British Empire - Knowledge

4157: 39: 3289: 677: 2549: 3118: 3663: 1980:, passed the following year, abolished slavery in the British Empire on 1 August 1834, finally bringing the empire into line with the law in the UK (with the exception of the territories administered by the East India Company and Ceylon, where slavery was ended in 1844). Under the Act, slaves were granted full emancipation after a period of four to six years of "apprenticeship". Facing further opposition from abolitionists, the apprenticeship system was abolished in 1838. The British government compensated slave-owners. 402: 1695: 3467: 2188: 932: 16482: 46: 16578: 1465: 2661: 16561: 1804: 4016: 2329: 13974: 78: 16458: 2839: 13984: 1704: 2926: 2029: 16544: 818:, but rising costs soon led English traders to embrace the use of imported African slaves. The enormous wealth generated by slave-produced sugar made Barbados the most successful colony in the Americas, and one of the most densely populated places in the world. This boom led to the spread of sugar cultivation across the Caribbean, financed the development of non-plantation colonies in North America, and accelerated the growth of the 16527: 12056: 3254:" blowing. Their priorities changed to maintaining an extensive zone of British influence and ensuring that stable, non-Communist governments were established in former colonies. In this context, while other European powers such as France and Portugal waged costly and unsuccessful wars to keep their empires intact, Britain generally adopted a policy of peaceful disengagement from its colonies, although violence occurred in 897:. In the British Caribbean, the percentage of the population of African descent rose from 25 per cent in 1650 to around 80 per cent in 1780, and in the Thirteen Colonies from 10 per cent to 40 per cent over the same period (the majority in the southern colonies). The transatlantic slave trade played a pervasive role in British economic life, and became a major economic mainstay for western port cities. Ships registered in 16510: 16470: 2600:. As the dominions gained greater autonomy, they would come to be recognized as distinct realms of the empire with unique customs and symbols of their own. Imperial identity, through imagery such as patriotic artworks and banners, began developing into a form that attempted to be more inclusive by showcasing the empire as a family of newly birthed nations with common roots. 1097: 3250:, and therefore the United States supported the continued existence of the British Empire to keep Communist expansion in check. At first, British politicians believed it would be possible to maintain Britain's role as a world power at the head of a re-imagined Commonwealth, but by 1960 they were forced to recognise that there was an irresistible " 2444:'s 44 per cent shareholding in the Suez Canal for £4 million (equivalent to £480 million in 2023). Although this did not grant outright control of the strategic waterway, it did give Britain leverage. Joint Anglo-French financial control over Egypt ended in outright British occupation in 1882. Although Britain controlled the 3384:, while Arabs were opposed to the creation of a Jewish state. Frustrated by the intractability of the problem, attacks by Jewish paramilitary organisations and the increasing cost of maintaining its military presence, Britain announced in 1947 that it would withdraw in 1948 and leave the matter to the United Nations to solve. The 4156: 3198:, which had previously been hailed as an impregnable fortress and the eastern equivalent of Gibraltar. The realisation that Britain could not defend its entire empire pushed Australia and New Zealand, which now appeared threatened by Japanese forces, into closer ties with the United States and, ultimately, the 1951 316:, during which Britain relied heavily on its empire. The conflict placed enormous strain on its military, financial, and manpower resources. Although the empire achieved its largest territorial extent immediately after the First World War, Britain was no longer the world's preeminent industrial or military power. 881:

between 1688 and 1712 allowed independent British slave traders to thrive, leading to a rapid escalation in the number of slaves transported. British ships carried a third of all slaves shipped across the Atlantic—approximately 3.5 million Africans—until the abolition of the trade by Parliament in 1807 (see

3051:, which had been incorporated into the terms of the mandate, stated that a national home for the Jewish people would be established in Palestine, and Jewish immigration allowed up to a limit that would be determined by the mandatory power. This led to increasing conflict with the Arab population, who openly 1414:) to defuse tensions between the French and British communities, and implemented governmental systems similar to those employed in Britain, with the intention of asserting imperial authority and not allowing the sort of popular control of government that was perceived to have led to the American Revolution. 3618:, which included the ones in the Middle East, and primarily from Malaysia and Singapore by the end of 1971, instead of 1975 as earlier planned. By that time over 50,000 British military personnel were still stationed in the Far East, including 30,000 in Singapore. The British granted independence to the 2635:

was defeated in Parliament. Although the bill, if passed, would have granted Ireland less autonomy within the UK than the Canadian provinces had within their own federation, many MPs feared that a partially independent Ireland might pose a security threat to Great Britain or mark the beginning of the

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During the 1760s and early 1770s, relations between the Thirteen Colonies and Britain became increasingly strained, primarily because of resentment of the British Parliament's attempts to govern and tax American colonists without their consent. This was summarised at the time by the colonists' slogan

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and, for a century, was the foremost global power. By 1913, the British Empire held sway over 412 million people, 23 percent of the world population at the time, and by 1920, it covered 35.5 million km (13.7 million sq mi), 24 per cent of the Earth's total land

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in September 1939 included the Crown colonies and India but did not automatically commit the Dominions of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Newfoundland and South Africa. All soon declared war on Germany. While Britain continued to regard Ireland as still within the British Commonwealth, Ireland chose

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on the subcontinent in which it is estimated that over 15 million people died. The East India Company had failed to implement any coordinated policy to deal with the famines during its period of rule. Later, under direct British rule, commissions were set up after each famine to investigate the

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and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583, he embarked on a second attempt. On this occasion, he formally claimed the harbour of the island of Newfoundland, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the

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say that the economic and institutional development the British Empire brought resulted in a net benefit to its colonies. Other historians treat its legacy as varied and ambiguous. Public attitudes towards the empire within 21st-century Britain have been broadly positive although sentiment towards

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For Churchill, the entry of the United States into the war was the "greatest joy". He felt that Britain was now assured of victory, but failed to recognise that the "many disasters, immeasurable costs and tribulations lay ahead" in December 1941 would have permanent consequences for the future of

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in 1857, a conflict that had begun with the mutiny of sepoys, Indian troops under British officers and discipline. The rebellion took six months to suppress, with heavy loss of life on both sides. The following year the British government dissolved the company and assumed direct control over India

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Between 1815 and 1914, a period referred to as Britain's "imperial century" by some historians, around 10 million sq mi (26 million km) of territory and roughly 400 million people were added to the British Empire. Victory over Napoleon left Britain without any serious

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Britain was challenged again by France under Napoleon, in a struggle that, unlike previous wars, represented a contest of ideologies between the two nations. It was not only Britain's position on the world stage that was at risk: Napoleon threatened to invade Britain itself, just as his armies had

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The changing world order that the war had brought about, in particular the growth of the United States and Japan as naval powers, and the rise of independence movements in India and Ireland, caused a major reassessment of British imperial policy. Forced to choose between alignment with the United

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very publicly exposed Britain's limitations to the world and confirmed Britain's decline on the world stage and its end as a first-rate power, demonstrating that henceforth it could no longer act without at least the acquiescence, if not the full support, of the United States. The events at Suez

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Though Britain and the empire emerged victorious from the Second World War, the effects of the conflict were profound, both at home and abroad. Much of Europe, a continent that had dominated the world for several centuries, was in ruins, and host to the armies of the United States and the Soviet

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returned to power in Britain under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the

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was granted a monopoly on the supply of slaves to the British colonies in the Caribbean. The company would transport more slaves across the Atlantic than any other, and significantly grew England's share of the trade, from 33 per cent in 1673 to 74 per cent in 1683. The removal of this monopoly

533:(who was the first to use the term "British Empire") were beginning to press for the establishment of England's own empire. By this time, Spain had become the dominant power in the Americas and was exploring the Pacific Ocean, Portugal had established trading posts and forts from the coasts of 3189:

under which they live" should be respected. This wording was ambiguous as to whether it referred to European countries invaded by Germany and Italy, or the peoples colonised by European nations, and would later be interpreted differently by the British, Americans, and nationalist movements.

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later described the mindset she believed had befallen Britain's political leaders after Suez where they "went from believing that Britain could do anything to an almost neurotic belief that Britain could do nothing", from which Britain did not recover until the successful recapture of the

626:, ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies. The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the 1119:

Great Britain rise to be the world's dominant colonial power, with France becoming its main rival on the imperial stage. Great Britain, Portugal, the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Empire continued the War of the Spanish Succession, which lasted until 1714 and was concluded by the

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The East India Company drove the expansion of the British Empire in Asia. The company's army had first joined forces with the Royal Navy during the Seven Years' War, and the two continued to co-operate in arenas outside India: the eviction of the French from Egypt (1799), the

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were considered too uncivilised to require treaties, and colonisation brought disease and violence that together with the deliberate dispossession of land and culture were devastating to these peoples. Britain continued to transport convicts to New South Wales until 1840, to

4207:, and the growth of transportation by railway and steamship. British colonial architecture, such as in churches, railway stations and government buildings, can be seen in many cities that were once part of the British Empire. The British choice of system of measurement, the 1849:

in 1805. Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied, including those of the Netherlands, which was annexed by Napoleon in 1810. France was finally defeated by a coalition of European armies in 1815. Britain was again the beneficiary of peace treaties: France ceded the

966:, and an important hub in the trade network, India. There, they competed for trade supremacy with Portugal and with each other. Although England eclipsed the Netherlands as a colonial power, in the short term the Netherlands' more advanced financial system and the three 2108:

since the 1730s. This trade, illegal since it was outlawed by China in 1729, helped reverse the trade imbalances resulting from the British imports of tea, which saw large outflows of silver from Britain to China. In 1839, the confiscation by the Chinese authorities at

1341:, at the time Britain's most populous overseas possession, is seen by some historians as the event defining the transition between the "first" and "second" empires, in which Britain shifted its attention away from the Americas to Asia, the Pacific and later Africa. 1185:

In the East Indies, British and Dutch merchants continued to compete in spices and textiles. With textiles becoming the larger trade, by 1720, in terms of sales, the British company had overtaken the Dutch. During the middle decades of the 18th century, there were

3973:, due to expire in 1997. Thatcher, seeing parallels with the Falkland Islands, initially wished to hold Hong Kong and proposed British administration with Chinese sovereignty, though this was rejected by China. A deal was reached in 1984—under the terms of the 1485:

to the American colonies had been a penalty for various offences in Britain, with approximately one thousand convicts transported per year. Forced to find an alternative location after the loss of the Thirteen Colonies in 1783, the British government turned to

3717:, in which tens of thousands of suspected rebels were interned by the colonial government in detention camps to suppress the rebellion and over 1000 convicts executed, with records systematically destroyed. Throughout the 1960s, the British government took a " 8306: 3047:. Iraq, a British mandate since 1920, gained membership of the League in its own right after achieving independence from Britain in 1932. In Palestine, Britain was presented with the problem of mediating between the Arabs and increasing numbers of Jews. The 2759:

signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1.8 million sq mi (4.7 million km) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as

3907:. The British Parliament had the power to pass laws extending to Canada at Canadian request. Although no longer able to pass any laws that would apply to Australian Commonwealth law, the British Parliament retained the power to legislate for the individual 2731:

against the Ottoman Empire had a great impact on the national consciousness at home and marked a watershed in the transition of Australia and New Zealand from colonies to nations in their own right. The countries continue to commemorate this occasion on

3082:, declaring Britain and the Dominions to be "autonomous Communities within the British Empire, equal in status, in no way subordinate one to another" within a "British Commonwealth of Nations". This declaration was given legal substance under the 1931 3598:'s foreign policy was to remain firmly aligned with the United States. Although Britain granted Kuwait independence in 1961, it continued to maintain a military presence in the Middle East for another decade. On 16 January 1968, a few weeks after the 3055:. As the threat of war with Germany increased during the 1930s, Britain judged the support of Arabs as more important than the establishment of a Jewish homeland, and shifted to a pro-Arab stance, limiting Jewish immigration and in turn triggering a 3903:, vestigial constitutional links had remained in place. The British Parliament retained the power to amend key Canadian constitutional statutes, meaning that effectively an act of the British Parliament was required to make certain changes to the 1222:, ending French hopes of controlling India. In the following decades the British East India Company gradually increased the size of the territories under its control, either ruling directly or via local rulers under the threat of force from the 4171:

Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. The British Empire was responsible for large migrations of peoples. Millions left the

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By 1981, aside from a scattering of islands and outposts, the process of decolonisation that had begun after the Second World War was largely complete. In 1982, Britain's resolve in defending its remaining overseas territories was tested when

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and thereby precipitate a collapse of the British currency. Though the invasion force was militarily successful in its objectives, UN intervention and US pressure forced Britain into a humiliating withdrawal of its forces, and Eden resigned.

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broke out, during which the territory of the former Mandate was partitioned between Israel and the surrounding Arab states. Amid the fighting, British forces continued to withdraw from Israel, with the last British troops departing from

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Britain's fears of war with Germany were realised in 1914 with the outbreak of the First World War. Britain quickly invaded and occupied most of Germany's overseas colonies in Africa. In the Pacific, Australia and New Zealand occupied

3332:)—had been campaigning for independence for decades, but disagreed as to how it should be implemented. Congress favoured a unified secular Indian state, whereas the League, fearing domination by the Hindu majority, desired a separate 6327: 4257:, whose work greatly influenced imperial historiography during the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, differing assessments of the empire's legacy remain relevant to debates over recent history and politics, such as the Anglo-American 3094:

and Britain could no longer pass laws for them without their consent. Newfoundland reverted to colonial status in 1933, suffering from financial difficulties during the Great Depression. In 1937 the Irish Free State introduced a

1018:, raised the prospect of the unification of France, Spain and their respective colonies, an unacceptable state of affairs for England and the other powers of Europe. In 1701, England, Portugal and the Netherlands sided with the 783:. Although less financially successful than colonies in the Caribbean, these territories had large areas of good agricultural land and attracted far greater numbers of English emigrants, who preferred their temperate climates. 3237:

from the United States, the last instalment of which was repaid in 2006. At the same time, anti-colonial movements were on the rise in the colonies of European nations. The situation was complicated further by the increasing

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as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion of their

12046: 1609:. The outcome was a humiliation for Spain, which practically renounced all sovereignty on the North Pacific coast. This opened the way to British expansion in the area, and a number of expeditions took place; firstly a 2722:

The British declaration of war on Germany and its allies committed the colonies and Dominions, which provided invaluable military, financial and material support. Over 2.5 million men served in the armies of the

2475:" by defining "effective occupation" as the criterion for international recognition of territorial claims. The scramble continued into the 1890s, and caused Britain to reconsider its decision in 1885 to withdraw from 5887: 1305:

began with a rejection of Parliamentary authority and moves towards self-government. In response, Britain sent troops to reimpose direct rule, leading to the outbreak of war in 1775. The following year, in 1776, the

2855:, where Britain accepted naval parity with the United States. This decision was the source of much debate in Britain during the 1930s as militaristic governments took hold in Germany and Japan helped in part by the 8711: 4433: 3783:, established in 1958 in an attempt to unite the British Caribbean colonies under one government, but which collapsed following the loss of its two largest members. Jamaica attained independence in 1962, as did 5949: 2017:". Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, Britain's dominant position in world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many countries, such as China, Argentina and 2052:, new technologies invented in the second half of the 19th century, allowing it to control and defend the empire. By 1902, the British Empire was linked together by a network of telegraph cables, called the 3375:

The British Mandate in Palestine, where an Arab majority lived alongside a Jewish minority, presented the British with a similar problem to that of India. The matter was complicated by large numbers of

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had important consequences for the future of the British Empire. In North America, France's future as a colonial power effectively ended with the recognition of British claims to Rupert's Land, and the

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was rapidly rising as a military and industrial power and was now seen as the most likely opponent in any future war. Recognising that it was overstretched in the Pacific and threatened at home by the

459:. He believed he had reached Asia, and there was no attempt to found a colony. Cabot led another voyage to the Americas the following year but did not return; it is unknown what happened to his ships. 3360:. Millions of Muslims crossed from India to Pakistan and Hindus vice versa, and violence between the two communities cost hundreds of thousands of lives. Burma, which had been administered as part of 1578:

was limited to the trading of goods. European settlement increased through the early decades of the 19th century, with many trading stations being established, especially in the North. In 1839, the

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in regions around the world. Today it is the primary language of up to 460 million people and is spoken by about 1.5 billion as a first, second or foreign language. Individual and team sports

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in 1997 marked for many, including King Charles III, then Prince of Wales, who was in attendance, "the end of Empire", though many British territories that are remnants of the empire still remain.

