British Raj - Knowledge

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the Indian Empire. From 1937 onwards, British India was divided into 17 administrations: the three Presidencies of Madras, Bombay and Bengal, and the 14 provinces of the United Provinces, Punjab, Bihar, the Central Provinces and Berar, Assam, the North-West Frontier Province (NWFP), Orissa, Sind, British Baluchistan, Delhi, Ajmer-Merwara, Coorg, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Panth Piploda. The Presidencies and the first eight provinces were each under a governor, while the latter six provinces were each under a chief commissioner. The viceroy directly governed the chief commissioner provinces through each respective chief commissioner, while the Presidencies and the provinces under governors were allowed greater autonomy under the Government of India Act. Each Presidency or province headed by a governor had either a provincial bicameral legislature (in the Presidencies, the United Provinces, Bihar and Assam) or a unicameral legislature (in the Punjab, Central Provinces and Berar, NWFP, Orissa and Sind). The governor of each presidency or province represented the Crown in his capacity, and was assisted by a ministers appointed from the members of each provincial legislature. Each provincial legislature had a life of five years, barring any special circumstances such as wartime conditions. All bills passed by the provincial legislature were either signed or rejected by the governor, who could also issue proclamations or promulgate ordinances while the legislature was in recess, as the need arose.

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productivity-led growth by using high-yielding variety seeds, chemical fertilizers and more intensive application of water. All these three inputs were subsidised by the state. The result was, on average, no long-term change in per capita income levels, though cost of living had grown higher. Agriculture was still dominant, with most peasants at the subsistence level. Extensive irrigation systems were built, providing an impetus for switching to cash crops for export and for raw materials for Indian industry, especially jute, cotton, sugarcane, coffee and tea. India's global share of GDP fell drastically from above 20% to less than 5% in the colonial period. Historians have been bitterly divided on issues of economic history, with the Nationalist school (following Nehru) arguing that India was poorer at the end of British rule than at the beginning and that impoverishment occurred because of the British.

2498:. Although the bills were authorised for legislative consideration by Edwin Montagu, they were done so unwillingly, with the accompanying declaration, "I loathe the suggestion at first sight of preserving the Defence of India Act in peacetime to such an extent as Rowlatt and his friends think necessary." In the ensuing discussion and vote in the Imperial Legislative Council, all Indian members voiced opposition to the bills. The Government of India was, nevertheless, able to use of its "official majority" to ensure passage of the bills early in 1919. However, what it passed, in deference to the Indian opposition, was a lesser version of the first bill, which now allowed extrajudicial powers, but for a period of exactly three years and for the prosecution solely of "anarchical and revolutionary movements", dropping entirely the second bill involving modification the 5908:, from India's hinterland could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as Bombay, for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back, just as efficiently, for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Massive railway projects were begun in earnest and government railway jobs and pensions attracted a large number of upper caste Hindus into the civil services for the first time. The Indian Civil Service was prestigious and paid well. It remained politically neutral. Imports of British cotton cloth captured more than half the Indian market in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Industrial production as it developed in European factories was unknown until the 1850s when the first cotton mills were opened in Bombay, posing a challenge to the cottage-based home production system based on family labour. 5292:, whose members were required, as one prerequisite of membership, to have spent at least ten years in India and to have done so no more than ten years before. Although the secretary of state formulated the policy instructions to be communicated to India, he was required in most instances to consult the Council, but especially so in matters relating to spending of Indian revenues. The Act envisaged a system of "double government" in which the Council ideally served both as a check on excesses in imperial policy-making and as a body of up-to-date expertise on India. However, the secretary of state also had special emergency powers that allowed him to make unilateral decisions, and, in reality, the Council's expertise was sometimes outdated. From 1858 until 1947, twenty-seven individuals served as Secretary of State for India and directed the 74: 2878: 2794: 11003:

gradually expanded its influence in South Asia, in the first instance through coastal trading posts at Surat, Madras and Calcutta. (The British) expanded their influence, winning political control of Bengal and Bihar after the Battle of Plassey in 1757. From here, the Company expanded its influence dramatically across the subcontinent. By 1857, it had direct control over much of the region. The great rebellion of that year, however, demonstrated the limitations of this commercial company's ability to administer these vast territories, and in 1858 the Company was effectively nationalized, with the British Crown assuming administrative control. Hence began the period known as the British Raj, which ended in 1947 with the partition of the subcontinent into the independent nation-states of India and Pakistan.

2727:(ICS), but it faced growing difficulties. Fewer and fewer young men in Britain were interested in joining, and the continuing distrust of Indians resulted in a declining base in terms of quality and quantity. By 1945 Indians were numerically dominant in the ICS and at issue was divided loyalty between the Empire and independence. The finances of the Raj depended on land taxes, and these became problematic in the 1930s. Epstein argues that after 1919 it became harder and harder to collect the land revenue. The Raj's suppression of civil disobedience after 1934 temporarily increased the power of the revenue agents but after 1937 they were forced by the new Congress-controlled provincial governments to hand back confiscated land. Again the outbreak of war strengthened them, in the face of the 8067: 25312: 1555:; small changes in the civil services; speeding up the operations of the secretariat; setting up a gold standard to ensure a stable currency; creation of a Railway Board; irrigation reform; reduction of peasant debts; lowering the cost of telegrams; archaeological research and the preservation of antiquities; improvements in the universities; police reforms; upgrading the roles of the Native States; a new Commerce and Industry Department; promotion of industry; revised land revenue policies; lowering taxes; setting up agricultural banks; creating an Agricultural Department; sponsoring agricultural research; establishing an Imperial Library; creating an Imperial Cadet Corps; new famine codes; and, indeed, reducing the smoke nuisance in Calcutta. 5200:(i.e. the presidencies and provinces), as they were not directly under British rule. The larger ones had treaties with Britain that specified which rights the princes had; in the smaller ones the princes had few rights. Within the princely states external affairs, defence and most communications were under British control. The British also exercised a general influence over the states' internal politics, in part through the granting or withholding of recognition of individual rulers. Although there were nearly 600 princely states, the great majority were very small and contracted out the business of government to the British. Some two hundred of the states had an area of less than 25 square kilometres (10 square miles). The last vestige of the 2766: 2813: 1335: 5363: 2573: 10908:

system on the amalgam of Muslim, Hindu and English law which had been haphazardly administered in British courts. The fruits of the Bentinck era were significant. But they were only of general importance in so far as they went with the grain of social changes which were already gathering pace in India. The Bombay and Calcutta intelligentsia were taking to English education well before the Education Minute of 1836. Flowery Persian was already giving way in north India to the fluid and demotic Urdu. As for changes in the legal system, they were only implemented after the Rebellion of 1857 when communications improved and more substantial sums of money were made available for education.

1977:, a European woman, and ordinarily more problematic to imprison, was arrested in 1917. Now, as constitutional reform began to be discussed in earnest, the British began to consider how new moderate Indians could be brought into the fold of constitutional politics and, simultaneously, how the hand of established constitutionalists could be strengthened. However, since the Government of India wanted to ensure against any sabotage of the reform process by extremists, and since its reform plan was devised during a time when extremist violence had ebbed as a result of increased governmental control, it also began to consider how some of its wartime powers could be extended into peacetime. 2545: 3380: 2608: 7573: 106: 966: 1086: 1019: 10876:(modern day Uttar Pradesh) a highly technical form of Urdu was used in the Nastaliq script, by both Muslims and Hindus. The same was the case in the government offices. In the various other regions of India, local vernaculars were used as official language in the lower courts and in government offices. ... In certain parts South Asia, Urdu was written in several scripts. Kaithi was a popular script used for both Urdu and Hindi. By 1880, Kaithi was used as court language in Bihar. However, in 1881, Hindi in Devanagari script replaced Urdu in the Nastaliq script in Bihar. In Panjab, Urdu was written in Nastaliq, Devanagari, Kaithi, and Gurumukhi. 7801:

sports was a way for soldiers to "defend themselves from the magic of the land". Though the British had generally excluded Indians from their play during the time of Company rule, over time they began to see the inculcation of British sports among the native populace as a way of spreading British values. At the same time, some of the Indian elite began to move towards British sports as a way of adapting to British culture and thus helping themselves to rise up the ranks; later on, more Indians began to play British sports in an effort to beat the British at their own sports, as a way of proving that the Indians were equal to their colonisers.

3344: 13905:, into three periods. From the beginning of the seventeenth century to the middle of the eighteenth century the East India Company is a trading corporation, existing on the sufferance of the native powers and in rivalry with the merchant companies of Holland and France. During the next century, the Company acquires and consolidates its dominion, shares its sovereignty in increasing proportions with the Crown, and gradually loses its mercantile privileges and functions. After the mutiny of 1857 the remaining powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown, and then follows an era of peace in which India awakens to new life and progress." 1142:. It was now felt that traditions and customs in India were too strong and too rigid to be changed easily; consequently, no more British social interventions were made, especially in matters dealing with religion, even when the British felt very strongly about the issue (as in the instance of the remarriage of Hindu child widows). This was exemplified further in Queen Victoria's Proclamation released immediately after the rebellion. The proclamation stated that 'We disclaim alike our Right and Desire to impose Our Convictions on any of Our Subjects'; demonstrating official British commitment to abstaining from social intervention in India. 2343:, cautioned that the Government of India needed to be more responsive to Indian opinion. Towards the end of the year, after discussions with the government in London, he suggested that the British demonstrate their good faith—in light of the Indian war role—through a number of public actions, including awards of titles and honours to princes, granting of commissions in the army to Indians, and removal of the much-reviled cotton excise duty, but, most importantly, an announcement of Britain's future plans for India and an indication of some concrete steps. After more discussion, in August 1917, the new Liberal secretary of state for India, 3356: 2585: 1214: 3368: 2253:. Soon, under pressure from the Viceroy in Delhi who was anxious to maintain domestic peace during wartime, the provincial government rescinded Gandhi's expulsion order, and later agreed to an official enquiry into the case. Although the British planters eventually gave in, they were not won over to the farmers' cause, and thereby did not produce the optimal outcome of a Satyagraha that Gandhi had hoped for; similarly, the farmers themselves, although pleased at the resolution, responded less than enthusiastically to the concurrent projects of rural empowerment and education that Gandhi had inaugurated in keeping with his ideal of 1679: 1074: 5459:(£18,810 p.a.). He headed the Viceroy's Executive Council, each member of which had responsibility for a department of the central administration. From 1 April 1937, the position of Governor-General in Council, which the viceroy and governor-general concurrently held in the capacity of representing the Crown in relations with the Indian princely states, was replaced by the designation of "HM Representative for the Exercise of the Functions of the Crown in its Relations with the Indian States", or the "Crown Representative". The Executive Council was greatly expanded during the Second World War, and in 1947 comprised 14 1117:, had been hurriedly building an India which they envisaged to be on par with Britain itself in the quality and strength of its economic and social institutions. After the rebellion, they became more circumspect. Much thought was devoted to the causes of the rebellion and three main lessons were drawn. First, at a practical level, it was felt that there needed to be more communication and camaraderie between the British and Indians—not just between British army officers and their Indian staff but in civilian life as well. The Indian army was completely reorganised: units composed of the Muslims and Brahmins of the 7743: 1350: 4611:; the remaining approximately 500 states were dependents of the provincial governments of British India under a governor, lieutenant-governor, or chief commissioner (as the case might have been). A clear distinction between "dominion" and "suzerainty" was supplied by the jurisdiction of the courts of law: the law of British India rested upon the laws passed by the British Parliament and the legislative powers those laws vested in the various governments of British India, both central and local; in contrast, the courts of the Princely States existed under the authority of the respective rulers of those states. 1191: 1121:, who had formed the core of the rebellion, were disbanded. New regiments, like the Sikhs and Baluchis, composed of Indians who, in British estimation, had demonstrated steadfastness, were formed. From then on, the Indian army was to remain unchanged in its organisation until 1947. The 1861 Census had revealed that the English population in India was 125,945. Of these only about 41,862 were civilians as compared with about 84,083 European officers and men of the Army. In 1880, the standing Indian Army consisted of 66,000 British soldiers, 130,000 Natives, and 350,000 soldiers in the princely armies. 5987: 1907: 1842: 1865: 10759:

language of the ultimate ruling authority, English. For such purposes, Hindustani was equated with Urdu, as opposed to any geographically defined dialect of Hindi and was given official status through large parts of north India. Written in the Persian script with a largely Persian and, via Persian, an Arabic vocabulary, Urdu stood at the shortest distance from the previous situation and was easily attainable by the same personnel. In the wake of this official transformation, the British government began to make its first significant efforts on behalf of vernacular education.

2394:, and domiciled Europeans, in both provincial and Imperial legislative councils. The Montagu–Chelmsford reforms offered Indians the most significant opportunity yet for exercising legislative power, especially at the provincial level; however, that opportunity was also restricted by the still limited number of eligible voters, by the small budgets available to provincial legislatures, and by the presence of rural and special interest seats that were seen as instruments of British control. Its scope was unsatisfactory to the Indian political leadership, famously expressed by 1058: 3123: 1532: 7821: 2269:, where workers in an Indian-owned textile mill were distressed about their low wages. The satyagraha in Ahmedabad took the form of Gandhi fasting and supporting the workers in a strike, which eventually led to a settlement. In Kaira, in contrast, although the farmers' cause received publicity from Gandhi's presence, the satyagraha itself, which consisted of the farmers' collective decision to withhold payment, was not immediately successful, as the British authorities refused to back down. The agitation in Kaira gained for Gandhi another lifelong lieutenant in 3318: 997: 1888: 1155: 1660: 2413: 3135: 1694: 1254:. Although famines were not new to the subcontinent, these were particularly severe, with tens of millions dying, and with many critics, both British and Indian, laying the blame at the doorsteps of the lumbering colonial administrations. There were also salutary effects: commercial cropping, especially in the newly canalled Punjab, led to increased food production for internal consumption. The railway network provided critical famine relief, notably reduced the cost of moving goods, and helped nascent Indian-owned industry. After, the 1307: 1098: 1748:, for example, had not only supported Cow Protection Societies in their agitation, but also—distraught at the 1871 Census's Muslim numbers—organized "reconversion" events for the purpose of welcoming Muslims back to the Hindu fold. In 1905, when Tilak and Lajpat Rai attempted to rise to leadership positions in the Congress, and the Congress itself rallied around the symbolism of Kali, Muslim fears increased. It was not lost on many Muslims, for example, that the rallying cry, "Bande Mataram", had first appeared in the novel 1171: 2347:, announced the British aim of "increasing association of Indians in every branch of the administration, and the gradual development of self-governing institutions, with a view to the progressive realisation of responsible government in India as an integral part of the British Empire". Although the plan envisioned limited self-government at first only in the provinces—with India emphatically within the British Empire—it represented the first British proposal for any form of representative government in a non-white colony. 1285: 1516: 3074: 1493: 1035: 13520:, General Auckinleck were advising that there was a real threat in 1946 of large-scale anti-British disorder amounting to even a well-organised rising aiming to expel the British by paralysing the administration. Quote:...it was clear to Attlee that everything depended on the spirit and reliability of the Indian Army:"Provided that they do their duty, armed insurrection in India would not be an insoluble problem. If, however, the Indian Army was to go the other way, the picture would be very different... 5448:, for more consultation with Indians, the Indians so appointed were from the landed aristocracy, often chosen for their loyalty, and far from representative. Even so, the "... tiny advances in the practice of representative government were intended to provide safety valves for the expression of public opinion, which had been so badly misjudged before the rebellion". Indian affairs now also came to be more closely examined in the British Parliament and more widely discussed in the British press. 3169: 2890: 5831:. With shipments of equipment and parts from Britain curtailed, maintenance became much more difficult; critical workers entered the army; workshops were converted to making munitions; the locomotives, rolling stock, and track of some entire lines were shipped to the Middle East. The railways could barely keep up with the increased demand. By the end of the war, the railways had deteriorated for lack of maintenance and were not profitable. In 1923, both GIPR and EIR were nationalised. 20117: 5711:(1839–1904) began his industrial career in 1877 with the Central India Spinning, Weaving, and Manufacturing Company in Bombay. While other Indian mills produced cheap coarse yarn (and later cloth) using local short-staple cotton and cheap machinery imported from Britain, Tata did much better by importing expensive longer-stapled cotton from Egypt and buying more complex ring-spindle machinery from the United States to spin finer yarn that could compete with imports from Britain. 7226: 2127: 20126: 2293: 2466:. To combat subversive acts in these regions, the committee unanimously recommended that the government use emergency powers akin to its wartime authority, which included the ability to try cases of sedition by a panel of three judges and without juries, exaction of securities from suspects, governmental overseeing of residences of suspects, and the power for provincial governments to arrest and detain suspects in short-term detention facilities and without trial. 2312: 5340: 10142: 6298: 23519: 6653: 5835:

welfare of European workers, and any Indian deaths were "either ignored or merely mentioned as a cold statistical figure." The government's Stores Policy required that bids on railway contracts be made to the India Office in London, shutting out most Indian firms. The railway companies purchased most of their hardware and parts in Britain. There were railway maintenance workshops in India, but they were rarely allowed to manufacture or repair locomotives.

2968:]. They neither intermarry nor interdine together and indeed they belong to two different civilizations which are based mainly on conflicting ideas and conceptions. Their aspects on life and of life are different ... To yoke together two such nations under a single state, one as a numerical minority and the other as a majority must lead to growing discontent and final destruction of any fabric that may be so built up for the government of such a state. 5641: 1582:, had been contemplated by various colonial administrations since the time of Lord William Bentinck, but was never acted upon. Though some considered it administratively felicitous, it was communally charged. It sowed the seeds of division among Indians in Bengal, transforming nationalist politics as nothing else before it. The Hindu elite of Bengal, among them many who owned land in East Bengal that was leased out to Muslim peasants, protested fervidly. 5758: 10100: 5750: 5742: 3201: 10128: 23529: 3193: 6238: 5236: 12262:, p. 260 A distinct group within the Calcutta Anushilan Samiti ... soon started action ... robbery to raise funds ... Attempts to assassinate oppressive officials ... became the main features of the revolutionary activities ... arrest of the entire Maniktala group ... dealt a great blow to such terrorist activities. In terms of direct gains, the terrorists achieved precious little; most of their attempts were either aborted or failed. 13535:, p. 330 Quote: "India had always been a minority interest in British public life; no great body of public opinion now emerged to argue that war-weary and impoverished Britain should send troops and money to hold it against its will in an empire of doubtful value. By late 1946 both Prime Minister and Secretary of State for India recognized that neither international opinion no their own voters would stand for any reassertion of the 2108:, traders, farmers, students, and lower-level government workers. Although they did not achieve the magnitude or character of a nationwide mass movement, the Home Rule leagues both deepened and widened organised political agitation for self-rule in India. The British authorities reacted by imposing restrictions on the Leagues, including shutting out students from meetings and banning the two leaders from travelling to certain provinces. 7483: 2470: 1996:, in 1915, whereupon an agreement was reached for Tilak's ousted group to re-enter the Congress. In the 1916 Lucknow session of the Congress, Tilak's supporters were able to push through a more radical resolution which asked for the British to declare that it was their "aim and intention ... to confer self-government on India at an early date". Soon, other such rumblings began to appear in public pronouncements: in 1917, in the 3067:. Bose's Indian National Army largely disintegrated during the subsequent fighting in Burma, with its remaining elements surrendering with the recapture of Singapore in September 1945. Bose died in August from third degree burns received after attempting to escape in an overloaded Japanese plane which crashed in Taiwan, which many Indians believe did not happen. Although Bose was unsuccessful, he roused patriotic feelings in India. 20107: 7529: 7358:'s troops consisting of the 9th Gurkha Rifles and 54th Sikhs massacred 379 to more than 1,500 unarmed peaceful civilians, and wounded over 1,200 other Indian civilians. Dyer was relieved of his command and told to resign, and widely condemned in both India and Britain. The level of casual brutality stunned the entire nation, resulting in a wrenching loss of faith of the general Indian public in the intentions of the United Kingdom. 2847: 6418: 5884: 6538: 1125:

territories guaranteed. At the same time, it was felt that the peasants, for whose benefit the large land reforms of the United Provinces had been undertaken, had shown disloyalty, by, in many cases, fighting for their former landlords against the British. Consequently, no more land reforms were implemented for the next 90 years: Bengal and Bihar were to remain the realms of large land holdings (unlike the Punjab and

7679:, were a part of the curricula. During the British Raj, Christian missionaries developed writing systems for Indian languages that previously did not have one. Christian missionaries in India also worked to increase literacy and also engaged in social activism, such as fighting against prostitution, championing the right of widowed women to remarry, and trying to stop early marriages for women. Among British women, 10114: 20097: 5576: 5850:

colonial purpose, local needs, capital, service, and private-versus-public interests, concluded that making the railways a creature of the state hindered success because railway expenses had to go through the same time-consuming and political budgeting process as did all other state expenses. Railway costs could therefore not be tailored to the current needs of the railways or of their passengers.

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the Mutiny. Since Dalhousie had embraced the technological change then rampant in Great Britain, India too saw the rapid development of all those technologies. Railways, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India, and telegraph links were equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as cotton, from India's hinterland, could be transported more efficiently to ports, such as

6478: 6842: 3024:, Bihar, and western Bengal. The large wartime British Army presence crushed the movement in a little more than six weeks; nonetheless, a portion of the movement formed for a time an underground provisional government on the border with Nepal. In other parts of India, the movement was less spontaneous and the protest less intensive; however, it lasted sporadically into the summer of 1943. 7705:

administration of sub-divisions, universities and stock exchanges. One major change was the rejection of its former separate princely states. Metcalf shows that over the course of two centuries, British intellectuals and Indian specialists made the highest priority bringing peace, unity and good government to India. They offered many competing methods to reach the goal. For example,

3329:. In Punjab, where the new border lines divided the Sikh regions in half, there was much bloodshed; in Bengal and Bihar, where Gandhi's presence assuaged communal tempers, the violence was more limited. In all, somewhere between 250,000 and 500,000 people on both sides of the new borders, among both the refugee and resident populations of the three faiths, died in the violence. 6358: 5552:

resident in India, and for all British Indian subjects residing outside India. With the assent of the King-Emperor and after copies of a proposed enactment had been submitted to both houses of the British Parliament, the Viceroy could overrule the legislature and directly enact any measures in the perceived interests of British India or its residents if the need arose.

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special interests they considered cooperative or useful. In particular, rural candidates, generally sympathetic to British rule and less confrontational, were assigned more seats than their urban counterparts. Seats were also reserved for non-Brahmins, landowners, businessmen, and college graduates. The principal of "communal representation", an integral part of the

2765: 6178: 2668:, prompting many Indians to return British awards and honours, to resign from the civil services, and to again boycott British goods. In addition, Gandhi reorganised the Congress, transforming it into a mass movement and opening its membership to even the poorest Indians. Although Gandhi halted the non-cooperation movement in 1922 after the violent 3240:

convictions, and the eventual remission of the sentences, created positive propaganda for the Congress, which only helped in the party's subsequent electoral victories in eight of the eleven provinces. The negotiations between the Congress and the Muslim League, however, stumbled over the issue of the partition. Jinnah proclaimed 16 August 1946,

5957:(supported by many scholars in India and the West) that the British were not in full control but instead were players in what was primarily an Indian play and in which their rise to power depended upon excellent co-operation with Indian elites. Marshall admits that much of his interpretation is still highly controversial among many historians. 3100: 2917:", demanding that, "the areas in which the Muslims are numerically in majority as in the North-Western and Eastern zones of India should be grouped to constitute independent states in which the constituent units shall be autonomous and sovereign." Although there were other important national Muslim politicians such as Congress leader 2037:, the League joined the Congress in the proposal for greater self-government that was campaigned for by Tilak and his supporters; in return, the Congress accepted separate electorates for Muslims in the provincial legislatures as well as the Imperial Legislative Council. In 1916, the Muslim League had anywhere between 500 and 800 2679:, charged with instituting constitutional reform in India, resulted in widespread protests throughout the country. Earlier, in 1925, non-violent protests of the Congress had resumed too, this time in Gujarat, and led by Patel, who organised farmers to refuse payment of increased land taxes; the success of this protest, the 13305:, pp. 305, 325": Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhas Bose were among those who, impatient with Gandhi's programmes and methods, looked upon socialism as an alternative for nationalistic policies capable of meeting the country's economic and social needs, as well as a link to potential international support. (p. 325) (p. 345)" 7696:

generations of officials produced a chaotic administration with minimal coherence. Instead of a confident state capable of acting as it chose, these historians find a psychologically embattled one incapable of acting except in the abstract, small scale, or short term. Meanwhile, Durba Ghosh offers an alternative approach.

3248:. The following day Hindu-Muslim riots broke out in Calcutta and quickly spread throughout British India. Although the Government of India and the Congress were both shaken by the course of events, in September, a Congress-led interim government was installed, with Jawaharlal Nehru as united India's prime minister. 2224:, while the last, by making Indians more self-reliant, would break the cycle of dependence that was perpetuating not only the direction and tenor of the British rule in India, but also the British commitment to it. At least until 1920, the British presence itself was not a stumbling block in Gandhi's conception of 1973:, which allowed it to intern politically dangerous dissidents without due process, and added to the power it already had—under the 1910 Press Act—both to imprison journalists without trial and to censor the press. It was under the Defence of India act that the Ali brothers were imprisoned in 1916, and 1385:, who in their works had been presenting ancient India as a great civilisation. Irritation, on the other hand, came not just from incidents of racial discrimination at the hands of the British in India, but also from governmental actions like the use of Indian troops in imperial campaigns (e.g. in the 13522:

Quote:...Thus, Wavell concluded, if the army and the police "failed" Britain would be forced to go. In theory, it might be possible to revive and reinvigorate the services, and rule for another fifteen to twenty years, but:It is a fallacy to suppose that the solution lies in trying to maintain status

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In April 1900, the colonial government of the North-West Provinces and Oudh granted equal official status to both, Devanagari and Nastaliq scripts. However, Nastaliq remained the dominant script. During the 1920s, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi deplored the controversy and the evolving divergence between

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largely having been diminished in the process. During the Raj, soldiers would play British sports as a way of maintaining fitness, since the mortality rate for foreigners in India was high at the time, as well as to maintain a sense of Britishness; in the words of an anonymous writer, playing British

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promoted the English language. Zinkin argues that in the long-run, what matters most about the legacy of the Raj is the British political ideologies which the Indians took over after 1947, especially the belief in unity, democracy, the rule of law and a certain equality beyond caste and creed. Zinkin

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At independence and after the independence of India, the country has maintained such central British institutions as parliamentary government, one-person, one-vote and the rule of law through nonpartisan courts. It retained as well the institutional arrangements of the Raj such as the civil services,

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and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown rule of India) had already begun before the

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After the Sepoy Rebellion in 1857, and subsequent Crown rule over India, the railways were seen as a strategic defense of the European population, allowing the military to move quickly to subdue native unrest and protect Britons. The railway thus served as a tool of the colonial government to control

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elected). The Council of State existed in five-year periods and the Legislative Assembly for three-year periods, though either could be dissolved earlier or later by the Viceroy. The Indian Legislature was empowered to make laws for all persons resident in British India including all British subjects

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With the promulgation of the Government of India Act 1935, the Council of India was abolished with effect from 1 April 1937 and a modified system of government enacted. The secretary of state for India represented the Government of India in the UK. He was assisted by a body of advisers numbering from

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remained head of the Government of India and now was more commonly called the viceroy on account of his secondary role as the Crown's representative to the nominally sovereign princely states; he was, however, now responsible to the secretary of state in London and through him to Parliament. A system

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members in Bengal in 1944, 200,000 in Punjab, and hundreds of thousands elsewhere. Jinnah now was well positioned to negotiate with the British from a position of power. Jinnah repeatedly warned that Muslims would be unfairly treated in an independent India dominated by the Congress. On 24 March 1940

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Montagu and Chelmsford presented their report in July 1918 after a long fact-finding trip through India the previous winter. After more discussion by the government and parliament in Britain, and another tour by the Franchise and Functions Committee for the purpose of identifying who among the Indian

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The first steps were taken toward self-government in British India in the late 19th century with the appointment of Indian counsellors to advise the British viceroy and the establishment of provincial councils with Indian members; the British subsequently widened participation in legislative councils

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served as Viceroy of India 1872–1876. Baring's major accomplishments came as an energetic reformer who was dedicated to upgrading the quality of government in the British Raj. He began large scale famine relief, reduced taxes, and overcame bureaucratic obstacles in an effort to reduce both starvation

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The earlier grammars and dictionaries made it possible for the British government to replace Persian with vernacular languages at the lower levels of the judicial and revenue administration in 1837, that is, to standardize and index terminology for official use and provide for its translation to the

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Effective from 1 April 1936, the Government of India Act created the new provinces of Sind (separated from the Bombay Presidency) and Orissa (separated from the Province of Bihar and Orissa). Burma and Aden became separate Crown Colonies under the Act from 1 April 1937, thereby ceasing to be part of

5407:

in which the business of each government department (the "portfolio") was assigned to and became the responsibility of a single council member. Routine departmental decisions were made exclusively by the member, but important decisions required the consent of the governor-general and, in the absence

2901:, declared war on India's behalf without consulting Indian leaders, leading the Congress provincial ministries to resign in protest. The Muslim League, in contrast, supported Britain in the war effort and maintained its control of the government in three major provinces, Bengal, Sind and the Punjab. 2746:

The 1935 Act provided for more autonomy for Indian provinces, with the goal of cooling off nationalist sentiment. The act provided for a national parliament and an executive branch under the purview of the British government, but the rulers of the princely states managed to block its implementation.

2160:

and chose not to make any public pronouncements during the first year of his return, but instead spent the year travelling, observing the country at first hand, and writing. Earlier, during his South Africa sojourn, Gandhi, a lawyer by profession, had represented an Indian community, which, although

1593:

and the Boycott movement. The movement consisted of the boycott of foreign goods and also the social boycott of any Indian who used foreign goods. The Swadeshi movement consisted of the usage of natively produced goods. Once foreign goods were boycotted, there was a gap which had to be filled by the

1368:

By 1880, a new middle class had arisen in India and spread thinly across the country. Moreover, there was a growing solidarity among its members, created by the "joint stimuli of encouragement and irritation". The encouragement felt by this class came from its success in education and its ability to

16894:

The growth of the army in India also led to many army chaplains. After the change in the Charter in 1813, Anglican missionaries began to work across North India. The missionaries translated the Book of Common Prayer into various Indian languages. The first Anglican diocese was Calcutta in 1813, and

10907:

The use of Persian was abolished in official correspondence (1835); the government's weight was thrown behind English-medium education and Thomas Babington Macaulay's Codes of Criminal and Civil Procedure (drafted 1841–2, but not completed until the 1860s) sought to impose a rational, Western legal

10875:

The British used the Urdu language to effect a shift from the prior emphasis on the Persian language. In 1837, the British East India Company adopted Urdu in place of Persian as the co-official language in India, along with English. In the law courts in Bengal and the North-West Provinces and Oudh

6040:

In the urban and industrial areas ... cramped sites, the high values of land and the necessity for the worker to live in the vicinity of his work ... all tend to intensify congestion and overcrowding. In the busiest centres houses are built close together, eave touching eave, and frequently back to

5660:

Mike Davis writes that much of the economic activity in British India was for the benefit of the British economy and was carried out relentlessly through repressive British imperial policies and with negative repercussions for the Indian population. This is reified in India's large exports of wheat

5522:

The viceroy and governor-general was also the head of the bicameral Indian Legislature, consisting of an upper house (the Council of State) and a lower house (the Legislative Assembly). The viceroy was the head of the Council of State, while the Legislative Assembly, which was first opened in 1921,

2952:

The Congress was secular and strongly opposed to having any religious state. It insisted there was a natural unity to India, and repeatedly blamed the British for "divide and rule" tactics based on prompting Muslims to think of themselves as alien from Hindus. Jinnah rejected the notion of a united

2572: 2486:

million in revenue for the war. The increased taxes coupled with disruptions in both domestic and international trade had the effect of approximately doubling the index of overall prices in India between 1914 and 1920. Returning war veterans, especially in the Punjab, created a growing unemployment

5911:

Taxes in India decreased during the colonial period for most of India's population; with the land tax revenue claiming 15% of India's national income during Mughal times compared with 1% at the end of the colonial period. The percentage of national income for the village economy increased from 44%

5864:

The British Raj invested heavily in infrastructure, including canals and irrigation systems. The Ganges Canal reached 560 kilometres (350 miles) from Haridwar to Cawnpore (now Kanpur), and supplied thousands of kilometres of distribution canals. By 1900 the Raj had the largest irrigation system in

5849:

pouring its money and expertise into a very well-built system designed for military purposes (after the Rebellion of 1857), in the hope that it would stimulate industry. The system was overbuilt and too expensive for the small amount of freight traffic it carried. Christensen (1996), who looked at

5777:

The East India Company (and later the colonial government) encouraged new railway companies backed by private investors under a scheme that would provide land and guarantee an annual return of up to 5% during the initial years of operation. The companies were to build and operate the lines under a

5604:

rules prohibited women from saying their husband's name or having their photograph taken. An all-India census was conducted between 1868 and 1871, often using total numbers of females in a household rather than individual names. Select groups which the Raj reformers wanted to monitor statistically

2758:

Congress won victories in seven of the eleven provinces of British India. Congress governments, with wide powers, were formed in these provinces. The widespread voter support for the Indian National Congress surprised Raj officials, who previously had seen the Congress as a small elitist body. The

2377:

A greater number of Indians were now enfranchised, although, for voting at the national level, they constituted only 10% of the total adult male population, many of whom were still illiterate. In the provincial legislatures, the British continued to exercise some control by setting aside seats for

2103:

thousand each in a little over a year—and began to publish inexpensive newspapers. Their propaganda also turned to posters, pamphlets, and political-religious songs, and later to mass meetings, which not only attracted greater numbers than in earlier Congress sessions, but also entirely new social

1249:

The rush of technology was also changing the agricultural economy in India: by the last decade of the 19th century, a large fraction of some raw materials—not only cotton, but also some food-grains—were being exported to faraway markets. Many small farmers, dependent on the whims of those markets,

1236:

and the technological change ushered in by the industrial revolution, had the effect of closely intertwining the economies of India and Great Britain. In fact many of the major changes in transport and communications (that are typically associated with Crown Rule of India) had already begun before

3000:

million. In addition, heavy British spending on munitions produced in India (such as uniforms, rifles, machine-guns, field artillery, and ammunition) led to a rapid expansion of industrial output, such as textiles (up 16%), steel (up 18%), and chemicals (up 30%). Small warships were built, and an

2373:

system, whereby some areas like education, agriculture, infrastructure development, and local self-government became the preserve of Indian ministers and legislatures, and ultimately the Indian electorates, while others like irrigation, land-revenue, police, prisons, and control of media remained

1793:

was viceroy)—gave Indians limited roles in the central and provincial legislatures. Upper-class Indians, rich landowners and businessmen were favoured. The Muslim community was made a separate electorate and granted double representation. The goals were quite conservative but they did advance the

1124:

Second, it was also felt that both the princes and the large land-holders, by not joining the rebellion, had proved to be, in Lord Canning's words, "breakwaters in a storm". They too were rewarded in the new British Raj by being integrated into the British-Indian political system and having their

11338:

In part, the Mutiny was a reaction against this upheaval of traditional Indian society. The suppression of the Mutiny after a year of fighting was followed by the break-up of the East India Company, the exile of the deposed emperor and the establishment of the British Raj, and direct rule of the

10787:

In the government of northern India Persian ruled. Under the British Raj, Persian eventually declined, but, the administration remaining largely Muslim, the role of Persian was taken not by Hindi but by Urdu, known to the British as Hindustani. It was only as the Hindu majority in India began to

7548:

or law. About a third entered public administration, and another third became lawyers. The result was a very well educated professional state bureaucracy. By 1887 of 21,000 mid-level civil services appointments, 45% were held by Hindus, 7% by Muslims, 19% by Eurasians (European father and Indian

5817:

Most of the railway construction was done by Indian companies supervised by British engineers. The system was heavily built, using a broad gauge, sturdy tracks and strong bridges. By 1900 India had a full range of rail services with diverse ownership and management, operating on broad, metre and

5797:

formulated a plan to construct a network of trunk lines connecting the principal regions of India. Encouraged by the government guarantees, investment flowed in and a series of new rail companies was established, leading to rapid expansion of the rail system in India. Soon several large princely

5714:

In the 1890s, he launched plans to move into heavy industry using Indian funding. The Raj did not provide capital, but, aware of Britain's declining position against the US and Germany in the steel industry, it wanted steel mills in India. It promised to purchase any surplus steel Tata could not

5599:

courts and introduced a new penal code as well as new codes of civil and criminal procedure, based largely on English law. In the 1860s–1880s the Raj set up compulsory registration of births, deaths, and marriages, as well as adoptions, property deeds, and wills. The goal was to create a stable,

2004:

spoke of the expectations the war had generated in India, "I venture to say that the war has put the clock ... fifty years forward ... (The) reforms after the war will have to be such, ... as will satisfy the aspirations of her (India's) people to take their legitimate part in the

1427:

During its first 20 years, the Congress primarily debated British policy toward India. Its debates created a new Indian outlook that held Great Britain responsible for draining India of its wealth. Britain did this, the nationalists claimed, by unfair trade, by the restraint on indigenous Indian

7524:

English historian Peter Cain, has challenged Mantena, arguing that the imperialists truly believed that British rule would bring to the subjects the benefits of 'ordered liberty', thereby Britain could fulfil its moral duty and achieve its own greatness. Much of the debate took place in Britain

7519:

The central tenets of liberal imperialism were challenged as various forms of rebellion, resistance and instability in the colonies precipitated a broad-ranging reassessment....the equation of 'good government' with the reform of native society, which was at the core of the discourse of liberal

7452:

tehsil in North-West Frontier Province: When local villagers attempted to stop soldiers from arresting freedom fighter activists of the Khudai Khidmatgar movement, in the ensuing shooting an English police officer called Murphy was killed, three days later, a large force of troops attacked the

5834:

Headrick shows that until the 1930s, both the Raj lines and the private companies hired only European supervisors, civil engineers, and even operating personnel, such as locomotive engineers. The hard physical labor was left to the Indians. The colonial government was chiefly concerned with the

11039:

Between 1858, when the British East India Company transferred power to British Crown rule (the "British Raj"), and 1947, when India gained independence, English gradually developed into the language of government and education. It allowed the Raj to maintain control by creating an elite gentry

7695:

The old consensus among historians held that British imperial authority was quite secure from 1858 to World War II. Recently, however, this interpretation has been challenged. For example, Mark Condos and Jon Wilson argue that imperial authority was chronically insecure. Indeed, the anxiety of

1411:

on equal footing with British ones, that transformed the discontent into political action. On 28 December 1885, professionals and intellectuals from this middle-class — many educated at the new British-founded universities in Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras, and familiar with the ideas of British

1245:

development were borne by private investors, in India, it was the taxpayers—primarily farmers and farm-labourers—who endured the risks, which, in the end, amounted to £50 million. Despite these costs, very little skilled employment was created for Indians. By 1920, with the fourth largest

7501:

as an upward progression always leading to more liberty and more progress. Macaulay simultaneously was a leading reformer involved in transforming the educational system of India. He would base it on the English language so that India could join the mother country in a steady upward progress.

5956:

The East India Company inherited an onerous taxation system that took one-third of the produce of Indian cultivators. Instead of the Indian nationalist account of the British as alien aggressors, seizing power by brute force and impoverishing all of India, Marshall presents the interpretation

5952:

shows that recent scholarship has reinterpreted the view that the prosperity of the formerly benign Mughal rule gave way to poverty and anarchy. He argues the British takeover did not make any sharp break with the past, which largely delegated control to regional Mughal rulers and sustained a

3239:

of three senior officers of Bose's defeated Indian National Army who stood accused of treason. Now as the trials began, the Congress leadership, although ambivalent towards the INA, chose to defend the accused officers. The subsequent convictions of the officers, the public outcry against the

3035:

in the late 1920s and 1930s, had risen to become Congress President from 1938 to 1939. However, he was ousted from the Congress in 1939 following differences with the high command, and subsequently placed under house arrest by the British before escaping from India in early 1941. He turned to

3019:

in July 1942 demanding the immediate withdrawal of the British from India or face nationwide civil disobedience. On 8 August the Raj arrested all national, provincial and local Congress leaders, holding tens of thousands of them until 1945. The country erupted in violent demonstrations led by

11002:

As the (Mughal) empire began to decline in the mid-eighteenth century, some of these regional administrations assumed a greater degree of power. Amongst these ... was the East India Company, a British trading company established by Royal Charter of Elizabeth I of England in 1600. The Company

5398:

the Governor-General with the advice of the Council). The Company's system of "double government" had its critics, since, from the time of the system's inception, there had been intermittent feuding between the governor-general and his Council; still, the Act of 1858 made no major changes in

2961:

are not religions in the strict sense of the word, but are, in fact, different and distinct social orders and it is a dream that the Hindus and Muslims can ever evolve a common nationality ... The Hindu and Muslim belong to two different religions, philosophies, social customs and literature

2742:

was based on this act. However, it divided the electorate into 19 religious and social categories, e.g., Muslims, Sikhs, Indian Christians, Depressed Classes, Landholders, Commerce and Industry, Europeans, Anglo-Indians, etc., each of which was given separate representation in the Provincial

16951:

The three dioceses thus formed have been repeatedly subdivided, until in 1930 there were fourteen dioceses, the dates of their creation being as follows : Calcutta 1814; Madras 1835; Bombay 1837; Colombo 1845; Lahore 1877; Rangoon 1877; Travancore 1879; Chota Nagpur 1890; Lucknow 1893;

7557:

universities and colleges of higher education by 1911; they enrolled 36,000 students (over 90% men). By 1939 the number of institutions had doubled and enrolment reached 145,000. The curriculum followed classical British standards of the sort set by Oxford and Cambridge and stressed English

5415:

If the Government of India needed to enact new laws, the Councils Act allowed for a Legislative Council—an expansion of the Executive Council by up to twelve additional members, each appointed to a two-year term—with half the members consisting of British officials of the government (termed

2716:, in which thousands of Indians defied the tax on salt, by marching to the sea and making their own salt by evaporating seawater. Although, many, including Gandhi, were arrested, the British government eventually gave in, and in 1931 Gandhi travelled to London to negotiate new reform at the 5616:

attitudes. Their inheritance rights to own and manage property were curtailed; the new English laws were somewhat harsher. Court rulings restricted the rights of second wives and their children regarding inheritance. A woman had to belong to either a father or a husband to have any rights.

6041:

back .... Space is so valuable that, in place of streets and roads, winding lanes provide the only approach to the houses. Neglect of sanitation is often evidenced by heaps of rotting garbage and pools of sewage, whilst the absence of latrines enhance the general pollution of air and soil.

5773:

British India built a modern railway system in the late 19th century, which was the fourth largest in the world. At first the railways were privately owned and operated. They were run by British administrators, engineers and craftsmen. At first, only the unskilled workers were Indians.

5656:

All three sectors of the economy—agriculture, manufacturing, and services—accelerated in the postcolonial India. In agriculture a huge increase in production took place in the 1870s. The most important difference between colonial and postcolonial India was the use of land surplus with

4573:(5.) The expression "India" shall mean British India together with any territories of any native prince or chief under the suzerainty of Her Majesty exercised through the Governor-General of India, or through any governor or other officer subordinates to the Governor-General of India. 1735:

in 1871, which had for the first time estimated the populations in regions of the Muslim majority (for his part, Curzon's desire to court the Muslims of East Bengal had arisen from British anxieties ever since the 1871 census—and in light of the history of Muslims fighting them in the

2793: 4570:(4.) The expression "British India" shall mean all territories and places within Her Majesty's dominions which are for the time being governed by Her Majesty through the Governor-General of India or through any governor or other officer subordinates to the Governor-General of India. 7525:

itself, and the imperialists worked hard to convince the general population that the civilising mission was well under-way. This campaign served to strengthen imperial support at home, and thus, says Cain, to bolster the moral authority of the gentlemanly elites who ran the Empire.

1373:. It came too from Queen Victoria's proclamation of 1858 in which she had declared, "We hold ourselves bound to the natives of our Indian territories by the same obligation of duty which bind us to all our other subjects." Indians were especially encouraged when Canada was granted 5937:

and other top officials had ruined the Indian economy and society. Indian historian Rajat Kanta Ray (1998) continues this line of attack, saying the new economy brought by the British in the 18th century was a form of "plunder" and a catastrophe for the traditional economy of the

7514:

in Jamaica in 1865. The rhetoric continued but it became an alibi for British misrule and racism. No longer was it believed that the natives could truly make progress, instead, they had to be ruled by heavy hand, with democratic opportunities postponed indefinitely. As a result:

2759:

British separated Burma Province from British India in 1937 and granted the colony a new constitution calling for a fully elected assembly, with many powers given to the Burmese, but this proved to be a divisive issue as a ploy to exclude Burmese from any further Indian reforms.

5444:; this prompted Sir Charles Wood, the second secretary of state, to describe the Government of India as "a despotism controlled from home". Moreover, although the appointment of Indians to the Legislative Council was a response to calls after the 1857 rebellion, most notably by 10493:

1891 census: Includes all "Unitarians" (5 persons), "Theists" (47 persons), "Deists" (12 persons), "Atheists" (27 persons), "Freethinkers" (5 persons), "Agnostics" (69 persons), "Positivists" (2 persons), "No religion" (18 persons), and "Religion not Returned" (42,578 persons)

73: 10879:

Urdu and Hindi, exhorting the remerging of the two languages as Hindustani. However, Urdu continued to draw from Persian, Arabic, and Chagtai, while Hindi did the same from Sanskrit. Eventually, the controversy resulted in the loss of the official status of the Urdu language.

1457:

By 1905, a deep gulf opened between the moderates, led by Gokhale, who downplayed public agitation, and the new "extremists" who not only advocated agitation, but also regarded the pursuit of social reform as a distraction from nationalism. Prominent among the extremists was

11221:

The film opens with what is a lengthy prologue, contextualising the time and place through a detailed voice-over by Amitabh Bachchan. We are told that the year is 1893. This is significant as it was the height of the British Raj, a period of crown rule lasting from 1858 to

5786:(EIR) began to construct and operate lines near Bombay and Calcutta in 1853–54. The first passenger railway line in North India, between Allahabad and Kanpur, opened in 1859. Eventually, five British companies came to own all railway business in India, and operated under a 2249:, from Bihar, who would become a loyal supporter of Gandhi and go on to play a prominent role in the Indian independence movement. When Gandhi was ordered to leave by the local British authorities, he refused on moral grounds, setting up his refusal as a form of individual 1717:

in 1906 and to ask for separate electorates for Muslims. In conjunction, they demanded proportional legislative representation reflecting both their status as former rulers and their record of cooperating with the British. This led, in December 1906, to the founding of the

2647:

forbade public meetings and on Sunday 13 April 1919 fifty British Indian Army soldiers commanded by Dyer began shooting at an unarmed gathering of thousands of men, women, and children without warning. Casualty estimates vary widely, with the Government of India reporting

1925:

would prove to be a watershed in the imperial relationship between Britain and India. Shortly before the outbreak of war, the Government of India had indicated that they could furnish two divisions plus a cavalry brigade, with a further division in case of emergency. Some

1442:, poet, Sanskrit scholar, and a champion of the emancipation of Indian women, took up the cause of widow remarriage, especially of Brahmin widows, later converted to Christianity. By 1900 reform movements had taken root within the Indian National Congress. Congress member 11088:

During the British East India Company's domination of the Indian subcontinent (1757–1858) and the subsequent British Raj (1858–1947), it was Western-style education that came to be promoted by many as the base upon which a national and uniform education system should be

2544: 11712:, pp. 145–46: "The army took on the form which survived till independence... The Bengal army was completely recast... The Brahmin element from Uttar Pradesh, the core of the original mutiny, was heavily reduced and its place taken by Gurkhas, Sikhs, and Punjabis." 2738:, which authorised the establishment of independent legislative assemblies in all provinces of British India, the creation of a central government incorporating both the British provinces and the princely states, and the protection of Muslim minorities. The future 1938:. Their participation had a wider cultural fallout as news spread of how bravely soldiers fought and died alongside British soldiers, as well as soldiers from dominions like Canada and Australia. India's international profile rose during the 1920s, as it became a 3073: 1600:), upset at the prospect of Bengalis being outnumbered in the new Bengal province by Biharis and Oriyas, felt that Curzon's act was punishment for their political assertiveness. The pervasive protests against Curzon's decision took the form predominantly of the 6032:

Mortality rates fell in the 1920–1945 era, primarily due to biological immunisation. Other factors included rising incomes and better living conditions, improved nutrition, a safer and cleaner environment, and better official health policies and medical care.

1633:

magazine; it preached independence but within the bounds of peace as far as possible. Its goal was Passive Resistance. The unrest spread from Calcutta to the surrounding regions of Bengal when students returned home to their villages and towns. Some joined

2161:

small, was sufficiently diverse to be a microcosm of India itself. In tackling the challenge of holding this community together and simultaneously confronting the colonial authority, he had created a technique of non-violent resistance, which he labelled

61: 28054: 2607: 2660:

estimated three times the number of dead. Dyer was removed from duty but he became a celebrated hero in Britain among people with connections to the Raj. Historians consider the episode was a decisive step towards the end of British rule in India.

