. The

15602: 14110: 13468: 4409:

the outcome of the vote became known, 4,100 (including 800 refugees who had previously fled Germany) residents fled over the border into France.

4145: 2348:, was responsible for the organisation and control of this process, held between January and June 1920. The plebiscite itself was held without a 1783: 1168: 4393:

had influenced the East Prussian plebiscites. Poland appeared so close to collapse that even Polish voters had cast their ballots for Germany".

15652: 12899: 10635: 2888:

in 1936, stated that he was "pleased" that the treaty was "vanishing", expressing his hope that the French had been taught a "severe lesson".

2787:; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures. The treaty also called for the signatories to sign or ratify the 15627: 15587: 15418: 12961: 11782: 3856:

and in doing so violated the demilitarized zone. In response, French troops advanced farther into Germany until the German troops withdrew.

3012:—which had remained neutral in the war. In the end, Portugal ratified the treaty, but got little out of the war, which cost more than 8,000 1512:, which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers. The reparation system was reorganized and payments reduced in the 15642: 15632: 15592: 14170: 14100: 13739: 12951: 12862: 7877: 2928:

While France ratified the treaty and was active in the League, the jubilant mood soon gave way to a political backlash for Clemenceau. The

2843: 2839: 1921: 1623: 1409: 943: 3040:

refuse Lady Peace a seat, referring to efforts by Republican isolationists to block ratification of Treaty of Versailles establishing the

1297: 15360: 15271: 14952: 14741: 14657: 14194: 13085: 12539: 12236: 12102: 11842: 4357:

ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler's annexations of

3914: 170: 3789:

In a move that was condemned by the British, French, Belgian, and Italian engineers supported by French and Belgian forces occupied the

15480: 12762: 7605: 4278:. Finally, Evans argued that it is untrue that Versailles caused the premature end of the Republic, instead contending that it was the 4149:

Commemorative medal issued in 1929 in Germany on the occasion of the 10th anniversary of the Treaty of Versailles. The obverse depicts

3569:

Following the implementation of the treaty, Upper Silesia was initially governed by Britain, France, and Italy. Between 1919 and 1921,

3212:" since its terms were presented to Germany on a take-it-or-leave-it basis. Germany's first democratically elected head of government, 2083:

Together with the French, the British favoured putting German war criminals on trial, and included the Kaiser in this. Already in 1916

1496:", and saying the reparations were excessive and counterproductive. On the other hand, prominent Allied figures such as French Marshal 9522: 9132:"Harding Ends War; Signs Peace Decree at Senator's Home. Thirty Persons Witness Momentous Act in Frelinghuysen Living Room at Raritan" 7730: 2498:

Article 119 of the treaty required Germany to renounce sovereignty over former colonies and Article 22 converted the territories into

15438: 15105: 14823: 13092: 12095: 3917:, Krupps ramped up production of armor plate and artillery. Production increased so that by 1937, military exports had increased to 3880:, and in 1921 German troops were sent to Sweden to test weapons. The establishment of diplomatic ties with the Soviet Union, via the 2263: 1450: 1174: 1162: 10903: 3282: 1979:

summarized this position as attempting to "set the clock back and undo what, since 1870, the progress of Germany had accomplished."

1500:

criticized the treaty for treating Germany too leniently. This is still the subject of ongoing debate by historians and economists.

1180: 15647: 15345: 15021: 12744: 12109: 1611: 1363: 1339: 1227: 14420: 10333: 15403: 14352: 14190: 14177: 14134: 14043: 13769: 13571: 13478: 13380: 13138: 12785: 11919: 3980:

men, and for Germany to have an air force half the size of the French. It was also negotiated for the French Army to be reduced.

3429:

manner. Aspiring to be accepted as a world actor with similar status to the traditional Western powers, Japan envisaged an Asian

3372: 2686: 2425: 1871:

issued a statement in June 1919 condemning continuation of the blockade, claiming 100,000 German civilians had died as a result.

1719:

Map showing the Western Front as it stood on 11 November 1918. The German frontier of 1914 had been crossed in the vicinities of

1482: 1402: 936: 746: 3231: 15657: 15338: 15154: 14544: 14534: 14402: 12277: 12264: 12136: 12063: 11987: 11879: 11858: 11835: 9488: 8994: 4594: 4228:, and the newly restored Poland was no match for even a defeated Germany. In the West, Germany was balanced only by France and 4130: 3098: 2870: 2768: 2235: 1812:

Both Germany and Great Britain were dependent on imports of food and raw materials, most of which had to be shipped across the

1462: 1215: 986: 912: 806: 704: 674: 7664: 2779:, to regulate hours of work, including a maximum working day and week; the regulation of the labour supply; the prevention of 15572: 15139: 14316: 14250: 14087: 13966: 13639: 12658: 12514: 11884: 11731: 11712: 11693: 11672: 11503: 11484: 11465: 11390: 11371: 11230: 11208: 11170: 11139: 11108: 11067: 10996: 10954: 10885: 10685: 10621: 10579: 10560: 10538: 10515: 10435: 10354: 10323: 10231: 10056: 10015: 9996: 9923: 9851:(1979), "Political Economy versus National Sovereignty: French Structures for German Economic Integration after Versailles", 9838: 9788: 9765: 9739: 9569: 9435: 9312: 9186: 9159: 8954: 8932: 8867: 8848: 8792: 8735: 8705: 8654: 8579: 8555: 8504: 8483: 8243: 8217: 8138: 8101: 8078: 8052: 7734: 4301:—it is seen as a symbol of recognition of wrongs committed against small nations by their much larger aggressive neighbours. 3798: 3094: 2822: 2762: 2704:

at the time) in reparations to cover civilian damage caused during the war. This figure was divided into three categories of

2592: 1603: 709: 34: 8665: 3760: 3297: 1458: 15582: 15577: 15221: 14491: 13911: 12696: 12356: 12321: 12176: 11086: 11019:

Wimer, Kurt & Wimer, Sarah (1967). "The Harding Administration, the League of Nations, and the Separate Peace Treaty".

10827: 10808: 10789: 10767: 10598: 10492: 10473: 10454: 10208: 10187: 10034: 9945: 9807: 9640: 9550: 9504: 9445:

Lauren, Paul Gordon (Summer 1978). "Human Rights in History: Diplomacy and Racial Equality at the Paris Peace Conference".

9412: 9208: 9131: 9121: 9062: 8909: 8886: 8818: 8631: 8605: 8443: 8422: 8400: 8364: 8342: 8308: 8281: 8198: 4402: 3249: 3162: 2866: 2858: 2035: 1678: 1541: 576: 10111:"PUNISHING WAR CRIMINALS: Holland Refuses Extradition of ex-Kaiser—Allies Agree to Trial of 890 Others at Leipsic (sic)". 5879: 3518: 2312: Annexed or transferred to neighbouring countries by the treaty, or later via plebiscite and League of Nations action 1820:

conducted by the Allied Powers to stop the supply of raw materials and foodstuffs reaching the Central Powers. The German

15637: 15350: 14262: 13586: 13214: 12719: 12401: 10243: 4358: 3089: 2130: 1807: 1351: 1315: 15465: 14476: 11809: 2977:

his active political career. Anger and dismay over the treaty's provisions helped pave the way for the establishment of

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Versailles represented a chance to overturn this imposed inferiority, whose tensions were strengthened particularly in

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were born as a result of fraternization between colonial troops and German women, and who would later be persecuted.

3354: 2885: 2776: 2772: 2758: 2122: 1209: 699: 424: 28: 9369: 4026:: the annexation of Austria by Germany. The following year, on 23 March 1939, Germany annexed Memel from Lithuania. 3530:

were held. The people of Schleswig were presented with only two choices: Danish or German sovereignty. The northern

1465:

to conclude the peace treaty. Germany was not allowed to participate in the negotiations before signing the treaty.

33:

This article is about the Treaty of Versailles of 28 June 1919, at the end of World War I. For other uses, see

15622: 15617: 15597: 15460: 15367: 15053: 14687: 13516: 12554: 10734: 9020:"Die "Jagd auf Deutsche" im Osten: Die Verfolgung begann nicht erst mit dem "Bromberger Blutsonntag" vor 50 Jahren" 8254: 7954: 7943: 7932: 7811: 7719: 7708: 7697: 7686: 7675: 7653: 7638: 7616: 7591: 7569: 7549: 4282:

of the early 1930s that put an end to German democracy. He also argued that Versailles was not the "main cause" of

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The French Army of the Rhine was initially 250,000 men strong, including at a peak 40,000 African colonial troops (

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bridgehead and the territory north of a line along the Ruhr would be evacuated. After ten years, the bridgehead at

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arrived in Versailles. On 7 May, when faced with the conditions dictated by the victors, including the so-called "

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ethnicity), one-half of Russia's industrial undertakings and nine-tenths of Russia's coal mines, coupled with an

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From the agreement of the Dawes Plan in late 1924 until July 1931 when payment was suspended under a proposal by

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was unable to agree on a common position, and Scheidemann himself resigned rather than agree to sign the treaty.

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Hungerblockade und Heimatfront: Die kommunale Lebensmittelversorgung in Westfalen während des Ersten Weltkrieges

3639:

for union with France. The region returned to German sovereignty on 1 March 1935. When the result was announced

2558:

The treaty was comprehensive and complex in the restrictions imposed upon the post-war German armed forces (the

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an area to research within eventually resulting in "his break came in 1943" leading to the development of the

4086:, the French and Belgians withdrew from the process in protest. Only half of the cases led to conviction, with 3379:

considered Africans inferior to Europeans – equality was only true of people within particular nations – while

2788: 2708:: A, B, and C. Of these, Germany was required to pay towards 'A' and 'B' bonds totaling 50 billion marks ( 1837: 1756: 1607: 1108: 917: 788: 11764: 9078:"The imposed gift of Versailles: the fiscal effects of restricting the size of Germany's armed forces, 1924–9" 4235: 3441:. American policy experts, unaware of these secret agreements, nonetheless suggested that Japan had adopted a 2617:, limits were imposed on the type and quantity of weapons and prohibited from the manufacture or stockpile of 15677: 15672: 15552: 14362: 14357: 14321: 14255: 14147: 13993: 13576: 13428: 12966: 12894: 12825: 12594: 12564: 12559: 10089: 7899: 4157:. Other members of the Conference are standing behind Clemenceau, including Lloyd-George, Wilson and Orlando. 4154: 3228:

At the end of his speech, Scheidemann stated that, in the government's opinion, the treaty was unacceptable.

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were indeed part of France and not part of Germany by disclosing a letter sent from the Prussian King to the

1851: 1764: 1706: 1635: 1031: 10965: 4729:

later claimed he had duped the Allies throughout the 1920s and prepared the German military for the future (

15251: 15246: 14311: 13938: 13878: 13775: 13680: 13443: 13229: 12933: 12772: 12671: 11726:. Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 11007: 9604: 9447: 8255:"World War I: The War to End All Wars and the Birth of a Handicapped International Criminal Justice System" 5117: 4000: 3967: 3694: 2412: 2014:

reconstruction and industrial collaboration. France, along with the British Dominions and Belgium, opposed

1995: 1192: 9340: 9237:

Kawamura, Noriko (November 1997). "Wilsonian Idealism and Japanese Claims at the Paris Peace Conference".

8375: 3080:

continued American opposition to the formation of the League of Nations. Congress subsequently passed the

3024: 2360:

for 15 years; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty. The treaty restored the provinces of

659: 15159: 15134: 15073: 14549: 13986: 13971: 13829: 13781: 13546: 13097: 12971: 12884: 12879: 12648: 12636: 12631: 12282: 12037: 12020: 11992: 11949: 11894: 11796: 11576:

Gerwarth, Robert (2021). "The Sky beyond Versailles: The Paris Peace Treaties in Recent Historiography".

10548: 8236:

Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian and Ottoman Borderlands

4598: 4520: 4369: 3822: 3697:, with some 275,000 veteran soldiers, entered Germany in late 1918. In March 1919, this force became the 3656: 3319: 2400: 2365: 2357: 1736: 1710: 1473: 1381: 1357: 889: 872: 824: 771: 719: 591: 13158: 11514: 10274:

Die Wohlfahrtsstadt: Kommunale Ernährungs-, Fürsorge, und Wohnungspolitik am Beispiel Münchens 1910–1933

9149: 2125:'s control. Further confounding the Americans, was US internal partisan politics. In November 1918, the 1844:

civilians had died during the Allied blockade, although an academic study in 1928 put the death toll at

1504: 15283: 15031: 14643: 14529: 14486: 13763: 13521: 13506: 13408: 13277: 12845: 12757: 12714: 12199: 12194: 10160: 9145: 8565: 8494: 3853: 3559: 3081: 3069:

chances of ratification permanently. Among the American public as a whole, the Irish Catholics and the

2634: 2499: 2491: 2369: 2267: 2056:

although those of a "liberal and advanced opinion" shared Wilson's ideal of a peace of reconciliation.

1949: 1906:

Talks between the Allies to establish a common negotiating position started on 18 January 1919, in the

1884: 1203: 11605:

Marks, Sally (2013). "Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles treaty, 1918–1921".

3445:

model that would imperil China's own search for autonomy, and these considerations influenced Wilson.

2666:, eight light cruisers, forty-two destroyers, and fifty torpedo boats for decommissioning. Thirty-two 1986:

himself could touch England. You are both sheltered; we are not". The French wanted a frontier on the

1321: 15562: 15169: 15119: 14979: 14471: 14239: 13823: 13811: 13566: 13551: 13272: 13163: 12857: 12835: 12584: 12574: 12507: 12171: 12032: 11901: 11703:

Steiner, Zara (2001). "The Treaty of Versailles Revisited". In Dockrill, M. & Fisher, J. (eds.).

10661: 10366: 9956: 9887: 9239: 8003: 7580: 4345:

within Germany at the same time that finished off the Weimar Republic, not the Treaty of Versailles.

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wrote that Versailles was far from the impossible peace that most Germans claimed it was during the

4044:

Front cover of a book of sheet music entitled "We're Going To Hang The Kaiser Under The Linden Tree"

15115: 14446: 13933: 13923: 13852: 13805: 13793: 13733: 13541: 13536: 13458: 12867: 12840: 12544: 12381: 12316: 10642: 10336:[Scheidemann: "Which hand would not shrivel, that shackled itself and us in such a way?"]. 4574: 4515: 4083: 3885: 3735:. In June 1919, the Third Army demobilized and by 1920 the US occupation force had been reduced to 3728: 3574: 3469: 3395: 3217: 2874: 2523: 2039: 1333: 1251: 1063: 1025: 340: 10224:

The hunger blockade and the home front: communal food supply in Westphalia during World War I

9958:

The Leipzeig trials; an account of the war criminals' trials and a study of German mentality (sic)

3852:

German troops entered the Rhineland under the guise of attempting to quell possible unrest by the

3608:

and action by the League of Nations, the annexation of Memel was ratified. Lithuania accepted the

2846:

were disappointed by the treaty. The treaty received widespread approval from the general public.

15557: 15393: 15231: 15206: 15083: 14999: 14776: 14517: 14509: 14451: 14211: 13906: 13669: 13496: 13491: 13423: 13282: 13267: 13262: 13242: 13123: 13000: 12366: 12346: 12326: 12224: 12211: 12186: 11924: 11477:

The Treaty of Versailles, 1919: a primary source examination of the treaty that ended World War I

10838:

Verhandlung der verfassungsgebenden Nationalversammlung: Stenographische Berichte und Drucksachen

9518: 8435:

The Treaty of Versailles, 1919: A Primary Source Examination of the Treaty That Ended World War I

7800: 4264: 4248: 3881: 3539: 3480: 3257: 3157: 3013: 2993: 2929: 2680: 2372:

of 1871 as they pertained to this issue. France was able to make the claim that the provinces of

2207: 2146: 2010: 1631: 1477: 1375: 751: 230: 13463: 10355:"Bibliographical Introduction to "Diary, Reminiscences and Memories of Colonel Edward M. House"" 10136: 4304:

Resentment caused by the treaty sowed fertile psychological ground for the eventual rise of the

2933: 2399:

Germany was forbidden from absorbing Austria. Germany was also to recognize the independence of

15278: 14873: 14766: 14682: 14284: 14008: 13943: 13799: 13526: 13453: 13403: 13388: 13370: 13343: 13257: 13224: 12889: 12850: 12830: 12641: 12534: 12341: 12058: 11966: 9543:

Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation, Analysis of Government, Proposals for Redress

9077: 8410: 4467: 4271: 4079: 3384: 3220:

on 12 May 1919, he called the treaty a "horrific and murderous witch's hammer", and exclaimed:

3128: 2784: 2622: 2582: 2408: 2019: 1863:

100,000 German civilians died due to the continuation blockade after the armistice. In the UK,

1791: 1772: 1744: 1186: 1049: 518: 15512:

South Korean-Japanese Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Environmental Protection (1993)

15216: 11057: 10428:

German Disarmament After World War I: The Diplomacy of International Arms Inspection 1912–1931

10094: 8569: 8335:

Cambridge History of the British Empire Volume 3, The Empire Commonwealth 1870–1919 (volume 3)

4662: 4007:

the size of the Royal Navy. The resulting rearmament programmes were allotted 35 billion

3661: 3609: 2932:

saw the treaty as being too lenient and saw it as failing to achieve all of France's demands.

2869:

believed the treaty was too punitive. Asquith campaigned against it while running for another

14903: 14274: 13928: 13817: 13593: 13556: 13486: 13433: 13355: 13323: 13297: 13247: 13178: 13080: 13033: 12817: 12686: 12569: 11929: 11753: 11515:"The Making of a Masterpiece: John Maynard Keynes and The Economic Consequences of the Peace" 9584: 8725: 8322: 8066: 4463: 4390: 4229: 4165:

disputed that analysis. During the 1940s, Mantoux wrote a posthumously published book titled

3794: 3527: 3362: 3331: 3327: 2834: 2389: 2271: 1768: 1740: 1634:, amounting to a surrender that was highly favourable to Germany. Sensing victory before the 1598:(led by Britain, France and Russia). Other countries entered as fighting raged widely across 1442: 1291: 1285: 1198: 992: 562: 261: 214: 11683: 9051: 9019: 8594: 8496:

Pistols at Dawn: Two Hundred Years of Political Rivalry from Pitt and Fox to Blair and Brown

7816: 15026: 14624: 13219: 13193: 13143: 12500: 12361: 11400: 10334:"Scheidemann: "Welche Hand müßte nicht verdorren, die sich und uns in diese Fesseln legt?"" 9289: 8776: 8062: 5132: 4658: 4654: 4067: 3586: 3310: 3110: 3054: 1991: 1748: 1446: 90: 13168: 12336: 10180:

Peacemaking by Democracies: The Effect of State Autonomy on the Post-World War Settlements

8548:

The Propaganda War in the Rhineland: Weimar Germany, Race and Occupation after World War I

3894:

made several claims about the state of the German Armed Forces: that it had equipment for

3301:

Medal issued by the Japanese authorities in 1919, commemorating the Treaty of Versailles.

3167: 8: 15298: 15241: 14606: 13745: 13609: 13561: 13438: 13398: 13393: 13338: 13021: 13015: 12916: 12206: 12025: 10984: 10895: 9848: 9356: 9336: 8115: 4268: 4113: 4054: 3953: 3593: 3260: 3213: 3137: 3029: 2945: 2530:. As compensation for the German invasion of Portuguese Africa, Portugal was granted the 2469: 2247: 2243: 2194: 1976: 1615: 1489: 1233: 1120: 877: 15174: 14559: 12292: 12007: 11405:

The Wreck of Reparations, being the political background of the Lausanne Agreement, 1932

9293: 4606: 860: 54: 15211: 15129: 14854:

US-Japanese Convention Revising Certain Portions of Existing Commercial Treaties (1878)

14771: 14566: 14481: 13840: 13704: 13686: 13651: 13615: 13448: 13413: 13365: 13350: 13237: 13188: 13027: 12986: 12666: 12376: 12042: 11651: 11622: 11593: 11537: 11444: 11423:"Reassembling a World Order: Toward a New Historiography of the Paris Peace Conference" 11350: 11342: 11272: 11240: 11163:

Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations

11044: 11036: 10923: 10723: 10715: 10414: 10406: 10378: 10260: 10169: 10120: 9876: 9868: 9817: 9754: 9715: 9707: 9675: 9667: 9472: 9464: 9460: 9264: 9256: 9136: 9100: 8898: 8809:

In Hitler's Shadow: West German Historians and the Attempt to Escape from the Nazi Past

8765: 8174: 8128: 8031: 7133: 4353: 4221: 4150: 4135: 4117: 4062: 3992: 3821:

was to be converted into a permanent moratorium according to a proposal created at the

3711: 3702: 3563: 3457: 3236: 2527: 2385: 2186: 2049: 1999: 1941: 1933: 1896: 1888: 1840:

for a counter-blockade. The German Board of Public Health in December 1918 stated that

1823: 1674: 1619: 1493: 1469: 1387: 1309: 1257: 894: 548: 355: 11778:– A film from the Chinese point of view, the only country that did not sign the treaty 4433:

over five years compared to the Nazi Government's 1933 plan to spend 4.4 billion

4286:

and the German economy was "only marginally influenced by the impact of reparations".