3502:, and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow Sudan was 2132:

During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the British Crown began to assume an increasingly large role in the affairs of the company. A series of Acts of Parliament were passed, including the

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in Malaya turned their attention towards the British, who had moved to quickly retake control of the colony, valuing it as a source of rubber and tin. The fact that the guerrillas were primarily

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Decades, and in some cases centuries, of British rule and emigration have left their mark on the independent nations that rose from the British Empire. The empire established the use of the

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during 1946 led Attlee to promise independence no later than 30 June 1948. When the urgency of the situation and risk of civil war became apparent, the newly appointed (and last) Viceroy,

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the empire. The manner in which British forces were rapidly defeated in the Far East irreversibly harmed Britain's standing and prestige as an imperial power, including, particularly, the

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between the Arabs and Jews of Palestine, and British forces withdrew amid the fighting. The British Mandate for Palestine officially terminated at midnight on 15 May 1948 as the State of

2719:, who the British had been encouraging to launch an Arab revolt against their Ottoman rulers, giving the impression that Britain was supporting the creation of an independent Arab state. 13961: 4333: 2859:, for it was feared that the empire could not survive a simultaneous attack by both nations. The issue of the empire's security was a serious concern in Britain, as it was vital to the 1068:

was a financial disaster for Scotland: a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise. The episode had major political consequences, helping to persuade the government of the

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populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Millions of people moved between British colonies, with large numbers of

3016:. In Britain, public opinion was divided over the morality of the massacre, between those who saw it as having saved India from anarchy, and those who viewed it with revulsion. The 284:(Latin for "British Peace"). Alongside the formal control that Britain exerted over its colonies, its dominance of much of world trade, and of its oceans, meant that it effectively 2389:

clashed repeatedly with the British, who had their own agenda with regard to colonial expansion in South Africa and to the various native African polities, including those of the

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which regulated the company's affairs and established the sovereignty of the Crown over the territories that it had acquired. The company's eventual end was precipitated by the

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renounced his and his descendants' claim to the French throne, and Spain lost its empire in Europe. The British Empire was territorially enlarged: from France, Britain gained

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in 1980. Vanuatu's independence was delayed because of political conflict between English and French-speaking communities, as the islands had been jointly administered as a

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gained their independence the following year in 1948. India, Pakistan and Sri Lanka became members of the Commonwealth, while Burma chose not to join. That same year, the

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respectively. Plans for a post-war division of the Ottoman Empire, which had joined the war on Germany's side, were secretly drawn up by Britain and France under the 1916

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of 1979. The agreement saw the British Empire temporarily re-establish the Colony of Southern Rhodesia from 1979 to 1980 as a transitionary government to a majority rule

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and not part of the British Empire. The French were still majority shareholders and attempted to weaken the British position, but a compromise was reached with the 1888

2432:. Initially the Canal was opposed by the British; but once opened, its strategic value was quickly recognised and became the "jugular vein of the Empire". In 1875, the 909:

were responsible for the bulk of British slave trading. For the transported, harsh and unhygienic conditions on the slaving ships and poor diets meant that the average

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Although England tended to trail behind Portugal, Spain, and France in establishing overseas colonies, it carried out its first modern colonisation, referred to as the

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demonstrated its imperial ambitions and capabilities and stoked fears in Britain of an overland invasion of India. In 1839, Britain moved to pre-empt this by invading

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in 1169. Several people who helped establish the Munster plantations later played a part in the early colonisation of North America, particularly a group known as the

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was enacted, in hopes of strengthening and unifying the Commonwealth: it provided British citizenship and right of entry to all those living within its jurisdiction.

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in 1936, under which it was agreed that the troops would withdraw but continue to occupy and defend the Suez Canal zone. In return, Egypt was assisted in joining the

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While the Suez Crisis caused British power in the Middle East to weaken, it did not collapse. Britain again deployed its armed forces to the region, intervening in

869:. Forts and trading posts established by the HBC were frequently the subject of attacks by the French, who had established their own fur trading colony in adjacent 2697: 3934:

On 1 January 1984, Brunei, Britain's last remaining Asian protectorate, was granted full independence. Independence had been delayed due to the opposition of the

2506:" railway linking the strategically important Suez Canal to the mineral-rich south of the continent. During the 1880s and 1890s, Rhodes, with his privately owned 173:

pioneered European exploration of the globe, and in the process established large overseas empires. Envious of the great wealth these empires generated, England,

9846: 2366: 3266:. Between 1945 and 1965, the number of people under British rule outside the UK itself fell from 700 million to 5 million, 3 million of whom were in Hong Kong. 3202:. The war weakened the empire in other ways: undermining Britain's control of politics in India, inflicting long-term economic damage, and irrevocably changing 1254:

to Spain. Spain ceded Florida to Britain. Along with its victory over France in India, the Seven Years' War therefore left Britain as the world's most powerful

16633: 12180: 4442:, p. 15, chapter 1 'Great Expectations': "The dramatic rise in Spanish fortunes sparked both envy and fear among northern, mostly Protestant, Europeans.". 4328: 9533: 4272:

have argued against perceptions of the British Empire as a primarily liberalising and modernising enterprise, criticising its widespread use of violence and

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The 1980s saw Canada, Australia, and New Zealand sever their final constitutional links with Britain. Although granted legislative independence by the

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and Malaya—were added nearly ten times that number during the 1960s. Owing to the rapid pace of decolonisation during this period, the cabinet post of

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by his lack of consultation, and Eisenhower refused to back the invasion. Another of Eisenhower's concerns was the possibility of a wider war with the

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of equal members, comprising a population of around 2.2 billion people. The United Kingdom and 14 other countries, all collectively known as the

13345: 9607: 8287: 2588:, the Province of Canada, New Brunswick and Nova Scotia were formed into Canada, a confederation enjoying full self-government with the exception of 2449: 1174:

routes. In 1746, the Spanish and British began peace talks, with the King of Spain agreeing to stop all attacks on British shipping; however, in the

760: 4861: 3709:, were all granted independence by 1968. British withdrawal from the southern and eastern parts of Africa was not a peaceful process. From 1952 the 1833:

The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win. French ports were blockaded by the

954:'s monopoly of trade with Asia, forming private joint-stock companies to finance the voyages—the English, later British, East India Company and the 3349: 13939:

Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1962; overlaps portions of Argentine and Chilean claims, borders not enforced but claim not renounced under the

3678:, South Africa in February 1960 where he spoke of "the wind of change blowing through this continent". Macmillan wished to avoid the same kind of 3032: 8429: 16100: 3686:, and under his premiership decolonisation proceeded rapidly. To the three colonies that had been granted independence in the 1950s—Sudan, the 3583: 3393: 2561: 2267: 1601:

The British also expanded their mercantile interests in the North Pacific. Spain and Britain had become rivals in the area, culminating in the

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had begun to challenge Britain's economic lead. Military, economic and colonial tensions between Britain and Germany were major causes of the

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and imperial power of the 19th century and expanded its imperial holdings. It pursued trade concessions in China and Japan, and territory in

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The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council and the Caribbean Court of Justice: Navigating Independence and Changing Political Environments

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gave her blessing to further privateering raids against Spanish ports in the Americas and shipping that was returning across the Atlantic,

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rivalry of the United States and the Soviet Union. In principle, both nations were opposed to European colonialism. In practice, American

2727:, as well as many thousands of volunteers from the Crown colonies. The contributions of Australian and New Zealand troops during the 1915 841:—which would eventually strengthen England's position in the Americas at the expense of the Dutch. In 1655, England annexed the island of 14033: 13384: 11039: 10356: 10025: 4323: 4200: 3389: 2165:. India became the empire's most valuable possession, "the Jewel in the Crown", and was the most important source of Britain's strength. 2065: 1989: 16287: 13074: 13068: 12173: 2910:, a Dominion within the British Empire, with effective internal independence but still constitutionally linked with the British Crown. 2238:

in 1853, fears of Russian dominance in the Mediterranean and the Middle East led Britain and France to enter the war in support of the

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for official Commonwealth usage. Britain was left essentially bankrupt, with insolvency only averted in 1946 after the negotiation of

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was first granted to Nova Scotia in 1848, and was soon extended to the other British North American colonies. With the passage of the

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and was a resounding defeat for Russia. The situation remained unresolved in Central Asia for two more decades, with Britain annexing

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Sheldon, Richard (2009). "Development, Poverty & Famines: The Case of British Empire". In Duffield, Mark; Hewitt, Vernon (eds.).

7181: 2215:. This rivalry in Central Asia came to be known as the "Great Game". As far as Britain was concerned, defeats inflicted by Russia on 1311: 2564:, which proposed unification and self-government for Upper and Lower Canada, as a solution to political unrest which had erupted in 3779:

Most of the UK's Caribbean territories achieved independence after the departure in 1961 and 1962 of Jamaica and Trinidad from the

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the Canadian Constitution. The act ended the need for British involvement in changes to the Canadian constitution. Similarly, the

16382: 4231: 3820: 3432:, as it was called, began in 1948 and lasted until 1960, but by 1957, Britain felt confident enough to grant independence to the 3225:, the word "British" was dropped from the title of the Commonwealth to reflect its changing nature. It was decided that the term 2315: 815: 11074:

Pettigrew, William A. (2007). "Free to Enslave: Politics and the Escalation of Britain's Transatlantic Slave Trade, 1688–1714".

10555: 5731: 4153:) to all continents. The British Empire provided refuge for religiously persecuted continental Europeans for hundreds of years. 2282:. For a while, it appeared that another war would be inevitable, but the two countries reached an agreement on their respective 16362: 12978: 12126: 3811:

opted to retain ties with Britain, while Guyana achieved independence in 1966. Britain's last colony on the American mainland,

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was expelled from the union following tensions between the Malay and Chinese populations and became an independent city-state.

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led the first, starting out in 1792, and a year later he became the first European to reach the Pacific overland north of the

1437:, and invaded Canadian territory. In response, Britain invaded the US, but the pre-war boundaries were reaffirmed by the 1814 228:

resulted in Britain losing some of its oldest and most populous colonies in North America by 1783. While retaining control of

16372: 16225: 16128: 15910: 15292: 13339: 12166: 11996: 11963: 11930: 11897: 11868: 11846: 11812: 11734: 11703: 11622: 11603: 11584: 11563: 11544: 11514: 11484: 11412: 11355: 11332: 11301: 11280: 11261: 11226: 11199: 11168: 11147: 11112: 11064: 11033: 11000: 10967: 10934: 10898: 10869: 10850: 10829: 10810: 10779: 10746: 10725: 10698: 10671: 10640: 10604: 10568: 10532: 10504: 10469: 10448: 10429: 10350: 10317: 10288: 10257: 10236: 10217: 10186: 10133: 10102: 10081: 10050: 10019: 9998: 9967: 9943: 9909: 9860: 9820: 9787: 9754: 9674: 9634: 9601: 9566: 9527: 9474: 9439: 9410: 9391: 9372: 9336: 9300: 9250: 9227: 9208: 9186: 9164: 9135: 9106: 9068: 9035: 8999: 8966: 8945: 8923: 8897: 8874: 8834: 8740: 8673: 8621: 8511: 7864: 7219: 7098: 7067: 6498: 5707: 5677: 5650: 4303: 4262: 3911:. With regard to New Zealand, the British Parliament retained the power to pass legislation applying to New Zealand with the 3881: 3547: 1035: 396: 11969: 11936: 11709: 11307: 11174: 11006: 10940: 10785: 10752: 10538: 10475: 10323: 9973: 9826: 9793: 9760: 9342: 9306: 9074: 9005: 7901: 5611: 16643: 16335: 13677: 13287: 12513: 12140: 12135: 12002: 11903: 11818: 10973: 10904: 10646: 10610: 10263: 10192: 10108: 9915: 9640: 9572: 9041: 8840: 4308: 4238: 3761: 3718: 3482: 3305: 3147: 3052: 2981: 2941: 2624: 1891: 1605:

in 1789. Both sides mobilised for war, but when France refused to support Spain it was forced to back down, leading to the

1455: 756: 695:

in 1604 lasted only two years and failed in its main objective to find gold deposits. Colonies on the Caribbean islands of

655: 627: 564:

by settling it with English and Welsh Protestant settlers. England had already colonised part of the country following the

38: 15816: 4491: 4367:

reclassified the remaining Crown colonies as "British Dependent Territories". The act entered into force on 1 January 1983

802: (1628), but struggled until the "Sugar Revolution" transformed the Caribbean economy in the mid-17th century. Large 16498: 16277: 14548: 13617: 12399: 12287: 12153: 10143:

Koebner, Richard (May 1953). "The Imperial Crown of This Realm: Henry VIII, Constantine the Great, and Polydore Vergil".