1730:

and returned to England, the League was in favour of his partition plan. The Muslim elite's position, which was reflected in the League's position, had crystallized gradually over the previous three decades, beginning with the revelations of the

5873:

By the 1870s the peasantry in the districts irrigated by the Ganges Canal were visibly better fed, housed and dressed than before; by the end of the century the new network of canals in the Punjab had produced an even more prosperous peasantry

27344: 2245:(for dyes) on a portion of their land and then selling it at below-market prices to the British planters who had leased them the land. Upon his arrival in the district, Gandhi was joined by other agitators, including a young Congress leader, 5822:

networks. In 1900, the government took over the GIPR network, while the company continued to manage it. During the First World War, the railways were used to transport troops and grain to the ports of Bombay and Karachi en route to Britain,

2584: 2041:

members and did not yet have the wider following among Indian Muslims that it enjoyed in later years; in the League itself, the pact did not have unanimous backing, having largely been negotiated by a group of "Young Party" Muslims from the

12371:, p. 174: Violence too could be ... repressed, partly because it was eschewed by the mainstream of educated politicians – despite the attraction to some of them of ... movements such as Bengal's Anusilan Samiti or Punjab's Ghadr Party. 10688:—Head-quarters of Simla District, Punjab, and the summer capital of the Government of India, situated on a transverse spur of the Central Himālayan system system, in 31° 6' N and 77° 10' E, at a mean elevation above sea-level of 7,084 feet. 2487:

crisis, and post-war inflation led to food riots in Bombay, Madras, and Bengal provinces, a situation that was made only worse by the failure of the 1918–19 monsoon and by profiteering and speculation. The global influenza epidemic and the

7665:, the London Missionary Society Hospital "pioneered improvements in the public health system for the treatment of diseases even before organised attempts were made by the colonial Madras Presidency, reducing the death rate substantially". 2078:

among Indians, and also to elevate the stature of the founders within the Congress itself. Besant, for her part, was also keen to demonstrate the superiority of this new form of organised agitation, which had achieved some success in the

1334: 2363:

legislative councils and repealed the Government of India's recourse to the "official majority" in unfavourable votes. Although departments like defence, foreign affairs, criminal law, communications, and income-tax were retained by the

2473:

Headlines about the Rowlatt Bills (1919) from a nationalist newspaper in India. Although all non-official Indians on the Legislative Council voted against the Rowlatt Bills, the government was able to force their passage by using its

2008:

The 1916 Lucknow Session of the Congress was also the venue of an unanticipated mutual effort by the Congress and the Muslim League, the occasion for which was provided by the wartime partnership between Germany and Turkey. Since the

7505:

Yale professor Karuna Mantena has argued that the civilising mission did not last long, for she says that benevolent reformers were the losers in key debates, such as those following the 1857 rebellion in India, and the scandal of

5452:

8–12 individuals, at least half of whom were required to have held office in India for a minimum of 10 years, and had not relinquished office earlier than two years prior to their appointment as advisers to the secretary of state.

3099: 62: 5953:

generally prosperous economy for the rest of the 18th century. Marshall notes the British went into partnership with Indian bankers and raised revenue through local tax administrators and kept the old Mughal rates of taxation.

2029:, and since the British and their allies were now in conflict with Turkey, doubts began to increase among some Indian Muslims about the "religious neutrality" of the British, doubts that had already surfaced as a result of the 5600:

usable public record and verifiable identities. However, there was opposition from both Muslim and Hindu elements who complained that the new procedures for census-taking and registration threatened to uncover female privacy.

2368:

and the central government in New Delhi, other departments like public health, education, land-revenue, local self-government were transferred to the provinces. The provinces themselves were now to be administered under a new

3343: 2980:

million Indians volunteered for military service in the British Army. They played a major role in numerous campaigns, especially in the Middle East and North Africa. Casualties were moderate (in terms of the world war), with

1744:—about Indian Muslims rebelling against the Crown). In the three decades since, Muslim leaders across northern India had intermittently experienced public animosity from some of the new Hindu political and social groups. The 5865:

the world. One success story was Assam, a jungle in 1840 that by 1900 had 1,600,000 hectares (4,000,000 acres) under cultivation, especially in tea plantations. In all, the amount of irrigated land rose eightfold. Historian

4584:

The terms "Indian Empire" and "Empire of India" (like the term "British Empire") were not used in legislation. The monarch was officially known as Empress or Emperor of India and the term was often used in Queen Victoria's

16895:

bishops from India were at the first Lambeth conference. In 1930 the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon became an independent Province and created its own Book of Common Prayer, which was translated into several languages.

2062:

of provinces like UP and Bihar more than the Muslim majorities of Punjab and Bengal; nonetheless, at the time, the "Lucknow Pact" was an important milestone in nationalistic agitation and was seen as such by the British.

2083:, over the political violence that had intermittently plagued the subcontinent during the years 1907–1914. The two Leagues focused their attention on complementary geographical regions: Tilak's in western India, in the 3266:

As independence approached, the violence between Hindus and Muslims in the provinces of Punjab and Bengal continued unabated. With the British army unprepared for the potential for increased violence, the new viceroy,

11184:

The rebellion was put down by the end of 1858. The British government passed the Government of India Act, and began direct Crown rule. This era was referred to as the British Raj (though in practice much remained the

16686: 5806:. The route mileage of this network increased from 1,349 to 25,495 kilometres (838 to 15,842 mi) between 1860 and 1890, mostly radiating inland from the three major port cities of Bombay, Madras, and Calcutta. 3224:. Although the mutinies were rapidly suppressed, they had the effect of spurring the new Labour government in Britain to action, and leading to the Cabinet Mission to India led by the secretary of state for India, 5514:

Until 1946, the viceroy held the portfolio for External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations, as well as heading the Political Department in his capacity as the Crown representative. Each department was headed by a

10922: 7675:(1881) are two examples of prominent church-affiliated educational institutions founded during the British Raj. Within educational institutions established during the British Raj, Christian texts, especially the 3379: 2812: 1678: 13547:, p. 212 Quote: "More importantly, though victorious in war, Britain had suffered immensely in the struggle. It simply did not possess the manpower or economic resources required to coerce a restive India." 7368:

in Uttar Pradesh: The official death toll of Indian farmers is shown minimal by the British historians whereas other estimates put the death toll in the hundreds, causing the nearby Sai River turn red from the

2058:, who was later to rise to leadership roles in both the League and the Indian independence movement. In later years, as the full ramifications of the pact unfolded, it was seen as benefiting the Muslim minority 996: 20055:

Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding – Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical – in Honor of Robert Eric

3367: 1638:

emerging in Bengal at the time, some engaged in robberies to fund arms, and even attempted to take the lives of Raj officials. However, the conspiracies generally failed in the face of intense police work. The

17430: 1712:

The overwhelming, but predominantly Hindu, protest against the partition of Bengal and the fear in its wake of reforms favouring the Hindu majority, led the Muslim elite in India to meet with the new viceroy,

1018: 1906: 1190: 1841: 11363:

Company rule in India lasted effectively from the Battle of Plassey in 1757 until 1858, when following the 1857 Indian Rebellion, the British Crown assumed direct colonial rule of India in the new British

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by the army, in which the civilian death toll was 20 according to official government sources and 400 by contemporary Indian sources. The shooting of unarmed people triggered protests across British India.

3134: 18512:

Bosma, Ulbe (2011), Emigration: Colonial circuits between Europe and Asia in the 19th and early 20th century, EGO – European History Online, Mainz: Institute of European History, retrieved: 25 March 2021

13916:, Statutes of the Realm – Law – 1770 p. 211 (3) "Save as otherwise expressly provided in this Act, the law of British India and of the several parts thereof existing immediately before the appointed ..." 5924:

Historians continue to debate whether the long-term intention of British rule was to accelerate the economic development of India, or to distort and delay it. In 1780, the conservative British politician

1284: 1034: 6009:

Studies of India's population since 1881 have focused on such topics as total population, birth and death rates, growth rates, geographic distribution, literacy, the rural and urban divide, cities of a

3263:

for continuing to control an increasingly restless British India, decided to end British rule of India, and in early 1947 Britain announced its intention of transferring power no later than June 1948.

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and programmes for famine prevention, were instituted. In one form or other, they would be implemented worldwide by the United Nations and the Food and Agricultural Organisation well into the 1970s.

5595:

Singha argues that after 1857 the colonial government strengthened and expanded its infrastructure via the court system, legal procedures, and statutes. New legislation merged the Crown and the old

2747:

These states remained under the full control of their hereditary rulers, with no popular government. To prepare for elections Congress built up its grass roots membership from 473,000 in 1935 to 4.5

1887: 5838:

After independence in 1947, forty-two separate railway systems, including thirty-two lines owned by the former Indian princely states, were amalgamated to form a single nationalised unit named the

5612:

Murshid argues that women were in some ways more restricted by the modernisation of the laws. They remained tied to the strictures of their religion, caste, and customs, but now with an overlay of

1659: 1693: 60: 26944: 20199:

The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire

5328:). The size of the Advisory Council was reduced over the next half-century, but its powers remained unchanged. In 1907, for the first time, two Indians were appointed to the Council. They were 3208:

In January 1946, a number of mutinies broke out in the armed services, starting with that of RAF servicemen frustrated with their slow repatriation to Britain. The mutinies came to a head with

20236:

The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947

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in 1942 to secure Indian nationalists' co-operation in the war effort in exchange for a promise of independence as soon as the war ended. Top officials in Britain, most notably Prime Minister

10816:

Although the official languages of administration in India shifted from Persian to English and Urdu in 1837, Persian continued to be taught and read there through the early twentieth century.

15345: 5681:, increased dramatically, from approximately 1 million yards of cotton cloth in 1814 to 13 million in 1820, 995 million in 1870, to 2050 million by 1890. The British imposed " 1349: 5665:

million lives in the late 1870s, these exports remained unchecked. A colonial government committed to laissez-faire economics refused to interfere with these exports or provide any relief.

3724: 17491: 13172:, who believed in cooperating with the British to achieve eventual independence for the Indian nation. For details of various recruitment drives by Sir Sikandar between 1939 and 1942, see 2491:

of 1917 added to the general jitters; the former among the population already experiencing economic woes, and the latter among government officials, fearing a similar revolution in India.

1241:, for subsequent export to England. Likewise, finished goods from England, were transported back for sale in the burgeoning Indian markets. Unlike Britain, where the market risks for the 1988:

was released from prison and began to sound out other Congress leaders about possible reunification. That, however, had to wait until the demise of Tilak's principal moderate opponents,

1969:

had already been a concern in British India; consequently, in 1915, to strengthen its powers during what it saw was a time of increased vulnerability, the Government of India passed the

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Poster advertising a Congress non-co-operation "Public Meeting" and a "Bonfire of Foreign Clothes" in Bombay, early 1920s, and expressing support for the "Karachi Khilafat Conference"

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production of those goods in India itself. Bal Gangadhar Tilak said that the Swadeshi and Boycott movements are two sides of the same coin. The large Bengali Hindu middle-class (the

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within the purview of the British governor and his executive council. The new Act also made it easier for Indians to be admitted into the civil services and the army officer corps.

1057: 10675: 1154: 10640: 5455:

The viceroy and governor-general of India, a Crown appointee, typically held office for five years though there was no fixed tenure, and received an annual salary of Rs. 250,800

4354: 1213: 27808: 18109: 1450:, which lobbied for legislative reform (for example, for a law to permit the remarriage of Hindu child widows), and whose members took vows of poverty, and worked among the 26560: 25960: 25807: 25789: 18717: 10049: 1515: 23317: 17678: 13543:, p. 418 Quote: "With a war weary army and people and a ravaged economy, Britain would have had to retreat; the Labour victory only quickened the process somewhat." 19950:

Nawaz, Rafida, and Syed Hussain Murtaza. "Impact of Imperial Discourses on Changing Subjectivities in Core and Periphery: A Study of British India and British Nigeria".

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Third, the British felt disenchanted with Indian reaction to social change. Until the rebellion, they had enthusiastically pushed through social reform, like the ban on

11318:

Quote: "Mill, who was himself employed by the British East India company from the age of seventeen until the British government assumed direct rule over India in 1858."

7502:

Macaulay took Burke's emphasis on moral rule and implemented it in actual school reforms, giving the British Empire a profound moral mission to "civilise the natives".

2204:, or "self-rule" for India based on three vital ingredients: solidarity between Indians of different faiths, but most of all between Hindus and Muslims; the removal of 28443: 13822: 1817:. However, the British authorities were able to crush violent rebels swiftly, partly because the mainstream of educated Indian politicians opposed violent revolution. 634: 616: 598: 584: 566: 552: 538: 509: 491: 17422: 7762:

noticeably. The most noticeable influence is the English language which emerged as the administrative and lingua franca of India and Pakistan (and which also greatly

16471: 7310:. Mass vaccination in India resulted in a major decline in smallpox mortality by the end of the 19th century. In 1849 nearly 13% of all Calcutta deaths were due to 16709: 10653:—Capital of the Indian Empire, situated in 22° 34' N and 88° 22' E, on the east or left bank of the Hooghly river, within the Twenty-four Parganas District, Bengal 1790: 1665: 1246:

railway network in the world and a history of 60 years of its construction, only ten per cent of the "superior posts" in the Indian Railways were held by Indians.

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served as India's delegates to the London Commonwealth Meeting, April 1945, and the U.N. San Francisco Conference on International Organisation, April–June 1945."

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stated, "It is not only our duty but is in our interest to promote the diffusion of Christianity as far as possible throughout the length and breadth of India".

1492: 829: 16675:"Residents remember Takkar martyrs of 1930.A monument has been built in order to praise the martyrs of the Takkar massacre", The News - Jang group, 29 May 2010. 8066: 2156:

to India. Already known in India as a result of his civil liberties protests on behalf of the Indians in South Africa, Gandhi followed the advice of his mentor

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Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857, just before the Rebellion. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated, chiefly in the

6890: 6857: 6825: 3225: 3181: 15423: 7467:: troops fired 90 rounds on unarmed people who had assembled to hoist the flag of the Indian National Congress, killing 33 and wounding more than 100 people. 3122: 2187:, came to represent the twin pillar, with Truth, of Gandhi's unorthodox religious outlook on life. During the years 1907–1914, Gandhi tested the technique of 19964:

Parkash, Jai. "Major trends of historiography of revolutionary movement in India – Phase II". (PhD dissertation, Maharshi Dayanand University, 2013). online.

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and widespread social unrest. Although appointed by a Liberal government, his policies were much the same as viceroys appointed by Conservative governments.

19957:

Nayak, Bhabani Shankar. "Colonial world of postcolonial historians: reification, theoreticism, and the neoliberal reinvention of tribal identity in India".

18552:

Carrington, Michael (May 2013), "Officers, Gentlemen, and Murderers: Lord Curzon's campaign against "collisions" between Indians and Europeans, 1899–1905",

13029: 10674:, vol. XXII, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260, 1647:

cloth, although more expensive and somewhat less comfortable than its Lancashire competitor, was worn as a mark of national pride by people all over India.

22176: 14894: 14532: 13590: 4855: 17551: 16126: 10639:, vol. IX, Published under the Authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1908, p. 260, 5394:) was each required to consult his advisory council; executive orders in Calcutta, for example, were issued in the name of "Governor-General-in-Council" ( 864:

The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar, except for small holdings by other European nations such as

63: 28463: 28438: 21591: 4903: 4051: 3325:

The great majority of Indians remained in place with independence, but in border areas millions of people (Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu) relocated across the

2731:

movement the revenue collectors had to rely on military force and by 1946–47 direct British control was rapidly disappearing in much of the countryside.

900:(briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The 5403:

found the collective decision making of the Council to be too time-consuming for the pressing tasks ahead, so he requested the "portfolio system" of an

793:, was administered as an autonomous province until 1937, when it became a separate British colony, gaining its own independence in 1948. It was renamed 15280: 13958: 12934: 10531: 7645:

missionaries, for example, arrived in Calcutta in 1836 and by "the year 1880 there were over 31,200 Lutheran Christians spread out in 1,052 villages".

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which started in China in the middle of the 19th century, eventually spread to all inhabited continents and killed 10 million Indians in India alone.

1377:

in 1867 and established an autonomous democratic constitution. Lastly, the encouragement came from the work of contemporaneous Oriental scholars like

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Rebellion. Since Dalhousie had embraced the technological revolution underway in Britain, India too saw rapid development of all those technologies.

4086: 1962: 13565: 5196:. There were 565 princely states when India and Pakistan became independent from Britain in August 1947. The princely states did not form a part of 28433: 25950: 25940: 16519: 16388: 14959:

Christensen, R. O. (September 1981). "The State and Indian Railway Performance, 1870–1920: Part I, Financial Efficiency and Standards of Service".

12996: 11410: 10019: 7619: 7600: 5366: 5301: 4488: 1170: 310: 23484:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

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London paid most of the cost of the Indian Army, which had the effect of erasing India's national debt; it ended the war with a surplus of £1,300

1548: 19625:(I.B. Tauris, 2012) 315 pages; focus on Indian entrepreneurs who benefited from the Raj, but ultimately sided with the Indian National Congress. 12006:

Brennan, L. (1984). "The Development of the Indian Famine Codes: Personalities, Politics, and Policies". In Currey, Bruce; Hugo, Graeme (eds.).

2175:", by then a familiar technique of social protest, which he regarded as a practical strategy adopted by the weak in the face of superior force; 28448: 27996: 27417: 25905: 25576: 20532: 16167: 10844:

It was only in 1837 that Persian lost its position as official language of India to Urdu and to English in the higher levels of administration.

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aircraft factory opened in Bangalore. The railway system, with 700,000 employees, was taxed to the limit as demand for transportation soared.

19:

This article is about the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947. For the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858, see

28428: 23049: 21596: 20253: 18949:, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. 18400:

Empire and Information: Intelligence Gathering and Social Communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge Studies in Indian History and Society)

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opened fire killing hundreds, death toll ranged from 1,500 to 4,500 people. A mass graveyard remains near Salanga Bazar at Rahmatganj, where

1114: 20165:

Editors, Charles Rivers (2016). The British Raj: The History and Legacy of Great Britain's Imperialism in India and the Indian subcontinent.

18878:

Hall-Matthews, David (November 2008), "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India",

947:, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as independent states. The 26700: 25173: 24113: 23941: 23856: 23595: 23477: 23460: 23338: 18840:(2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Even in World Environmental History", 18005: 17020:

Christians and Missionaries in India: Cross-cultural Communication Since 1500, with Special Reference to Caste, Conversion, and Colonialism

10287:

The proclamation for New Delhi to be the capital was made in 1911, but the city was inaugurated as the capital of the Raj in February 1931.

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During the partition of Bengal (1905–1913), the new provinces of Assam and East Bengal were created as a Lieutenant-Governorship. In 1911,

2946: 2434:, and was tasked with investigating "revolutionary conspiracies", with the unstated goal of extending the government's wartime powers. The 1552: 16272: 3235:

Also in early 1946, new elections were called in India. Earlier, at the end of the war in 1945, the colonial government had announced the

2241:, near the Nepal border, where he was invited by a group of disgruntled tenant farmers who, for many years, had been forced into planting 2179:, on the other hand, was for him the "last resort of those strong enough in their commitment to truth to undergo suffering in its cause". 1250:

lost land, animals, and equipment to money-lenders. The latter half of the 19th century also saw an increase in the number of large-scale

27198: 26823: 22929: 21566: 16539: 11208: 11075: 11026: 10669: 10231: 7933: 7706: 7291:, while on assignment in the Deccan at Secunderabad, where the Centre for Tropical and Communicable Diseases is now named in his honour. 4955: 4620: 4531: 3349:

Two silver one rupee coins used in India during the British Raj, showing Victoria, Queen, 1862 (left) and Victoria, Empress, 1886 (right)

1462:, who attempted to mobilise Indians by appealing to an explicitly Hindu political identity, displayed, for example, in the annual public 913: 715: 711: 24: 12419: 11171: 10989: 10634: 10626: 5904:, roads, canals, and bridges were rapidly built in India and telegraph links equally rapidly established so that raw materials, such as 2218:. The first two, he felt, were essential for India to be an egalitarian and tolerant society, one befitting the principles of Truth and 951:

was established as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861; however, the issue of sovereignty was left undefined. The

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village in retaliation, killing 70 and wounding another 150 people in the massacre. A monument has been built in the memory of victims.

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between 1793 and 1798, but for later periods the British governors reported to London, and it was not part of the Raj. The kingdoms of

19449:"India: British Imperial Power 1858–1947 (Indian nationalism and the British response, 1885–1920; Prelude to Independence, 1920–1947)" 17575: 16757:

Cain, Peter J. (2012). "Character, 'Ordered Liberty', and the Mission to Civilise: British Moral Justification of Empire, 1870–1914".

27573: 27390: 27274: 27054: 26746: 25817: 25802: 22675: 21611: 16086: 12823:

Epstein, Simon (May 1982). "District Officers in Decline: The Erosion of British Authority in the Bombay Countryside, 1919 to 1947".

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that had hitherto been considered politically dormant by the Congress. Both leagues rapidly acquired new members—approximately thirty

7766:

the native South Asian languages) followed by the blend of native and gothic/sarcenic architecture. Similarly, the influence of the

7252:. Estimated deaths in India between 1817 and 1860 exceeded 15 million. Another 23 million died between 1865 and 1917. The 5960:

Studies suggest that from 1765 to 1938 around $ 45 trillion was stolen by the British as a result of their direct control of India.

28044: 28011: 24010: 21616: 20594: 17893:

The Cambridge History of India. Volume 6: The Indian Empire 1858–1918. With Chapters on the Development of Administration 1818–1858

17159: 14815:

Ian Derbyshire, 'The Building of India's Railways: The Application of Western Technology in the Colonial Periphery, 1850–1920', in

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also popular in certain regions of the subcontinent) were cemented as part of South Asian culture during the British Raj, with the

7321:

directed his attention to establishing a systematic institution in Bombay for imparting medical knowledge to the natives. In 1860,

3622: 3271:, advanced the date for the transfer of power, allowing less than six months for a mutually agreed plan for independence. With the 2877: 798: 25386: 14344:

Singha, Radhika (February 2003). "Colonial Law and Infrastructural Power: Reconstructing Community, Locating the Female Subject".

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mother), and 29% by Europeans. Of the 1000 top-level civil services positions, almost all were held by Britons, typically with an

5408:

of such consent, required discussion by the entire Executive Council. This innovation in Indian governance was promulgated in the

2799:

A second-day cancellation of the series "Inauguration of New Delhi", 27 February 1931, commemorating the new city designed by Sir

1424:

as the first president. The membership consisted of a westernised elite, and no effort was made at this time to broaden the base.

28032: 26008: 25673: 25618: 25476: 24328: 21636: 20795: 20734: 17573:

Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism

16193: 13998:: "The political history of the British in India begins in the eighteenth century with the French Wars in the Carnatic. (p. 471)" 12065: 4515:

abolished; ministerial responsibility within the United Kingdom for British relations with India and Pakistan transferred to the

4323: 2898: 18699: 17460: 28468: 27294: 26401: 26178: 25850: 23600: 22523: 21586: 21539: 17670: 17023: 7771: 5723:(1859–1932), began constructing its plant at Jamshedpur in Bihar in 1908, using American technology, not British. According to 5701:, such that by 1870–1880 Indian producers were manufacturing only 25%–45% of local consumption. Deindustrialization of India's 5626: 4331: 3678: 3052:

in the captured regions, including those in Burma, the Philippines and Vietnam, and in addition, the Provisional Government of

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More than 500 Indian kingdoms and principalities existed during the 'British Raj' period (1858–1947) The rule is also called

5399:

governance. However, in the years immediately thereafter, which were also the years of post-rebellion reconstruction, Viceroy

27188: 26890: 26730: 26715: 26509: 26439: 24380: 23935: 22884: 21711: 20841: 20268: 20080: 19838: 19782: 19601: 19384: 19365: 19281: 19263: 19242: 19204: 19165: 19147: 19124: 19095: 19060: 18995: 18936: 18827: 18775: 18740: 18711: 18675: 18651: 18630: 18611: 18592: 18533: 18465: 18430: 18407: 18386: 18359: 18333: 18289: 18265: 18243: 18200: 18175: 18140: 18089: 18052: 18031: 17988: 17970: 17939: 17876: 17846: 17826: 17798: 17776: 17755: 17733: 17527: 17356: 17192: 17167: 17138: 17109: 17081: 17056: 17031: 17002: 16977: 16887: 16862: 16830: 16356: 16052: 15200: 15121:

Burra, Arudra (November 2010). "The Indian Civil Service and the nationalist movement: neutrality, politics and continuity".

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Bahl, Vinay (October 1994). "The Emergence of Large-Scale Steel Industry in India Under British Colonial Rule, 1880–1907".

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Outside northern India, the local vernaculars were used as official language in the lower courts and in government offices.

10172: 7596: 5942:. Ray accuses the British of depleting the food and money stocks and of imposing high taxes that helped cause the terrible 5516: 5464: 4465: 4378: 1939: 25363: 18104:(2 vol. 1989) 1235 pp. the fullest scholarly history of political and military events from a British top-down perspective; 16479: 13901:, 1909, Oxford University Press. p. 5. Quote: "The history of British India falls, as observed by Sir C. P. Ilbert in his 27064: 26895: 26317: 25338: 25333: 24833: 23162: 21944: 21832: 21667: 20312: 17234: 15319: 10076: 9809: 7558:

literature and European history. Nevertheless, by the 1920s the student bodies had become hotbeds of Indian nationalism.

4940: 4815: 3373:

Silver one rupee coins used in India during the British Raj, showing George V, King-Emperor, 1913 (left) and 1919 (right)

821: 16732: 16612: 16150: 16105: 13990:: "Before passing on to the political history of British India, which properly begins with the Anglo-French Wars in the 13851: 11395:

Quote: "British India, meanwhile, was itself the powerful 'metropolis' of its own colonial empire, 'the Indian empire'."

2949:, the British, over the next six years, were to increasingly see the League as the main representative of Muslim India. 2482:

million Indians had served in the armed services in either combatant or non-combatant roles, and India had provided £146

2273:, who had organised the farmers, and who too would go on to play a leadership role in the Indian independence movement. 27319: 27314: 27173: 26291: 26251: 25571: 25486: 24838: 22880: 17632: 17257: 16916: 16822: 16398: 15453: 12780:

Potter, David C. (January 1973). "Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of the Indian Civil Service".

11673: 10182: 7299: 5297: 5239: 4256: 3438: 2382:, and more recently of the Congress-Muslim League Lucknow Pact, was reaffirmed, with seats being reserved for Muslims, 353: 341: 25678: 20130: 16563: 14832: 13193:

Roy, Kaushik (2009). "Military Loyalty in the Colonial Context: A Case Study of the Indian Army during World War II".

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To combat what it saw as a coming crisis, the government now drafted the Rowlatt committee's recommendations into two

28169: 27289: 27079: 27006: 26692: 26630: 26266: 25769: 25416: 24103: 23042: 22235: 21561: 21556: 18918: 13980: 11643: 10941:

Raj, the: British sovereignty in India before 1947 (also called, the British Raj). The word is from Hindi rāj 'reign'

10900: 8286: 7623: 7588: 6831: 5745:

The railway network of India in 1871, all major cities, Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, as well as Delhi, are connected.

5523:

was headed by an elected president (appointed by the Viceroy from 1921 to 1925). The Council of State consisted of 58

5400: 5243: 4962: 4421: 3969: 3506: 3409: 3275:, the end of the British rule in India in August 1947 saw the creation of two separate states of India and Pakistan. 3049: 3021: 2755: 2043: 1619:("Hail to the Mother"), which invoked a mother goddess, who stood variously for Bengal, India, and the Hindu goddess 1118: 1044: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 674: 297: 25391: 20111: 14619:

Indian Business and Nationalist Politics 1931–39: The Indigenous Capitalist Class and the Rise of the Congress Party

14511:

Paul Bairoch, "Economics and World History: Myths and Paradoxes", (1995: University of Chicago Press, Chicago) p. 89

8275: 2893:

The series of stamps, "Victory", issued by the Government of India to commemorate the allied victory in World War II

27894: 27889: 27882: 27505: 27475: 26580: 26545: 26322: 25740: 25536: 25353: 24648: 22915: 22902: 21571: 20484: 19975:

Stern, Philip J (2009). "History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future".

19220: 15401: 15229: 7971: 7627: 7576: 4563: 4061: 3550: 2953:

India, and emphasised that religious communities were more basic than an artificial nationalism. He proclaimed the

1805:. He announced the capital would be moved from Calcutta to Delhi. This period saw an increase in the activities of 1766:, was aware that a new province with a Muslim majority would directly benefit Muslims aspiring to political power. 17320: 11769: 7302:, which provided legal provision for forcible confinement of people with leprosy in India. Under the direction of 3059:

Bose's effort, however, was short-lived. In mid-1944 the British Army first halted and then reversed the Japanese

2506:

aroused widespread indignation throughout India, and brought Gandhi to the forefront of the nationalist movement.

1551:(1899–1905), was unusually energetic in pursuit of efficiency and reform. His agenda included the creation of the 28269: 28079: 27904: 27840: 27813: 27059: 26751: 26550: 26494: 25797: 25728: 25708: 25513: 25466: 25441: 24046: 23590: 23131: 22862: 21703: 20724: 20714: 20679: 14310: 13021: 10745: 7672: 6036:

Severe overcrowding in the cities caused major public health problems, as noted in an official report from 1938:

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barriers ranging from 30% to 70% on the importation of cotton yarn or prohibited it entirely. As a result of the

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One rupee coins showing George VI, King-Emperor, 1940 (left) and just before India's independence in 1947 (right)

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Establishment of Provincial Legislative Councils in Burma and Punjab; the former a new Lieutenant Governorship.

3259:

government conscious that it had neither the mandate at home, the international support, nor the reliability of

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states built their own rail systems and the network spread to the regions that became the modern-day states of

5317: 4202: 3977: 3904: 3865: 3487: 3447: 2356: 2282: 1828: 1798: 1113:

had shaken the British enterprise in India, it had not derailed it. Until 1857, the British, especially under

20153: 16582: 14283: 5761:"The most magnificent railway station in the world", says the caption of the stereographic tourist picture of 5424:) and serving only in an advisory capacity. All laws enacted by Legislative Councils in India, whether by the 3044:, composed largely of Indian soldiers of the British Indian Army who had been captured by the Japanese in the 28164: 28027: 27789: 27583: 27500: 27339: 27089: 26765: 26725: 26469: 25381: 24462: 23235: 22999: 22750: 22191:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 22088: 22020: 21657: 21626: 13871: 10552: 10177: 9894: 7918: 7714: 7668: 7361: 7207: 5325: 4539: 4516: 4474: 4390: 4073: 3961: 3751: 3709: 3648: 3591: 3173: 2976:

native troops, it expanded tenfold during the war, and small naval and air force units were created. Over two

2818:

A first-day cover issued on 1 April 1937 commemorating the separation of Burma from the British Indian Empire

1255: 19851:

Ellis, Catriona (2009). "Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India".

15535:

Klein, Ira (1990). "Population growth and mortality in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution".

15269: 14295: 14268: 13942: 12903: 11273:

by 1909 the Government of India, reflecting on 50 years of Crown rule after the rebellion, could boast that

6002:

million by 1600 and remained nearly stationary until the 19th century. The population of the Raj reached 255

5883: 5382:

of "double government" had already been in place during the Company's rule in India from the time of Pitt's

5362: 28174: 28069: 27749: 27641: 27541: 27460: 27011: 26459: 26215: 25723: 25499: 25456: 25116: 24098: 24086: 23605: 23035: 22485: 22409: 22385: 22379: 21739: 21677: 21333: 20684: 20291: 20159: 20101: 19943:

Mukherjee, Soumyen. "Origins of Indian Nationalism: Some Questions on the Historiography of Modern India".

19629:

O'Dell, Benjamin D (2014). "Beyond Bengal: Gender, Education, And The Writing Of Colonial Indian History".

16122: 14327: 14325: 13168:

Recruitment was especially active in the Punjab province of British India, under the leadership of Premier

8403: 8035: 7398: 7135: 5425: 5370: 5285: 5263: 5251: 5224: 4512: 4493: 4306: 4198: 4183: 4013:

million women are literate. Of those school-aged, 25% of the boys and 3% of the girls attend. There are 207

3895: 3796: 3493: 3283: 3209: 2735: 2709: 2535: 2360: 2352: 2302: 1997: 415: 401: 367: 322: 14874: 11605: 5519:

excepting the Railway Department, which was headed by a Chief Commissioner of Railways under a secretary.

4577:

In general, the term "British India" had been used (and is still used) to refer also to the regions under

2191:

in a number of protests on behalf of the Indian community in South Africa against the unjust racial laws.

2054:, who had embraced the Pan-Islamic cause; however, it did have the support of a young lawyer from Bombay, 1915:, seated, third from the left, supported the Lucknow Pact in 1916, ending the Muslim League-Congress rift. 1428:

industry, and by the use of Indian taxes to pay the high salaries of the British civil servants in India.

28231: 27921: 27779: 27636: 27267: 27262: 27074: 26620: 26464: 26444: 26173: 25925: 25812: 25159: 24979: 24893: 24788: 24703: 24620: 24118: 23990: 23845: 23452: 23118: 21968: 21523: 20910: 20559: 20072:

The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1947

19695:

Simmons, Colin (1985), "'De-Industrialization', Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850–1947",

19623:

The Indian Bourgeoisie: A Political History of the Indian Capitalist Class in the Early Twentieth Century

17372: 16523: 13557: 12988: 11406: 10166: 10004: 9874: 7781: 7718: 7280: 7101: 7086: 6920: 5783: 5778:

99-year lease, with the government having the option to buy them earlier. Two new railway companies, the

5736: 5072: 5066: 4920: 4822: 4787: 4747: 4374: 4125: 3952: 3566: 3338:

The reigning British monarchs during the period of the British Raj, 1858–1947, in silver one-rupee coins.

3236: 3163: 3037: 1629: 20719: 19872:

Gilmartin, David (2015). "The Historiography of India's Partition: Between Civilization and Modernity".

19732:

Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century

14322: 3736:

Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission appointed for the Afghan frontier. Russian attack on Afghans at

2908:

members, it grew rapidly once it became an organisation that reached out to the masses, reaching 500,000

2430:

In 1917, as Montagu and Chelmsford were compiling their report, a committee chaired by a British judge,

1558:

Trouble emerged for Curzon when he divided the largest administrative subdivision in British India, the

1413: 28392: 28328: 27865: 27833: 27754: 27233: 27094: 27016: 26885: 26870: 26833: 26720: 26615: 26575: 26332: 26301: 26210: 25888: 25843: 25774: 25521: 25126: 25041: 24630: 24528: 23190: 22967: 22941: 22838: 22607: 21258: 20810: 20527: 20522: 20188:

Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon

17586: 16064: 15578: 11854: 10324: 10054: 7845: 7684: 7658: 7016: 5981: 5674: 5564: 5321: 4916: 4703: 4594: 4386: 4370: 4141: 3984: 3452: 2705: 2320:, viceroy of India, who cautioned the British Government to be more responsive to Indian public opinion 2265:

district where land-owning farmers were protesting increased land-revenue and the other in the city of

2153: 2030: 1897: 1589:, which was a strategy set out by Lord Curzon to weaken the nationalist movement, Tilak encouraged the 1586: 1579: 1479: 982: 24818: 7347:

This is the list of civilian massacre of Indians, in most cases unarmed peaceful crowds, by the army.

2133:(seated in carriage, on the right, eyes downcast, with black flat-top hat) receiving a big welcome in 28186: 27926: 27764: 27737: 27666: 27601: 27515: 27487: 27284: 27183: 26880: 26705: 26555: 26367: 26271: 26188: 25983: 25945: 25915: 25376: 25320: 25096: 24783: 24718: 24708: 24693: 24028: 23975: 23885: 23481:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 23124: 23080: 22802: 22513: 22188: 22158: 21916: 21233: 20930: 20805: 20644: 20584: 18665: 17130: 16854: 15569:

Klein, "Population growth and mortality in British India: Part II: The demographic revolution", p. 42

15051: 13517: 13174:

Tarin, Omer; Dando, Neal (Autumn 2010). "Memoirs of the Second World War: Major Shaukat Hayat Khan".

10502: 10497:

1931 census: Includes all "No religion" (153 persons), "Indefinite Beliefs" (940 persons), "Chinese (

10024: 9984: 9974: 9449: 9043: 8392: 8264: 7654: 7572: 7494: 7351: 6593: 5912:

during Mughal times to 54% by the end of colonial period. India's per capita GDP decreased from 1990

5694: 5630: 5420:) and allowed to vote, and the other half, comprising Indians and domiciled Britons in India (termed 5378: 5347: 5220: 4999:

was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal, Bihar and Orissa.

4207: 4154: 3926: 3527: 3306:, staying on as its first governor-general came into being; with official ceremonies taking place in 2632: 2515: 2478:

With the end of World War I, there was also a change in the economic climate. By the end of 1919, 1.5

2365: 2332: 1970: 1447: 1343:, 1901, by Naoroji, Member, British Parliament (1892–1895), and Congress president (1886, 1893, 1906) 278: 24918: 19901:

Major, Andrea (2011). "Tall tales and true: India, historiography and British imperial imaginings".

18117: 16171: 15016: 14725:

Hurd, John M. (1983). "Irrigation and Railways: Railways". In Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (eds.).

13645:"Clemency" Canning: Charles John, 1st Earl Canning, Governor-General and Viceroy of India, 1856–1862 10305:

Urdu was also given official status in large parts of northern India, as were vernaculars elsewhere.

5467:), each of whom earned a salary of Rs. 66,000 p.a. (£4,950 p.a.). The portfolios in 1946–1947 were: 4603:

over 175 princely states, some of the largest and most important, was exercised (in the name of the

1687:, map of the British Indian Empire, 1909, showing the majority religions based on the Census of 1901 28370: 27855: 27711: 27686: 27455: 27084: 27036: 27026: 26986: 26976: 26610: 26565: 26525: 26499: 26479: 26256: 26205: 26163: 26044: 26028: 25668: 25593: 25240: 24538: 24518: 24483: 24436: 24390: 23742: 23558: 23305: 23013: 22960: 22868: 22826: 22790: 22744: 22359: 22008: 21950: 21518: 21493: 21030: 20729: 20709: 20569: 20429: 20387: 20007:

Whitehead, Clive (2005). "The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India".

10490:

1872 census: Includes all "Others" (5,025,721 persons) and "Not Known" (425,175 persons) responses.

9909: 8823: 8663: 7537: 7445: 7071: 5994:

shows 69 million Muslims and 217 million Hindus out of a total population of 316 million.

5977: 5690: 5409: 5309: 5259: 5213: 4187: 4065: 3792: 3746:

Report of Public Services Commission of 1886–87, creation of the Imperial Civil Service (later the

3520: 3442: 3032: 2862: 2712:. Gandhi subsequently led an expanded movement of civil disobedience, culminating in 1930 with the 2657: 2591: 2443: 2379: 2270: 2121: 1981: 1951: 1782: 1771: 1703: 1563: 1421: 1417: 1359: 1294: 1275: 1207:), a year from completion, was closed to navigation in 1904 to increase irrigation during a famine. 1110: 1006: 734: 388: 14118: 13768:

The administration of the Marquis of Lansdowne as Viceroy and Governor-general of India, 1888–1894

13694: 12123: 3877:

in Bombay (1896), Bubonic plague in Calcutta (1898); riots in wake of plague prevention measures.

3831:

Fall of the rupee, resulting from the steady depreciation of silver currency worldwide (1873–93).

2454:. It presented its report in July 1918 and identified three regions of conspiratorial insurgency: 1085: 28365: 27958: 27946: 27916: 27578: 27525: 27299: 27069: 27021: 26912: 26875: 26865: 26860: 26605: 26530: 26454: 25930: 25446: 25279: 24416: 24108: 24091: 24081: 24056: 23900: 23626: 23522: 23354: 23229: 23197: 23178: 22844: 22796: 22738: 22447: 22391: 21770: 21238: 21208: 20945: 20925: 20760: 20669: 20392: 20382: 20372: 20362: 18580: 16969: 13772: 13169: 11464: 10537: 10014: 9979: 9814: 9594: 9143: 8695: 8624: 8028: 7767: 7638: 7303: 6867: 5991: 5973: 5753:

The railway network of India in 1909, when it was the fourth largest railway network in the world

4559: 4456: 4301: 4262: 4223: 3957: 3777: 3756: 3731: 3684: 3665: 3299: 3145: 3105: 2870: 2717: 2595: 2531: 1957:

At the onset of World War I, the reassignment of most of the British army in India to Europe and

1778:

and District Boards were created for local administration; they included elected Indian members.

1741: 1732: 1719: 1498: 1386: 1321: 19506:

Race, Sex, and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and Their Critics, 1793–1905

15791:(Supplement to Commerce Reports ed.). Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. p. 46. 11591: 7742: 7653:

with a focus on "education, health ministry, and evangelism". In the 1790s, Christians from the

2775:, three places to the right of Gandhi (to the viewer's left) at the 2nd Round Table Conference. 28423: 28313: 27953: 27909: 27784: 27716: 27706: 27671: 27309: 27304: 27153: 26966: 26961: 26907: 26828: 26598: 26593: 26570: 26406: 25893: 25646: 25641: 25628: 25583: 25451: 25136: 25051: 24898: 24610: 24543: 24411: 24360: 24292: 24192: 24182: 23980: 23915: 23722: 23651: 22993: 22974: 22850: 22814: 22586: 22574: 22473: 22353: 22341: 22229: 22184: 22172: 21806: 21463: 21373: 21368: 20609: 20548: 20440: 20367: 20357: 18451: 18416: 18395: 17743: 16268: 15011: 13145: 11545: 9929: 9904: 9854: 9794: 9379: 9315: 9113: 8329: 8204: 7731: 7615: 7567: 7545: 7533: 7456: 7402: 7384: 5386:. The governor-general in the capital, Calcutta, and the governor in a subordinate presidency ( 4910: 4586: 4358: 4296: 4212: 4179: 3429: 3087: 2934: 2669: 2084: 1378: 1374: 909: 559: 19745:

Tirthankar, Roy (2014), "Financing the Raj: the City of London and colonial India 1858–1940",

18233: 16346: 13483: 13391: 11379: 11229: 11192: 11099: 11057: 11010: 7325:

became one of the four recognised colleges for teaching courses leading to degrees (alongside

6821: 5563:

and subdivided into districts, which were the basic administrative units and each headed by a

5007:

In addition, there were a few minor provinces that were administered by a chief commissioner:

2327:

In 1916, in the face of new strength demonstrated by the nationalists with the signing of the

1797:

The partition of Bengal was rescinded in 1911 and announced at the Delhi Durbar at which King

1073: 28274: 28147: 28132: 28001: 27978: 27696: 27546: 27470: 27422: 27412: 27001: 26949: 26934: 26375: 26296: 26225: 26220: 26013: 25978: 25920: 25836: 25703: 25563: 25526: 25509: 25408: 25301: 25121: 25101: 25081: 24944: 24908: 24863: 24808: 24600: 24595: 24370: 24317: 24142: 24051: 24020: 23960: 23910: 23692: 23682: 23532: 23138: 22293: 22070: 22052: 21861: 21795: 21662: 21601: 21428: 21213: 21158: 20990: 20950: 20755: 20674: 20619: 20604: 20554: 20542: 20419: 19828: 19256:

Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947

17346: 15378: 13749: 12430: 12059:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. 11: Material Progress and World-Wide Problems, 1870–98

11346: 11256: 11155: 10973: 10198: 10105: 9964: 9934: 9799: 9754: 9584: 9223: 9213: 9183: 8915: 8895: 8756: 8125: 8087: 7991: 7961: 7751: 7487: 7394: 7330: 7322: 7253: 7230: 7165: 7056: 7008: 5969: 5943: 5678: 5584: 5351: 5333: 5098: 4794: 4578: 4444: 4311: 4272: 4217: 4175: 4137: 3988: 3597: 3531: 3516: 3474: 2829: 2739: 2412: 2387: 2336: 2157: 1989: 1958: 1775: 1737: 1607: 1443: 1139: 833: 790: 738: 573: 514: 20: 24272: 20144: 20048:

The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources

19777:, New Cambridge History of India, vol. III.3, Cambridge University Press, p. 109, 19137: 18625:, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. pp. 316, 18587:, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. pp. 400, 18127:(1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498–1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin. 17910: 16298: 15250:

Rajat Kanta Ray, "Indian Society and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1765–1818", in

15055: 13710: 13539:, even if there had been the men, money, and administrative machinery with which to do so." 13523:

quo. We have no longer the resources, nor the necessary prestige or confidence in ourselves.

13137: 12218:

Ranbir Vohra, The Making of India: A Historical Survey (Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, Inc, 1997), 120

7275:

Fevers ranked as one of the leading causes of death in India in the 19th century. Britain's

7268:

against cholera and bubonic plague. In 1925 the Plague Laboratory in Bombay was renamed the

5986: 4581:

in India from 1600 to 1858. The term has also been used to refer to the "British in India".

1754:

in which Hindus had battled their Muslim oppressors. Lastly, the Muslim elite, and among it

1726:. Although Curzon, by now, had resigned his position over a dispute with his military chief 28059: 27794: 27732: 27701: 27691: 27651: 27646: 27385: 27324: 27178: 26971: 26954: 26431: 25398: 25106: 25025: 24989: 24939: 24798: 24723: 24508: 24385: 24177: 23952: 23930: 23925: 23890: 23832: 23443: 23261: 23174: 23108: 23086: 22987: 22947: 22856: 22820: 22758: 22683: 22371: 22106: 22100: 22094: 21513: 21468: 21403: 21348: 21293: 21178: 21083: 21040: 20995: 20915: 20815: 20659: 20564: 20414: 18661: 17572: 13112: 13106: 12904:"Politics, Intelligence and Elections in Late Colonial India: Congress and the Raj in 1937" 11472: 10947: 10600: 10193: 10161: 10044: 9899: 9884: 9829: 9470: 7793: 7511: 7215: 5810:

India as they were "an essential strategic, defensive, subjugators and administrative 'tool

4461: 3948: 3747: 3697: 3425: 3421: 3279: 3041: 3040:

for help in gaining India's independence by force. With Japanese support, he organised the

2866: 2743:

Legislative Assemblies. A voter could cast a vote only for candidates in his own category.

2724: 2488: 2451: 2447: 2117: 2047: 2001: 1947: 1669: 1391: 1370: 770: 545: 19995:

Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?".

18497:, Studies in the Social Sciences, vol. V, Iowa City: The University, pp. 79–81, 16083: 15098:

Lines of the Nation: Indian Railway Workers, Bureaucracy, and the Intimate Historical Self

7763: 927:, which was referred to coastal regions and northern part of the island at that time (now 872:. This area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the 801:

was also part of British India at the inception of the British Raj, and became a separate

8: 28350: 28343: 28338: 28137: 28074: 28064: 27860: 27828: 27799: 27193: 27148: 27112: 27031: 26838: 26815: 26588: 26411: 26183: 26092: 25748: 25718: 25695: 25663: 25494: 25431: 25294: 25284: 25131: 25076: 24913: 24903: 24888: 24878: 24843: 24773: 24688: 24658: 24605: 24322: 24076: 24071: 23970: 23965: 23732: 23687: 23646: 23551: 22922: 22725: 22632: 22580: 22467: 22455: 22435: 22423: 22335: 22126: 22038: 21498: 21443: 21328: 21323: 21218: 21198: 21123: 20920: 20900: 20895: 20890: 20865: 20704: 20120: 19658:

Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002), "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link",

16320: 15579:

Waterfield, Henry; Great Britain India Office Statistics AND Commerce Department (1872).

11157:

Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain

10465: 10187: 9824: 9552: 9399: 9093: 9073: 8485: 8433: 7775: 7759: 7747: 7607: 7584: 7419: 7326: 7314:. Between 1868 and 1907, there were approximately 4.7 million deaths from smallpox. 6968: 6936: 5859: 5787: 5698: 5383: 5193: 4448: 4426: 4404: 4396: 4350: 4241: 4171: 4149: 4121: 3849: 3415: 3317: 3260: 3177: 3109: 3045: 3028: 3016: 3012:, did not support the Cripps Mission and negotiations with the Congress soon broke down. 2926: 2918: 2841: 2701: 2664:

In 1920, after the British government refused to back down, Gandhi began his campaign of

2055: 2051: 1985: 1931: 1912: 1459: 1298: 1290: 1259: 1040: 897: 873: 719: 695: 682: 623: 160: 25613: 20170: 19519:

Derbyshire, I. D. (1987), "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914",

18585:

Imperial Power and Popular Politics: Class, Resistance and the State in India, 1850–1950

17748:

Indian Society and the Making of the British Empire (The New Cambridge History of India)

13766: 13688: 11486: 11040:

schooled in British mores, primed to participate in public life, and loyal to the Crown.

7820: 3244:, with the stated goal of highlighting, peacefully, the demand for a Muslim homeland in 1984:, organised political activity by the Congress had remained fragmented until 1914, when 28294: 28279: 28246: 28196: 28159: 27936: 27899: 27769: 27676: 27631: 27626: 27465: 27450: 27429: 27359: 27334: 27279: 27168: 27163: 27158: 26855: 26355: 26230: 26200: 26153: 26120: 25935: 25541: 25426: 25348: 25328: 25289: 25030: 24853: 24848: 24813: 24793: 24768: 24763: 24758: 24753: 24748: 24733: 24728: 24673: 24580: 24426: 24297: 24187: 24167: 24123: 24066: 24061: 24038: 24005: 23995: 23985: 23867: 23168: 23150: 23090: 22981: 22707: 22669: 22645: 22626: 22517: 22064: 21990: 21956: 21855: 21838: 21764: 21682: 21528: 21448: 21378: 21363: 21273: 21263: 21173: 21163: 21148: 21133: 21113: 21088: 20960: 20905: 20629: 20599: 20494: 20474: 20424: 20322: 20248: 20024: 19918: 19889: 19808: 19762: 19720: 19712: 19677: 19646: 19544: 19536: 19501:(4th ed. 1952), 677 pp. thorough scholarly coverage; focus on 20th century down to 1939 19428: 19420: 19344: 19327:

Satya, Laxman D. (2008). "British Imperial Railways in Nineteenth Century South Asia".