4239:

American political cartoon depicting the contemporary view of German reparations, 1921

4162: 3601: 2457: 2377: 15189: 15184: 15179: 14692: 14599: 14593: 14554: 14456: 14289: 13872: 13727: 13710: 13511: 13333: 13313: 13148: 13133: 13063: 13051: 12752: 12729: 12676: 12287: 12181: 11997: 11889: 11866: 11827: 11727: 11708: 11689: 11668: 11655: 11626: 11597: 11541: 11499: 11480: 11461: 11448: 11386: 11367: 11354: 11302: 11296: 11280: 11226: 11225:(Reproduction ed.). Boston: Palala Press; originally published by Cecil Palmer. 11204: 11185: 11166: 11135: 11127: 11104: 11082: 11063: 11048: 10992: 10950: 10931: 10881: 10855: 10849: 10823: 10804: 10785: 10777: 10763: 10727: 10695: 10681: 10617: 10594: 10575: 10556: 10551:(1998). "France at the Paris Peace Conference: Addressing the Dilemmas of Security". 10534: 10511: 10504: 10488: 10469: 10450: 10431: 10418: 10319: 10277: 10227: 10204: 10183: 10074: 10052: 10030: 10011: 9992: 9941: 9919: 9880: 9834: 9803: 9784: 9761: 9735: 9719: 9679: 9636: 9617: 9565: 9546: 9500: 9484: 9476: 9431: 9408: 9375: 9318: 9268: 9223: 9204: 9182: 9155: 9117: 9096: 9058: 9046: 8976: 8950: 8928: 8905: 8882: 8863: 8844: 8814: 8788: 8731: 8701: 8671: 8650: 8627: 8601: 8575: 8551: 8510: 8500: 8479: 8439: 8433: 8418: 8396: 8360: 8338: 8304: 8297: 8277: 8271: 8239: 8213: 8194: 8134: 8097: 8074: 8048: 8023: 4602: 4530: 4525: 4443: 4261: 4225: 4209: 4196: 4097: 4075: 3818: 3744: 3721: 3679: 3570: 3453: 3216:, resigned rather than sign the treaty. In an emotional and polemical address to the 3077: 3050: 3041: 3033: 3005: 2997: 2937: 2901: 2667: 2417: 2304: 2198: 2174: 2102: 1864: 1767:, which came into effect on 11 November while German forces were still positioned in 1682: 1245: 1221: 1156: 1019: 842: 714: 692: 397: 15434:

Treaty of Mutual Cooperation and Security between the United States and Japan (1960)

10264: 9104: 8807: 8643:

U.S. Foreign Policy and National Security: Chronology and Index for the 20th Century

4473: 4462:

in his rise to power at the helm of Nazi Germany. Central to this was belief in the

3899: 1920:

in Paris. Initially, 70 delegates from 27 nations participated in the negotiations.

1724: 15445: 15398: 13657: 13627: 13621: 13531: 13360: 13328: 13318: 13057: 12981: 12976: 12904: 12724: 12624: 12216: 11956: 11643: 11614: 11585: 11562: 11529: 11434: 11334: 11312: 11218: 11149: 11028: 10873: 10865: 10845: 10707: 10553:

French Foreign and Defence Policy, 1918–1940: The Decline and Fall of a Great Power

10521: 10398: 10357:. Yale University Library and Social Science Statistical Laboratory. Archived from 10291: 10252: 10148: 9970: 9899: 9860: 9831:

France's Rhineland Policy, 1914–1924: The Last Bid for a Balance of Power in Europe

9771: 9699: 9659: 9456: 9400: 9392: 9348: 9297: 9248: 9165: 9092: 9068: 8915: 8824: 8802: 8757: 8688: 8611: 8518: 8462: 8449: 8330: 8314: 8287: 8186: 8144: 8119: 8111: 8015: 6331: 6329: 6200: 4398: 4279: 4253: 4244: 4195:

argued that the Treaty of Versailles was "extremely lenient in comparison with the

4192: 4173: 4116:, the principal representative of the British Treasury, denounced the Treaty as a " 4058: 3814: 3562:

being recognized by the German Government on 15 December 1923. The transfer of the

3555: 3538:-speaking area voted for Germany, resulting in the province being partitioned. The 3347: 3203: 3196: 3070: 2996:

entered the war on the Allied side in 1916 primarily to ensure the security of its

2978: 2969: 2957: 2881: 2695: 2618: 2515: 2511: 2283: 2275: 2110: 1892: 1833: 1657:

The United States entered the war against the Central Powers in 1917 and President

1521: 1509: 1303: 1239: 1087: 1075: 847: 778: 642: 438: 276: 11759: 10358: 9328: 9302: 9277: 8645:. Vol. 1. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger Security International. p. 8413:; Clark, Clifford E.; Hawley, Sandra; Kett, Joseph F & Rieser, Andrew (2009). 7977:

Constitution of the International Labour Office Part XIII preamble and Article 388

4184:

and with Russia withdrawn from Europe, that Germany was now the dominant power in

2486: 1971:

France had also been more physically damaged than any other nation; the so-called

15323: 15164: 14466: 14306: 13645: 13198: 13173: 12872: 12780: 12619: 12476: 12246: 11813: 11790: 11707:. Studies in Military and Strategic History. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 13–33. 11496:

Writing the Great War: The Historiography of World War I from 1918 to the Present

11325:(April 1956). "The First Capitulation: France and the Rhineland Crisis of 1936". 11322: 10198: 9727: 9588: 9534: 8646: 8589: 8326: 4614: 4562: 4554: 4493: 4323: 4275: 4181: 4087: 3839: 3683: 3597: 3535: 3531: 3430: 3367: 3265: 3252: 3062: 3001: 2961: 2826: 2531: 2433: 2373: 2361: 2319: 2169: 2118: 2098: 2009:, by annexation to France. The French were willing to accept a smaller amount of 1917: 1694: 1662: 1652: 1545: 638: 620: 291: 86: 14975:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Argentina and Japan (1898)

11665:

Consequences of Peace: The Versailles Settlement: Aftermath and Legacy 1919–2010

11439: 11381:

Webster, Andrew (2018). "Treaty of Versailles (1919)". In Martel, Gordon (ed.).

9732:

John Maynard Keynes and International Relations: Economic Paths to War and Peace

6326: 3550:

the population wishing to remain with Germany. Further plebiscites were held in

3448:

Nonetheless Japan emerged from the Treaty with territorial gains, including the

3191:

On 29 April, the German delegation under the leadership of the Foreign Minister

15516: 14994: 14299: 14279: 13950: 13663: 13501: 13292: 13183: 13039: 12943: 12926: 12371: 11786: 11567: 11550: 10711: 10132: 10044: 9688:"Mistakes and Myths: The Allies, Germany, and the Versailles Treaty, 1918–1921" 9538: 9530: 9196: 8964: 8881:. Historical Dictionaries of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations. Scarecrow Press. 8832: 8395:. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Cambridge University Press. 8388: 8352: 4348:

French historian Raymond Cartier states that millions of ethnic Germans in the

4327: 4319: 4201: 4185: 3810: 3577:, which was peaceful despite the previous violence. The plebiscite resulted in 3410: 3391: 3376: 3336: 3177: 3132: 3085: 2973: 2940: 2705: 2638: 2507: 2396: 2328: 2161: 2142: 1982:

Clemenceau told Wilson: "America is far away, protected by the ocean. Not even

1945: 1900: 1868: 1817: 1813: 1681:, the redrawing of Europe's borders along ethnic lines, and the formation of a 1658: 1627: 1595: 1591: 1497: 1454: 1138: 1043: 155: 14819:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Austria-Hungary and Japan (1869)

11820: 11032: 9711: 9687: 9663: 3088:. It was signed into law by President Harding on 2 July 1921. Soon after, the 15546: 15267:

Japan-Manchukuo-Soviet Protocol for Cession of North Manchuria Railway (1935)

14410: 13698: 13692: 13128: 13045: 12956: 12351: 11806: 11647: 11096: 10531:

Collective Preventive Diplomacy: A Study in International Conflict Management

10066: 9749: 9427: 8942: 8879:

Historical Dictionary of U.S. Diplomacy from World War I through World War II

8619: 8514: 8231: 8027: 7871: 4439: 4337: 4294: 3848:(Troop Office); purportedly a human resources section of the army. In March, 3551: 3434: 3426: 3357:

during WW1. Confidence in their growing industrial strength, and conquest of

3340: 3286: 3244:

After Scheidemann's resignation, a new coalition government was formed under

3185: 3145: 3037: 2854: 2646: 2614: 2519: 2510:(Cameroon) were transferred to France, aside from portions given to Britain, 2461: 2404: 2349: 2345: 2336: 2231: 2190: 2084: 1670: 1369: 1345: 1037: 142: 14970:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Chile and Japan (1897)

14814:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Spain and Japan (1868)

10878:

Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in Modern German and World History

10152: 7196: 3016:

troops and as many as 100,000 of her African colonial subjects their lives.

1715: 15256: 15042:

Additional Agreement of the Japan-China Treaty relating to Manchuria (1905)

14834:

Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation between Peru and Japan (1873)

13860: 13287: 11961: 11364:

The Versailles Settlement: Peacemaking After the First World War, 1919–1923

10631: 10256: 9911: 8745: 8089: 4726: 4459: 4332: 4289: 4220:

fractured after the war into smaller, weaker states, Russia was wracked by

4217: 3988: 3764: 3507: 3413:, who were seen as belonging to the same race and culture as the Japanese ( 3402: 3380: 3323: 3245: 2630: 2601: 2543: 2437: 2416:

vote and to the geographical and economic conditions of each locality. The

2353: 2339:

area. Within six months of the transfer, Belgium was required to conduct a

2251: 2006: 1829: 1731:

in Alsace-Lorraine. The post-war bridgeheads over the Rhine are also shown.

1533: 1434: 1150: 113: 11533: 10801:

The Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History

9903: 9579:

Lentin, Antony (1992), "Trick or Treat? The Anglo-French Alliance, 1919",

8698:

Survival and Consolidation: The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia, 1918–1921

8466: 8415:

The Enduring Vision: A History of the American People, Volume 2: From 1865

5795: 5793: 2445: 2294: 1887:" nations at the Paris Peace Conference, 27 May 1919. From left to right: 14071: 13976: 13674: 13102: 12523: 12152: 12073: 11201:

The Versailles Treaty and Its Legacy: The Failure of the Wilsonian Vision

10907: 9933: 9278:"A Picture and an Argument: Mapping for Peace with a Cartography of Hope" 8227: 8071:

Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience

7893: 4349: 4341:

that it was the Great Depression and the turn to a nationalist policy of

3865: 3861: 3774: 2663: 2547: 2202: 2182: 1987: 1752: 1690: 1587: 1582: 1562: 1438: 922: 682: 246: 15451:

Treaty on Basic Relations Between Japan and the Republic of Korea (1965)

11774: 11724:

The Great War in history: debates and controversies, 1914 to the present

10947:

The Western Front 1917–1918: From Vimy Ridge to Amiens and the Armistice

10616:. The Harvard Cold War Studies Book Series. Rowman & Littlefield s. 10124: 9468: 8715:"Die Finanzierung des Lebensmittels" [Paying for food imports]. 8476:

Germany and Eastern Europe: Cultural Identities and Cultural Differences

8376:"Germany's World War I Debt Was So Crushing It Took 92 Years to Pay Off" 8178: 8162: 5083: 5081: 4487: 4384:

Map of territorial changes in Europe after World War I (as of 1923)

3425:), though it was geared to subordinating them to Japan's interests in a 3224:

Which hand would not shrivel, that shackled itself and us in such a way?

2767:

Part I of the treaty, in common with all the treaties signed during the

12121: 11944: 11934: 11346: 11040: 10673: 10609: 10410: 9872: 9671: 9545:. Foundations of the Laws of War. The Lawbook Exchange, Lrd 2 edition. 9424:

Dynamic of Destruction: Culture and Mass Killing in the First World War

9260: 8968: 8840: 8769: 8035: 7529: 6511: 6509: 5790: 4507: 4447: 4429:"; for example, the Weimar Republic's 1931 program of 480 million 4422: 4305: 4139: 3844: 3803: 3675: 3141: 3084:

bringing a formal end to hostilities between the United States and the

2737: 2642: 2606: 2561: 2535: 2465: 2340: 2114: 2069: 1972: 1860: 1728: 1686: 1666: 1529: 1517: 1513: 1279: 1081: 1069: 1056: 766: 756: 663: 94: 10719: 10533:. Suny Series in Global Politics. State University of New York Press. 10382: 10313: 6356: 4458:

The Treaty created much resentment in Germany, which was exploited by

2908:

in their own right, rather than simply as part of the British Empire.

2238:, with various Allied delegations sitting and standing in front of him 14803: 14757:

Treaty of Peace, Amity and Commerce between Portugal and Japan (1860)

14747:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the Netherlands and Japan (1858)

14672: 13866: 13633: 11079:

Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925

10678:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

10614:

Redrawing Nations: Ethnic Cleansing in East-Central Europe, 1944–1948

10555:. Routledge Studies in Modern European History. New York: Routledge. 9833:. Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton University Press. p. 155. 9614:

Does Conquest Pay?: The Exploitation of Occupied Industrial Societies

9496: 6555: 6553: 5078: 4713:

policemen were incorporated into the army in 21 infantry battalions (

4380: 4205: 4022: 3996: 3890: 3769: 3202:

Germans of all political shades denounced the treaty. The so-called "

3073:

were intensely opposed to the treaty, saying it favored the British.

2830: 2729: 2650: 2429: 2101:) that declared the American peace objectives: the rebuilding of the 2044: 1267: 478: 411: 199: 20: 14635: 11769: 11338: 10836: 10402: 9562:

Guilt at Versailles: Lloyd George and the Pre-history of Appeasement

9252: 8761: 8019: 7528:

The following citations are direct links to primary sources held on

6506: 5123: 4501: 3939:

finalized a second rearmament plan that called for 480 million

3592:

Memel remained under the authority of the League of Nations, with a

2896:

The Treaty of Versailles was an important step in the status of the

2453: 2421: 2388:

was to be resolved by a plebiscite to be held at a future time (see

2168:

of British origins, worked primarily to secure the partition of the

1697:, into the topics likely to arise in the expected peace conference. 48:

Treaty of Peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany

15496: 15378: 14879:

Declaration of Amity and Commerce between Thailand and Japan (1887)

14126: 11749:

Documents relating to the Treaty from the Parliamentary Collections

11618: 11589: 10332: 9896:

1914–1918 Online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War

9864: 9703: 8474:

Bullivant, Keith; Giles, Geoffrey & Pape, Walter, eds. (1999).

8133:. Perspectives on the Twentieth Century (First ed.). Praeger. 7970: 7761: 6335: 5742: 4967: 3674:

76,000 men. As part of the 1929 negotiations that would become the

3113:, present at the negotiations, wrote in his diary on 29 June 1919: 2922: 2897: 2539: 2503: 2332: 2178: 2165: 2077: 1983: 1720: 452: 15096:

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1911)

14894:

Treaty of Commerce and Navigation between Japan and the USA (1894)

10487:. Milestones in Modern World History. Chelsea House Publications. 9053:

The Cambridge Historical Encyclopedia of Great Britain and Ireland

8459:

1914–1918 Online International Encyclopedia of the First World War

6550: 6299: 4808: 4167:

The Carthaginian Peace, or the Economic Consequences of Mr. Keynes

4153:

presenting a bound treaty, decorated with skull and crossbones to

3566:, of Silesia, to Czechoslovakia was completed on 3 February 1921. 3344: 1747:

and decisively defeated the German western armies. Sailors of the

14990:

Japan-Greece Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation (1899)

14884:

Treaty of Friendship and Commerce between Mexico and Japan (1888)

10991:(2nd ed.). New York: Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 19, 245. 10989:

The British in Interwar Germany: The Reluctant Occupiers, 1918–30

10840:. Vol. 24. German National Assembly. 1919. pp. 631–635. 9989:

The politics of hunger: the allied blockade of Germany, 1915–1919

9181:] (in German) (Kindle ed.). Frankfurt: Fischer E-Books. 8900:

Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture

8529:[Clemenceau to Germany: "The day of reckoning is here"]. 7658: 7532:. Unless otherwise stated, links are to the Treaty of Versailles. 7232: 4342: 4134:, John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a " 3842:

clandestinely re-established the General Staff, by expanding the

3442: 3438: 3406: 3184:, Prussian State President Robert Leinert, and financial advisor 2817:

A British news placard announcing the signing of the peace treaty

2745: 2741: 1759:, which prompted uprisings in Germany, which became known as the 1577:

Newsreel footage of the signing of the peace treaty at Versailles

605: 465: 314: 14985:

Japan-Thailand Friendship, Commerce and Navigation Treaty (1898)

11819:

The Signing of the Peace Treaty, silent film (Youtube Premium):

10760:

Power and Policy: Lessons for Leaders in Government and Business

10119:(3). University of California Press: 373–380. 18 February 1920. 10073:(13th printing ed.). New York: Macmillan. pp. 397 ff. 10008:

The Watch on the Rhine: The Military Occupation of the Rhineland

9940:. The New Cambridge Modern History. Cambridge University Press. 8925:

The Second World War, 1939–45 A Strategical And Tactical History

8527:"Clemenceau an Deutschland: "Die Stunde der Abrechnung ist da."" 6950: 6948: 6239: 4040: 3383:, adopting a "slap the Jap" attitude, was a vocal defender of a 2610: 15521: 15005:

Japan-China Additional Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1903)

11551:"The memory and historiography of the First World War in Italy" 11059:

The First World War – A Marxist Analysis of the Great Slaughter

10928:

Henry Cabot Lodge and the Search for an American Foreign Policy

10165:"Review of "A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II"" 10137:"Le rôle de l'impératrice Eugénie en septembre et octobre 1870" 10051:. Translated by Richard Deveson. Hill & Wang. p. 278. 8989: 7882: 7772: 7202: 6887: 6885: 4298: 4283: 3873: 3869: 3495: 3208: 3101:

on 24 and 29 August 1921, in Vienna and Budapest respectively.

2918: 2449: 491: 185: 15079:

Japan-China Agreement relating to Manchuria and Jiandao (1909)

12492: 11770:

Text of Protest by Germany and Acceptance of Fair Peace Treaty

11765:

The consequences of the Treaty of Versailles for today's world

11103:. Campaign. Illustrated by Howard Gerrard. Osprey Publishing. 10464:

Simkins, Peter; Jukes, Geoffrey & Hickey, Michael (2003).

10241:

Rubner, Max (10 April 1919). "Von der Blockde und Aehlichen".

7904: 7440: 7438: 6721: 6697: 6570: 6568: 5805: 5018: 4138:", a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French 4109: 3669:, which resulted in the American withdrawal from the Rhineland 3076:

After Wilson's presidency, his successor Republican President

2596:

Workmen decommissioning a heavy gun, to comply with the treaty

2538:. Article 156 of the treaty transferred German concessions in 15486:

Treaty of Peace and Friendship between Japan and China (1978)

15356:

Japan-Thailand Offensive and Defensive Alliance Treaty (1941)

14839:

Engagement between Japan and China respecting Formosa of 1874

14784:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Belgium and Japan (1866)

14762:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Prussia and Japan (1861)

14294: 11132:

A Shattered Peace: Versailles 1919 and the Price We Pay Today

9980:

Victors divided: America and the Allies in Germany, 1918–1923

9487:(1996). "Kant or Cant: The Myth of the Democratic Peace". In 7172: 7160: 6945: 6921: 6781: 6661: 6521: 6484: 6482: 6480: 6478: 6381: 6379: 6377: 6375: 6373: 6371: 6065: 4832: 3877: 3582: 3326:, and the arrogance, underwritten by the assumptions about a 3009: 2965: 2649:(not exceeding 200 long tons (200 t)) and was forbidden 2331:, Germany was required to recognize Belgian sovereignty over 2279: 2255: 1693:, a team of about 150 advisors led by foreign-policy advisor 14909:

Japan-Brazil Treaty of Amity, Commerce and Navigation (1895)

14829:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Hawaii and Japan (1871)

14752:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between France and Japan (1858)

14737:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and Japan (1859)

10572:

The Irreconcilables: The Fight Against the League of Nations

7123: 7121: 6882: 6834: 6391: 6346: 6344: 6188: 5778: 5643: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5504: 4916: 4844: 4820: 2724: 1441:, it ended the state of war between Germany and most of the 14794:

Russo-Japanese Provisional Treaty of Karafuto Island (1867)

14789:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Italy and Japan (1866)

11494:

Cornelissen, Christoph & Weinrich, Arndt, eds. (2020).

10966:"How the Treaty of Versailles Contributed to Hitler's Rise" 10389:

Scott, F. R. (January 1944). "The End of Dominion Status".

8784: 8714: 8303:. Cambridge Concise Histories. Cambridge University Press. 7849: 7823:

Articles 165, 170, 171, 172, 198 and tables No. II and III.

7783: 7489: 7465: 7435: 7413: 7411: 7359: 6757: 6565: 6494: 6164: 5945: 5943: 5612: 5610: 5608: 5540: 5409: 5407: 5392: 5138: 3790: 3783: 3666: 2925:

to France, and that Germany had agreed to pay reparations.

2713: 2626: 2270:

with Germany without the consent of the League of Nations,

1924:

was excluded due to their signing of a separate peace (the

1879: 504: 15389:

Security Treaty between the United States and Japan (1951)

14965:

Japan–Netherlands Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

10784:. Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. Routledge. 10226:] (in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner. p. 348. 9938:

Volume XII: The Shifting Balance of World Forces 1898-1945

9894:. In Rollo, Maria Fernanda & Pires, Ana Paula (eds.). 9633:

A School for Diplomats: the Paris Peace Conference of 1919

9603:, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 20–27, archived from 7382: 7380: 7378: 7376: 7374: 6805: 6673: 6602: 6600: 6475: 6368: 5989: 5987: 5985: 5930: 5928: 5903: 5901: 5754: 4979: 4892: 2671:

period of six months following the signing of the treaty.

2210:

took Orlando's place in signing the treaty of Versailles.

1457:

on the German side signed separate treaties. Although the

116:

by Germany and three Principal Allied and Associate Powers

14732:

Treaty of Amity and Commerce (United States–Japan) (1859)

10820:

The United States in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

10447:

The First World War: Volume 3 The Western Front 1917–1918

10200:

The Cambridge History of Africa: Volume 7 c. 1905–c. 1940

9513: 8748:(1968), "The Versailles Treaty and the Irish-Americans", 7794: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7557: 7423: 7184: 7118: 6745: 6651: 6649: 6647: 6540: 6538: 6536: 6427: 6403: 6341: 6287: 6251: 5913: 5846: 5844: 5708: 5706: 5581: 5552: 5424: 5422: 5380: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5243: 5087: 4945: 4943: 4868: 4856: 4786: 4784: 3793:

on 11 January 1923. The German government answered with "

1614:. Having seen the overthrow of the Tsarist regime in the 15227:

German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1927)

14960:

Franco–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

14933:

German–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

10636:"The Surrogate Hegemon in Polish Postcolonial Discourse" 10147:(85). Société d'Histoire de la Révolution de 1848: 193. 9011:

The Cost of the World War to Germany and Austria-Hungary

8161:

Barnes, Alexander & Ebertowski, James (April 2011).