9421: 3908: 3691: 1851: 5837: 3927:(effective 3 March 1986) severed the constitutional link between Britain and the Australian states, while New Zealand's 3670:(the future Zimbabwe) and the South African mandate of South West Africa (Namibia) had achieved recognised independence. 3517:

that would give Britain and France an excuse to intervene militarily and retake the canal. Eden infuriated US President

16340: 16138: 16093: 15962: 14962: 14402: 13335: 12061: 11456: 4313: 4189: 3721:" policy towards decolonising the empire, leading the white minority government of Southern Rhodesia to enact the 1965 2879: 2319: 2090: 1953: 1935: 1294: 833:

in 1651 that only English ships would be able to ply their trade in English colonies. This led to hostilities with the

803: 5607:

Spanish Institutions of the Southwest Issue 10 of Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science

16387: 14606: 13497: 12690: 11645: 11381: 9696: 4095: 2887: 2220: 2216: 2126: 1367:

and Britain after 1783 seemed to confirm Smith's view that political control was not necessary for economic success.

1283: 1175: 7582: 4276:

to maintain power. Common criticisms of the empire include the use of detention camps in its colonies, massacres of

691:

England's early efforts at colonisation in the Americas met with mixed success. An attempt to establish a colony in

16377: 16310: 14533: 14128: 13370: 13357: 7713: 5085: 3931:(effective 1 January 1987) reformed the constitution of New Zealand to sever its constitutional link with Britain. 2716: 1957: 1375: 7264: 2668:

By the turn of the 20th century, fears had begun to grow in Britain that it would no longer be able to defend the

1972:

was designated an official British colony for freed slaves. Parliamentary reform in 1832 saw the influence of the

16352: 16185: 15588: 14558: 14161: 14026: 13586: 13317: 12158: 12088: 11431: 10926:

Peoples and Empires: A Short History of European Migration, Exploration, and Conquest, from Greece to the Present

8323:: "approximately one in four of the worlds population are capable of communicating to a useful level in English". 8270: 8098: 6453: 4107: 4071: 3838: 3514: 3385: 3134: 2829: 2632: 2581: 1654: 790:

initially provided England's most important and lucrative colonies. Settlements were successfully established in

471: 452: 14750: 3753: 2592:. Australia and New Zealand achieved similar levels of self-government after 1900, with the Australian colonies 16357: 16330: 16175: 14345: 14178: 14116: 13880: 13408: 13022: 12916: 12733: 12417: 9514: 5916: 4055: 3974: 3503: 3112: 3056: 2965: 2919: 2805: 1626: 1582:

announced plans to buy large tracts of land and establish colonies in New Zealand. On 6 February 1840, Captain

1495: 1371: 1275: 490: 10342:

The British Empire in the Middle East, 1945–1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism

4969: 16086: 16026: 14553: 14462: 13690: 13454: 13205: 12646:. After recognised independence in 1980, Zimbabwe was a member of the Commonwealth until it withdrew in 2003. 12543: 12475: 4318: 3513:, who had succeeded Churchill as Prime Minister, was to collude with France to engineer an Israeli attack on 3428:

majority, on the understanding that once the insurgency had been quelled, independence would be granted. The

3356:

into Hindu and Muslim areas left tens of millions as minorities in the newly independent states of India and

3070:

the previous year had been turned down by Canada and South Africa, and Canada had refused to be bound by the

3040: 2949: 2922:, immediately exercised its option under the treaty to retain its existing status within the United Kingdom. 2860: 2801: 1638: 1023: 151: 8956: 3129:

was made up of units from many different countries in the British Empire and Commonwealth; it fought in the

958:, chartered in 1600 and 1602 respectively. The primary aim of these companies was to tap into the lucrative 646:

towards the end of the 18th century, has been referred to by some historians as the "First British Empire".

16516: 16413: 16195: 16021: 15905: 13490: 12940: 12864: 12840: 12834: 12194: 8637:

Howe, Stephen (2010). "Colonising and Exterminating? Memories of Imperial Violence in Britain and France".

4364: 4212: 4091: 4035: 4027: 4020: 3994: 3826: 3787:. Barbados achieved independence in 1966 and the remainder of the eastern Caribbean islands, including the 3698:, which merged with the Commonwealth Relations Office to form the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (now the 3437: 3369: 3313: 3126: 2997: 2825: 2507: 2453: 2150: 2007:. Unchallenged at sea, Britain adopted the role of global policeman, a state of affairs later known as the 1759: 1570:

islands for the British crown in 1769 and 1770 respectively. Initially, interaction between the indigenous

703: (1609) rapidly folded. The first permanent English settlement in the Americas was founded in 1607 in 581: 392: 360: 344: 122: 83: 12112: 8291: 4853: 3062:

The right of the Dominions to set their own foreign policy, independent of Britain, was recognised at the

2631:, who hoped that Ireland might follow in Canada's footsteps as a Dominion within the empire, but his 1886 1230:, led by British officers. The British and French struggles in India became but one theatre of the global 272:" also ensued. The period of relative peace (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global 133:

in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. At its height in the 19th and early 20th centuries, it was the

16031: 15068: 14512: 14507: 14123: 13907: 13573: 12423: 12122: 4230:

for legal systems. International commercial contracts are often based on English common law. The British

3982: 3900: 3687: 3499: 3279: 3086:. The parliaments of Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Union of South Africa, the Irish Free State and 3083: 3079: 2985: 2957: 2875: 2543: 2104:

From its base in India, the company had been engaged in an increasingly profitable opium export trade to

1540: 1307: 9218:

Clegg, Peter (2005). "The UK Caribbean Overseas Territories". In de Jong, Lammert; Kruijt, Dirk (eds.).

1543:

until 1868. The Australian colonies became profitable exporters of wool and gold, mainly because of the

829:

To ensure that the increasingly healthy profits of colonial trade remained in English hands, Parliament

16550: 16448: 14568: 14563: 14019: 13645: 13422: 13396: 13293: 13062: 12144: 9931: 4254: 3436:

within the Commonwealth. In 1963, the 11 states of the federation together with Singapore, Sarawak and

3345: 3000:

failed to satisfy the demand for independence. Concerns over communist and foreign plots following the

2821: 2637: 2094: 1977: 1642: 1503: 1395: 1271: 740: 728: 643: 565: 225: 63: 12102: 2672:

and the entirety of the empire while at the same time maintaining the policy of "splendid isolation".

339:, the damage to British prestige and the British economy helped accelerate the decline of the empire. 16638: 16282: 15989: 15137: 14701: 14538: 14292: 14253: 13936:; Ascension Island (1922–) and Tristan da Cunha (1938–) were previously dependencies of Saint Helena. 13579: 13535: 13257: 12968: 12643: 12613: 12371: 12080: 3935: 3756:, which resulted in Cyprus being granted independence in 1960. The UK retained the military bases of 3730: 3401: 3162: 3091: 3071: 3013: 2899: 2761: 2712: 2611:. Ireland had been united with Britain into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland with the 2365:) population in 1806, having occupied it in 1795 to prevent its falling into French hands during the 2158: 1658: 1507: 1374:

had migrated from the new United States following independence. The 14,000 Loyalists who went to the

1195: 991: 885:). To facilitate the shipment of slaves, forts were established on the coast of West Africa, such as 110: 12149: 9626:

The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor

2471:

of 1884–85 was held to regulate the competition between the European powers in what was called the "

1590:

which is considered to be New Zealand's founding document, despite differing interpretations of the

1370:

The war to the south influenced British policy in Canada, where between 40,000 and 100,000 defeated

16118: 15947: 15922: 15772: 15431: 15426: 13760: 13468: 13415: 13323: 13281: 13245: 13199: 12814: 12463: 12405: 11655:

Williams, Beryl J. (1966). "The Strategic Background to the Anglo-Russian Entente of August 1907".

8888:

Trade, Plunder and Settlement: Maritime Enterprise and the Genesis of the British Empire, 1480–1630

7605: 7208:

Don't Know Much About History: Everything You Need to Know About American History but Never Learned

3796: 3647: 3341: 3317: 3288: 3087: 3075: 3063: 2989: 2933: 2867: 2597: 2539: 2511: 2145: 1778: 1646: 1622: 1315: 1081: 955: 858: 771:. England's North American holdings were further expanded by the annexation of the Dutch colony of 510: 190: 9261: 8578: 8503: 3352:, hastily brought forward the date to 15 August 1947. The borders drawn by the British to broadly 16608: 16603: 16165: 16014: 15895: 15436: 15389: 15332: 15031: 14975: 14723: 14543: 14201: 13977: 13809: 13684: 13652: 13633: 13299: 13251: 13193: 12902: 12846: 12225: 11988:

Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair

11472: 11105:

Freedom's Debt: The Royal African Company and the Politics of the Atlantic Slave Trade, 1672–1752

9322: 8204: 4343: 4099: 4075: 4067: 4039: 3998: 3657: 3486: 3325: 3251: 3151: 3096: 2852: 2848: 2833: 2797: 2681: 2628: 2616: 2593: 2589: 2535: 2460: 2433: 2098: 2082: 1789:

on 1818, the East India Company acquired control of a large majority of the Indian subcontinent.

1782: 1770: 1755: 1747: 1662: 1491: 1326:

into the war tipped the military balance in the Americans' favour and after a decisive defeat at

854: 623: 368: 367:. After independence, many former British colonies, along with most of the dominions, joined the 134: 4054:—as their respective head of state. These 15 nations are distinct and equal legal entities: the 3799:

opted to revert to British rule after they had already started on the path to independence. The

1621:. On land, expeditions sought to discover a river route to the Pacific for the extension of the 462:

No further attempts to establish English colonies in the Americas were made until well into the

285: 210: 16618: 16036: 15937: 15932: 15620: 15568: 15488: 15421: 15325: 15310: 15203: 14970: 14924: 14765: 14652: 14367: 14196: 13448: 13429: 13305: 13269: 13041: 13029: 12928: 12808: 12796: 12684: 12639: 12627: 12261: 9852: 8858:

An Historical and Chronological Deduction of the Origin of Commerce, from the Earliest Accounts

5642: 4002: 3912: 3904: 3800: 3780: 3651: 3178: 3130: 3021: 2785: 2769: 2620: 2577: 2531: 2421: 2398: 2295: 2228: 2133: 1751: 1743: 1531: 1459: 1430: 1251: 1238: 1198:, struggled alongside local rulers to fill the vacuum that had been left by the decline of the 1167: 1057: 1041: 975: 935: 748: 723:

was settled and claimed by England as a result of the 1609 shipwreck of the Virginia Company's

557: 518: 336: 174: 11633: 11140:

Ending 'East of Suez': The British Decision to Withdraw from Malaysia and Singapore, 1964–1968

11023: 10340: 10009: 7274: 5697: 4241:

are diverse and evolving. Two key sites of debate over recent decades have been the impact of

1330:

in 1781, Britain began negotiating peace terms. American independence was acknowledged at the

16462: 15967: 15927: 15740: 15615: 14679: 14669: 14628: 14599: 14447: 14312: 13987: 13593: 12748: 12525: 12507: 12316: 12250: 11574: 10840: 9589: 9154: 5569: 4979: 4258: 4059: 4043: 3928: 3870: 3757: 3599: 3170: 2937: 2891: 2789: 2503: 2291: 2287: 2071: 1993: 1941: 1678: 1527: 1347: 1331: 1279: 877: 850: 768: 744: 708: 456: 356: 229: 53: 15855: 607:, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the 16613: 16429: 16133: 16109: 16060: 15890: 15860: 15735: 15666: 15637: 15556: 14890: 14728: 14718: 14502: 14497: 14437: 14372: 14277: 13898: 13716: 13629: 13563: 13541: 13442: 13402: 13311: 13275: 13213: 13138: 12826: 12561: 12555: 12549: 12076: 11502: 9516:

HC Paper 147-II House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee: Overseas Territories, Volume II

7856: 7636: 4223: 4181: 4126: 3950: 3635: 3611: 3518: 3433: 2756: 2749: 2737: 2677: 2488: 1973: 1961: 1838: 1610: 1575: 1482: 1387: 1359:

policies that had characterised the first period of colonial expansion, dating back to the

1298: 970:

of the 17th century left it with a stronger position in Asia. Hostilities ceased after the

819: 752: 676: 671: 619: 546: 506: 432: 15840: 10439:

Macdonald, Barrie (1994). "Britain". In Howe, K.R.; Kiste, Robert C.; Lal, Brij V (eds.).

7173: 2560:

The path to independence for the white colonies of the British Empire began with the 1839

806:

were first established in the 1640s on Barbados, with assistance from Dutch merchants and

8: 16160: 16143: 15752: 15632: 15598: 15500: 15320: 15315: 15127: 14846: 14782: 14657: 14642: 14467: 14397: 14340: 14257: 14083: 13377: 13180: 13087: 13035: 12922: 12910: 12890: 12878: 12790: 12581: 12493: 4177: 4087: 4083: 3784: 3587: 3417: 3329: 3263: 3234: 3195: 3181:

to commit the country to war. In August 1941, Churchill and Roosevelt met and signed the

3048: 2915: 2765: 2553: 2472: 2333: 2323: 2283: 2192: 2141: 2137: 1969: 1846: 1713: 1579: 1544: 1302: 1267: 1231: 1191: 1149: 1129: 1069: 1045: 1015: 1007: 971: 886: 787: 764: 704: 667: 631: 475: 428: 407: 364: 297: 269: 241: 202: 114: 15468: 15458: 4026:

Britain retains sovereignty over 14 territories outside the British Isles. In 1983, the

16584: 15865: 15845: 15828: 15779: 15644: 15453: 15404: 15337: 15255: 15196: 15191: 15186: 15142: 15112: 15004: 14902: 14770: 14745: 14573: 14477: 14261: 14213: 14208: 14111: 14101: 14058: 14050: 13623: 13605: 13545: 13436: 13162: 13124: 13100: 13081: 12972: 12519: 12445: 12411: 12310: 12293: 12219: 11774: 11680: 11672: 11448: 11240: 11232: 11091: 10875: 10493: 10403: 10395: 10156: 9731: 9667:

British Government Policy and Decolonisation, 1945–1963: Scrutinising the Official Mind

9501: 9364:

Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power

9239: 8886: 8679: 7155: 5635: 5077: 5069: 4277: 4219: 4111: 4079: 4063: 4047: 4006: 3924: 3915:'s consent. In 1982, the last legal link between Canada and Britain was severed by the 3854: 3726: 3551: 3526: 3491: 3413: 3353: 3293: 3275: 3222: 3186: 2903: 2745: 2728: 2641: 2604: 2585: 2573: 2565: 2445: 2405:(1854–1902). In 1902 Britain occupied both republics, concluding a treaty with the two 2303: 2299: 2173:

causes and implement new policies, which took until the early 1900s to have an effect.