19294: 19251: 19040: 19032: 18906: 18895: 18867: 18569: 18223: 18073: 16774: 16245: 16220: 15848: 15818: 15760: 15731: 15701: 15643: 15613: 15584: 15552: 15498: 15138: 14976: 14667: 14659: 14642:

I. D. Derbyshire (1987). "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914".

14587: 14482: 14478: 14361: 14099: 13258: 13210: 12926: 12848: 12840: 12805: 12797: 12732: 12201: 10737: 10729: 10029: 9889: 9869: 9514: 9123: 9033: 8803: 8793: 8726: 8675: 8381: 8297: 8011: 7951: 7269: 5930: 5895:

In the second half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of India by the

5702: 5606: 5596: 5247: 5205: 5156: 4503: 4366: 4345: 4129: 3899: 3856: 3631: 3570: 3272: 3159: 3141: 2938: 2680: 2172: 2067: 1946:

in 1920 and participated, under the name "Les Indes Anglaises" (British India), in the

1755: 893: 754: 742: 605: 429: 170: 20243: 20238: 16197: 12062: 28333: 28323: 28318: 28221: 28206: 27941: 27823: 27818: 27681: 27661: 27656: 27568: 27563: 27380: 27329: 27140: 26939: 26803: 26504: 26158: 25713: 25636: 25358: 25343: 25056: 25046: 25009: 24883: 24868: 24743: 24713: 24683: 24678: 24653: 24590: 24585: 24575: 24446: 24395: 24282: 24277: 24000: 23636: 23621: 23528: 23114: 22732: 22697: 22429: 22317: 22265: 22259: 22243: 22082: 22076: 22026: 21996: 21926: 21672: 21503: 21488: 21388: 21283: 21243: 21168: 21073: 21045: 21005: 20830: 20614: 20574: 20537: 20499: 20479: 20469: 20352: 20342: 20076: 20028: 19988: 19922: 19864: 19834: 19812: 19778: 19766: 19724: 19597: 19558:

edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1, 2001), pp. 515–521. online emphasis on Raj.

19548: 19432: 19380: 19361: 19336: 19277: 19259: 19238: 19200: 19161: 19143: 19133: 19120: 19112: 19091: 19056: 19044: 18991: 18985: 18954: 18932: 18914: 18899: 18871: 18823: 18771: 18736: 18707: 18671: 18647: 18626: 18607: 18588: 18573: 18529: 18461: 18426: 18403: 18382: 18355: 18329: 18285: 18261: 18239: 18196: 18189: 18171: 18136: 18085: 18077: 18048: 18027: 17984: 17966: 17935: 17872: 17842: 17822: 17816: 17794: 17772: 17751: 17729: 17640: 17523: 17452: 17352: 17289: 17188: 17163: 17134: 17105: 17077: 17052: 17027: 16998: 16973: 16912: 16883: 16858: 16826: 16778: 16394: 16352: 16250: 16048: 15556: 15449: 15353: 15196: 15142: 15101: 15061: 15025: 14996: 14980: 14817:

Technology and the Raj: Western Technology and Technical Transfers to India 1700–1947

14783: 14758: 14730: 14690: 14671: 14622: 14591: 14445: 14397: 14365: 14138: 14103: 14091: 13948: 13926: 13487: 13476: 13397: 13262: 13214: 13149: 13138: 13116: 12930: 12852: 12809: 12342: 12205: 12011: 11739: 11722:

Ernst, W. (1996). "European Madness and Gender in Nineteenth-century British India".

11551: 11515: 11442: 11432: 11385: 11352: 11327: 11326:, Oxford World's Classics: Authors in Context, Oxford University Press, p. 160, 11296: 11262: 11235: 11198: 11161: 11105: 11065: 11016: 10979: 10930: 10896: 10864: 10833: 10805: 10776: 10741: 10721: 10340:(reigned January to December 1936), did not issue any Indian currency under his name. 10147: 10039: 10009: 9919: 9914: 9859: 9804: 9634: 9524: 9503: 9459: 9429: 9133: 9063: 9053: 9023: 8505: 8467: 8347: 8099: 7727: 7650: 7410: 7380: 7318: 7257: 6976: 6940: 6912: 6056: 5762: 5445: 5391: 5387: 5208:

authority prior to the advent of British Raj was finally abolished and seized by the

4862: 4754: 4710: 4676: 4362: 3433: 3361:

Silver one rupee coins showing Edward VII, King-Emperor, 1903 (left) and 1908 (right)

3303: 3291: 3287: 3268: 3256: 3241: 3009: 2954: 2942: 2914: 2499: 2459: 2435: 2420: 2088: 2080: 2010: 1993: 1943: 1759: 1590: 1559: 1506: 1483: 1408: 1355: 1325: 1177: 1010: 948: 936: 817: 762: 527: 83: 53: 19893: 19650: 19448: 19358:

Community and Consensus in Islam: Muslim Representation in Colonial India, 1860–1947

15933: 15610:"Report on the census of British India, taken on the 17th February 1881 ..., Vol. 2" 11763:"'Send the Mild Hindoo:' The Simultaneous Expansion of British Suffrage and Empire∗" 1097: 28261: 28216: 28211: 28111: 28084: 27931: 27742: 27616: 27611: 27606: 27556: 27445: 27400: 27221: 27130: 26902: 26780: 26775: 26770: 26760: 26489: 26449: 26380: 26082: 25910: 25900: 25870: 25262: 25072: 25036: 24954: 24778: 24548: 24493: 24456: 24431: 24421: 24355: 24307: 24237: 24232: 24227: 24222: 24217: 24207: 24202: 23895: 23641: 23485: 23418: 23410: 23402: 23330: 23241: 23209: 23096: 22896: 22808: 22593: 22119: 22112: 22014: 21899: 21847: 21692: 21606: 21483: 21453: 21433: 21408: 21398: 21338: 21248: 21193: 21188: 21078: 21000: 20825: 20780: 20765: 20689: 20664: 20634: 20397: 20337: 20016: 19984: 19910: 19881: 19860: 19800: 19754: 19704: 19667: 19638: 19528: 19410: 19235:

England's Debt to India: A Historical Narrative of Britain's Fiscal Policy in India

19181: 19024: 18911:

The tentacles of progress: technology transfer in the age of imperialism, 1850–1940

18887: 18857: 18849: 18561: 17281: 16766: 16724: 16240: 16232: 15544: 15490: 15413: 15188: 15130: 15021: 14968: 14651: 14579: 14537: 14474: 14437: 14353: 14130: 14081: 13250: 13202: 13102: 12918: 12832: 12789: 12724: 12193: 11731: 10713: 10034: 9969: 9939: 9924: 9879: 9864: 9849: 9819: 9714: 9409: 9193: 9103: 8982: 8972: 8925: 8854: 8833: 8423: 8413: 8252: 8187: 7890: 7507: 7372: 7307: 7214:, in which 1.25 to 10 million Indians perished. Recent research, including work by 7041: 6992: 6980: 6863: 5355: 5289: 4932: 4439: 4435: 4400: 4100: 3982:

Inauguration of agricultural banking with Cooperative Credit Societies Act of 1904

3943: 3658: 3639: 3456: 3295: 3113: 2922: 2882: 2850: 2772: 2691: 2676: 2636: 2523: 2215: 1855: 1810: 1802: 1699: 1635: 1502: 1317: 1064: 940: 932: 750: 657: 200: 155: 87: 21733: 19791:

Tomlinson, Brian Roger (October 1975), "India and the British Empire, 1880–1935",

19156:

Moore, Robin J. (2001a), "Imperial India, 1858–1914", in Porter, Andrew N. (ed.),

19106:

Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India

19015:

Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India",

18546: 17348:

Going Global: Transnational Perspectives on Globalization, Language, and Education

15640:"Census of India, 1891. General tables for British provinces and feudatory states" 14556: 14086: 14069: 10895:. New Cambridge History of India series. Cambridge University Press. p. 122. 7908: 7222:, argue that famines in India were made more severe by British policies in India. 4330:

Burma administered independently after 1937 with creation of new cabinet position

2704:: "complete independence"), or Purna Swarajya. The declaration was drafted by the 28360: 28284: 28226: 28191: 27872: 27850: 27774: 27551: 26675: 26670: 26660: 26653: 26421: 26276: 26261: 26087: 25970: 25471: 25235: 25223: 24949: 24698: 24668: 24663: 24523: 24513: 24478: 24468: 24451: 24287: 24242: 24157: 23875: 23850: 23697: 23438: 23215: 23144: 22935: 22874: 22713: 22397: 22299: 22002: 21641: 21631: 21533: 21438: 21383: 21298: 21278: 21098: 21068: 21063: 21020: 21010: 20975: 20970: 20935: 20860: 20785: 20624: 20347: 20221: 20210: 20197: 20191: 20070: 19914: 19758: 19591: 19483: 19321: 19311: 19304: 19224: 18817: 18799: 18765: 18751: 18641: 18492: 18455: 18420: 18321: 18315: 18279: 18165: 18042: 17960: 17836: 17786: 17766: 17590: 17579: 17544:"Batting for the British Empire: how Victorian cricket was more than just a game" 17517: 17423:"What India was crazy about: Hockey first, Cricket later, Football, Kabaddi now?" 16932: 16770: 16503: 16154: 16109: 16090: 16071: 15852: 15844: 15822: 15814: 15786: 15764: 15756: 15735: 15727: 15705: 15697: 15669: 15647: 15639: 15617: 15609: 15588: 15580: 15254:: vol. 2, "The Eighteenth Century" ed. by P. J. Marshall, (1998), pp. 508–29 15134: 13991: 13855: 13668: 13643: 12968: 12336: 12232: 12069: 11468: 11436: 11290: 10558: 10133: 9492: 9481: 9439: 9419: 9337: 9304: 8885: 8813: 8773: 8685: 8645: 8607: 8525: 7680: 7676: 7630:

being built in 1847. By 1930, the Church of India, Burma and Ceylon had fourteen

7464: 7441: 7413: 7376: 7203: 6972: 6851: 5934: 5127: 4590: 4498: 4382: 4133: 3781: 3605: 3537: 3470: 3229: 3185: 3083: 2713: 2618: 2246: 1922: 1439: 1251: 1161: 1134: 1002: 123: 95: 25603: 18643:

India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms

14876:

Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862

14689:. Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India. pp. 1–19. 12719:

Sayer, Derek (May 1991). "British Reaction to the Amritsar Massacre 1919–1920".

12338:

India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms

4629:

provinces that were administered either by a governor or a lieutenant-governor.

28387: 28355: 28301: 28251: 28241: 28142: 27963: 27845: 27621: 26756: 26484: 26474: 26286: 26195: 26148: 26143: 26115: 26072: 26067: 26003: 25608: 25598: 25368: 25274: 25091: 24873: 24858: 24823: 24563: 24558: 24441: 24375: 24247: 23905: 23880: 23785: 23702: 23656: 23323: 23311: 23156: 22772: 22701: 22690: 22479: 22441: 22347: 22311: 22305: 22271: 21812: 21735: 21473: 21423: 21413: 21393: 21358: 21318: 21303: 21025: 20955: 20940: 20880: 20870: 20699: 20589: 20459: 20434: 20409: 20307: 20260: 19847:

Durant, Will (2011, reprint). The case for India. New York: Simon and Schuster.

19804: 19672: 19415: 19185: 19007:(2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt; also published as Khan, Yasmin. 18853: 18488: 18229: 18213: 18124: 18097: 18019: 16321:"Punjab disturbances, April 1919; compiled from the Civil and military gazette" 16236: 15548: 15478: 15180: 14972: 14840: 14750: 14583: 14541: 14429: 14357: 13913: 13800: 13393:

His Majesty's Opponent: Subhas Chandra Bose and India's Struggle against Empire

13254: 12197: 11095: 10562: 10275: 10267: 10219: 10156: 9702: 9654: 9348: 9326: 9294: 9272: 9233: 9163: 9153: 9013: 8746: 8556: 8058: 8001: 7835: 7812: 7261: 6952: 6473: 5949: 5846: 5803: 5794: 5649: 5280:

in the provincial governments in the presidencies (and later in the provinces).

5188:

A Princely State, also called a Native State or an Indian State, was a British

5183: 5121: 4868: 4828: 4666: 4554: 4535: 4469: 4431: 4408: 3922: 3874: 3860: 3825:

Railways, roads, and irrigation works begun in Burma. Border between Burma and

3812: 3802: 3741: 3635: 3464: 3326: 3168: 3079: 3064: 3060: 3005: 2930: 2837: 2780: 2431: 2416: 2205: 2130: 1851: 1242: 1025: 924: 901: 825: 746: 723: 219: 193: 119: 20020: 19885: 19708: 19642: 19532: 19028: 18891: 18565: 17997:

Majumdar, Ramesh Chandra; Raychaudhuri, Hemchandra; Datta, Kalikinkar (1950),

17869:

India 1885–1947: The Unmaking of an Empire (Seminar Studies in History Series)

17484:"How India came to love cricket, favored sport of its colonial British rulers" 17226: 15304:

P.J. Marshall (1998). "The British in Asia: Trade to Dominion, 1700–1765", in

14753:(2001). "The pattern of railway development in India". In Kerr, Ian J. (ed.). 14655: 13944:

Poor Relations: The Making of a Eurasian Community in British India, 1773–1833

12836: 12793: 10773:

A Dictionary of Languages: The definitive reference to more than 400 languages

10717: 5559:

Each province or presidency comprised a number of divisions, each headed by a

3314:

on 15 August. This was done so that Mountbatten could attend both ceremonies.

1820: 1541:, 1909, showing "Mother India" with her progeny and the slogan "Vande Mataram" 28417: 28289: 28152: 27877: 27395: 27354: 26682: 26638: 26535: 26110: 26049: 26018: 25998: 25993: 25436: 24738: 24503: 24498: 23920: 23778: 23737: 23717: 23364: 23184: 22365: 22249: 21418: 21343: 21308: 21268: 21183: 21153: 21143: 21128: 21015: 20985: 20965: 20694: 20223:

The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial

19340: 18837: 17644: 17293: 16664: 16568: 16413: 16147: 16102: 15357: 15346:"Independence Day: How the British pulled off a $ 45 trillion heist in India" 14142: 14095: 13896:

Imperial Gazetteer of India, volume IV, published under the authority of the

13848: 12728: 10725: 10362: 10274:, not of the British Raj, i.e. the British Indian Empire, which included the 10271: 9624: 9564: 9389: 8783: 8736: 8716: 8590: 8573: 8535: 8515: 8450: 8234: 8224: 8214: 8157: 7713:

into the sort of English landlords that controlled local affairs in England.

7460: 7406: 7355: 5939: 5916:

550 in 1700 to $ 520 by 1857, although it later increased to $ 618, by 1947.

5896: 5708: 5686: 5677:

in 1813, the importation into India of British manufactured goods, including

5613: 5313: 5201: 5197: 5037: 4968: 4924: 4732: 4429:

becomes, at 2.5 million men, the largest all-volunteer force in history.

4057: 3786: 3245: 2889: 2804: 2800: 2644: 2463: 2391: 2344: 2298: 2257:. The following year Gandhi launched two more Satyagrahas—both in his native 1847: 1624: 1615: 1566:

and the Hindu-majority province of West Bengal (present-day Indian states of

1407:(1883), a legislative measure that had proposed putting Indian judges in the 1233: 1229: 1126: 1102: 1090: 1078: 881: 496: 79: 24267: 20216:

Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895 to 1896 to 1904–05

15270:"Impact of British Rule on India: Economic, Social and Cultural (1757–1857)" 14134: 13923:

Mapping an Empire: The Geographical Construction of British India, 1765–1843

12952:

Empire, politics and the creation of the 1935 India Act: last act of the Raj

11665: 7553:

degree. The government, often working with local philanthropists, opened 186

2359:) was passed in December 1919. The new Act enlarged both the provincial and 1382: 27405: 27375: 26922: 26385: 26102: 25988: 25588: 25553: 24828: 24350: 24312: 24212: 23795: 23394: 23102: 22663: 22657: 22638: 22403: 22138: 22045: 21984: 21978: 21621: 21508: 21138: 21103: 21093: 21035: 20835: 20739: 20649: 20639: 20404: 20332: 20317: 19931:

The Origins of Modern Historiography in India: Antiquarianism and Philology

18964: 18275: 18253: 18184: 17812: 17049:

The Proceedings of the 21st Annual History of Medicine Days Conference 2012

16254: 15725: 13897: 11743: 11547:

The Indian encyclopaedia: biographical, historical, religious ..., Volume 6

10498: 10119: 9744: 9734: 9614: 9604: 9534: 9369: 9359: 9243: 9173: 8955: 8875: 8495: 8359: 8307: 8175: 7875: 7865: 7785: 7498: 7225: 7210:, in which 6.1 million to 10.39 million Indians perished and the 6413: 5926: 5819: 5720: 5588: 5343: 5293: 5189: 4836: 4508: 4339: 4335: 4145: 4104: 4096: 3935: 3643: 3091: 3048:. As the war turned against them, the Japanese came to support a number of 2904:

While the Muslim League had been a small elite group in 1927 with only 1300

2696: 2622: 2527: 2495: 2395: 2328: 2138: 2126: 2071: 2034: 1974: 1893: 1832: 1814: 1263: 987: 956: 905: 462: 20116: 19377:

Region and Partition: Bengal, Punjab and the Partition of the Subcontinent

14070:"علم الإشارة في سورة الفاتحة من خلال تفسير معارف القرآن للکاندهلوي نموذجا" 11735: 11635: 7528: 3714:

Repeal of import duties on cotton and of most tariffs. Railway extension.

3332: 2017:, had also sporadically claimed guardianship of the Islamic holy sites of 1702:, a founder of the Muslim League, was to also become the president of the 1228:

In the second half of the 19th century, both the direct administration of

1024:

The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by

733:

This system of governance was instituted on 28 June 1858, when, after the

28306: 27510: 27125: 27120: 26848: 26665: 26648: 26540: 26135: 26077: 26059: 26023: 25230: 25218: 25198: 24569: 24365: 24257: 24252: 24172: 23763: 23747: 23511: 23007: 22908: 22719: 22223: 21938: 21932: 21228: 21108: 20800: 20579: 19083: 18969:

The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan

18004:

Majumdar, R. C. ed. (1970). British paramountcy and Indian renaissance. (

17956: 17808: 16221:"Smallpox and Vaccination in British India During the Last Seventy Years" 15192: 14526: 14441: 12243: 12182:

McLane, John R. (July 1965). "The Decision to Partition Bengal in 1905".

10478: 10358: 10354: 10337: 9724: 9684: 9083: 8945: 8935: 7855: 7477: 7276: 7219: 5888: 5828: 5824: 5305: 4972: 4832: 4764: 4720: 4193: 3869: 3820: 3816: 3690: 2503: 2439: 2424: 2407: 1879: 1875: 1786: 1567: 1404: 1369:

avail itself of the benefits of that education such as employment in the

889: 885: 877: 869: 806: 786: 782: 710:

in contemporaneous usage and included areas directly administered by the

591: 255: 20209:(26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. 20125: 19348: 19274:

The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India)

19217: 17398:"Cricket, curry and cups of tea: India's influence on Victorian Britain" 17227:"Ideology and Empire in Eighteenth-Century India: the British in Bengal" 16728: 15516:

Khan, J.H. (2004). "Population growth and demographic change in India".

15306:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: vol. 2, The Eighteenth Century

15221: 13910:

The Statutes: From the Twentieth Year of King Henry the Third to the ...

11381:

Britain's Oceanic Empire: Atlantic and Indian Ocean Worlds, C. 1550–1850

7770:

and culture can be seen on Britain, too; for example, many Indian words

5790:

scheme. Further, there was no government regulation of these companies.

5339: 5250:

from 1852 to 1855; he shaped British education policy in India, and was

2509: 1521:

Congress moderate Sir Surendranath Banerjee led the opposition with the

781:

gained independence from Pakistan. At the inception of the Raj in 1858,

27349: 27241: 26643: 26327: 26125: 25421: 25311: 25203: 25182: 24615: 24553: 24472: 23712: 23677: 22784: 22765: 22508: 22287: 21906: 21826: 21478: 21253: 21203: 21118: 20770: 20654: 20489: 20141:

The lion and the tiger: the rise and fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

19681: 19401:

Tinker, Hugh (October 1968), "India in the First World War and after",

19230: 18084:, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. xxxiii, 372, 17932:

The Lion and the Tiger: The Rise and Fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947

17841:, vol. III (Revised ed.), New Delhi: Lotus Press, p. 2, 16687:"Vidurashwatha Massacre, the Forgotten Jallianwala Bagh of South India" 15502: 15093: 14486: 13206: 10468:" (140,422 persons), and "Other Christian" (135,462 persons) responses. 10455:" (349,863 persons), and "Other Hindu" (206,117,326 persons) responses. 10433: 10418: 10403: 10388: 10373: 10251: 9674: 9574: 9284: 7646: 6089: 5913: 5757: 5716: 5682: 5640: 5329: 4936: 4872: 4716: 4600: 3939: 3609: 3460: 3128:

Newly arrived Indian troops on the quayside in Singapore, November 1941

2728: 2563: 2292: 2250: 2163: 1750: 1745: 1714: 1400: 1197: 778: 231: 19716: 19540: 19480:

Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India

19424: 19036: 18862: 17285: 16112:– Medical History of British India, National Library of Scotland 2007. 14663: 13738:, (Dec 1960) 10#12 pp. 821–30, and (Jan 1961) 11#1 pp. 56–64 13241:

Gupta, Shyam Ratna (January 1972). "New Light on the Cripps Mission".

12844: 12801: 12736: 12148:

Tilak and Gokhale: revolution and reform in the making of modern India

11197:, Auteur (now an imprint of Liverpool University Press), p. 221, 10733: 10701: 10444:" (418,789 persons), and "Other Hindu" (18,898,884 persons) responses. 6652: 5749: 5741: 3976:

Systemisation of preservation and restoration of ancient monuments by

3200: 3108:(left) seconding the 1940 Lahore Resolution of the Muslim League with 3020:

students and later by peasant political groups, especially in Eastern

2311: 2305:, also known as the Montford Reforms or the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms 2230:; rather, it was the inability of Indians to create a modern society. 1269: 1164:, the fourth largest in the world. Railway construction began in 1853. 26843: 25269: 25151: 24974: 24964: 24533: 23840: 23727: 23430: 22283: 22032: 21819: 21458: 21353: 21313: 21288: 21223: 20885: 20875: 20775: 18819:

Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India

18379:

Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces, 1820–1920

14899: 14465:

Peter Robb (November 1981). "British Rule and Indian "Improvement"".

13619:

Ian Talbot and Gurharpal Singh, The Partition of India (2009), passim

12982: 12980: 12978: 12922: 10452: 10441: 10437: 10429: 10422: 10414: 10407: 10399: 10392: 10384: 10377: 10369: 10350: 10235: 9644: 7750:

at a match. Cricket, a British-origin sport, has been described as a

7614:

chaplains in India. Following the arrival of the Church of England's

7365: 5235: 5209: 5043: 4888: 4880: 4772: 4728: 4680: 4604: 4108:

King George V announces creation of new city of New Delhi to replace

3311: 3252: 3192: 3053: 2266: 2234: 2214:—the boycott of manufactured foreign goods and the revival of Indian 2075: 2033:

in 1911, a decision that was seen as ill-disposed to Muslims. In the

2026: 1980:

After the 1906 split between the moderates and the extremists in the

1650: 1596: 1469: 1222:, the Liberal Viceroy of India, who instituted the Famine Code. 1880. 928: 691: 267: 140: 26416: 18944: 18706:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 400, pp. 108–146, 17453:"World Cup 2022: How football fever is gripping cricket-crazy India" 17102:

Imperialism as Diaspora: Race, Sexuality, and History in Anglo-India

16952:

Tinnevelly 1896; Nagpur 1903; Dornakal 1912; Assam 1915; Nasik 1929.

16445: 15939: 15784: 15494: 15418: 10956:

raj: (often cap; in India) rule, esp. the British rule prior to 1947

7482: 6237: 5575: 4544:

India during the British Raj was made up of two types of territory:

3695:

Local Government Acts extend self-government from towns to country.

2621:

after the non-co-operation movement. Standing, fourth from right is

2469: 2144: 23:. For British directly-ruled administrative divisions in India, see 27246: 26281: 25531: 25257: 25247: 25111: 24994: 24984: 24803: 24302: 23574: 23358: 23273: 22552: 22504: 22253: 22180: 22166: 22162: 22132: 21920: 20820: 20464: 18953: 17308:

Hindu Nationalists in India: the rise of the Bharatiya Janata Party

16638: 16590: 14040: 14025: 14010: 13578:

portal to educational sources available in the India Office Records

13016: 13014: 10616:

Interpretation Act 1889 (52 & 53 Vict. c. 63), s. 18.

10464:

1941 census: Includes all "Indian Christian" (6,040,665 persons), "

9994: 8905: 8370: 8147: 8137: 7710: 7642: 7611: 7580: 7550: 7435: 7311: 7249: 6297: 6293: 6173: 6026: 5998:

The population of the territory that became the British Raj was 100

5685:" on India, while continental Europe and the United States erected 5580: 5274: 4688: 4109: 4092: 3930: 3911:

Financial Reform Act of 1899; Gold Reserve Fund created for India.

3596:

Gaikwad of Baroda dethroned for misgovernment; dominions passed to

3511: 3213: 2846: 2640: 2210: 1965:, to worry about the "risks involved in denuding India of troops". 1602: 1463: 952: 774: 758: 243: 134: 19088:

Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Ambiguity 1929–1942

17072:

Carpenter, Joel; Glanzer, Perry L.; Lantinga, Nicholas S. (2014).

16472:"Raebarali Munshiganj Massacre which reminded of Jallianwala Bagh" 13867: 13670:

John Laird Mair Lawrence, a viceroy of India, by William St. Clair

12975: 12229:

Swadeshi movement: The beginnings of student unrest in South India

6417: 2779:

is two places to Gandhi's right. Foreground, fourth from left, is

2734:

In 1935, after the Round Table Conferences, Parliament passed the

1258:, The Indian Famine Commission report was issued in 1880, and the 25656: 25651: 25004: 24959: 24934: 24488: 24197: 23815: 23768: 23707: 23631: 23585: 23267: 22600: 22560: 22153: 21910: 21869: 20980: 20106: 18929:

Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968

17047:

Lucyk, Kelsey; Loewenau, Aleksandra; Stahnisch, Frank W. (2017).

13985:. Vol. II. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1908. pp. 463, 470. 12989:"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947" 11666:"Maldives | History, Points of Interest, Location, & Tourism" 11407:"From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858–1947" 10802:

Making History in Iran: Education, Nationalism, and Print Culture

9203: 8108: 7789: 7662: 7631: 7391:

is commemorated annually on 27 January in the memory of victims.

7295: 7288: 7284: 7265: 6984: 6944: 6648: 6533: 6353: 5929:

raised the issue of India's position: he vehemently attacked the

5901: 5433: 5429: 4928: 4800: 4768: 4684: 4625:

At the turn of the 20th century, British India consisted of eight

4608: 3806: 3737: 3307: 3221: 2559: 2398:

as something "unworthy of England to offer and India to accept".

2370: 2258: 2134: 2105: 2096: 2087:, and Besant's in the rest of the country, but especially in the 1763: 1358:, lawyer, businessman, and president of the sixth session of the 794: 180: 18024:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, 400 pp.

16520:"The Salanga Massacre of 1922: Bangladesh's forgotten bloodbath" 14378:

Tazeen M. Murshid, "Law and Female Autonomy in Colonial India",

14068:

Ahmed, Waqas; Khan, Muhammad Hayat; Ul Haq, Sami (1 June 2022).

13052:

India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy

13011: 11974: 11972: 6537: 5661:

to Britain: despite a major famine that claimed between 6 and 10

1954:, the war led to calls for greater self-government for Indians. 1900:

in 1912 four years before she founded an Indian Home Rule League

1389:) and the attempts to control the vernacular press (e.g. in the 876:, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the 25828: 25208: 25086: 24999: 24262: 24162: 23805: 23661: 23277: 22652: 22417: 22195: 21800: 20504: 20096: 19577:

Gendering Colonial India: Reforms, Print, Caste and Communalism

18082:

A Concise History of Modern India (Cambridge Concise Histories)

17934:, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 280, 15638:

Baines, Jervoise Athelstane; India Census Commissioner (1891).

15637: 14319:, pp. 104–105, 108, "India – Government and Constitution". 11989: 11987: 10506: 9003: 7449: 7248:

thousand British troops and countless Indians died during this

7241: 7116: 6022: 5905: 5766: 5601: 5441: 5437: 5192:

in India with an indigenous nominal Indian ruler, subject to a

4884: 4876: 4840: 4355:

Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II

3933:

as a national gallery of Indian antiquities, art, and history.

3701: 3651:: 5.25 million dead; reduced relief offered at expense of 3217: 2687: 2614: 2555: 2455: 2242: 2226: 2220: 2200: 2180: 2022: 1950:

in Antwerp. Back in India, especially among the leaders of the

1575: 1451: 1313: 1238: 1181: 944: 802: 690:, 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the rule of the British 91: 19009:

The Raj at War: A People's History Of India's Second World War

18352:

Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India

18328:(7th ed.), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 17895:(1932) 660 pp. online edition; also published as vol 5 of the 16423: 15216: 15214: 15212: 14997:"Water in British India: the making of a 'colonial hydrology'" 11145: 11012:

The Rise of English: Global Politics and the Power of Language

6006:

million according to the first census taken in 1881 of India.

4633:

Areas and populations (excluding the dependent Native States)

4269:

Indian Constitutional Round Table Conferences, London, 1930–32

2070:

were founded within the Indian National Congress by Tilak and

25252: 25213: 23543: 22778: 22500: 21972: 19214:

India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia

18690:

Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service",

18482:

Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World 1780–1830

17750:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press. pp. 248, 16639:"ANP to honour Hathi Khel massacre victims today - Newspaper" 16540:"The Salanga Massacre of 1922: History needs to be preserved" 15911: 15909: 15907: 15905: 15815:"Census of India 1931. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Imperial tables" 15730:. Calcutta, Supt. Govt. Print., India, 1913. pp. 37–42. 13550: 13359: 11969: 10509:)" (150,240 persons), and "Others" (1,065 persons) responses. 10263: 7427: 7423: 7120: 6233: 6018: 5799: 5645: 4760: 4724: 4672: 3965: 3652: 3286:), with Muhammad Ali Jinnah as the governor-general; and the 3031:, who had been a leader of the younger, radical, wing of the 2784: 2383: 2262: 2238: 2092: 2018: 1723: 1643:

boycott movement cut imports of British textiles by 25%. The

1571: 917: 766: 663: 20149:

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19160:, vol. III, Oxford University Press, pp. 422–446, 18980:(1986) excerpt and text search, focus on officials in London 18947:

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18685:

Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service

17583: 14292:, pp. 133–34, "India – Currency, Weights and Measures". 11984: 11292:

Sovereignty and the Responsibility to Protect: A New History

10477:

1881 census: Includes all "Tribal" (6,426,511 persons) and "

10254:

of The British Crown exercised through the Viceroy of India)

7340: 6477: 3706:

Famine Code promulgated in 1883 by the Government of India.

2972:

While the regular Indian army in 1939 included about 220,000

2301:, the secretary of state for India, whose report led to the 1606:("buy Indian") campaign led by two-time Congress president, 971:

The British Raj and surrounding countries are shown in 1909.

935:. These coastal regions were temporarily administered under 16:

British colonial rule on the Indian subcontinent (1858–1947)

28006: 24969: 23810: 23800: 23790: 23773: 22329: 18526:

Oxford History of the British Empire: The Twentieth Century

18222:(1936) covers Raj 1910–35 pp. 80–84, 282–291, 455–464 17221: 17219: 17217: 15726:

Edward Albert Gait, Sir; India Census Commissioner (1911).

15209: 14819:

ed, Roy Macleod and Deepak Kumar (London: Sage, 1995), 203.

14598: 13821:. Vol. I. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1909. p. 449. 10804:, Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, pp. 24–25, 9664: 3826: 1821:

1914–1918: First World War, Lucknow Pact, Home Rule leagues

1620: 1145: 164: 19173:

Moore, Robin J. "India in the 1940s", in Robin Winks, ed.

18604:

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15969: 15957: 15921: 15902: 15866: 15674:. The story of nations. G. P. Putnam's sons. p. 355. 15264: 15262: 15260: 14940: 14855: 14307:, pp. 106–107, "India – Government and Constitution". 14280:, pp. 103–105, "India – Government and Constitution". 14119:"Art and Politics: British Patronage in Delhi (1803–1857)" 13296: 12763: 12761: 12707:

The Amritsar Massacre: The Untold Story of One Fateful Day

10349:

1872 census: Includes all "Hindu" (187,937,450 persons), "

3712:. Creation of indigenous schools, especially for Muslims. 3689:

Repeal of Vernacular Press Act of 1878. Compromise on the

3255:

exhausted by the recently concluded World War II, and the

2339:, that the war would likely last longer, the new viceroy, 1762:, who hosted the League's first meeting in his mansion in 1613:

The rallying cry for both types of protest was the slogan

718:, and areas ruled by indigenous rulers, but under British 666: 19938:

Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India

17996: 17919:(6 vol 1914) online vol 2 on Asia pp. 1–328 on India 16170:. Smallpoxhistory.ucl.ac.uk. 18 July 2006. Archived from 15842: 14879:. New York: D. Appleton & Company. 1863. p. 690. 14527:"Tata, Jamshed Nasarwanji [Jamsetji] (1839–1904)" 14394:

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13686: 13371: 13176:

Durbar: Journal of the Indian Military Historical Society

12417: 12045: 11512:

A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present

11425: 10612: 10610: 7536:, established in 1857, is one of the three oldest modern 7204:

India experienced some of the worst famines ever recorded

6357: 6013:

million, and the three cities with populations over eight

5440:, required the final assent of the secretary of state in 5266:

made changes in the governance of India at three levels:

4005:

million in British India. About 170,000 are Europeans. 15

2964: 2639:

public garden in the predominantly Sikh northern city of

2438:

comprised four British and two Indian members, including

865: 110:

The British Raj in relation to the British Empire in 1909

20168: 19197:

Oxford History of the British Empire: Nineteenth Century

18457:

Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia

17214: 17071: 16269:"Smallpox – some unknown heroes in smallpox eradication" 16005: 14729:. Vol. 2. Cambridge University Press. p. 751. 14380:

Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh: Humanities

13630:

Vishnu's crowded temple: India since the Great Rebellion

13337: 13335: 12374: 11488:

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11441:, London: His Majesty's Stationery Office, p. xxx, 10582:. Calcutta: Manomohan Library. pp. 27, 55, 59, 144. 7726:

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7499:

presented his Whiggish interpretation of English history

6815: 5535:

nominated), while the Legislative Assembly comprised 141

4525: 2897:

With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the viceroy,

2690:, the Indian National Congress, under the presidency of 2683:, brought Gandhi back into the fold of active politics. 2276: 1438:

Social reform was in the air by the 1880s. For example,

988:

1858–1868: rebellion aftermath, critiques, and responses

19833:. Routledge reprint of 1930 first edition. p. 11. 19005:

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17671:"'The Revenge of Plassey': Football in the British Raj" 17272:

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11104:(3 ed.), Cambridge University Press, p. 393, 7661:, began doing missionary work in the Indian Empire. In 5262:(usually called the Indian Mutiny by the British), the 4607:) by the central government of British India under the 4266:

Appointment of Royal Commission of Indian Labour, 1929

3333:

Timeline of major events, legislation, and public works

706:. The region under British control was commonly called 19563:

The Economic History of India under early British Rule

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14757:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 83–85. 13747: 13347: 13274: 13272: 13140:

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11573:, 1926, Chapter X:Transition to British administration 10821: 10607: 10323:

Seated l. to r. are: Jiddhu Krisnamurthi, Besant, and

10296:

English was the language of the courts and government.

6891:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

6858:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

6826:

Timeline of major famines in India during British rule

2921:, and influential regional Muslim politicians such as 27055:

Bureau of Police Research and Development (BPR&D)

23383: 22516:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 20181: 18987:

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18523: 18422:

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18135:, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. pp. xvi, 163, 18026:, Cambridge and London: Cambridge University Press., 17907:

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17768:

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17095: 17093: 17065: 16937:. Bennett, Coleman & Company. 1940. p. 455. 15698:"Census of India 1901. Vol. 1A, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 15057:

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14334:, p. 108, "India – Government and Constitution". 13416: 13332: 11758:

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11047: 10593:

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6177: 5693:

Britain, India's most significant industrial sector,

5565:

district magistrate, collector or deputy commissioner

3153: 2510:

1919–1939: Jallianwala, non-cooperation, GOI Act 1935

2194:

Also, during his time in South Africa, in his essay,

675: 19175:

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18623:

Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947

17952:(5 vol 1999–2001), with numerous articles on the Raj 17726:

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17345:

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16297:. Grantmedicalcollege-jjhospital.org. Archived from 15890: 15878: 15757:"Census of India 1921. Vol. 1, India. Pt. 2, Tables" 14919: 14703: 14524:

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13771:. Office of the Supdt. of Government Print. p. 13516:, p. 106 Quote: By the end of 1945, he and the 10658: 10095: 2233:

Gandhi made his political debut in India in 1917 in

2183:

or "non-violence", which formed the underpinning of

660: 215:• 1858–1876 (Queen); 1876–1901 (Queen-Empress) 20226:(1908) business history, biographies, illustrations 20151:

The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015)

19291:

The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence

18733:

Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan

15945: 14827: 14825: 14782:. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. p. 149. 13798: 13690:

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13320: 13308: 13269: 12883: 11280: 11258:

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10893:

Indian Society and the making of the British Empire

10693: 4496:of the British Parliament enacted on 18 July 1947. 4070:

Appointment of Indian Factories Commission in 1909.

3909:

Return of the bubonic plague, 1 million deaths

3657:Creation of Famine Commission of 1878–80 under Sir 1316:, December 28, 1885. Third row (middle) (l. to r.) 1270:

1880s–1890s: middle class, Indian National Congress

685: 78:Political subdivisions of the British Raj in 1909. 26903:Governors, Lieutenant Governors and Administrators 19567:The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age 18694:, June 1982, 32#6 pp. 43–48, covers 1858–1947 18188: 17090: 17040: 17011: 15222:"Britain in India, Ideology and Economics to 1900" 14806:(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), 96. 14525: 13764: 13709: 13475: 11636:"Sikkim | History, Map, Capital, & Population" 11438:Constitutional relations between Britain and India 11064:, Oxford University Press, pp. 213–227, 222, 10884: 10764: 7734:, which specifically emphasises Hindu traditions. 7287:, finally proved in 1898 that mosquitoes transmit 5673:With the end of the state-granted monopoly of the 5567:; in 1947, British India comprised 230 districts. 3974:Reorganisation of Indian Universities Act (1904). 3917:Department (now Ministry) of Commerce and Industry 3776:Strengthening of NW Frontier defence. Creation of 3212:in Bombay in February 1946, followed by others in 2598:, collecting clothes to be burnt as a part of the 1651:1870s–1906: Muslim social movements, Muslim League 959:from 1887 to 1965, but not part of British India. 753:). It lasted until 1947, when the British Raj was 28444:Former British colonies and protectorates in Asia 19999:21.2 (2020), pp. 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, 18524:Brown, Judith M.; Louis, Wm. Roger, eds. (2001), 18381:, Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 374, 17903:The British in India: A Social History of the Raj 17147: 16957: 16844: 16842: 15379:"Did the British loot India? - History Reclaimed" 14678: 14051: 14049: 13383: 12986: 12612: 12610: 12608: 12606: 12604: 12602: 12600: 12598: 12596: 12583: 12581: 12579: 12577: 12575: 12573: 12571: 12569: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12455: 12453: 12451: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12395: 12393: 12391: 7422:on 24 August 1930 at the Spin Tangi village near 4566:adopted the following definitions in Section 18: 2419:, the British judge under whose chairmanship the 2335:, and the realisation, after the disaster in the 28415: 20290: 18346:(4 vol. 2005) comprehensive coverage by scholars 18238:, New Delhi and London: Penguin Books. pp. 298, 18153:(2006) excerpt and text search, covers 1599–1947 17948:Louis, William Roger, and Judith M. Brown, eds. 17871:, Harlow and London: Pearson Longmans. pp. 160, 17018:Frykenberg, Robert Eric; Low, Alaine M. (2003). 14822: 14641: 13707: 13641: 13473: 13101: 12334: 10972:Hirst, Jacqueline Suthren; Zavros, John (2011), 7649:began arriving in India in 1783 and established 7601:Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury 7520:empire, would be subject to mounting scepticism. 5946:, which killed a third of the people of Bengal. 4290:New Delhi inaugurated as capital of India, 1931. 3993:Census of 1901 gives the total population at 294 3086:(centre-left) on their way to meet the viceroy, 2672:, the movement revived again, in the mid-1920s. 2148:Gandhi at the time of the Kheda Satyagraha, 1918 1934:took part in the war, primarily in Iraq and the 1466:festivals that he inaugurated in western India. 19554:Chaudhuri, Nupur. "Imperialism and Gender." in 17791:Modern India: The Origins of an Asian Democracy 17344: 17207:Joshua Ehrlich, "Anxiety, Chaos, and the Raj." 17118: 16663:Civilian Jihad: Non-violent Struggle, Democrat 16564:"An almost forgotten part of our glorious past" 16029: 15728:"Census of India, 1911. Vol. 1., Pt. 2, Tables" 15661: 14621:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 160–66. 14067: 13433: 13431: 13284: 13135: 12660: 12658: 12656: 11377: 11062:The Oxford Handbook of the History of Education 10963: 10929:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 2005. 10702:"Colonial Knowledge and the Fate of Hindustani" 7774:the English language, and also the adoption of 7260:, who mainly worked in India, became the first 5691:less expensive imports from more industrialized 3980:with Indian Ancient Monument Preservation Act. 3852:(from Presidency System to the four Commands). 3561:Major extension of railways, roads, and canals 2562:, on 21 September 1921, Gandhi had adopted the 2446:, the present and future Chief Justices of the 2351:population could vote in future elections, the 1668:, the viceroy who replaced Curzon in 1906. The 1063:An 1887 souvenir portrait of Queen Victoria as 698:, lasting from 1858 to 1947. It is also called 19490: 18314:(1934) 690 pages; scholarly survey, 1599–1933 18072: 17051:. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 237. 16839: 16538:Kabir Topu, Ahmed Humayun (19 February 2021). 16429: 16348:The Butcher of Amritsar: General Reginald Dyer 15477: 14523: 14222: 14046: 13682: 13680: 13544: 13278: 12911:Journal of the Canadian Historical Association 12593: 12566: 12541: 12522: 12503: 12465: 12448: 12420:"Olympic Games Antwerp. 1920: Official Report" 12388: 12041: 12039: 11993: 11978: 11564: 11160:, London and New York: Routledge, p. 68, 11060:, in Rury, John L.; Tamura, Eileen H. (eds.), 10832:, Leiden and Boston: BRILL, pp. 253–254, 10596:India's Spokesman: From Speeches and Addresses 10194:Star of India flag used during the British Raj 7721:and the Orientalists promoted Sanskrit, while 6051:Religious groups in British India (1872−1941) 3418:(contemporaneously and hereafter Indian Army) 2723:In local terms, British control rested on the 2111: 912:were theoretically princely states as well as 745:was transferred to the Crown in the person of 28459:States and territories disestablished in 1947 25844: 25167: 23559: 23043: 21719: 20276: 19826: 19691:... 3rd ed. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons. 19070:Science and the Raj: A Study of British India 19011:(2015) a major, comprehensive scholarly study 18959:, vol. IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909 18945:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), 18877: 18735:. University of California Press. 258 pages. 17924:Raj: The Making and Unmaking of British India 17838:Advanced Study in the History of Modern India 17723: 17482:Love, Adam; Dzikus, Lars (26 February 2020). 17099: 17017: 16964:Abraham, William J.; Kirby, James E. (2009). 16810: 16499: 16497: 16344: 15785:United States Department of Commerce (1924). 15100:. Columbia University Press. pp. 25–28. 14892: 14684: 14206: 14204: 14202: 14200: 13635: 13365: 13290: 12754:. Vol. 13, no. 10. pp. 666–76. 12750:Bond, Brian (October 1963). "Amritsar 1919". 12493: 12491: 12489: 12487: 12485: 12259: 11543: 10830:Tracing the Boundaries between Hindi and Urdu 10077: 8036: 7758:The British colonisation of India influenced 7717:proposed to deal directly with the peasants. 7583:of the Bishop of Calcutta, who served as the 5919: 1627:never went beyond the law when he edited the 880:. In addition, at various times, it included 454:4,993,650 km (1,928,060 sq mi) 23478:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 23461:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 23339:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 20039:(1999), vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. 19820: 19739:European Women and the Second British Empire 19584:Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience 19375:Talbot, Ian; Singh, Gurharpal, eds. (1999), 18579: 18312:Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India 18006:The History and Culture of the Indian People 17709:Allan, J., T. Wolseley Haig, H. H. Dodwell. 17187:. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 231. 17153: 16963: 16759:Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 16325:Lahore Civil and Military Gazette Press 1921 15481:(19 April 1943). "The population of India". 15320:"How Britain stole $ 45 trillion from India" 14536:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 13758: 13666: 13428: 12653: 12384:. Calcutta: Govt of India. 1923. p. 74. 12315: 12313: 12311: 12286: 12284: 12282: 12280: 11919: 11917: 11823: 11295:, University of Chicago Press, p. 120, 10854: 10852: 7298:patients. The central government passed the 5705:was even more extensive during this period. 3575:Assassination of Lord Mayo in the Andamans. 3090:, on 13 October 1939, after the outbreak of 2881:Subhas Chandra Bose (second from left) with 1672:of 1909 allowed separate Muslim electorates. 789:was added in 1886, and the resulting union, 20190:(1863), ed. by John Murdoch online edition 19997:Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 19596:, vol. 2, Cambridge University Press, 19374: 18450: 18415: 17519:Nation at Play: A History of Sport in India 17321:"The unifying power of South Asian cricket" 17176: 17076:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 103. 16583:"Peshawar: Qissa Khwani martyrs remembered" 16338: 16168:"Other histories of smallpox in South Asia" 16084:Infectious Diseases: Plague Through History 16065:The 1832 Cholera Epidemic in New York State 16041: 15836: 15807: 15749: 15719: 15690: 15631: 15602: 15572: 14994: 14958: 14396:. Cambridge University Press. p. 267. 13751:The life of the Marquis of Dufferin and Ava 13677: 13595:Nationalarchives.gov.uk Classroom Resources 13377: 12677: 12675: 12673: 12643: 12641: 12639: 12637: 12107:Historical Dictionary of the British Empire 12036: 11959: 11957: 11955: 11693: 11691: 11514:. Cambridge University Press. p. 247. 11509: 11384:, Cambridge University Press, p. 106, 10788:assert itself that Hindi came into its own. 10775:. A & C Black Publishers. p. 248. 10619: 10336:The only other emperor during this period, 5725:The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 5471:External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations 5304:(1874–1878; later British prime minister), 5284:In London, it provided for a cabinet-level 4621:Presidencies and provinces of British India 4595:the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire 4532:Presidencies and provinces of British India 3780:consisting of regiments contributed by the 3555:Creation of Department of Agriculture (now 2708:, which included Gandhi, Nehru, Patel, and 1930:million Indian and British soldiers of the 914:presidencies and provinces of British India 25:Presidencies and provinces of British India 28464:States and territories established in 1858 28439:Bangladesh and the Commonwealth of Nations 25851: 25837: 25174: 25160: 23566: 23552: 23050: 23036: 21726: 21712: 20791:Hindustan Socialist Republican Association 20283: 20269: 19744: 19628: 19589: 19518: 19301:The History of British India: A Chronology 18697: 18551: 18151:The history of British India: a chronology 18102:The British Conquest and Dominion of India 18015:(2010), a concise historical encyclopaedia 17915:Herbertson, A.J. and O.J.R. Howarth. eds. 17793:, Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 474, 17481: 16900: 16871: 16537: 16494: 16148:Leprosy – Medical History of British India 16017: 15975: 15963: 15927: 15915: 15872: 15448:(Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation 2010) 15402:"Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography" 14464: 14197: 14021: 14019: 14006: 14004: 13809: 13701: 13467: 13229:The history of British India: a chronology 13173: 12561:India's Bismarck, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 12482: 12330: 12328: 12172:Moore, "Imperial India, 1858–1914", p. 435 10706:Comparative Studies in Society and History 10084: 10070: 8043: 8029: 4589:and Prorogation Speeches. In addition, an 4579:the rule of the British East India Company 4292:Indian Workmen's Compensation Act of 1933 3540:annexed and incorporated into India 1869" 2823: 2635:or "Amritsar massacre", took place in the 2444:Diwan Bahadur Sir C. V. Kumaraswami Sastri 2198:, (1909), Gandhi formulated his vision of 1789:was the secretary of state for India, and 1293:(1829–1912), who proposed the idea of the 104: 72: 27065:Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) 26945:Fundamental rights, principles and duties 20068: 20006: 19871: 19793:Indian Economic and Social History Review 19790: 19772: 19671: 19414: 19409:(4, 1918–19: From War to Peace): 89–107, 19117:The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870 18861: 18601: 18212:(3rd ed.) the Raj section was written by 18107: 18040: 17807: 17124: 16848: 16559: 16557: 16244: 15940:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907 15537:Indian Economic and Social History Review 15417: 15155: 15015: 14616: 14572:Indian Economic and Social History Review 14416: 14331: 14316: 14304: 14289: 14277: 14085: 14055: 13396:, Harvard University Press, p. 320, 12767: 12308: 12277: 12253: 12185:Indian Economic and Social History Review 12093: 11923: 11914: 11904: 11893: 10975:Religious Traditions in Modern South Asia 10927:The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable 10849: 7341:Massacres of Indian civilians by the army 3148:in North Africa in November/December 1941 2643:. After days of unrest Brigadier-General 2401: 2208:from Indian society; and the exercise of 1610:, and involved boycott of British goods. 931:) was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the 832:. India was a participating state in the 28454:Pakistan and the Commonwealth of Nations 27007:Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) 22522:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 20041:The Oxford History of the British Empire 19969:Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon 19556:Encyclopedia of European Social History, 19513:A New Economic History of Colonial India 19360:, Cambridge University Press. pp. 272., 19271: 18905: 18801:The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, 1880–1884 18018: 17950:The Oxford History of the British Empire 17373:"How India changed the English language" 17160:Ramakrishna Mission Institute of Culture 17127:The Future of Christian Mission in India 17100:Crane, Ralph; Mohanram, Radhika (2013). 16992: 16966:The Oxford Handbook of Methodist Studies 16925: 16851:The Future of Christian Mission in India 16816: 16684: 16390:Mariners, Merchants and the Military Too 15788:Trade and Economic Review for 1922 No.34 15446:Glimpses of Indian Historical Demography 15399: 15252:The Oxford History of the British Empire 15179: 14946: 14861: 14802:Barbara D Metcalf and Thomas R Metcalf, 14743: 14604: 14428: 14041:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 14026:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 14011:Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV 1909 13712:The viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, 1880–1884 13693:. 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Even so, when it was passed, the new 2137:in 1916 after his return to India from 1562:, into the Muslim-majority province of 1412:political philosophers, especially the 435:took effect Midnight, 14–15 August 1947 28416: 27295:Securities and Exchange Board of India 26402:National Geological Monuments of India 25181: 23601:List of current non-sovereign monarchs 23507:Historical flags of the British Empire 23491:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 19971:(1961), reviews the older scholarship. 19775:The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970 19610:from the original on 23 September 2023 19590:Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (1983), 19400: 19355: 19216:(2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey 19194: 19155: 19050: 18720:from the original on 23 September 2023 18501:from the original on 23 September 2023 18183: 18061:from the original on 22 September 2023 17978: 17855:from the original on 23 September 2023 17711:The Cambridge Shorter History of India 17511: 17509: 17271: 17182: 17024:William B. 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Vol. 1, India" 15667: 15032:from the original on 23 September 2023 14888: 14886: 14343: 14210: 14179: 14167: 14116: 13961:from the original on 23 September 2023 13540: 12940:from the original on 15 September 2018 12779: 12693: 12319: 12290: 12181: 12134: 12120:Pandita Ramabai: the story of her life 11309:from the original on 23 September 2023 11211:from the original on 23 September 2023 11174:from the original on 23 September 2023 11078:from the original on 23 September 2023 11029:from the original on 23 September 2023 10992:from the original on 23 September 2023 7229:Child who starved to death during the 5737:Rail transport in India § History 5627:Economy of India under the British Raj 5219:The princely states were grouped into 4332:Secretary of State for India and Burma 4001:million in the princely states and 232 3524:Creation of Department of Irrigation. 3321:Muslim refugees in the Tomb of Humayun 3196:Percentage of Hindus by district, 1909 2957:, stating at Lahore on 23 March 1940: 2613:Staff and students, National College, 2005:administration of their own country." 1005:, one of the principal leaders of the 859: 726:. The region was sometimes called the 28449:India and the Commonwealth of Nations 28105: 27219: 27095:Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW) 27060:Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) 26801: 26353: 25868: 25832: 25155: 23831: 23547: 23382: 23294: 23031: 22540: 22212: 21887: 21783: 21707: 20264: 19974: 19945:Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 19940:(1996) on fiction written in English. 19900: 19850: 19326: 19180: 19079:(1903) excerpt and text search 128 pp 19055:, BiblioBazaar, LLC, pp. 13–14, 19014: 18963: 18836: 18815: 18797: 18763: 18660: 18494:Some Aspects of British Rule in India 18394: 18376: 18369: 18274: 18252: 18228: 18130: 17981:India And South Asia: A Short History 17785: 17742: 17494:from the original on 31 December 2022 17185:A Short World History of Christianity 16906: 16877: 16386: 16371: 16196:. Vigyanprasar.gov.in. Archived from 16035: 16023: 15951: 15896: 15884: 15534: 15167: 15123:Commonwealth and Comparative Politics 15120: 15080: 14925: 14771: 14712: 14499: 14391: 14262: 14258: 14246: 14234: 14191: 14149:from the original on 17 November 2022 13940: 13920: 13825:from the original on 24 February 2021 13562:British Library: Help for Researchers 13532: 13422: 13302: 13240: 13022:"India and Pakistan win independence" 12718: 12681: 12664: 12647: 12616: 12587: 12547: 12535: 12516: 12497: 12476: 12459: 12405: 12382:India's contribution to the Great War 12302: 12105:James S. Olson and Robert S. 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For Gandhi, 2152:The year 1915 also saw the return of 2046:(UP), most prominently, two brothers 1850:, the first Indian to be awarded the 1785:, known as the Morley-Minto Reforms ( 923:Among other countries in the region, 896:(briefly from 1884 to 1898), and the 799:Chief Commissioner's Province of Aden 785:was already a part of British India; 28429:1858 establishments in British India 19959:Journal of Asian and African Studies 19660:The Journal of Economic Perspectives 19379:, Oxford University Press. pp. 420, 19250: 19199:, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, 19158:Oxford History of the British Empire 18983: 18926: 18528:, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, 18487: 18310:Thompson, Edward, and G.T. Garratt. 18163: 18044:A History of Modern India, 1480–1950 17929: 17771:. 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Cosmo Publications. p. 1599. 11134:British victory at Plassey ... 1757 10858: 10575: 10550: 10173:Historiography of the British Empire 7597:Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 7579:was built in 1847 and served as the 7434:: 80 non-violent Khudai Khidmatgar 7354:on 13 April 1919, Brigadier General 7306:a program was launched to propagate 6905: 6902: 6835: 5609:, prostitutes, lepers, and eunuchs. 4343:Indian Provincial Elections of 1937 4328:Indian Payment of Wages Act of 1936 4076:in 1910 (now Ministry of Education) 3140:Indian Army troops in action during 2566:in identification with India's poor. 1047:, wrote one of the early critiques, 27090:National Investigation Agency (NIA) 27012:Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) 26701:Autonomous administrative divisions 23318:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 22161:. British Cameroons is now part of 20162:, wide-ranging survey of conditions 19657: 19229: 19082: 18792:Viceroyalty of Lord Irwin 1926–1931 18639: 18133:India under Colonial Rule 1700–1885 17955: 17718:History of Indian National Congress 17651:from the original on 4 January 2023 17613:from the original on 4 January 2023 17603:"Beating British at their own game" 17554:from the original on 4 January 2023 17515: 17506: 17463:from the original on 4 January 2023 17433:from the original on 4 January 2023 16823:Rowman & Littlefield Publishers 16710:"The Crisis of Liberal Imperialism" 16464: 16275:from the original on 9 January 2015 16157:, National Library of Scotland 2007 15999: 15468:(Princeton University Press, 1951). 15232:from the original on 7 October 2014 14883: 14687:Indian Railways: Glorious 150 years 13874:from the original on 25 August 2014 13597:. National Archives. Archived from 13568:from the original on 11 August 2018 13341: 13326: 13314: 13192: 12889: 12865: 11339:Indian subcontinent by the British. 10579:History of the Royal Visit to India 7438:protesters were killed by the Army. 7364:on 7 January 1921 at Munshiganj in 6822:Famine in India § British rule 5605:included those reputed to practice 4941:National Capital Territory of Delhi 2989:missing (probably dead), and 60,000 2675:The visit, in 1928, of the British 1067:, 30 years after the Great Uprising 13: 27080:Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 23596:List of current sovereign monarchs 22177:unilaterally declared independence 21872:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 20182:Year books and statistical records 20090: 17765:Brendon, Piers (28 October 2008). 17258:The New Cambridge History of India 17237:from the original on 8 August 2014 16689:. Hindustan Times. 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"Hindi". 10678:from the original on 24 May 2022 10643:from the original on 24 May 2022 10484: 10471: 10458: 10343: 10330: 10218:Or "Queen," during the reign of 10140: 10126: 10112: 10098: 8065: 7972:British rule in Portuguese India 7819: 7490:, founded by the British in 1867 6840: 6660: 6657: 6651: 6600: 6597: 6536: 6476: 6416: 6356: 6296: 6236: 6176: 5316:(1917–1922; an architect of the 4416:1 October 1943 – 4411:of World War II begins in 1942. 4062:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 3884:6 January 1899 – 3761:Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 1887. 3378: 3366: 3354: 3342: 3133: 3121: 3098: 3072: 3004:The British government sent the 2811: 2792: 2764: 2606: 2583: 2571: 2543: 2310: 2291: 1961:, had led the previous viceroy, 1905: 1886: 1872:Mesopotamian Expeditionary Force 1863: 1858:, Punjab (present-day Pakistan). 1840: 1692: 1677: 1658: 1530: 1514: 1491: 1470:1905–1911: Partition of Bengal, 1348: 1333: 1305: 1283: 1212: 1189: 1169: 1153: 1056: 1033: 1017: 995: 964: 656: 632: 614: 596: 582: 564: 550: 536: 507: 489: 201:Queen/Queen-Empress/King-Emperor 82:is shown in two shades of pink; 58: 26318:History of India (1947–present) 25798:Indian Institutes of Technology 25780:Afghanistan–Pakistan skirmishes 25709:South Asian Football Federation 23591:Imperial, royal and noble ranks 20725:Provisional Government of India 20207:The Imperial Gazetteer of India 19773:Tomlinson, Brian Roger (1993), 19511:Chaudhary, Latika, et al. eds. 19403:Journal of Contemporary History 18971:, Cambridge U. 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Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. 10586: 10569: 10544: 10523: 10481:" (143,581 persons) responses. 10244: 10224: 10212: 8319:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture 7335:Government Law College, Mumbai 6893:(including independent states) 5769:, which was completed in 1888. 4251:3 April 1926 – 4231:2 April 1921 – 4161:4 April 1916 – 4041:million who practise animism. 3978:Archaeological Survey of India 3448:Archaeological Survey of India 3439:Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861 2985:killed; 64,000 wounded; 12,000 1829:Indian Army during World War I 1089:Government House, Calcutta by 749:(who, in 1876, was proclaimed 1: 28469:Empires and kingdoms of India 28180:Engineering colleges in India 27809:Electronics and semiconductor 27022:National Security Guard (NSG) 26766:World Heritage Sites in India 26354: 20129:The dictionary definition of 20123:travel guide from Wikivoyage 19961:56.3 (2021): 511–532. online. 19441:India in The Second World War 19329:Economic and Political Weekly 18767:Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography 18110:"India: Movement for Freedom" 17522:. 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(2013, reprint). 19447:Wolpert, Stanley A. (2007), 19318:Who Was Who in British India 19195:Porter, Andrew, ed. (2001), 19051:Koomar, Roy Basanta (2009), 18990:, Yale U. Press, 250 pages, 18842:The Medieval History Journal 18702:, in Marshall, P. J. (ed.), 18460:, Harvard University Press, 18425:, Harvard University Press, 18350:Wolpert, Stanley A. (2006), 18235:A History of India, Volume 2 18158:Who Was Who in British India 17999:An advanced history of India 17905:(2018); expanded edition of 16880:Anglican Baptismal Liturgies 16771:10.1080/03086534.2012.724239 15135:10.1080/14662043.2010.522032 14993:for the historiography, see 14833:"History of Indian Railways" 14557:UK public library membership 13799:H. Caldwell Lipsett (1903). 11154:Steinback, Susie L. (2012), 11128:Mughal Empire ... 1526–1858 10948:"RAJ definition and meaning" 10828:Everaert, Christine (2010), 10425:" (6,388 persons) responses. 10410:" (5,504 persons) responses. 10395:" (4,050 persons) responses. 10380:" (1,147 persons) responses. 8404:Northern Black Polished Ware 7709:recommended turning Bengali 7510:'s brutal repression of the 7471: 7432:North-West Frontier Province 7399:North West Frontier Province 5992:1921 census of British India 5814:" for the Imperial Project. 5426:Imperial Legislative Council 5371:Secretary of State for India 5286:Secretary of State for India 5264:Government of India Act 1858 5252:Secretary of State for India 5151:North West Frontier Province 4513:Secretary of State for India 4494:Indian Independence Act 1947 4307:Government of India Act 1935 4199:Government of India Act 1919 4184:Sinai and Palestine campaign 4126:Western Front, Belgium, 1914 4101:Emperor and Empress of India 4068:(also Minto–Morley Reforms) 3991:under a Lieutenant-Governor. 3896:North-West Frontier Province 3797:Imperial Legislative Council 3602:Indian Councils Act of 1874 3580:3 May 1872 – 3563:Indian Councils Act of 1870 3492:Viceroy dies prematurely in 3420:Construction begins (1860): 3284:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 2947:North West Frontier Province 2736:Government of India Act 1935 2710:Chakravarthi Rajagopalachari 2536:Government of India Act 1935 2353:Government of India Act 1919 2303:Government of India Act 1919 1998:Imperial Legislative Council 1553:North-West Frontier Province 1297:in a letter to graduates of 775:Islamic Republic of Pakistan 368:Imperial Legislative Council 120:Imperial political structure 7: 28237:Water supply and sanitation 27220: 27002:Border Security Force (BSF) 26747:National monuments of India 25869: 23453:British Antarctic Territory 23163:Western Pacific Territories 23057: 21524:Virendranath Chattopadhyaya 20911:Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty 19689:Economics of British India 19491:Economic and social history 19258:, Oxford University Press, 19177:, (2001b), pp. 231–242 18978:The India Office, 1880–1910 18913:, Oxford University Press, 18520:(1991), scholarly biography 18354:, Oxford University Press, 18260:, Oxford University Press, 18220:The Reign of King George V, 18210:The Oxford History of India 17821:(2nd ed.), Routledge, 16295:"Sir JJ Group of Hospitals" 14467:The Economic History Review 13765:Sir George Forrest (1894). 13518:Commander-in-Chief of India 13195:Journal of Military History 11760:Garden City, NY: Doubleday 11255:Fair, C. Christine (2014), 11009:Salomone, Rosemary (2022), 10554:The King and Queen in India 10447:1941 census: Includes all " 10428:1931 census: Includes all " 10413:1921 census: Includes all " 10398:1911 census: Includes all " 10368:1891 census: Includes all " 10167:Glossary of the British Raj 10000:Influence on Southeast Asia 7804: 7610:led to the arrival of many 7281:Presidency General Hospital 6854:the scope of other articles 6045: 5878: 5784:East Indian Railway Company 5730: 5717:Tata Iron and Steel Company 5668: 5073:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5067:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 5012: 4921:Islamabad Capital Territory 4823:Central Provinces and Berar 4643: 4466:UK General Election of 1945 4379:East African campaign, 1940 4375:Second Battle of El Alamein 3953:British expedition to Tibet 3913:Punjab Land Alienation Act 3857:The Chitral Campaign (1895) 3833:Indian Prisons Act of 1894 3567:Andaman and Nicobar Islands 3395: 3392: 3278:On 15 August 1947, the new 3164:Interim Government of India 2425:stricter anti-sedition laws 2112:1915–1918: return of Gandhi 2074:, respectively, to promote 1772:Indian Councils Act of 1892 1636:local political youth clubs 1403:'s partial reversal of the 920:as their unit of currency. 686: 194:British Colonial Government 10: 28485: 27290:Central Statistical Office 26896:State legislative councils 26871:Union Council of Ministers 25803:Inventions and discoveries 25775:Sino-Indian border dispute 25522:Human rights in South Asia 25308: 23191:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 22608:British Arctic Territories 21888: 21784: 21259:Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi 20811:Indian Independence League 20528:Partition of Bengal (1947) 20523:Partition of Bengal (1905) 20230:The Indian Year Book: 1914 19830:India and the Simon Report 19805:10.1177/001946467501200401 19673:10.1257/089533002760278749 19416:10.1177/002200946800300407 19272:Ramusack, Barbara (2004), 18854:10.1177/097194580701000203 18798:Gopal, Sarvepalli (1953), 18764:Gopal, Sarvepalli (1976), 18748:Curzon: Imperial Statesman 18698:Fieldhouse, David (1996), 18640:Das, Manmath Nath (1964). 18454:; Harper, Timothy (2007), 18419:; Harper, Timothy (2005), 18131:Peers, Douglas M. (2006), 18108:Oldenburg, Philip (2007), 18041:Markovits, Claude (2004), 17702: 17633:"Why Indians love cricket" 17074:Christian Higher Education 16430:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 16387:Jones, Phillip E. (2011). 16237:10.1177/003591574503800318 16219:Rogers, L (January 1945). 16123:"Biography of Ronald Ross" 15817:. 1931. pp. 513–519. 15549:10.1177/001946469002700102 15400:Romaniuk, Anatole (2014). 14973:10.1177/002252668100200201 14804:A Concise History of India 14617:Markovits, Claude (1985). 14584:10.1177/001946469403100401 14358:10.1177/025764300301900105 14223:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13921:Edney, Matthew H. (1997). 13843:Ernest Hullo, "India", in 13545:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13279:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 13255:10.1177/097492847202800106 13067:. University of Columbia. 13065:"Muslim Case for Pakistan" 12248:The lives of Sri Aurobindo 12198:10.1177/001946466400200302 11994:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 11979:Metcalf & Metcalf 2006 11855:"East India Proclamations" 11724:Social History of Medicine 10559:Bennett, Coleman & Co. 10551:Reed, Sir Stanley (1912). 10530:Morison, Theodore (1899). 10432:" (219,300,645 persons), " 10421:" (467,578 persons), and " 10417:" (216,260,620 persons), " 10406:" (243,445 persons), and " 10402:" (217,337,943 persons), " 10387:" (207,050,557 persons), " 10383:1901 census:Includes all " 10372:" (207,688,724 persons), " 10365:" (913 persons) responses. 10361:" (347,994 persons), and " 10325:Charles Webster Leadbeater 10232:presidencies and provinces 8382:Black and Red ware culture 7825:Imperial entities of India 7659:Baptist Missionary Society 7634:across the Indian Empire. 7565: 7475: 7212:Indian famine of 1899–1900 7151:Indian famine of 1899–1900 6829: 6819: 5982:Demographics of Bangladesh 5967: 5920:Economic impact of the Raj 5857: 5793:In 1854, Governor-General 5734: 5675:East India Trading Company 5624: 5620: 5322:Frederick Pethick-Lawrence 5318:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 5181: 4981:(110,000 sq mi) 4897:(140,000 sq mi) 4849:(100,000 sq mi) 4809:(170,000 sq mi) 4781:(120,000 sq mi) 4741:(150,000 sq mi) 4618: 4529: 4478:Indian Elections of 1946. 4371:First Battle of El Alamein 4203:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 4099:in 1911: commemoration as 4087:Lord Hardinge of Penshurst 3925:(1901); dedication of the 3905:Indian famine of 1899–1900 3866:Indian famine of 1896–1897 3819:between British India and 3791:British Parliament passes 3663:Indian Forest Act of 1878 3157: 2933:of the landlord-dominated 2827: 2706:Congress Working Committee 2513: 2405: 2357:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 2283:Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms 2280: 2154:Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi 2115: 2085:southern Bombay presidency 1826: 1809:, which included Bengal's 1480:Partition of Bengal (1905) 1477: 1273: 1077:Eden Gardens, Calcutta by 1003:Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi 983:History of the British Raj 980: 976: 18: 28260: 28170:Medical colleges in India 28125: 28121: 28101: 28020: 27989: 27725: 27594: 27534: 27486: 27438: 27368: 27320:Foreign exchange reserves 27315:Foreign direct investment 27285:Economic Advisory Council 27255: 27232: 27228: 27215: 27139: 27111: 27045: 27032:Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) 26994: 26985: 26930: 26921: 26814: 26810: 26797: 26739: 26691: 26629: 26518: 26430: 26412:Sacred mountains of India 26394: 26366: 26362: 26349: 26310: 26239: 26134: 26101: 26058: 26037: 25984:Indus Valley Civilisation 25969: 25881: 25877: 25864: 25788: 25762: 25739: 25694: 25627: 25562: 25508: 25485: 25407: 25319: 25189: 25018: 24927: 24641: 24404: 24338: 24150: 24141: 24037: 24019: 23951: 23866: 23824: 23756: 23670: 23614: 23581: 23502: 23471: 23431:Commonwealth of Australia 23389: 23378: 23349: 23301: 23290: 23256: 23063: 23027: 22833:Newfoundland and Labrador 22547: 22536: 22514:League of Nations mandate 22495: 22219: 22208: 22189:Lancaster House Agreement 22159:League of Nations mandate 22148: 21894: 21883: 21790: 21779: 21746: 21650: 21549: 21434:Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi 21234:Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi 21054: 20931:Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar 20851: 20806:Indian Home Rule movement 20748: 20645:Fourteen Points of Jinnah 20585:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 20513: 20450: 20298: 20160:Simon Report (1930) vol 1 20069:Steinberg, S. H. (1947). 20021:10.1080/00467600500065340 19886:10.1017/s0021911814001685 19821:Historiography and memory 19709:10.1017/s0026749x00007745 19643:10.1017/S1060150314000138 19533:10.1017/s0026749x00009197 19310:23 September 2023 at the 19223:23 September 2023 at the 19053:The Labor Revolt in India 19029:10.1017/S0026749X00003656 18892:10.1017/S0026749X07002892 18700:"For Richer, for Poorer?" 18667:Late Victorian Holocausts 18566:10.1017/S0026749X12000686 18480:Bayly, Christopher Alan. 18208:Smith, Vincent A. (1958) 17979:Ludden, David E. (2002), 17675:LSE International History 17584:https://dergipark.org.tr/ 17131:Wipf and Stock Publishers 16855:Wipf and Stock Publishers 16566:, by Pradip Kumar Dutta, 16194:"Feature Story: Smallpox" 16153:10 September 2007 at the 16108:10 September 2007 at the 16074:, By G. William Beardslee 14656:10.1017/s0026749x00009197 13870:. World Digital Library. 13716:. Oxford University Press 13708:Sarvepalli Gopal (1953). 13642:Michael Maclagan (1963). 13474:Sarvepalli Gopal (1976). 12837:10.1017/S0026749X00015286 12794:10.1017/S0026749X00004388 12335:Manmath Nath Das (1964). 11138:British Raj ... 1858–1947 10952:Collins Online Dictionary 10859:Dhir, Krishna S. (2022). 10718:10.1017/S0010417500018661 10576:Dutt, Rama-Natha (1912). 10451:" (48,813,180 persons), " 10391:" (92,419 persons), and " 10376:" (39,952 persons), and " 8393:Painted Grey Ware culture 8265:Indus Valley Civilisation 7690: 7655:London Missionary Society 7495:Thomas Babington Macaulay 7352:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 7208:Great Famine of 1876–1878 7030: 7006: 6966: 6934: 6910: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6062: 6055: 5631:Economic history of India 5579:Elephant Carriage of the 5348:Governor-General of India 5204:in Delhi which was under 4949:(97,000 sq mi) 4697:(50,000 sq mi) 4644:Province of British India 4208:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 4155:Defence of India Act 1915 4142:Battle of Ctesiphon, 1915 3942:(in absentia) proclaimed 3649:Great Famine of 1876–1878 3638:(in absentia) proclaimed 3592:Bihar famine of 1873–1874 3528:Imperial Forestry Service 2686:At its annual session in 2670:incident at Chauri Chaura 2633:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 2516:Jallianwala Bagh massacre 1971:Defence of India Act 1915 1685:1909 Prevailing Religions 1448:Servants of India Society 1399:It was, however, Viceroy 1256:Great Famine of 1876–1878 730:, though not officially. 468: 458: 448: 443: 439: 426: 411: 398: 385: 381: 373: 363: 359: 347: 337:• 1858–1859 (first) 335: 331: 321: 317: 303: 293:• 1858–1862 (first) 291: 287: 277: 273: 261: 249: 237: 225: 213: 209: 199: 189: 179: 148: 130: 115: 103: 71: 48: 43: 36: 27456:Multi Commodity Exchange 27075:Intelligence Bureau (IB) 25770:Indo-Pakistani conflicts 23743:Self-proclaimed monarchy 22961:Turks and Caicos Islands 22268:(protectorate) 1907–1949 22213: 21843:(integrated into the UK) 21673:Indian annexation of Goa 21519:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 21031:Vinayak Damodar Savarkar 20796:Indian National Congress 20595:Non-cooperation movement 19397:(Hardinge Simpole, 2008) 19356:Shaikh, Farzana (1989), 18731:Gilmartin, David. 1988. 18602:Chatterji, Joya (1993), 18581:Chandavarkar, Rajnarayan 18518:Gandhi: Prisoner of Hope 18160:(1998), covers 1599–1947 17835:Chhabra, G. S. (2005) , 17578:26 November 2022 at the 17262:(1995), pp. 10–12, 34–35 16817:Buchanan, Colin (2015). 16708:Mantena, Karuna (2010). 16372:Dolly, Sequeria (2021). 16125:. The Nobel Foundation. 15759:. 1921. pp. 39–44. 15700:. 1901. pp. 57–62. 15060:. Macmillan. p. 9. 14780:Railways in Modern India 14755:Railways in Modern India 13854:23 February 2021 at the 13648:. Macmillan. p. 212 13136:D. N. Panigrahi (2004). 12902:Muldoon, Andrew (2009). 11289:Glanville, Luke (2013), 11132:Aurengzeb ... 1658–1707 10800:Vejdani, Farzin (2015), 10700:Lelyveld, David (1993). 10205: 9044:Gurjara-Pratihara Empire 9024:Eastern Chalukya Kingdom 8625:Maha-Megha-Vahana Empire 7792:in recent decades, with 7685:converts to Christianity 7637:Missionaries from other 7409:of the unarmed civilian 7202:During the British Raj, 7136:Indian famine of 1896–97 7072:Rajputana famine of 1869 5978:Demographics of Pakistan 5891:Sappers and Miners, 1896 5547:others nominated and 102 5410:Indian Councils Act 1861 5324:(1945–1947; head of the 5260:Indian Rebellion of 1857 5212:in the aftermath of the 4472:becoming prime minister. 4066:Indian Councils Act 1909 3890:Lord Curzon of Kedleston 3793:Indian Councils Act 1892 3521:Rajputana famine of 1869 3443:Indian Councils Act 1861 3436:passed into law in 1860. 3033:Indian National Congress 2861:, was the first elected 2771:British prime minister, 2658:Indian National Congress 2600:non-cooperation movement 2592:Indian National Congress 2331:and the founding of the 2271:Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel 2122:Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 2081:Irish home rule movement 1982:Indian National Congress 1952:Indian National Congress 1783:Indian Councils Act 1909 1704:Indian National Congress 1564:Eastern Bengal and Assam 1418:Indian National Congress 1360:Indian National Congress 1295:Indian National Congress 1276:Indian National Congress 1111:Indian Rebellion of 1857 916:until 1947 and used the 735:Indian Rebellion of 1857 263:• 1936–1947 (last) 185:Indians, British Indians 27300:Enforcement Directorate 26761:Indian-origin religions 26752:National parks of India 26561:Highest point by states 26323:Economic liberalisation 25577:Archaeological cultures 24011:Vatican City (Holy See) 23244:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 23069:18th and 19th centuries 22885:Queen Charlotte Islands 22845:North-Western Territory 22817:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 22420:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 22085:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 21771:Commonwealth of Nations 21678:Indian Independence Act 21264:Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan 21239:Jatindra Mohan Sengupta 21209:Dukkipati Nageswara Rao 20946:Kandukuri Veeresalingam 20926:Gopaldas Ambaidas Desai 20761:All-India Muslim League 20715:Royal Air Force strikes 20680:Round table conferences 20670:Chittagong armoury raid 20560:Hindu–German Conspiracy 20543:Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy 20313:Porto Grande de Bengala 19929:Mantena, Rama Sundari. 19903:Contemporary South Asia 19453:Encyclopædia Britannica 19295:Archive.org, borrowable 18816:Gould, William (2004), 18752:excerpt and text search 18316:excerpt and text search 18191:Modern India, 1885–1947 17911:Excerpt and text search 17260:: Ideologies of the Raj 16970:Oxford University Press 16878:Tovey, Phillip (2017). 16805:Indian Tales of the Raj 15612:. 1881. pp. 9–18. 14995:D'Souza, Rohan (2006). 14839:. IRFCA. Archived from 14135:10.11588/ao.2016.0.8820 14117:Kumari, Savita (2016). 13378:Bayly & Harper 2007 13170:Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan 12233:excerpt and text search 12068:18 October 2017 at the 11534:Marshall (2001), p. 384 11465:Arcot Ramasamy Mudaliar 11461:India Executive Council 11228:Wright, Edmund (2015), 10861:The Wonder That Is Urdu 9144:Western Chalukya Empire 8287:Mature Harappan culture 7639:Christian denominations 7304:Mountstuart Elphinstone 7102:Great Famine of 1876–78 7087:Bihar famine of 1873–74 5974:Demographics of Myanmar 5543:nominated officials, 13 5486:Industries and Supplies 5477:Food and transportation 4560:Interpretation Act 1889 4457:Battle of Monte Cassino 4338:separated off from the 4302:Indian Military Academy 4263:Indian Forest Act, 1927 4224:British Indian passport 4188:Battle of Megiddo, 1918 4074:Department of Education 3958:North-Western Provinces 3815:. Establishment of the 3778:Imperial Service Troops 3757:University of Allahabad 3732:Third Anglo-Burmese War 3685:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3666:Second Anglo-Afghan War 3557:Ministry of Agriculture 3414:1858 reorganisation of 3146:Western Desert Campaign 3112:(right) presiding, and 3106:Chaudhari Khaliquzzaman 2871:All India Muslim League 2824:1939–1945: World War II 2718:Round Table Conferences 2532:Round Table Conferences 2031:reunification of Bengal 1742:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1733:Census of British India 1720:All-India Muslim League 1422:Womesh Chunder Bonerjee 1387:Second Anglo-Afghan War 1176:Stereographic image of 610:Somaliland Protectorate 416:Indian Independence Act 402:Government of India Act 149:Official languages 28270:Arts and entertainment 27905:Science and technology 27841:Information technology 27521:Government initiatives 26417:Sacred rivers of India 26407:Sacred groves of India 25961:Science and technology 25790:Science and technology 24293:Islands of Refreshment 23723:Legitimacy (political) 22994:West Indies Federation 22183:) and continued as an 21769:Current member of the 21464:Syama Prasad Mukherjee 21369:Purushottam Das Tandon 20735:Praja Mandala movement 20549:The Indian Sociologist 20177:, major primary source 20175:. The Clarendon press. 20110:Quotations related to 19967:Philips, Cyril H. ed. 19827:Andrews, C.F. (2017). 19504:Ballhatchet, Kenneth. 18646:. G. Allen and Unwin. 18342:Wolpert, Stanley, ed. 18326:A New History of India 18170:, Palgrave Macmillan, 16909:The Religions of India 16907:Dalal, Roshen (2014). 16803:Zareer Masani (1988). 16345:Nigel Collett (2006). 16089:17 August 2008 at the 15976:Kumar & Desai 1983 15964:Kumar & Desai 1983 15928:Kumar & Desai 1983 15873:Kumar & Desai 1983 15444:Parameswara Krishnan, 14685:R.R. Bhandari (2005). 14542:10.1093/ref:odnb/36421 13144:. Routledge. pp. 12729:10.1093/past/131.1.130 12341:. G. Allen and Unwin. 12010:. Springer Dordrecht. 11590:. 2008. Archived from 11584:"Nepal: Cultural life" 11485:Smith, George (1882). 11194:Studying Indian Cinema 11130:Akbar I ... 1556–1605 10533:Imperial Rule in India 10436:" (990,233 persons), " 10357:" (398,409 persons), " 10230:a quasi-federation of 10050:Science and technology 8434:Three Crowned Kingdoms 8276:Early Harappan culture 8091:(2,500,000–250,000 BC) 7755: 7732:Bharatiya Janata Party 7616:Church Mission Society 7592: 7568:Protestantism in India 7541: 7534:University of Calcutta 7522: 7491: 7457:Vidurashwatha massacre 7403:vehicle-ramming attack 7385:Indian Imperial Police 7264:to develop and deploy 7238:first cholera pandemic 7233: 7017:Agra famine of 1837–38 5995: 5892: 5876: 5770: 5754: 5746: 5653: 5592: 5489:Works, Mines and Power 5480:Transport and Railways 5374: 5359: 5296:; these included: Sir 5255: 4597:, was set up in 1878. 