8130:

American Soldiers Overseas: The Global Military Presence

7408: 7325: 7323: 7321: 7319: 7082: 6980: 6978: 6685: 6634: 6632: 6630: 6587: 6585: 6583: 6415: 6176: 6055: 6053: 6014: 5960: 5958: 5940: 5861: 5859: 5631: 5605: 5516: 5455: 5453: 5451: 5449: 5404: 3913:

In January 1927, following the withdrawal of the Allied

3375:

in the United States, Clemenceau openly ridiculed them,

1689:. The Fourteen Points were based on the research of the 1437:

signed on 28 June 1919. As the most important treaty of

15101:

Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1911)

14899:

Italo–Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)

14889:

Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1894)

11792:

The Treaty of Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years

10782:

European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia

8438:. Primary Sources of American Treaties. Rosen Central. 8321: 8212:. "Pride and Fall" sequence. London: Pan. p. 392. 7477: 7455: 7453: 7371: 7304: 7292: 7280: 7268: 7256: 7148: 7058: 7046: 7024: 7022: 7009: 7007: 7005: 6965: 6963: 6933: 6897: 6709: 6617: 6615: 6597: 6451: 6116: 6106: 6104: 6089: 6038: 6026: 5982: 5925: 5898: 5817: 5799: 5494: 5492: 5477: 5368: 5147: 5008: 5006: 4880: 3966:

soldiers and a large militia. Later in the year at the

3510:

of one per cent to support the payment of reparations.

2641:(not exceeding 6,000 long tons (6,100 t)), twelve 11857: 11261:

Aspects of British Policy and the Treaty of Versailles

10049:

The Weimar Republic: The Crisis of Classical Modernity

8073:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 781. 7574: 7554: 7501: 6846: 6644: 6533: 6463: 6316: 6314: 6275: 6077: 6004: 6002: 5841: 5829: 5703: 5691: 5655: 5628:

da Atti Parlamentari, Camera dei Deputati, Discussioni

5593: 5569: 5465: 5419: 5279: 5231: 5207: 5159: 4940: 4928: 4796: 4781: 2645:(not exceeding 800 long tons (810 t)) and twelve 2407:

to them. Germany had to recognize the independence of

12263: 11807:

Map of Europe and the impact of the Versailles Treaty

11799:, Washington, and Cambridge University Press, 1998), 11199:

Graebner, Norman A. & Bennett, Edward M. (2011).

10733: 9491:; Lynn-Jones, Sean M. & Miller, Steve E. (eds.). 9317:. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin. p. 34. 7838: 7827: 7649: 7647: 7347: 7335: 7316: 7244: 7220: 6990: 6975: 6858: 6824: 6822: 6820: 6793: 6733: 6627: 6580: 6439: 6305: 6227: 6050: 5955: 5856: 5766: 5730: 5667: 5446: 5255: 5030: 4955: 4904: 3596:

garrison, until January 1923. On 9 January 1923, the

1960:

France had lost 1.3 million soldiers, including

15195:

Treaty concerning solution of Shandong issues (1922)

14948:

Japan–China Treaty of Commerce and Navigation (1896)

10902: 10822:. Military History of the United States. Routledge. 10799:

Tucker, Spencer C. & Roberts, Priscilla (2005).

10338:

Die Weimarer Republik: Deutschlands erste Demokratie

10027:

Rethinking Heritage: Cultures and Politics in Europe

9991:. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 145. 8531:

Die Weimarer Republik: Deutschlands erste Demokratie

8478:. Yearbook of European Sutdies. Rodopi Bv Editions. 8409: 8386: 7680: 7450: 7106: 7094: 7070: 7019: 7002: 6960: 6909: 6769: 6612: 6263: 6140: 6101: 5748: 5718: 5489: 5434: 5356: 5344: 5332: 5320: 5308: 5296: 5267: 5219: 5171: 5105: 5066: 5042: 5003: 4991: 4973: 4814: 4483: 3534:-speaking area voted for Denmark while the southern 3390:

Japan's attempt, buttressed by the Chinese emissary

1520:. Bitter resentment of the treaty combined with the 9816: 7724: 7208: 7034: 6311: 6245: 6215: 6128: 5999: 5970: 5195: 5093: 4200:

third of Russia's population (albeit mostly of non-

2829:wrote "are we making a good peace?", while General 2173:membership of Italy in the security council of the 15424:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Indonesia (1958) 14742:Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Amity and Commerce (1858) 10503: 10463: 9753: 9529: 9220:Locarno Diplomacy: Germany and the West, 1925–1929 9172: 9130: 9050: 8897: 8806: 8593: 8473: 8296: 7669: 7644: 7632: 7513: 6870: 6817: 6559: 6515: 6362: 6206: 6152: 5528: 5054: 3962:Plan for a standing army of 21 divisions based on 2613:were to be destroyed. Germany was prohibited from 2581:were to be retained for at least twelve years and 2424:), which had come under Polish control during the 15481:Basic Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation (1976) 10851:A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II 10371:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 9650:Marks, Sally (1978), "The Myths of Reparations", 8700:. Mcgill Queens University Press, First Edition. 8525: 7915: 5679: 4684: 3585:, in the north-west, remained with Germany while 3235:Demonstration against the treaty in front of the 3053:, into the talks. The Republicans controlled the 1181:Soviet–Czechoslovakia Treaty of Mutual Assistance 15544: 15429:Japan–South Vietnam Reparations Agreement (1959) 14824:Sino-Japanese Friendship and Trade Treaty (1871) 8160: 7750: 7713: 7585: 5024: 4412: 3589:, in the south-east, was transferred to Poland. 3305:: Flags of the five allies of World War I. 2763:International Labour Organization § History 1492:declared the treaty too harsh, styling it as a " 582: 161: 15532:American–Japanese–Korean trilateral pact (2023) 13469:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 11456:Boemeke, Manfred F.; et al., eds. (1998). 11385:. Vol. 4. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 1–15. 11259:McKercher, B. J. C., and Erik Goldstein, eds. 10290: 10110: 9107:– via MPRA: Munich Personal RePEc Archive 8002: 7139: 6840: 6527: 4764:, Paris, Larousse Paris Match, 1965, quoted in 3522:A crowd awaits the plebiscite results in Oppeln 3502: million within twenty-five days and then 15414:Japan–Philippines Reparations Agreement (1956) 15409:Treaty of Peace between Japan and Burma (1954) 15404:Treaty of Peace between Japan and India (1952) 15334:Japan-Manchukuo-China Joint Declaration (1940) 14921:Treaty for returning Fengtian Peninsula (1895) 11245:The Truth About the Peace Treaties (2 volumes) 10092:[We can feel the strength of hatred]. 9314:The Legacy of the Great War: Peacemaking, 1919 8259:Denver Journal of International Law and Policy 8118:. New York: The Macmillan Company – via 3420: 3414: 2891: 2752: 1673:, and democracy. While the term was not used, 1642: 205: 14651: 12508: 12164: 12137: 11843: 11298:Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World 10798: 9910: 9583:, vol. 42, no. 12, pp. 28–32, 9075: 8273:The Origins of the Second World War in Europe 7601: 7599: 7238: 6954: 6927: 6787: 6667: 6071: 5811: 5784: 4922: 4850: 4826: 4172:It has been argued—for instance by historian 3631:the ballot) in favour of union with Germany; 3361:, together with their proven fidelity to the 3309:: Peace standing in Oriental attire with the 2653:. The manpower of the navy was not to exceed 2534:, a sliver of German East Africa in northern 2468:, for the League of Nations to establish the 2221: 1410: 944: 221: 15663:Treaties of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) 15140:Sino-Japanese Joint Defence Agreement (1918) 14864:Japan-Hawaii Labor Immigration Treaty (1884) 14698:Dutch-Japan Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) 11413: 10904:"Why was the Zimmermann Telegram important?" 10694: 10466:The First World War: The War to End All Wars 10307:(First ed.). Stanford University Press. 10071:Modern Germany: Its History and Civilization 9756:Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered 9173:Hirschfeld, Gerhard; Krumeich, Gerd (2013). 9036: 8087: 7981: 7948: 7937: 7926: 7878:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, Article 177 7860: 7805: 7739: 6257: 5546: 5398: 4309: 3995:programme and the official unveiling of the 3971: 3957: 3934: 3925: 3834: 3709: 3171: 2567: 2566:). The provisions were intended to make the 2559: 2490:German colonies (light blue) were made into 2358:control of the Saar to the League of Nations 1907: 1821: 1624:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic 15471:Japan-North Vietnam Joint Communiqué (1973) 15294:Japan-Netherlands Shipping Agreement (1936) 13959: 12103:The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors 11555:Comillas Journal of International Relations 10369:(1960), "The Peace Treaties of 1919–1920", 9222:. Princeton University Press. p. 135. 9195: 8876: 8670:. University of Nebraska Press. p. 5. 8226: 8154:The Blockade of Germany after the Armistice 8061: 7621: 7581:President Wilson's "Fourteen Points" Speech 7444: 6763: 6500: 5760: 4756: 4754: 4752: 3355:Japan's relationship with the United States 3322:had bitter memories of the rhetoric of the 1169:German–Polish declaration of non-aggression 15668:Treaties of the United Kingdom (1801–1922) 15527:Australian-Japanese Security Treaty (2022) 15069:Japan–Russia Secret Agreements (1907–1916) 14715:Japan-Netherlands Additional Treaty (1856) 14658: 14644: 12515: 12501: 12144: 12130: 11850: 11836: 11018: 11008:"Peace Without Victory (speech to Senate)" 10983: 10880:. Cambridge University Press. p. 16. 10607: 9886: 9616:. Princeton University Press. p. 92. 8877:Folly, Martin & Palmer, Niall (2010). 8667:The Wehrmacht War Crimes Bureau, 1939-1945 8624:Europe at War 1939-1945: No Simple Victory 7702: 7691: 7596: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7539: 6727: 6703: 6488: 6194: 6122: 4088:superior orders being allowed as a defence 3166:German delegates in Versailles: Professor 3127:Many in China felt betrayed as the German 2526:went to South Africa and Britain obtained 2448:, which was astride the rail line between 1485:, became known as the "War Guilt" clause. 1417: 1403: 951: 937: 524: 16:One of the treaties that ended World War I 15419:Soviet–Japanese Joint Declaration of 1956 15329:Japan-China Basic Relations Treaty (1940) 15106:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 14683:Japan-US Treaty of Peace and Amity (1854) 11722:Winter, Jay & Prost, Antoine (2020). 11685:Versailles 1919: A Centennial Perspective 11566: 11458:Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years 11438: 11427:Corvinus Journal of International Affairs 10547: 10391:The American Journal of International Law 9847: 9828: 9301: 8393:Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years 8373: 8252: 8156:. Stanford University Press. p. 791. 8094:The Betrayed Ally, China in the Great War 8006:(1940). "Versailles Twenty Years After". 7398: 7190: 7178: 7166: 7127: 6852: 6751: 6293: 5949: 5919: 5649: 5616: 5522: 5510: 5413: 4104: 3739:. Wilson further reduced the garrison to 3140:. There was immense dissatisfaction with 2906:founding members of the League of Nations 2264:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 2063:Lloyd George also intended to maintain a 1451:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand 1364:Soviet–British–French Moscow negotiations 1175:Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance 539: 15346:Treaty between Thailand and Japan (1940) 15150:Covenant of the League of Nations (1919) 13758:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 12151: 12110:To the Unknown British Soldier in France 11203:. New York: Cambridge University Press. 11076: 10894: 10872: 10844: 10698:(1982), "Versailles after Sixty Years", 10630: 10593:. Melbourne: Scribe. pp. vii, xii. 10482: 10217: 10159: 9726: 9611: 9236: 9217: 9076:Hantke, Max & Spoerer, Mark (2010), 8831: 8663: 8596:The Second World War: A Military History 8588: 8492: 7900:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine, Article 121 7610: 7353: 7341: 7262: 7250: 7226: 7052: 6691: 6606: 6421: 6397: 6281: 6044: 6020: 5661: 5599: 5587: 5575: 5483: 5471: 5386: 5290: 5249: 5237: 5213: 5153: 4961: 4802: 4790: 4749: 4379: 4375: 4243:The British historian of modern Germany 4234: 4144: 4108: 4039: 3759: 3660: 3517: 3513: 3296: 3230: 3161: 3023: 2812: 2736:To ensure compliance, the Rhineland and 2723: 2591: 2553: 2485: 2364:to France by rescinding the treaties of 2293: 2234:signing the Treaty of Versailles in the 2225: 2043: 1878: 1714: 1566: 1340:Final offensive of the Spanish Civil War 509: 388: 331: 252: 15368:Japanese Instrument of Surrender (1945) 15289:Canada-Japan New Trade Agreement (1935) 15222:Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention (1925) 14688:Anglo-Japanese Friendship Treaty (1854) 14135:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 12423:Abolition of the Capitulations in Egypt 10949:. Amber Books. pp. 126, 168, 200. 10922: 10660: 10528: 10444: 10425: 10365: 10340:(in German). Weimarer Republik e.V. n.d 10311: 10302: 10271: 10196: 10182:. Pennsylvania State University Press. 10177: 10131: 10043: 10024: 9961:. H.F. & G. Weatherby. pp. 8–9 9954: 9111: 9018:Groppe, Pater Lothar (28 August 2004). 9008: 8963: 8857: 8837:The Pity of War: Explaining World War I 8781:The Occupation of the Rhineland 1918–29 8775: 8533:(in German). Weimarer Republik e.V. n.d 8431: 8207: 8185: 8116:"Woodrow Wilson and the Great Betrayal" 7959: 7536: 7483: 7471: 7386: 7310: 7298: 7286: 7274: 7154: 7064: 6939: 6903: 6891: 6715: 6574: 6544: 6146: 6095: 5993: 5907: 5835: 5823: 5772: 5712: 5697: 5637: 5459: 5428: 5165: 5036: 4997: 4985: 4949: 4934: 4910: 4898: 4730: 3650: 3104: 429: 346: 282: 267: 237: 15545: 15351:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941) 15155:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) 12096:A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay 12064:American Commission to Negotiate Peace 11967:Possible cause of the Second World War 11095: 11005: 10817: 10776: 10757: 10588: 10501: 10352: 10240: 10141:Revue d'Histoire du XIXe siècle – 1848 10087: 10065: 10005: 9977: 9918:. University of North Carolina Press. 9797: 9778: 9748: 9594: 9578: 9559: 9444: 9421: 9361:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 9355: 9345:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 9335: 9310: 9199:& Szabo, Franz A.J., eds. (2007). 9017: 8947:Deutsche Rüstungspolitik 1860 bis 1980 8922: 8895: 8723: 8618: 8564: 8545: 8391:& Glaser, Elisabeth, eds. (1998). 8351: 8294: 8110: 7507: 7365: 7214: 6864: 6811: 6799: 6739: 6679: 6655: 6638: 6621: 6591: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6385: 6350: 6320: 6233: 6221: 6170: 6134: 6083: 6059: 5964: 5877: 5850: 5736: 5724: 5673: 5563: 5534: 5374: 5362: 5350: 5338: 5326: 5302: 5273: 5261: 5225: 5177: 5060: 5012: 4886: 4874: 4862: 4765: 4743: 4697: 4595:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919) 4131:The Economic Consequences of the Peace 3542:was held on 11 July 1920. There was a 2853:Former wartime British Prime Minister 2436:. The sovereignty of part of southern 2289: 1322:Hungarian invasion of Carpatho-Ukraine 913:American Commission to Negotiate Peace 567: 563:Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes 361: 128:Principal Allied and Associated Powers 15653:Treaties of the French Third Republic 15439:U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement 14727:Japan-Russia Additional Treaty (1858) 14665: 14639: 14088:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 13424:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 12496: 12125: 11831: 11055: 10963: 10944: 10672: 10569: 10388: 10025:Peckham, Robert Shannan, ed. (2003). 9932: 9916:The Rise and Fall of Weimar Democracy 9685: 9649: 9630: 9483: 9399: 9144: 9045: 8941: 8801: 8640: 8456: 8253:Bassiouni, M. Cherif (January 2002). 8126: 8042: 7519: 7495: 7429: 7329: 7076: 7013: 6996: 6984: 6969: 6876: 6828: 6775: 6433: 6409: 6269: 6158: 6110: 6032: 5934: 5865: 5800:Benians, Butler & Carrington 1959 5685: 5440: 5314: 5111: 5072: 5048: 4838: 4610: 4573: 3330:, memories aggravated by the rise of 3176:Johannes Giesberts, Justice Minister 2141:American view, particularly those of 35:Treaty of Versailles (disambiguation) 15628:Peace treaties of the United Kingdom 15507:US-Japanese Fishery Agreement (1991) 15456:Ogasawara Reversion Agreement (1968) 15237:Japan-China Customs Agreement (1930) 15022:Japan–Korea Agreement of August 1904 14492:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 12387:Austro-Hungarian reparation payments 11101:Poland 1939: The Birth of Blitzkrieg 10745:from the original on 6 November 2020 10353:Schiff, Judith Ann (1 August 1996). 9986: 9374:. Greenhaven Press. pp. 52–53. 9275: 9013:. Yale University Press. p. 78. 8744: 8695: 8461:. Berlin: Freie Universität Berlin. 8269: 8151: 8047:. Cham: Springer. pp. 179–198. 7459: 7417: 7112: 7100: 7088: 7040: 7028: 6915: 6182: 6008: 5976: 5878:Scriba, Arnulf (14 September 2014). 5201: 5125:Proceedings of the National Assembly 5099: 4714: 4640:of the Treaty of Sevres with Turkey. 4453: 2637:and was limited to a maximum of six 2502:under the control of Allied states. 2036:Heavenly Twins (Sumner and Cunliffe) 1649:American entry into World War I 15643:Treaties entered into force in 1920 15633:Peace treaties of the United States 15466:Japan–China Joint Communiqué (1972) 15247:Shanghai Ceasefire Agreement (1932) 14421:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 13215:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 11754:Treaty of Versailles Resource Guide 11006:Wilson, Woodrow (22 January 1917). 10818:Venzon, Anne Cipriano, ed. (1999). 10430:. Strategy and History. Routledge. 10244:Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 10090:"'Wir kennen die Wucht des Hasses'" 9760:(2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 9367: 8574:. Vintage Books. pp. 422–424. 8550:. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 78. 7203:TNA: The Great War 1914 to 1918 n.d 5871: 5498: 4651:The Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 3860:of Germany, companies moved to the 2522:were allocated to Belgium, whereas 2177:and a promised transfer of British 2121:rather than return the area to the 1618:and the Kerensky government in the 1532:, and eventually the outbreak of a 1316:German occupation of Czechoslovakia 13: 15603:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 15476:Japan–China Trade Agreement (1974) 15461:Okinawa Reversion Agreement (1971) 15160:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine (1919) 13154:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 11859:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920) 11119: 10930:. University of California Press. 10591:A Perfidious Distortion of History 9495:. International Security Readers. 9461:10.1111/j.1467-7709.1978.tb00435.x 9426:. The Making of the Modern World. 8949:(in German). Frankfurt: Suhrkamp. 8813:(First ed.). Pantheon Books. 7768:Articles 159, 160, 163 and Table 1 5749:Boemeke, Feldman & Glaser 1998 4258:Social Democratic Party of Germany 3635:were cast for the status quo, and 3456:north of the Equator, forming the 3193:Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau 3182:Ulrich Graf von Brockdorff-Rantzau 2948:in January 1920, he was defeated. 2886:re-militarisation of the Rhineland 2428:, was also to be ceded to Poland. 2403:and cede parts of the province of 1556: 1453:, which led to the war. The other 1298:Undeclared German–Czechoslovak War 25:Paris Peace Conference (1919-1920) 14: 15689: 14943:Yamagata–Lobanov Agreement (1896) 14844:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) 14710:Japan-US Additional Treaty (1855) 11875:Covenant of the League of Nations 11742: 10964:Wilde, Robert (29 January 2020). 10641:. Rice University. Archived from 10483:Slavicek, Louise Chipley (2010). 9982:. University of California Press. 9515:"Lebensmittelabkommen in Brüssel" 9371:War crimes: a historical overview 8357:Germany After the First World War 8163:"Peace in peril in May-June 1919" 7665:Section V preamble and Article 51 3600:invaded the territory during the 3571:three major outbreaks of violence 3463: 2773:Covenant of the League of Nations 2759:Covenant of the League of Nations 2018:and favored annexation of former 1210:Remilitarization of the Rhineland 700:Covenant of the League of Nations 29:Diplomatic history of World War I 15588:Germany–United Kingdom relations 15314:Van Mook-Kotani Agreement (1938) 13517:Second Battle of the Piave River 13139:Russian invasion of East Prussia 11705:The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 10735:"The Treaty of Versailles, 1919" 9892:"Post-war Settlement (Portugal)" 9800:The Treaties of Peace, 1919–1923 9097:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2009.00512.x 8499:. London: Vintage. p. 181. 8374:Blakemore, Erin (27 June 2019). 6560:Lemkin, Schabas & Power 2008 6516:Bullivant, Giles & Pape 1999 4736: 4720: 4703: 4690: 4677: 4667: 4643: 4633: 4627: 4500: 4486: 4029: 3755: 3526:In February and March 1920, the 3474: 3019: 2380:that Eugénie provided, in which 2091: 1816:. The Blockade of Germany was a 681: 654: 613: 598: 584: 569: 555: 541: 526: 511: 497: 484: 471: 458: 445: 431: 417: 404: 390: 377: 363: 348: 333: 320: 307: 284: 269: 254: 239: 223: 207: 192: 178: 163: 148: 135: 53: 15648:Treaties of the Empire of Japan 15593:Germany–United States relations 15252:Japan-Manchukuo Protocol (1932) 14588:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 13788:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 12522: 12482:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 12016:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 11988:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 11940:Hague conference on reparations 11253:Memoirs of the Peace Conference 11184:. London: Collins Educational. 10700:Journal of Contemporary History 10305:The Saar: Battleground and Pawn 10088:Probst, Robert (28 June 2019). 9783:. Hoboken NJ: Wiley-Blackwell. 9781:A Companion to Europe 1900–1945 9635:. University Press of America. 9347:. pp. 226–251 – via 9175:Deutschland im Ersten Weltkrieg 9151:Versailles and After: 1919–1933 8750:The Journal of American History 8359:. Oxford University Press, US. 8045:History of Military Cartography 5622: 5183: 4620: 4191:The British military historian 3983:In October 1933, following the 3773:in violation of Art. 80 on the 3450:Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory 3394:among others, to incorporate a 2152: 2029: 1874: 1808:Blockade of Germany (1914–1919) 1590:. Two alliances faced off, the 1449:, exactly five years after the 1145:Nazis' rise to power in Germany 987:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 868:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 807:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 801:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 762:Hague conference on reparations 15394:Treaty of San Francisco (1951) 15319:Arita-Craigie Agreement (1939) 15304:Hart-Ishizawa Agreement (1937) 15207:Washington Naval Treaty (1922) 15135:Lansing–Ishii Agreement (1917) 15074:Root–Takahira Agreement (1908) 15059:Franco-Japanese Treaty of 1907 15000:Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) 14938:Komura-Weber Memorandum (1896) 14411:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 14270:Deportations from East Prussia 14067:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 12069:Commission of Responsibilities 11972:International Opium Convention 11460:. Cambridge University Press. 11165:. Cambridge University Press. 10896:"Why the Nazis achieved power" 10854:. Cambridge University Press. 10203:. Cambridge University Press. 9179:Germany in the First World War 9114:The First World War, 1914–1918 9057:. Cambridge University Press. 8975:. Octopus Books. p. 276. 8641:Davis, Robert T., ed. (2010). 8337:. Cambridge University Press. 8167:Defense Transportation Journal 7889:Treaty of Trianon, Article 161 7779:Articles 173, 174, 175 and 176 6363:Hirschfeld & Krumeich 2013 4588: 4548: 4247:wrote that during the war the 4014: 3359:Germany's Far East possessions 3131:in China was handed to Japan. 3090:US–German Peace Treaty of 1921 2789:International Opium Convention 2674: 1955: 1944:, and United States President 1838:unrestricted submarine warfare 1757:naval order of 24 October 1918 1109:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 966:Events leading to World War II 918:Commission of Responsibilities 789:International Opium Convention 784:Possible cause of World War II 1: 15658:Treaties of the German Empire 15309:India-Japan Agreement of 1937 15284:Chin-Doihara Agreement (1935) 15262:India-Japan Agreement of 1934 15054:Gentlemen's Agreement of 1907 15032:Taft–Katsura agreement (1905) 14874:Convention of Tientsin (1885) 14322:Ukrainian Canadian internment 11421:Baranyi, Tamás Peter (2019). 11383:The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy 11154:Versailles twenty years after 11134:. New York/London: J. Wiley. 11062:. Wellred Books. p. 18. 10668:. Penguin Books. p. 605. 9914:& Foster, Elborg (1988). 9853:The Journal of Modern History 9493:Debating the Democratic Peace 9407:. Stanford University Press. 9303:10.1080/00087041.2019.1694804 9024:Preußische Allgemeine Zeitung 8896:Frucht, Richard, ed. (2004). 8719:(in German). 2 February 1919. 8210:The Collapse of British Power 8191:The Collapse of British Power 7911:Treaty of Sèvres, Article 231 6336:W-R: "shrivelled hand" speech 5884:Deutsches Historisches Museum 5088:March 1919 Brussels agreement 4575:[vɛʁˈzaɪ̯ɐfɛɐ̯ˈtʁaːk] 4516:Aftermath of World War I 4413:Military terms and violations 4293:result of the treaty—such as 4155:Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau 4003:that allowed a surface fleet 3750: 3647:from Germany fled to France. 3470:Aftermath of World War I 2794: 2719: 2197:, however, saw the War as a " 1867:member and anti-war activist 1828:was mainly restricted to the 1707:Armistice of 11 November 1918 1636:American Expeditionary Forces 1551: 1328:German ultimatum to Lithuania 1274:Polish ultimatum to Lithuania 14980:Nishi–Rosen Agreement (1898) 14904:Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895) 14477:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 13776:Estonian War of Independence 13444:Southern Palestine offensive 11785:(Review of Manfred Boemeke, 11756:from the Library of Congress 11366:(Third ed.). Palgrave. 11295:Macmillan, Margaret (2001). 11161:Cooper, John Milton (2010). 11056:Woods, Alan (27 June 2019). 10510:. Michigan: Harper and Row. 10312:Schabas, William A. (2018). 9829:McDougall, Walter A (1978). 9779:Martel, Gordon, ed. (2010). 8991:"The Great War 1914 to 1918" 8724:Dreyer, June Teufel (2015). 8664:De Zayas, Alfred M. (1989). 8299:A Concise History of Austria 8238:. Indiana University Press. 8088:Arnander, Christopher & 5025:Barnes & Ebertowski 2011 4775: 4541: 4001:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 3999:(air force), and signed the 3968:World Disarmament Conference 3481:World War I reparations 3061:A discontent bloc of 12–18 " 2803: 2681:World War I reparations 2133:by a slim margin. Wilson, a 2076:, a position opposed by the 2011:World War I reparations 1700: 1665:. They outlined a policy of 1581:War broke out following the 1228:Italo-German "Axis" protocol 1193:Anglo-German Naval Agreement 301:Allied and Associated Powers 59:Cover of the English version 7: 15145:Treaty of Versailles (1919) 15027:Treaty of Portsmouth (1905) 14431:USA against Austria-Hungary 13830:Turkish War of Independence 13782:Latvian War of Independence 13507:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 13098:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 12392:Italian reparation payments 12038:Turkish War of Independence 12021:Conference of London (1920) 11993:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 11895:Little Treaty of Versailles 11797:German Historical Institute 11760:Photographs of the document 11440:10.14267/cojourn.2019v4n2a1 11081:. Oxford University Press. 