2014: 1965: 1915: 1855: 1827: 1808: 1630: 1587: 1536: 1421:, as Britain tried to cut off American trade with France and boarded American ships to 1145: 1116: 1108: 1085: 998: 926: 716: 681: 635: 424: 376: 372: 351:

movement, in which Britain granted independence to most territories of the empire. The

206: 189:. A series of wars in the 17th and 18th centuries with the Netherlands and France left 139: 130: 67: 57: 16567: 4656: 4145:

who travelled around the globe often in advance of soldiers and civil servants spread

3066:. Britain's request for military assistance from the Dominions at the outbreak of the 997:

Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant the two countries entered the

16367: 16325: 16320: 15974: 15870: 15806: 15801: 15730: 15627: 15342: 15270: 15265: 15107: 15036: 15019: 15014: 15009: 14809: 14760: 14452: 14427: 14407: 14387: 14377: 14267: 14249: 14218: 14151: 14068: 14042: 13983: 13569: 13187: 13152: 12884: 12772: 12720: 12714: 12698: 12537: 12531: 12481: 12451: 12381: 12107: 11992: 11959: 11926: 11893: 11864: 11842: 11808: 11730: 11699: 11684: 11641: 11618: 11599: 11580: 11559: 11540: 11510: 11480: 11408: 11401: 11377: 11351: 11344: 11328: 11297: 11276: 11257: 11244: 11222: 11195: 11164: 11143: 11118: 11108: 11083: 11060: 11029: 10996: 10963: 10930: 10894: 10865: 10846: 10825: 10806: 10775: 10742: 10721: 10694: 10667: 10636: 10600: 10564: 10528: 10500: 10465: 10444: 10425: 10407: 10346: 10313: 10284: 10253: 10232: 10213: 10182: 10160: 10129: 10098: 10077: 10046: 10015: 9994: 9963: 9939: 9905: 9887: 9856: 9816: 9783: 9750: 9723: 9692: 9670: 9630: 9597: 9562: 9523: 9470: 9435: 9406: 9387: 9368: 9332: 9296: 9246: 9223: 9204: 9196: 9182: 9160: 9131: 9102: 9095: 9064: 9031: 8995: 8962: 8941: 8919: 8893: 8870: 8830: 8736: 8683: 8669: 8617: 8550: 8507: 7860: 7721: 7383: 7215: 7147: 7104: 7094: 6494: 5723: 5703: 5673: 5646: 5081: 5061: 5057: 3958: 3946: 3942: 3706: 3591: 3559: 3495: 3429: 3425: 3424:

Communists meant that the British attempt to quell the uprising was supported by the

3421: 3301: 3283: 3206:

by pushing the Soviet Union and the United States to the centre of the global stage.

3166: 3117: 3044: 3001: 2895: 2777: 2704: 2644:

was passed by Parliament in 1914, but not implemented because of the outbreak of the

2612: 2569: 2468: 2437: 2425: 2402: 2350: 2346: 2286:

in the region in 1878 and on all outstanding matters in 1907 with the signing of the

2243: 2118: 2086: 2033: 1859: 1731: 1723: 1674: 1606: 1327: 1223: 1214:

and as a major military and political power in India. France was left control of its

1203: 1153: 1125: 1121: 1104: 1049: 1019: 1011: 963: 951: 663: 639: 448: 440: 218: 166: 16533: 10879: 4167:. Sports developed in Britain or the former empire continue to be viewed and played. 1591: 630:

of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of

16150: 15823: 15610: 15605: 15561: 15548: 15478: 15446: 15441: 15305: 15300: 15282: 15243: 15176: 15159: 15100: 15090: 15085: 15026: 14982: 14952: 14912: 14895: 14878: 14841: 14592: 14442: 14357: 14302: 14272: 14223: 14183: 14166: 14156: 14091: 14063: 13940: 13873: 13865: 13857: 13785: 13696: 13664: 13551: 13351: 13263: 13048: 12574: 12567: 12469: 12354: 12302: 11766: 11664: 11440: 11214: 10626: 10385: 10152: 9877: 9715: 9493: 9462: 9427: 8646: 8540: 8499: 8230: 7852: 7425: 7375: 7203: 5053: 5042:"The City of London and Slavery: Evidence from the First Dock Companies, 1795–1800" 4185: 4118: 3954: 3889: 3842: 3812: 3714: 3662: 3595: 3575: 3564: 3247: 3182: 3122: 2961: 2911: 2907: 2856: 2817: 2781: 2685: 2484: 2441: 2162: 2037: 1670: 1650: 1618: 1614: 1595: 1530:

set sail, arriving in 1788. Unusually, Australia was claimed through proclamation.

1411: 967: 890: 862: 838: 823: 780: 591: 569: 320: 162: 147: 12188: 12131: 4249:

re-evaluate the history of imperialism, and the continued relevance of historians

3896:

contributed to reversing the downward trend in Britain's status as a world power.

3392:

into a Jewish and an Arab state. It was immediately followed by the outbreak of a

2397:. Eventually, the Boers established two republics that had a longer lifespan: the 2353:

in 1652 as a way station for its ships travelling to and from its colonies in the

359:

on 1 July 1997 symbolised for many the end of the British Empire, though fourteen

16486: 16408: 16041: 16009: 15882: 15850: 15833: 15789: 15784: 15762: 15757: 15715: 15708: 15683: 15543: 15538: 15379: 15260: 15154: 15149: 15117: 14942: 14932: 14826: 14819: 14814: 14799: 14755: 14637: 14623: 14482: 14457: 14245: 14228: 14073: 13893: 13670: 13599: 13390: 13329: 13168: 12852: 12754: 12457: 11986: 11953: 11920: 11887: 11874: 11834: 11802: 11693: 11520: 11490: 11387: 11291: 11158: 11126: 10990: 10957: 10924: 10888: 10769: 10736: 10704: 10677: 10630: 10594: 10522: 10459: 10307: 10294: 10247: 10176: 10092: 9957: 9899: 9871: 9810: 9777: 9744: 9624: 9556: 9326: 9290: 9141: 9058: 9025: 9021: 8989: 8824: 8706: 8609: 8529:"Review: The Imperial History Wars: Debating the British Empire, by Dane Kennedy" 8274: 7893: 5944: 5667: 5605: 4285: 4269: 4250: 4246: 4242: 3966: 3916: 3846: 3695: 3571: 3555: 3377: 2977: 2645: 2548: 2515: 2499: 2410: 2169: 2114: 2022: 1949: 1945: 1666: 1473: 1438: 1418: 1338: 1247: 1207: 1163: 1003: 830: 811: 732: 685: 659: 526: 483: 463: 401: 332: 313: 253: 15463: 9492:(6). Blackwell Publishing on behalf of Canadian Economics Association: 389–394. 3768:

was amicably granted independence from the UK in 1964 and became the country of

3452:, which had been a British protectorate since 1888, declined to join the union. 1571: 747:

would become the motive for many English would-be colonists to risk the arduous

638:, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the 286:

controlled the economies of, and readily enforced its interests in, many regions

16474: 15984: 15979: 15942: 15917: 15811: 15796: 15767: 15725: 15573: 15533: 15528: 15483: 15409: 15369: 15359: 15349: 15164: 15043: 14937: 14804: 14686: 14432: 14417: 14412: 14392: 14382: 14297: 14240: 14133: 14096: 13778: 13766: 13611: 13227: 13156: 13145: 12934: 12896: 12802: 12766: 12760: 12726: 12267: 11856: 11532: 11426: 11422: 10920: 9953: 9882: 9684: 9552: 9358: 9174: 9123: 8753: 4660: 4289: 4208: 4204: 4122: 3885: 3804: 3765: 3745: 3683: 3594:), though on these occasions with American approval, as the new Prime Minister 3530: 3509:

In July 1956, Nasser unilaterally nationalised the Suez Canal. The response of

3337: 3321: 3309: 3255: 3243: 3215: 3158: 2969: 2406: 2378: 2251: 2239: 2204: 2200: 2182: 2009: 2004: 1883: 1879: 1817: 1766: 1694: 1583: 1403: 1255: 1171: 1073: 1053: 979: 914: 910: 834: 772: 712: 692: 612: 608: 604: 436: 348: 328: 279: 261: 170: 118: 16078: 11668: 3221:

Union, who now held the balance of global power. In April 1949, following the

2377:, resentful of British rule, northwards to found their own—mostly short-lived— 2187: 1657:. The North West Company sought further exploration and backed expeditions by 86:

underlined in red. Mandates and protected states are shown in a lighter shade.

16597: 16257: 16065: 15952: 15747: 15720: 15693: 15671: 15649: 15416: 15399: 15384: 15228: 15181: 15169: 15095: 14987: 14861: 14856: 14831: 14713: 14528: 14327: 13819: 13639: 12820: 12704: 11122: 11087: 10309:

Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization

10164: 9891: 9842: 9727: 9431: 9384:

The West and the Third World: trade, colonialism, dependence, and development

9090: 8933: 8554: 8320: 7725: 7387: 7211: 7151: 7108: 5900:

As a result of public pressure apprenticeships were abolished early, in 1838.

5833: 5065: 4273: 4173: 4146: 3893: 3866: 3603: 3381: 3361: 3333: 3185:, which included the statement that "the rights of all peoples to choose the 3067: 3009: 2953: 2945: 2874:, a pro-independence party that had won a majority of the Irish seats in the 2673: 2649: 2208: 1903: 1617:

which explored the inlets around the Pacific North West, particularly around

1602: 1441:, ensuring Canada's future would be separate from that of the United States. 1391: 1364: 1360: 1199: 1187: 1179: 1065: 807: 776: 715:; the Crown took direct control of the venture in 1624, thereby founding the 498: 494: 309: 305: 289: 214: 198: 45: 15493: 15473: 13998: 11878: 11524: 11444: 11236: 11130: 10374:"The Government of India and the First Non-Cooperation Movement – 1920–1922" 9719: 8702:"British people are proud of colonialism and the British Empire, poll finds" 4226:

has served as the template for the governments of many former colonies, and

4211:, continues to be used in some countries in various ways. The convention of 3622:

in 1965 but continued to station a garrison there until 1976, withdrew from

3161:

in June 1940, Britain and the empire stood alone against Germany, until the

2028: 1444: 1234:(1756–1763) involving France, Britain, and the other major European powers. 826:

of slaves, sugar and provisions between Africa, the West Indies and Europe.

16252: 15957: 15698: 15688: 15654: 15583: 15578: 15505: 15295: 15277: 15238: 15233: 15213: 15208: 15080: 15073: 15063: 15058: 15053: 14947: 14885: 14866: 14851: 14787: 14487: 14317: 14188: 14106: 13849: 13557: 13118: 13112: 13093: 12858: 12593: 12500: 12439: 12433: 11494: 11391: 10708: 10681: 9362: 9262:"The International Market for Contracts: The Most Attractive Contract Laws" 9145: 4031: 3710: 3679: 3615: 3607: 3522: 3510: 3470: 3466: 3259: 3174: 3142: 3036: 3028: 2708: 2660: 2556:

combining the arms of the dominions to represent their growing significance

2495: 2429: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2338: 2279: 2212: 2122: 2105: 2053: 1842: 1567: 1563: 1523: 1511: 1464: 1407: 1399: 1356: 1219: 1215: 1100: 947: 931: 894: 451:

to Asia via the North Atlantic. Cabot sailed in 1497, five years after the

178: 126: 106: 102: 16481: 11427:"Expansion and Contraction Patterns of Large Polities: Context for Russia" 10691:

The Eighteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume II

10298: 3525:

after it threatened to intervene on the Egyptian side. Eisenhower applied

2871: 1803: 1518:

on the voyage, presented evidence to the government on the suitability of

1417:

Tensions between Britain and the United States escalated again during the

594:

for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the

16392: 16237: 16230: 15676: 15661: 15510: 15223: 15132: 15122: 15048: 14696: 14691: 14472: 14350: 14335: 14307: 14143: 13966: 13462: 13363: 13174: 12778: 12678: 12393: 12387: 11218: 10172: 9027:

The Twentieth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume IV

8732: 8573: 8545: 8528: 8491: 7574: 4288:

that killed millions during British rule. Conversely, historians such as

4281: 4227: 4150: 4134: 4051: 3623: 3538: 3461: 3203: 3005: 2480: 2464: 2370: 2259: 2247: 2224: 2154: 2075: 1887: 1786: 1739: 1727: 1559: 1555: 1434: 1422: 1383: 1363:

of Spain and Portugal. The growth of trade between the newly independent

1314:

proclaiming the colonies' sovereignty from the British Empire as the new

1287: 1210:

and his French allies, left the British East India Company in control of

1170:

in 1739, Spanish privateers attacked British merchant shipping along the

994:

to England, but textiles soon overtook spices in terms of profitability.

987: 983: 959: 846: 791: 724: 696: 587: 514: 502: 380: 371:, which has been a free association of independent states since the 1949 352: 340: 293: 194: 12064:

was created from a revision of this article dated 7 March 2014

11025:

Protestant Empire: Religion and the Making of the British Atlantic World

9689:

States and power in Africa: comparative lessons in authority and control

9590:"A Globalizing Constitutionalism?, Views from the Postcolony, 1945-2000" 9128:

The Origins of Empire, The Oxford History of the British Empire Volume I

8650: 8430:"How the Westminster Parliamentary System was exported around the World" 7729: 7379: 5073: 5041: 4234:

still serves as the highest court of appeal for twelve former colonies.

3090:

were now independent of British legislative control, they could nullify

2328: 1716:

in 1765 (left) and 1858 (right) showing British expansion in the region.

486:

Spain into implacable enemies. In 1562, Elizabeth I encouraged the

15703: 15520: 15394: 15354: 15287: 14235: 13239: 13220: 12963: 12742: 12361: 12281: 11798: 11778: 11676: 11452: 11095: 10399: 9735: 7363: 7159: 7135: 4142: 4015: 4010: 3920: 3874: 3808: 3543: 2741: 2740:

in a similar light. The important contribution of the Dominions to the

2417: 2382: 2275: 2255: 2059: 1899: 1895: 1867: 1834: 1634: 1519: 1499: 1468: 1426: 1352: 1351:, published in 1776, had argued that colonies were redundant, and that 1342: 870: 622:

ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the

550: 467: 444: 412: 265: 257: 143: 77: 9901:

Britain's Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A Study of Empire and Expansion

9505: 8267: 6493:. Cambridge, Massachusetts London, England: Harvard University Press. 4034:

as "British Dependent Territories", and in 2002 they were renamed the

3490:

Middle East in spite of the loss of India. Churchill could not ignore

2838: 2808:

was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions.