4575: 4387:Syria–Lebanon campaign 4359:North African campaign 4324:Marquess of Linlithgow 4297:Royal Indian Air Force 4213:Third Anglo-Afghan War 4037:million Jains, and 8.4 4017:million Hindus, and 63 3927:Victoria Memorial Hall 3632:Chief Commissionership 3571:Chief Commissionership 3455:, financial member of 3430:University of Calcutta 3322: 3205: 3197: 3189: 3015:Congress launched the 2970: 2894: 2886: 2874: 2694:, issued a demand for 2475: 2427: 2402:1917–1919: Rowlatt Act 2149: 2141: 1967:Revolutionary violence 1776:Municipal Corporations 1379:Monier Monier-Williams 1106: 1094: 1082: 1007:Great Uprising of 1857 910:Persian Gulf Residency 560:Persian Gulf Residency 171:Other Indian languages 28227:Socio-economic issues 28175:Law colleges in India 28165:Universities in India 27413:Reserve Bank of India 26216:Independence movement 26014:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 25669:Religious persecution 25527:Religious nationalism 25387:European and Eurasian 25191:Countries and regions 24104:Saint Kitts and Nevis 23693:Criticism of monarchy 23683:Abolition of monarchy 22916:Saint Kitts and Nevis 22187:state until the 1979 21796:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 21688:Political integration 21429:Shyamji Krishna Varma 21214:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 21159:Bhupendra Kumar Datta 20991:Rettamalai Srinivasan 20951:Mahadev Govind Ranade 20756:All India Kisan Sabha 20720:Coup d'état of Yanaon 20620:Qissa Khwani massacre 20605:Coolie-Begar movement 20420:Second Anglo-Sikh War 20104:at Wikimedia Commons 19320:(1998); 5000 entries 19293:(W. W. Norton, 1999) 19139:Ideologies of the Raj 19104:MacMillan, Margaret. 18984:Khan, Yasmin (2007), 18927:Hyam, Ronald (2007), 18621:Copland, Ian (2002), 18377:Baker, David (1993), 18344:Encyclopedia of India 17886:India: A Re-Statement 17867:Copland, Ian (2001), 17589:1 August 2019 at the 17211:63.3 (2020): 777–787. 16420:, Viking 1988, p. 166 15668:Frazer, R.W. (1897). 13845:Catholic Encyclopedia 13667:William Ford (1887). 13558:"Indian Independence" 13390:Bose, Sugata (2011), 12094:Bose & Jalal 2004 11491:. London: John Murray 10891:Bayly, C. A. (1988). 10270:of the Government of 10234:directly governed by 10199:British North America 10106:British Empire portal 9953:Specialised histories 9224:Kalachuris of Kalyani 9214:Kalachuris of Tripuri 8896:Western Ganga Kingdom 8824:Indo-Sassanid Kingdom 8774:Western Satrap Empire 8757:Indo-Parthian Kingdom 8747:Indo-Scythian Kingdom 8298:Late Harappan culture 8059:History of South Asia 7992:British rule in Burma 7962:Company rule in India 7768:South Asian languages 7745: 7673:St. Stephen's College 7669:Christ Church College 7575: 7566:Further information: 7531: 7517: 7488:University of Lucknow 7485: 7395:Qissa Khwani massacre 7323:Grant Medical College 7254:Third plague pandemic 7231:Bengal famine of 1943 7228: 7166:Bengal famine of 1943 7057:Orissa famine of 1866 7009:Company Rule in India 6906:Deaths (in millions) 6866:and help introduce a 5989: 5970:Demographics of India 5944:Bengal famine of 1770 5886: 5871: 5760: 5752: 5744: 5643: 5625:Further information: 5578: 5365: 5342: 5334:Syed Hussain Bilgrami 5302:Marquess of Salisbury 5288:and a fifteen-member 5238: 4568: 4445:Bengal famine of 1943 4312:Reserve Bank of India 4304:established in 1932. 4244:established in 1922. 4220:established in 1920. 4218:University of Rangoon 4180:Fall of Baghdad, 1917 4176:Mesopotamian campaign 4138:Mesopotamian campaign 4029:million Christians, 2 3997:million, including 62 3989:East Bengal and Assam 3772:Marquess of Lansdowne 3750:(ICS), and today the 3532:Indian Forest Service 3517:Orissa famine of 1866 3512:Anglo-Bhutan Duar War 3507:Sir John Lawrence, Bt 3475:Indian Police Service 3473:, later known as the 3320: 3251:Later that year, the 3226:Lord Pethick Lawrence 3203: 3195: 3182:Lord Pethick Lawrence 3171: 2959: 2935:Punjab Unionist Party 2892: 2880: 2849: 2830:India in World War II 2617:, founded in 1921 by 2472: 2415: 2337:Mesopotamian campaign 2158:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 2147: 2129: 1990:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1608:Surendranath Banerjee 1578:). Curzon's act, the 1452:untouchable community 1444:Gopal Krishna Gokhale 1420:. The 70 men elected 1140:Lord William Bentinck 1100: 1088: 1076: 892:(from 1886 to 1937), 888:(from 1858 to 1937), 884:(from 1858 to 1937), 830:San Francisco in 1945 515:Company rule in India 21:Company rule in India 27501:Economic development 27345:Voluntary guidelines 27340:Industrial licensing 26470:Environmental issues 26252:Non-Aligned Movement 26029:Seleucid–Mauryan war 25818:Traditional medicine 23936:United Arab Emirates 23444:Realm of New Zealand 23442:(transferred to the 23429:(transferred to the 23262:Realm of New Zealand 22863:Prince Edward Island 22741:1671–1816, 1833–1960 21856:Malta (Protectorate) 21514:Veeran Sundaralingam 21469:Tara Rani Srivastava 21404:Sahajanand Saraswati 21294:Maghfoor Ahmad Ajazi 21179:Chandra Shekhar Azad 21084:Alluri Sitarama Raju 21041:Vitthal Ramji Shinde 20996:Sahajanand Saraswati 20916:Gopal Ganesh Agarkar 20816:Indian National Army 20660:Dharasana Satyagraha 20565:Champaran Satyagraha 20415:First Anglo-Sikh War 20009:History of Education 19936:Moor-Gilbert, Bart. 19697:Modern Asian Studies 19478:Wolpert, Stanley A. 19471:Wolpert, Stanley A. 19075:Lipsett, Chaldwell. 19017:Modern Asian Studies 18976:Kaminsky, Arnold P. 18880:Modern Asian Studies 18770:, Harvard U. Press, 18554:Modern Asian Studies 18484:. (Routledge, 2016). 18195:, Delhi: Macmillan, 18164:Robb, Peter (2002), 18114:Encarta Encyclopedia 17983:, Oxford: Oneworld, 17930:Judd, Denis (2004), 17884:Coupland, Reginald. 17716:Bandhu, Deep Chand. 17459:. 19 November 2022. 16934:The Indian Year Book 16393:. P. J. Publishing. 15193:10.1787/456125276116 14644:Modern Asian Studies 14442:10.1787/456125276116 14392:Baten, Jörg (2016). 13914:Robert Harry Drayton 13108:The Idea of Pakistan 12825:Modern Asian Studies 12782:Modern Asian Studies 12146:Stanley A. Wolpert, 11594:on 24 November 2015. 11510:Baten, Jörg (2016). 11473:V. T. Krishnamachari 11322:Pykett, Lyn (2006), 11191:Ahmed, Omar (2015), 10440:" (5,378 persons), " 10353:" (1,147 persons), " 10162:Direct colonial rule 9471:Ahmadnagar Sultanate 9273:Late medieval period 9184:Eastern Ganga Empire 8916:Vishnukundina Empire 7628:St. Paul's Cathedral 7577:St. Paul's Cathedral 7512:Morant Bay rebellion 7459:on 25 April 1938 at 7401:: In this armoured 7397:on 23 April 1930 in 7308:smallpox vaccination 5715:otherwise sell. The 5310:Minto–Morley Reforms 5214:Sepoy Mutiny of 1857 5030:Chief administrative 4659:Chief administrative 4462:British Labour Party 4112:as capital of India. 3949:Francis Younghusband 3759:established in 1887 3748:Indian Civil Service 3710:Education Commission 3698:University of Punjab 3426:University of Madras 3422:University of Bombay 3280:Dominion of Pakistan 3056:, presided by Bose. 3042:Indian National Army 2941:of the pro-Congress 2725:Indian Civil Service 2489:Bolshevik Revolution 2452:High Court of Madras 2448:High Court of Bombay 2380:Minto–Morley Reforms 2171:was different from " 2118:Champaran Satyagraha 2091:and in regions like 2002:Madan Mohan Malaviya 1948:1920 Summer Olympics 1807:revolutionary groups 1794:elective principle. 1670:Minto-Morley Reforms 1392:Vernacular Press Act 1371:Indian Civil Service 1101:Bombay buildings by 704:Direct rule in India 546:Dominion of Pakistan 98:are shown in yellow. 27263:Ministry of Finance 26267:Indo-Pakistani wars 26211:Partition of Bengal 25749:South Asian studies 25275:South Asian regions 25132:Trinidad and Tobago 25019:Commonwealth realms 24904:United Baltic Duchy 24047:Antigua and Barbuda 24039:Commonwealth realms 23733:Order of succession 23475:Since 2009 part of 23367:of April–June 1982. 22954:Trinidad and Tobago 22568:Antigua and Barbuda 22468:Straits Settlements 21499:V. K. Krishna Menon 21444:Subhas Chandra Bose 21329:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 21324:Mohammad Ali Jauhar 21219:Govind Ballabh Pant 21199:Dayananda Saraswati 21124:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 20921:Gopal Hari Deshmukh 20901:Dhondo Keshav Karve 20896:Dayananda Saraswati 20891:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 20866:A. Vaidyanatha Iyer 20379:Anglo-Maratha Wars 19737:Strobel, Margaret. 19252:Raja, Masood Ashraf 19212:Raghavan, Srinath. 18907:Headrick, Daniel R. 18790:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 18756:Gopal, Sarvepalli. 18074:Metcalf, Barbara D. 18013:The A to Z of India 17891:Dodwell H. H., ed. 17255:Thomas R. Metcalf, 16857:. pp. 117–19. 16729:10.3917/hp.011.0002 16617:The Express Tribune 16504:"Salanga Day today" 16070:13 May 2015 at the 16002:, pp. 263–281. 15847:. pp. 97–101. 15158:, pp. 105, 108 14937:Derbyshire, 157-67. 14843:on 25 November 2012 13903:Government of India 13673:. pp. 186–253. 13601:on 14 February 2015 12705:Nick Lloyd (2011). 11775:on 25 February 2009 11736:10.1093/shm/9.3.357 11345:Lowe, Lisa (2015), 11248:Crown rule in India 10188:Subsidiary alliance 9553:Early modern period 9400:Vijayanagara Empire 9380:Chitradurga Kingdom 9074:Bhauma-Kara Kingdom 8486:Shaishunaga dynasty 7776:South Asian cuisine 7760:South Asian culture 7748:Indian cricket team 7746:A supporter of the 7620:Diocese of Calcutta 7608:British Indian Army 7420:Spin Tangi massacre 7327:Elphinstone College 6969:Maratha Confederacy 6937:Maratha Confederacy 6921:Great Bengal Famine 6896: 6052: 5860:Irrigation in India 5788:profit maximization 5194:subsidiary alliance 5171:Chief Commissioner 5145:Chief Commissioner 5116:Chief Commissioner 5093:British Baluchistan 5087:Chief Commissioner 5061:Chief Commissioner 4988:Lieutenant-Governor 4956:Lieutenant-Governor 4904:Governor-in-Council 4816:Lieutenant-Governor 4788:Governor-in-Council 4748:Lieutenant-Governor 4640: 4591:order of knighthood 4405:Battle of Singapore 4397:Battle of Hong Kong 4242:University of Delhi 3985:Partition of Bengal 3829:finalised in 1893. 3416:British Indian Army 3327:newly drawn borders 3302:, and the viceroy, 3230:Sir Stafford Cripps 3186:Sir Stafford Cripps 3178:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 3082:(centre-right) and 3046:Battle of Singapore 3029:Subhas Chandra Bose 3017:Quit India Movement 2939:Abd al-Ghaffar Khan 2927:Krishak Praja Party 2842:Quit India Movement 2702:Hindustani language 2550:Gandhi with Besant 2355:(also known as the 2104:groups such as non- 2056:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1986:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1932:British Indian Army 1913:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 1587:Partition of Bengal 1580:Partition of Bengal 1460:Bal Gangadhar Tilak 1299:Calcutta University 1291:Allan Octavian Hume 1260:Indian Famine Codes 1184:, completed in 1888 1093:(photo 1850s-1870s) 1081:(photo 1850s-1870s) 1041:Sir Syed Ahmed Khan 898:Straits Settlements 874:Indo-Gangetic Plain 860:Geographical extent 757:into two sovereign 700:Crown rule in India 696:Indian subcontinent 628:Straits Settlements 349:• 1947 (last) 305:• 1947 (last) 28232:Standard of living 27922:Telecommunications 27439:Financial services 27360:Atmanirbhar Bharat 27280:Finance Commission 26445:Biosphere reserves 26201:Bengal Renaissance 26189:Commander-in-Chief 26154:East India Company 25183:South Asian topics 22627:Cape Breton Island 22518:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 22360:Unfederated States 22175:Southern Rhodesia 21765:Commonwealth realm 21683:Partition of India 21529:Yashwantrao Holkar 21494:V. O. Chidamabaram 21449:Subramania Bharati 21379:Rahul Sankrityayan 21364:Pritilata Waddedar 21274:Shri Krishna Singh 21174:C. Rajagopalachari 21164:Bidhan Chandra Roy 21149:Bhavabhushan Mitra 21134:Begum Hazrat Mahal 21089:Annapurna Maharana 20961:Muthulakshmi Reddy 20906:G. Subramania Iyer 20600:Christmas Day Plot 20475:Indian nationalism 20425:Sannyasi rebellion 20323:East India Company 20254:1919–1947 editions 20035:Winks, Robin, ed. 19947:13 (2014). online. 19730:Sinha, Mrinalini. 19575:Gupta, Charu, ed. 19521:Population Studies 19473:Jinnah of Pakistan 19187:Discovery of India 19134:Metcalf, Thomas R. 19113:Metcalf, Thomas R. 18848:(1&2): 75–98, 18452:Bayly, Christopher 18417:Bayly, Christopher 18396:Bayly, Christopher 18370:Specialised topics 18281:A History of India 18258:A History of India 18167:A History of India 18078:Metcalf, Thomas R. 17429:. 14 August 2017. 17209:Historical Journal 16738:on 19 October 2017 16717:Histoire@Politique 16450:District Raebareli 15642:. pp. 87–95. 15583:. pp. 50–54. 15483:Far Eastern Survey 15352:. 15 August 2023. 15350:The Economic Times 14346:Studies in History 14058:, pp. 386–409 13785:Michael Edwardes, 13366:Bandyopadhyay 2004 13291:Bandyopadhyay 2004 13207:10.1353/jmh.0.0233 13050:Ramachandra Guha, 12868:, pp. 40, 156 12721:Past & Present 12274:, pp. 273–274 12260:Bandyopadhyay 2004 12227:V. Sankaran Nair, 12159:Michael Edwardes, 12057:F.H. Hinsley, ed. 11808:, pp. 150–151 11796:, pp. 149–150 11433:Mansergh, Nicholas 10169:(Hindi-Urdu words) 10030:Partition of India 9895:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 9843:Regional histories 9788:National histories 9675:Travancore Kingdom 9645:Thondaiman Kingdom 9515:Golkonda Sultanate 9124:Somavamshi Kingdom 9094:Rashtrakuta Empire 9034:Rashidun Caliphate 8956:Kabul Shahi Empire 8804:Nagas of Padmavati 8727:Indo-Greek Kingdom 8667:(230 BC – AD 1206) 8360:Vedic Civilisation 8308:Vedic Civilisation 8205:Ahar-Banas culture 8012:Partition of India 7756: 7728:Hindu nationalists 7700:Ideological impact 7606:The growth of the 7593: 7542: 7538:state universities 7492: 7444:on 28 May 1930 at 7300:Lepers Act of 1898 7270:Haffkine Institute 7234: 6888: 6864:discuss this issue 6050: 5996: 5931:East India Company 5893: 5771: 5755: 5747: 5695:textile production 5654: 5607:female infanticide 5597:East India Company 5593: 5375: 5373:from 1874 to 1878. 5360: 5256: 5254:from 1859 to 1866. 5248:East India Company 5157:Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 5025:Population in 1901 4856:Chief Commissioner 4704:Chief Commissioner 4654:Population in 1901 4632: 4564:British Parliament 4504:Partition of India 4367:Operation Crusader 4286:Earl of Willingdon 4130:German East Africa 3987:; new province of 3900:Chief Commissioner 3848:Reorganisation of 3396:Presiding Viceroy 3323: 3273:partition of India 3206: 3198: 3190: 3160:Partition of India 3142:Operation Crusader 2895: 2887: 2875: 2783:representing the " 2681:Bardoli Satyagraha 2645:Reginald E.H. Dyer 2476: 2428: 2261:—one in the rural 2173:passive resistance 2150: 2142: 1107: 1095: 1083: 1028:on 1 November 1858 894:British Somaliland 743:East India Company 430:Partition of India 323:Secretary of State 28411: 28410: 28407: 28406: 28403: 28402: 28097: 28096: 28093: 28092: 27642:Jammu and Kashmir 27268:Finance ministers 27211: 27210: 27207: 27206: 27199:Women in politics 27174:Political parties 27107: 27106: 27103: 27102: 26913:Chief Secretaries 26886:State governments 26881:Cabinet Secretary 26834:Foreign relations 26793: 26792: 26789: 26788: 26345: 26344: 26341: 26340: 26333:COVID-19 pandemic 26206:Political reforms 25826: 25825: 25729:Traditional games 25714:South Asian Games 25302:General geography 25149: 25148: 25145: 25144: 24834:Piedmont-Sardinia 24586:Sip Song Chau Tai 24396:Thirteen Colonies 24137: 24136: 23541: 23540: 23498: 23497: 23374: 23373: 23306:Providence Island 23286: 23285: 23251: 23250: 23119:Western Australia 23087:Van Diemen's Land 23023: 23022: 23000:Associated States 22698:Columbia District 22532: 22531: 22386:Manila and Cavite 22204: 22203: 22083:Southern Rhodesia 22077:South-West Africa 22027:Northern Rhodesia 21939:Cape of Good Hope 21879: 21878: 21759:Current territory 21701: 21700: 21668:Republic of India 21504:Vallabhbhai Patel 21489:Ubaidullah Sindhi 21389:Ram Prasad Bismil 21284:M. Bhaktavatsalam 21244:Jatindra Nath Das 21169:Bipin Chandra Pal 21104:Babu Kunwar Singh 21074:Achyut Patwardhan 20831:Khudai Khidmatgar 20675:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 20615:Kakori conspiracy 20575:Rowlatt Committee 20538:Direct Action Day 20500:Swadeshi movement 20480:Khilafat Movement 20470:Hindu nationalism 20430:Rebellion of 1857 20353:Anglo-Mysore Wars 20343:Battle of Plassey 20100:Media related to 20082:978-0-230-27076-3 20001:Imperial Meridian 19840:978-1-315-44498-7 19784:978-0-521-36230-6 19621:Lockwood, David. 19603:978-0-521-22802-2 19439:Voigt, Johannes. 19386:978-0-19-579051-1 19367:978-0-521-36328-0 19316:Riddick, John F. 19299:Riddick, John F. 19283:978-0-521-03989-5 19265:978-0-19-547811-2 19244:978-0-559-80001-6 19206:978-0-19-924678-6 19182:Nehru, Jawaharlal 19167:978-0-19-924678-6 19149:978-0-521-58937-6 19126:978-81-85054-99-5 19097:978-0-521-89261-2 19062:978-1-113-34966-8 18997:978-0-300-12078-3 18938:978-0-521-86649-1 18838:Grove, Richard H. 18829:978-1-139-45195-6 18804:, Oxford U. Press 18777:978-0-674-47310-2 18741:978-0-520-06249-8 18713:978-0-521-00254-7 18677:978-1-85984-739-8 18653:978-0-04-954002-6 18632:978-0-521-89436-4 18613:978-0-521-52328-8 18594:978-0-521-59692-3 18535:978-0-19-924679-3 18516:Brown, Judith M. 18467:978-0-674-02153-2 18432:978-0-674-01748-1 18409:978-0-521-66360-1 18388:978-0-19-563049-7 18361:978-0-19-539394-1 18335:978-0-19-516677-4 18291:978-1-4443-2351-1 18267:978-0-19-565446-2 18245:978-0-14-013836-8 18202:978-0-333-90425-1 18177:978-0-230-34549-2 18156:Riddick, John F. 18149:Riddick, John F. 18142:978-0-582-31738-3 18091:978-0-521-68225-1 18054:978-1-84331-004-4 18033:978-0-521-00254-7 18011:Mansingh, Surjit 17990:978-1-85168-237-9 17972:978-0-521-45754-5 17962:Eclipse of Empire 17941:978-0-19-280358-0 17922:James, Lawrence. 17878:978-0-582-38173-5 17848:978-81-89093-08-2 17828:978-0-415-30787-1 17800:978-0-19-873113-9 17778:978-0-307-27028-3 17757:978-0-521-38650-0 17735:978-81-250-2596-2 17529:978-0-231-53993-7 17358:978-1-4438-6761-0 17286:10.1080/714041289 17194:978-1-61164-551-4 17169:978-0-8028-4900-7 17140:978-1-63087-485-8 17111:978-1-78138-563-0 17083:978-1-4674-4039-4 17058:978-1-4438-6928-7 17033:978-0-8028-3956-5 17004:978-0-567-66246-0 16979:978-0-19-160743-1 16889:978-1-78622-020-2 16864:978-1-62032-315-1 16832:978-1-4422-5016-1 16482:on 16 August 2022 16358:978-1-85285-575-8 16225:Proc. R. Soc. Med 16053:978-0-385-72027-4 16014:, pp. 13–14. 15990:, pp. 79–81. 15853:saoa.crl.28215532 15823:saoa.crl.25793234 15765:saoa.crl.25394121 15736:saoa.crl.25393779 15706:saoa.crl.25352838 15648:saoa.crl.25318666 15618:saoa.crl.25057654 15589:saoa.crl.25057647 15381:. 2 November 2022 15202:978-92-64-02261-4 15107:978-0-231-14002-7 15067:978-0-374-53080-8 14789:978-0-19-564828-7 14764:978-0-19-564828-7 14736:978-0-521-22802-2 14696:978-81-230-1254-4 14628:978-0-511-56333-1 14607:, p. 291–92. 14555:(Subscription or 14451:978-92-64-02261-4 14419:, pp. 337–80 14403:978-1-107-50718-0 14170:, pp. 422–46 14123:Art of the Orient 13954:978-0-7007-0425-5 13932:978-0-226-18488-3 13493:978-0-674-47310-2 13452:, pp. 170–71 13440:, pp. 172–73 13403:978-0-674-04754-9 13344:, pp. 31–31. 13293:, pp. 418–20 13281:, pp. 206–07 13227:John F. Riddick, 13155:978-1-280-04817-3 13122:978-0-8157-1502-3 12770:, pp. 373–74 12667:, pp. 195–96 12619:, pp. 205–07 12590:, pp. 203–04 12550:, pp. 216–17 12538:, pp. 210–13 12519:, pp. 214–15 12479:, pp. 200–01 12462:, pp. 201–02 12436:on 7 October 2018 12408:, pp. 197–98 12348:978-0-04-954002-6 12017:978-94-009-6395-5 11832:, pp. 147–48 11557:978-81-7755-257-7 11521:978-1-107-50718-0 11448:978-0-11-580016-0 11405:Kaul, Chandrika. 11391:978-1-107-02014-6 11358:978-0-8223-7564-7 11333:978-0-19-284034-9 11302:978-0-226-07708-6 11268:978-0-19-989270-9 11241:978-0-19-968569-1 11204:978-1-80034-738-0 11167:978-0-415-77408-6 11111:978-0-521-51430-9 11071:978-0-19-934003-3 11022:978-0-19-062561-0 10985:978-0-415-44787-4 10936:978-0-19-860981-0 10870:978-81-208-4301-1 10839:978-90-04-17731-4 10811:978-0-8047-9153-3 10782:978-0-7136-7841-3 10236:the British Crown 10148:Bangladesh portal 10094: 10093: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9772: 9693: 9692: 9595:Thanjavur Kingdom 9543: 9542: 9504:Bijapur Sultanate 9460:Deccan sultanates 9338:Tughlaq Sultanate 9285:Ghaznavid Dynasty 9263: 9262: 9134:Chaulukya Kingdom 9064:Mallabhum kingdom 9054:Umayyad Caliphate 8794:Bharshiva Dynasty 8690:(200 BC – AD 300) 8680:(230 BC – AD 220) 8676:Satavahana Empire 8654: 8653: 8650:(247 BC – AD 224) 8506:Macedonian Empire 8480:(450 BC – AD 489) 8468:Achaemenid Empire 8338: 8337: 8243: 8242: 8166: 8165: 8116: 8115: 8100:Madrasian culture 8053: 8052: 8020: 8019: 7927: 7926: 7884: 7883: 7719:Sir William Jones 7411:Khudai Khidmatgar 7279:, working in the 7258:Waldemar Haffkine 7196: 7195: 7181:Total (1765–1947) 6913:Bengal Presidency 6885: 6884: 6813: 6812: 6761:Total population 5763:Victoria Terminus 5679:finished textiles 5614:British Victorian 5446:Sayyid Ahmad Khan 5405:Executive Council 5384:India Act of 1784 5377:In Calcutta, the 5300:(1859–1866), the 5175: 5174: 5160: 5131: 5102: 5076: 5047: 5017: 4993: 4992: 4976: 4944: 4892: 4844: 4804: 4776: 4736: 4692: 4677:Arunachal Pradesh 4648: 4523: 4522: 4363:Operation Compass 4299:created in 1932. 4273:Gandhi–Irwin Pact 4072:Establishment of 4009:million men and 1 3679:Marquess of Ripon 3630:established as a 3530:in 1867 (now the 3446:Establishment of 3434:Indian Penal Code 3310:on 14 August and 3304:Louis Mountbatten 3292:Republic of India 3288:Dominion of India 3269:Louis Mountbatten 3253:British Exchequer 3242:Direct Action Day 3010:Winston Churchill 2955:Two-Nation Theory 2943:Khudai Khidmatgar 2915:Lahore Resolution 2863:Premier of Bengal 2785:Depressed Classes 2751:million in 1939. 2500:Indian Penal Code 2460:Bombay presidency 2436:Rowlatt Committee 2421:Rowlatt Committee 2388:Indian Christians 2333:Home Rule leagues 2089:Madras Presidency 2068:Home Rule Leagues 2066:During 1916, two 1994:Pherozeshah Mehta 1944:League of Nations 1813:and the Punjab's 1760:Khwaja Salimullah 1591:Swadeshi movement 1507:Bengal Presidency 1484:Swadeshi movement 1409:Bengal Presidency 1326:Pherozeshah Mehta 1178:Victoria Terminus 1011:Doctrine of lapse 949:Kingdom of Sikkim 937:Madras Presidency 818:League of Nations 809:in 1937 as well. 767:Republic of India 648: 647: 644: 643: 640: 639: 532:Dominion of India 520: 519: 311:Louis Mountbatten 239:• 1910–1936 227:• 1901–1910 64: 54:God Save the King 28476: 28366:Physical culture 28187:Ethnic relations 28123: 28122: 28103: 28102: 28085:Mumbai Consensus 27637:Himachal Pradesh 27526:Numbering system 27516:Green revolution 27391:Historical Forex 27230: 27229: 27217: 27216: 27189:Scheduled groups 26992: 26991: 26928: 26927: 26812: 26811: 26799: 26798: 26781:Tourism in India 26776:History of India 26771:Culture of India 26381:Geology of India 26364: 26363: 26351: 26350: 26282:Naxal Insurgency 26277:White Revolution 26272:Green Revolution 25879: 25878: 25866: 25865: 25853: 25846: 25839: 25830: 25829: 25724:Physical culture 25619:Former countries 25614:Contemporary era 25314: 25176: 25169: 25162: 25153: 25152: 25073:Irish Free State 24839:Poland–Lithuania 24148: 24147: 24099:Papua New Guinea 23829: 23828: 23568: 23561: 23554: 23545: 23544: 23531: 23521: 23520: 23486:Antarctic Treaty 23447: 23434: 23419:Falkland Islands 23411:Tristan da Cunha 23403:Ascension Island 23380: 23379: 23331:Falkland Islands 23292: 23291: 23260:Now part of the 23132:Pitcairn Islands 23097:Auckland Islands 23066: 23065: 23052: 23045: 23038: 23029: 23028: 23014:Windward Islands 22968:Vancouver Island 22745:MassachusettsBay 22614:British Columbia 22538: 22537: 22354:Federated States 22210: 22209: 22120:Tristan da Cunha 22089:Southern Nigeria 22021:Northern Nigeria 21900:Ascension Island 21885: 21884: 21844: 21781: 21780: 21755:Former territory 21752: 21728: 21721: 21714: 21705: 21704: 21693:Simla Conference 21484:Tiruppur Kumaran 21454:Subramaniya Siva 21409:Sangolli Rayanna 21399:Rash Behari Bose 21339:Nagnath Naikwadi 21249:Jawaharlal Nehru 21194:Dadabhai Naoroji 21189:Chittaranjan Das 21079:A. K. Fazlul Huq 21001:Savitribai Phule 20826:Khaksar movement 20781:Berlin Committee 20766:Anushilan Samiti 20730:Independence Day 20690:Aundh Experiment 20665:Vedaranyam March 20570:Kheda Satyagraha 20555:Singapore Mutiny 20338:Portuguese India 20285: 20278: 20271: 20262: 20261: 20203: 20176: 20128: 20119: 20109: 20099: 20086: 20046:Winks, Robin W. 20032: 19992: 19983:(4): 1146–1180. 19926: 19897: 19868: 19844: 19815: 19787: 19769: 19753:(6): 1024–1026, 19747:Business History 19727: 19684: 19675: 19654: 19618: 19617: 19615: 19561:Dutt, Romesh C. 19551: 19484:full text online 19467: 19466: 19464: 19435: 19418: 19393:Thatcher, Mary. 19389: 19370: 19352: 19286: 19268: 19247: 19209: 19191: 19170: 19152: 19129: 19100: 19065: 19047: 19000: 18972: 18960: 18950: 18941: 18923: 18902: 18886:(6): 1189–1212, 18874: 18865: 18832: 18812: 18811: 18809: 18787: 18786: 18784: 18746:Gilmour, David. 18728: 18727: 18725: 18680: 18657: 18635: 18616: 18597: 18576: 18538: 18509: 18508: 18506: 18477: 18476: 18474: 18447: 18446: 18444: 18412: 18391: 18364: 18338: 18322:Wolpert, Stanley 18306: 18305: 18303: 18270: 18248: 18218:Somervell, D.C. 18205: 18194: 18180: 18145: 18121: 18116:, archived from 18094: 18069: 18068: 18066: 18047:, Anthem Press, 18036: 18001: 17993: 17975: 17944: 17901:Gilmour, David. 17881: 17863: 17862: 17860: 17831: 17803: 17787:Brown, Judith M. 17782: 17760: 17738: 17691: 17690: 17688: 17686: 17677:. 20 July 2020. 17667: 17661: 17660: 17658: 17656: 17629: 17623: 17622: 17620: 17618: 17599: 17593: 17570: 17564: 17563: 17561: 17559: 17540: 17534: 17533: 17513: 17504: 17503: 17501: 17499: 17488:The Conversation 17479: 17473: 17472: 17470: 17468: 17449: 17443: 17442: 17440: 17438: 17419: 17413: 17412: 17410: 17408: 17394: 17388: 17387: 17385: 17383: 17369: 17363: 17362: 17342: 17336: 17335: 17333: 17331: 17317: 17311: 17304: 17298: 17297: 17269: 17263: 17253: 17247: 17246: 17244: 17242: 17223: 17212: 17205: 17199: 17198: 17180: 17174: 17173: 17151: 17145: 17144: 17122: 17116: 17115: 17097: 17088: 17087: 17069: 17063: 17062: 17044: 17038: 17037: 17015: 17009: 17008: 16990: 16984: 16983: 16961: 16955: 16954: 16948: 16946: 16929: 16923: 16922: 16904: 16898: 16897: 16875: 16869: 16868: 16846: 16837: 16836: 16814: 16808: 16801: 16795: 16789: 16783: 16782: 16754: 16748: 16747: 16745: 16743: 16737: 16731:. Archived from 16714: 16705: 16699: 16698: 16696: 16694: 16682: 16676: 16673: 16667: 16665:Maria J. Stephan 16661: 16655: 16654: 16652: 16650: 16645:. 24 August 2016 16635: 16629: 16628: 16626: 16624: 16619:. 24 August 2016 16609: 16603: 16602: 16600: 16598: 16593:on 10 April 2018 16579: 16573: 16561: 16552: 16551: 16549: 16547: 16542:. The Daily Star 16535: 16529: 16517: 16511: 16501: 16492: 16491: 16489: 16487: 16468: 16462: 16461: 16459: 16457: 16442: 16433: 16427: 16421: 16411: 16405: 16404: 16384: 16378: 16377: 16369: 16363: 16362: 16342: 16336: 16335: 16333: 16331: 16317: 16311: 16310: 16308: 16306: 16301:on 20 April 2012 16291: 16285: 16284: 16282: 16280: 16265: 16259: 16258: 16248: 16216: 16210: 16209: 16207: 16205: 16190: 16184: 16183: 16181: 16179: 16174:on 16 April 2012 16164: 16158: 16145: 16139: 16138: 16136: 16134: 16119: 16113: 16100: 16094: 16093:, sciencemag.org 16081: 16075: 16062: 16056: 16045: 16039: 16033: 16027: 16021: 16015: 16009: 16003: 15997: 15991: 15985: 15979: 15973: 15967: 15961: 15955: 15949: 15943: 15937: 15931: 15925: 15919: 15913: 15900: 15894: 15888: 15882: 15876: 15870: 15864: 15863: 15861: 15859: 15840: 15834: 15833: 15831: 15829: 15811: 15805: 15804: 15802: 15800: 15782: 15776: 15775: 15773: 15771: 15753: 15747: 15746: 15744: 15742: 15723: 15717: 15716: 15714: 15712: 15694: 15688: 15687: 15685: 15683: 15665: 15659: 15658: 15656: 15654: 15635: 15629: 15628: 15626: 15624: 15606: 15600: 15599: 15597: 15595: 15576: 15570: 15567: 15561: 15560: 15532: 15526: 15525: 15513: 15507: 15506: 15475: 15469: 15464:Kingsley Davis, 15462: 15456: 15442: 15436: 15435: 15433: 15431: 15421: 15397: 15391: 15390: 15388: 15386: 15375: 15369: 15368: 15366: 15364: 15342: 15336: 15335: 15333: 15331: 15315: 15309: 15302: 15296: 15295: 15293: 15291: 15285: 15274: 15266: 15255: 15248: 15242: 15241: 15239: 15237: 15218: 15207: 15206: 15177: 15171: 15165: 15159: 15153: 15147: 15146: 15118: 15112: 15111: 15090: 15084: 15078: 15072: 15071: 15048: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15037: 15019: 15001: 14991: 14985: 14984: 14956: 14950: 14949:, p. 81–82. 14944: 14938: 14935: 14929: 14923: 14917: 14916: 14914: 14912: 14903:. Archived from 14890: 14881: 14880: 14871: 14865: 14864:, p. 78–79. 14859: 14853: 14852: 14850: 14848: 14829: 14820: 14813: 14807: 14800: 14794: 14793: 14775: 14769: 14768: 14747: 14741: 14740: 14722: 14716: 14710: 14701: 14700: 14682: 14676: 14675: 14639: 14633: 14632: 14614: 14608: 14602: 14596: 14595: 14567: 14561: 14560: 14552: 14550: 14548: 14529: 14521: 14512: 14509: 14503: 14497: 14491: 14490: 14462: 14456: 14455: 14426: 14420: 14414: 14408: 14407: 14389: 14383: 14376: 14370: 14369: 14341: 14335: 14329: 14320: 14314: 14308: 14302: 14293: 14287: 14281: 14275: 14266: 14256: 14250: 14244: 14238: 14232: 14226: 14220: 14214: 14208: 14195: 14189: 14183: 14177: 14171: 14165: 14159: 14158: 14156: 14154: 14114: 14108: 14107: 14089: 14065: 14059: 14053: 14044: 14038: 14032: 14023: 14014: 14008: 13999: 13994:, ... (p. 463)" 13986: 13977: 13971: 13970: 13968: 13966: 13936: 13890: 13884: 13883: 13881: 13879: 13864: 13858: 13841: 13835: 13834: 13832: 13830: 13813: 13807: 13806: 13796: 13790: 13783: 13777: 13776: 13762: 13756: 13755: 13745: 13739: 13732: 13726: 13725: 13723: 13721: 13715: 13705: 13699: 13698: 13684: 13675: 13674: 13664: 13658: 13657: 13655: 13653: 13639: 13633: 13626: 13620: 13617: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13606: 13587: 13581: 13580: 13575: 13573: 13554: 13548: 13530: 13524: 13511: 13505: 13504: 13502: 13500: 13481: 13471: 13465: 13459: 13453: 13447: 13441: 13435: 13426: 13420: 13414: 13413: 13412: 13410: 13387: 13381: 13375: 13369: 13363: 13357: 13351: 13345: 13339: 13330: 13324: 13318: 13312: 13306: 13300: 13294: 13288: 13282: 13276: 13267: 13266: 13238: 13232: 13225: 13219: 13218: 13190: 13184: 13183: 13166: 13160: 13159: 13143: 13133: 13127: 13126: 13103:Stephen P. Cohen 13099: 13093: 13087: 13081: 13080: 13078: 13076: 13061: 13055: 13048: 13042: 13041: 13039: 13037: 13018: 13009: 13008: 13006: 13004: 12984: 12973: 12972:. 12 April 1937. 12961: 12955: 12949: 12947: 12945: 12939: 12923:10.7202/044403ar 12908: 12899: 12893: 12887: 12881: 12875: 12869: 12863: 12857: 12856: 12820: 12814: 12813: 12777: 12771: 12765: 12756: 12755: 12747: 12741: 12740: 12716: 12710: 12703: 12697: 12691: 12685: 12679: 12668: 12662: 12651: 12645: 12632: 12626: 12620: 12614: 12591: 12585: 12564: 12559:Balraj Krishna, 12557: 12551: 12545: 12539: 12533: 12520: 12514: 12501: 12495: 12480: 12474: 12463: 12457: 12446: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12435: 12429:. Archived from 12424: 12415: 12409: 12403: 12386: 12385: 12378: 12372: 12366: 12360: 12359: 12357: 12355: 12332: 12323: 12317: 12306: 12300: 12294: 12288: 12275: 12269: 12263: 12257: 12251: 12241: 12235: 12225: 12219: 12216: 12210: 12209: 12179: 12173: 12170: 12164: 12157: 12151: 12144: 12138: 12132: 12126: 12116: 12110: 12103: 12097: 12096:, pp. 80–81 12091: 12085: 12079: 12073: 12055: 12049: 12043: 12034: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12003: 11997: 11991: 11982: 11976: 11967: 11961: 11950: 11944: 11938: 11932: 11926: 11921: 11912: 11902: 11896: 11887: 11881: 11880: 11878: 11876: 11870: 11859: 11851: 11845: 11839: 11833: 11827: 11821: 11815: 11809: 11803: 11797: 11791: 11785: 11784: 11782: 11780: 11774: 11768:. Archived from 11767: 11754: 11748: 11747: 11719: 11713: 11707: 11701: 11695: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11662: 11656: 11655: 11653: 11651: 11632: 11626: 11625: 11623: 11621: 11602: 11596: 11595: 11580: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11561: 11541: 11535: 11532: 11526: 11525: 11507: 11501: 11500: 11498: 11496: 11482: 11476: 11458: 11457: 11455: 11429: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11418: 11402: 11396: 11394: 11375: 11369: 11366: 11341: 11317: 11316: 11314: 11284: 11278: 11275: 11251: 11224: 11218: 11216: 11187: 11181: 11179: 11149: 11143: 11140: 11120: 11118: 11091: 11085: 11083: 11051: 11045: 11042: 11036: 11034: 11005: 10999: 10997: 10967: 10961: 10958: 10943: 10917: 10911: 10910: 10888: 10882: 10881: 10856: 10847: 10846: 10825: 10819: 10818: 10797: 10791: 10790: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10755: 10753: 10697: 10691: 10690: 10685: 10683: 10662: 10656: 10655: 10650: 10648: 10623: 10617: 10614: 10605: 10604: 10590: 10584: 10583: 10573: 10567: 10566: 10548: 10542: 10541: 10527: 10510: 10503:Ancestor Worship 10488: 10482: 10475: 10469: 10462: 10456: 10347: 10341: 10334: 10328: 10321: 10315: 10312: 10306: 10303: 10297: 10294: 10288: 10285: 10279: 10261: 10255: 10248: 10242: 10228: 10222: 10216: 10150: 10145: 10144: 10143: 10136: 10131: 10130: 10129: 10122: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10108: 10103: 10102: 10101: 10086: 10079: 10072: 10035:Pakistan studies 9875:Himachal Pradesh 9715:Portuguese India 9711: 9710: 9707: 9665:Sikh Confederacy 9561: 9560: 9557: 9410:Bengal Sultanate 9349:Sayyid Sultanate 9327:Khalji Sultanate 9316:Mamluk Sultanate 9281: 9280: 9277: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9194:Kakatiya Kingdom 9104:Paramara Kingdom 8997: 8993: 8990: 8966: 8963: 8906:Kamarupa Kingdom 8869: 8865: 8862: 8855:Kalabhras Empire 8848: 8844: 8841: 8767: 8764: 8751:(50 BC – AD 400) 8731:(180 BC – AD 10) 8710: 8706: 8703: 8672: 8671: 8668: 8639: 8635: 8632: 8618: 8615: 8601: 8598: 8584: 8581: 8567: 8564: 8550: 8546: 8543: 8461: 8458: 8444: 8441: 8424:Haryanka dynasty 8414:Pradyota dynasty 8356: 8355: 8352: 8261: 8260: 8257: 8198: 8195: 8188:Anarta tradition 8184: 8183: 8180: 8148:Mehrgarh culture 8138:Bhirrana culture 8134: 8133: 8130: 8129:(10,800–3300 BC) 8096: 8095: 8092: 8082: 8081: 8069: 8055: 8054: 8045: 8038: 8031: 7948: 7947: 7941: 7940: 7905: 7904: 7898: 7897: 7891:Portuguese India 7832: 7831: 7823: 7809: 7808: 7556: 7430:district of the 7414:freedom fighters 7373:Salanga massacre 7247: 7206:, including the 6993:Doji bara famine 6981:Northern Circars 6897: 6887: 6880: 6877: 6871: 6844: 6843: 6836: 6655: 6540: 6480: 6420: 6360: 6300: 6240: 6180: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6053: 6049: 6016: 6012: 6005: 6001: 5933:, claiming that 5887:The Queen's Own 5813: 5802:, Rajasthan and 5664: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5526: 5462: 5458: 5379:governor-general 5358:under Crown rule 5356:viceroy of India 5290:Council of India 5242:(1800–1885) was 5240:Sir Charles Wood 5154: 5125: 5096: 5070: 5041: 5020:Total area in km 5015: 5010: 5009: 4966: 4963:United Provinces 4933:Himachal Pradesh 4914: 4866: 4826: 4798: 4758: 4714: 4670: 4646: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4631: 4628: 4587:Queen's Speeches 4511:and position of 4453:Italian campaign 4440:Battle of Imphal 4436:Battle of Kohima 4418:21 February 1947 4401:Battle of Malaya 4056:Creation of the 4048:23 November 1910 4040: 4036: 4033:million Sikhs, 1 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3970:United Provinces 3944:Emperor of India 3915:Inauguration of 3894:Creation of the 3886:18 November 1905 3725:Earl of Dufferin 3721:10 December 1888 3708:Creation of the 3675:13 December 1884 3659:Richard Strachey 3655:80 million. 3640:Empress of India 3526:Creation of the 3484:20 November 1863 3457:Council of India 3410:Viscount Canning 3390: 3389: 3382: 3370: 3358: 3346: 3296:Jawaharlal Nehru 3228:, and including 3137: 3125: 3114:Liaquat Ali Khan 3102: 3076: 3022:United Provinces 2999: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2975: 2923:A. K. Fazlul Huq 2919:Ab'ul Kalam Azad 2911: 2907: 2883:Heinrich Himmler 2865:, leader of the 2851:A. K. Fazlul Huq 2815: 2796: 2773:Ramsay MacDonald 2768: 2750: 2692:Jawaharlal Nehru 2677:Simon Commission 2655: 2652:dead, with 1,100 2651: 2637:Jallianwala Bagh 2610: 2587: 2575: 2554:to a meeting in 2547: 2524:Simon Commission 2485: 2481: 2314: 2295: 2216:cottage industry 2102: 2044:United Provinces 2040: 1929: 1909: 1890: 1867: 1856:Chakwal District 1844: 1811:Anushilan Samiti 1803:Emperor of India 1700:Hakim Ajmal Khan 1696: 1681: 1662: 1537:Tamil magazine, 1534: 1518: 1503:Viceroy of India 1495: 1352: 1337: 1318:Dadabhai Naoroji 1309: 1287: 1252:famines in India 1216: 1206: 1203: 1193: 1173: 1160:The 1909 map of 1157: 1065:Empress of India 1060: 1037: 1021: 999: 968: 933:Treaty of Amiens 751:Empress of India 689: 678: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 662: 636: 635: 618: 617: 600: 599: 586: 585: 568: 567: 554: 553: 540: 539: 524: 523: 511: 510: 493: 492: 486: 485: 470: 469: 418: 389:Indian Rebellion 313: 144:(1911/1931–1947) 108: 76: 66: 65: 34: 33: 28484: 28483: 28479: 28478: 28477: 28475: 28474: 28473: 28414: 28413: 28412: 28399: 28371:Public holidays 28256: 28202:Life expectancy 28117: 28116: 28089: 28016: 27985: 27890:Pharmaceuticals 27721: 27590: 27530: 27496:COVID-19 impact 27482: 27434: 27364: 27251: 27224: 27203: 27135: 27099: 27041: 26981: 26977:District Courts 26917: 26908:Chief Ministers 26806: 26785: 26735: 26687: 26625: 26599:Western coastal 26594:Eastern coastal 26581:Mountain passes 26514: 26500:Protected areas 26426: 26422:Stones of India 26390: 26358: 26337: 26306: 26292:Space programme 26262:Sino-Indian War 26257:Five-Year Plans 26235: 26130: 26097: 26088:Delhi Sultanate 26054: 26045:Middle kingdoms 26038:Middle Kingdoms 26033: 25965: 25873: 25860: 25857: 25827: 25822: 25784: 25758: 25735: 25690: 25623: 25594:Middle kingdoms 25558: 25549:Stock exchanges 25504: 25481: 25437:Cultural sphere 25403: 25315: 25306: 25185: 25180: 25150: 25141: 25066:princely states 25014: 24950:Kingdom of Fiji 24923: 24669:Austria-Hungary 24637: 24400: 24334: 24133: 24119:Solomon Islands 24033: 24015: 23947: 23862: 23820: 23752: 23698:Democratization 23666: 23610: 23577: 23572: 23542: 23537: 23494: 23467: 23441: 23439:Ross Dependency 23428: 23385: 23370: 23345: 23297: 23282: 23252: 23247: 23203: 23198:Solomon Islands 23145:North Australia 23125:South Australia 23081:New South Wales 23059: 23056: 23019: 22739:Leeward Islands 22543: 22528: 22491: 22398:Muscat and Oman 22215: 22200: 22144: 21890: 21875: 21842: 21786: 21775: 21750: 21742: 21732: 21702: 21697: 21658:Cabinet Mission 21646: 21550:British leaders 21545: 21534:Yogendra Shukla 21439:Siraj ud-Daulah 21394:Rani Lakshmibai 21384:Rajendra Prasad 21374:R. Venkataraman 21319:Mithuben Petit‎ 21299:Mahadaji Shinde 21279:Lala Lajpat Rai 21114:Bahadur Shah II 21099:Ashfaqulla Khan 21069:Accamma Cherian 21064:Abul Kalam Azad 21056: 21050: 21021:Syed Ahmad Khan 21011:Sister Nivedita 20976:Pandita Ramabai 20971:Niralamba Swami 20936:J. B. Kripalani 20861:Ashfaqulla Khan 20853: 20847: 20786:Ghadar Movement 20744: 20625:Flag Satyagraha 20533:Revolutionaries 20515: 20509: 20452: 20446: 20348:Battle of Buxar 20294: 20289: 20196: 20184: 20093: 20091:Further reading 20083: 20065: 19977:History Compass 19853:History Compass 19841: 19823: 19818: 19785: 19613: 19611: 19604: 19493: 19488: 19462: 19460: 19387: 19368: 19312:Wayback Machine 19284: 19266: 19245: 19225:Wayback Machine 19207: 19168: 19150: 19127: 19098: 19068:Kumar, Deepak. 19063: 18998: 18939: 18921: 18830: 18807: 18805: 18782: 18780: 18778: 18723: 18721: 18714: 18678: 18670:, Verso Books, 18654: 18633: 18614: 18595: 18545:(1906) 495 pp. 18541:Buckland, C.E. 18536: 18504: 18502: 18489:Bose, Sudhindra 18472: 18470: 18468: 18442: 18440: 18433: 18410: 18389: 18372: 18367: 18362: 18336: 18301: 18299: 18292: 18268: 18246: 18230:Spear, Percival 18203: 18178: 18143: 18125:Panikkar, K. M. 18092: 18064: 18062: 18055: 18034: 18020:Marshall, P. J. 17991: 17973: 17942: 17879: 17858: 17856: 17849: 17829: 17801: 17779: 17758: 17736: 17720:(2003), 405 pp. 17713:(1934), 996 pp. 17705: 17700: 17695: 17694: 17684: 17682: 17669: 17668: 17664: 17654: 17652: 17631: 17630: 17626: 17616: 17614: 17601: 17600: 17596: 17591:Wayback Machine 17580:Wayback Machine 17571: 17567: 17557: 17555: 17542: 17541: 17537: 17530: 17514: 17507: 17497: 17495: 17480: 17476: 17466: 17464: 17451: 17450: 17446: 17436: 17434: 17421: 17420: 17416: 17406: 17404: 17396: 17395: 17391: 17381: 17379: 17371: 17370: 17366: 17359: 17343: 17339: 17329: 17327: 17319: 17318: 17314: 17305: 17301: 17276:(Book Review). 17270: 17266: 17254: 17250: 17240: 17238: 17225: 17224: 17215: 17206: 17202: 17195: 17181: 17177: 17170: 17152: 17148: 17141: 17133:. p. 120. 17123: 17119: 17112: 17098: 17091: 17084: 17070: 17066: 17059: 17045: 17041: 17034: 17026:. p. 127. 17016: 17012: 17005: 16991: 16987: 16980: 16962: 16958: 16944: 16942: 16931: 16930: 16926: 16919: 16905: 16901: 16890: 16876: 16872: 16865: 16847: 16840: 16833: 16825:. p. 117. 16815: 16811: 16802: 16798: 16790: 16786: 16755: 16751: 16741: 16739: 16735: 16712: 16706: 16702: 16692: 16690: 16683: 16679: 16674: 16670: 16662: 16658: 16648: 16646: 16637: 16636: 16632: 16622: 16620: 16611: 16610: 16606: 16596: 16594: 16581: 16580: 16576: 16562: 16555: 16545: 16543: 16536: 16532: 16518: 16514: 16502: 16495: 16485: 16483: 16470: 16469: 16465: 16455: 16453: 16444: 16443: 16436: 16428: 16424: 16412: 16408: 16401: 16385: 16381: 16370: 16366: 16359: 16343: 16339: 16329: 16327: 16319: 16318: 16314: 16304: 16302: 16293: 16292: 16288: 16278: 16276: 16267: 16266: 16262: 16217: 16213: 16203: 16201: 16200:on 5 March 2012 16192: 16191: 16187: 16177: 16175: 16166: 16165: 16161: 16155:Wayback Machine 16146: 16142: 16132: 16130: 16121: 16120: 16116: 16110:Wayback Machine 16101: 16097: 16091:Wayback Machine 16082: 16078: 16072:Wayback Machine 16063: 16059: 16046: 16042: 16034: 16030: 16022: 16018: 16010: 16006: 15998: 15994: 15986: 15982: 15974: 15970: 15966:, pp. 530. 15962: 15958: 15950: 15946: 15938: 15934: 15926: 15922: 15916:Fieldhouse 1996 15914: 15903: 15895: 15891: 15883: 15879: 15871: 15867: 15857: 15855: 15841: 15837: 15827: 15825: 15813: 15812: 15808: 15798: 15796: 15783: 15779: 15769: 15767: 15755: 15754: 15750: 15740: 15738: 15724: 15720: 15710: 15708: 15696: 15695: 15691: 15681: 15679: 15666: 15662: 15652: 15650: 15636: 15632: 15622: 15620: 15608: 15607: 15603: 15593: 15591: 15577: 15573: 15568: 15564: 15533: 15529: 15514: 15510: 15495:10.2307/3022159 15476: 15472: 15463: 15459: 15443: 15439: 15429: 15427: 15419:10.25336/p6hw3r 15412:(3–4): 248–51. 15398: 15394: 15384: 15382: 15377: 15376: 15372: 15362: 15360: 15344: 15343: 15339: 15329: 15327: 15318:Hickel, Jason. 15316: 15312: 15303: 15299: 15289: 15287: 15283: 15272: 15268: 15267: 15258: 15249: 15245: 15235: 15233: 15220: 15219: 15210: 15203: 15181:Maddison, Angus 15178: 15174: 15166: 15162: 15154: 15150: 15119: 15115: 15108: 15091: 15087: 15079: 15075: 15068: 15049: 15045: 15035: 15033: 15017:10.1.1.629.7369 15004:History Compass 14999: 14992: 14988: 14957: 14953: 14945: 14941: 14936: 14932: 14924: 14920: 14910: 14908: 14907:on 16 July 2008 14891: 14884: 14873: 14872: 14868: 14860: 14856: 14846: 14844: 14831: 14830: 14823: 14814: 14810: 14801: 14797: 14790: 14776: 14772: 14765: 14751:Thorner, Daniel 14748: 14744: 14737: 14723: 14719: 14711: 14704: 14697: 14683: 14679: 14640: 14636: 14629: 14615: 14611: 14603: 14599: 14568: 14564: 14554: 14546: 14544: 14522: 14515: 14510: 14506: 14498: 14494: 14463: 14459: 14452: 14430:Maddison, Angus 14427: 14423: 14415: 14411: 14404: 14390: 14386: 14377: 14373: 14342: 14338: 14330: 14323: 14315: 14311: 14303: 14296: 14288: 14284: 14276: 14269: 14257: 14253: 14245: 14241: 14233: 14229: 14221: 14217: 14209: 14198: 14190: 14186: 14178: 14174: 14166: 14162: 14152: 14150: 14115: 14111: 14066: 14062: 14054: 14047: 14039: 14035: 14024: 14017: 14009: 14002: 13979: 13978: 13974: 13964: 13962: 13955: 13933: 13891: 13887: 13877: 13875: 13866: 13865: 13861: 13856:Wayback Machine 13842: 13838: 13828: 13826: 13815: 13814: 13810: 13805:. R.A. Everett. 13797: 13793: 13784: 13780: 13763: 13759: 13746: 13742: 13733: 13729: 13719: 13717: 13706: 13702: 13685: 13678: 13665: 13661: 13651: 13649: 13640: 13636: 13627: 13623: 13618: 13614: 13604: 13602: 13589: 13588: 13584: 13571: 13569: 13556: 13555: 13551: 13531: 13527: 13521: 13512: 13508: 13498: 13496: 13494: 13472: 13468: 13460: 13456: 13448: 13444: 13436: 13429: 13421: 13417: 13408: 13406: 13404: 13388: 13384: 13376: 13372: 13364: 13360: 13352: 13348: 13340: 13333: 13325: 13321: 13313: 13309: 13301: 13297: 13289: 13285: 13277: 13270: 13243:India Quarterly 13239: 13235: 13226: 13222: 13191: 13187: 13167: 13163: 13156: 13134: 13130: 13123: 13100: 13096: 13088: 13084: 13074: 13072: 13063: 13062: 13058: 13049: 13045: 13035: 13033: 13020: 13019: 13012: 13002: 13000: 12985: 12976: 12964:"Sword For Pen" 12962: 12958: 12943: 12941: 12937: 12906: 12900: 12896: 12888: 12884: 12876: 12872: 12864: 12860: 12821: 12817: 12778: 12774: 12766: 12759: 12748: 12744: 12723:(131): 130–64. 