11077:Yearwood, Peter J. (2009). 10318:. Oxford University Press. 10197:Roberts, A.D., ed. (1986). 10178:Ripsman, Norrin M. (2004). 9734:. Oxford University Press. 9631:Lovin, Clifford R. (1997). 9405:German and Republican China 9311:Keylor, William R. (1998). 9203:. Purdue University Press. 8860:Nazi Germany: A New History 8717:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung 8571:Woodrow Wilson: A Biography 8008:Political Science Quarterly 5140:Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung 4599:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 4521:Little Treaty of Versailles 4479: 4403:Minister of Foreign Affairs 4011:over an eight-year period. 3828: 3823:Lausanne Conference of 1932 3657:Occupation of the Rhineland 3452:and all the territories of 3415: 2988: 2892:Status of British Dominions 2777:International Labour Office 2753:International organizations 2635:pre-dreadnought battleships 2629:and military aircraft. The 2475: 2298:Germany after Versailles: 2187:Italian colonies of Somalia 1801: 1790:, Alsace-Lorraine, and the 1711:Occupation of the Rhineland 1643:Role of the Fourteen Points 1542:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 1474:Occupation of the Rhineland 1358:Italian invasion of Albania 1352:British guarantee to Poland 890:Turkish War of Independence 873:Conference of London (1920) 825:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 819:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 720:Little Treaty of Versailles 10: 15694: 15638:Treaties concluded in 1919 15299:Anti-Comintern Pact (1936) 15242:London Naval Treaty (1930) 15232:Kellogg–Briand Pact (1928) 15217:Klaipėda Convention (1924) 15130:Japan-China Treaty of 1915 15091:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 15064:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1907 15037:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 15017:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1904 14869:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1885 14859:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1882 14849:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1876 14514:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 14062:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 13522:Second Battle of the Marne 13409:Second battle of the Aisne 13278:Second Battle of Champagne 13119:German invasion of Belgium 11803:9:2 (Spring 2000), 191–205 11568:10.14422/cir.i02.y2015.009 11479:. Rosen Publishing Group. 11301:. New York: Random House. 11247:. London: Victor Gollancz. 10758:Truitt, Wesley B. (2010). 10712:10.1177/002200948201700305 10529:Steiner, Barry H. (2007). 10303:Russell, Frank M. (1951). 10272:Rudloff, Wilfried (1998). 9888:de Meneses, Filipe Ribeiro 9798:Martin, Lawrence (2007) . 9597:"Germany: a New Carthage?" 9363:. Harcourt Brace and Howe. 8862:. Constable. p. 408. 8858:Fischer, Klaus P. (1995). 8208:Barnett, Correlli (2002). 7995: 7856:Articles 198, 201, and 202 7790:Articles 161, 162, and 176 7527: 6306:Château de Versailles 2016 4762:La Seconde Guerre mondiale 4468:cause of World War II 4033: 3854:Communist Party of Germany 3654: 3478: 3467: 3155: 3151: 2842:said that many within the 2808: 2756: 2678: 2662:Germany surrendered eight 2500:League of Nations mandates 2492:League of Nations mandates 2479: 2303: Administered by the 2268:Republic of German Austria 2222:Treaty content and signing 2074:League of Nations mandates 2033: 2016:League of Nations mandates 1994:. Clemenceau had told the 1805: 1704: 1646: 1560: 1470:required Germany to disarm 1204:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 32: 18: 15613:Peace treaties of Germany 15522:Japan-Korea GSOMIA (2016) 15494: 15376: 15279:He–Umezu Agreement (1935) 15212:Treaty of Lausanne (1923) 15170:Gongota Agreement of 1920 15114: 14802: 14772:Agreement of Paris (1864) 14671: 14620: 14579: 14500: 14439: 14401: 14345: 14334: 14295:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 14238: 14210: 14158: 14080: 14054: 14006: 13899: 13892: 13824:Irish War of Independence 13720: 13602: 13567:Armistice of Villa Giusti 13552:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 13477: 13379: 13306: 13207: 13164:First Battle of the Marne 13111: 13073: 13008: 12999: 12942: 12816: 12805: 12771: 12743: 12705: 12657: 12610: 12603: 12530: 12471: 12431: 12410: 12312: 12305: 12259: 12160: 12087: 12051: 12033:Turkish National Movement 12006: 11980: 11910: 11865: 11636:French Historical Studies 11607:Journal of Modern History 11578:Journal of Modern History 11414:Historiography and memory 11401:Wheeler-Bennett, Sir John 11223:The Defeat in the Victory 11033:10.1017/S0034670500023706 10506:A Broken World, 1919-1939 10426:Shuster, Richard (2006). 10006:Pawley, Margaret (2008). 9978:Nelson, Keith L. (1975). 9692:Journal of Modern History 9664:10.1017/S0008938900018707 9564:. Routledge. p. 84. 9341:"Europe after the treaty" 9240:Pacific Historical Review 9037: 8730:. Routledge. p. 60. 8696:Debo, Richard K. (1992). 8276:(2nd ed.). Pearson. 7239:Hantke & Spoerer 2010 6955:Hantke & Spoerer 2010 6928:Tucker & Roberts 2005 6788:Mommsen & Foster 1988 6668:Mommsen & Foster 1988 6072:Tucker & Roberts 2005 5812:Tucker & Roberts 2005 5785:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4923:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4851:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4841:, pp. 126, 168, 200. 4827:Tucker & Roberts 2005 4609:with the Ottoman Empire ( 4391:Soviet invasion of Poland 4036:Leipzig war crimes trials 3951:Reich Minister of Defense 3833:In 1920, the head of the 3699:British Army of the Rhine 3606:Conference of Ambassadors 3421: 2911: 2579:non-commissioned officers 2482:League of Nations mandate 2413:regained its independence 2160:and his foreign minister 2158:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 2065:European balance of power 1940:, British Prime Minister 1938:Vittorio Emanuele Orlando 1936:, Italian Prime Minister 1630:in March 1918 signed the 1594:(led by Germany) and the 1133:Defense of the Great Wall 1115:Pacification of Manchukuo 885:Turkish National Movement 653: 648: 634: 626: 120: 109: 101: 82: 64: 52: 47: 15608:Peace treaties of France 15573:France–Germany relations 15190:Nine-Power Treaty (1922) 15185:Four-Power Treaty (1921) 15180:Treaty of Trianon (1921) 14693:Treaty of Shimoda (1855) 14447:Constantinople Agreement 13740:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 13603:Co-belligerent conflicts 13572:Second Romanian campaign 13542:Third Transjordan attack 13253:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 13159:Battle of Grand Couronné 12402:U.S.–German Peace Treaty 12397:Sino-German Peace Treaty 11648:10.1215/00161071-8278486 11475:Brezina, Corona (2006). 10574:. W.W. Norton & Co. 10570:Stone, Ralph A. (1973). 10502:Sontag, Richard (1971). 10485:The Treaty of Versailles 10296:Encyclopaedia Britannica 9955:Mullins, Claude (1921). 9822:Encyclopaedia Britannica 9802:. The Lawbook Exchange. 9652:Central European History 9612:Liverman, Peter (1996). 9560:Lentin, Antony (1985) . 9282:The Cartographic Journal 9276:Kent, Alexander (2019). 9201:The Germans and the East 8727:China's Political System 8432:Brezina, Corona (2006). 8092:(2016). "Introduction". 7801:Articles 42, 43, and 180 6258:Arnander & Wood 2016 4536: 4084:prosecutorial discretion 3987:and the founding of the 3729:United States Third Army 3575:Upper Silesia plebiscite 3396:Racial Equality Proposal 3292: 3218:Weimar National Assembly 3122: 2951: 2875:1920 Paisley by-election 2524:German South-West Africa 2444:while the East Prussian 2356:coalmines to France and 2335:and cede control of the 2278:, to the returning of a 2040:Fontainebleau Memorandum 1252:Second Sino-Japanese War 1216:Arab revolt in Palestine 1163:Inner Mongolian Campaign 1064:Second Italo-Senussi War 15623:Peace treaties of Japan 15618:Peace treaties of Italy 15598:International relations 15583:Germany–Japan relations 15578:Germany–Italy relations 15446:Tokyo Convention (1963) 15399:Treaty of Taipei (1952) 15175:Treaty of Sèvres (1920) 14510:Modus vivendi of Acroma 14462:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 13770:Greater Poland Uprising 13670:National Protection War 13547:Meuse–Argonne offensive 13497:German spring offensive 13492:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 13268:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 13243:Second Battle of Artois 13124:Battle of the Frontiers 11549:Ferrari, Paolo (2015). 11279:. London: John Murray. 11251:Published in the US as 10589:Tampke, Jürgen (2017). 10445:Simkins, Peter (2002). 10315:The Trial of the Kaiser 10218:Roerkohl, Anne (1991). 10153:10.3406/r1848.1920.1652 9595:Lentin, Antony (2012), 9085:Economic History Review 8923:Fuller, J.F.C. (1993). 8493:Campbell, John (2010). 8295:Beller, Steven (2007). 7570:Signatures and Protocol 7445:Ingrao & Szabo 2007 6764:Appiah & Gates 2005 6501:Bartov & Weitz 2013 6246:EB: May Fourth Movement 5761:Ingrao & Szabo 2007 4265:German Democratic Party 3956:authorized the illegal 3777:, Vienna, 15 March 1938 3665:French soldiers in the 3540:East Prussia plebiscite 3373:segregationist policies 3158:Stab-in-the-back legend 3109:Wilson's former friend 3014:Portuguese Armed Forces 2884:, following the German 2426:Greater Poland Uprising 2208:Francesco Saverio Nitti 2048:British Prime Minister 1926:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1914:French Foreign Ministry 1632:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1445:. It was signed in the 1382:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 1376:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 70:; 105 years ago 15324:Tripartite Pact (1940) 15165:Svalbard Treaty (1920) 14767:London Protocol (1862) 14535:Paris Peace Conference 14523:Ukraine–Central Powers 14317:Massacres of Albanians 14285:Late Ottoman genocides 14092:Bulgarian occupations 13800:Third Anglo-Afghan War 13764:Hungarian–Romanian War 13582:Naval Victory Bulletin 13577:Armistice with Germany 13527:Hundred Days Offensive 13454:Battle of La Malmaison 13404:Second battle of Arras 13371:Battle of Transylvania 13225:Second Battle of Ypres 13093:Sarajevo assassination 12982:South African Republic 12265:Paris Peace Conference 11789:and Elisabeth Glaser, 11407:. New York: H. Fertig. 11182:The World This Century 11180:Demarco, Neil (1987). 11021:The Review of Politics 10945:Wiest, Andrew (2012). 10257:10.1055/s-0028-1137673 9368:Kim, Henry H. (2000). 9218:Jacobson, Jon (1972). 9112:Hardach, Gerd (1987). 8973:History of World War 1 8600:. Thomas Dunne Books. 8546:Collar, Peter (2012). 8323:Benians, Ernest Alfred 8270:Bell, P.M.H. (1997) . 6489:Ther & Siljak 2001 6195:Wimer & Wimer 1967 4685:Weimarer Republik n.d. 4566: 4558: 4385: 4310: 4240: 4158: 4121: 4105:Historical assessments 4045: 3972: 3958: 3935: 3933:In December 1931, the 3926: 3835: 3778: 3710: 3670: 3523: 3385:White Australia policy 3314: 3285:and colonial minister 3279: 3241: 3226: 3188: 3172: 3120: 3082:Knox–Porter Resolution 3045: 2818: 2785:freedom of association 2769:Paris Peace Conference 2733: 2597: 2568: 2560: 2495: 2440:was to be decided via 2323: 2239: 2052: 1908: 1903: 1852:Armistice with Germany 1822: 1792:left bank of the Rhine 1780:German-occupied France 1745:Hundred Days Offensive 1732: 1578: 1463:Paris Peace Conference 1050:Occupation of the Ruhr 1032:Franco-Polish alliance 675:Paris Peace Conference 15568:Arms control treaties 15517:Kyoto Protocol (1997) 14995:Boxer Protocol (1901) 14545:Treaty of St. Germain 14518:Russia–Central Powers 14472:Sykes–Picot Agreement 14300:Pontic Greek genocide 14275:Destruction of Kalisz 14251:Eastern Mediterranean 13812:Polish–Lithuanian War 13594:Armistice of Belgrade 13557:Armistice of Salonica 13487:Operation Faustschlag 13434:Third Battle of Oituz 13356:Baranovichi offensive 13324:Lake Naroch offensive 13298:Battle of Robat Karim 13273:Vistula–Bug offensive 13248:Battles of the Isonzo 13179:First Battle of Ypres 12418:Regime of the Straits 12278:Saint-Germain-en-Laye 12177:St.-Jean-de-Maurienne 11930:Reparation Commission 11812:16 March 2015 at the 11783:"Versailles Revisted" 11534:10.1525/gp.2020.12103 11513:Cox, Michael (2020). 10739:Château de Versailles 10666:Europe Since Napoleon 10468:. Osprey Publishing. 10449:. Osprey Publishing. 9904:10.15463/ie1418.10521 9818:"May Fourth Movement" 9686:Marks, Sally (2013). 9422:Kramer, Alan (2008). 9154:. London: Routledge. 9009:Grebler, Leo (1940). 8995:The National Archives 8467:10.15463/ie1418.10212 8387:Boemeke, Manfred F.; 8004:Albrecht-Carrie, Rene 7498:, pp. 26, 53–54. 4663:The Treaty of Sèvres. 4659:The Treaty of Neuilly 4655:The Treaty of Trianon 4464:stab-in-the-back myth 4383: 4318:The German historian 4238: 4148: 4112: 4043: 3915:disarmament committee 3799:German hyperinflation 3763: 3731:entered Germany with 3664: 3560:Belgian-German border 3528:Schleswig Plebiscites 3521: 3468:Further information: 3332:racial discrimination 3300: 3274: 3234: 3222: 3165: 3115: 3027: 2972:and Foreign Minister 2867:1918 general election 2816: 2727: 2595: 2554:Military restrictions 2546:, which was taken by 2489: 2390:Schleswig Plebiscites 2297: 2272:freedom of navigation 2229: 2047: 2034:Further information: 1882: 1718: 1576: 1286:Battle of Lake Khasan 1199:December 9th Movement 999:Polish–Lithuanian War 15678:Palace of Versailles 15673:World War I treaties 15553:Treaty of Versailles 14540:Treaty of Versailles 14256:Mount Lebanon famine 14171:in the United States 14139:Russian occupations 13853:Turkish–Armenian War 13794:Polish–Ukrainian War 13734:Ukrainian–Soviet War 13681:Central Asian Revolt 13464:Armistice of Focșani 13194:Battle of Sarikamish 13144:Battle of Tannenberg 12540:Military engagements 12079:List of participants 11912:Treaty of Versailles 11682:Sharp, Alan (2018). 11663:Sharp, Alan (2011). 11362:Sharp, Alan (2018). 11156:. Allen & Unwin. 10908:BBC History Magazine 10874:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10846:Weinberg, Gerhard L. 10741:. 22 November 2016. 10608:Ther, Philipp & 10361:on 23 December 2009. 10163:(20 February 1994). 9849:McDougall, Walter A. 9357:Keynes, John Maynard 9337:Keynes, John Maynard 8417:. Cengage Learning. 8193:. Prometheus Books. 8127:Baker, Anni (2004). 7845:Articles 185 and 187 7834:Articles 181 and 190 7687:Article 88 and annex 7368:, pp. vii, xii. 6894:, pp. 112, 114. 6528:Albrecht-Carrie 1940 5880:"Londoner Ultimatum" 4559:Traité de Versailles 4269:Christian democratic 4091:was also acquitted. 3985:rise of Adolf Hitler 3964:147,000 professional 3651:Rhineland occupation 3311:Palace of Versailles 3111:Edward Mandell House 3105:Edward House's views 3055:United States Senate 2983:Fascist dictatorship 2195:Italian nationalists 1912:(Clock Room) at the 1749:Imperial German Navy 1447:Palace of Versailles 1431:Treaty of Versailles 1334:Slovak–Hungarian War 981:Treaty of Versailles 740:Treaty of Versailles 660:Treaty of Versailles 91:Palace of Versailles 43:Treaty of Versailles 15257:Tanggu Truce (1933) 14607:They shall not pass 14530:Treaty of Bucharest 14487:Treaty of Bucharest 14426:USA against Germany 14403:Declarations of war 14107:German occupations 14020:British casualties 13879:Soviet–Georgian War 13806:Egyptian Revolution 13746:Armeno-Georgian War 13610:Somaliland campaign 13562:Armistice of Mudros 13439:Battle of Caporetto 13429:Battle of Mărășești 13399:Zimmermann telegram 13394:February Revolution 13339:Battle of the Somme 13263:Bug-Narew Offensive 13238:Battle of Gallipoli 13230:Sinking of the RMS 13022:Scramble for Africa 13016:Franco-Prussian War 12672:Sinai and Palestine 12207:Act of 5th November 12026:San Remo conference 11981:Subsequent treaties 11950:Lausanne Conference 11688:. Haus Publishing. 11667:. Haus Publishing. 11522:Global Perspectives 11273:Macmillan, Margaret 11241:Lloyd George, David 10985:Williamson, David G 10924:Widenor, William C. 10367:Schmitt, Bernadotte 10095:Süddeutsche Zeitung 9535:Schabas, William A. 9294:2019CartJ..56..275K 8566:Cooper, John Milton 8152:Bane, S.L. (1942). 7474:, pp. 104–105. 7432:, pp. 179–198. 7420:, pp. 275–279. 7241:, pp. 849–864. 7181:, pp. 281–284. 7169:, pp. 281–282. 7145:, pp. 373–380. 7091:, pp. 233–234. 6841:EB: Ruhr occupation 6814:, pp. 251–252. 6730:, pp. 246–247. 6706:, pp. 19, 245. 6682:, pp. 181–182. 6577:, pp. 103–106. 6436:, pp. 223–234. 6412:, pp. 236–237. 6400:, pp. 507–511. 6388:, pp. 257–278. 6365:, pp. 288–289. 6185:, pp. 582–598. 5652:, pp. 278–279. 5566:, pp. 454–505. 5513:, pp. 269–270. 5129:, pp. 631–635. 4988:, pp. 270–273. 4901:, pp. 183–184. 4877:, pp. 182–195. 4865:, pp. 422–424. 4376:Territorial changes 4216:because the former 4114:John Maynard Keynes 3954:Kurt von Schleicher 3813:as a result of the 3594:French Armed Forces 3514:Territorial changes 3261:Paul von Hindenburg 3214:Philipp Scheidemann 3180:, Foreign Minister 2985:three years later. 2946:President of France 2859:Independent Liberal 2470:Free City of Danzig 2290:Territorial changes 2248:Philipp Scheidemann 1996:Chamber of Deputies 1977:John Maynard Keynes 1765:signed an armistice 1755:in response to the 1616:February Revolution 1490:John Maynard Keynes 1366:Apr.–Aug. 1939 1348:Mar.–Aug. 1939 1342:Mar.–Apr. 1939 1288:July–Aug. 1938 1234:Anti-Comintern Pact 1121:January 28 incident 878:San Remo conference 772:Lausanne Conference 44: 14567:Treaty of Lausanne 14482:Paris Economy Pact 14416:UK against Germany 14346:Entry into the war 14312:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 14031:Ottoman casualties 13841:Franco-Turkish War 13721:Post-War conflicts 13705:Russian Revolution 13687:Invasion of Darfur 13652:Kelantan rebellion 13640:Kurdish rebellions 13616:Mexican Revolution 13449:October Revolution 13414:Kerensky offensive 13389:Capture of Baghdad 13366:Monastir offensive 13351:Brusilov offensive 13189:Battle of Kolubara 13028:Russo-Japanese War 12043:Treaty of Lausanne 11920:"War guilt" clause 11498:. Berghahn Books. 11293:Also published as 11263:(Routledge, 2020) 11128:Andelman, David A. 10778:Tucker, Spencer C. 10696:Trachtenberg, Marc 10648:on 29 October 2013 10251:(15). Berlin: 15. 10170:The New York Times 9607:on 31 January 2015 9485:Layne, Christopher 9448:Diplomatic History 9331:on 4 October 2013. 9137:The New York Times 9047:Haigh, Christopher 8389:Feldman, Gerald D. 8067:Gates, Henry Louis 7676:Articles 81 and 83 7654:Articles 45 and 49 7639:Articles 33 and 34 6353:, pp. 397 ff. 6208:The New York Times 4567:Versailler Vertrag 4386: 4354:Posen-West Prussia 4284:National Socialism 4241: 4159: 4151:Georges Clemenceau 4136:Carthaginian peace 4122: 4118:Carthaginian peace 4046: 3795:passive resistance 3779: 3722:Rhineland Bastards 3712:Troupes coloniales 3703:Rhineland Republic 3671: 3524: 3458:South Seas Mandate 3328:White Man's Burden 3320:Japanese diplomacy 3315: 3242: 3189: 3173:Reichspostminister 3046: 2863:British Parliament 2861:opposition in the 2848:Bernadotte Schmitt 2819: 2734: 2598: 2528:German East Africa 2496: 2386:Schleswig-Holstein 2324: 2240: 2053: 2050:David Lloyd George 1969:400,000 civilians. 1942:David Lloyd George 1934:Georges Clemenceau 1909:Salle de l'Horloge 1904: 1897:Georges Clemenceau 1889:David Lloyd George 1883:The heads of the " 1824:Kaiserliche Marine 1733: 1675:self-determination 1620:October Revolution 1579: 1494:Carthaginian peace 1488:Critics including 1388:Invasion of Poland 1378:May–Sep. 1939 1310:First Vienna Award 1187:He–Umezu Agreement 895:Treaty of Lausanne 747:"War Guilt" clause 42: 15540: 15539: 14666:Treaties of Japan 14633: 14632: 14616: 14615: 14600:The Golden Virgin 14594:Mutilated victory 14575: 14574: 14555:Treaty of Trianon 14550:Treaty of Neuilly 14457:Damascus Protocol 14330: 14329: 14290:Armenian genocide 14247:Allied blockades 14219:Belgian refugees 14002: 14001: 13912:Strategic bombing 13888: 13887: 13873:Franco-Syrian War 13847:Greco-Turkish War 13835:Anglo-Turkish War 13818:Polish–Soviet War 13752:German Revolution 13728:Russian Civil War 13711:Finnish Civil War 13537:Battle of Megiddo 13512:Battle of Goychay 13459:Battle of Cambrai 13419:Battle of Mărăști 13334:Battle of Jutland 13314:Erzurum offensive 13169:Siege of Przemyśl 13149:Siege of Tsingtao 13134:Battle of Galicia 13064:Second Balkan War 13052:Italo-Turkish War 13009:Pre-War conflicts 12995: 12994: 12885:Portuguese Empire 12801: 12800: 12763:German New Guinea 12745:Asian and Pacific 12490: 12489: 12467: 12466: 12301: 12300: 12283:Neuilly-sur-Seine 12255: 12254: 12119: 12118: 11998:Treaty of Trianon 11890:Minority Treaties 11867:League of Nations 11801:Strategic Studies 11795:. Cambridge, UK: 11733:978-1-108-84316-4 11714:978-0-333-77630-8 11695:978-1-912208-09-8 11674:978-1-905791-74-3 11505:978-1-78920-454-4 11486:978-1-4042-0442-3 11467:978-0-521-62132-8 11392:978-1-118-88791-2 11373:978-1-137-61139-0 11232:978-1-343-46520-6 11219:Herron, George D. 11210:978-1-107-00821-2 11172:978-0-521-14765-1 11141:978-0-471-78898-0 11110:978-1-84176-408-5 11069:978-1-913026-13-4 10998:978-1-4725-9582-9 10956:978-1-906626-13-6 10910:. 17 January 2017 10887:978-0-521-56626-1 10687:978-0-14-100348-1 10680:. Penguin Books. 10623:978-0-7425-1094-4 10581:978-0-393-00671-1 10562:978-0-415-15039-2 10540:978-0-7914-5988-1 10517:978-0-06-131651-7 10437:978-0-415-35808-8 10325:978-0-19-187244-0 10292:"Ruhr occupation" 10233:978-3-515-05661-8 10067:Pinson, Koppel S. 10058:978-0-8090-9674-9 10017:978-1-84511-457-2 9998:978-0-8214-0831-5 9987:Paul, C. (1985). 9925:978-0-8078-4721-3 9840:978-0-691-05268-7 9790:978-1-444-33840-9 9767:978-0-415-16325-5 9741:978-0-19-829236-4 9571:978-0-416-41130-0 9489:Brown, Michael E. 9437:978-1-846-14013-6 9401:Kirby, William C. 9188:978-3-104-02489-9 9161:978-0-415-12710-3 8956:978-3-518-11246-5 8934:978-0-306-80506-6 8927:. Da Capo Press. 8869:978-0-09-474910-8 8850:978-0-713-99246-5 8803:Evans, Richard J. 8794:978-0-11-290454-0 8737:978-1-317-34964-8 8707:978-0-7735-0828-6 8656:978-0-313-38385-4 8581:978-0-307-27790-9 8557:978-1-84885-946-3 8506:978-1-84595-091-0 8485:978-90-420-0688-1 8331:Carrington, C. E. 8245:978-0-253-00635-6 8219:978-0-330-49181-5 8187:Barnett, Correlli 8140:978-0-275-97354-4 8112:Bailey, Thomas A. 8103:978-1-4738-7501-2 8096:. Pen and Sword. 8080:978-0-19-517055-9 8054:978-3-319-25244-5 6518:, pp. 43–44. 6197:, pp. 13–24. 6035:, pp. 34–49. 5937:, pp. 9, 96. 5640:, pp. 61–62. 5590:, pp. 46–47. 5547:Trachtenberg 1982 5501:, pp. 52–53. 5399:Trachtenberg 1982 5389:, pp. 43–44. 5377:, pp. 28–32. 5252:, pp. 40–41. 4974:Boyer et al. 2009 4889:, pp. 47–48. 