1907: 16242: 16205: 16200: 15593: 15364: 15248: 15218: 14999: 14873: 14664: 14282: 13885: 12738: 12487: 12274: 10060: 8867:

Histories of the Hanged: The Dirty War in Kenya and the End of Empire

8826:

The Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980

6435: 6433: 5669:

The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History

4402:, p. 97, "The total population of the Empire was 412 million "; 3675: 3445: 3365: 3312:, moved quickly to tackle the most pressing issue facing the empire: 2925: 2733: 2669: 2608: 2527: 2358: 2271: 2110: 2049: 2045: 1735: 1548: 1487: 1137: 902: 595: 522: 487: 416: 324: 237: 158:", as the sun was always shining on at least one of its territories. 154:

legacy is widespread. At the peak of its power, it was described as "

82:

Areas of the world that were part of the British Empire with current

14011: 11770: 11403:

Decolonization since 1945: the collapse of European overseas empires

10959:

The British Imperial Century, 1815–1914: A World History Perspective

10390: 10373: 5912: 4265:, as well as Britain's role and identity in the contemporary world. 4038:. Most former British colonies and protectorates are members of the 1703: 1218:

but with military restrictions and an obligation to support British

16210: 14994: 14777: 14735: 14674: 14492: 14287: 13813: 13728: 13007: 12959: 12708: 12635: 12621: 12617: 12587: 12375: 11727:

A nation by design: immigration policy in the fashioning of America

9497: 9423:

A Federal Republic: Australia's Constitutional System of Government

7091:

The Second British Empire: In the Crucible of the Twentieth Century

5672:(reprint ed.). Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. 4334:

Historical flags of the British Empire and the overseas territories

3792: 3734: 3667: 3666:

British decolonisation in Africa. By the end of the 1960s, all but

3619: 3441: 3357: 3292:

About 14.5 million people lost their homes as a result of the

3239: 2929: 2724: 2203:

vied to fill the power vacuums that had been left by the declining

2018: 1923: 1875: 1863: 1812: 1558:, known to Europeans due to the 1642 voyage of the Dutch explorer, 1515: 795: 530: 301: 182: 181:

began to establish colonies and trade networks of their own in the

98: 9097:

Old World, New World: Great Britain and America from the Beginning

8496:

The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume V: Historiography

6430: 4339:

List of countries that gained independence from the United Kingdom

4203:

led to revolutionary changes in manufacturing, the development of

3705:

Britain's remaining colonies in Africa, except for self-governing

3554:" and another to suggest that the country had become an "American 2664:

A poster urging men from countries of the British Empire to enlist

2168:

A series of serious crop failures in the late 19th century led to

1785:

wars resulted in British victories. After the surrender of Peshwa

16247: 14907: 14836: 14792: 14647: 14362: 14173: 13722: 13055: 13015: 12608: 12365: 12324: 11273:

Planting an Empire: The Early Chesapeake in British North America

10862:

Shaping the New World: African Slavery in the Americas, 1500-1888

9484:

Gérin-Lajoie, Paul (1951). "Constitutional Amendment in Canada".

7945: 7943: 7847:

Cannon, John; Crowcroft, Robert, eds. (2015). "Colonial Office".

5940:"Britain's colonial shame: Slave-owners given huge payouts after" 4160: 4130: 3834: 3829:

in the Pacific acquired independence in the 1970s beginning with

3788: 3627: 3074:. After pressure from the Irish Free State and South Africa, the 2793: 2235: 1911: 1158: 1141: 1077: 1061: 939: 898: 842: 736: 720: 700: 603:

return journey to England and was succeeded by his half-brother,

561: 479: 273: 249: 14708: 11839:

Imperial Reckoning: The Untold Story of Britain's Gulag in Kenya

11211:

Principles and Agents: The British Slave Trade and Its Abolition

11160:

The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire

2932:(Seated front) with British and Dominion prime ministers at the 2748:

when he invited each of the Dominion Prime Ministers to join an

2467:

region undermining orderly colonisation of tropical Africa, the

1765:

The East India Company fought three Anglo-Maratha Wars with the

466:, during the last decades of the 16th century. In the meantime, 16215: 14740: 14615: 13732: 13107: 12872: 12650: 12255: 6248: 5699:

Battles of the Honourable East India Company: Making of the Raj

5637:

The Nootka Connection: Europe and the Northwest Coast 1790–1795

5254: 4758: 3979:

special administrative region of the People's Republic of China

3850: 3816: 3741: 3579: 3449: 3397: 3177:

from the United States, but Roosevelt was not yet ready to ask

3035:, though it continued to be a British client state until 1954. 2918:

which had been established as a devolved region under the 1920

2883: 2788:. The Dominions themselves acquired mandates of their own: the 2354: 1871: 1211: 1133: 1091: 1010:

in 1700 and his bequeathal of Spain and its colonial empire to

906: 866: 599: 538: 534: 355:

of 1956 confirmed Britain's decline as a global power, and the

245: 233: 10738:

Looking for Blackfellas' Point: An Australian History of Place

10441:

Tides of history: the Pacific Islands in the twentieth century

7991: 7940: 7928: 6358: 5702:. New Delhi: A.P.H. Publishing Corporation. pp. 172–181. 5382: 2623:

between 1845 and 1852. Home rule was supported by the British

2596:. The term "dominion status" was officially introduced at the 680:

A 1670 illustration of African slaves working in 17th-century

16492: 15374: 13233: 12955: 12427: 10421:

The History of England from the Accession of James the Second

8668:. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 74–87. 8003: 7280: 6645: 5526: 5446: 4184:

to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and

4164: 3769: 3631: 3474: 3406: 3199: 2476: 2374: 2113:

of 20,000 chests of opium led Britain to attack China in the

1227: 799: 542: 8789:"UK more nostalgic for empire than other ex-colonial powers" 8666:

Empire, Development and Colonialism: The Past in the Present

8386: 8231:"The British Nationality Act 1981 (Commencement) Order 1982" 7340: 6880: 6587: 6585: 6296: 6200: 6135: 5230: 3024:, and discontent continued to simmer for the next 25 years. 2479:. A joint force of British and Egyptian troops defeated the 1645:

by twelve years. Shortly thereafter, Mackenzie's companion,

474:

had declared "that this realm of England is an Empire". The

343:, Britain's most valuable and populous possession, achieved 12784: 10992:

Dark Emu: Aboriginal Australia and the Birth of Agriculture

10842:

English Writing and India, 1600–1920: Colonizing Aesthetics

8758:"Niall Ferguson: What the British Empire did for the world" 8161: 5302: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5112: 4138: 3830: 3749: 2362: 1919: 575: 296:. Increasing degrees of autonomy were granted to its white 186: 14584: 10563:. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 8374: 8326: 7894:"The Kenyan school that was once a British detention camp" 6597: 6063: 5834:"Why was Slavery finally abolished in the British Empire?" 4633: 845:

from the Spanish, and in 1666 succeeded in colonising the

16220: 8460: 8249: 8051: 8027: 7916: 7828: 7792: 7555: 7483: 7066:. Commonwealth Secretariat. 26 April 2009. Archived from 7044: 6980: 6956: 6916: 6582: 6546: 6188: 6099: 6039: 5997: 5995: 5143: 5141: 5139: 4985: 4904: 4892: 4818: 4569: 4280:, and famine-response policies. Some scholars, including 3884:, acting on a long-standing claim that dated back to the 3815:, became a self-governing colony in 1964 and was renamed 3209: 1983: 1944:, goods produced by slavery became less important to the 1758:. Following Tipu Sultan's death in the fourth war in the 1598:

versions of the text being the cause of ongoing dispute.

1386:, felt too far removed from the provincial government in 1261: 11507:

The Slave Trade: The History of The Atlantic Slave Trade

10822:

Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785 - 1820

8448: 8350: 8068: 8066: 7684: 7682: 7531: 7519: 7449: 7447: 6904: 6840: 6770: 6768: 6753: 6633: 6524: 6522: 6346: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6147: 5802: 5182: 5165: 5009: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4782: 4557: 2698:

History of the United Kingdom during the First World War

2521: 1096: 978:

ascended the English throne, bringing peace between the

10664:

The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire

9848:

The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia

9486:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

8362: 8185: 8173: 8133: 8015: 6968: 6928: 6780: 6657: 6394: 6236: 6111: 6027: 5194: 4928: 4748: 4746: 4511: 4509: 4409: 3919:, which was passed by the British parliament, formally 3888:. Britain's successful military response to retake the 1990:

Timeline of British diplomatic history § 1815–1860

649: 8338: 7873: 7252: 7240: 7228: 7032: 6406: 5992: 5538: 5458: 5434: 5370: 5358: 5290: 5266: 5136: 4997: 4770: 4695: 4657:"Letters Patent to Sir Humfrey Gylberte June 11, 1578" 4329:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

2902:

ended in 1921 with a stalemate and the signing of the

2385:

of the late 1830s and early 1840s. In the process the

2357:. Britain formally acquired the colony, and its large 2161:

administered India and Queen Victoria was crowned the

1665:. These pushed into the wilderness territories of the 1471:'s mission was to find the alleged southern continent 1029: 920: 501:

against Spanish and Portuguese ships off the coast of

16446: 13838: 12971:. Iraq's mandate was not enacted and replaced by the 11190:

Rhodes, R.A.W.; Wanna, John; Weller, Patrick (2009).

9991:

The India–China opium trade in the nineteenth century

8938:

The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, 1781–1997

8398: 8121: 8078: 8063: 8039: 7979: 7967: 7955: 7804: 7780: 7756: 7744: 7694: 7679: 7543: 7507: 7495: 7471: 7459: 7444: 7406: 7394: 7328: 7304: 7292: 7136:"The Terms of the Anglo-American Financial Agreement" 7115: 7020: 7008: 6892: 6828: 6816: 6804: 6792: 6765: 6741: 6717: 6693: 6681: 6669: 6621: 6609: 6570: 6558: 6519: 6507: 6491:

The king's peace: law and order in the British Empire

6382: 6370: 6308: 6284: 6272: 6260: 6171: 6159: 5980: 4940: 4581: 4533: 4521: 4421: 4293:

the Commonwealth has been one of apathy and decline.

4188:

people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean. The

3039:

remained stationed in Egypt until the signing of the

3004:

ensured that war-time strictures were renewed by the

2744:

was recognised in 1917 by the British Prime Minister

2456:, which made the Canal officially neutral territory. 2401:

or Transvaal Republic (1852–1877; 1881–1902) and the

2021:, which has been described by some historians as an " 1998:

Political and diplomatic history of the Victorian era

1649:, founded the first permanent European settlement in 1166:) to Britain. With the outbreak of the Anglo-Spanish 982:

and England. A deal between the two nations left the

423:

The foundations of the British Empire were laid when

10524:

Winding up the British Empire in the Pacific Islands

9201:

The Second World War, The Grand Alliance, Volume III

8916:

From Plassey to partition: a history of modern India

8472: 8410: 7816: 7316: 6868: 6729: 6534: 6418: 6224: 6212: 6087: 6075: 6051: 5864: 5852: 5814: 5790: 5778: 5514: 5470: 5278: 5206: 5153: 5100: 5021: 4743: 4605: 4506: 3614:

troops would be withdrawn from major military bases

2060:

East India Company rule and the British Raj in India

1948:. Added to this was the cost of suppressing regular 1762:, the kingdom became a protectorate of the company. 1226:, the vast majority of which was composed of Indian 11638:

National innovation systems: a comparative analysis

8616:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing. pp. 14–16, 680. 8614:

Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire

8498:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 40–42. 6705: 6330:. Egypt Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Archived from 6123: 5422: 5394: 5314: 5242: 5218: 5124: 4957: 4916: 4830: 4806: 4731: 4719: 4707: 4593: 4545: 4381: 2603:The last decades of the 19th century saw concerted 2494:British gains in Southern and East Africa prompted 2246:to destroy Russian naval capabilities. The ensuing 2191:British cavalry charging against Russian forces at 1498:, but there was no attempt to colonise it. In 1770 865:, which would later form a large proportion of the 11400: 11343: 10492: 10008:Johnston, Douglas M.; Reisman, W. Michael (2008). 9328:Unfinished Empire, The Global Expansion of Britain 9292:The Penguin Historical Atlas of the British Empire 9238: 9094: 8885: 8577: 5634: 4794: 3965:, but the majority of the colony consisted of the 3737:. This was the last British possession in Africa. 3380:seeking to be admitted to Palestine following the 3027:In 1922, Egypt, which had been declared a British 2842:The British Empire at its territorial peak in 1921 2483:in 1896 and rebuffed an attempted French invasion 2373:began to rise after 1820, and pushed thousands of 1506:, claimed the continent for Britain, and named it 814:. At first, sugar was grown primarily using white 615:, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail. 375:. Fifteen of these, including the United Kingdom, 244:, British colonial expansion turned towards Asia, 11189: 9779:Encyclopedia of the Age of Imperialism, 1800–1914 9241:The History of American Foreign Policy: From 1895 7768: 7093:. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. p. 128. 6439: 4050:, voluntarily continue to share the same person— 2044:British imperial strength was underpinned by the 16595: 11477:American Colonies, The Settling of North America 10071: 8579:"Legacy of Violence — the bloody ends of empire" 5388: 4215:has been retained in much of the former empire. 3819:in 1973, achieving full independence in 1981. A 2847:States or Japan, Britain opted not to renew its 2306:of 1904–1905 limited its threat to the British. 1773:ended in 1782 with a restoration of the pre-war 1502:charted the eastern coast while on a scientific 1064:, the colony was abandoned two years later. The 1048:, which established a settlement in 1698 on the 946:At the end of the 16th century, England and the 525:. At the same time, influential writers such as 304:by the 1920s. By the start of the 20th century, 16108: 10229:Aspects of British political history, 1914–1995 10210:Aspects of British political history, 1815–1914 10007: 7846: 7364:"British Citizenship and the Legacy of Empires" 7166: 6017: 5937: 4450: 4448: 3752:against British rule, was ended in 1959 by the 3477:in 1956 revealed Britain's post-war weaknesses. 1494:had been discovered for Europeans by the Dutch 1445:Rise of the "Second" British Empire (1783–1815) 1006:to the costly land war in Europe. The death of 962:, an effort focused mainly on two regions: the 11889:British foreign and imperial policy, 1865–1919 11615:Wars of imperial conquest in Africa, 1830–1914 10124:Knight, Franklin W.; Palmer, Colin A. (1989). 9706:Higman, B. W. (2000). "The Sugar Revolution". 9594:Constitutionalism and political reconstruction 8913: 5260: 4239:approaches to understanding the British Empire 3012:, where repressive measures culminated in the 2866:In 1919, the frustrations caused by delays to 2250:(1854–1856), which involved new techniques of 2040:. The caption reads "New crowns for old ones!" 1684: 300:, some of which were formally reclassified as 256:(1803–1815), Britain emerged as the principal 121:and its predecessor states. It began with the 16634:States and territories disestablished in 1997 16094: 14600: 14027: 14003: 13498: 12174: 11918: 11593: 10076:(2nd ed.). University of Toronto Press. 10072:Kelley, Ninette; Trebilcock, Michael (2010). 9936:The British Empire: A Very Short Introduction 8855: 7840: 6886: 5641:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. p. 5578:New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage 5236: 4847: 4845: 3772:, though the idea had been raised in 1955 of 2345:The Dutch East India Company had founded the 2121:, at that time a minor settlement, and other 1449: 509:. This effort was rebuffed and later, as the 363:that are remnants of the empire remain under 16057:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 13933:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 13916:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 13794:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 11919:Hendry, Ian; Dickson, Susan (14 June 2018). 11598:(6th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 11572: 11325:International relations in Europe, 1689–1789 10800: 10123: 9483: 8991:Aboriginal Australians: A history since 1788 8432:. University of Cambridge. 2 December 2013. 8057: 7949: 7082: 5768: 5691: 5689: 5452: 4445: 4284:, assert that British policies worsened the 4192:changed after the Second World War owing to 3700:Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office 3031:at the outbreak of the First World War, was 2568:in 1837. This began with the passing of the 2117:, and resulted in the seizure by Britain of 1194:, as the English East India Company and its 1080:into a political and economic one under the 10886: 10557:The World Economy: A Millennial Perspective 6552: 4324:Territorial evolution of the British Empire 3823:over claims to Belize was left unresolved. 3020:was called off in March 1922 following the 3008:. This led to tension, particularly in the 2996:A similar struggle began in India when the 2688:and Russia in 1904 and 1907, respectively. 2448:into the 20th century, it was officially a 2066:Presidencies and provinces of British India 1297:", a perceived violation of the guaranteed 1206:in 1757, in which the British defeated the 335:. Despite the final victory of Britain and 277: 16629:States and territories established in 1583 16288:Committee for the Relief of the Black Poor 16101: 16087: 14607: 14593: 14034: 14020: 13505: 13491: 12181: 12167: 11612: 11553: 11398: 11251: 11208: 11163:. Vol. III. Oxford University Press. 10767: 9381: 8568: 8566: 8564: 8332: 8290:. Commonwealth Secretariat. Archived from 8205:"British Nationality Act 1981, Schedule 6" 8155: 7934: 6364: 5913:"Slavery Abolition Act 1833; Section XXIV" 5564: 5532: 5015: 4886: 4842: 3529:by threatening to sell US reserves of the 3316:. India's two major political parties—the 1722:The East India Company fought a series of 1551:for a time the richest city in the world. 1156:. Spain ceded the rights to the lucrative 739:religious separatists, later known as the 415:'s ship used for his second voyage to the 16624:1583 establishments in the British Empire 11951: 11421: 11254:The Routledge companion to decolonization 11102: 11073: 11059:. University of Western Australia Press. 10625: 10457: 10438: 10389: 10011:The Historical Foundations of World Order 9881: 9746:Encyclopedia of antislavery and abolition 9622: 9259: 9195: 8822: 8544: 8526: 8504:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198205661.001.0001 8466: 8009: 7851:(3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. 7286: 7050: 6986: 6962: 6663: 5686: 5488: 5188: 4991: 4975: 4415: 4213:driving on the left-hand side of the road 3455: 2715:. This agreement was not divulged to the 2655: 2199:During the 19th century, Britain and the 1178:Britain lost its slave-trading rights in 882: 16171:Decline and legacy of the British Empire 12977:Legitimacy of territorial establishment 12072:, and does not reflect subsequent edits. 12055: 11855: 11654: 11573:Trivedi, Harish; Allen, Richard (2000). 11371: 11293:Crimea: The Great Crimean War, 1854–1856 10688: 10661: 10553: 10520: 10490: 10414: 9664: 9419: 9357: 9179:The Transit Metropolis: A Global Inquiry 8864: 8752: 8454: 8392: 8356: 8096: 8021: 7879: 7634: 7537: 7525: 7346: 7270: 7133: 6910: 6862: 6846: 6759: 6639: 6603: 6302: 6206: 6141: 6021: 5931: 5695: 5626: 5603: 5416: 5352: 5308: 5296: 5200: 5147: 5118: 5003: 4824: 4587: 4539: 4515: 4458: 4403: 4399: 4387: 4155: 4014: 3938:, who had preferred British protection. 3661: 3465: 3336:for Muslim-majority regions. Increasing 3287: 3269: 3165:on 7 April 1941. British Prime Minister 3116: 2924: 2898:against the British administration. The 2837: 2659: 2547: 2327: 2186: 2027: 1802: 1799:French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars 1463: 1111:as both a military and commercial power. 1095: 930: 675: 576:English overseas possessions (1583–1707) 400: 15881: 11885: 11861:Colossus: The Price of America's Empire 11724: 11596:British government and the constitution 11322: 10955: 10801:Mulligan, Martin; Hill, Stuart (2001). 10734: 10171: 10142: 9959:The Rise and Fall of the British Empire 9930: 9841: 9551: 9461:Games, Alison (2002). Armitage, David; 9288: 9173: 9056: 8932: 8883: 8856:Anderson, Adam; Combe, William (1801). 8663: 8561: 8404: 8368: 8191: 8179: 8167: 8139: 7174:"What's a little debt between friends?" 7088: 6974: 6934: 6153: 6105: 6045: 5986: 5632: 5544: 5508: 5412: 5364: 5176: 4951: 4788: 4764: 4685: 4651: 4563: 4527: 4470: 4427: 4406:, p. 241, "" 1 791 020". 4232:Judicial Committee of the Privy Council 3961:had been respectively ceded to Britain 3729:that lasted until the British-mediated 3416:in the Second World War, anti-Japanese 1929: 990:archipelago to the Netherlands and the 16596: 13962:Historical flags of the British Empire 13946:Claimed in 1908; territory formed 1985 11984: 11833: 11755:"Brunei on the Morrow of Independence" 11634:"National Innovation Systems: Britain" 11631: 11501: 11471: 11156: 11054: 11021: 10988: 10919: 10890:The Anglo–Japanese Alliance, 1902–1922 10859: 10715: 10245: 10128:. University of North Carolina Press. 10040: 9869: 9705: 9683: 9655: 9321: 9276:from the original on 25 September 2020 9152: 8987: 8695: 8693: 8608: 8484: 8380: 8344: 8151: 7786: 7361: 7357: 7355: 7258: 7246: 7234: 7038: 6412: 6352: 6069: 6013: 6001: 5858: 5756: 5752: 5560: 5504: 5492: 5464: 5332: 5284: 5212: 5106: 5039: 4910: 4898: 4882: 4851: 4639: 4575: 4454: 3941:In September 1982 the Prime Minister, 3882:Argentina invaded the Falkland Islands 3723:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 3694:was abolished in 1966, along with the 3210:Decolonisation and decline (1945–1997) 2176: 1984:Britain's imperial century (1815–1914) 1837:, which won a decisive victory over a 1637:, reaching the ocean near present-day 1586:and around 40 Maori chiefs signed the 1262:Loss of the Thirteen American Colonies 1188:several outbreaks of military conflict 1162:(permission to sell African slaves in 443:in overseas exploration, commissioned 431:were separate kingdoms. In 1496, King 386: 201:. Britain became a major power in the 156:the empire on which the sun never sets 16082: 14588: 14041: 14015: 14002: 13837: 13749: 13486: 12995: 12667: 12342: 12238: 12162: 11797: 11785:from the original on 15 November 2020 11752: 11691: 11594:Turpin, Colin; Tomkins, Adam (2007). 11531: 11459:from the original on 19 November 2018 11341: 11289: 11270: 10838: 10718:Tea: the drink that changed the world 10596:Northern Ireland: Crisis and Conflict 10592: 10580:from the original on 11 November 2020 10541:from the original on 12 December 2019 10338: 10326:from the original on 22 February 2017 10305: 10278: 10249:The British Empire: Sunrise to Sunset 10090: 9988: 9952: 9873:A Brief History of the Indian Peoples 9775: 9763:from the original on 11 February 2017 9742: 9512: 9467:The British Atlantic world, 1500–1800 9460: 9448:from the original on 20 February 2021 9236: 9217: 9122: 9020: 8954: 8869:. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 8843:from the original on 14 December 2011 8786: 8699: 8590:from the original on 10 December 2022 8490: 8478: 8436:from the original on 16 December 2013 8255: 8127: 8084: 8072: 8045: 8033: 7997: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7922: 7834: 7822: 7810: 7798: 7762: 7750: 7700: 7688: 7669: 7665: 7616:from the original on 19 December 2018 7603: 7561: 7549: 7513: 7501: 7489: 7477: 7465: 7453: 7412: 7400: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7202: 7121: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6998: 6950: 6946: 6922: 6898: 6874: 6858: 6834: 6822: 6810: 6798: 6774: 6747: 6735: 6723: 6699: 6687: 6675: 6627: 6615: 6591: 6576: 6564: 6540: 6528: 6513: 6451: 6424: 6400: 6388: 6376: 6314: 6290: 6278: 6266: 6254: 6242: 6230: 6218: 6194: 6182: 6165: 6129: 6117: 6081: 5974: 5952:from the original on 12 December 2019 5870: 5840:from the original on 26 November 2016 5820: 5808: 5796: 5784: 5772: 5665: 5659: 5584:from the original on 20 December 2008 5556: 5520: 5476: 5440: 5428: 5400: 5376: 5348: 5336: 5320: 5272: 5248: 5224: 5159: 5130: 5027: 4963: 4934: 4922: 4864:from the original on 12 February 2012 4836: 4812: 4800: 4776: 4752: 4737: 4725: 4713: 4701: 4689: 4627: 4623: 4611: 4599: 4551: 4474: 4439: 4304:List of British Empire-related topics 3626:in 1967, and granted independence to 3141:Britain's declaration of war against 2792:gained South West Africa (modern-day 2522:Changing status of the white colonies 2487:in 1898. Sudan was nominally made an 2463:and Portuguese activity in the lower 1036:Scottish colonization of the Americas 857:(HBC), granting it a monopoly on the 545:, and France had begun to settle the 397:Scottish colonization of the Americas 16:Territory ruled by the United Kingdom 16499: 12136:University of Michigan Museum of Art 11213:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 11137: 11028:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 10819: 10059: 9897: 9808: 9539:from the original on 26 October 2016 9260:Cuniberti, Gilles (8 October 2014). 9089: 8636: 8572: 8312: 7904:from the original on 3 December 2019 7891: 7857:10.1093/acref/9780191758027.001.0001 7774: 7673: 7585:from the original on 3 February 2012 7196: 6488: 6445: 6093: 6057: 5970: 5938:Sanchez Manning (24 February 2013). 5614:from the original on 14 January 2023 4309:Historiography of the British Empire 2640:was defeated for similar reasons. A 1526:, and in 1787 the first shipment of 1337:The loss of such a large portion of 731:were largely unsuccessful. In 1620, 656:British colonisation of the Americas 650:Americas, Africa and the slave trade 455:, and made landfall on the coast of 453:first voyage of Christopher Columbus 447:to lead an expedition to discover a 252:. After the defeat of France in the 16649:Historical transcontinental empires 16278:Black and Asian Studies Association 14549:History of the Mediterranean region 13773:Saint Andrew and Providence Islands 12616:. British Cameroons is now part of 12154:Bristol City Museum and Art Gallery 12005:from the original on 3 January 2014 11939:from the original on 15 August 2021 11821:from the original on 3 January 2014 11753:Brown, Derek E. (1 February 1984). 