12717: 12713: 12704: 12700: 12692: 12688: 12680: 12671: 12663: 12654: 12646: 12635: 12627: 12623: 12615: 12594: 12586: 12567: 12558: 12554: 12546: 12542: 12534: 12523: 12515: 12504: 12496: 12483: 12475: 12466: 12458: 12449: 12439: 12437: 12433: 12427:LA84 Foundation 12422: 12416: 12412: 12404: 12389: 12380: 12379: 12375: 12367: 12363: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12333: 12326: 12318: 12309: 12301: 12297: 12289: 12278: 12270: 12266: 12258: 12254: 12242: 12238: 12226: 12222: 12217: 12213: 12180: 12176: 12171: 12167: 12158: 12154: 12145: 12141: 12133: 12129: 12118:Helen S. Dyer, 12117: 12113: 12104: 12100: 12092: 12088: 12080: 12076: 12070:Wayback Machine 12056: 12052: 12044: 12037: 12029: 12025: 12018: 12004: 12000: 11992: 11985: 11977: 11970: 11962: 11953: 11945: 11941: 11933: 11929: 11922: 11915: 11903: 11899: 11892:, p. 259, 11888: 11884: 11874: 11872: 11868: 11857: 11853: 11852: 11848: 11840: 11836: 11828: 11824: 11816: 11812: 11804: 11800: 11792: 11788: 11778: 11776: 11772: 11765: 11761: 11755: 11751: 11720: 11716: 11708: 11704: 11696: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11664: 11663: 11659: 11649: 11647: 11634: 11633: 11629: 11619: 11617: 11604: 11603: 11599: 11582: 11581: 11577: 11569: 11565: 11558: 11542: 11538: 11533: 11529: 11522: 11508: 11504: 11494: 11492: 11483: 11479: 11469:Firoz Khan Noon 11453: 11451: 11449: 11430: 11426: 11416: 11414: 11403: 11399: 11392: 11376: 11372: 11359: 11344: 11334: 11321: 11312: 11310: 11303: 11288: 11285: 11281: 11269: 11254: 11242: 11227: 11214: 11212: 11205: 11190: 11177: 11175: 11168: 11153: 11150: 11146: 11137: 11135: 11133: 11131: 11129: 11127: 11116: 11114: 11112: 11096:Lapidus, Ira M. 11094: 11081: 11079: 11072: 11055: 11052: 11048: 11032: 11030: 11023: 11008: 10995: 10993: 10986: 10971: 10968: 10964: 10946: 10937: 10921: 10918: 10914: 10903: 10889: 10885: 10877: 10871: 10857: 10850: 10840: 10826: 10822: 10812: 10798: 10794: 10783: 10769: 10765: 10751: 10749: 10698: 10694: 10681: 10679: 10664: 10663: 10659: 10646: 10644: 10625: 10624: 10620: 10615: 10608: 10591: 10587: 10574: 10570: 10549: 10545: 10536:. Westminster: 10528: 10524: 10519: 10514: 10513: 10496: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10489: 10485: 10476: 10472: 10463: 10459: 10449:Scheduled Caste 10446: 10445: 10427: 10426: 10412: 10411: 10397: 10396: 10382: 10381: 10367: 10366: 10348: 10344: 10335: 10331: 10322: 10318: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10300: 10295: 10291: 10286: 10282: 10276:Princely States 10262: 10258: 10249: 10245: 10229: 10225: 10217: 10213: 10208: 10203: 10146: 10141: 10139: 10134:Pakistan portal 10132: 10127: 10125: 10118: 10113: 10111: 10104: 10099: 10097: 10090: 10061: 10060: 10059: 9954: 9946: 9945: 9944: 9844: 9836: 9835: 9834: 9789: 9781: 9780: 9775: 9774: 9708: 9705: 9703:Colonial states 9695: 9694: 9585:Madurai Kingdom 9558: 9555: 9545: 9544: 9493:Bidar Sultanate 9482:Berar sultanate 9450:Ladakh Kingdom 9440:Gajapati Empire 9420:Garhwal Kingdom 9305:Delhi Sultanate 9278: 9275: 9265: 9264: 9256: 9252: 9234:Chutiya Kingdom 9204:Zamorin Kingdom 8995: 8991: 8983:Maukhari Empire 8973:Chalukya Empire 8964: 8926:Maitraka Empire 8867: 8863: 8846: 8842: 8834:Vakataka Empire 8814:Sasanian Empire 8765: 8708: 8704: 8686:Kuninda Kingdom 8669: 8666: 8664:Middle Kingdoms 8656: 8655: 8646:Parthian Empire 8637: 8633: 8616: 8599: 8582: 8565: 8548: 8544: 8459: 8442: 8353: 8350: 8340: 8339: 8258: 8255: 8245: 8244: 8196: 8181: 8178: 8168: 8167: 8158:Edakkal culture 8131: 8128: 8118: 8117: 8109:Soanian culture 8093: 8090: 8079: 8049: 8002:Princely states 7942: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7899: 7895: 7894: 7893: 7826: 7807: 7740: 7738:Cultural impact 7702: 7693: 7681:zenana missions 7570: 7564: 7562:Missionary work 7554: 7480: 7474: 7465:Bombay Province 7442:Takkar massacre 7381:Bengal Province 7377:Raiganj Upazila 7343: 7277:Sir Ronald Ross 7245: 7199: 7197: 7175: 7160: 7145: 7130: 7111: 7096: 7081: 7066: 7051: 7026: 7002: 6962: 6930: 6895: 6894: 6881: 6875: 6872: 6870:to the article. 6861: 6856:, specifically 6845: 6841: 6834: 6828: 6820:Main articles: 6818: 6059: 6048: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5999: 5984: 5968:Main articles: 5966: 5935:Warren Hastings 5922: 5881: 5862: 5856: 5840:Indian Railways 5811: 5782:(GIPR) and the 5739: 5733: 5671: 5662: 5638: 5636:Economic trends 5633: 5623: 5573: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5460: 5233: 5186: 5180: 5178:Princely states 5164: 5153: 5135: 5128:Kodagu district 5124: 5106: 5095: 5080: 5069: 5051: 5040: 5031: 5027:(in thousands) 5026: 5021: 5014: 5005: 5003:Minor provinces 4980: 4979:280,000 km 4965: 4948: 4947:250,000 km 4917:Punjab Province 4913: 4896: 4895:370,000 km 4865: 4848: 4847:270,000 km 4825: 4808: 4807:440,000 km 4797: 4780: 4779:320,000 km 4757: 4740: 4739:390,000 km 4713: 4696: 4695:130,000 km 4669: 4660: 4655: 4645: 4637: 4626: 4623: 4617: 4615:Major provinces 4555:Princely States 4542: 4530:Main articles: 4528: 4507: 4502: 4499:Radcliffe Award 4497: 4484: 4477: 4473: 4460: 4447: 4443: 4430: 4422:Viscount Wavell 4417: 4407: 4395:Indian Army in 4394: 4383:Anglo-Iraqi War 4349: 4348:to India, 1942. 4346:Cripps' mission 4344: 4342: 4334:, and with the 4329: 4319: 4309: 4305: 4300: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4281: 4267: 4265: 4252: 4245: 4237:Earl of Reading 4232: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4197: 4191: 4167:Lord Chelmsford 4162: 4152: 4134:Battle of Tanga 4119: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4107: 4082: 4071: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4047: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3992: 3983: 3981: 3975: 3973: 3956: 3947: 3934: 3920: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3903: 3885: 3878: 3873: 3864: 3855: 3853: 3839: 3832: 3830: 3824: 3810: 3800: 3790: 3789:leased in 1899 3785: 3782:princely states 3768:11 October 1894 3767: 3760: 3755: 3745: 3735: 3730: 3720: 3713: 3707: 3705: 3700:established in 3696: 3694: 3688: 3674: 3664: 3662: 3656: 3647: 3634: 3618: 3606:Prince of Wales 3603: 3601: 3595: 3586:Lord Northbrook 3581: 3574: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3547:8 February 1872 3546: 3538:Nicobar Islands 3535: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3503:12 January 1869 3502: 3483: 3471:Imperial Police 3468: 3451: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3432: 3419: 3405: 3386: 3383: 3374: 3371: 3362: 3359: 3350: 3347: 3335: 3184:; far right is 3172:Members of the 3166: 3156: 3149: 3138: 3129: 3126: 3117: 3103: 3094: 3088:Lord Linlithgow 3084:Rajendra Prasad 3077: 2997: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2977: 2973: 2925:of the leftist 2909: 2905: 2899:Lord Linlithgow 2859:Tiger of Bengal 2853:, known as the 2844: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2807: 2797: 2788: 2769: 2748: 2714:Salt Satyagraha 2666:non-cooperation 2653: 2649: 2629: 2626: 2619:Lala Lajpat Rai 2611: 2602: 2588: 2579: 2576: 2567: 2548: 2538: 2512: 2483: 2479: 2440:Sir Basil Scott 2410: 2404: 2341:Lord Chelmsford 2325: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2321: 2318:Lord Chelmsford 2315: 2307: 2306: 2296: 2285: 2279: 2247:Rajendra Prasad 2124: 2114: 2100: 2038: 1940:founding member 1927: 1923:First World War 1919: 1916: 1910: 1901: 1896:shown with the 1891: 1882: 1868: 1859: 1845: 1835: 1823: 1710: 1707: 1697: 1688: 1682: 1673: 1663: 1653: 1560:Bengal Province 1545: 1542: 1535: 1526: 1519: 1510: 1496: 1486: 1478:Main articles: 1476: 1440:Pandita Ramabai 1375:dominion status 1366: 1363: 1353: 1344: 1338: 1329: 1310: 1301: 1288: 1278: 1272: 1262:, the earliest 1226: 1223: 1217: 1208: 1204: 1194: 1185: 1174: 1165: 1162:Indian Railways 1158: 1148: 1071: 1068: 1061: 1052: 1043:founder of the 1038: 1029: 1022: 1013: 1000: 990: 985: 979: 972: 969: 955:were a British 953:Maldive Islands 862: 834:Summer Olympics 822:founding member 724:princely states 676: 659: 655: 633: 627: 615: 609: 597: 583: 578:Colony of Burma 577: 565: 551: 537: 531: 508: 500: 490: 451: 432: 419: 414: 404: 391: 350: 338: 309: 306: 298:Charles Canning 294: 264: 252: 240: 228: 216: 175: 143: 139: 137: 124:Princely States 111: 99: 96:Princely states 67: 59: 39: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 28482: 28472: 28471: 28466: 28461: 28456: 28451: 28446: 28441: 28436: 28431: 28426: 28409: 28408: 28405: 28404: 28401: 28400: 28398: 28397: 28396: 28395: 28385: 28384: 28383: 28373: 28368: 28363: 28358: 28353: 28348: 28347: 28346: 28336: 28331: 28326: 28321: 28316: 28311: 28310: 28309: 28299: 28298: 28297: 28287: 28282: 28277: 28272: 28266: 28264: 28258: 28257: 28255: 28254: 28249: 28244: 28239: 28234: 28229: 28224: 28219: 28214: 28209: 28204: 28199: 28194: 28189: 28184: 28183: 28182: 28177: 28172: 28167: 28157: 28156: 28155: 28145: 28140: 28135: 28129: 28127: 28119: 28118: 28115: 28114: 28107: 28099: 28098: 28095: 28094: 28091: 28090: 28088: 28087: 28082: 28077: 28072: 28067: 28062: 28060:Income Tax Act 28057: 28052: 28047: 28042: 28037: 28036: 28035: 28024: 28022: 28018: 28017: 28015: 28014: 28009: 28004: 27999: 27993: 27991: 27987: 27986: 27984: 27983: 27982: 27981: 27976: 27971: 27966: 27961: 27956: 27951: 27950: 27949: 27934: 27929: 27924: 27919: 27914: 27913: 27912: 27902: 27897: 27895:Pulp and paper 27892: 27887: 27886: 27885: 27883:Iron and Steel 27880: 27870: 27869: 27868: 27863: 27858: 27853: 27843: 27838: 27837: 27836: 27826: 27821: 27816: 27811: 27806: 27805: 27804: 27803: 27802: 27797: 27792: 27787: 27772: 27767: 27762: 27757: 27752: 27747: 27746: 27745: 27740: 27729: 27727: 27723: 27722: 27720: 27719: 27714: 27709: 27704: 27699: 27694: 27689: 27684: 27679: 27674: 27669: 27667:Madhya Pradesh 27664: 27659: 27654: 27649: 27644: 27639: 27634: 27629: 27624: 27619: 27614: 27609: 27604: 27602:Andhra Pradesh 27598: 27596: 27592: 27591: 27589: 27588: 27587: 27586: 27581: 27576: 27566: 27561: 27560: 27559: 27549: 27544: 27538: 27536: 27532: 27531: 27529: 27528: 27523: 27518: 27513: 27508: 27506:Liberalisation 27503: 27498: 27492: 27490: 27484: 27483: 27481: 27480: 27479: 27478: 27473: 27463: 27458: 27453: 27448: 27442: 27440: 27436: 27435: 27433: 27432: 27427: 27426: 27425: 27420: 27410: 27409: 27408: 27403: 27398: 27393: 27388: 27383: 27372: 27370: 27366: 27365: 27363: 27362: 27357: 27352: 27347: 27342: 27337: 27332: 27327: 27322: 27317: 27312: 27307: 27302: 27297: 27292: 27287: 27282: 27277: 27272: 27271: 27270: 27259: 27257: 27253: 27252: 27250: 27249: 27244: 27238: 27236: 27226: 27225: 27213: 27212: 27209: 27208: 27205: 27204: 27202: 27201: 27196: 27191: 27186: 27181: 27176: 27171: 27166: 27161: 27156: 27151: 27145: 27143: 27137: 27136: 27134: 27133: 27128: 27123: 27117: 27115: 27109: 27108: 27105: 27104: 27101: 27100: 27098: 27097: 27092: 27087: 27082: 27077: 27072: 27067: 27062: 27057: 27051: 27049: 27043: 27042: 27040: 27039: 27034: 27029: 27024: 27019: 27014: 27009: 27004: 26998: 26996: 26989: 26983: 26982: 26980: 26979: 26974: 26969: 26964: 26959: 26958: 26957: 26947: 26942: 26937: 26931: 26925: 26919: 26918: 26916: 26915: 26910: 26905: 26900: 26899: 26898: 26893: 26883: 26878: 26876:Civil Services 26873: 26868: 26866:Prime Minister 26863: 26861:Vice President 26858: 26853: 26852: 26851: 26846: 26836: 26831: 26826: 26820: 26818: 26808: 26807: 26795: 26794: 26791: 26790: 26787: 26786: 26784: 26783: 26778: 26773: 26768: 26763: 26757:Nature worship 26754: 26749: 26743: 26741: 26737: 26736: 26734: 26733: 26728: 26726:Municipalities 26723: 26718: 26713: 26708: 26703: 26697: 26695: 26689: 26688: 26686: 26685: 26680: 26679: 26678: 26673: 26663: 26658: 26657: 26656: 26646: 26641: 26635: 26633: 26627: 26626: 26624: 26623: 26618: 26613: 26608: 26603: 26602: 26601: 26596: 26591: 26583: 26578: 26573: 26568: 26563: 26558: 26553: 26551:Extreme points 26548: 26543: 26538: 26533: 26528: 26522: 26520: 26516: 26515: 26513: 26512: 26507: 26502: 26497: 26495:National parks 26492: 26487: 26482: 26477: 26472: 26467: 26462: 26457: 26455:Climate change 26452: 26447: 26442: 26436: 26434: 26428: 26427: 26425: 26424: 26419: 26414: 26409: 26404: 26398: 26396: 26392: 26391: 26389: 26388: 26383: 26378: 26372: 26370: 26360: 26359: 26347: 26346: 26343: 26342: 26339: 26338: 26336: 26335: 26330: 26325: 26320: 26314: 26312: 26308: 26307: 26305: 26304: 26299: 26294: 26289: 26287:Smiling Buddha 26284: 26279: 26274: 26269: 26264: 26259: 26254: 26249: 26243: 26241: 26237: 26236: 26234: 26233: 26228: 26223: 26218: 26213: 26208: 26203: 26198: 26193: 26192: 26191: 26181: 26176: 26171: 26166: 26164:1857 rebellion 26161: 26156: 26151: 26149:Princely state 26146: 26140: 26138: 26132: 26131: 26129: 26128: 26123: 26121:European trade 26118: 26113: 26107: 26105: 26099: 26098: 26096: 26095: 26090: 26085: 26080: 26075: 26070: 26068:Medieval India 26064: 26062: 26056: 26055: 26053: 26052: 26047: 26041: 26039: 26035: 26034: 26032: 26031: 26026: 26021: 26016: 26011: 26006: 26004:Yavana Kingdom 26001: 25996: 25991: 25986: 25981: 25975: 25973: 25967: 25966: 25964: 25963: 25958: 25953: 25951:Paper currency 25948: 25943: 25938: 25933: 25928: 25923: 25918: 25913: 25908: 25903: 25897: 25896: 25891: 25885: 25883: 25875: 25874: 25862: 25861: 25856: 25855: 25848: 25841: 25833: 25824: 25823: 25821: 25820: 25815: 25810: 25805: 25800: 25794: 25792: 25786: 25785: 25783: 25782: 25777: 25772: 25766: 25764: 25760: 25759: 25757: 25756: 25751: 25745: 25743: 25737: 25736: 25734: 25733: 25732: 25731: 25721: 25716: 25711: 25706: 25700: 25698: 25692: 25691: 25689: 25688: 25687: 25686: 25681: 25676: 25666: 25661: 25660: 25659: 25654: 25649: 25644: 25633: 25631: 25625: 25624: 25622: 25621: 25616: 25611: 25606: 25601: 25596: 25591: 25586: 25581: 25580: 25579: 25568: 25566: 25560: 25559: 25557: 25556: 25551: 25546: 25545: 25544: 25539: 25534: 25524: 25518: 25516: 25506: 25505: 25503: 25502: 25500:Climate change 25497: 25491: 25489: 25483: 25482: 25480: 25479: 25474: 25469: 25464: 25459: 25454: 25449: 25444: 25439: 25434: 25429: 25424: 25419: 25413: 25411: 25405: 25404: 25402: 25401: 25396: 25395: 25394: 25389: 25384: 25379: 25371: 25366: 25361: 25356: 25351: 25346: 25341: 25336: 25331: 25325: 25323: 25317: 25316: 25309: 25307: 25305: 25304: 25299: 25298: 25297: 25292: 25287: 25282: 25272: 25267: 25266: 25265: 25255: 25250: 25245: 25244: 25243: 25238: 25233: 25228: 25227: 25226: 25211: 25206: 25201: 25195: 25193: 25187: 25186: 25179: 25178: 25171: 25164: 25156: 25147: 25146: 25143: 25142: 25140: 25139: 25134: 25129: 25124: 25119: 25114: 25109: 25104: 25099: 25094: 25089: 25084: 25079: 25070: 25054: 25049: 25044: 25039: 25034: 25028: 25022: 25020: 25016: 25015: 25013: 25012: 25007: 25002: 24997: 24992: 24987: 24982: 24977: 24972: 24967: 24962: 24957: 24952: 24947: 24942: 24937: 24931: 24929: 24925: 24924: 24922: 24921: 24916: 24911: 24906: 24901: 24896: 24891: 24886: 24881: 24876: 24871: 24866: 24861: 24856: 24851: 24846: 24841: 24836: 24831: 24826: 24824:Ottoman Empire 24821: 24816: 24811: 24806: 24801: 24796: 24791: 24786: 24784:Kartli-Kakheti 24781: 24776: 24771: 24766: 24761: 24756: 24751: 24746: 24741: 24736: 24731: 24726: 24721: 24716: 24711: 24706: 24701: 24696: 24691: 24686: 24681: 24676: 24671: 24666: 24661: 24656: 24651: 24645: 24643: 24639: 24638: 24636: 24635: 24623: 24618: 24613: 24608: 24603: 24598: 24593: 24588: 24583: 24578: 24573: 24566: 24561: 24556: 24551: 24546: 24541: 24536: 24531: 24526: 24521: 24516: 24511: 24506: 24501: 24496: 24491: 24486: 24481: 24476: 24466: 24459: 24454: 24449: 24444: 24439: 24434: 24429: 24424: 24419: 24414: 24408: 24406: 24402: 24401: 24399: 24398: 24393: 24388: 24383: 24378: 24373: 24368: 24363: 24358: 24353: 24348: 24342: 24340: 24336: 24335: 24333: 24332: 24325: 24320: 24315: 24310: 24305: 24300: 24295: 24290: 24285: 24280: 24275: 24270: 24265: 24260: 24255: 24250: 24245: 24240: 24235: 24230: 24225: 24220: 24215: 24210: 24205: 24200: 24195: 24193:Central Africa 24190: 24185: 24180: 24175: 24170: 24165: 24160: 24154: 24152: 24145: 24139: 24138: 24135: 24134: 24132: 24131: 24129:United Kingdom 24126: 24121: 24116: 24111: 24106: 24101: 24096: 24095: 24094: 24089: 24079: 24074: 24069: 24064: 24059: 24054: 24049: 24043: 24041: 24035: 24034: 24032: 24031: 24025: 24023: 24017: 24016: 24014: 24013: 24008: 24003: 23998: 23993: 23988: 23983: 23978: 23973: 23968: 23963: 23957: 23955: 23949: 23948: 23946: 23945: 23938: 23933: 23928: 23923: 23918: 23913: 23908: 23903: 23898: 23893: 23888: 23883: 23878: 23872: 23870: 23864: 23863: 23861: 23860: 23853: 23848: 23843: 23837: 23835: 23826: 23822: 23821: 23819: 23818: 23813: 23808: 23803: 23798: 23793: 23788: 23786:Prince regnant 23783: 23782: 23781: 23771: 23766: 23760: 23758: 23754: 23753: 23751: 23750: 23745: 23740: 23735: 23730: 23725: 23720: 23715: 23710: 23705: 23703:Decolonization 23700: 23695: 23690: 23685: 23680: 23674: 23672: 23668: 23667: 23665: 23664: 23659: 23657:Personal union 23654: 23649: 23644: 23639: 23634: 23629: 23627:Constitutional 23624: 23618: 23616: 23612: 23611: 23609: 23608: 23603: 23598: 23593: 23588: 23582: 23579: 23578: 23571: 23570: 23563: 23556: 23548: 23539: 23538: 23536: 23535: 23525: 23515: 23509: 23503: 23500: 23499: 23496: 23495: 23493: 23492: 23489: 23482: 23472: 23469: 23468: 23466: 23465: 23457: 23449: 23436: 23423: 23415: 23407: 23399: 23390: 23387: 23386: 23376: 23375: 23372: 23371: 23369: 23368: 23361: 23350: 23347: 23346: 23344: 23343: 23335: 23327: 23321: 23315: 23312:Willoughbyland 23309: 23302: 23299: 23298: 23288: 23287: 23284: 23283: 23281: 23280: 23270: 23264: 23257: 23254: 23253: 23249: 23248: 23246: 23245: 23239: 23233: 23226: 23219: 23213: 23206: 23204: 23202: 23201: 23194: 23188: 23182: 23172: 23166: 23160: 23154: 23148: 23142: 23136: 23128: 23122: 23112: 23106: 23100: 23094: 23084: 23077: 23074: 23073: 23070: 23064: 23061: 23060: 23055: 23054: 23047: 23040: 23032: 23025: 23024: 23021: 23020: 23018: 23017: 23011: 23005: 23004: 23003: 22991: 22985: 22979: 22975:Virgin Islands 22971: 22965: 22957: 22951: 22945: 22942:South Carolina 22939: 22933: 22926: 22919: 22912: 22906: 22900: 22894: 22888: 22878: 22872: 22866: 22860: 22854: 22848: 22842: 22839:North Carolina 22836: 22830: 22824: 22818: 22812: 22806: 22800: 22794: 22788: 22782: 22776: 22773:Mosquito Coast 22770: 22762: 22756: 22755: 22754: 22742: 22736: 22729: 22723: 22717: 22711: 22705: 22702:Oregon Country 22695: 22691:Cayman Islands 22687: 22681: 22680: 22679: 22673: 22667: 22661: 22649: 22642: 22636: 22630: 22624: 22623: 22622: 22611: 22605: 22597: 22590: 22584: 22578: 22571: 22564: 22557: 22548: 22545: 22544: 22534: 22533: 22530: 22529: 22527: 22526: 22520: 22511: 22496: 22493: 22492: 22490: 22489: 22483: 22480:Trucial States 22477: 22471: 22465: 22459: 22453: 22452: 22451: 22439: 22433: 22427: 22421: 22415: 22414: 22413: 22401: 22395: 22389: 22383: 22377: 22376: 22375: 22369: 22363: 22357: 22345: 22339: 22333: 22327: 22321: 22315: 22309: 22303: 22297: 22291: 22275: 22269: 22263: 22257: 22247: 22241: 22240: 22239: 22227: 22220: 22217: 22216: 22206: 22205: 22202: 22201: 22199: 22198: 22192: 22173:Self-governing 22170: 22156: 22149: 22146: 22145: 22143: 22142: 22136: 22130: 22124: 22116: 22110: 22104: 22098: 22092: 22086: 22080: 22074: 22068: 22062: 22056: 22050: 22042: 22036: 22030: 22024: 22018: 22012: 22006: 22000: 21994: 21988: 21982: 21976: 21966: 21960: 21954: 21948: 21945:Central Africa 21942: 21936: 21930: 21924: 21914: 21904: 21895: 21892: 21891: 21881: 21880: 21877: 21876: 21874: 21873: 21867: 21866: 21865: 21853: 21852: 21851: 21836: 21833:Ionian Islands 21830: 21824: 21816: 21810: 21804: 21791: 21788: 21787: 21777: 21776: 21774: 21773: 21767: 21761: 21756: 21753: 21747: 21744: 21743: 21736:British Empire 21731: 21730: 21723: 21716: 21708: 21699: 21698: 21696: 21695: 21690: 21685: 21680: 21675: 21670: 21665: 21660: 21654: 21652: 21648: 21647: 21645: 21644: 21639: 21634: 21629: 21624: 21619: 21614: 21609: 21604: 21599: 21594: 21589: 21584: 21579: 21574: 21569: 21564: 21559: 21553: 21551: 21547: 21546: 21544: 21543: 21536: 21531: 21526: 21521: 21516: 21511: 21506: 21501: 21496: 21491: 21486: 21481: 21476: 21474:Tarak Nath Das 21471: 21466: 21461: 21456: 21451: 21446: 21441: 21436: 21431: 21426: 21424:Shuja-ud-Daula 21421: 21416: 21414:Sarojini Naidu 21411: 21406: 21401: 21396: 21391: 21386: 21381: 21376: 21371: 21366: 21361: 21359:Prafulla Chaki 21356: 21351: 21346: 21341: 21336: 21331: 21326: 21321: 21316: 21311: 21306: 21304:Mahatma Gandhi 21301: 21296: 21291: 21286: 21281: 21276: 21271: 21266: 21261: 21256: 21251: 21246: 21241: 21236: 21231: 21226: 21221: 21216: 21211: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21186: 21181: 21176: 21171: 21166: 21161: 21156: 21151: 21146: 21141: 21136: 21131: 21126: 21121: 21116: 21111: 21106: 21101: 21096: 21091: 21086: 21081: 21076: 21071: 21066: 21060: 21058: 21052: 21051: 21049: 21048: 21043: 21038: 21033: 21028: 21026:Vakkom Moulavi 21023: 21018: 21013: 21008: 21003: 20998: 20993: 20988: 20983: 20978: 20973: 20968: 20963: 20958: 20956:Mahatma Gandhi 20953: 20948: 20943: 20941:Jyotirao Phule 20938: 20933: 20928: 20923: 20918: 20913: 20908: 20903: 20898: 20893: 20888: 20883: 20881:B. R. Ambedkar 20878: 20873: 20871:Ayya Vaikundar 20868: 20863: 20857: 20855: 20849: 20848: 20846: 20845: 20838: 20833: 20828: 20823: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20803: 20798: 20793: 20788: 20783: 20778: 20773: 20768: 20763: 20758: 20752: 20750: 20746: 20745: 20743: 20742: 20737: 20732: 20727: 20722: 20717: 20712: 20707: 20702: 20700:Cripps Mission 20697: 20692: 20687: 20682: 20677: 20672: 20667: 20662: 20657: 20652: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20592: 20590:Noakhali riots 20587: 20582: 20577: 20572: 20567: 20562: 20557: 20552: 20545: 20540: 20535: 20530: 20525: 20519: 20517: 20511: 20510: 20508: 20507: 20502: 20497: 20492: 20487: 20482: 20477: 20472: 20467: 20462: 20456: 20454: 20453:and ideologies 20448: 20447: 20445: 20444: 20437: 20435:Radcliffe Line 20432: 20427: 20422: 20417: 20412: 20410:Vellore Mutiny 20407: 20402: 20401: 20400: 20395: 20390: 20385: 20377: 20376: 20375: 20370: 20365: 20360: 20350: 20345: 20340: 20335: 20330: 20325: 20320: 20315: 20310: 20304: 20302: 20296: 20295: 20288: 20287: 20280: 20273: 20265: 20259: 20258: 20257: 20256: 20251: 20246: 20233: 20227: 20219: 20213: 20211:online edition 20204: 20194: 20183: 20180: 20179: 20178: 20166: 20163: 20157: 20147: 20135:at Wiktionary 20092: 20089: 20088: 20087: 20081: 20064: 20061: 20060: 20059: 20051: 20044: 20037:Historiography 20033: 20015:(3): 315–329. 20004: 19993: 19972: 19965: 19962: 19955: 19948: 19941: 19934: 19927: 19909:(3): 331–332. 19898: 19869: 19859:(2): 363–375. 19848: 19845: 19839: 19822: 19819: 19817: 19816: 19799:(4): 337–380, 19788: 19783: 19770: 19742: 19735: 19728: 19703:(3): 593–622, 19692: 19685: 19666:(3): 109–130, 19655: 19637:(3): 535–551. 19626: 19619: 19602: 19587: 19582:Hyam, Ronald. 19580: 19573: 19559: 19552: 19527:(3): 521–545, 19516: 19509: 19502: 19497:Anstey, Vera. 19494: 19492: 19489: 19487: 19486: 19476: 19469: 19444: 19437: 19398: 19391: 19385: 19372: 19366: 19353: 19324: 19314: 19297: 19287: 19282: 19269: 19264: 19248: 19243: 19227: 19210: 19205: 19192: 19178: 19171: 19166: 19153: 19148: 19130: 19125: 19109: 19102: 19096: 19080: 19073: 19066: 19061: 19048: 19023:(3): 545–580, 19012: 19003:Khan, Yasmin. 19001: 18996: 18981: 18974: 18961: 18951: 18942: 18937: 18924: 18919: 18903: 18875: 18834: 18828: 18813: 18795: 18788: 18776: 18761: 18754: 18744: 18729: 18712: 18695: 18688: 18683:Dewey, Clive. 18681: 18676: 18658: 18652: 18637: 18631: 18618: 18612: 18599: 18593: 18577: 18560:(3): 780–819, 18549: 18539: 18534: 18521: 18514: 18510: 18485: 18478: 18466: 18448: 18431: 18413: 18408: 18392: 18387: 18373: 18371: 18368: 18366: 18365: 18360: 18347: 18340: 18334: 18318: 18308: 18290: 18272: 18266: 18250: 18244: 18226: 18216: 18214:Percival Spear 18206: 18201: 18181: 18176: 18161: 18154: 18147: 18141: 18128: 18122: 18120:on 24 May 2024 18105: 18098:Moon, Penderel 18095: 18090: 18070: 18053: 18038: 18032: 18016: 18009: 18002: 17994: 17989: 17976: 17971: 17953: 17946: 17940: 17927: 17920: 17913: 17899: 17889: 17882: 17877: 17864: 17847: 17832: 17827: 17805: 17799: 17783: 17777: 17762: 17756: 17740: 17734: 17721: 17714: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17693: 17692: 17662: 17624: 17594: 17565: 17535: 17528: 17505: 17474: 17444: 17414: 17389: 17364: 17357: 17337: 17312: 17299: 17264: 17248: 17213: 17200: 17193: 17175: 17168: 17162:. p. 60. 17146: 17139: 17117: 17110: 17089: 17082: 17064: 17057: 17039: 17032: 17010: 17003: 16985: 16978: 16972:. p. 93. 16956: 16924: 16918:978-8184753967 16917: 16899: 16888: 16870: 16863: 16838: 16831: 16809: 16796: 16784: 16749: 16700: 16677: 16668: 16656: 16630: 16604: 16574: 16553: 16530: 16525:The Daily Star 16512: 16508:The Daily Star 16493: 16463: 16434: 16432:, p. 169. 16422: 16406: 16400:978-0956554949 16399: 16379: 16364: 16357: 16337: 16312: 16286: 16260: 16211: 16185: 16159: 16140: 16114: 16095: 16076: 16057: 16040: 16028: 16016: 16004: 15992: 15980: 15978:, p. 531. 15968: 15956: 15944: 15942:, p. 488. 15932: 15930:, p. 529. 15920: 15918:, p. 132. 15901: 15889: 15877: 15875:, p. 528. 15865: 15835: 15806: 15777: 15748: 15718: 15689: 15660: 15630: 15601: 15571: 15562: 15527: 15508: 15479:Kingsley Davis 15470: 15457: 15454:978-8176466387 15437: 15392: 15370: 15337: 15310: 15297: 15256: 15243: 15208: 15201: 15172: 15160: 15156:Tomlinson 1993 15148: 15113: 15106: 15085: 15073: 15066: 15052:Gilmour, David 15043: 14986: 14951: 14939: 14930: 14918: 14882: 14866: 14854: 14821: 14808: 14795: 14788: 14770: 14763: 14742: 14735: 14717: 14702: 14695: 14677: 14634: 14627: 14609: 14597: 14562: 14513: 14504: 14492: 14457: 14450: 14421: 14417:Tomlinson 1975 14409: 14402: 14384: 14371: 14336: 14332:Steinberg 1947 14321: 14317:Steinberg 1947 14309: 14305:Steinberg 1947 14294: 14290:Steinberg 1947 14282: 14278:Steinberg 1947 14267: 14261:, p. 72, 14251: 14239: 14227: 14215: 14213:, pp. 426 14196: 14184: 14182:, pp. 424 14172: 14160: 14109: 14060: 14056:Markovits 2004 14045: 14033: 14015: 14000: 13972: 13953: 13931: 13885: 13859: 13847:(1910) vol. 7 13836: 13808: 13791: 13778: 13757: 13740: 13727: 13700: 13676: 13659: 13634: 13621: 13612: 13582: 13549: 13525: 13506: 13492: 13466: 13454: 13442: 13427: 13425:, p. 345. 13415: 13402: 13382: 13370: 13368:, p. 427. 13358: 13346: 13331: 13329:, p. 313. 13319: 13317:, p. 297. 13307: 13295: 13283: 13268: 13233: 13220: 13201:(2): 497–529. 13185: 13161: 13154: 13128: 13121: 13094: 13082: 13056: 13043: 13010: 12974: 12956: 12894: 12882: 12880:, p. 394. 12870: 12858: 12831:(3): 493–518. 12815: 12772: 12768:Markovits 2004 12757: 12742: 12711: 12698: 12686: 12669: 12652: 12633: 12621: 12592: 12565: 12552: 12540: 12521: 12502: 12481: 12464: 12447: 12410: 12387: 12373: 12361: 12347: 12324: 12307: 12295: 12276: 12264: 12252: 12236: 12220: 12211: 12174: 12165: 12152: 12139: 12127: 12111: 12098: 12086: 12074: 12050: 12035: 12023: 12016: 11998: 11983: 11981:, p. 126. 11968: 11951: 11939: 11927: 11924:Oldenburg 2007 11913: 11905:Oldenburg 2007 11897: 11894:Oldenburg 2007 11882: 11846: 11834: 11822: 11810: 11798: 11786: 11749: 11714: 11702: 11687: 11657: 11627: 11597: 11575: 11563: 11556: 11536: 11527: 11520: 11502: 11477: 11447: 11424: 11397: 11390: 11370: 11368: 11367: 11357: 11342: 11332: 11324:Wilkie Collins 11319: 11301: 11279: 11277: 11276: 11267: 11252: 11240: 11225: 11203: 11188: 11166: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11110: 11092: 11070: 11046: 11044: 11043: 11021: 11006: 10984: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10944: 10935: 10912: 10901: 10883: 10869: 10848: 10838: 10820: 10810: 10792: 10781: 10763: 10712:(4): 665–682. 10692: 10657: 10618: 10606: 10603:. p. 251. 10585: 10568: 10563:Times of India 10543: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10512: 10511: 10483: 10470: 10457: 10342: 10329: 10316: 10307: 10298: 10289: 10280: 10268:summer capital 10256: 10243: 10223: 10210: 10209: 10207: 10204: 10202: 10201: 10196: 10191: 10185: 10180: 10175: 10170: 10164: 10159: 10157:Colonial India 10153: 10152: 10151: 10137: 10123: 10109: 10092: 10091: 10089: 10088: 10081: 10074: 10066: 10063: 10062: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9956: 9955: 9952: 9951: 9948: 9947: 9943: 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9833: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9787: 9786: 9783: 9782: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9770: 9767: 9761: 9760: 9757: 9751: 9750: 9747: 9741: 9740: 9737: 9731: 9730: 9727: 9721: 9720: 9717: 9709: 9701: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9690: 9687: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9671: 9670: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9657: 9655:Maratha Empire 9651: 9650: 9647: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9635:Sikkim Kingdom 9631: 9630: 9627: 9625:Marava Kingdom 9621: 9620: 9617: 9611: 9610: 9607: 9601: 9600: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9577: 9571: 9570: 9567: 9559: 9551: 9550: 9547: 9546: 9541: 9540: 9537: 9531: 9530: 9527: 9525:Keladi Kingdom 9521: 9520: 9517: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9499: 9498: 9495: 9488: 9487: 9484: 9477: 9476: 9473: 9466: 9465: 9462: 9456: 9455: 9452: 9446: 9445: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9432: 9430:Mysore Kingdom 9426: 9425: 9422: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9402: 9396: 9395: 9392: 9386: 9385: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9372: 9366: 9365: 9362: 9360:Lodi Sultanate 9355: 9354: 9351: 9344: 9343: 9340: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9322: 9321: 9318: 9311: 9310: 9307: 9301: 9300: 9297: 9295:Ghurid Dynasty 9291: 9290: 9287: 9279: 9271: 9270: 9267: 9266: 9261: 9260: 9246: 9240: 9239: 9236: 9230: 9229: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9164:Hoysala Empire 9160: 9159: 9156: 9154:Lohara Kingdom 9150: 9149: 9146: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9126: 9120: 9119: 9116: 9110: 9109: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9096: 9090: 9089: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9066: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9040: 9039: 9036: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9014:Tibetan Empire 9010: 9009: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8985: 8979: 8978: 8975: 8969: 8968: 8958: 8952: 8951: 8948: 8942: 8941: 8938: 8932: 8931: 8928: 8922: 8921: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8908: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8892: 8891: 8888: 8886:Kadamba Empire 8882: 8881: 8878: 8872: 8871: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8786: 8780: 8779: 8776: 8770: 8769: 8759: 8753: 8752: 8749: 8743: 8742: 8739: 8733: 8732: 8729: 8723: 8722: 8719: 8713: 8712: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8688: 8682: 8681: 8678: 8670: 8662: 8661: 8658: 8657: 8652: 8651: 8648: 8642: 8641: 8627: 8621: 8620: 8610: 8608:Pallava Empire 8604: 8603: 8593: 8587: 8586: 8576: 8570: 8569: 8559: 8553: 8552: 8538: 8532: 8531: 8528: 8526:Seleucid India 8522: 8521: 8518: 8512: 8511: 8508: 8502: 8501: 8498: 8492: 8491: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8474: 8473: 8470: 8464: 8463: 8453: 8451:Maha Janapadas 8447: 8446: 8436: 8430: 8429: 8426: 8420: 8419: 8416: 8410: 8409: 8406: 8399: 8398: 8395: 8388: 8387: 8386:(1300–1000 BC) 8384: 8377: 8376: 8373: 8366: 8365: 8362: 8354: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8336: 8335: 8332: 8325: 8324: 8323:(2000–1600 BC) 8321: 8314: 8313: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8302:(1900–1300 BC) 8300: 8293: 8292: 8291:(2600–1900 BC) 8289: 8282: 8281: 8280:(3300–2600 BC) 8278: 8271: 8270: 8269:(3300–1300 BC) 8267: 8259: 8256:(3300–1300 BC) 8251: 8250: 8247: 8246: 8241: 8240: 8237: 8231: 8230: 8229:(1600–1300 BC) 8227: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8211: 8210: 8209:(3000–1500 BC) 8207: 8201: 8200: 8190: 8182: 8179:(3500–1500 BC) 8174: 8173: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8163: 8162:(5000–3000 BC) 8160: 8154: 8153: 8152:(7000–3300 BC) 8150: 8144: 8143: 8142:(7570–6200 BC) 8140: 8132: 8124: 8123: 8120: 8119: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8105: 8104: 8102: 8094: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8074: 8071: 8070: 8062: 8061: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8047: 8040: 8033: 8025: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8017: 8014: 8008: 8007: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7994: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7974: 7968: 7967: 7964: 7958: 7957: 7954: 7944: 7943: 7932: 7929: 7928: 7925: 7924: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7911: 7901: 7900: 7889: 7886: 7885: 7882: 7881: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7868: 7862: 7861: 7858: 7852: 7851: 7848: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7836:Austrian India 7828: 7827: 7824: 7816: 7815: 7813:Colonial India 7806: 7803: 7784:(particularly 7782:British sports 7739: 7736: 7701: 7698: 7692: 7689: 7563: 7560: 7476:Main article: 7473: 7470: 7469: 7468: 7454: 7439: 7417: 7392: 7370: 7359: 7342: 7339: 7331:Deccan College 7262:microbiologist 7194: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7177: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7158: 7156: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7143: 7141: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7128: 7126: 7123: 7113: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7098: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7053: 7052: 7049: 7047: 7044: 7037: 7036: 7028: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7013: 7012: 7004: 7003: 7000: 6998: 6995: 6989: 6988: 6964: 6963: 6960: 6958: 6955: 6953:Chalisa famine 6949: 6948: 6932: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6917: 6916: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6901: 6889: 6886: 6883: 6882: 6848: 6846: 6839: 6817: 6814: 6811: 6810: 6807: 6804: 6801: 6798: 6795: 6792: 6789: 6786: 6783: 6780: 6777: 6774: 6771: 6768: 6765: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6754: 6751: 6748: 6745: 6742: 6739: 6736: 6733: 6730: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6718: 6715: 6712: 6709: 6705: 6704: 6701: 6698: 6695: 6692: 6689: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6674: 6671: 6668: 6665: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6645: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6629: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6617: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6596: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6577: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6565: 6562: 6559: 6556: 6553: 6550: 6547: 6544: 6541: 6530: 6529: 6526: 6523: 6520: 6517: 6514: 6511: 6508: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6496: 6493: 6490: 6487: 6484: 6481: 6474:Zoroastrianism 6470: 6469: 6466: 6463: 6460: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6448: 6445: 6442: 6439: 6436: 6433: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6421: 6410: 6409: 6406: 6403: 6400: 6397: 6394: 6391: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6376: 6373: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6350: 6349: 6346: 6343: 6340: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6316: 6313: 6310: 6307: 6304: 6301: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6271: 6268: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6256: 6253: 6250: 6247: 6244: 6241: 6230: 6229: 6226: 6223: 6220: 6217: 6214: 6211: 6208: 6205: 6202: 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6187: 6184: 6181: 6170: 6169: 6164: 6159: 6154: 6149: 6144: 6139: 6134: 6129: 6124: 6119: 6114: 6109: 6104: 6099: 6094: 6086: 6085: 6082: 6079: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6067: 6064: 6061: 6047: 6044: 6043: 6042: 5965: 5962: 5950:P. J. Marshall 5921: 5918: 5880: 5877: 5858:Main article: 5855: 5852: 5847:British Empire 5804:Andhra Pradesh 5795:Lord Dalhousie 5735:Main article: 5732: 5729: 5670: 5667: 5650:Queen Victoria 5637: 5634: 5622: 5619: 5572: 5569: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5504:Communications 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5472: 5367:Lord Salisbury 5354:and the first 5282: 5281: 5278: 5271: 5258:Following the 5232: 5229: 5184:Princely state 5182:Main article: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5166: 5161: 5147: 5146: 5140: 5137: 5132: 5122:Coorg Province 5118: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5103: 5089: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5077: 5063: 5062: 5056: 5053: 5048: 5034: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5004: 5001: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4982: 4977: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4950: 4945: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4898: 4893: 4869:Andhra Pradesh 4859: 4858: 4853: 4850: 4845: 4829:Madhya Pradesh 4819: 4818: 4813: 4810: 4805: 4791: 4790: 4785: 4782: 4777: 4751: 4750: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4698: 4693: 4663: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4649: 4619:Main article: 4616: 4613: 4536:Princely state 4527: 4524: 4521: 4520: 4506:, August 1947 4501:, August 1947 4491: 4486: 4485:15 August 1947 4480: 4479: 4470:Clement Attlee 4424: 4419: 4413: 4412: 4409:Burma campaign 4326: 4321: 4320:1 October 1943 4315: 4314: 4288: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4259: 4254: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4234: 4228: 4227: 4169: 4164: 4158: 4157: 4091:Visit of King 4089: 4084: 4078: 4077: 4054: 4049: 4043: 4042: 3923:Queen Victoria 3892: 3887: 3881: 3880: 3875:Bubonic plague 3861:Tirah campaign 3846: 3841: 3840:6 January 1899 3835: 3834: 3813:The Great Game 3811:High point of 3803:princely state 3801:Revolution in 3795:, opening the 3774: 3769: 3763: 3762: 3744:in full play. 3742:The Great Game 3727: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3681: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3636:Queen Victoria 3625: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3612:, in 1875–76. 3598:a child prince 3588: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3553: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3509: 3504: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3485: 3479: 3478: 3465:paper currency 3412: 3407: 3401: 3400: 3397: 3394: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3341: 3339: 3334: 3331: 3300:prime minister 3180:. Far left is 3155: 3152: 3151: 3150: 3139: 3132: 3130: 3127: 3120: 3118: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3080:Mahatma Gandhi 3078: 3071: 3065:Burma Campaign 3061:U-Go offensive 3006:Cripps mission 2931:Fazl-i-Hussain 2838:Cripps Mission 2825: 2822: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2810: 2808: 2798: 2791: 2789: 2781:B. R. Ambedkar 2770: 2763: 2756:1937 elections 2628: 2627: 2612: 2605: 2603: 2589: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2570: 2568: 2549: 2542: 2539: 2511: 2508: 2432:Sidney Rowlatt 2417:Sidney Rowlatt 2403: 2400: 2316: 2309: 2308: 2297: 2290: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2286: 2278: 2275: 2206:untouchability 2131:Mahatma Gandhi 2113: 2110: 2011:Turkish Sultan 1918: 1917: 1911: 1904: 1902: 1892: 1885: 1883: 1869: 1862: 1860: 1854:, hailed from 1852:Victoria Cross 1846: 1839: 1836: 1822: 1819: 1728:Lord Kitchener 1709: 1708: 1698: 1691: 1689: 1683: 1676: 1674: 1664: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1585:Following the 1544: 1543: 1536: 1529: 1527: 1520: 1513: 1511: 1497: 1490: 1487: 1475: 1468: 1365: 1364: 1354: 1347: 1345: 1339: 1332: 1330: 1322:W. C. Bonerjee 1311: 1304: 1302: 1289: 1282: 1279: 1271: 1268: 1243:infrastructure 1225: 1224: 1218: 1211: 1209: 1195: 1188: 1186: 1175: 1168: 1166: 1159: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1115:Lord Dalhousie 1070: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1053: 1039: 1032: 1030: 1026:Queen Victoria 1023: 1016: 1014: 1001: 994: 991: 989: 986: 981:Main article: 978: 975: 974: 973: 970: 963: 902:Trucial States 861: 858: 826:United Nations 777:). Later, the 763:Union of India 747:Queen Victoria 712:United Kingdom 646: 645: 642: 641: 638: 637: 630: 620: 619: 612: 602: 601: 594: 592:Colony of Aden 588: 587: 580: 570: 569: 562: 556: 555: 548: 542: 541: 534: 521: 518: 517: 512: 504: 503: 494: 482: 481: 476: 466: 465: 460: 456: 455: 452: 449: 446: 445: 441: 440: 437: 436: 433: 427: 424: 423: 420: 412: 409: 408: 405: 399: 396: 395: 392: 386: 383: 382: 379: 378: 375: 371: 370: 365: 361: 360: 357: 356: 351: 348: 345: 344: 342:Edward Stanley 339: 336: 333: 332: 329: 328: 325: 319: 318: 315: 314: 307: 304: 301: 300: 295: 292: 289: 288: 285: 284: 281: 275: 274: 271: 270: 265: 262: 259: 258: 253: 250: 247: 246: 241: 238: 235: 234: 229: 226: 223: 222: 217: 214: 211: 210: 207: 206: 203: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 183: 177: 176: 174: 173: 168: 158: 152: 150: 146: 145: 132: 128: 127: 117: 113: 112: 109: 101: 100: 77: 69: 68: 57: 46: 45: 41: 40: 37: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 28481: 28470: 28467: 28465: 28462: 28460: 28457: 28455: 28452: 28450: 28447: 28445: 28442: 28440: 28437: 28435: 28432: 28430: 28427: 28425: 28424:British India 28422: 28421: 28419: 28394: 28391: 28390: 28389: 28386: 28382: 28379: 28378: 28377: 28374: 28372: 28369: 28367: 28364: 28362: 28359: 28357: 28354: 28352: 28349: 28345: 28342: 28341: 28340: 28337: 28335: 28332: 28330: 28327: 28325: 28322: 28320: 28317: 28315: 28312: 28308: 28305: 28304: 28303: 28300: 28296: 28293: 28292: 28291: 28288: 28286: 28283: 28281: 28278: 28276: 28273: 28271: 28268: 28267: 28265: 28263: 28259: 28253: 28250: 28248: 28245: 28243: 28240: 28238: 28235: 28233: 28230: 28228: 28225: 28223: 28220: 28218: 28215: 28213: 28210: 28208: 28205: 28203: 28200: 28198: 28195: 28193: 28190: 28188: 28185: 28181: 28178: 28176: 28173: 28171: 28168: 28166: 28163: 28162: 28161: 28158: 28154: 28151: 28150: 28149: 28146: 28144: 28141: 28139: 28136: 28134: 28131: 28130: 28128: 28124: 28120: 28113: 28109: 28108: 28104: 28100: 28086: 28083: 28081: 28078: 28076: 28075:Insurance Act 28073: 28071: 28068: 28066: 28065:Companies Act 28063: 28061: 28058: 28056: 28053: 28051: 28048: 28046: 28043: 28041: 28038: 28034: 28031: 28030: 28029: 28026: 28025: 28023: 28019: 28013: 28010: 28008: 28005: 28003: 28000: 27998: 27995: 27994: 27992: 27988: 27980: 27977: 27975: 27972: 27970: 27967: 27965: 27962: 27960: 27957: 27955: 27952: 27948: 27945: 27944: 27943: 27940: 27939: 27938: 27935: 27933: 27930: 27928: 27925: 27923: 27920: 27918: 27915: 27911: 27910:Biotechnology 27908: 27907: 27906: 27903: 27901: 27898: 27896: 27893: 27891: 27888: 27884: 27881: 27879: 27876: 27875: 27874: 27871: 27867: 27864: 27862: 27859: 27857: 27854: 27852: 27849: 27848: 27847: 27844: 27842: 27839: 27835: 27832: 27831: 27830: 27827: 27825: 27822: 27820: 27817: 27815: 27814:Entertainment 27812: 27810: 27807: 27801: 27798: 27796: 27793: 27791: 27788: 27786: 27783: 27782: 27781: 27778: 27777: 27776: 27773: 27771: 27768: 27766: 27763: 27761: 27758: 27756: 27753: 27751: 27748: 27744: 27741: 27739: 27736: 27735: 27734: 27731: 27730: 27728: 27724: 27718: 27715: 27713: 27712:Uttar Pradesh 27710: 27708: 27705: 27703: 27700: 27698: 27695: 27693: 27690: 27688: 27685: 27683: 27680: 27678: 27675: 27673: 27670: 27668: 27665: 27663: 27660: 27658: 27655: 27653: 27650: 27648: 27645: 27643: 27640: 27638: 27635: 27633: 27630: 27628: 27625: 27623: 27620: 27618: 27615: 27613: 27610: 27608: 27605: 27603: 27600: 27599: 27597: 27593: 27585: 27582: 27580: 27577: 27575: 27572: 27571: 27570: 27567: 27565: 27562: 27558: 27555: 27554: 27553: 27550: 27548: 27545: 27543: 27540: 27539: 27537: 27533: 27527: 27524: 27522: 27519: 27517: 27514: 27512: 27509: 27507: 27504: 27502: 27499: 27497: 27494: 27493: 27491: 27489: 27485: 27477: 27474: 27472: 27469: 27468: 27467: 27464: 27462: 27459: 27457: 27454: 27452: 27449: 27447: 27444: 27443: 27441: 27437: 27431: 27428: 27424: 27421: 27419: 27416: 27415: 27414: 27411: 27407: 27404: 27402: 27399: 27397: 27396:Digital rupee 27394: 27392: 27389: 27387: 27384: 27382: 27379: 27378: 27377: 27374: 27373: 27371: 27367: 27361: 27358: 27356: 27355:Make in India 27353: 27351: 27348: 27346: 27343: 27341: 27338: 27336: 27333: 27331: 27328: 27326: 27323: 27321: 27318: 27316: 27313: 27311: 27310:Foreign trade 27308: 27306: 27305:External debt 27303: 27301: 27298: 27296: 27293: 27291: 27288: 27286: 27283: 27281: 27278: 27276: 27273: 27269: 27266: 27265: 27264: 27261: 27260: 27258: 27254: 27248: 27245: 27243: 27240: 27239: 27237: 27235: 27231: 27227: 27223: 27218: 27214: 27200: 27197: 27195: 27192: 27190: 27187: 27185: 27182: 27180: 27177: 27175: 27172: 27170: 27167: 27165: 27162: 27160: 27157: 27155: 27152: 27150: 27147: 27146: 27144: 27142: 27138: 27132: 27129: 27127: 27124: 27122: 27119: 27118: 27116: 27114: 27110: 27096: 27093: 27091: 27088: 27086: 27083: 27081: 27078: 27076: 27073: 27071: 27068: 27066: 27063: 27061: 27058: 27056: 27053: 27052: 27050: 27048: 27044: 27038: 27035: 27033: 27030: 27028: 27025: 27023: 27020: 27018: 27015: 27013: 27010: 27008: 27005: 27003: 27000: 26999: 26997: 26993: 26990: 26988: 26984: 26978: 26975: 26973: 26970: 26968: 26967:Chief Justice 26965: 26963: 26962:Supreme Court 26960: 26956: 26953: 26952: 26951: 26948: 26946: 26943: 26941: 26938: 26936: 26933: 26932: 26929: 26926: 