4815:Boyer et al. 2009 4760:Raymond Cartier, 4709:On 8 March 1936, 4603:Treaty of Trianon 4531:Septemberprogramm 4526:Minority Treaties 4454:Rise of the Nazis 4444:Wernher von Braun 4328:millenarian hopes 4161:French economist 4080:Llandovery Castle 3886:Treaty of Rapallo 3819:Hoover Moratorium 3745:Warren G. Harding 3680:Gustav Stresemann 3579:c. 60 per cent of 3454:German New Guinea 3343:, was led by its 3313:in the background 3281:Foreign minister 3168:Walther Schücking 3078:Warren G. Harding 3051:Henry Cabot Lodge 3042:League of Nations 3006:League of Nations 2902:international law 2898:British Dominions 2833:(a member of the 2585:for a minimum of 2520:Ruanda and Urundi 2418:Province of Posen 2305:League of Nations 2199:mutilated victory 2175:League of Nations 2123:Republic of China 1966:18–30, as well as 1761:German Revolution 1683:League of Nations 1602:, as well as the 1574: 1427: 1426: 1222:Spanish Civil War 1157:Italo-Soviet Pact 1127:Geneva Conference 1026:Treaty of Rapallo 1020:Treaty of Trianon 993:Polish–Soviet War 961: 960: 843:Treaty of Trianon 837:Treaty of Trianon 715:Minority Treaties 693:League of Nations 669: 668: 630:French Government 15685: 15563:June 1919 events 15364: 15342: 15275: 15203: 15087: 15050: 15013: 14956: 14929: 14917: 14780: 14723: 14706: 14673:Bakumatsu period 14660: 14653: 14646: 14637: 14636: 14560:Treaty of Sèvres 14452:Treaty of London 14343: 14342: 14121:Northeast France 14052: 14051: 14024:Parliamentarians 13957: 13956: 13919:Chemical weapons 13897: 13896: 13658:Senussi campaign 13628:Muscat rebellion 13622:Maritz rebellion 13590: 13532:Vardar offensive 13361:Battle of Romani 13329:Battle of Asiago 13319:Battle of Verdun 13283:Kosovo offensive 13058:First Balkan War 13006: 13005: 12905:Russian Republic 12814: 12813: 12608: 12607: 12550:Economic history 12517: 12510: 12503: 12494: 12493: 12310: 12309: 12261: 12260: 12162: 12161: 12146: 12139: 12132: 12123: 12122: 12008:Treaty of Sèvres 11852: 11845: 11838: 11829: 11828: 11816:at omniatlas.com 11737: 11718: 11699: 11678: 11659: 11630: 11601: 11572: 11570: 11545: 11519: 11509: 11490: 11471: 11452: 11442: 11408: 11396: 11377: 11358: 11316: 11313:Internet Archive 11290: 11248: 11236: 11214: 11195: 11176: 11157: 11145: 11114: 11092: 11088:978-019922-673-3 11073: 11052: 11015: 11002: 10980: 10978: 10976: 10960: 10941: 10919: 10917: 10915: 10899: 10891: 10869: 10866:Internet Archive 10841: 10833: 10829:978-081533-353-1 10814: 10810:978-185109-420-2 10795: 10791:978-081533-351-7 10773: 10769:978-031338-240-6 10754: 10752: 10750: 10730: 10691: 10669: 10657: 10655: 10653: 10647: 10640: 10627: 10604: 10600:978-192532-1-944 10585: 10566: 10549:Stevenson, David 10544: 10525: 10522:Internet Archive 10509: 10498: 10494:978-160413-277-9 10479: 10475:978-184176-738-3 10460: 10456:978-184176-348-4 10441: 10422: 10385: 10362: 10349: 10347: 10345: 10329: 10308: 10299: 10287: 10268: 10237: 10214: 10210:978-052122-505-2 10193: 10189:978-027102-398-4 10174: 10156: 10128: 10107: 10105: 10103: 10084: 10062: 10040: 10036:978-186064-796-3 10021: 10002: 9983: 9974: 9971:Internet Archive 9968: 9966: 9951: 9947:978-052104-551-3 9929: 9907: 9883: 9844: 9825: 9824:. 22 March 2024. 9813: 9809:978-158477-708-3 9794: 9775: 9772:Internet Archive 9759: 9745: 9728:Markwell, Donald 9723: 9682: 9646: 9642:978-076180-755-1 9627: 9608: 9591: 9575: 9556: 9552:978-158477-901-8 9526: 9525:on 11 July 2016. 9521:. 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Evans 4193:Correlli Barnett 4174:Gerhard Weinberg 4006: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3961: 3938: 3929: 3920: 3908: 3897: 3882:Genoa Conference 3851: 3838: 3815:Great Depression 3742: 3738: 3734: 3715: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3623:were cast, with 3622: 3587:Silesia Province 3580: 3556:Neutral Moresnet 3549: 3545: 3505: 3501: 3489: 3424: 3423: 3418: 3348:Saionji Kinmochi 3204:War Guilt Clause 3197:War Guilt Clause 3175: 3138:May 4th movement 3071:German Americans 3008:went instead to 2998:African colonies 2979:Benito Mussolini 2970:Vittorio Orlando 2958:Kingdom of Italy 2956:Reaction in the 2882:Ramsay MacDonald 2871:House of Commons 2728:Location of the 2711: 2710:US$ 12.5 billion 2703: 2702: 2693: 2661: 2656: 2633:was allowed six 2619:chemical weapons 2588: 2575: 2571: 2565: 2516:British Cameroon 2512:British Togoland 2317: 2311: 2302: 2261: 2230:German delegate 2203:World War I 2147:laws of humanity 2127:Republican Party 2103:European economy 1970: 1967: 1964:French men aged 1963: 1911: 1893:Vittorio Orlando 1847: 1843: 1834:commerce raiders 1827: 1575: 1563:World War I 1534:second World War 1522:Great Depression 1510:Locarno Treaties 1439:World War I 1419: 1412: 1405: 1304:Munich Agreement 1240:Suiyuan campaign 1088:Great Depression 1076:Locarno Treaties 963: 962: 953: 946: 939: 861:Treaty of Sèvres 848:Millerand letter 779:Locarno Treaties 685: 671: 670: 658: 657: 619: 617: 616: 604: 602: 601: 594: 590: 588: 587: 579: 575: 573: 572: 561: 559: 558: 551: 547: 545: 544: 536: 532: 530: 529: 521: 517: 515: 514: 503: 501: 500: 490: 488: 487: 477: 475: 474: 464: 462: 461: 451: 449: 448: 441: 437: 435: 434: 423: 421: 420: 410: 408: 407: 400: 396: 394: 393: 382: 381: 380: 373: 369: 367: 366: 358: 354: 352: 351: 343: 339: 337: 336: 325: 324: 323: 313: 311: 310: 294: 290: 288: 287: 279: 275: 273: 272: 264: 260: 258: 257: 249: 245: 243: 242: 233: 229: 227: 226: 217: 213: 211: 210: 198: 196: 195: 184: 182: 181: 173: 169: 167: 166: 154: 152: 151: 141: 139: 138: 78: 76: 71: 57: 45: 41: 15693: 15692: 15688: 15687: 15686: 15684: 15683: 15682: 15543: 15542: 15541: 15536: 15499: 15490: 15381: 15372: 15358: 15336: 15269: 15197: 15122: 15110: 15081: 15044: 15007: 14950: 14923: 14911: 14806: 14798: 14774: 14717: 14700: 14675: 14667: 14664: 14634: 14629: 14612: 14571: 14503: 14496: 14467:Treaty of Darin 14435: 14397: 14353:Austria-Hungary 14339: 14326: 14307:Rape of Belgium 14234: 14206: 14154: 14148:Western Armenia 14143:Eastern Galicia 14076: 14050: 14014: 14013:Civilian impact 14012: 13998: 13955: 13884: 13716: 13646:Ovambo Uprising 13598: 13584: 13473: 13375: 13302: 13220:Battle of Łomża 13203: 13199:Christmas truce 13174:Race to the Sea 13107: 13069: 12991: 12962:Austria-Hungary 12938: 12873:Empire of Japan 12810: 12808: 12797: 12781:U-boat campaign 12767: 12739: 12701: 12653: 12599: 12580:Popular culture 12526: 12521: 12491: 12486: 12477:Fourteen Points 12463: 12427: 12406: 12297: 12251: 12156: 12150: 12120: 12115: 12083: 12047: 12002: 11976: 11906: 11861: 11856: 11814:Wayback Machine 11745: 11740: 11734: 11721: 11715: 11702: 11696: 11681: 11675: 11662: 11633: 11604: 11575: 11548: 11517: 11512: 11506: 11493: 11487: 11474: 11468: 11455: 11420: 11416: 11411: 11399: 11393: 11380: 11374: 11361: 11339:10.2307/2008855 11321: 11309: 11294: 11287: 11271: 11239: 11233: 11217: 11211: 11198: 11192: 11179: 11173: 11160: 11148: 11142: 11126: 11122: 11120:Further reading 11117: 11111: 11089: 11070: 11012:Digital History 10999: 10974: 10972: 10957: 10938: 10913: 10911: 10898:. BBC Bitesize. 10888: 10862: 10830: 10811: 10792: 10780:, ed. (1999) . 10770: 10748: 10746: 10688: 10651: 10649: 10645: 10638: 10624: 10612:, eds. (2001). 10601: 10582: 10563: 10541: 10518: 10495: 10476: 10457: 10438: 10403:10.2307/2192530 10343: 10341: 10326: 10284: 10234: 10211: 10190: 10161:Reynolds, David 10133:Reinach, Joseph 10113:Current History 10101: 10099: 10081: 10059: 10045:Peukert, Detlev 10037: 10029:. I.B. Tauris. 10018: 10010:. I.B. Tauris. 9999: 9964: 9962: 9948: 9926: 9841: 9810: 9791: 9768: 9742: 9643: 9624: 9572: 9553: 9539:Power, Samantha 9531:Lemkin, Raphael 9507: 9438: 9415: 9386: 9384: 9382: 9325: 9253:10.2307/3642235 9230: 9211: 9197:Ingrao, Charles 9189: 9162: 9124: 9080: 9065: 9029: 9027: 8999: 8997: 8983: 8965:Gilbert, Martin 8957: 8935: 8912: 8889: 8870: 8851: 8833:Ferguson, Niall 8821: 8795: 8762:10.2307/1891015 8738: 8708: 8682: 8680: 8678: 8657: 8634: 8608: 8582: 8558: 8536: 8534: 8507: 8486: 8446: 8425: 8403: 8367: 8353:Bessel, Richard 8345: 8333:, eds. (1959). 8311: 8284: 8246: 8234:, eds. (2013). 8220: 8201: 8141: 8104: 8081: 8069:, eds. (2005). 8063:Appiah, Anthony 8055: 8020:10.2307/2143772 7998: 7993: 7986: 7982: 7975: 7971: 7964: 7960: 7953: 7949: 7942: 7938: 7931: 7927: 7920: 7916: 7909: 7905: 7898: 7894: 7887: 7883: 7876: 7872: 7865: 7861: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7839: 7832: 7828: 7821: 7817: 7810: 7806: 7799: 7795: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7773: 7766: 7762: 7757:Part V preamble 7755: 7751: 7744: 7740: 7729: 7725: 7718: 7714: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7681: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7659: 7652: 7645: 7637: 7633: 7626: 7622: 7615: 7611: 7604: 7597: 7590: 7586: 7579: 7575: 7568: 7555: 7548: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7506: 7502: 7494: 7490: 7482: 7478: 7470: 7466: 7458: 7451: 7443: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7416: 7409: 7397: 7393: 7385: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7352: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7273: 7269: 7261: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7237: 7233: 7225: 7221: 7213: 7209: 7201: 7197: 7189: 7185: 7177: 7173: 7165: 7161: 7157:, pp. 8–9. 7153: 7149: 7141:Current History 7138: 7134: 7126: 7119: 7111: 7107: 7099: 7095: 7087: 7083: 7075: 7071: 7063: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7027: 7020: 7012: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6983: 6976: 6968: 6961: 6953: 6946: 6938: 6934: 6926: 6922: 6914: 6910: 6902: 6898: 6890: 6883: 6875: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6851: 6847: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6818: 6810: 6806: 6798: 6794: 6786: 6782: 6774: 6770: 6762: 6758: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6734: 6728:Williamson 2017 6726: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6704:Williamson 2017 6702: 6698: 6690: 6686: 6678: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6654: 6645: 6637: 6628: 6620: 6613: 6605: 6598: 6590: 6581: 6573: 6566: 6558: 6551: 6543: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6514: 6507: 6499: 6495: 6487: 6476: 6468: 6464: 6460:, p. xiii. 6456: 6452: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6392: 6384: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6327: 6319: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6292: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6228: 6220: 6216: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6181: 6177: 6169: 6165: 6157: 6153: 6145: 6141: 6133: 6129: 6121: 6117: 6109: 6102: 6094: 6090: 6082: 6078: 6070: 6066: 6058: 6051: 6043: 6039: 6031: 6027: 6019: 6015: 6007: 6000: 5992: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5956: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5926: 5918: 5914: 5906: 5899: 5889: 5887: 5876: 5872: 5864: 5857: 5849: 5842: 5834: 5830: 5822: 5818: 5814:, p. 1224. 5810: 5806: 5798: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5771: 5767: 5759: 5755: 5747: 5743: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5719: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5692: 5684: 5680: 5672: 5668: 5660: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5627: 5623: 5615: 5606: 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5562: 5553: 5545: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5497: 5490: 5482: 5478: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5447: 5443:, pp. 2–3. 5439: 5435: 5427: 5420: 5412: 5405: 5397: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5373: 5369: 5361: 5357: 5349: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5313: 5309: 5301: 5297: 5289: 5280: 5272: 5268: 5260: 5256: 5248: 5244: 5236: 5232: 5224: 5220: 5212: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5176: 5172: 5164: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5137: 5133: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5067: 5059: 5055: 5047: 5043: 5035: 5031: 5023: 5019: 5011: 5004: 4996: 4992: 4984: 4980: 4972: 4968: 4960: 4956: 4948: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4885: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4849: 4845: 4837: 4833: 4829:, p. 1078. 4825: 4821: 4813: 4809: 4801: 4797: 4789: 4782: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4737: 4733:, p. 116). 4725: 4721: 4717:, p. 234). 4710: 4708: 4704: 4700:, p. 270). 4695: 4691: 4682: 4678: 4672: 4668: 4648: 4644: 4638: 4634: 4625: 4621: 4601:with Bulgaria; 4593: 4589: 4579: 4578: 4570: 4553: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4506: 4499: 4494:Politics portal 4492: 4485: 4482: 4456: 4415: 4378: 4370:David Stevenson 4324:interwar period 4276:Weimar Republic 4218:Austrian Empire 4208:of six billion 4182:Austria-Hungary 4178:A World at Arms 4163:Étienne Mantoux 4107: 4038: 4032: 4017: 4004: 3977: 3963: 3918: 3906: 3895: 3849: 3840:Hans von Seeckt 3831: 3767:announcing the 3758: 3753: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3684:Aristide Briand 3659: 3653: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3602:Klaipėda Revolt 3598:Lithuanian Army 3578: 3547: 3543: 3516: 3503: 3499: 3487: 3483: 3477: 3472: 3466: 3431:Monroe Doctrine 3368:racial equality 3345:elder statesman 3339:and Ambassador 3295: 3266:Wilhelm Groener 3253:Friedrich Ebert 3160: 3154: 3125: 3107: 3063:Irreconcilables 3022: 3002:Kionga Triangle 2991: 2962:Dalmatian coast 2954: 2914: 2894: 2880:Prime Minister 2827:Harold Nicolson 2811: 2806: 2797: 2765: 2757:Main articles: 2755: 2722: 2709: 2700: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2677: 2668:auxiliary ships 2659: 2654: 2586: 2573: 2556: 2532:Kionga Triangle 2484: 2478: 2434:Polish Corridor 2378:Empress Eugénie 2374:Alsace-Lorraine 2362:Alsace-Lorraine 2322: 2315: 2313: 2309: 2307: 2300: 2292: 2282:to the king of 2276:European rivers 2259: 2236:Hall of Mirrors 2224: 2170:Habsburg Empire 2155: 2131:Senate election 2119:Japanese Empire 2099:Fourteen Points 2094: 2085:Herbert Asquith 2042: 2032: 2020:German colonies 2002:the Rhineland. 1968: 1965: 1961: 1958: 1877: 1846:424,000 people. 1845: 1841: 1818:naval operation 1810: 1804: 1713: 1705:Main articles: 1703: 1695:Edward M. House 1671:open agreements 1663:Fourteen Points 1655: 1653:Fourteen Points 1647:Main articles: 1645: 1588:First World War 1567: 1565: 1559: 1557:First World War 1554: 1423: 1394: 1393: 1254: 1937–1945 1224: 1936–1939 1218: 1936–1939 1206: 1935–1936 1165: 1933–1936 1129: 1932–1934 1117: 1931–1942 1104: 1103: 1094: 1093: 1066: 1923–1932 1052: 1923–1925 1015: 1014: 1005: 1004: 1001: 1919–1920 995: 1919–1920 976: 975: 957: 928: 927: 908: 900: 899: 863: 853: 852: 838: 830: 829: 820: 812: 811: 802: 794: 793: 742: 732: 731: 695: 655: 614: 612: 611: 610: 599: 597: 585: 583: 570: 568: 556: 554: 542: 540: 527: 525: 512: 510: 498: 496: 485: 483: 472: 470: 459: 457: 446: 444: 432: 430: 418: 416: 405: 403: 391: 389: 378: 376: 364: 362: 349: 347: 334: 332: 321: 319: 308: 306: 303: 302: 297: 285: 283: 270: 268: 255: 253: 240: 238: 224: 222: 208: 206: 193: 191: 179: 177: 164: 162: 149: 147: 136: 134: 131: 130: 105:10 January 1920 87:Hall of Mirrors 74: 72: 69: 60: 38: 31: 17: 12: 11: 5: 15691: 15681: 15680: 15675: 15670: 15665: 15660: 15655: 15650: 15645: 15640: 15635: 15630: 15625: 15620: 15615: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15595: 15590: 15585: 15580: 15575: 15570: 15565: 15560: 15558:1919 in France 15555: 15538: 15537: 15535: 15534: 15529: 15524: 15519: 15514: 15509: 15503: 15501: 15492: 15491: 15489: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15468: 15463: 15458: 15453: 15448: 15443: 15442: 15441: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15401: 15396: 15391: 15385: 15383: 15374: 15373: 15371: 15370: 15365: 15353: 15348: 15343: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15209: 15204: 15192: 15187: 15182: 15177: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15137: 15132: 15126: 15124: 15112: 15111: 15109: 15108: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14972: 14967: 14962: 14957: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14930: 14918: 14906: 14901: 14896: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14810: 14808: 14800: 14799: 14797: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14769: 14764: 14759: 14754: 14749: 14744: 14739: 14734: 14729: 14724: 14712: 14707: 14695: 14690: 14685: 14679: 14677: 14669: 14668: 14663: 14662: 14655: 14648: 14640: 14631: 14630: 14628: 14627: 14621: 14618: 14617: 14614: 14613: 14611: 14610: 14603: 14596: 14591: 14583: 14581: 14577: 14576: 14573: 14572: 14570: 14569: 14564: 14563: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14547: 14542: 14532: 14527: 14526: 14525: 14520: 14512: 14506: 14504: 14502:Peace treaties 14501: 14498: 14497: 14495: 14494: 14489: 14484: 14479: 14474: 14469: 14464: 14459: 14454: 14449: 14443: 14441: 14437: 14436: 14434: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14407: 14405: 14399: 14398: 14396: 14395: 14390: 14388:United Kingdom 14385: 14380: 14378:Ottoman Empire 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14349: 14347: 14340: 14335: 14332: 14331: 14328: 14327: 14325: 14324: 14319: 14314: 14309: 14304: 14303: 14302: 14297: 14292: 14282: 14280:Sack of Dinant 14277: 14272: 14267: 14266: 14265: 14260: 14259: 14258: 14244: 14242: 14236: 14235: 14233: 14232: 14231: 14230: 14228:United Kingdom 14225: 14216: 14214: 14208: 14207: 14205: 14204: 14203: 14202: 14197: 14188: 14182:POW locations 14180: 14175: 14174: 14173: 14164: 14162: 14156: 14155: 14153: 14152: 14151: 14150: 14145: 14137: 14132: 14131: 14130: 14123: 14118: 14113: 14105: 14104: 14103: 14098: 14090: 14084: 14082: 14078: 14077: 14075: 14074: 14069: 14064: 14058: 14056: 14049: 14048: 14047: 14046: 14041: 14033: 14028: 14027: 14026: 14017: 14015: 14007: 14004: 14003: 14000: 13999: 13997: 13996: 13991: 13990: 13989: 13982:United Kingdom 13979: 13977:Ottoman Empire 13974: 13969: 13963: 13961: 13954: 13953: 13951:Trench warfare 13948: 13947: 13946: 13936: 13931: 13926: 13921: 13916: 13915: 13914: 13903: 13901: 13894: 13890: 13889: 13886: 13885: 13883: 13882: 13876: 13870: 13864: 13858: 13857: 13856: 13850: 13844: 13838: 13827: 13821: 13815: 13809: 13803: 13797: 13791: 13785: 13779: 13773: 13767: 13761: 13755: 13749: 13743: 13737: 13731: 13724: 13722: 13718: 13717: 13715: 13714: 13708: 13702: 13696: 13690: 13684: 13678: 13672: 13667: 13664:Volta-Bani War 13661: 13655: 13649: 13643: 13637: 13631: 13625: 13619: 13613: 13606: 13604: 13600: 13599: 13597: 13596: 13591: 13579: 13574: 13569: 13564: 13559: 13554: 13549: 13544: 13539: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13514: 13509: 13504: 13502:Zeebrugge Raid 13499: 13494: 13489: 13483: 13481: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13471: 13466: 13461: 13456: 13451: 13446: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13426: 13421: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13401: 13396: 13391: 13385: 13383: 13377: 13376: 13374: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13347: 13346: 13336: 13331: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13310: 13308: 13304: 13303: 13301: 13300: 13295: 13293:Battle of Loos 13290: 13285: 13280: 13275: 13270: 13265: 13260: 13255: 13250: 13245: 13240: 13235: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13211: 13209: 13205: 13204: 13202: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13186: 13184:Black Sea raid 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13146: 13141: 13136: 13131: 13126: 13121: 13115: 13113: 13109: 13108: 13106: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13089: 13088: 13086:Historiography 13077: 13075: 13071: 13070: 13068: 13067: 13061: 13055: 13049: 13043: 13040:Bosnian Crisis 13037: 13034:Tangier Crisis 13031: 13025: 13019: 13012: 13010: 13003: 12997: 12996: 12993: 12992: 12990: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12967:Ottoman Empire 12964: 12959: 12954: 12948: 12946: 12944:Central Powers 12940: 12939: 12937: 12936: 12931: 12930: 12929: 12927:British Empire 12922:United Kingdom 12919: 12914: 12909: 12908: 12907: 12902: 12900:Russian Empire 12892: 12887: 12882: 12877: 12876: 12875: 12865: 12860: 12855: 12854: 12853: 12843: 12838: 12833: 12828: 12822: 12820: 12818:Entente Powers 12811: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12799: 12798: 12796: 12795: 12790: 12789: 12788: 12786:North Atlantic 12777: 12775: 12769: 12768: 12766: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12749: 12747: 12741: 12740: 12738: 12737: 12732: 12727: 12722: 12717: 12711: 12709: 12703: 12702: 12700: 12699: 12697:Central Arabia 12694: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12663: 12661: 12659:Middle Eastern 12655: 12654: 12652: 12651: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12634: 12629: 12628: 12627: 12616: 12614: 12605: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12560:Historiography 12557: 12552: 12547: 12542: 12537: 12531: 12528: 12527: 12520: 12519: 12512: 12505: 12497: 12488: 12487: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12472: 12469: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12435: 12433: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12414: 12412: 12408: 12407: 12405: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12382:Rapallo (1922) 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12317:Rapallo (1920) 12313: 12307: 12303: 12302: 12299: 12298: 12296: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12269: 12267: 12257: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12250: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12233: 12232: 12227: 12221:Brest-Litovsk 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12168: 12166: 12165:During the war 12158: 12157: 12149: 12148: 12141: 12134: 12126: 12117: 12116: 12114: 12113: 12106: 12099: 12091: 12089: 12085: 12084: 12082: 12081: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12055: 12053: 12049: 12048: 12046: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12023: 12012: 12010: 12004: 12003: 12001: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11984: 11982: 11978: 11977: 11975: 11974: 11969: 11964: 11959: 11954: 11953: 11952: 11947: 11942: 11937: 11927: 11922: 11916: 11914: 11908: 11907: 11905: 11904: 11899: 11898: 11897: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11871: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11855: 11854: 11847: 11840: 11832: 11826: 11825: 11817: 11804: 11787:Gerald Feldman 11780: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11751: 11744: 11743:External links 11741: 11739: 11738: 11732: 11719: 11713: 11700: 11694: 11679: 11673: 11660: 11631: 11619:10.1086/670825 11613:(3): 632–659. 11602: 11590:10.1086/716966 11584:(4): 896–930. 11573: 11561:(2): 117–126. 11546: 11510: 11504: 11491: 11485: 11472: 11466: 11453: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11409: 11397: 11391: 11378: 11372: 11359: 11333:(3): 355–373. 11327:World Politics 11319: 11318: 11317: 11307: 11285: 11268: 11267: 11257: 11256: 11255: 11237: 11231: 11215: 11209: 11196: 11190: 11177: 11171: 11158: 11150:Birdsall, Paul 11146: 11140: 11123: 11121: 11118: 11116: 11115: 11109: 11097:Zaloga, Steven 11093: 11087: 11074: 11068: 11053: 11016: 11003: 10997: 10981: 10961: 10955: 10942: 10936: 10920: 10900: 10892: 10886: 10870: 10860: 10842: 10834: 10828: 10815: 10809: 10796: 10790: 10774: 10768: 10755: 10731: 10706:(3): 487–506, 10692: 10686: 10670: 10662:Thomson, David 10658: 10628: 10622: 10605: 10599: 10586: 10580: 10567: 10561: 10545: 10539: 10526: 10516: 10499: 10493: 10480: 10474: 10461: 10455: 10442: 10436: 10423: 10386: 10377:(1): 101–110, 10363: 10350: 10330: 10324: 10309: 10300: 10288: 10282: 10269: 10238: 10232: 10215: 10209: 10194: 10188: 10175: 10157: 10129: 10108: 10085: 10079: 10063: 10057: 10041: 10035: 10022: 10016: 10003: 9997: 9984: 9975: 9952: 9946: 9936:, ed. (1968). 9930: 9924: 9908: 9884: 9865:10.1086/241846 9845: 9839: 9826: 9814: 9808: 9795: 9789: 9776: 9766: 9752:, ed. (1999). 9750:Martel, Gordon 9746: 9740: 9724: 9712:10.1086/670825 9704:10.1086/670825 9698:(3): 632–659. 9683: 9658:(3): 231–255, 9647: 9641: 9628: 9622: 9609: 9592: 9576: 9570: 9557: 9551: 9527: 9511: 9505: 9481: 9455:(3): 257–278. 9442: 9436: 9419: 9413: 9397: 9380: 9365: 9353: 9333: 9323: 9308: 9288:(4): 275–279. 9273: 9247:(4): 503–526. 9234: 9228: 9215: 9209: 9193: 9187: 9170: 9160: 9142: 9140:. 3 July 1921. 9128: 9122: 9109: 9091:(4): 849–864, 9073: 9063: 9049:, ed. (1990). 