11617:. University College London Press. 11310:from the original on 16 August 2021 11009:from the original on 14 August 2021 10976:from the original on 3 January 2014 10943:from the original on 16 August 2021 10907:from the original on 3 January 2014 10649:from the original on 3 January 2014 10613:from the original on 3 January 2014 10478:from the original on 17 August 2021 10371: 10226: 10207: 10195:from the original on 3 January 2014 10111:from the original on 3 January 2014 9976:from the original on 23 August 2021 9918:from the original on 3 January 2014 9796:from the original on 15 August 2021 9643:from the original on 3 January 2014 9575:from the original on 3 January 2014 9400: 9220:Extended Statehood in the Caribbean 9077:from the original on 16 August 2021 9044:from the original on 3 January 2014 9008:from the original on 18 August 2021 8690: 8630: 8097:Trumbull, Robert (1 January 1984). 7647:from the original on 30 August 2017 7352: 6786: 6711: 6651: 6470:from the original on 13 August 2023 6033: 5890:from the original on 15 August 2021 3719:No independence until majority rule 3692:Secretary of State for the Colonies 3106: 2811: 2491:, but a British colony in reality. 2440:bought the indebted Egyptian ruler 2316:History of South Africa (1815–1910) 2258:fought between Britain and another 1792: 1148:and allowed Britain to control the 1030:Scottish attempt to expand overseas 1026:, which lasted for thirteen years. 921:Rivalry with other European empires 13: 12632:unilaterally declared independence 12327:1708–1757, 1763–1782 and 1798–1802 12042: 11745: 11712:from the original on 24 March 2021 11042:from the original on 18 April 2021 10755:from the original on 18 April 2021 10359:from the original on 18 April 2021 10157:10.1111/j.1468-2281.1953.tb02124.x 10028:from the original on 18 April 2021 9610:from the original on 1 August 2020 9587: 9382:Fieldhouse, David Kenneth (1999). 9345:from the original on 18 April 2021 8416: 8099:"Borneo Sultanate Now Independent" 7606:"1956: Suez and the end of empire" 4667:from the original on 21 March 2021 4490:. The Commonwealth. Archived from 4314:Demographics of the British Empire 4190:demographics of the United Kingdom 3969:, which had been acquired under a 3550:(MP) to describe it as "Britain's 2755:Under the terms of the concluding 2691: 2498:, pioneer of British expansion in 2450:vassal state of the Ottoman Empire 2320:History of Egypt under the British 1936:Abolitionism in the United Kingdom 1750:were followed by victories in the 1394:as a separate colony in 1784. The 1295:No taxation without representation 1092:"First" British Empire (1707–1783) 853:incorporated by royal charter the 775:in 1664, following the capture of 598:with the intention of engaging in 236:) and territories in and near the 14: 16660: 16293:National Black Police Association 13839:Antarctica and the South Atlantic 13818:Occupied by Argentina during the 13750: 12996: 12019: 11972:from the original on 27 July 2020 11556:Leisure and recreation management 10887:O'Brien, Phillips Payson (2004). 10499:. University of Minnesota Press. 9829:from the original on 27 July 2020 9812:A History of the English Language 8975:from the original on 9 March 2013 8799:from the original on 25 June 2022 8768:from the original on 29 June 2022 8714:from the original on 28 June 2022 8527:Middleton, Alex (6 August 2019). 8237:from the original on 1 April 2019 8211:from the original on 1 April 2019 8109:from the original on 15 July 2020 7604:Brown, Derek E. (14 March 2001). 7432:from the original on 29 June 2019 7184:from the original on 10 June 2010 5734:from the original on 23 June 2022 4854:"Slavery and Economy in Barbados" 3641: 2684:in 1902 and with its old enemies 2085:from the Netherlands (1811), the 1858:(which it had occupied in 1798), 1661:, starting in 1797, and later by 377:retain the same person as monarch 16576: 16559: 16542: 16525: 16508: 16480: 16468: 16456: 14534:Bibliography of European history 14129:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 13982: 13973: 13972: 13385:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12054: 11922:British Overseas Territories Law 11906:from the original on 13 May 2011 11177:from the original on 11 May 2021 10788:from the original on 14 May 2015 10771:A Concise History of New Zealand 10266:from the original on 13 May 2011 9592:. In Arjomand, Saïd Amir (ed.). 9309:from the original on 14 May 2015 8914:Bandyopādhyāẏa, Śekhara (2004). 8780: 8746: 8726: 8657: 8602: 8520: 8422: 8280: 8261: 8223: 8197: 8145: 8090: 7885: 7706: 7659: 7628: 7597: 7567: 7418: 7127: 7064:"Celebrating thecommonwealth@60" 7056: 6992: 6940: 6852: 6482: 6320: 6007: 5964: 5919:from the original on 24 May 2008 5088:from the original on 8 June 2022 5058:10.1111/j.1468-0289.2007.00400.x 4852:Watson, Karl (2 February 2011). 4357: 4104:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3860: 2752:to co-ordinate imperial policy. 2309: 2003:international rival, other than 1952:. With support from the British 1702: 1693: 1677:on the Pacific Coast, expanding 1554:During his voyage, Cook visited 1456:History of Australia (1788–1850) 1022:against Spain and France in the 767:and Connecticut (1639) for 505:with the aim of establishing an 165:in the 15th and 16th centuries, 76: 44: 37: 14559:History of Western civilization 14162:Christianity in the Middle Ages 11636:. In Nelson, Richard R. (ed.). 11432:International Studies Quarterly 11057:The Dutch down under, 1606–2006 10864:. University of Toronto Press. 10632:Scotland: The Story of a Nation 10067:. Macmillan Publishing Company. 10014:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 9870:Hunter, William Wilson (1907), 8787:Booth, Robert (11 March 2020). 7892:Zane, Damian (27 August 2019). 7849:A Dictionary of British History 7635:Reynolds, Paul (24 July 2006). 7426:"The British Army in Palestine" 6440:Rhodes, Wanna & Weller 2009 5905: 5876: 5826: 5762: 5746: 5716: 5604:Blackmar, Frank Wilson (1891). 5597: 5550: 5498: 5482: 5406: 5342: 5326: 5033: 4876: 4679: 4645: 4617: 3744:, a guerrilla war waged by the 3444:, but in 1965 Chinese-majority 3169:successfully lobbied President 2888:Irish independence was declared 2830:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 2582:British North America Act, 1867 1811:in 1815 ended in the defeat of 1244:ceding of New France to Britain 729:attempts to settle Newfoundland 472:Statute in Restraint of Appeals 464:reign of Queen Elizabeth I 292:. It also came to dominate the 14403:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 14346:Christianity in the modern era 14117:Christianity in late antiquity 13881:Australian Antarctic Territory 12737:since 1965 (before as part of 12734:British Indian Ocean Territory 12620:, while Tanganyika is part of 12254:since 1960 (before as part of 11886:Goodlad, Graham David (2000). 11374:Navies in Modern World History 11350:. Cambridge University Press. 11076:The William and Mary Quarterly 11022:Pestan, Carla Gardina (2009). 10805:. Cambridge University Press. 10774:. Cambridge University Press. 10666:. Cambridge University Press. 10464:. Cambridge University Press. 10461:A Concise History of Australia 10443:. University of Hawaii Press. 10094:Ireland and the British Empire 9815:. Cambridge University Press. 9782:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9749:. Greenwood Publishing Group. 9691:. Princeton University Press. 9426:. Cambridge University Press. 9405:. Cambridge University Press. 9159:. Asian Educational Services. 9057:Buckner, Phillip, ed. (2008). 8961:. Cambridge University Press. 8892:. Cambridge University Press. 8815: 8700:Stone, Jon (21 January 2016). 6452:Kelly, Ralph (8 August 2017). 5610:. Hopkins Press. p. 335. 5415:, pp. 8, 30–34, 389–392; 4480: 4464: 4393: 3975:Sino-British Joint Declaration 3791:, in the 1970s and 1980s, but 3400:declared independence and the 3113:British Empire in World War II 2914:, consisting of six of the 32 1276:Decolonization of the Americas 357:handover of Hong Kong to China 1: 14554:History of the European Union 11725:Zolberg, Aristide R. (2006). 11346:British Imperialism 1750–1970 10768:Mein Smith, Philippa (2005). 10252:. Pearson Education Limited. 9776:Hodge, Carl Cavanagh (2007). 9060:Canada and the British Empire 8533:The English Historical Review 4374: 4319:Economy of the British Empire 4182:South Asian people emigrating 3760:as sovereign base areas. The 3725:from Britain, resulting in a 2876:1918 British general election 2682:formed an alliance with Japan 2514:territories named after him, 2369:. British immigration to the 2032:An 1876 political cartoon of 1964:in 1807, which abolished the 1284:History of Canada (1763–1867) 1150:Atlantic entry and exit point 1072:of the merits of turning the 1024:War of the Spanish Succession 435:, following the successes of 117:ruled or administered by the 16414:Multicultural London English 12195:British Overseas Territories 12132:Collection: "British Empire" 12113:Resources in other libraries 11952:Hollowell, Jonathan (1992). 11698:. Rowman & Littlefield. 11252:Rothermund, Dietmar (2006). 10962:. Rowman & Littlefield. 10956:Parsons, Timothy H. (1999). 10689:——, ed. (1998). 10662:Marshall, P.J., ed. (1996). 10378:The Journal of Asian Studies 10281:The British Empire 1558–1995 10181:. Harvard University Press. 8494:(1999). Winks, Robin (ed.). 7140:The American Economic Review 5389:Kelley & Trebilcock 2010 4365:British Nationality Act 1981 4036:British Overseas Territories 4028:British Nationality Act 1981 4021:British Overseas Territories 3995:British Overseas Territories 3827:British Overseas Territories 3754:London and Zürich Agreements 3682:that France was fighting in 3235:a US$ 3.75 billion loan 2998:Government of India Act 1919 2936:. Standing (left to right): 2851:and instead signed the 1922 2826:Indian independence movement 2764:. Britain gained control of 2619:, and had suffered a severe 2508:British South Africa Company 2454:Convention of Constantinople 2270:in 1876 and Russia annexing 2231:was a disaster for Britain. 2151:Government of India Act 1858 2087:acquisition of Penang Island 1815:and marked the beginning of 1760:Siege of Seringapatam (1799) 942:, India was founded in 1639. 644:American War of Independence 611:on the coast of present-day 582:English overseas possessions 393:English overseas possessions 347:in 1947 as part of a larger 226:American War of Independence 84:British Overseas Territories 7: 16644:Former countries in Ireland 14614: 14513:Russian invasion of Ukraine 14124:Crisis of the Third Century 13908:British Antarctic Territory 13618:Western Pacific Territories 13512: 11991:. Oxford University Press. 11640:. Oxford University Press. 11554:Torkildsen, George (2005). 11194:. Oxford University Press. 11142:. Oxford University Press. 10693:. Oxford University Press. 10527:. Oxford University Press. 10495:The Commonwealth of Nations 10491:McIntyre, W. David (1977). 10372:Low, D.A. (February 1966). 10345:. Oxford University Press. 10283:. Oxford University Press. 10279:Lloyd, Trevor Owen (1996). 10097:. Oxford University Press. 10045:. Oxford University Press. 10041:Joseph, William A. (2010). 9876:, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9708:The Economic History Review 9156:Delhi, the Capital of India 9130:. Oxford University Press. 9063:. Oxford University Press. 9030:. Oxford University Press. 8268:The Commonwealth – About Us 6018:Johnston & Reisman 2008 5046:The Economic History Review 4296: 3977:, Hong Kong would become a 3901:Statute of Westminster 1931 3674:Macmillan gave a speech in 3390:plan to partition Palestine 3304:government, elected at the 3080:Balfour Declaration of 1926 3033:granted formal independence 2572:in 1840, which created the 2544:Independence of New Zealand 2013:, and a foreign policy of " 1685:Continued conquest in India 1522:for the establishment of a 1312:Declaration of Independence 1308:Second Continental Congress 1250:under British control) and 1052:. Besieged by neighbouring 883:§ Abolition of slavery 10: 16665: 16341:Trinidadian and Tobagonian 14569:Military history of Europe 14564:Maritime history of Europe 13646:Gilbert and Ellice Islands 13063:British Arctic Territories 12343: 12239: 12145:Metropolitan Museum of Art 11613:Vandervort, Bruce (1998). 11509:. Picador, Phoenix/Orion. 11209:Richardson, David (2022). 10458:Macintyre, Stuart (2009). 9660:. The Johns Hopkins Press. 9101:. Atlantic Monthly Press. 8735:. Development as Freedom. 8288:"Head of the Commonwealth" 7575:"Suez Crisis: Key players" 7210:(1st ed.). New York: 5915:. pdavis. 28 August 1833. 4196:from its former colonies. 3992: 3864: 3655: 3645: 3606:and his Defence Secretary 3459: 3273: 3213: 3110: 2822:Irish revolutionary period 2815: 2762:League of Nations mandates 2695: 2636:break-up of the empire. A 2525: 2489:Anglo-Egyptian condominium 2313: 2180: 2069: 2063: 1987: 1933: 1826:overrun many countries of 1796: 1643:Lewis and Clark Expedition 1453: 1450:Exploration of the Pacific 1396:Constitutional Act of 1791 1272:American Revolutionary War 1265: 1248:French-speaking population 1033: 992:textiles industry of India 924: 735:was founded as a haven by 653: 579: 566:Norman invasion of Ireland 390: 64:Flag of the United Kingdom 16422: 16401: 16301: 16283:Black Equity Organisation 16268: 16184: 16117: 16050: 16002: 15519: 14923: 14622: 14539:Genetic history of Europe 14521: 14326: 14142: 14082: 14049: 14009: 14004:Links to related articles 13957: 13926: 13886:Commonwealth of Australia 13844: 13833: 13804: 13756: 13745: 13711: 13518: 13482: 13288:Newfoundland and Labrador 13002: 12991: 12969:League of Nations mandate 12950: 12674: 12663: 12644:Lancaster House Agreement 12614:League of Nations mandate 12603: 12349: 12338: 12245: 12234: 12201: 12150:"Empire through the Lens" 12141:The New British Galleries 12108:Resources in your library 11925:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 11692:Young, Harold A. (2020). 11669:10.1017/S0018246X00026698 11399:Springhall, John (2001). 10839:Nayar, Pramod K. (2008). 10716:Martin, Laura C. (2007). 10306:Louis, Wm. Roger (2006). 10246:Levine, Philippa (2007). 9522:. The Stationery Office. 9266:Nw. J. Int'l L. & Bus 9237:Combs, Jerald A. (2008). 8958:Britain and the Dominions 8884:Andrews, Kenneth (1984). 8829:. Yale University Press. 8823:Abernethy, David (2000). 8315:, p. 424, chapter 9 8273:27 September 2013 at the 6887:Turpin & Tomkins 2007 6654:, pp. 23–29, 35, 60. 6257:, pp. 168, 186, 243. 5836:. The Abolition Project. 5666:Innis, Harold A (2001) . 5237:Anderson & Combe 1801 3988: 3731:Lancaster House Agreement 3388:subsequently voted for a 3163:German invasion of Greece 2920:Government of Ireland Act 2900:Irish War of Independence 2459:With competitive French, 2290:. The destruction of the 1890:, while the Danish ceded 1398:created the provinces of 1115:The 18th century saw the 1044:granted a charter to the 765:tolerant of all religions 763: (1636) as a colony 135:largest empire in history 75: 34: 23: 16129:First Africans in London 13416:Turks and Caicos Islands 12723:(protectorate) 1907–1949 12668: 12298:(integrated into the UK) 11958:. Blackwell Publishing. 