26924: 26920: 26914: 26911: 26909: 26906: 26904: 26901: 26897: 26894: 26892: 26889: 26888: 26887: 26884: 26882: 26879: 26877: 26874: 26872: 26869: 26867: 26864: 26862: 26859: 26857: 26854: 26850: 26847: 26845: 26842: 26841: 26840: 26837: 26835: 26832: 26830: 26829:Energy policy 26827: 26825: 26822: 26821: 26819: 26817: 26813: 26809: 26805: 26800: 26796: 26782: 26779: 26777: 26774: 26772: 26769: 26767: 26764: 26762: 26758: 26755: 26753: 26750: 26748: 26745: 26744: 26742: 26738: 26732: 26729: 26727: 26724: 26722: 26719: 26717: 26714: 26712: 26709: 26707: 26704: 26702: 26699: 26698: 26696: 26694: 26690: 26684: 26681: 26677: 26674: 26672: 26669: 26668: 26667: 26664: 26662: 26659: 26655: 26652: 26651: 26650: 26647: 26645: 26642: 26640: 26637: 26636: 26634: 26632: 26628: 26622: 26619: 26617: 26614: 26612: 26609: 26607: 26604: 26600: 26597: 26595: 26592: 26590: 26589:Indo-Gangetic 26587: 26586: 26584: 26582: 26579: 26577: 26574: 26572: 26569: 26567: 26564: 26562: 26559: 26557: 26554: 26552: 26549: 26547: 26544: 26542: 26539: 26537: 26534: 26532: 26529: 26527: 26524: 26523: 26521: 26517: 26511: 26508: 26506: 26503: 26501: 26498: 26496: 26493: 26491: 26488: 26486: 26483: 26481: 26478: 26476: 26473: 26471: 26468: 26466: 26463: 26461: 26458: 26456: 26453: 26451: 26448: 26446: 26443: 26441: 26438: 26437: 26435: 26433: 26429: 26423: 26420: 26418: 26415: 26413: 26410: 26408: 26405: 26403: 26400: 26399: 26397: 26393: 26387: 26384: 26382: 26379: 26377: 26374: 26373: 26371: 26369: 26365: 26361: 26357: 26352: 26348: 26334: 26331: 26329: 26326: 26324: 26321: 26319: 26316: 26315: 26313: 26309: 26303: 26300: 26298: 26297:The Emergency 26295: 26293: 26290: 26288: 26285: 26283: 26280: 26278: 26275: 26273: 26270: 26268: 26265: 26263: 26260: 26258: 26255: 26253: 26250: 26248: 26245: 26244: 26242: 26238: 26232: 26229: 26227: 26224: 26222: 26219: 26217: 26214: 26212: 26209: 26207: 26204: 26202: 26199: 26197: 26194: 26190: 26187: 26186: 26185: 26182: 26180: 26177: 26175: 26172: 26170: 26167: 26165: 26162: 26160: 26157: 26155: 26152: 26150: 26147: 26145: 26142: 26141: 26139: 26137: 26133: 26127: 26124: 26122: 26119: 26117: 26114: 26112: 26109: 26108: 26106: 26104: 26100: 26094: 26091: 26089: 26086: 26084: 26081: 26079: 26076: 26074: 26071: 26069: 26066: 26065: 26063: 26061: 26057: 26051: 26048: 26046: 26043: 26042: 26040: 26036: 26030: 26027: 26025: 26022: 26020: 26019:Kushan Empire 26017: 26015: 26012: 26010: 26007: 26005: 26002: 26000: 25997: 25995: 25994:Mahajanapadas 25992: 25990: 25987: 25985: 25982: 25980: 25977: 25976: 25974: 25972: 25968: 25962: 25959: 25957: 25954: 25952: 25949: 25947: 25944: 25942: 25939: 25937: 25934: 25932: 25929: 25927: 25924: 25922: 25919: 25917: 25914: 25912: 25909: 25907: 25904: 25902: 25899: 25898: 25895: 25892: 25890: 25887: 25886: 25884: 25880: 25876: 25872: 25867: 25863: 25854: 25849: 25847: 25842: 25840: 25835: 25834: 25831: 25819: 25816: 25814: 25811: 25809: 25806: 25804: 25801: 25799: 25796: 25795: 25793: 25791: 25787: 25781: 25778: 25776: 25773: 25771: 25768: 25767: 25765: 25761: 25755: 25752: 25750: 25747: 25746: 25744: 25742: 25738: 25730: 25727: 25726: 25725: 25722: 25720: 25717: 25715: 25712: 25710: 25707: 25705: 25702: 25701: 25699: 25697: 25693: 25685: 25682: 25680: 25677: 25675: 25672: 25671: 25670: 25667: 25665: 25662: 25658: 25655: 25653: 25650: 25648: 25645: 25643: 25640: 25639: 25638: 25635: 25634: 25632: 25630: 25626: 25620: 25617: 25615: 25612: 25610: 25607: 25605: 25602: 25600: 25597: 25595: 25592: 25590: 25587: 25585: 25582: 25578: 25575: 25574: 25573: 25570: 25569: 25567: 25565: 25561: 25555: 25552: 25550: 25547: 25543: 25540: 25538: 25535: 25533: 25530: 25529: 25528: 25525: 25523: 25520: 25519: 25517: 25515: 25511: 25507: 25501: 25498: 25496: 25493: 25492: 25490: 25488: 25484: 25478: 25475: 25473: 25470: 25468: 25465: 25463: 25460: 25458: 25455: 25453: 25450: 25448: 25445: 25443: 25440: 25438: 25435: 25433: 25430: 25428: 25425: 25423: 25420: 25418: 25417:Architecture‎ 25415: 25414: 25412: 25410: 25406: 25400: 25397: 25393: 25390: 25388: 25385: 25383: 25380: 25378: 25375: 25374: 25373:Other groups 25372: 25370: 25367: 25365: 25364:Tibeto-Burman 25362: 25360: 25357: 25355: 25352: 25350: 25347: 25345: 25342: 25340: 25337: 25335: 25334:Austroasiatic 25332: 25330: 25327: 25326: 25324: 25322: 25321:Ethnic groups 25318: 25313: 25303: 25300: 25296: 25293: 25291: 25288: 25286: 25283: 25281: 25278: 25277: 25276: 25273: 25271: 25268: 25264: 25261: 25260: 25259: 25256: 25254: 25251: 25249: 25246: 25242: 25239: 25237: 25234: 25232: 25229: 25225: 25222: 25221: 25220: 25217: 25216: 25215: 25212: 25210: 25207: 25205: 25202: 25200: 25197: 25196: 25194: 25192: 25188: 25184: 25177: 25172: 25170: 25165: 25163: 25158: 25157: 25154: 25138: 25135: 25133: 25130: 25128: 25125: 25123: 25120: 25118: 25115: 25113: 25110: 25108: 25105: 25103: 25100: 25098: 25095: 25093: 25090: 25088: 25085: 25083: 25080: 25078: 25074: 25071: 25068: 25067: 25062: 25058: 25055: 25053: 25050: 25048: 25045: 25043: 25040: 25038: 25035: 25032: 25029: 25027: 25024: 25023: 25021: 25017: 25011: 25008: 25006: 25003: 25001: 24998: 24996: 24993: 24991: 24988: 24986: 24983: 24981: 24978: 24976: 24973: 24971: 24968: 24966: 24963: 24961: 24958: 24956: 24953: 24951: 24948: 24946: 24945:Easter Island 24943: 24941: 24938: 24936: 24933: 24932: 24930: 24926: 24920: 24917: 24915: 24912: 24910: 24907: 24905: 24902: 24900: 24897: 24895: 24892: 24890: 24887: 24885: 24882: 24880: 24877: 24875: 24872: 24870: 24867: 24865: 24862: 24860: 24857: 24855: 24852: 24850: 24847: 24845: 24842: 24840: 24837: 24835: 24832: 24830: 24827: 24825: 24822: 24820: 24817: 24815: 24812: 24810: 24807: 24805: 24802: 24800: 24797: 24795: 24792: 24790: 24787: 24785: 24782: 24780: 24777: 24775: 24772: 24770: 24767: 24765: 24762: 24760: 24757: 24755: 24752: 24750: 24747: 24745: 24742: 24740: 24737: 24735: 24732: 24730: 24727: 24725: 24722: 24720: 24717: 24715: 24712: 24710: 24707: 24705: 24702: 24700: 24697: 24695: 24692: 24690: 24687: 24685: 24682: 24680: 24677: 24675: 24672: 24670: 24667: 24665: 24662: 24660: 24657: 24655: 24652: 24650: 24647: 24646: 24644: 24640: 24633: 24632: 24627: 24624: 24622: 24619: 24617: 24614: 24612: 24609: 24607: 24604: 24602: 24599: 24597: 24594: 24592: 24589: 24587: 24584: 24582: 24579: 24577: 24574: 24572: 24571: 24567: 24565: 24562: 24560: 24557: 24555: 24552: 24550: 24547: 24545: 24542: 24540: 24537: 24535: 24532: 24530: 24527: 24525: 24522: 24520: 24517: 24515: 24512: 24510: 24507: 24505: 24502: 24500: 24497: 24495: 24492: 24490: 24487: 24485: 24484:Jabal Shammar 24482: 24480: 24477: 24474: 24470: 24467: 24465: 24464: 24460: 24458: 24455: 24453: 24450: 24448: 24445: 24443: 24440: 24438: 24435: 24433: 24430: 24428: 24425: 24423: 24420: 24418: 24415: 24413: 24410: 24409: 24407: 24403: 24397: 24394: 24392: 24389: 24387: 24384: 24382: 24379: 24377: 24374: 24372: 24369: 24367: 24364: 24362: 24359: 24357: 24354: 24352: 24349: 24347: 24344: 24343: 24341: 24337: 24331: 24330: 24326: 24324: 24321: 24319: 24316: 24314: 24311: 24309: 24306: 24304: 24301: 24299: 24296: 24294: 24291: 24289: 24286: 24284: 24281: 24279: 24276: 24274: 24271: 24269: 24266: 24264: 24261: 24259: 24256: 24254: 24251: 24249: 24246: 24244: 24241: 24239: 24236: 24234: 24231: 24229: 24226: 24224: 24221: 24219: 24216: 24214: 24211: 24209: 24206: 24204: 24201: 24199: 24196: 24194: 24191: 24189: 24186: 24184: 24181: 24179: 24176: 24174: 24171: 24169: 24166: 24164: 24161: 24159: 24156: 24155: 24153: 24149: 24146: 24144: 24140: 24130: 24127: 24125: 24122: 24120: 24117: 24115: 24112: 24110: 24107: 24105: 24102: 24100: 24097: 24093: 24090: 24088: 24085: 24084: 24083: 24080: 24078: 24075: 24073: 24070: 24068: 24065: 24063: 24060: 24058: 24055: 24053: 24050: 24048: 24045: 24044: 24042: 24040: 24036: 24030: 24027: 24026: 24024: 24022: 24018: 24012: 24009: 24007: 24004: 24002: 23999: 23997: 23994: 23992: 23989: 23987: 23984: 23982: 23979: 23977: 23976:Liechtenstein 23974: 23972: 23969: 23967: 23964: 23962: 23959: 23958: 23956: 23954: 23950: 23944: 23943: 23939: 23937: 23934: 23932: 23929: 23927: 23924: 23922: 23919: 23917: 23914: 23912: 23909: 23907: 23904: 23902: 23899: 23897: 23894: 23892: 23889: 23887: 23884: 23882: 23879: 23877: 23874: 23873: 23871: 23869: 23865: 23859: 23858: 23854: 23852: 23849: 23847: 23844: 23842: 23839: 23838: 23836: 23834: 23830: 23827: 23823: 23817: 23814: 23812: 23809: 23807: 23804: 23802: 23799: 23797: 23794: 23792: 23789: 23787: 23784: 23780: 23779:Queen regnant 23777: 23776: 23775: 23772: 23770: 23767: 23765: 23762: 23761: 23759: 23755: 23749: 23746: 23744: 23741: 23739: 23738:Republicanism 23736: 23734: 23731: 23729: 23726: 23724: 23721: 23719: 23718:Head of state 23716: 23714: 23711: 23709: 23706: 23704: 23701: 23699: 23696: 23694: 23691: 23689: 23686: 23684: 23681: 23679: 23676: 23675: 23673: 23669: 23663: 23660: 23658: 23655: 23653: 23652:Non-sovereign 23650: 23648: 23645: 23643: 23640: 23638: 23635: 23633: 23630: 23628: 23625: 23623: 23620: 23619: 23617: 23613: 23607: 23604: 23602: 23599: 23597: 23594: 23592: 23589: 23587: 23584: 23583: 23580: 23576: 23569: 23564: 23562: 23557: 23555: 23550: 23549: 23546: 23534: 23530: 23526: 23524: 23516: 23513: 23510: 23508: 23505: 23504: 23501: 23490: 23487: 23483: 23480: 23479: 23474: 23473: 23470: 23463: 23462: 23458: 23455: 23454: 23450: 23445: 23440: 23437: 23432: 23427: 23424: 23421: 23420: 23416: 23413: 23412: 23408: 23405: 23404: 23400: 23397: 23396: 23392: 23391: 23388: 23381: 23377: 23366: 23365:Falklands War 23362: 23360: 23356: 23352: 23351: 23348: 23341: 23340: 23336: 23333: 23332: 23328: 23325: 23322: 23319: 23316: 23313: 23310: 23307: 23304: 23303: 23300: 23296:South America 23293: 23289: 23279: 23275: 23271: 23269: 23265: 23263: 23259: 23258: 23255: 23243: 23240: 23237: 23234: 23231: 23227: 23224: 23220: 23217: 23214: 23211: 23208: 23207: 23205: 23199: 23195: 23192: 23189: 23186: 23185:Union Islands 23183: 23180: 23176: 23173: 23170: 23167: 23164: 23161: 23158: 23155: 23152: 23149: 23146: 23143: 23140: 23137: 23134: 23133: 23129: 23126: 23123: 23120: 23116: 23113: 23110: 23107: 23104: 23101: 23098: 23095: 23092: 23088: 23085: 23082: 23079: 23078: 23076: 23075: 23071: 23068: 23067: 23062: 23053: 23048: 23046: 23041: 23039: 23034: 23033: 23030: 23026: 23015: 23012: 23009: 23006: 23001: 22998: 22997: 22995: 22992: 22989: 22986: 22983: 22980: 22977: 22976: 22972: 22969: 22966: 22963: 22962: 22958: 22955: 22952: 22949: 22946: 22943: 22940: 22937: 22934: 22931: 22927: 22924: 22920: 22917: 22913: 22910: 22907: 22904: 22901: 22898: 22897:Rupert's Land 22895: 22892: 22889: 22886: 22882: 22879: 22876: 22873: 22870: 22867: 22864: 22861: 22858: 22857:Paulet affair 22855: 22852: 22849: 22846: 22843: 22840: 22837: 22834: 22831: 22828: 22825: 22822: 22819: 22816: 22813: 22810: 22807: 22804: 22803:New Hampshire 22801: 22798: 22795: 22792: 22791:New Brunswick 22789: 22786: 22783: 22780: 22777: 22774: 22771: 22768: 22767: 22763: 22760: 22757: 22752: 22749: 22748: 22746: 22743: 22740: 22737: 22734: 22730: 22727: 22724: 22721: 22718: 22715: 22712: 22709: 22706: 22703: 22699: 22696: 22693: 22692: 22688: 22685: 22682: 22677: 22674: 22671: 22668: 22665: 22662: 22659: 22656: 22655: 22654: 22650: 22647: 22643: 22640: 22637: 22634: 22631: 22628: 22625: 22621: 22618: 22617: 22615: 22612: 22609: 22606: 22603: 22602: 22598: 22595: 22591: 22588: 22585: 22582: 22579: 22576: 22572: 22569: 22565: 22562: 22558: 22555: 22554: 22550: 22549: 22546: 22542:North America 22539: 22535: 22525: 22521: 22519: 22515: 22512: 22510: 22506: 22502: 22498: 22497: 22494: 22487: 22484: 22481: 22478: 22475: 22472: 22469: 22466: 22463: 22462:South Vietnam 22460: 22457: 22454: 22449: 22446: 22445: 22443: 22440: 22437: 22434: 22431: 22428: 22425: 22422: 22419: 22416: 22411: 22408: 22407: 22405: 22402: 22399: 22396: 22393: 22390: 22387: 22384: 22381: 22378: 22373: 22370: 22367: 22364: 22361: 22358: 22355: 22352: 22351: 22349: 22346: 22343: 22340: 22337: 22334: 22331: 22328: 22325: 22322: 22319: 22316: 22313: 22310: 22307: 22304: 22301: 22298: 22295: 22292: 22289: 22285: 22281: 22280: 22276: 22273: 22270: 22267: 22264: 22261: 22258: 22255: 22251: 22248: 22245: 22242: 22237: 22234: 22233: 22231: 22228: 22225: 22222: 22221: 22218: 22211: 22207: 22197: 22193: 22190: 22186: 22182: 22178: 22174: 22171: 22168: 22164: 22160: 22157: 22155: 22151: 22150: 22147: 22140: 22137: 22134: 22131: 22128: 22125: 22122: 22121: 22117: 22114: 22111: 22108: 22105: 22102: 22099: 22096: 22093: 22090: 22087: 22084: 22081: 22078: 22075: 22072: 22069: 22066: 22063: 22060: 22057: 22054: 22051: 22048: 22047: 22043: 22040: 22037: 22034: 22031: 22028: 22025: 22022: 22019: 22016: 22013: 22010: 22007: 22004: 22001: 21998: 21995: 21992: 21989: 21986: 21983: 21980: 21977: 21974: 21970: 21967: 21964: 21961: 21958: 21955: 21952: 21949: 21946: 21943: 21940: 21937: 21934: 21931: 21928: 21925: 21922: 21918: 21915: 21912: 21908: 21905: 21902: 21901: 21897: 21896: 21893: 21886: 21882: 21871: 21868: 21863: 21860: 21859: 21857: 21854: 21849: 21846: 21845: 21840: 21837: 21834: 21831: 21828: 21825: 21822: 21821: 21817: 21814: 21811: 21808: 21805: 21802: 21798: 21797: 21793: 21792: 21789: 21782: 21778: 21772: 21768: 21766: 21762: 21760: 21757: 21754: 21749: 21748: 21745: 21741: 21737: 21729: 21724: 21722: 21717: 21715: 21710: 21709: 21706: 21694: 21691: 21689: 21686: 21684: 21681: 21679: 21676: 21674: 21671: 21669: 21666: 21664: 21661: 21659: 21656: 21655: 21653: 21649: 21643: 21640: 21638: 21635: 21633: 21630: 21628: 21625: 21623: 21620: 21618: 21615: 21613: 21610: 21608: 21605: 21603: 21600: 21598: 21595: 21593: 21590: 21588: 21585: 21583: 21580: 21578: 21575: 21573: 21570: 21568: 21565: 21563: 21560: 21558: 21555: 21554: 21552: 21548: 21542: 21541: 21537: 21535: 21532: 21530: 21527: 21525: 21522: 21520: 21517: 21515: 21512: 21510: 21507: 21505: 21502: 21500: 21497: 21495: 21492: 21490: 21487: 21485: 21482: 21480: 21477: 21475: 21472: 21470: 21467: 21465: 21462: 21460: 21457: 21455: 21452: 21450: 21447: 21445: 21442: 21440: 21437: 21435: 21432: 21430: 21427: 21425: 21422: 21420: 21419:Satyapal Dang 21417: 21415: 21412: 21410: 21407: 21405: 21402: 21400: 21397: 21395: 21392: 21390: 21387: 21385: 21382: 21380: 21377: 21375: 21372: 21370: 21367: 21365: 21362: 21360: 21357: 21355: 21352: 21350: 21347: 21345: 21344:Nana Fadnavis 21342: 21340: 21337: 21335: 21332: 21330: 21327: 21325: 21322: 21320: 21317: 21315: 21312: 21310: 21309:Mangal Pandey 21307: 21305: 21302: 21300: 21297: 21295: 21292: 21290: 21287: 21285: 21282: 21280: 21277: 21275: 21272: 21270: 21269:Khudiram Bose 21267: 21265: 21262: 21260: 21257: 21255: 21252: 21250: 21247: 21245: 21242: 21240: 21237: 21235: 21232: 21230: 21227: 21225: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21215: 21212: 21210: 21207: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21184:Chetram Jatav 21182: 21180: 21177: 21175: 21172: 21170: 21167: 21165: 21162: 21160: 21157: 21155: 21154:Bhikaiji Cama 21152: 21150: 21147: 21145: 21144:Bharathidasan 21142: 21140: 21137: 21135: 21132: 21130: 21129:Basawon Singh 21127: 21125: 21122: 21120: 21117: 21115: 21112: 21110: 21107: 21105: 21102: 21100: 21097: 21095: 21092: 21090: 21087: 21085: 21082: 21080: 21077: 21075: 21072: 21070: 21067: 21065: 21062: 21061: 21059: 21053: 21047: 21044: 21042: 21039: 21037: 21034: 21032: 21029: 21027: 21024: 21022: 21019: 21017: 21016:Sri Aurobindo 21014: 21012: 21009: 21007: 21004: 21002: 20999: 20997: 20994: 20992: 20989: 20987: 20986:Ram Mohan Roy 20984: 20982: 20979: 20977: 20974: 20972: 20969: 20967: 20966:Narayana Guru 20964: 20962: 20959: 20957: 20954: 20952: 20949: 20947: 20944: 20942: 20939: 20937: 20934: 20932: 20929: 20927: 20924: 20922: 20919: 20917: 20914: 20912: 20909: 20907: 20904: 20902: 20899: 20897: 20894: 20892: 20889: 20887: 20884: 20882: 20879: 20877: 20874: 20872: 20869: 20867: 20864: 20862: 20859: 20858: 20856: 20850: 20844: 20843: 20839: 20837: 20834: 20832: 20829: 20827: 20824: 20822: 20819: 20817: 20814: 20812: 20809: 20807: 20804: 20802: 20799: 20797: 20794: 20792: 20789: 20787: 20784: 20782: 20779: 20777: 20774: 20772: 20769: 20767: 20764: 20762: 20759: 20757: 20754: 20753: 20751: 20749:Organisations 20747: 20741: 20738: 20736: 20733: 20731: 20728: 20726: 20723: 20721: 20718: 20716: 20713: 20711: 20710:Bombay Mutiny 20708: 20706: 20703: 20701: 20698: 20696: 20695:Indian Legion 20693: 20691: 20688: 20686: 20683: 20681: 20678: 20676: 20673: 20671: 20668: 20666: 20663: 20661: 20658: 20656: 20653: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20635:1928 Protests 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20586: 20583: 20581: 20580:Rowlatt Bills 20578: 20576: 20573: 20571: 20568: 20566: 20563: 20561: 20558: 20556: 20553: 20551: 20550: 20546: 20544: 20541: 20539: 20536: 20534: 20531: 20529: 20526: 20524: 20521: 20520: 20518: 20512: 20506: 20503: 20501: 20498: 20496: 20493: 20491: 20488: 20486: 20483: 20481: 20478: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20457: 20455: 20449: 20443: 20442: 20438: 20436: 20433: 20431: 20428: 20426: 20423: 20421: 20418: 20416: 20413: 20411: 20408: 20406: 20403: 20399: 20396: 20394: 20391: 20389: 20386: 20384: 20381: 20380: 20378: 20374: 20371: 20369: 20366: 20364: 20361: 20359: 20356: 20355: 20354: 20351: 20349: 20346: 20344: 20341: 20339: 20336: 20334: 20331: 20329: 20326: 20324: 20321: 20319: 20316: 20314: 20311: 20309: 20306: 20305: 20303: 20301: 20297: 20293: 20286: 20281: 20279: 20274: 20272: 20267: 20266: 20263: 20255: 20252: 20250: 20247: 20245: 20242: 20241: 20240: 20237: 20234: 20231: 20228: 20225: 20224: 20220: 20217: 20214: 20212: 20208: 20205: 20201: 20200: 20195: 20193: 20189: 20186: 20185: 20174: 20173: 20167: 20164: 20161: 20158: 20155: 20152: 20148: 20146: 20142: 20139:Judd, Denis. 20138: 20137: 20136: 20134: 20133: 20127: 20122: 20118: 20114:at Wikiquote 20113: 20108: 20103: 20098: 20084: 20078: 20074: 20073: 20067: 20066: 20063:Miscellaneous 20057: 20052: 20049: 20045: 20042: 20038: 20034: 20030: 20026: 20022: 20018: 20014: 20010: 20005: 20002: 19998: 19994: 19990: 19986: 19982: 19978: 19973: 19970: 19966: 19963: 19960: 19956: 19953: 19949: 19946: 19942: 19939: 19935: 19932: 19928: 19924: 19920: 19916: 19912: 19908: 19904: 19899: 19895: 19891: 19887: 19883: 19879: 19875: 19870: 19866: 19862: 19858: 19854: 19849: 19846: 19842: 19836: 19832: 19831: 19825: 19824: 19814: 19810: 19806: 19802: 19798: 19794: 19789: 19786: 19780: 19776: 19771: 19768: 19764: 19760: 19756: 19752: 19748: 19743: 19740: 19736: 19733: 19729: 19726: 19722: 19718: 19714: 19710: 19706: 19702: 19698: 19693: 19690: 19686: 19683: 19679: 19674: 19669: 19665: 19661: 19656: 19652: 19648: 19644: 19640: 19636: 19632: 19627: 19624: 19620: 19609: 19605: 19599: 19595: 19594: 19588: 19585: 19581: 19578: 19574: 19572: 19568: 19564: 19560: 19557: 19553: 19550: 19546: 19542: 19538: 19534: 19530: 19526: 19522: 19517: 19514: 19510: 19507: 19503: 19500: 19496: 19495: 19485: 19481: 19477: 19474: 19470: 19458: 19454: 19450: 19445: 19442: 19438: 19434: 19430: 19426: 19422: 19417: 19412: 19408: 19404: 19399: 19396: 19392: 19388: 19382: 19378: 19373: 19369: 19363: 19359: 19354: 19350: 19346: 19342: 19338: 19335:(47): 69–77. 19334: 19330: 19325: 19323: 19319: 19315: 19313: 19309: 19306: 19302: 19298: 19296: 19292: 19288: 19285: 19279: 19275: 19270: 19267: 19261: 19257: 19253: 19249: 19246: 19240: 19236: 19232: 19228: 19226: 19222: 19219: 19215: 19211: 19208: 19202: 19198: 19193: 19189: 19188: 19183: 19179: 19176: 19172: 19169: 19163: 19159: 19154: 19151: 19145: 19141: 19140: 19135: 19131: 19128: 19122: 19118: 19114: 19110: 19107: 19103: 19099: 19093: 19089: 19085: 19081: 19078: 19074: 19071: 19067: 19064: 19058: 19054: 19049: 19046: 19042: 19038: 19034: 19030: 19026: 19022: 19018: 19013: 19010: 19006: 19002: 18999: 18993: 18989: 18988: 18982: 18979: 18975: 18970: 18966: 18965:Jalal, Ayesha 18962: 18958: 18957: 18952: 18948: 18943: 18940: 18934: 18930: 18925: 18922: 18920:0-19-505115-7 18916: 18912: 18908: 18904: 18901: 18897: 18893: 18889: 18885: 18881: 18876: 18873: 18869: 18864: 18859: 18855: 18851: 18847: 18843: 18839: 18835: 18831: 18825: 18821: 18820: 18814: 18803: 18802: 18796: 18793: 18789: 18779: 18773: 18769: 18768: 18762: 18759: 18755: 18753: 18749: 18745: 18742: 18738: 18734: 18730: 18719: 18715: 18709: 18705: 18701: 18696: 18693: 18692:History Today 18689: 18686: 18682: 18679: 18673: 18669: 18668: 18663: 18659: 18655: 18649: 18645: 18644: 18638: 18634: 18628: 18624: 18619: 18615: 18609: 18605: 18600: 18596: 18590: 18586: 18582: 18578: 18575: 18571: 18567: 18563: 18559: 18555: 18550: 18548: 18544: 18540: 18537: 18531: 18527: 18522: 18519: 18515: 18511: 18500: 18496: 18495: 18490: 18486: 18483: 18479: 18469: 18463: 18459: 18458: 18453: 18449: 18438: 18434: 18428: 18424: 18423: 18418: 18414: 18411: 18405: 18401: 18397: 18393: 18390: 18384: 18380: 18375: 18374: 18363: 18357: 18353: 18348: 18345: 18341: 18337: 18331: 18327: 18323: 18319: 18317: 18313: 18309: 18297: 18293: 18287: 18283: 18282: 18277: 18276:Stein, Burton 18273: 18269: 18263: 18259: 18255: 18254:Stein, Burton 18251: 18247: 18241: 18237: 18236: 18231: 18227: 18225: 18221: 18217: 18215: 18211: 18207: 18204: 18198: 18193: 18192: 18186: 18185:Sarkar, Sumit 18182: 18179: 18173: 18169: 18168: 18162: 18159: 18155: 18152: 18148: 18144: 18138: 18134: 18129: 18126: 18123: 18119: 18115: 18111: 18106: 18103: 18099: 18096: 18093: 18087: 18083: 18079: 18075: 18071: 18060: 18056: 18050: 18046: 18045: 18039: 18035: 18029: 18025: 18021: 18017: 18014: 18010: 18007: 18003: 18000: 17995: 17992: 17986: 17982: 17977: 17974: 17968: 17964: 17963: 17958: 17954: 17951: 17947: 17943: 17937: 17933: 17928: 17925: 17921: 17918: 17914: 17912: 17908: 17904: 17900: 17898: 17894: 17890: 17887: 17883: 17880: 17874: 17870: 17865: 17854: 17850: 17844: 17840: 17839: 17833: 17830: 17824: 17820: 17819: 17814: 17813:Jalal, Ayesha 17810: 17806: 17802: 17796: 17792: 17788: 17784: 17780: 17774: 17770: 17769: 17763: 17759: 17753: 17749: 17745: 17741: 17737: 17731: 17727: 17722: 17719: 17715: 17712: 17708: 17707: 17680: 17676: 17672: 17666: 17650: 17646: 17642: 17638: 17637:The Economist 17634: 17628: 17612: 17608: 17604: 17598: 17592: 17588: 17585: 17582:Md Abu Nasim 17581: 17577: 17574: 17569: 17553: 17549: 17545: 17539: 17531: 17525: 17521: 17520: 17512: 17510: 17493: 17489: 17485: 17478: 17462: 17458: 17454: 17448: 17432: 17428: 17424: 17418: 17403: 17399: 17393: 17378: 17374: 17368: 17360: 17354: 17350: 17349: 17341: 17326: 17322: 17316: 17309: 17303: 17295: 17291: 17287: 17283: 17280:(3): 314–16. 17279: 17275: 17274:Asian Affairs 17268: 17261: 17259: 17252: 17236: 17232: 17231:History.ac.uk 17228: 17222: 17220: 17218: 17210: 17204: 17196: 17190: 17186: 17179: 17171: 17165: 17161: 17157: 17150: 17142: 17136: 17132: 17128: 17121: 17113: 17107: 17103: 17096: 17094: 17085: 17079: 17075: 17068: 17060: 17054: 17050: 17043: 17035: 17029: 17025: 17021: 17014: 17006: 17000: 16996: 16989: 16981: 16975: 16971: 16967: 16960: 16953: 16940: 16936: 16935: 16928: 16920: 16914: 16910: 16903: 16896: 16891: 16885: 16881: 16874: 16866: 16860: 16856: 16852: 16845: 16843: 16834: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16813: 16806: 16800: 16794:, p. 431 16793: 16788: 16780: 16776: 16772: 16768: 16765:(4): 557–78. 16764: 16760: 16753: 16734: 16730: 16726: 16722: 16718: 16711: 16704: 16688: 16681: 16672: 16666: 16660: 16644: 16640: 16634: 16618: 16614: 16608: 16592: 16588: 16584: 16578: 16571: 16570: 16569:The Asian Age 16565: 16560: 16558: 16541: 16534: 16527: 16526: 16521: 16516: 16509: 16505: 16500: 16498: 16481: 16477: 16473: 16467: 16451: 16447: 16441: 16439: 16431: 16426: 16419: 16415: 16414:Bipan Chandra 16410: 16402: 16396: 16392: 16391: 16383: 16375: 16368: 16360: 16354: 16350: 16349: 16341: 16326: 16322: 16316: 16300: 16296: 16290: 16274: 16270: 16264: 16256: 16252: 16247: 16242: 16238: 16234: 16231:(3): 135–40. 16230: 16226: 16222: 16215: 16199: 16195: 16189: 16173: 16169: 16163: 16156: 16152: 16149: 16144: 16128: 16124: 16118: 16111: 16107: 16104: 16099: 16092: 16088: 16085: 16080: 16073: 16069: 16066: 16061: 16054: 16050: 16044: 16038:, p. 173 16037: 16032: 16025: 16020: 16013: 16008: 16001: 15996: 15989: 15984: 15977: 15972: 15965: 15960: 15953: 15948: 15941: 15936: 15929: 15924: 15917: 15912: 15910: 15908: 15906: 15899:, p. 83. 15898: 15893: 15887:, p. 80. 15886: 15881: 15874: 15869: 15854: 15850: 15846: 15839: 15824: 15820: 15816: 15810: 15794: 15790: 15789: 15781: 15766: 15762: 15758: 15752: 15737: 15733: 15729: 15722: 15707: 15703: 15699: 15693: 15677: 15673: 15672: 15671:British India 15664: 15649: 15645: 15641: 15634: 15619: 15615: 15611: 15605: 15590: 15586: 15582: 15575: 15566: 15558: 15554: 15550: 15546: 15542: 15538: 15531: 15523: 15519: 15518:Asian Profile 15512: 15504: 15500: 15496: 15492: 15488: 15484: 15480: 15474: 15467: 15461: 15455: 15451: 15447: 15441: 15425: 15420: 15415: 15411: 15407: 15403: 15396: 15380: 15374: 15359: 15355: 15351: 15347: 15341: 15325: 15321: 15314: 15307: 15301: 15282: 15278: 15271: 15265: 15263: 15261: 15253: 15247: 15231: 15227: 15223: 15217: 15215: 15213: 15204: 15198: 15194: 15190: 15186: 15182: 15176: 15169: 15164: 15157: 15152: 15144: 15140: 15136: 15132: 15129:(4): 404–32. 15128: 15124: 15117: 15109: 15103: 15099: 15095: 15089: 15083:, p. 259 15082: 15077: 15069: 15063: 15059: 15058: 15053: 15047: 15031: 15027: 15023: 15018: 15013: 15010:(4): 621–28. 15009: 15005: 14998: 14990: 14982: 14978: 14974: 14970: 14966: 14962: 14955: 14948: 14947:Headrick 1988 14943: 14934: 14928:, p. 73. 14927: 14922: 14906: 14902: 14901: 14896: 14889: 14887: 14878: 14877: 14870: 14863: 14862:Headrick 1988 14858: 14842: 14838: 14834: 14828: 14826: 14818: 14812: 14805: 14799: 14791: 14785: 14781: 14774: 14766: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14746: 14738: 14732: 14728: 14721: 14715:, p. 72. 14714: 14709: 14707: 14698: 14692: 14688: 14681: 14673: 14669: 14665: 14661: 14657: 14653: 14650:(3): 521–45. 14649: 14645: 14638: 14630: 14624: 14620: 14613: 14606: 14605:Headrick 1988 14601: 14593: 14589: 14585: 14581: 14578:(4): 413–60. 14577: 14573: 14566: 14558: 14543: 14539: 14535: 14534: 14528: 14520: 14518: 14508: 14501: 14496: 14488: 14484: 14480: 14476: 14473:(4): 507–23. 14472: 14468: 14461: 14453: 14447: 14443: 14439: 14435: 14431: 14425: 14418: 14413: 14405: 14399: 14395: 14388: 14381: 14375: 14367: 14363: 14359: 14355: 14352:(1): 87–126. 14351: 14347: 14340: 14333: 14328: 14326: 14318: 14313: 14306: 14301: 14299: 14291: 14286: 14279: 14274: 14272: 14264: 14260: 14255: 14249:, p. 195 14248: 14243: 14236: 14231: 14225:, p. 104 14224: 14219: 14212: 14207: 14205: 14203: 14201: 14193: 14188: 14181: 14176: 14169: 14164: 14148: 14144: 14140: 14136: 14132: 14128: 14124: 14120: 14113: 14105: 14101: 14097: 14093: 14088: 14083: 14080:(1): 90–103. 14079: 14075: 14071: 14064: 14057: 14052: 14050: 14042: 14037: 14031: 14027: 14022: 14020: 14012: 14007: 14005: 13997: 13993: 13989: 13984: 13983: 13976: 13960: 13956: 13950: 13947:. Routledge. 13946: 13945: 13939: 13934: 13928: 13924: 13919: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13904: 13900: 13899: 13894: 13889: 13873: 13869: 13863: 13857: 13853: 13850: 13846: 13840: 13824: 13820: 13819: 13812: 13804: 13803: 13795: 13788: 13782: 13774: 13770: 13769: 13761: 13753: 13752: 13744: 13737: 13736:History Today 13731: 13714: 13713: 13704: 13696: 13692: 13691: 13683: 13681: 13672: 13671: 13663: 13647: 13646: 13638: 13632:(2008) p. 237 13631: 13628:Maria Misra, 13625: 13616: 13600: 13596: 13592: 13586: 13579: 13567: 13563: 13559: 13553: 13546: 13542: 13538: 13534: 13529: 13519: 13515: 13510: 13495: 13489: 13485: 13480: 13479: 13470: 13464:, p. 172 13463: 13458: 13451: 13446: 13439: 13434: 13432: 13424: 13419: 13405: 13399: 13395: 13394: 13386: 13379: 13374: 13367: 13362: 13356:, p. 69. 13355: 13350: 13343: 13338: 13336: 13328: 13323: 13316: 13311: 13304: 13299: 13292: 13287: 13280: 13275: 13273: 13264: 13260: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13244: 13237: 13231:(2006) p. 142 13230: 13224: 13216: 13212: 13208: 13204: 13200: 13196: 13189: 13181: 13177: 13171: 13165: 13157: 13151: 13147: 13142: 13141: 13132: 13124: 13118: 13114: 13110: 13109: 13104: 13098: 13092:, p. 190 13091: 13086: 13070: 13066: 13060: 13053: 13047: 13031: 13027: 13023: 13017: 13015: 12998: 12994: 12990: 12983: 12981: 12979: 12971: 12970: 12965: 12960: 12953: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12917:(2): 160–88. 12916: 12912: 12905: 12898: 12892:, p. 154 12891: 12886: 12879: 12874: 12867: 12862: 12854: 12850: 12846: 12842: 12838: 12834: 12830: 12826: 12819: 12811: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12795: 12791: 12787: 12783: 12776: 12769: 12764: 12762: 12753: 12752:History Today 12746: 12738: 12734: 12730: 12726: 12722: 12715: 12708: 12702: 12696:, p. 208 12695: 12690: 12684:, p. 304 12683: 12678: 12676: 12674: 12666: 12661: 12659: 12657: 12650:, p. 190 12649: 12644: 12642: 12640: 12638: 12630: 12625: 12618: 12613: 12611: 12609: 12607: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12599: 12597: 12589: 12584: 12582: 12580: 12578: 12576: 12574: 12572: 12570: 12562: 12556: 12549: 12544: 12537: 12532: 12530: 12528: 12526: 12518: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12507: 12500:, p. 199 12499: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12488: 12486: 12478: 12473: 12471: 12469: 12461: 12456: 12454: 12452: 12432: 12428: 12421: 12414: 12407: 12402: 12400: 12398: 12396: 12394: 12392: 12383: 12377: 12370: 12365: 12350: 12344: 12340: 12339: 12331: 12329: 12322:, p. 201 12321: 12316: 12314: 12312: 12305:, p. 286 12304: 12299: 12293:, p. 200 12292: 12287: 12285: 12283: 12281: 12273: 12268: 12261: 12256: 12250:(2008) p. 184 12249: 12245: 12240: 12234: 12230: 12224: 12215: 12207: 12203: 12199: 12195: 12192:(3): 221–37. 12191: 12187: 12186: 12178: 12169: 12162: 12156: 12149: 12143: 12137:, p. 197 12136: 12131: 12125: 12121: 12115: 12109:(1996) p. 116 12108: 12102: 12095: 12090: 12084:, p. 170 12083: 12078: 12071: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12054: 12048:, p. 888 12047: 12042: 12040: 12033:, p. 169 12032: 12027: 12019: 12013: 12009: 12002: 11996:, p. 97. 11995: 11990: 11988: 11980: 11975: 11973: 11966:, p. 260 11965: 11960: 11958: 11956: 11949:, p. 159 11948: 11943: 11937:, p. 258 11936: 11931: 11925: 11920: 11918: 11911:, p. 258 11910: 11906: 11901: 11895: 11891: 11886: 11867: 11863: 11856: 11850: 11844:, p. 151 11843: 11838: 11831: 11826: 11820:, p. 150 11819: 11814: 11807: 11802: 11795: 11790: 11771: 11764: 11759: 11753: 11745: 11741: 11737: 11733: 11730:(3): 357–82. 11729: 11725: 11718: 11711: 11706: 11700:, p. 147 11699: 11694: 11692: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11661: 11645: 11641: 11637: 11631: 11615: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11579: 11572: 11567: 11559: 11553: 11549: 11548: 11540: 11531: 11523: 11517: 11513: 11506: 11490: 11489: 11481: 11474: 11470: 11466: 11462: 11450: 11444: 11440: 11439: 11434: 11428: 11412: 11408: 11401: 11393: 11387: 11383: 11382: 11374: 11365: 11360: 11354: 11350: 11349: 11343: 11340: 11335: 11329: 11325: 11320: 11308: 11304: 11298: 11294: 11293: 11287: 11286: 11283: 11274: 11270: 11264: 11260: 11259: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11243: 11237: 11233: 11232: 11226: 11223: 11210: 11206: 11200: 11196: 11195: 11189: 11186: 11173: 11169: 11163: 11159: 11158: 11152: 11151: 11148: 11139: 11126: 11113: 11107: 11103: 11102: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11077: 11073: 11067: 11063: 11059: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11041: 11028: 11024: 11018: 11014: 11013: 11007: 11004: 10991: 10987: 10981: 10977: 10976: 10970: 10969: 10966: 10957: 10953: 10949: 10945: 10942: 10938: 10932: 10928: 10924: 10920: 10919: 10916: 10909: 10904: 10902:0-521-25092-7 10898: 10894: 10887: 10880: 10872: 10866: 10862: 10855: 10853: 10845: 10841: 10835: 10831: 10824: 10817: 10813: 10807: 10803: 10796: 10789: 10784: 10778: 10774: 10767: 10760: 10747: 10743: 10739: 10735: 10731: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10715: 10711: 10707: 10703: 10696: 10689: 10677: 10673: 10672: 10667: 10661: 10654: 10642: 10638: 10637: 10632: 10630: 10622: 10613: 10611: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10589: 10581: 10580: 10572: 10564: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10547: 10539: 10535: 10534: 10526: 10522: 10508: 10504: 10500: 10487: 10480: 10474: 10467: 10461: 10454: 10450: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10346: 10339: 10333: 10326: 10320: 10311: 10302: 10293: 10284: 10277: 10273: 10272:British India 10269: 10265: 10260: 10253: 10247: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10227: 10221: 10215: 10211: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10184: 10181: 10179: 10176: 10174: 10171: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10154: 10149: 10138: 10135: 10124: 10121: 10110: 10107: 10096: 10087: 10082: 10080: 10075: 10073: 10068: 10067: 10065: 10064: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9957: 9950: 9949: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9910:Uttar Pradesh 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9840: 9839: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9792: 9785: 9784: 9768: 9766: 9763: 9762: 9758: 9756: 9753: 9752: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9738: 9736: 9733: 9732: 9728: 9726: 9723: 9722: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9712: 9704: 9699: 9698: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9678: 9676: 9673: 9672: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9662: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9646: 9643: 9642: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9632: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9622: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9608: 9606: 9603: 9602: 9598: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9572: 9568: 9566: 9565:Mughal Empire 9563: 9562: 9554: 9549: 9548: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9532: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9522: 9518: 9516: 9512: 9511: 9507: 9505: 9501: 9500: 9496: 9494: 9490: 9489: 9485: 9483: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9472: 9468: 9467: 9463: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9453: 9451: 9448: 9447: 9443: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9427: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9417: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9407: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9397: 9393: 9391: 9390:Reddy Kingdom 9388: 9387: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9377: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9363: 9361: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9345: 9341: 9339: 9335: 9334: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9323: 9319: 9317: 9313: 9312: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9302: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9292: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9282: 9274: 9269: 9268: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9241: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9231: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9217: 9215: 9212: 9211: 9207: 9205: 9202: 9201: 9197: 9195: 9192: 9191: 9187: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9177: 9175: 9172: 9171: 9167: 9165: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9151: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9141: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9131: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9117: 9115: 9114:Yadava Empire 9112: 9111: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9101: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9091: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9081: 9077: 9075: 9072: 9071: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9061: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9041: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9031: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9007: 9005: 9004:Harsha Empire 9002: 9001: 8986: 8984: 8981: 8980: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8970: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8949: 8947: 8944: 8943: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8933: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8923: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8913: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8893: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8883: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8873: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8821: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8811: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8795: 8792: 8791: 8787: 8785: 8784:Kushan Empire 8782: 8781: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8771: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8750: 8748: 8745: 8744: 8740: 8738: 8735: 8734: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8720: 8718: 8717:Shunga Empire 8715: 8714: 8699: 8697: 8696:Mitra Dynasty 8694: 8693: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8673: 8665: 8660: 8659: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8643: 8638: AD 500 8634: 250 BC 8628: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8617: 250 AD 8611: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8600: 300 BC 8594: 8592: 8589: 8588: 8583: 300 BC 8577: 8575: 8574:Chera Kingdom 8572: 8571: 8566: 300 BC 8560: 8558: 8557:Pandya Empire 8555: 8554: 8549: 300 AD 8545: 300 BC 8539: 8537: 8536:Sangam period 8534: 8533: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8519: 8517: 8516:Maurya Empire 8514: 8513: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8489: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8479: 8476: 8475: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8454: 8452: 8449: 8448: 8443: 600 BC 8437: 8435: 8432: 8431: 8427: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8417: 8415: 8412: 8411: 8407: 8405: 8401: 8400: 8397:(1200–600 BC) 8396: 8394: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8383: 8379: 8378: 8375:(1500–600 BC) 8374: 8372: 8368: 8367: 8364:(1500–500 BC) 8363: 8361: 8358: 8357: 8351:(1500–200 BC) 8349: 8344: 8343: 8334:(1600–500 BC) 8333: 8331: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8320: 8316: 8315: 8312:(2000–500 BC) 8311: 8309: 8306: 8305: 8301: 8299: 8295: 8294: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8283: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8254: 8249: 8248: 8239:(1400–700 BC) 8238: 8236: 8235:Jorwe culture 8233: 8232: 8228: 8226: 8225:Malwa culture 8223: 8222: 8219:(1600–750 BC) 8218: 8216: 8215:Pandu culture 8213: 8212: 8208: 8206: 8203: 8202: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8185: 8177: 8172: 8171: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8149: 8146: 8145: 8141: 8139: 8136: 8135: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8089: 8084: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8057: 8056: 8046: 8041: 8039: 8034: 8032: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7999: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7969: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7959: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7949: 7946: 7945: 7935: 7934:British India 7931: 7930: 7922: 7920: 7917: 7916: 7912: 7910: 7909:Casa da Índia 7907: 7906: 7903: 7902: 7892: 7888: 7887: 7879: 7877: 7874: 7873: 7869: 7867: 7864: 7863: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7853: 7849: 7847: 7846:Swedish India 7844: 7843: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7833: 7830: 7829: 7822: 7818: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7810: 7802: 7799: 7795: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7779: 7777: 7773: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7753: 7749: 7744: 7735: 7733: 7729: 7724: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7697: 7688: 7686: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7666: 7664: 7660: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7644: 7640: 7635: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7618:in 1814, the 7617: 7613: 7609: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7595:In 1889, the 7590: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7559: 7552: 7547: 7539: 7535: 7530: 7526: 7521: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7466: 7462: 7461:Vidurashwatha 7458: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7440: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7408: 7407:mass shooting 7404: 7400: 7396: 7393: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7357: 7356:Reginald Dyer 7353: 7350: 7349: 7348: 7345: 7338: 7336: 7332: 7328: 7324: 7320: 7315: 7313: 7309: 7305: 7301: 7297: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7278: 7273: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7223: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7200: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7118: 7115: 7114: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7099: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7084: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7069: 7063: 7060: 7058: 7055: 7054: 7048: 7045: 7043: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7005: 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6990: 6987: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6965: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6909: 6898: 6892: 6879: 6869: 6868:summary style 6865: 6859: 6855: 6853: 6849:This article 6847: 6838: 6837: 6833: 6827: 6823: 6808: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6796: 6793: 6790: 6787: 6784: 6781: 6778: 6775: 6772: 6769: 6766: 6763: 6760: 6759: 6755: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6743: 6740: 6737: 6734: 6731: 6728: 6725: 6722: 6719: 6716: 6713: 6710: 6707: 6706: 6702: 6699: 6696: 6693: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6669: 6666: 6663: 6654: 6650: 6647: 6646: 6642: 6639: 6636: 6633: 6630: 6627: 6624: 6621: 6618: 6615: 6612: 6609: 6606: 6603: 6595: 6592: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6581: 6578: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6554: 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5951: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5940:Mughal Empire 5936: 5932: 5928: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5898: 5897:British Crown 5890: 5885: 5875: 5870: 5868: 5867:David Gilmour 5861: 5851: 5848: 5843: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5768: 5764: 5759: 5751: 5743: 5738: 5728: 5726: 5722: 5718: 5712: 5710: 5709:Jamsetji Tata 5706: 5704: 5703:iron industry 5700: 5696: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5666: 5658: 5651: 5647: 5642: 5632: 5628: 5618: 5615: 5610: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5577: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5520: 5518: 5509: 5506: 5503: 5500: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5453: 5449: 5447: 5443: 5439: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5423: 5419: 5413: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5380: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5357: 5353: 5349: 5345: 5341: 5337: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5314:E. S. Montagu 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5265: 5261: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5237: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5217: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5202:Mughal Empire 5199: 5198:British India 5195: 5191: 5185: 5170: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5152: 5149: 5148: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5133: 5129: 5123: 5120: 5119: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5104: 5100: 5094: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5078: 5074: 5068: 5065: 5064: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5039: 5038:Ajmer-Merwara 5036: 5035: 5029: 5024: 5019: 5011: 5008: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4978: 4974: 4970: 4969:Uttar Pradesh 4964: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4922: 4918: 4912: 4909: 4908: 4905: 4902: 4899: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4875:and parts of 4874: 4870: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4857: 4854: 4851: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4831:and parts of 4830: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4806: 4802: 4796: 4793: 4792: 4789: 4786: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4763:and parts of 4762: 4756: 4753: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4743: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4712: 4709: 4708: 4705: 4702: 4699: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4668: 4665: 4664: 4658: 4653: 4650: 4642: 4630: 4622: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4605:British Crown 4602: 4598: 4596: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4580: 4574: 4571: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556: 4551: 4550:Native States 4547: 4546:British India 4541: 4537: 4533: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4492: 4490: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4476: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4423: 