9043: 9015: 9006: 8987: 8981: 8961: 8955: 8943:Geyer, Michael 8939: 8933: 8920: 8910: 8893: 8887: 8874: 8868: 8855: 8849: 8829: 8819: 8799: 8793: 8773: 8756:(3): 582–598, 8742: 8736: 8721: 8712: 8706: 8693: 8676: 8661: 8655: 8638: 8632: 8620:Davies, Norman 8616: 8606: 8586: 8580: 8562: 8556: 8543: 8523: 8505: 8490: 8484: 8471: 8454: 8444: 8429: 8423: 8411:Boyer, Paul S. 8407: 8401: 8384: 8371: 8365: 8349: 8343: 8319: 8309: 8292: 8282: 8267: 8250: 8244: 8232:Weitz, Eric D. 8224: 8218: 8205: 8199: 8183: 8158: 8149: 8139: 8124: 8108: 8102: 8085: 8079: 8059: 8053: 8040: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7980: 7969: 7958: 7947: 7936: 7925: 7914: 7903: 7892: 7881: 7870: 7859: 7848: 7837: 7826: 7815: 7804: 7793: 7782: 7771: 7760: 7749: 7738: 7723: 7712: 7701: 7690: 7679: 7668: 7657: 7643: 7631: 7620: 7609: 7595: 7584: 7573: 7553: 7534: 7525: 7524: 7512: 7510:, p. 416. 7500: 7488: 7486:, p. 108. 7476: 7464: 7462:, p. 335. 7449: 7447:, p. 262. 7434: 7422: 7407: 7399:Stevenson 1998 7391: 7389:, p. 278. 7370: 7358: 7346: 7334: 7332:, p. 107. 7315: 7313:, p. 319. 7303: 7301:, p. 318. 7291: 7289:, p. 316. 7279: 7277:, p. 392. 7267: 7255: 7243: 7231: 7219: 7207: 7195: 7193:, p. 285. 7191:Bassiouni 2002 7183: 7179:Bassiouni 2002 7171: 7167:Bassiouni 2002 7159: 7147: 7132: 7130:, p. 268. 7128:Bassiouni 2002 7117: 7115:, p. 281. 7105: 7103:, p. 254. 7093: 7081: 7069: 7067:, p. 408. 7057: 7045: 7033: 7031:, p. 229. 7018: 7001: 6999:, p. 235. 6989: 6987:, p. 220. 6974: 6959: 6957:, p. 852. 6944: 6942:, p. 120. 6932: 6930:, p. 967. 6920: 6918:, p. 133. 6908: 6906:, p. 116. 6896: 6881: 6869: 6857: 6853:Blakemore 2019 6845: 6833: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6790:, p. 129. 6780: 6768: 6766:, p. 781. 6756: 6754:, p. 155. 6752:McDougall 1978 6744: 6732: 6720: 6718:, p. 147. 6708: 6696: 6694:, p. 135. 6684: 6672: 6670:, p. 273. 6660: 6658:, p. 117. 6643: 6626: 6611: 6596: 6579: 6564: 6562:, p. 198. 6549: 6532: 6520: 6505: 6503:, p. 490. 6493: 6491:, p. 123. 6474: 6472:, p. xii. 6462: 6450: 6438: 6426: 6424:, p. 414. 6414: 6402: 6390: 6367: 6355: 6340: 6325: 6310: 6298: 6296:, p. 281. 6294:Bassiouni 2002 6286: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6199: 6187: 6175: 6163: 6151: 6139: 6127: 6123:de Meneses n.d 6115: 6100: 6098:, p. 110. 6088: 6086:, p. 191. 6076: 6074:, p. 426. 6064: 6049: 6037: 6025: 6023:, p. 181. 6013: 5998: 5996:, p. 104. 5981: 5969: 5954: 5950:Stevenson 1998 5939: 5924: 5922:, p. 274. 5920:Bassiouni 2002 5912: 5910:, p. 276. 5897: 5870: 5868:, p. 237. 5855: 5853:, p. 156. 5840: 5828: 5826:, p. 496. 5816: 5804: 5802:, p. 658. 5789: 5787:, p. 437. 5777: 5765: 5763:, p. 261. 5753: 5751:, p. 325. 5741: 5739:, p. lii. 5729: 5717: 5715:, p. 107. 5702: 5700:, p. 193. 5690: 5678: 5676:, p. 114. 5666: 5654: 5650:Bassiouni 2002 5642: 5630: 5621: 5619:, p. 271. 5617:Bassiouni 2002 5604: 5592: 5580: 5568: 5551: 5549:, p. 490. 5539: 5527: 5525:, p. 272. 5523:Bassiouni 2002 5515: 5511:Bassiouni 2002 5503: 5488: 5486:, p. 127. 5476: 5464: 5445: 5433: 5431:, p. 605. 5418: 5416:, p. 269. 5414:Bassiouni 2002 5403: 5401:, p. 499. 5391: 5379: 5367: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5317:, p. 187. 5307: 5295: 5278: 5266: 5264:, p. 439. 5254: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5206: 5204:, p. 791. 5194: 5182: 5170: 5168:, p. 184. 5158: 5156:, p. 348. 5146: 5131: 5116: 5114:, p. 651. 5104: 5102:, p. 145. 5092: 5077: 5075:, p. 650. 5065: 5053: 5051:, p. 213. 5041: 5029: 5017: 5002: 4990: 4978: 4976:, p. 526. 4966: 4954: 4952:, p. 102. 4939: 4937:, p. 101. 4927: 4925:, p. 638. 4915: 4903: 4891: 4879: 4867: 4855: 4853:, p. 429. 4843: 4831: 4819: 4817:, p. 153. 4807: 4805:, p. 107. 4795: 4793:, p. 114. 4779: 4777: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4748: 4735: 4719: 4702: 4689: 4676: 4666: 4642: 4632: 4619: 4605:with Hungary; 4597:with Austria; 4587: 4546: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4497: 4481: 4478: 4474:Hermann Göring 4455: 4452: 4414: 4411: 4377: 4374: 4359:Czechoslovakia 4320:Detlev Peukert 4267:(DDP) and the 4262:social liberal 4186:Eastern Europe 4106: 4103: 4055:von Hindenburg 4034:Main article: 4031: 4028: 4016: 4013: 3900:Krümper system 3876:was bought by 3830: 3827: 3811:Herbert Hoover 3757: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3655:Main article: 3652: 3649: 3629:90 per cent of 3564:Hultschin area 3515: 3512: 3479:Main article: 3476: 3473: 3465: 3464:Implementation 3462: 3392:Wellington Koo 3381:William Hughes 3377:Arthur Balfour 3294: 3291: 3283:Hermann Müller 3178:Otto Landsberg 3153: 3150: 3148:deteriorated. 3133:Wellington Koo 3124: 3121: 3106: 3103: 3086:Central Powers 3021: 3018: 2990: 2987: 2974:Sidney Sonnino 2953: 2950: 2941:Ferdinand Foch 2913: 2910: 2893: 2890: 2844:Foreign Office 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2796: 2793: 2754: 2751: 2721: 2718: 2701:US$ 33 billion 2679:Main article: 2676: 2673: 2639:light cruisers 2615:the arms trade 2555: 2552: 2508:German Kamerun 2480:Main article: 2477: 2474: 2401:Czechoslovakia 2397:Central Europe 2329:Western Europe 2320:Weimar Germany 2314: 2308: 2299: 2291: 2288: 2223: 2220: 2193:respectively. 2162:Sidney Sonnino 2154: 2151: 2143:Robert Lansing 2093: 2090: 2031: 2028: 1957: 1954: 1946:Woodrow Wilson 1901:Woodrow Wilson 1876: 1873: 1869:Robert Smillie 1842:763,000 German 1814:Atlantic Ocean 1806:Main article: 1803: 1800: 1725:Château-Salins 1702: 1699: 1659:Woodrow Wilson 1644: 1641: 1628:Vladimir Lenin 1596:Triple Entente 1592:Central Powers 1561:Main article: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1498:Ferdinand Foch 1455:Central Powers 1425: 1424: 1422: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1390:Sep. 1939 1385: 1384:Aug. 1939 1379: 1373: 1367: 1361: 1360:Apr. 1939 1355: 1354:Mar. 1939 1349: 1343: 1337: 1336:Mar. 1939 1331: 1330:Mar. 1939 1325: 1324:Mar. 1939 1319: 1318:Mar. 1939 1313: 1312:Nov. 1938 1307: 1306:Sep. 1938 1301: 1300:Sep. 1938 1295: 1294:Aug. 1938 1292:Bled Agreement 1289: 1283: 1277: 1276:Mar. 1938 1271: 1270:Mar. 1938 1265: 1255: 1249: 1246:Xi'an Incident 1243: 1237: 1231: 1225: 1219: 1213: 1207: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1166: 1160: 1154: 1148: 1142: 1139:Battle of Rehe 1136: 1130: 1124: 1118: 1112: 1105: 1101: 1100: 1099: 1096: 1095: 1092: 1091: 1085: 1079: 1073: 1067: 1061: 1053: 1047: 1044:Corfu incident 1041: 1035: 1029: 1023: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1003: 1002: 996: 990: 984: 977: 973: 972: 971: 968: 967: 959: 958: 956: 955: 948: 941: 933: 930: 929: 926: 925: 920: 915: 909: 906: 905: 902: 901: 898: 897: 892: 887: 882: 881: 880: 875: 864: 859: 858: 855: 854: 851: 850: 845: 839: 836: 835: 832: 831: 828: 827: 821: 818: 817: 814: 813: 810: 809: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 786: 781: 776: 775: 774: 769: 764: 759: 749: 743: 738: 737: 734: 733: 730: 729: 724: 723: 722: 712: 707: 702: 696: 691: 690: 687: 686: 678: 677: 667: 666: 651: 650: 646: 645: 636: 632: 631: 628: 624: 623: 609: 608: 595: 592:Czechoslovakia 580: 565: 552: 537: 522: 507: 494: 481: 468: 455: 442: 427: 414: 401: 386: 374: 359: 344: 329: 317: 300: 299: 298: 296: 295: 280: 265: 250: 234: 218: 202: 188: 174: 171:United Kingdom 158: 156:British Empire 145: 126: 125: 124: 122: 118: 117: 111: 107: 106: 103: 99: 98: 84: 80: 79: 66: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15690: 15679: 15676: 15674: 15671: 15669: 15666: 15664: 15661: 15659: 15656: 15654: 15651: 15649: 15646: 15644: 15641: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15629: 15626: 15624: 15621: 15619: 15616: 15614: 15611: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15594: 15591: 15589: 15586: 15584: 15581: 15579: 15576: 15574: 15571: 15569: 15566: 15564: 15561: 15559: 15556: 15554: 15551: 15550: 15548: 15533: 15530: 15528: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15515: 15513: 15510: 15508: 15505: 15504: 15502: 15498: 15493: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15472: 15469: 15467: 15464: 15462: 15459: 15457: 15454: 15452: 15449: 15447: 15444: 15440: 15437: 15436: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15400: 15397: 15395: 15392: 15390: 15387: 15386: 15384: 15380: 15375: 15369: 15366: 15362: 15357: 15354: 15352: 15349: 15347: 15344: 15340: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15273: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15201: 15196: 15193: 15191: 15188: 15186: 15183: 15181: 15178: 15176: 15173: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15136: 15133: 15131: 15128: 15127: 15125: 15121: 15117: 15113: 15107: 15104: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15085: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15048: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15011: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14971: 14968: 14966: 14963: 14961: 14958: 14954: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14927: 14922: 14919: 14915: 14910: 14907: 14905: 14902: 14900: 14897: 14895: 14892: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14811: 14809: 14805: 14801: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14778: 14773: 14770: 14768: 14765: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14753: 14750: 14748: 14745: 14743: 14740: 14738: 14735: 14733: 14730: 14728: 14725: 14721: 14716: 14713: 14711: 14708: 14704: 14699: 14696: 14694: 14691: 14689: 14686: 14684: 14681: 14680: 14678: 14674: 14670: 14661: 14656: 14654: 14649: 14647: 14642: 14641: 14638: 14626: 14623: 14622: 14619: 14609: 14608: 14604: 14602: 14601: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14589: 14585: 14584: 14582: 14578: 14568: 14565: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14551: 14548: 14546: 14543: 14541: 14538: 14537: 14536: 14533: 14531: 14528: 14524: 14521: 14519: 14516: 14515: 14513: 14511: 14508: 14507: 14505: 14499: 14493: 14490: 14488: 14485: 14483: 14480: 14478: 14475: 14473: 14470: 14468: 14465: 14463: 14460: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14444: 14442: 14438: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14412: 14409: 14408: 14406: 14404: 14400: 14394: 14393:United States 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14350: 14348: 14344: 14341: 14338: 14333: 14323: 14320: 14318: 14315: 14313: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14301: 14298: 14296: 14293: 14291: 14288: 14287: 14286: 14283: 14281: 14278: 14276: 14273: 14271: 14268: 14264: 14261: 14257: 14254: 14253: 14252: 14249: 14248: 14246: 14245: 14243: 14241: 14237: 14229: 14226: 14224: 14221: 14220: 14218: 14217: 14215: 14213: 14209: 14201: 14198: 14196: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14183: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14172: 14169: 14168: 14166: 14165: 14163: 14161: 14157: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14140: 14138: 14136: 14133: 14129: 14128: 14124: 14122: 14119: 14117: 14114: 14112: 14109: 14108: 14106: 14102: 14099: 14097: 14094: 14093: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14079: 14073: 14070: 14068: 14065: 14063: 14060: 14059: 14057: 14053: 14045: 14042: 14040: 14037: 14036: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14025: 14022: 14021: 14019: 14018: 14016: 14010: 14005: 13995: 13994:United States 13992: 13988: 13985: 13984: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13973: 13970: 13968: 13965: 13964: 13962: 13958: 13952: 13949: 13945: 13944:Convoy system 13942: 13941: 13940: 13939:Naval warfare 13937: 13935: 13932: 13930: 13927: 13925: 13922: 13920: 13917: 13913: 13910: 13909: 13908: 13905: 13904: 13902: 13898: 13895: 13891: 13880: 13877: 13874: 13871: 13868: 13865: 13862: 13859: 13854: 13851: 13848: 13845: 13842: 13839: 13836: 13833: 13832: 13831: 13828: 13825: 13822: 13819: 13816: 13813: 13810: 13807: 13804: 13801: 13798: 13795: 13792: 13789: 13786: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13756: 13753: 13750: 13747: 13744: 13741: 13738: 13735: 13732: 13729: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13719: 13712: 13709: 13706: 13703: 13700: 13699:Kaocen revolt 13697: 13694: 13693:Easter Rising 13691: 13688: 13685: 13682: 13679: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13665: 13662: 13659: 13656: 13653: 13650: 13647: 13644: 13641: 13638: 13635: 13632: 13629: 13626: 13623: 13620: 13617: 13614: 13611: 13608: 13607: 13605: 13601: 13595: 13592: 13588: 13583: 13580: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13570: 13568: 13565: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13553: 13550: 13548: 13545: 13543: 13540: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13484: 13482: 13480: 13476: 13470: 13467: 13465: 13462: 13460: 13457: 13455: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13445: 13442: 13440: 13437: 13435: 13432: 13430: 13427: 13425: 13422: 13420: 13417: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13407: 13405: 13402: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13392: 13390: 13387: 13386: 13384: 13382: 13378: 13372: 13369: 13367: 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13345: 13342: 13341: 13340: 13337: 13335: 13332: 13330: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13317: 13315: 13312: 13311: 13309: 13305: 13299: 13296: 13294: 13291: 13289: 13286: 13284: 13281: 13279: 13276: 13274: 13271: 13269: 13266: 13264: 13261: 13259: 13258:Great Retreat 13256: 13254: 13251: 13249: 13246: 13244: 13241: 13239: 13236: 13234: 13233: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13212: 13210: 13206: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13145: 13142: 13140: 13137: 13135: 13132: 13130: 13129:Battle of Cer 13127: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13110: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13087: 13084: 13083: 13082: 13079: 13078: 13076: 13072: 13065: 13062: 13059: 13056: 13053: 13050: 13047: 13046:Agadir Crisis 13044: 13041: 13038: 13035: 13032: 13029: 13026: 13023: 13020: 13017: 13014: 13013: 13011: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12998: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12941: 12935: 12934:United States 12932: 12928: 12925: 12924: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12897: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12886: 12883: 12881: 12878: 12874: 12871: 12870: 12869: 12866: 12864: 12861: 12859: 12856: 12852: 12851:French Empire 12849: 12848: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12832: 12829: 12827: 12824: 12823: 12821: 12819: 12815: 12812: 12804: 12794: 12793:Mediterranean 12791: 12787: 12784: 12783: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12774: 12773:Naval warfare 12770: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12750: 12748: 12746: 12742: 12736: 12733: 12731: 12728: 12726: 12723: 12721: 12718: 12716: 12713: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12704: 12698: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12680: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12660: 12656: 12650: 12649:Italian Front 12647: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12638: 12637:Eastern Front 12635: 12633: 12632:Western Front 12630: 12626: 12623: 12622: 12621: 12618: 12617: 12615: 12613: 12609: 12606: 12602: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12590:Puppet states 12588: 12586: 12583: 12581: 12578: 12576: 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12558: 12556: 12553: 12551: 12548: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12538: 12536: 12533: 12532: 12529: 12525: 12518: 12513: 12511: 12506: 12504: 12499: 12498: 12495: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12474: 12473: 12470: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12415: 12413: 12409: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12373: 12370: 12368: 12365: 12363: 12360: 12358: 12355: 12353: 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12323: 12320: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12311: 12308: 12304: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12270: 12268: 12266: 12262: 12258: 12248: 12245: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12222: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12192: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12169: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12154: 12147: 12142: 12140: 12135: 12133: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12112: 12111: 12107: 12105: 12104: 12100: 12098: 12097: 12093: 12092: 12090: 12086: 12080: 12077: 12075: 12072: 12070: 12067: 12065: 12062: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12054: 12050: 12044: 12041: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12027: 12024: 12022: 12019: 12018: 12017: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12009: 12005: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11979: 11973: 11970: 11968: 11965: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11951: 11948: 11946: 11943: 11941: 11938: 11936: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11928: 11926: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11917: 11915: 11913: 11909: 11903: 11900: 11896: 11893: 11892: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11872: 11870: 11868: 11864: 11860: 11853: 11848: 11846: 11841: 11839: 11834: 11833: 11830: 11824: 11823: 11818: 11815: 11811: 11808: 11805: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11793: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11777: 11773: 11771: 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11755: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11735: 11729: 11725: 11720: 11716: 11710: 11706: 11701: 11697: 11691: 11687: 11686: 11680: 11676: 11670: 11666: 11661: 11657: 11653: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11603: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11560: 11556: 11552: 11547: 11543: 11539: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11523: 11516: 11511: 11507: 11501: 11497: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11478: 11473: 11469: 11463: 11459: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11441: 11436: 11433:(2–4): 1–32. 11432: 11428: 11424: 11419: 11418: 11406: 11402: 11398: 11394: 11388: 11384: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11365: 11360: 11356: 11352: 11348: 11344: 11340: 11336: 11332: 11328: 11324: 11323:Parker, R.A.C 11320: 11314: 11310: 11308:0-375-76052-0 11304: 11300: 11299: 11292: 11291: 11288: 11286:0-7195-5939-1 11282: 11278: 11274: 11270: 11269: 11266: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11250: 11249: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11228: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11206: 11202: 11197: 11193: 11191:0-00-322217-9 11187: 11183: 11178: 11174: 11168: 11164: 11159: 11155: 11151: 11147: 11143: 11137: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11124: 11112: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11094: 11090: 11084: 11080: 11075: 11071: 11065: 11061: 11060: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11038: 11034: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11004: 11000: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10982: 10971: 10967: 10962: 10958: 10952: 10948: 10943: 10939: 10937:0-520-04962-4 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10909: 10905: 10901: 10897: 10893: 10889: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10861:0-52144-317-2 10857: 10853: 10852: 10847: 10843: 10839: 10835: 10831: 10825: 10821: 10816: 10812: 10806: 10802: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10783: 10779: 10775: 10771: 10765: 10761: 10756: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10725: 10721: 10717: 10713: 10709: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10644: 10637: 10633: 10632:Thompson, Ewa 10629: 10625: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10606: 10602: 10596: 10592: 10587: 10583: 10577: 10573: 10568: 10564: 10558: 10554: 10550: 10546: 10542: 10536: 10532: 10527: 10523: 10519: 10513: 10508: 10507: 10500: 10496: 10490: 10486: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10467: 10462: 10458: 10452: 10448: 10443: 10439: 10433: 10429: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10400: 10396: 10392: 10387: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10351: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10327: 10321: 10317: 10316: 10310: 10306: 10301: 10297: 10293: 10289: 10285: 10283:3-525-36056-8 10279: 10275: 10270: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10239: 10235: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10216: 10212: 10206: 10202: 10201: 10195: 10191: 10185: 10181: 10176: 10172: 10171: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10150: 10146: 10143:(in French). 10142: 10138: 10134: 10130: 10126: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10109: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10082: 10080:0-88133-434-0 10076: 10072: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10032: 10028: 10023: 10019: 10013: 10009: 10004: 10000: 9994: 9990: 9985: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9960: 9959: 9953: 9949: 9943: 9939: 9935: 9931: 9927: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9912:Mommsen, Hans 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9836: 9832: 9827: 9823: 9819: 9815: 9811: 9805: 9801: 9796: 9792: 9786: 9782: 9777: 9773: 9769: 9763: 9758: 9757: 9751: 9747: 9743: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9697: 9693: 9689: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9673: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9653: 9648: 9644: 9638: 9634: 9629: 9625: 9623:0-691-02986-5 9619: 9615: 9610: 9606: 9602: 9601:History Today 9598: 9593: 9590: 9586: 9582: 9581:History Today 9577: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9558: 9554: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9517:(in German). 9516: 9512: 9508: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9490: 9486: 9482: 9478: 9474: 9470: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9443: 9439: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9383: 9381:0-7377-0171-4 9377: 9373: 9372: 9366: 9362: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9342: 9338: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9324:0-669-41711-4 9320: 9316: 9315: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9295: 9291: 9287: 9283: 9279: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9246: 9242: 9241: 9235: 9231: 9229:0-691-05190-9 9225: 9221: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9152: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9138: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9119: 9115: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9079: 9074: 9070: 9066: 9060: 9055: 9054: 9048: 9044: 9041: 9025: 9021: 9016: 9012: 9007: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8982:0-7064-0398-3 8978: 8974: 8970: 8966: 8962: 8958: 8952: 8948: 8944: 8940: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8907: 8902: 8901: 8894: 8890: 8884: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8865: 8861: 8856: 8852: 8846: 8842: 8838: 8834: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8816: 8811: 8810: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8777:Edmonds, J.E. 8774: 8771: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8751: 8747: 8746:Duff, John B. 8743: 8739: 8733: 8729: 8728: 8722: 8718: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8699: 8694: 8690: 8679: 8677:0-8032-1680-7 8673: 8669: 8668: 8662: 8658: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8626:. Pan Books. 8625: 8621: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8603: 8598: 8597: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8577: 8573: 8572: 8567: 8563: 8559: 8553: 8549: 8544: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8491: 8487: 8481: 8477: 8472: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8437: 8436: 8430: 8426: 8420: 8416: 8412: 8408: 8404: 8398: 8394: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8372: 8368: 8362: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8346: 8340: 8336: 8332: 8328: 8327:Butler, James 8324: 8320: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8301: 8300: 8293: 8289: 8285: 8279: 8275: 8274: 8268: 8265:(3): 244–291. 8264: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8241: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8225: 8221: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8202: 8196: 8192: 8188: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8159: 8155: 8150: 8146: 8142: 8136: 8132: 8131: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8109: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8090:Wood, Frances 8086: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8060: 8056: 8050: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8033: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 8001: 8000: 7989: 7984: 7978: 7973: 7967: 7962: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7940: 7934: 7929: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7907: 7901: 7896: 7890: 7885: 7879: 7874: 7868: 7863: 7857: 7852: 7846: 7841: 7835: 7830: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7808: 7802: 7797: 7791: 7786: 7780: 7775: 7769: 7764: 7758: 7753: 7747: 7742: 7736: 7732: 7727: 7721: 7716: 7710: 7705: 7699: 7694: 7688: 7683: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7661: 7655: 7650: 7648: 7640: 7635: 7629: 7624: 7618: 7613: 7607: 7602: 7600: 7593: 7588: 7582: 7577: 7571: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7544: 7542: 7540: 7535: 7531: 7521: 7516: 7509: 7504: 7497: 7492: 7485: 7480: 7473: 7468: 7461: 7456: 7454: 7446: 7441: 7439: 7431: 7426: 7419: 7414: 7412: 7404: 7400: 7395: 7388: 7383: 7381: 7379: 7377: 7375: 7367: 7362: 7355: 7350: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7324: 7322: 7320: 7312: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7276: 7271: 7265:, p. 16. 7264: 7263:Weinberg 2008 7259: 7252: 7251:Reynolds 1994 7247: 7240: 7235: 7228: 7227:Markwell 2006 7223: 7216: 7211: 7204: 7199: 7192: 7187: 7180: 7175: 7168: 7163: 7156: 7151: 7144: 7142: 7136: 7129: 7124: 7122: 7114: 7109: 7102: 7097: 7090: 7085: 7079:, p. 53. 7078: 7073: 7066: 7061: 7055:, p. 68. 7054: 7053:Corrigan 2011 7049: 7043:, p. 78. 7042: 7037: 7030: 7025: 7023: 7016:, p. 26. 7015: 7010: 7008: 7006: 6998: 6993: 6986: 6981: 6979: 6972:, p. 25. 6971: 6966: 6964: 6956: 6951: 6949: 6941: 6936: 6929: 6924: 6917: 6912: 6905: 6900: 6893: 6888: 6886: 6878: 6873: 6867:, p. 13. 6866: 6861: 6854: 6849: 6842: 6837: 6830: 6825: 6823: 6821: 6813: 6808: 6802:, p. 87. 6801: 6796: 6789: 6784: 6778:, p. 21. 6777: 6772: 6765: 6760: 6753: 6748: 6742:, p. 94. 6741: 6736: 6729: 6724: 6717: 6712: 6705: 6700: 6693: 6692:Jacobson 1972 6688: 6681: 6676: 6669: 6664: 6657: 6652: 6650: 6648: 6641:, p. 78. 6640: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6623: 6618: 6616: 6609:, p. 92. 6608: 6607:Liverman 1996 6603: 6601: 6594:, p. 84. 6593: 6588: 6586: 6584: 6576: 6571: 6569: 6561: 6556: 6554: 6547:, p. 75. 6546: 6541: 6539: 6537: 6529: 6524: 6517: 6512: 6510: 6502: 6497: 6490: 6485: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6471: 6466: 6459: 6454: 6448:, p. 10. 6447: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6423: 6422:Ferguson 1998 6418: 6411: 6406: 6399: 6398:Kawamura 1997 6394: 6387: 6382: 6380: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6372: 6364: 6359: 6352: 6347: 6345: 6337: 6332: 6330: 6322: 6317: 6315: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6290: 6283: 6282:De Zayas 1989 6278: 6272:, p. 18. 6271: 6266: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6236:, p. 60. 6235: 6230: 6223: 6218: 6211: 6209: 6203: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6179: 6172: 6167: 6160: 6155: 6148: 6143: 6136: 6131: 6124: 6119: 6113:, p. 52. 6112: 6107: 6105: 6097: 6092: 6085: 6080: 6073: 6068: 6062:, p. 22. 6061: 6056: 6054: 6047:, p. 75. 6046: 6045:Slavicek 2010 6041: 6034: 6029: 6022: 6021:Campbell 2010 6017: 6011:, p. 22. 6010: 6005: 6003: 5995: 5990: 5988: 5986: 5979:, p. 26. 5978: 5973: 5967:, p. 26. 5966: 5961: 5959: 5952:, p. 10. 5951: 5946: 5944: 5936: 5931: 5929: 5921: 5916: 5909: 5904: 5902: 5885: 5881: 5874: 5867: 5862: 5860: 5852: 5847: 5845: 5838:, p. 74. 5837: 5832: 5825: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5801: 5796: 5794: 5786: 5781: 5775:, p. 34. 5774: 5769: 5762: 5757: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5727:, p. 24. 5726: 5721: 5714: 5709: 5707: 5699: 5694: 5687: 5682: 5675: 5670: 5664:, p. 73. 5663: 5662:Slavicek 2010 5658: 5651: 5646: 5639: 5634: 5625: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5602:, p. 65. 5601: 5600:Slavicek 2010 5596: 5589: 5588:Slavicek 2010 5584: 5578:, p. 48. 5577: 5576:Slavicek 2010 5572: 5565: 5560: 5558: 5556: 5548: 5543: 5536: 5531: 5524: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5485: 5484:Yearwood 2009 5480: 5474:, p. 44. 5473: 5472:Slavicek 2010 5468: 5462:, p. 21. 5461: 5456: 5454: 5452: 5450: 5442: 5437: 5430: 5425: 5423: 5415: 5410: 5408: 5400: 5395: 5388: 5387:Slavicek 2010 5383: 5376: 5371: 5365:, p. 28. 5364: 5359: 5353:, p. 34. 5352: 5347: 5341:, p. 43. 5340: 5335: 5329:, p. 34. 5328: 5323: 5316: 5311: 5305:, p. 21. 5304: 5299: 5293:, p. 43. 5292: 5291:Slavicek 2010 5287: 5285: 5283: 5276:, p. 22. 5275: 5270: 5263: 5258: 5251: 5250:Slavicek 2010 5246: 5240:, p. 12. 5239: 5238:Weinberg 1994 5234: 5228:, p. 84. 5227: 5222: 5216:, p. 37. 5215: 5214:Slavicek 2010 5210: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5180:, p. 15. 5179: 5174: 5167: 5162: 5155: 5154:Roerkohl 1991 5150: 5143: 5141: 5135: 5128: 5126: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5082: 5074: 5069: 5062: 5057: 5050: 5045: 5039:, p. 78. 5038: 5033: 5027:, p. 14. 5026: 5021: 5015:, p. 18. 5014: 5009: 5007: 4999: 4994: 4987: 4982: 4975: 4970: 4963: 4962:Weinberg 1994 4958: 4951: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4931: 4924: 4919: 4913:, p. 71. 4912: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4883: 4876: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4847: 4840: 4835: 4828: 4823: 4816: 4811: 4804: 4803:Slavicek 2010 4799: 4792: 4791:Slavicek 2010 4787: 4785: 4780: 4767: 4763: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4745: 4739: 4732: 4728: 4723: 4716: 4706: 4699: 4693: 4686: 4680: 4670: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4636: 4629: 4623: 4616: 4612: 4608: 4604: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4582: 4576: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4551: 4547: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4503: 4498: 4495: 4489: 4484: 4477: 4475: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4451: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4440:Norman Davies 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4419: 4410: 4406: 4404: 4401:, the Polish 4400: 4394: 4392: 4382: 4373: 4371: 4368:According to 4366: 4364: 4361:and parts of 4360: 4355: 4351: 4346: 4344: 4339: 4338:rapprochement 4335: 4334: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4316: 4312: 4307: 4302: 4300: 4296: 4291: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4256:, namely the 4255: 4250: 4246: 4237: 4233: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4194: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4143: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4126: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4102: 4100: 4099: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4071: 4069: 4068:von Mackensen 4064: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4042: 4037: 4030:War criminals 4027: 4025: 4024: 4012: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3981: 3974: 3969: 3960: 3955: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3931: 3928: 3923: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3901: 3893: 3892: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3857: 3855: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3837: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3805: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3776: 3772: 3771: 3766: 3762: 3748: 3746: 3730: 3725: 3723: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3706: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3648: 3641:4,100 people, 3625:477,119 votes 3621:528,105 votes 3617: 3615: 3611: 3610:Memel Statute 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3590: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3567: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3552:Eupen-Malmedy 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3520: 3511: 3509: 3497: 3491: 3482: 3471: 3461: 3459: 3455: 3451: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3437:north of the 3436: 3435:Pacific Ocean 3432: 3428: 3427:paternalistic 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3351: 3349: 3346: 3342: 3341:Chinda Sutemi 3338: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3290: 3288: 3287:Johannes Bell 3284: 3278: 3273: 3269: 3267: 3262: 3259: 3258:Field Marshal 3254: 3251: 3247: 3240: 3239: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3198: 3194: 3187: 3186:Carl Melchior 3183: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3159: 3149: 3147: 3146:Western world 3143: 3139: 3134: 3130: 3119: 3114: 3112: 3102: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3074: 3072: 3066: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3052: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3026: 3020:United States 3017: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2986: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2920: 2909: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2855:H. H. Asquith 2851: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2836: 2835:South African 2832: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2801: 2792: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2731: 2726: 2717: 2715: 2707: 2697: 2688: 2682: 2672: 2669: 2665: 2652: 2648: 2647:torpedo boats 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2623:armoured cars 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2580: 2577:soldiers and 2570: 2564: 2563: 2551: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2493: 2488: 2483: 2473: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2462:Vistula River 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2405:Upper Silesia 2402: 2398: 2393: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2350:secret ballot 2347: 2346:Herman Baltia 2342: 2338: 2337:Eupen-Malmedy 2334: 2330: 2321: 2306: 2296: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2233: 2232:Johannes Bell 2228: 2219: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2138: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2115:Eastern China 2112: 2106: 2104: 2100: 2092:American aims 2089: 2086: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2046: 2041: 2037: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1989: 1985: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1929: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1881: 1872: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1856: 1853: 1848: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1826: 1825: 1819: 1815: 1809: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743:launched the 1742: 1741:Allied forces 1738: 1737:Western Front 1730: 1726: 1722: 1717: 1712: 1708: 1698: 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1640: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1613: 1609: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1564: 1549: 1547: 1543: 1537: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1506: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1443:Allied Powers 1440: 1436: 1432: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1406: 1401: 1400: 1398: 1397: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1380: 1377: 1374: 1372:May 1939 1371: 1370:Pact of Steel 1368: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1347: 1346:Danzig Crisis 1344: 1341: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1317: 1314: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1302: 1299: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1287: 1284: 1282:May 1938 1281: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1241: 1238: 1235: 1232: 1229: 1226: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1113: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1098: 1097: 1089: 1086: 1083: 1080: 1077: 1074: 1071: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1059: 1058: 1054: 1051: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1039: 1038:March on Rome 1036: 1033: 1030: 1027: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1009: 1008: 1000: 997: 994: 991: 988: 985: 982: 979: 978: 970: 969: 965: 964: 954: 949: 947: 942: 940: 935: 934: 932: 931: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 910: 904: 903: 896: 893: 891: 888: 886: 883: 879: 876: 874: 871: 870: 869: 866: 865: 862: 857: 856: 849: 846: 844: 841: 840: 834: 833: 826: 823: 822: 816: 815: 808: 805: 804: 798: 797: 790: 787: 785: 782: 780: 777: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 760: 758: 755: 754: 753: 750: 748: 745: 744: 741: 736: 735: 728: 725: 721: 718: 717: 716: 713: 711: 708: 706: 703: 701: 698: 697: 694: 689: 688: 684: 680: 679: 676: 673: 672: 665: 661: 652: 647: 644: 640: 637: 633: 629: 625: 622: 607: 596: 593: 581: 578: 566: 564: 553: 550: 538: 535: 523: 520: 508: 506: 495: 493: 482: 480: 469: 467: 456: 454: 443: 440: 428: 426: 415: 413: 402: 399: 387: 385: 375: 372: 360: 357: 345: 342: 330: 328: 318: 316: 305: 304: 293: 281: 278: 266: 263: 251: 248: 236: • 235: 232: 220: • 219: 216: 204: • 203: 201: 190: • 189: 187: 176: • 175: 172: 160: • 159: 157: 146: 144: 143:United States 133: 132: 129: 123: 119: 115: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 85: 81: 67: 63: 56: 51: 46: 40: 36: 30: 26: 22: 15144: 14605: 14598: 14586: 14539: 14193: / 14125: 13960:Conscription 13924:Cryptography 13861:Iraqi Revolt 13288:Siege of Kut 13231: 12809:participants 12758:German Samoa 12692:South Arabia 12357:Tartu (1921) 12342:Alexandropol 12322:Tartu (1920) 12272: 12108: 12101: 12094: 11962:Stresa Front 11911: 11885:Organisation 11821: 11800: 11791: 11775: 11723: 11704: 11684: 11664: 11639: 11635: 11610: 11606: 11581: 11577: 11558: 11554: 11528:(1): 12103. 11525: 11521: 11495: 11476: 11457: 11430: 11426: 11404: 11382: 11363: 11330: 11326: 11311:– via 11297: 11276: 11260: 11252: 11244: 11222: 11200: 11181: 11162: 11153: 11131: 11100: 11078: 11058: 11027:(1): 13–24. 11024: 11020: 11011: 10988: 10973:. Retrieved 10969: 10946: 10927: 10912:. Retrieved 10877: 10864:– via 10850: 10837: 10819: 10803:. ABC=CLIO. 10800: 10781: 10759: 10747:. Retrieved 10738: 10703: 10699: 10677: 10665: 10650:. Retrieved 10643:the original 10613: 10590: 10571: 10552: 10530: 10520:– via 10505: 10484: 10465: 10446: 10427: 10397:(1): 34–49. 10394: 10390: 10374: 10370: 10359:the original 10342:. Retrieved 10337: 10314: 10304: 10295: 10273: 10248: 10242: 10223: 10219: 10199: 10179: 10168: 10144: 10140: 10116: 10112: 10100:. Retrieved 10093: 10070: 10048: 10026: 10007: 9988: 9979: 9969:– via 9963:. Retrieved 9957: 9937: 9934:Mowat, C. L. 9915: 9895: 9856: 9852: 9830: 9821: 9799: 9780: 9770:– via 9755: 9731: 9695: 9691: 9655: 9651: 9632: 9613: 9605:the original 9600: 9580: 9561: 9542: 9523:the original 9492: 9452: 9446: 9423: 9404: 9391:– via 9385:. 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Praeger. 10674:Tooze, Adam 10610:Siljak, Ana 10098:(in German) 9859:(1): 4–23, 9146:Henig, Ruth 9116:. 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4875:Beller 2007 4863:Cooper 2011 4766:Groppe 2004 4744:Keynes 1919 4698:Lauren 1978 4628:Reparations 4435:Reichsmarks 4431:Reichsmarks 4427:Reichsmarks 4350:Sudetenland 4260:(SPD), the 4197:peace terms 4098:in absentia 4063:von Tirpitz 4015:Territorial 4009:Reichsmarks 3989:Nazi regime 3941:Reichsmarks 3922:Reichsmarks 3896:800,000 men 3866:Switzerland 3862:Netherlands 3775:Heldenplatz 3756:Reparations 3733:200,000 men 3718:Black Shame 3695:Second Army 3637:2,124 votes 3475:Reparations 3416:dōbun dōshǖ 2823:Philip Kerr 2738:bridgeheads 2687:Article 231 2675:Reparations 2664:battleships 2655:15,000 men, 2631:German navy 2574:100,000 men 2548:New Zealand 2446:Soldau area 2183:Aozou strip 2181:and French 2007:Saar Valley 1956:French aims 1639:surrender. 1604:Middle East 1583:July Crisis 1483:Article 231 1478:reparations 1468:The treaty 1102: 1930s 1013: 1920s 974: 1910s 923:The Inquiry 752:Reparations 231:New Zealand 15547:Categories 14440:Agreements 14240:War crimes 14116:Luxembourg 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3946:Reichsmark 3936:Reichswehr 3927:Reichswehr 3919:82,788,604 3845:Truppenamt 3836:Reichswehr 3804:Dawes Plan 3751:Violations 3737:15,000 men 3676:Young Plan 3643:including 3614:until 1939 3405:, such as 3156:See also: 3142:Duan Qirui 2865:after the 2795:War Crimes 2771:, was the 2720:Guarantees 2696:gold marks 2692:1 May 1921 2660:1,500 men. 2651:submarines 2643:destroyers 2607:Heligoland 2569:Reichswehr 2562:Reichswehr 2536:Mozambique 2466:Baltic Sea 2442:plebiscite 2366:Versailles 2341:plebiscite 2246:headed by 2244:government 2214:should be 2070:Royal Navy 1973:zone rouge 1861:Max Rubner 1788:Luxembourg 1729:Marieulles 1687:annexation 1667:free trade 1622:, the new 1552:Background 1530:Nazi Party 1518:Young Plan 1514:Dawes Plan 1280:May Crisis 1264: 1937 1248: 1936 1242: 1936 1236: 1936 1230: 1936 1212: 1936 1195: 1935 1189: 1935 1183: 1935 1177: 1935 1171: 1934 1159: 1933 1153: 1933 1147: 1933 1141: 1933 1135: 1933 1123: 1932 1111: 1931 1090: 1929 1084: 1929 1082:Young Plan 1078: 1925 1072: 1924 1070:Dawes Plan 1060: 1925 1057:Mein Kampf 1046: 1923 1040: 1922 1034: 1921 1028: 1920 1022: 1920 989: 1919 983: 1919 767:Young Plan 757:Dawes Plan 664:Wikisource 627:Depositary 95:Versailles 19:See also: 14804:Meiji era 14337:Diplomacy 14044:Olympians 13967:Australia 13934:Logistics 13867:Vlora War 13796:(1918–19) 13772:(1918–19) 13766:(1918–19) 13754:(1918–19) 13701:(1916–17) 13683:(1916–17) 13634:Zaian War 13624:(1914–15) 13344:first day 13232:Lusitania 13060:(1912–13) 13054:(1911–12) 13042:(1908–09) 13036:(1905–06) 13018:(1870–71) 12807:Principal 12667:Gallipoli 12570:Memorials 12555:Geography 12545:Aftermath 12306:Aftermath 12088:Paintings 11656:225470429 11627:154166326 11598:244955175 11542:216506161 11449:213836404 11355:155654607 11221:(2015) . 11049:145794771 10975:5 October 10970:ThoughtCo 10876:(2008) . 10728:154283533 10676:(2007) . 10419:147122057 9881:144670397 9720:154166326 9680:144072556 9497:MIT Press 9477:154765654 9269:154956368 9148:(1995) . 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12677:Caucasus 12612:European 12604:Theatres 12459:Portugal 12411:Montreux 12377:Lausanne 12182:Damascus 12155:treaties 12059:Big Four 11902:Mandates 11810:Archived 11403:(1972). 11275:(2001). 11243:(1938). 11152:(1941). 11130:(2008). 11099:(2002). 10987:(2017). 10926:(1980). 10848:(1994). 10743:Archived 10664:(1970). 10634:(n.d.). 10265:72845627 10135:(1920). 10125:45325166 10069:(1964). 10047:(1992). 9890:(n.d.). 9730:(2006). 9585:ProQuest 9541:(2008). 9469:24909920 9403:(1984). 9359:(1920). 9339:(1919). 9105:91180171 8967:(1974). 8945:(1984). 8835:(1998). 8805:(1989). 8622:(2007). 8592:(2011). 8568:(2011). 8355:(1993). 8189:(1986). 8179:44123331 8114:(1945). 7617:Part XII 7550:Preamble 5499:Kim 2000 4630:section. 4626:See the 4480:See also 4078:and the 3829:Military 3784:the Ruhr 3770:Anschluß 3548:99.3% of 3544:90% turn 3488:US$ 12.5 3443:Prussian 3058:treaty. 3028:Senator 2994:Portugal 2989:Portugal 2923:Lorraine 2857:and the 2732:(yellow) 2583:officers 2540:Shandong 2504:Togoland 2476:Mandates 2333:Moresnet 2179:Jubaland 2166:Anglican 2135:Democrat 2129:won the 2111:Shandong 1984:Napoleon 1950:Big Four 1885:Big Four 1802:Blockade 1753:mutinied 1751:at Kiel 1721:Mulhouse 1516:and the 1505:pacified 1262:incident 727:Mandates 534:Portugal 453:Honduras 97:, France 83:Location 15500:(1989–) 14363:Germany 14263:Germany 14191:Germany 14111:Belgium 14096:Albania 14055:Disease 14035:Sports 13987:Ireland 13900:Warfare 13893:Aspects 13081:Origins 13074:Prelude 12977:Senussi 12957:Germany 12952:Leaders 12890:Romania 12831:Belgium 12826:Leaders 12725:Kamerun 12707:African 12642:Romania 12620:Balkans 12535:Outline 12439:Denmark 12362:Cilicia 12337:Suwałki 12288:Trianon 12230:Ukraine 11957:Locarno 11880:Members 11776:My 1919 11347:2008855 11041:1405810 10749:2 March 10411:2192530 9965:2 March 9873:1877866 9672:4545835 9428:Penguin 9387:2 March 9290:Bibcode 9261:3642235 9000:7 April 8971:(ed.). 8770:1891015 8683:2 March 8380:History 8036:2143772 7996:Sources 4352:and in 4343:autarky 4230:Belgium 4202:Russian 3978:200,000 3504:US$ 500 3500:US$ 250 3439:Equator 3411:Chinese 3407:Koreans 3363:Entente 3152:Germany 3099:Hungary 3095:Austria 3038:Johnson 2938:Marshal 2809:Britain 2746:Coblenz 2742:Cologne 2464:on the 2258:within 2185:to the 1916:on the 1784:Belgium 1773:Belgium 1691:Inquiry 1544:on the 1528:of the 705:Members 643:English 621:Germany 606:Uruguay 549:Romania 466:Liberia 384:Ecuador 327:Bolivia 315:Belgium 121:Parties 89:in the 73: ( 14383:Russia 14358:France 14186:Canada 14101:Serbia 13972:Canada 13929:Horses 13881:(1921) 13875:(1920) 13869:(1920) 13863:(1920) 13855:(1920) 13808:(1919) 13802:(1919) 13748:(1918) 13713:(1918) 13707:(1917) 13695:(1916) 13689:(1916) 13654:(1915) 13066:(1913) 13048:(1911) 13030:(1905) 12987:Darfur 12912:Serbia 12895:Russia 12858:Greece 12846:France 12836:Brazil 12682:Persia 12625:Serbia 12454:Sweden 12449:Norway 12444:Greece 12367:Angora 12347:Moscow 12327:Warsaw 12293:Sèvres 12242:Vienna 12237:Berlin 12225:Russia 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7966:Part I 4661:, and 4563:German 4555:French 4363:Poland 4299:Czechs 4005:35% of 3907:10% of 3874:Bofors 3870:Sweden 3868:, and 3850:18,000 3682:, and 3583:Oppeln 3536:German 3532:Danish 3496:Leuven 3403:Asians 3209:Diktat 2919:Alsace 2912:France 2900:under 2454:Danzig 2450:Warsaw 2422:Poznań 2409:Poland 2318: 2316: 2310: 2301: 2284:Hedjaz 1992:Senate 1962:25% of 1922:Russia 1899:, and 1769:France 1739:, the 1727:, and 1626:under 1608:Africa 1600:Europe 1433:was a 907:Others 639:French 618: 603: 589: 574: 560: 546: 531: 519:Poland 516: 502: 492:Panama 489: 476: 463: 450: 436: 422: 409: 398:Greece 395: 368: 353: 341:Brazil 338: 312: 289: 274: 262:France 259: 244: 228: 212: 197: 186:Canada 183: 168: 153: 140: 65:Signed 27:, and 15495:Post- 15363:] 15341:] 15274:] 15202:] 15086:] 15049:] 15012:] 14955:] 14928:] 14916:] 14779:] 14722:] 14705:] 14580:Other 14373:Japan 14368:Italy 14195:camps 14039:Rugby 13589:] 12868:Japan 12863:Italy 12841:China 12735:North 12432:Egypt 12247:Batum 12052:Other 11652:S2CID 11623:S2CID 11594:S2CID 11538:S2CID 11518:(PDF) 11445:S2CID 11351:S2CID 11343:JSTOR 11045:S2CID 11037:JSTOR 10724:S2CID 10716:JSTOR 10646:(PDF) 10639:(PDF) 10415:S2CID 10407:JSTOR 10379:JSTOR 10261:S2CID 10222:[ 10121:JSTOR 9877:S2CID 9869:JSTOR 9716:S2CID 9708:JSTOR 9676:S2CID 9668:JSTOR 9473:S2CID 9465:JSTOR 9265:S2CID 9257:JSTOR 9177:[ 9101:S2CID 9081:(PDF) 8766:JSTOR 8175:JSTOR 8032:JSTOR 5890:5 May 4537:Notes 4295:Poles 4210:marks 3959:Umbau 3878:Krupp 3293:Japan 3123:China 3034:Lodge 3030:Borah 3010:Spain 2966:Fiume 2952:Italy 2706:bonds 2627:tanks 2458:Memel 2420:(now 2280:Quran 2256:Rhine 2216:tried 2191:Libya 2164:, an 2113:, in 1988:Rhine 1260:Panay 439:Hejaz 425:Haiti 356:China 292:Japan 277:Italy 247:India 14160:POWs 13479:1918 13381:1917 13307:1916 13208:1915 13112:1914 12917:Siam 12720:East 12372:Kars 12200:1918 12195:1916 11822:Link 11728:ISBN 11709:ISBN 11690:ISBN 11669:ISBN 11500:ISBN 11481:ISBN 11462:ISBN 11387:ISBN 11368:ISBN 11303:ISBN 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