4420: 4415: 4414: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4347: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4317: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4282:18 April 1936 4279: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4253:18 April 1931 4250: 4249: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4230: 4229: 4225: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4200: 4195: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4170: 4168: 4165: 4160: 4159: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4120:World War I, 4111: 4106: 4102: 4098: 4094: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4058:Railway Board 4055: 4053: 4052:Earl of Minto 4050: 4045: 4044: 3990: 3986: 3979: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3906: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3883: 3882: 3876: 3871: 3868:beginning in 3867: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3847: 3845: 3844:Earl of Elgin 3842: 3837: 3836: 3828: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3787:Gilgit Agency 3783: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3770: 3765: 3764: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3686: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3660: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3626: 3624: 3621: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3608:, the future 3607: 3604:Visit of the 3599: 3593: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582:12 April 1876 3579: 3578: 3572: 3568: 3558: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3518: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3488:Earl of Elgin 3486: 3481: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3417: 3413: 3411: 3408: 3406:21 March 1862 3403: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3381: 3376: 3369: 3364: 3357: 3352: 3345: 3340: 3337: 3336: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3315: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3276: 3274: 3270: 3264: 3262: 3261:native forces 3258: 3254: 3249: 3247: 3246:British India 3243: 3238: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3202: 3194: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3147: 3143: 3136: 3131: 3124: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3101: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3075: 3070: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3018: 3013: 3011: 3007: 3002: 2994: 2969: 2967: 2966: 2958: 2956: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2902: 2900: 2891: 2885:(right), 1942 2884: 2879: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2855:Sher-e-Bangla 2852: 2848: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2831: 2814: 2809: 2806: 2805:Herbert Baker 2802: 2801:Edwin Lutyens 2795: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2760: 2757: 2752: 2744: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2730: 2726: 2721: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2698: 2693: 2689: 2684: 2682: 2678: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2659: 2656:wounded. The 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596:Muslim League 2593: 2586: 2581: 2574: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2546: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2496:Rowlatt Bills 2492: 2490: 2471: 2467: 2465: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2393: 2392:Anglo-Indians 2389: 2385: 2381: 2375: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2348: 2346: 2345:Edwin Montagu 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2319: 2313: 2304: 2300: 2299:Edwin Montagu 2294: 2284: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2264: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2228: 2223: 2222: 2217: 2213: 2212: 2207: 2203: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2190: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2165: 2159: 2155: 2146: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2123: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1978: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1964: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1924: 1914: 1908: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1889: 1884: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1866: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1848:Khudadad Khan 1843: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1830: 1825: 1818: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1795: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1752: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1680: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1661: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1637: 1632: 1631: 1630:Bande Mataram 1626: 1625:Sri Aurobindo 1622: 1618: 1617: 1616:Bande Mataram 1611: 1609: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1598: 1592: 1588: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1547:The viceroy, 1540: 1533: 1528: 1524: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1489: 1488: 1485: 1481: 1473: 1467: 1465: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1433: 1432:Thomas Baring 1429: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1361: 1357: 1351: 1346: 1342: 1336: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1308: 1303: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1286: 1281: 1280: 1277: 1267: 1265: 1264:famine scales 1261: 1257: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1234:British crown 1231: 1221: 1215: 1210: 1199: 1192: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1172: 1167: 1163: 1156: 1151: 1150: 1143: 1141: 1137: 1136: 1130: 1128: 1127:Uttar Pradesh 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109:Although the 1105:(1850s-1870s) 1104: 1103:Francis Frith 1099: 1092: 1091:Francis Frith 1087: 1080: 1079:Francis Frith 1075: 1066: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1036: 1031: 1027: 1020: 1015: 1012: 1008: 1004: 998: 993: 992: 984: 967: 962: 961: 960: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 930: 926: 921: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 879: 875: 871: 867: 857: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 810: 808: 804: 800: 797:in 1989. The 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 731: 729: 728:Indian Empire 725: 722:, called the 721: 717: 716:British India 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 688: 684: 680: 679: 671: 653: 631: 629: 626: 622: 621: 613: 611: 608: 604: 603: 595: 593: 590: 589: 581: 579: 576: 572: 571: 563: 561: 558: 557: 549: 547: 544: 543: 535: 533: 530: 526: 525: 522: 516: 513: 506: 505: 502: 501:Mughal Empire 499: 495: 488: 487: 484: 483: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 467: 464: 461: 457: 453: 447: 442: 438: 434: 431: 425: 421: 417: 410: 407:2 August 1858 406: 403: 397: 393: 390: 384: 380: 376: 372: 369: 366: 362: 358: 355: 352: 346: 343: 340: 334: 330: 326: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 302: 299: 296: 290: 286: 282: 280: 276: 272: 269: 266: 260: 257: 254: 248: 245: 242: 236: 233: 230: 224: 221: 218: 212: 208: 204: 202: 198: 195: 192: 188: 184: 182: 178: 172: 169: 166: 162: 159: 157: 154: 153: 151: 147: 142: 136: 133: 129: 125: 121: 118: 114: 107: 102: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 80:British India 75: 70: 55: 51: 47: 42: 35: 32: 30: 26: 22: 28351:Martial arts 28275:Architecture 28148:Demographics 28133:Caste system 28110:Society and 27760:Construction 27542:By net worth 27376:Indian rupee 27179:Reservations 27047:Intelligence 26950:Human rights 26935:Constitution 26693:Subdivisions 26386:Indian Plate 26376:Fossil Parks 26311:Contemporary 26226:World War II 26168: 26103:Early Modern 26093:Vijayanagara 25989:Vedic period 25859:India topics 25719:Martial arts 25609:Colonial era 25604:Early modern 25554:Caste system 25339:Austronesian 25280:Northwestern 25122:South Africa 25117:Sierra Leone 25064: 25060: 24894:Two Sicilies 24829:Papal States 24629: 24568: 24461: 24327: 24087:Cook Islands 23940: 23926:Saudi Arabia 23855: 23476: 23459: 23451: 23417: 23409: 23401: 23395:Saint Helena 23393: 23337: 23329: 23179:Cook Islands 23130: 23103:New Hebrides 23072:20th century 22988:West Florida 22973: 22959: 22891:Rhode Island 22869:Pennsylvania 22827:Newfoundland 22764: 22689: 22639:East Florida 22610:16th c.–1880 22599: 22551: 22448:Crown Colony 22436:Pulo Condore 22410:Crown Colony 22404:North Borneo 22323: 22277: 22236:Protectorate 22185:unrecognised 22179:in 1965 (as 22118: 22071:South Africa 22059:Sierra Leone 22046:Saint Helena 22044: 22039:Orange River 21917:Bechuanaland 21898: 21818: 21794: 21758: 21738:and Current 21663:Constitution 21651:Independence 21538: 21509:Vanchinathan 21139:Bhagat Singh 21094:Annie Besant 21055:Independence 21036:Vinoba Bhave 20840: 20836:Swaraj Party 20740:Lucknow Pact 20650:Purna Swaraj 20640:Nehru Report 20547: 20451:Philosophies 20439: 20405:Polygar Wars 20333:French India 20327: 20318:Dutch Bengal 20308:Colonisation 20249:1921 edition 20244:1930 edition 20235: 20229: 20222: 20215: 20206: 20198: 20192:1861 edition 20187: 20171: 20150: 20140: 20131: 20094: 20075:. Springer. 20071: 20054: 20047: 20040: 20036: 20012: 20008: 20000: 19996: 19980: 19976: 19968: 19958: 19951: 19944: 19937: 19930: 19906: 19902: 19880:(1): 23–41. 19877: 19873: 19856: 19852: 19829: 19796: 19792: 19774: 19750: 19746: 19738: 19731: 19700: 19696: 19688: 19663: 19659: 19634: 19630: 19622: 19614:15 September 19612:, retrieved 19592: 19583: 19576: 19566: 19562: 19555: 19524: 19520: 19512: 19505: 19498: 19479: 19472: 19461:, retrieved 19452: 19440: 19406: 19402: 19394: 19376: 19357: 19332: 19328: 19317: 19300: 19290: 19273: 19255: 19234: 19213: 19196: 19186: 19174: 19157: 19138: 19116: 19105: 19087: 19076: 19069: 19052: 19020: 19016: 19008: 19004: 18986: 18977: 18968: 18955: 18946: 18928: 18910: 18883: 18879: 18845: 18841: 18818: 18806:, retrieved 18800: 18791: 18781:, retrieved 18766: 18757: 18747: 18732: 18722:, retrieved 18703: 18691: 18684: 18666: 18642: 18622: 18603: 18584: 18557: 18553: 18542: 18525: 18517: 18505:15 September 18503:, retrieved 18493: 18481: 18473:21 September 18471:, retrieved 18456: 18443:22 September 18441:, retrieved 18421: 18399: 18378: 18351: 18343: 18325: 18311: 18300:, retrieved 18280: 18257: 18234: 18219: 18209: 18190: 18166: 18157: 18150: 18132: 18118:the original 18113: 18101: 18081: 18063:, retrieved 18043: 18023: 18012: 17998: 17980: 17961: 17949: 17931: 17923: 17916: 17906: 17902: 17896: 17892: 17885: 17868: 17859:15 September 17857:, retrieved 17837: 17817: 17809:Bose, Sugata 17790: 17767: 17747: 17744:Bayly, C. A. 17725: 17717: 17710: 17698:Bibliography 17683:. Retrieved 17674: 17665: 17653:. Retrieved 17636: 17627: 17615:. Retrieved 17606: 17597: 17568: 17556:. Retrieved 17548:HistoryExtra 17547: 17538: 17518: 17496:. Retrieved 17487: 17477: 17465:. Retrieved 17456: 17447: 17435:. Retrieved 17426: 17417: 17405:. Retrieved 17402:HistoryExtra 17401: 17392: 17380:. Retrieved 17376: 17367: 17347: 17340: 17328:. Retrieved 17324: 17315: 17307: 17302: 17277: 17273: 17267: 17256: 17251: 17239:. Retrieved 17230: 17208: 17203: 17184: 17178: 17155: 17149: 17126: 17120: 17101: 17073: 17067: 17048: 17042: 17019: 17013: 16994: 16988: 16965: 16959: 16950: 16943:. Retrieved 16933: 16927: 16908: 16902: 16893: 16879: 16873: 16850: 16818: 16812: 16804: 16799: 16787: 16762: 16758: 16752: 16740:. Retrieved 16733:the original 16720: 16716: 16703: 16691:. Retrieved 16680: 16671: 16659: 16647:. Retrieved 16642: 16633: 16621:. Retrieved 16616: 16607: 16595:. Retrieved 16591:the original 16586: 16577: 16567: 16544:. Retrieved 16533: 16524: 16515: 16507: 16484:. Retrieved 16480:the original 16475: 16466: 16454:. Retrieved 16449: 16425: 16417: 16409: 16389: 16382: 16373: 16367: 16347: 16340: 16328:. Retrieved 16324: 16315: 16303:. Retrieved 16299:the original 16289: 16277:. Retrieved 16263: 16228: 16224: 16214: 16202:. Retrieved 16198:the original 16188: 16176:. Retrieved 16172:the original 16162: 16143: 16131:. Retrieved 16117: 16098: 16079: 16060: 16043: 16031: 16019: 16007: 15995: 15983: 15971: 15959: 15954:, p. 7. 15947: 15935: 15923: 15892: 15880: 15868: 15856:. Retrieved 15838: 15826:. Retrieved 15809: 15797:. Retrieved 15787: 15780: 15768:. Retrieved 15751: 15739:. Retrieved 15721: 15709:. Retrieved 15692: 15680:. Retrieved 15670: 15663: 15651:. Retrieved 15633: 15621:. Retrieved 15604: 15592:. Retrieved 15574: 15565: 15543:(1): 33–63. 15540: 15536: 15530: 15524:(5): 441–60. 15521: 15517: 15511: 15489:(8): 76–79. 15486: 15482: 15473: 15465: 15460: 15445: 15440: 15428:. Retrieved 15409: 15405: 15395: 15383:. Retrieved 15373: 15361:. Retrieved 15349: 15340: 15328:. Retrieved 15323: 15313: 15305: 15300: 15288:. Retrieved 15276: 15251: 15246: 15234:. Retrieved 15228:. F. Smith. 15225: 15184: 15175: 15170:, p. 12 15163: 15151: 15126: 15122: 15116: 15097: 15088: 15076: 15056: 15046: 15034:. Retrieved 15007: 15003: 14989: 14964: 14960: 14954: 14942: 14933: 14921: 14909:. Retrieved 14905:the original 14898: 14875: 14869: 14857: 14845:. Retrieved 14841:the original 14836: 14816: 14811: 14803: 14798: 14779: 14773: 14754: 14745: 14726: 14720: 14686: 14680: 14647: 14643: 14637: 14618: 14612: 14600: 14575: 14571: 14565: 14545:. Retrieved 14531: 14507: 14502:, p. 37 14495: 14470: 14466: 14460: 14433: 14424: 14412: 14393: 14387: 14379: 14374: 14349: 14345: 14339: 14312: 14285: 14265:, p. 72 14254: 14242: 14237:, p. 76 14230: 14218: 14194:, p. 96 14187: 14175: 14163: 14151:. Retrieved 14126: 14122: 14112: 14077: 14073: 14063: 14043:, p. 56 14036: 14013:, p. 60 13995: 13987: 13981: 13975: 13963:. Retrieved 13943: 13937: 13922: 13917: 13909: 13906: 13902: 13895: 13892: 13888: 13876:. Retrieved 13862: 13844: 13839: 13827:. Retrieved 13817: 13811: 13801: 13794: 13786: 13781: 13767: 13760: 13750: 13743: 13735: 13730: 13718:. Retrieved 13711: 13703: 13689: 13669: 13662: 13650:. Retrieved 13644: 13637: 13629: 13624: 13615: 13603:. Retrieved 13599:the original 13594: 13585: 13577: 13570:. Retrieved 13561: 13552: 13536: 13528: 13509: 13497:. Retrieved 13477: 13469: 13457: 13445: 13418: 13409:21 September 13407:, retrieved 13392: 13385: 13380:, p. 2. 13373: 13361: 13354:Wolpert 2006 13349: 13322: 13310: 13298: 13286: 13249:(1): 69–74. 13246: 13242: 13236: 13228: 13223: 13198: 13194: 13188: 13182:(3): 136–37. 13179: 13178:(Critique). 13175: 13164: 13139: 13131: 13107: 13097: 13085: 13073:. Retrieved 13059: 13054:(2007) p. 43 13051: 13046: 13034:. Retrieved 13025: 13001:. Retrieved 12992: 12967: 12959: 12951: 12944:15 September 12942:. Retrieved 12914: 12910: 12897: 12885: 12878:Brendon 2008 12873: 12861: 12828: 12824: 12818: 12788:(1): 47–73. 12785: 12781: 12775: 12751: 12745: 12720: 12714: 12706: 12701: 12689: 12629:Chhabra 2005 12624: 12563:(2007) ch. 2 12560: 12555: 12543: 12438:. Retrieved 12431:the original 12426: 12413: 12381: 12376: 12364: 12352:. Retrieved 12337: 12298: 12272:Wolpert 2004 12267: 12255: 12247: 12239: 12228: 12223: 12214: 12189: 12183: 12177: 12168: 12163:(1965) p. 77 12160: 12155: 12147: 12142: 12130: 12119: 12114: 12106: 12101: 12089: 12077: 12058: 12053: 12026: 12007: 12001: 11942: 11930: 11900: 11885: 11873:. Retrieved 11862:sas.ed.ac.uk 11861: 11849: 11837: 11825: 11813: 11801: 11789: 11777:. Retrieved 11770:the original 11757: 11752: 11727: 11723: 11717: 11705: 11678:. Retrieved 11669: 11660: 11648:. Retrieved 11639: 11630: 11618:. Retrieved 11609: 11600: 11592:the original 11587: 11578: 11566: 11546: 11539: 11530: 11511: 11505: 11493:. Retrieved 11487: 11480: 11454:19 September 11452:, retrieved 11437: 11427: 11415:. Retrieved 11400: 11380: 11373: 11362: 11347: 11337: 11323: 11311:, retrieved 11291: 11282: 11272: 11257: 11247: 11245: 11230: 11220: 11213:, retrieved 11193: 11183: 11176:, retrieved 11156: 11147: 11124: 11122: 11115:, retrieved 11100: 11087: 11080:, retrieved 11061: 11049: 11038: 11031:, retrieved 11011: 11001: 10994:, retrieved 10974: 10965: 10955: 10951: 10940: 10926: 10915: 10906: 10892: 10886: 10874: 10860: 10843: 10829: 10823: 10815: 10801: 10795: 10786: 10772: 10766: 10757: 10750:. Retrieved 10709: 10705: 10695: 10687: 10680:, retrieved 10670: 10666:"Simla Town" 10660: 10652: 10645:, retrieved 10635: 10628: 10621: 10595: 10588: 10578: 10571: 10553: 10546: 10540:p. 136. 10532: 10525: 10486: 10473: 10466:Anglo-Indian 10460: 10345: 10332: 10319: 10310: 10301: 10292: 10283: 10259: 10246: 10238:through the 10226: 10214: 10120:India portal 9975:Demographics 9965:Architecture 9764: 9745:French India 9735:Danish India 9615:Bengal Subah 9605:Bhoi dynasty 9535:Koch Kingdom 9370:Ahom Kingdom 9244:Deva Kingdom 8936:Huna Kingdom 8876:Gupta Empire 8778:(AD 35–405 ) 8737:Kanva Empire 8709: 50 BC 8591:Chola Empire 8530:(312–303 BC) 8520:(321–184 BC) 8510:(330–323 BC) 8500:(380–321 BC) 8496:Nanda Empire 8490:(424–345 BC) 8472:(550–330 BC) 8428:(684–424 BC) 8418:(799–684 BC) 8408:(700–200 BC) 8330:Swat culture 8176:Chalcolithic 8088:Palaeolithic 7981: 7952:EIC in India 7876:French India 7866:Danish India 7780: 7757: 7703: 7694: 7667: 7636: 7605: 7594: 7585:metropolitan 7546:liberal arts 7543: 7523: 7518: 7504: 7497:(1800–1859) 7493: 7388: 7346: 7344: 7319:Robert Grant 7316: 7293: 7274: 7235: 7201: 7198: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7032: 7031: 7007: 6967: 6935: 6911: 6873: 6850: 6806:386,666,623 6800:350,529,557 6794:316,128,721 6788:313,547,840 6782:294,361,056 6776:287,223,431 6770:253,891,821 6764:190,563,048 6414:Christianity 6225:255,280,369 6219:239,613,929 6213:216,734,586 6207:217,586,892 6201:207,147,026 6195:207,731,727 6189:188,685,913 6183:139,248,568 6035: 6031: 6008: 5997: 5959: 5955: 5948: 5927:Edmund Burke 5923: 5910: 5894: 5872: 5863: 5844: 5839: 5837: 5833: 5820:narrow gauge 5816: 5808: 5792: 5776: 5772: 5724: 5721:Dorabji Tata 5713: 5707: 5687:stiff tariff 5672: 5659: 5655: 5611: 5594: 5589:Delhi Durbar 5571:Legal system 5561:commissioner 5558: 5554: 5521: 5513: 5454: 5450: 5422:non-official 5421: 5417: 5414: 5401:Lord Canning 5395: 5376: 5352:Company rule 5344:Lord Canning 5298:Charles Wood 5294:India Office 5283: 5257: 5231:Organisation 5218: 5190:vassal state 5187: 5142: 5113: 5058: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4837:Chhattisgarh 4624: 4599: 4583: 4576: 4572: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4543: 4509:India Office 4340:India Office 4336:Burma Office 4310:Creation of 4233:3 April 1926 4163:2 April 1921 4148:, 1915–16); 4146:Siege of Kut 4105:Delhi Durbar 4083:4 April 1916 3960:(previously 3799:to Indians. 3644:Delhi Durbar 3565:Creation of 3551:Earl of Mayo 3453:James Wilson 3324: 3277: 3265: 3250: 3237:public trial 3234: 3207: 3092:World War II 3058: 3026: 3014: 3003: 2995: 2971: 2963: 2960: 2951: 2903: 2896: 2858: 2854: 2777:Samuel Hoare 2753: 2745: 2733: 2722: 2697:Purna Swaraj 2695: 2685: 2674: 2663: 2630: 2623:Bhagat Singh 2551: 2528:Purna Swaraj 2493: 2477: 2429: 2423:recommended 2396:Annie Besant 2376: 2349: 2329:Lucknow Pact 2326: 2254: 2237:district in 2232: 2225: 2219: 2209: 2199: 2195: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2176: 2168: 2162: 2151: 2139:South Africa 2072:Annie Besant 2065: 2059: 2035:Lucknow Pact 2014: 2007: 1979: 1975:Annie Besant 1963:Lord Harding 1956: 1920: 1894:Annie Besant 1871: 1833:Lucknow Pact 1824: 1815:Ghadar Party 1796: 1780: 1768: 1749: 1711: 1684: 1644: 1640: 1628: 1614: 1612: 1601: 1595: 1584: 1557: 1546: 1538: 1522: 1471: 1456: 1446:founded the 1437: 1430: 1426: 1414:utilitarians 1398: 1390: 1367: 1340: 1248: 1227: 1133: 1131: 1123: 1108: 1048: 957:protectorate 922: 906:Persian Gulf 863: 813: 811: 761:states: the 732: 727: 707: 703: 699: 651: 649: 624: 606: 574: 528: 497: 479:Succeeded by 478: 473: 463:Indian rupee 450:• Total 422:18 July 1947 354:William Hare 251:• 1936 49: 31: 29: 28393:Traditional 28070:Banking Act 28055:SARFESI Act 27969:Electricity 27790:Oil and gas 27780:Electricity 27733:Agriculture 27717:West Bengal 27707:Uttarakhand 27672:Maharashtra 27511:Licence Raj 27466:Black money 27325:Remittances 27169:Nationalism 27154:Citizenship 26987:Enforcement 26972:High Courts 26849:Rajya Sabha 26510:sanctuaries 26460:Earthquakes 26432:Environment 26247:Integration 26221:1943 famine 26169:British Raj 26136:Late modern 26060:Middle Ages 26024:Alchon Huns 25936:Mathematics 25926:Linguistics 25572:Archaeology 25487:Environment 25377:Afro-Asians 25199:Afghanistan 25061:British Raj 25033:(Sri Lanka) 24919:Württemberg 24631:South Yemen 24519:Maguindanao 24412:Afghanistan 24173:Barotseland 24109:Saint Lucia 24082:New Zealand 23991:Netherlands 23764:Chhatrapati 23748:Sovereignty 23688:Aristocracy 23512:Anglosphere 23230:New Zealand 23139:New Zealand 23008:West Jersey 22923:Saint Lucia 22909:Saint Kitts 22903:Saint Croix 22883:1763–1791* 22851:Nova Scotia 22797:New England 22753:, 1691–1776 22720:East Jersey 22708:Connecticut 22587:Bay Islands 22474:Transjordan 22392:Mesopotamia 22230:Afghanistan 22224:Aden Colony 22009:Niger Coast 21975:) 1874–1957 21951:East Africa 21933:Cape Colony 21923:) 1884–1966 21913:) 1868–1966 21607:Mountbatten 21229:Hemu Kalani 21109:Bagha Jatin 21046:Vivekananda 20801:India House 20685:Act of 1935 20460:Ambedkarism 20328:British Raj 20132:british raj 20121:British Raj 20112:British Raj 20102:British Raj 19231:Rai, Lajpat 18808:21 February 18783:21 February 18662:Davis, Mike 18302:13 February 18224:online free 17607:The Tribune 17427:India Today 17377:www.bbc.com 17325:Nikkei Asia 17233:. History. 16945:10 February 16792:Moore 2001a 16026:, p. 7 16012:Koomar 2009 15385:14 February 15363:14 February 15330:14 February 15094:Bear, Laura 14967:(2): 1–15. 14211:Moore 2001a 14180:Moore 2001a 14168:Moore 2001a 14153:17 November 14129:: 217–229. 13829:20 February 13720:21 February 13652:21 February 13541:Sarkar 2004 13499:21 February 13028:. History. 13026:History.com 12950:; Muldoon, 12694:Ludden 2002 12631:, p. 2 12354:21 February 12320:Ludden 2002 12291:Ludden 2002 12244:Peter Heehs 12150:(1962) p 67 12135:Ludden 2002 12072:pp. 411–36. 11779:15 February 10627:"Calcutta ( 10479:Nat Worship 10363:Kumbhipatia 10359:Kabirpanthi 10338:Edward VIII 9960:Agriculture 9930:South India 9905:Maharashtra 9855:Balochistan 9795:Afghanistan 9769:(1858–1947) 9765:British Raj 9759:(1757–1858) 9755:Company Raj 9749:(1759–1954) 9739:(1620–1869) 9729:(1605–1825) 9725:Dutch India 9719:(1510–1961) 9706:(1510–1961) 9689:(1799–1849) 9685:Sikh Empire 9679:(1729–1947) 9669:(1707–1799) 9659:(1674–1818) 9649:(1650–1948) 9639:(1642–1975) 9629:(1600–1750) 9619:(1576–1757) 9609:(1541–1804) 9599:(1532–1673) 9589:(1529–1736) 9579:(1540–1556) 9569:(1526–1858) 9556:(1526–1858) 9539:(1515–1947) 9529:(1499–1763) 9519:(1518–1687) 9508:(1492–1686) 9497:(1492–1619) 9486:(1490–1574) 9475:(1490–1636) 9464:(1490–1596) 9454:(1470–1842) 9444:(1434–1541) 9434:(1399–1947) 9424:(1358–1803) 9414:(1352–1576) 9404:(1336–1646) 9394:(1325–1448) 9384:(1300–1779) 9374:(1228–1826) 9364:(1451–1526) 9353:(1414–1451) 9342:(1320–1414) 9331:(1290–1320) 9320:(1206–1290) 9309:(1206–1526) 9299:(1170–1206) 9276:(1206–1526) 9257: 1300 9253: 1200 9238:(1187–1673) 9228:(1156–1184) 9208:(1102–1766) 9198:(1083–1323) 9188:(1078–1434) 9178:(1070–1230) 9174:Sena Empire 9168:(1040–1347) 9158:(1003–1320) 9084:Pala Empire 8946:Rai Kingdom 8788:(AD 60–240) 8721:(185–73 BC) 8477:Ror Dynasty 8197: 3950 7982:British Raj 7939:(1600–1947) 7896:(1505–1961) 7856:Dutch India 7798:local games 7671:(1866) and 7508:Edward Eyre 7478:Macaulayism 7389:Salanga Day 7220:Amartya Sen 7033:British Raj 6985:Madras City 6945:Madras City 6640:25,441,489 6622:10,295,168 6339:12,786,806 6333:11,571,268 6327:10,721,453 6285:92,058,096 6279:77,677,545 6273:68,735,233 6267:66,647,299 6261:62,458,077 6255:57,321,164 6249:50,121,585 6243:40,882,537 5829:East Africa 5825:Mesopotamia 5539:members (26 5531:elected, 26 5527:members (32 5465:secretaries 5346:, the last 5306:John Morley 5225:residencies 5099:Balochistan 4997:East Bengal 4973:Uttarakhand 4833:Maharashtra 4765:Maharashtra 4721:West Bengal 4656:(millions) 4651:Total area 4638: 1907 4449:Indian Army 4427:Indian Army 4351:Indian Army 4226:introduced 4194:Rowlatt Act 4192:Passage of 4172:Indian Army 4153:Passage of 4122:Indian Army 3870:Bundelkhand 3850:Indian Army 3821:Afghanistan 3817:Durand Line 3691:Ilbert Bill 3628:Baluchistan 3623:Lord Lytton 3619:8 June 1880 3514:(1864–1865) 2929:in Bengal, 2504:Rowlatt Act 2408:Rowlatt Act 2196:Hind Swaraj 2052:Shaukat Ali 1959:Mesopotamia 1936:Middle East 1880:World War I 1876:Mesopotamia 1787:John Morley 1756:Dacca Nawab 1738:1857 Mutiny 1568:West Bengal 1549:Lord Curzon 1499:Lord Curzon 1405:Ilbert Bill 1205: 1873 890:Upper Burma 886:Lower Burma 878:Thar Desert 870:Pondicherry 807:Aden Colony 787:Upper Burma 783:Lower Burma 773:(later the 765:(later the 755:partitioned 720:paramountcy 652:British Raj 474:Preceded by 394:10 May 1857 364:Legislature 256:Edward VIII 138:(1858–1911) 28418:Categories 28344:television 28334:Literature 28138:Corruption 27861:Television 27829:Healthcare 27750:Automotive 27697:Tamil Nadu 27564:Labour law 27547:Demography 27350:NITI Aayog 27256:Governance 27242:BSE SENSEX 27194:Secularism 27149:Censorship 26940:Penal Code 26839:Parliament 26816:Government 26621:Waterfalls 26465:Ecoregions 26328:Pokhran-II 26126:Bengal War 25941:Metallurgy 25674:Bangladesh 25584:Bronze Age 25467:Philosophy 25452:Literature 25349:Indo-Aryan 25329:Andamanese 25204:Bangladesh 25127:Tanganyika 25042:The Gambia 24970:Niuē-Fekai 24909:Yugoslavia 24809:Montenegro 24616:Upper Yafa 24611:Upper Asir 24248:Madagascar 23981:Luxembourg 23713:Government 23678:Abdication 23647:Hereditary 23575:Monarchies 23464:since 1908 23456:since 1908 23422:since 1833 23414:since 1816 23406:since 1815 23398:since 1658 23355:department 23342:since 1908 23334:since 1833 23135:since 1838 23115:Swan River 23109:Queensland 22996:1958–1962 22978:since 1666 22964:since 1799 22815:New Jersey 22785:New Albion 22769:since 1632 22766:Montserrat 22747:1629–1691 22694:since 1670 22616:1858–1866 22604:since 1619 22556:since 1650 22509:Bangladesh 22444:1841–1946 22406:1882–1963 22372:Federation 22350:1819–1826 22288:Seychelles 22232:1839–1842 22123:since 1816 22107:Tanganyika 22065:Somaliland 22053:Seychelles 22049:since 1658 21969:Gold Coast 21963:The Gambia 21907:Basutoland 21903:since 1815 21858:1800–1813 21848:Free State 21841:1542–1800 21827:Heligoland 21823:since 1713 21637:Linlithgow 21577:Chelmsford 21567:Cornwallis 21479:Tatya Tope 21349:Nana Saheb 21254:K. Kamaraj 21204:Dhan Singh 21119:Bakht Khan 20771:Arya Samaj 20705:Quit India 20655:Salt March 20514:Events and 20490:Satyagraha 20056:Frykenberg 19084:Low, D. A. 18863:1885/51009 18724:9 November 17957:Low, D. A. 16742:1 February 16649:4 December 16623:4 December 16036:Davis 2001 16024:Davis 2001 15952:Davis 2001 15897:Grove 2007 15885:Grove 2007 15430:25 January 15324:Al Jazeera 15277:Nios.ac.uk 15168:Brown 1994 15081:Stein 2001 15036:20 January 14926:Satya 2008 14713:Satya 2008 14559:required.) 14547:28 January 14500:Davis 2001 14263:Bayly 1990 14259:Peers 2006 14247:Bayly 1990 14235:Peers 2006 14192:Brown 1994 14028:, p. 13965:9 November 13878:24 January 13533:Brown 1994 13423:Stein 2001 13303:Stein 2010 12682:Stein 2001 12665:Brown 1994 12648:Spear 1990 12617:Brown 1994 12588:Brown 1994 12548:Brown 1994 12536:Brown 1994 12517:Brown 1994 12498:Brown 1994 12477:Brown 1994 12460:Brown 1994 12440:9 December 12406:Brown 1994 12303:Stein 2001 12082:Spear 1990 12031:Spear 1990 11964:Stein 2001 11947:Stein 2001 11935:Stein 2001 11909:Stein 2001 11890:Stein 2001 11875:6 November 11842:Spear 1990 11830:Spear 1990 11818:Spear 1990 11806:Spear 1990 11794:Spear 1990 11710:Spear 1990 11698:Spear 1990 11680:2 December 11670:Britannica 11650:2 December 11640:Britannica 11571:Codrington 11123:Table 14. 10923:"Raj, the" 10599:. Madras: 10557:. Bombay: 10517:References 10494:responses. 10252:suzerainty 10040:Philosophy 10020:Metallurgy 10010:Literature 9935:Tamil Nadu 9800:Bangladesh 9575:Sur Empire 9289:(977–1186) 9255: – c. 9218:(675–1210) 9148:(973–1189) 9138:(942–1244) 9128:(882–1110) 9118:(850–1334) 9108:(800–1327) 9088:(750–1174) 9068:(694–1947) 9048:(650–1036) 9028:(624–1075) 8996: 700 8994: – c. 8992: 550 8965: 500 8910:(350–1100) 8900:(350–1000) 8868: 600 8866: – c. 8864: 250 8847: 500 8845: – c. 8843: 250 8766: 130 8741:(75–26 BC) 8707: – c. 8705: 150 8636: – c. 8602:– AD 1279) 8585:– AD 1102) 8568:– AD 1345) 8547: – c. 8460: 600 8445:– AD 1600) 8253:Bronze Age 7764:influenced 7707:Cornwallis 7647:Methodists 7216:Mike Davis 7170:1943–1944 7155:1899–1900 7140:1896–1897 7125:1888–1889 7106:1876–1878 7091:1873–1874 7076:1868–1870 7061:1865–1867 7046:1860–1861 7021:1837–1838 6997:1789–1795 6957:1783–1784 6925:1769–1770 6852:duplicates 6830:See also: 6711:5,450,896 6700:1,449,286 6694:1,252,105 6688:1,178,596 6682:1,248,182 6676:1,334,148 6670:1,416,638 6664:1,221,896 6634:8,280,347 6628:9,774,611 6616:8,584,148 6610:9,280,467 6604:6,570,092 6465:6,316,549 6459:6,296,763 6453:4,754,064 6447:3,876,203 6441:2,923,241 6435:2,284,380 6429:1,862,634 6405:5,691,447 6399:4,335,771 6393:3,238,803 6387:3,014,466 6381:2,195,339 6375:1,907,833 6369:1,853,426 6363:1,174,436 6321:9,476,759 6315:7,131,361 6309:3,418,884 6303:2,832,851 6021:, Greater 5964:Demography 5854:Irrigation 5683:free trade 5648:depicting 5330:K.G. Gupta 5143:ex officio 5114:ex officio 5059:ex officio 5042:(parts of 4937:Chandigarh 4873:Tamil Nadu 4717:Bangladesh 4601:Suzerainty 4558:). In its 4257:Lord Irwin 4097:Queen Mary 3955:(1903–04) 3940:Edward VII 3863:(1896–97) 3610:Edward VII 3590:Deaths in 3494:Dharamsala 3463:, creates 3461:income tax 3158:See also: 2962: [ 2828:See also: 2729:Quit India 2564:loin-cloth 2514:See also: 2462:, and the 2406:See also: 2371:diarchical 2281:See also: 2251:Satyagraha 2189:Satyagraha 2185:Satyagraha 2177:Satyagraha 2169:Satyagraha 2164:Satyagraha 2116:See also: 1827:See also: 1751:Anand Math 1746:Arya Samaj 1715:Lord Minto 1666:Lord Minto 1474:, violence 1401:Lord Ripon 1383:Max Müller 1312:Congress, 1274:See also: 1220:Lord Ripon 1198:Agra canal 683:Hindustani 232:Edward VII 190:Government 181:Demonym(s) 161:Hindustani 94:, and the 28376:Sculpture 28329:Festivals 28295:Webcomics 28247:Sexuality 28197:Languages 28160:Education 27990:Regulator 27937:Transport 27834:Hospitals 27770:Education 27738:Livestock 27702:Telangana 27692:Rajasthan 27652:Karnataka 27647:Jharkhand 27451:Insurance 27430:Inflation 27335:Subsidies 27234:Companies 27164:Democracy 27159:Elections 27131:Air Force 26856:President 26844:Lok Sabha 26721:Districts 26676:Southeast 26671:Southwest 26661:Northeast 26654:Northwest 26616:Volcanoes 26576:Mountains 26519:Landforms 26356:Geography 26231:Partition 26196:Zamindari 25979:Stone Age 25916:Economics 25901:Astronomy 25882:Overviews 25741:Education 25462:Mythology 25447:Languages 25359:Nuristani 25344:Dravidian 25270:Sri Lanka 25236:Northeast 25224:Northwest 25097:Mauritius 24990:Rarotonga 24975:Nuku Hiva 24965:Mangareva 24940:Bora Bora 24819:Neuchâtel 24789:Lithuania 24694:Catalonia 24581:Sri Lanka 24534:Manchukuo 24509:Kurdistan 24463:Indonesia 24386:Talamanca 24346:Araucanía 24329:and other 24308:Wassoulou 24052:Australia 23728:Oligarchy 23448:1841–1947 23435:1841–1933 23326:1831–1966 23320:1670–1688 23314:1651–1667 23308:1631–1641 23238:1914–1962 23232:1907–1947 23225:1901–1942 23223:Australia 23218:1900–1974 23212:1900–1970 23200:1893–1978 23193:1892–1979 23187:1889–1948 23181:1888–1901 23175:Rarotonga 23171:1884–1902 23165:1877–1976 23159:1874–1970 23153:1851–1901 23147:1846–1847 23141:1841–1907 23127:1836–1901 23121:1829–1901 23111:1824–1901 23105:1824–1980 23099:1807–1863 23093:1803–1901 23083:1788–1901 23016:1833–1960 23010:1674–1702 23002:1967–1983 22990:1763–1783 22984:1607–1776 22970:1849–1866 22956:1889–1962 22950:1862–1863 22944:1712–1776 22938:1635–1644 22932:1627–1979 22925:1605–1979 22918:1882–1983 22911:1623–1983 22905:1625–1650 22899:1670–1870 22893:1636–1776 22887:1853–1863 22877:1620–1691 22871:1681–1776 22865:1763–1873 22853:1713–1867 22847:1859–1870 22841:1712–1776 22835:1583–1907 22829:1907–1949 22823:1664–1776 22811:1637–1662 22809:New Haven 22805:1680–1776 22799:1686–1689 22793:1784–1867 22781:1628–1983 22775:1655–1860 22761:1632–1776 22735:1655–1962 22728:1733–1776 22722:1674–1702 22716:1701–1776 22710:1636–1776 22704:1818–1846 22686:1663–1712 22678:1867–1931 22672:1841–1867 22666:1791–1841 22660:1791–1841 22648:1762–1974 22641:1763–1783 22635:1763–1978 22629:1754–1820 22620:1866–1871 22596:1871–1981 22589:1643–1860 22583:1624–1966 22577:1670–1973 22570:1860–1981 22563:1632–1860 22488:1898–1930 22482:1892–1971 22476:1921–1946 22470:1826–1946 22464:1945–1946 22458:1946–1963 22456:Singapore 22450:1946–1963 22438:1702–1705 22432:1786–1946 22426:1923–1948 22424:Palestine 22412:1946–1963 22400:1891–1971 22394:1920–1932 22388:1762–1764 22382:1796–1965 22374:1948–1957 22368:1946–1948 22362:1885–1946 22356:1895–1946 22344:1848–1946 22338:1918–1961 22332:1811–1816 22326:1858–1947 22320:1841–1997 22318:Hong Kong 22314:1878–1960 22308:1795–1948 22302:1888–1984 22296:1824–1948 22284:Mauritius 22274:1874–1963 22262:1757–1947 22256:1812–1824 22246:1685–1824 22244:Bencoolen 22238:1879–1919 22226:1839–1967 22141:1887–1897 22135:1890–1963 22129:1890–1962 22115:1900–1910 22113:Transvaal 22109:1922–1961 22103:1899–1956 22097:1893–1968 22095:Swaziland 22091:1900–1914 22079:1915–1931 22073:1910–1931 22067:1884–1960 22061:1792–1961 22055:1903–1976 22041:1900–1910 22035:1891–1964 22033:Nyasaland 22029:1924–1964 22023:1900–1914 22017:1914–1960 22011:1884–1900 22005:1856–1910 21999:1810–1968 21997:Mauritius 21993:1807–1808 21987:1862–1906 21981:1920–1963 21965:1816–1965 21959:1882–1922 21953:1895–1920 21947:1891–1907 21941:1806–1910 21935:1795–1803 21929:1919–1961 21927:Cameroons 21864:1813–1964 21850:1921–1931 21835:1809–1864 21829:1807–1890 21820:Gibraltar 21815:1878–1960 21809:1794–1796 21763:*Current 21612:Wellesley 21597:Dalhousie 21459:Surya Sen 21354:P. Kakkan 21314:Mir Qasim 21289:M. N. Roy 21224:Har Dayal 21057:activists 20886:Baba Amte 20876:Ayyankali 20854:reformers 20776:Azad Hind 20516:movements 20495:Socialism 20156:pp 55–79. 20029:144515505 19923:145802033 19813:144217855 19767:153716644 19725:144581168 19549:146480332 19433:150456443 19341:0012-9976 19045:143348610 18900:146232991 18872:162783898 18574:147335168 18547:full text 18278:(2010) , 18256:(2001) , 18232:(1990) , 18187:(2004) , 17815:(2004) , 17789:(1994) , 17685:4 January 17655:4 January 17645:0013-0613 17617:4 January 17558:4 January 17498:4 January 17467:4 January 17437:4 January 17407:31 August 17382:31 August 17294:0306-8374 16779:159825918 16693:18 August 16546:19 August 16486:16 August 16456:16 August 16446:"History" 16330:18 August 16279:9 January 15988:Bose 1916 15557:144517813 15358:0013-0389 15326:(Opinion) 15143:144605629 15054:(2007) . 15012:CiteSeerX 14981:168461253 14900:The Hindu 14837:Irfca.org 14672:146480332 14592:144471617 14366:144532499 14143:2658-1671 14104:251601027 14096:2710-3617 13514:Hyam 2007 13462:Judd 2004 13450:Judd 2004 13438:Judd 2004 13263:150945957 13215:153886117 13090:Robb 2002 12931:154900649 12853:143984571 12810:146445282 12369:Robb 2002 12206:145706327 11313:23 August 10742:144180838 10726:0010-4175 10601:Macmillan 10499:Confucian 10453:Ad-Dharmi 10442:Ad-Dharmi 10430:Brahmanic 10415:Brahmanic 10400:Brahmanic 10385:Brahmanic 10370:Brahmanic 9990:Education 9980:Dynasties 9900:Rajasthan 9885:Karnataka 9830:Sri Lanka 9098:(753–982) 9078:(736–916) 9058:(661–750) 9038:(632–661) 9018:(618–841) 9008:(606–647) 8977:(543–753) 8950:(489–632) 8940:(475–576) 8930:(475–767) 8920:(420–624) 8890:(345–525) 8880:(280–550) 8828:(230–360) 8818:(224–651) 8808:(210–340) 8798:(170–350) 8761:(AD 21 – 8619:– AD 800) 8371:Janapadas 8199:–1900 BC) 8126:Neolithic 8006:1721–1949 7996:1824–1948 7986:1858–1947 7976:1797–1813 7966:1757–1858 7956:1600–1757 7923:1628–1633 7913:1434–1833 7880:1668–1954 7870:1620–1869 7860:1605–1825 7850:1731–1813 7840:1778–1785 7540:in India. 7472:Education 7366:Raebareli 7240:began in 7186:1769–1944 7042:Rajputana 6973:Hyderabad 6057:Religious 6017:million: 5591:, of 1903 5517:secretary 5492:Education 5463:members ( 5165:(16,000) 5107:(46,000) 5081:(30,000) 5044:Rajasthan 4889:Telangana 4881:Karnataka 4773:Karnataka 4729:Jharkhand 4681:Meghalaya 4136:, 1914); 3921:Death of 3646:of 1877. 3312:New Delhi 3290:, (later 3054:Azad Hind 3027:Earlier, 2474:majority. 2267:Ahmedabad 2235:Champaran 2076:Home Rule 2027:Jerusalem 1770:with the 1597:Bhadralok 1525:movement. 929:Sri Lanka 805:known as 268:George VI 141:New Delhi 44:1858–1947 28361:Painting 28324:Folklore 28280:Blogging 28222:Religion 28207:Literacy 27942:Aviation 27927:Textiles 27866:Printing 27856:FM Radio 27824:Gambling 27819:Forestry 27755:Chemical 27569:Pensions 27476:National 27418:Governor 27369:Currency 27330:Taxation 27247:NIFTY 50 27184:Scandals 27141:Politics 27113:Military 26824:Agencies 26804:Politics 26740:See also 26556:Glaciers 26505:Wildlife 26395:Heritage 26240:Republic 26174:Railways 26144:Colonial 26116:Marathas 26083:Kakatiya 25971:Ancient 25946:Military 25931:Maritime 25906:Clothing 25889:Timeline 25763:Military 25684:Pakistan 25647:Hinduism 25642:Buddhism 25629:Religion 25599:Medieval 25589:Iron Age 25514:Politics 25477:Surnames 25399:Diaspora 25295:Southern 25285:Northern 25258:Pakistan 25248:Maldives 25112:Rhodesia 25107:Pakistan 25026:Barbados 24995:Rimatara 24985:Rapa Iti 24914:Valencia 24889:Tavolara 24879:Scotland 24844:Portugal 24804:Moldavia 24689:Bulgaria 24684:Brittany 24659:Asturias 24539:Mongolia 24529:Maldives 24391:Trinidad 24381:Suriname 24339:Americas 24323:Zimbabwe 24318:Zanzibar 24303:Wituland 24278:Ngazidja 24273:Ndzuwani 24208:Ethiopia 23931:Thailand 23911:Malaysia 23891:Cambodia 23841:Eswatini 23637:Elective 23622:Absolute 23523:Category 23359:Colombia 23274:Kiribati 23151:Victoria 23091:Tasmania 22982:Virginia 22948:Stickeen 22936:Saybrook 22875:Plymouth 22821:New York 22759:Maryland 22751:Province 22714:Delaware 22684:Carolina 22676:Dominion 22670:Province 22633:Dominica 22581:Barbados 22553:Anguilla 22524:disputed 22505:Pakistan 22380:Maldives 22254:Billiton 22181:Rhodesia 22167:Tanzania 22163:Cameroon 22139:Zululand 22133:Zanzibar 21921:Botswana 21642:Hastings 21602:Bentinck 20821:Jugantar 20465:Gandhism 19894:67841003 19651:96476257 19608:archived 19565:(1901); 19457:archived 19349:40278213 19308:Archived 19254:(2010), 19233:(2008), 19221:Archived 19184:(1946), 19136:(1997), 19115:(1991), 19086:(2002), 18967:(1993), 18909:(1988), 18718:archived 18664:(2001), 18583:(1998), 18499:archived 18491:(1916), 18437:archived 18398:(2000), 18324:(2004), 18296:archived 18080:(2006), 18059:archived 18022:(2001), 17959:(1993), 17853:archived 17746:(1990), 17679:Archived 17649:Archived 17611:Archived 17587:Archived 17576:Archived 17552:Archived 17492:Archived 17461:Archived 17457:BBC News 17431:Archived 17241:2 August 17235:Archived 16939:Archived 16723:(2): 3. 16597:24 April 16476:I G News 16305:29 April 16273:Archived 16255:19993010 16204:29 April 16178:29 April 16151:Archived 16127:Archived 16106:Archived 16087:Archived 16068:Archived 16000:Rai 2008 15793:Archived 15676:Archived 15424:Archived 15290:2 August 15281:Archived 15279:. NIOS. 15236:2 August 15230:Archived 15183:(2006). 15096:(2007). 15030:Archived 14911:2 August 14847:2 August 14432:(2006). 14147:Archived 14074:Al-Duhaa 13992:Carnatic 13959:Archived 13872:Archived 13852:Archived 13823:Archived 13605:2 August 13572:2 August 13566:Archived 13342:Low 1993 13327:Low 2002 13315:Low 2002 13105:(2004). 13069:Archived 13036:2 August 13030:Archived 13003:2 August 12997:Archived 12935:Archived 12890:Low 1993 12866:Low 1993 12066:Archived 12063:contents 11866:Archived 11744:11618727 11674:Archived 11644:Archived 11614:Archived 11612:. 2008. 11606:"Bhutan" 11495:2 August 11471:and Sir 11459:Quote: " 11435:(1974), 11411:Archived 11307:archived 11209:archived 11172:archived 11098:(2014), 11076:archived 11027:archived 10990:archived 10746:Archived 10676:archived 10641:archived 10629:Kalikata 10266:was the 10220:Victoria 10055:Timeline 10045:Religion 10025:Military 10015:Maritime 10005:Language 9995:Indology 9825:Pakistan 9815:Maldives 9513: – 9502: – 9491: – 9480: – 9469: – 9358: – 9347: – 9336: – 9325: – 9314: – 8462:–300 BC) 8402: – 8391: – 8380: – 8369: – 8348:Iron Age 8328: – 8317: – 8296: – 8285: – 8274: – 7805:See also 7794:football 7772:entering 7723:Macaulay 7711:Zamindar 7651:missions 7643:Lutheran 7632:dioceses 7612:Anglican 7551:Oxbridge 7312:smallpox 7285:Calcutta 7266:vaccines 7250:pandemic 7040:Eastern 6876:May 2017 6747:152,398 6729:129,900 6525:114,890 6519:109,752 6513:101,778 6507:100,096 6423:896,658 6345:232,003 6294:Buddhism 6174:Hinduism 6046:Religion 6027:Calcutta 5902:Railways 5879:Policies 5731:Railways 5669:Industry 5581:Maharaja 5501:Commerce 5430:Calcutta 5418:official 5275:Calcutta 5221:agencies 5136:(1,600) 5052:(2,700) 5032:officer 5022:(sq mi) 4939:and the 4689:Nagaland 4661:officer 4548:and the 4393:, 1941) 4389:, 1941, 4385:, 1941, 4275:, 1931. 4110:Calcutta 4103:at last 4093:George V 3972:in 1904 3968:renamed 3931:Calcutta 3902:(1901). 3898:under a 3740:(1885). 3704:in 1882 3573:(1872). 3496:in 1863 3450:in 1861 3214:Calcutta 3176:meeting 3116:(centre) 2867:K. P. P. 2803:and Sir 2641:Amritsar 2594:and the 2552:en route 2450:and the 2361:Imperial 2211:swadeshi 2106:Brahmins 2048:Mohammad 2015:Khalifah 1799:George V 1740:and the 1706:in 1921. 1645:swadeshi 1641:Swadeshi 1603:Swadeshi 1523:Swadeshi 1472:Swadeshi 1464:Ganapati 1320:, Hume, 820:, and a 771:Pakistan 759:dominion 459:Currency 244:George V 220:Victoria 135:Calcutta 28381:tallest 28302:Cuisine 28262:Culture 28217:Prisons 28212:Poverty 28153:Indians 28126:Society 28112:culture 27932:Tourism 27785:Nuclear 27765:Defence 27743:Fishing 27726:Sectors 27677:Mizoram 27632:Haryana 27627:Gujarat 27557:Poverty 27488:History 27461:Bullion 27446:Banking 27401:Coinage 27386:History 27222:Economy 26995:Federal 26706:Borders 26639:Central 26631:Regions 26611:Valleys 26585:Plains 26566:Islands 26526:Beaches 26490:Geology 26480:Forests 26450:Climate 26368:Geology 26179:Economy 26159:Plassey 26111:Mughals 26073:Hoysala 25999:Mauryas 25911:Coinage 25871:History 25808:History 25754:History 25704:Cricket 25657:Sikhism 25652:Jainism 25637:Dharmic 25564:History 25510:Economy 25495:Monsoon 25472:Scripts 25442:Fashion 25432:Cuisine 25409:Culture 25392:Semitic 25382:Chinese 25290:Eastern 25241:Islands 25102:Nigeria 25077:Ireland 25005:Tahuata 24980:Raiatea 24960:Huahine 24935:Abemama 24928:Oceania 24899:Tuscany 24854:Romania 24849:Prussia 24814:Navarre 24794:Majorca 24774:Ireland 24769:Imereti 24764:Iceland 24759:Hungary 24754:Hanover 24749:Granada 24739:Germany 24734:Georgia 24729:Galicia 24719:Finland 24709:Corsica 24704:Cilicia 24674:Bavaria 24664:Austria 24649:Albania 24621:Vietnam 24564:Sarawak 24554:Qu'aiti 24489:Kathiri 24452:Dapitan 24427:Bukhara 24376:Miskito 24298:Tunisia 24288:Shilluk 24198:Dahomey 24188:Burundi 24178:Bagirmi 24158:Adamawa 24077:Jamaica 24072:Grenada 24057:Bahamas 24021:Oceania 23971:Denmark 23966:Belgium 23961:Andorra 23876:Bahrain 23851:Morocco 23846:Lesotho 23825:Current 23816:Pharaoh 23769:Emperor 23708:Dynasty 23662:Regency 23642:Federal 23632:Diarchy 23586:Monarch 23514:culture 23268:Vanuatu 23058:Oceania 22733:Jamaica 22726:Georgia 22646:Grenada 22601:Bermuda 22575:Bahamas 22561:Antigua 22442:Sarawak 22154:Namibia 22015:Nigeria 21991:Madeira 21911:Lesotho 21870:Minorca 21839:Ireland 21807:Corsica 21734:Former 21562:Canning 20981:Periyar 20630:Bardoli 20398:Gwalior 20300:History 20154:excerpt 20050:(1966). 20003:online. 19933:(2012). 19741:(1991). 19734:(1995). 19682:3216953 19586:(1990). 19569:(1906) 19508:(1980). 19482:(1962) 19322:excerpt 19305:excerpt 19303:(2006) 19218:excerpt 18750:(2006) 18065:18 June 17909:(2007) 17703:Surveys 16572:(Delhi) 16416:et al, 16246:2181657 16133:15 June 16103:Malaria 15503:3022159 15226:Fsmitha 14487:2595587 13868:"India" 13075:10 June 12995:. BBC. 12993:History 12231:(1985) 12122:(1900) 12061:(1962) 11417:3 March 10752:8 April 10565:Office. 10355:Satnami 9985:Economy 9970:Coinage 9890:Kashmir 9870:Gujarat 8967:– 1026) 8077:Outline 7790:cricket 7730:in the 7622:of the 7587:of the 7463:in the 7436:Pashtun 7383:: The 7296:leprosy 7289:malaria 6900:Famine 6862:Please 6753:60,014 6741:18,004 6735:37,101 6723:42,763 6717:59,985 6708:Others 6649:Jainism 6585:22,480 6579:24,141 6573:21,778 6567:20,980 6561:18,228 6555:17,194 6552:0.005% 6549:12,009 6546:0.004% 6534:Judaism 6501:94,190 6495:89,904 6489:85,397 6483:69,476 6354:Sikhism 6288:23.81% 6282:22.16% 6276:21.74% 6270:21.26% 6264:21.22% 6258:19.96% 6252:19.74% 6246:21.45% 6228:66.02% 6222:68.36% 6216:68.56% 6204:70.37% 6198:72.32% 6192:74.32% 6186:73.07% 5914:Int'l$ 5621:Economy 5498:Finance 5495:Defence 5320:), and 5246:of the 5206:Company 5105:120,000 4929:Haryana 4801:Myanmar 4769:Gujarat 4685:Mizoram 4609:viceroy 4215:, 1919 4210:, 1919 4196:, 1919 3807:Manipur 3738:Panjdeh 3683:End of 3393:Period 3308:Karachi 3298:as the 3294:) with 3282:(later 3222:Karachi 3144:in the 2754:In the 2560:Madurai 2366:Viceroy 2259:Gujarat 2135:Karachi 2097:Gujarat 1942:of the 1878:during 1764:Shahbag 1509:in 1905 1394:of 1878 1362:in 1890 1232:by the 977:History 904:of the 824:of the 795:Myanmar 741:of the 694:on the 681:; 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