11632:Walker, William (1993). 10599:. Taylor & Francis. 10554:Maddison, Angus (2001). 10208:Lee, Stephen J. (1994). 10074:The Making of the Mosaic 9665:Heinlein, Frank (2002). 9623:Goldstein, Erik (1994). 9432:10.1017/CBO9781139084932 9420:Galligan, Brian (1995). 9401:Fox, Gregory H. (2008). 9386:. Blackwell Publishing. 9222:. Rozenberg Publishers. 9203:. Cassell & Co Ltd. 8988:Broome, Richard (2010). 8865:Anderson, David (2005). 8000:, pp. 401, 427–429. 7950:Knight & Palmer 1989 7428:. National Army Museum. 5769:Trivedi & Allen 2000 5696:Naravane, M. S. (2014). 5453:Mulligan & Hill 2001 4767:, pp. 316, 324–326. 4488:"The London Declaration" 4350: 3833:in 1970 and ending with 3797:Turks and Caicos Islands 3774:integration with Britain 3713:saw the eight-year long 3648:Decolonisation of Africa 3600:devaluation of the pound 3567:from Argentina in 1982. 3318:Indian National Congress 3229:should formally replace 3076:1926 Imperial Conference 3064:1923 Imperial Conference 3018:non-cooperation movement 2934:1926 Imperial Conference 2598:1907 Imperial Conference 2540:Irish Home Rule movement 2341:spanning "Cape to Cairo" 2234:When Russia invaded the 1968:in the empire. In 1808, 1878:; the Netherlands ceded 1623:North American fur trade 1562:. Cook claimed both the 1316:United States of America 1082:Kingdom of Great Britain 956:Dutch East India Company 323:, Britain's colonies in 16166:Race Relations Act 1965 14544:History of Christianity 13699:1919–1942 and 1945–1968 13524:18th and 19th centuries 13340:Queen Charlotte Islands 13300:North-Western Territory 13272:1665–1674 and 1702–1776 12875:1781–1784 and 1795–1819 12540:1923–1965 and 1979–1980 12226:Commonwealth of Nations 11537:British India 1600–1828 11445:10.1111/0020-8833.00053 11157:Porter, Andrew (1998). 11103:—— (2013). 10820:Mori, Jennifer (2014). 10521:—— (2016). 10227:—— (1996). 9720:10.1111/1468-0289.00158 9658:Southeast Asia Tomorrow 9656:Gurtov, Melvin (1970). 9403:Humanitarian Occupation 9289:Dalziel, Nigel (2006). 8277:; Online September 2014 7714:"An affair to remember" 7362:Mycock, Andrew (2009). 7134:Rosenson, Alex (1947). 7089:Parsons, T. H. (2014). 6454:"A flag for the Empire" 5728:Encyclopædia Britannica 5633:Pethick, Derek (1980). 5052:(2): 432–433, 459–461. 4344:British overseas cities 4224:parliamentary democracy 4141:were exported. British 4040:Commonwealth of Nations 3999:Commonwealth of Nations 3658:Wind of Change (speech) 3370:British Nationality Act 3300:The pro-decolonisation 3280:1947–1949 Palestine war 3097:republican constitution 3072:1923 Treaty of Lausanne 2894:simultaneously began a 2853:Washington Naval Treaty 2849:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 2834:Commonwealth of Nations 2736:. Canadians viewed the 2617:Irish Rebellion of 1798 2590:international relations 2536:Federation of Australia 1940:With the advent of the 1771:First Anglo-Maratha War 1355:should replace the old 1239:Treaty of Paris of 1763 974:of 1688 when the Dutch 964:East Indies archipelago 950:began to challenge the 757:English Roman Catholics 369:Commonwealth of Nations 276:was later described as 14368:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 13449:West Indies Federation 12638:) and continued as an 12224:Current member of the 12050: 12026:Listen to this article 11657:The Historical Journal 11323:Shennan, J.H. (1995). 11296:. Palgrave Macmillan. 11290:Royle, Trevor (2000). 11055:Peters, Nonja (2006). 10989:Pascoe, Bruce (2018). 10735:McKenna, Mark (2002). 10065:The Honourable Company 9904:. Palgrave Macmillan. 9853:Kodansha International 9809:Hogg, Richard (2008). 9561:. Simon and Schuster. 9469:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8233:. legislation.gov.uk. 8207:. legislation.gov.uk. 4194:immigration to Britain 4168: 4023: 4003:English-speaking world 3913:New Zealand Parliament 3821:dispute with Guatemala 3801:British Virgin Islands 3781:West Indies Federation 3671: 3652:Decolonization of Asia 3478: 3473:'s decision to invade 3456:Suez and its aftermath 3297: 3138: 3084:Statute of Westminster 3022:Chauri Chaura incident 2993: 2986:William Mackenzie King 2880:independent parliament 2843: 2665: 2656:World wars (1914–1945) 2578:Responsible government 2557: 2532:Canadian Confederation 2399:South African Republic 2351:southern tip of Africa 2342: 2296:Imperial Japanese Navy 2229:First Anglo-Afghan War 2196: 2134:Regulating Act of 1773 2041: 2036:making Queen Victoria 2005:Russia in Central Asia 1822: 1744:First Anglo-Mysore war 1532:Indigenous Australians 1478: 1460:History of New Zealand 1431:United States Congress 1390:, so London split off 1382:valleys, then part of 1112: 1042:Parliament of Scotland 943: 835:United Dutch Provinces 688: 549:area, later to become 476:Protestant Reformation 420: 278: 16316:Antiguan and Barbudan 16027:Medieval great powers 14448:Industrial Revolution 13371:Saint Kitts and Nevis 12642:state until the 1979 12251:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 12127:the National Archives 12049: 11985:McLean, Iain (2001). 11576:Literature and Nation 11372:Sondhaus, L. (2004). 11342:Smith, Simon (1998). 11192:Comparing Westminster 10860:Nellis, Eric (2013). 10720:. Tuttle Publishing. 10339:Louis, Roger (1986). 10091:Kenny, Kevin (2006). 9898:Hyam, Ronald (2002). 9743:Hinks, Peter (2007). 9714:(2). Wiley: 213–236. 9558:Churchill and America 9153:Capper, John (1997). 8994:. Allen & Unwin. 8684:10.7722/j.ctt81pqr.10 7637:"Suez: End of empire" 7368:Parliamentary Affairs 7214:. pp. 321, 341. 4243:post-colonial studies 4201:innovation in Britain 4199:In the 19th century, 4159: 4096:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4044:voluntary association 4030:renamed the existing 4018: 3971:99-year lease in 1898 3929:Constitution Act 1986 3905:Canadian Constitution 3871:Handover of Hong Kong 3758:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 3665: 3656:Further information: 3494:'s new revolutionary 3483:1951 general election 3469: 3402:1948 Arab-Israeli War 3306:1945 general election 3291: 3270:Initial disengagement 3214:Further information: 3171:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3120: 3041:Anglo-Egyptian Treaty 2966:Union of South Africa 2928: 2892:Irish Republican Army 2841: 2790:Union of South Africa 2713:Sykes–Picot Agreement 2663: 2638:second Home Rule bill 2551: 2379:independent republics 2331: 2292:Imperial Russian Navy 2288:Anglo-Russian Entente 2190: 2157:, where an appointed 2072:Company rule in India 2031: 1994:Industrial Revolution 1978:Slavery Abolition Act 1942:Industrial Revolution 1806: 1746:and stalemate in the 1679:British North America 1547:, making its capital 1467: 1280:British North America 1176:1750 Treaty of Madrid 1144:. Gibraltar became a 1099: 934: 878:Royal African Company 876:Two years later, the 861:in the area known as 804:sugarcane plantations 749:trans-Atlantic voyage 745:religious persecution 711:, and managed by the 679: 632:joint-stock companies 499:slave-raiding attacks 404: 331:were occupied by the 230:British North America 54:Flag of Great Britain 16134:Atlantic slave trade 16110:Black British people 16037:European colonialism 16022:Ancient great powers 14503:European debt crisis 14498:European integration 14438:Age of Enlightenment 14278:Republic of Florence 13899:Realm of New Zealand 13897:(transferred to the 13884:(transferred to the 13717:Realm of New Zealand 13318:Prince Edward Island 13196:1671–1816, 1833–1960 12311:Malta (Protectorate) 12081:More spoken articles 11892:. Psychology Press. 11579:. Psychology Press. 11271:Russo, Jean (2012). 11219:10.2307/j.ctv240ddz3 10880:10.3138/j.ctv2gmhh15 10593:Magee, John (1974). 10126:The Modern Caribbean 9989:Janin, Hunt (1999). 9669:. Psychology Press. 9513:Gapes, Mike (2008). 8955:Brock, W.R. (2011). 6334:on 15 September 2010 6020:, pp. 508–510; 5886:. Historic England. 5884:"Slavery After 1807" 4642:, pp. 119, 123. 4176:, with the founding 4123:developed in Britain 3951:Convention of Peking 3735:Republic of Zimbabwe 3636:United Arab Emirates 3612:British Armed Forces 3548:Member of Parliament 3519:Dwight D. Eisenhower 3504:granted independence 3434:Federation of Malaya 3418:resistance movements 3227:Commonwealth country 2796:), Australia gained 2757:Treaty of Versailles 2750:Imperial War Cabinet 2738:Battle of Vimy Ridge 2678:Imperial German Navy 2648:leading to the 1916 2512:occupied and annexed 2284:spheres of influence 1974:West India Committee 1930:Abolition of slavery 1926:to the Netherlands. 1839:French Imperial Navy 1641:. This preceded the 1299:Rights of Englishmen 1246:(leaving a sizeable 1014:, a grandson of the 855:Hudson's Bay Company 820:Atlantic slave trade 779:, which was renamed 672:Atlantic slave trade 620:James VI of Scotland 590:granted a patent to 547:Saint Lawrence River 507:Atlantic slave trade 433:Henry VII of England 361:overseas territories 123:overseas possessions 16302:Ethnic and national 16161:Bristol Bus Boycott 16032:Modern great powers 14468:Revolutions of 1848 14398:Early modern France 14179:Anglo-Saxon England 14084:Classical antiquity 13930:Since 2009 part of 13822:of April–June 1982. 13409:Trinidad and Tobago 13023:Antigua and Barbuda 12923:Straits Settlements 11138:Pham, P.L. (2010). 11107:. UNC Press Books. 10803:Ecological pioneers 10145:Historical Research 9685:Herbst, Jeffrey Ira 9588:Go, Julian (2007). 9463:Braddick, Michael J 8651:10.3917/hp.011.0012 8395:, pp. 238–240. 8383:, pp. 187–188. 8258:, pp. 145–147. 8170:, pp. 654–655. 8036:, pp. 624–625. 8012:, pp. 171–191. 7937:, pp. 100–102. 7925:, pp. 618–621. 7837:, pp. 427–433. 7801:, pp. 370–371. 7564:, pp. 161–163. 7492:, pp. 339–340. 7349:, pp. 355–356. 7289:, pp. 148–150. 6925:, pp. 313–314. 6789:, pp. 241–259. 6594:, pp. 494–495. 6489:Ford, Lisa (2021). 6367:, pp. 169–183. 6305:, pp. 230–233. 6209:, pp. 360–373. 6144:, pp. 133–134. 6072:, pp. 146–148. 6036:, pp. 254–257. 5811:, pp. 115–118. 5724:"Battle of Wadgaon" 5535:, pp. 145–149. 5311:, pp. 312–223. 5261:Bandyopādhyāẏa 2004 5121:, pp. 440–464. 5040:Draper, N. (2008). 4913:, pp. 225–226. 4901:, pp. 224–225. 4578:, pp. 155–158. 4461:, pp. 156–157. 4268:Historians such as 4072:Antigua and Barbuda 4048:Commonwealth realms 3892:during the ensuing 3855:Commonwealth realms 3841:with France. Fiji, 3785:Trinidad and Tobago 3702:) in October 1968. 3506:on 1 January 1956. 3500:taken power in 1952 3496:government of Egypt 3386:UN General Assembly 3330:Muhammad Ali Jinnah 3314:Indian independence 3049:Balfour Declaration 2605:political campaigns 2554:British Empire flag 2473:Scramble for Africa 2334:The Rhodes Colossus 2324:Scramble for Africa 2177:Rivalry with Russia 2153:, establishing the 2142:Charter Act of 1813 1970:Sierra Leone Colony 1894:. Britain returned 1847:Battle of Trafalgar 1783:Third Anglo-Maratha 1767:Maratha Confederacy 1732:Sultanate of Mysore 1714:Indian subcontinent 1627:Alexander Mackenzie 1580:New Zealand Company 1545:Victorian gold rush 1303:American Revolution 1268:American Revolution 1237:The signing of the 1192:Indian subcontinent 1168:War of Jenkins' Ear 1146:critical naval base 1084:established by the 1070:Kingdom of Scotland 1046:Company of Scotland 1008:Charles II of Spain 972:Glorious Revolution 822:, particularly the 788:British West Indies 755:was established by 668:British West Indies 634:, most notably the 558:Munster Plantations 519:laden with treasure 387:Origins (1497–1583) 365:British sovereignty 288:, such as Asia and 270:Scramble for Africa 242:British West Indies 203:Indian subcontinent 138:area. As a result, 16393:Other black groups 16269:Civic and economic 14574:Crusading movement 14478:Russian Revolution 14313:Hundred Years' War 14209:Maritime republics 14112:Early Christianity 14102:Hellenistic period 14059:Paleolithic Europe 13082:Cape Breton Island 12973:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty 12815:Unfederated States 12630:Southern Rhodesia 12220:Commonwealth realm 12051: 11955:Britain Since 1945 11759:Far Eastern Survey 11425:(September 1997). 11376:. Reaktion Books. 10995:. Magabala Books. 10929:. Modern Library. 9883:2027/uc1.$ b196576 9197:Churchill, Winston 9175:Cervero, Robert B. 8918:. Orient Longman. 8639:Histoire Politique 8546:10.1093/ehr/cez128 8103:The New York Times 6461:The Flag Institute 5491:, pp. 33–34; 4937:, pp. 33, 43. 4363:Schedule 6 of the 4278:indigenous peoples 4228:English common law 4220:Westminster system 4169: 4024: 4007:Westminster system 3925:Australia Act 1986 3672: 3527:financial leverage 3492:Gamal Abdul Nasser 3487:Conservative Party 3479: 3414:surrender of Japan 3298: 3294:partition of India 3276:Partition of India 3223:London Declaration 3187:form of government 3139: 2994: 2904:Anglo-Irish Treaty 2878:, to establish an 2844: 2800:, and New Zealand 2746:David Lloyd George 2729:Gallipoli Campaign 2666: 2594:federating in 1901 2586:British Parliament 2574:Province of Canada 2558: 2446:Khedivate of Egypt 2343: 2304:Russo-Japanese War 2300:Battle of Tsushima 2197: 2170:widespread famines 2042: 2015:splendid isolation 1916:Danish West Indies 1828:continental Europe 1823: 1809:Battle of Waterloo 1631:North West Company 1588:Treaty of Waitangi 1539:until 1853 and to 1492:coast of Australia 1479: 1433:declared war, the 1196:French counterpart 1136:, and from Spain, 1113: 1109:East India Company 1103:'s victory at the 1086:Acts of Union 1707 1060:, and affected by 944: 927:East India Company 917:was one in seven. 867:Dominion of Canada 769:Congregationalists 717:Colony of Virginia 689: 636:East India Company 628:English settlement 560:, in 16th century 511:Anglo-Spanish Wars 421: 373:London Declaration 207:East India Company 140:its constitutional 16444: 16443: 16438: 16437: 16311:African-Caribbean 16076: 16075: 15998: 15997: 15963:Polish–Lithuanian 15138:Gurjara-Pratihara 14582: 14581: 14508:COVID-19 pandemic 14453:French Revolution 14428:Habsburg monarchy 14408:Cossack Hetmanate 14388:Portuguese Empire 14378:Absolute monarchy 14373:Thirty Years' War 14268:Holy Roman Empire 14193:Bulgarian Empire 14152:Early Middle Ages 14069:Bronze Age Europe 14043:History of Europe 13996: 13995: 13953: 13952: 13829: 13828: 13761:Providence Island 13741: 13740: 13706: 13705: 13574:Western Australia 13542:Van Diemen's Land 13478: 13477: 13455:Associated States 13153:Columbia District 12987: 12986: 12841:Manila and Cavite 12659: 12658: 12538:Southern Rhodesia 12532:South-West Africa 12482:Northern Rhodesia 12394:Cape of Good Hope 12334: 12333: 12214:Current territory 12089:Library resources 12047: 11998:978-0-1982-9529-7 11965:978-0-6312-0968-3 11932:978-1-5099-1871-3 11899:978-0-4152-0338-8 11870:978-1-5942-0013-7 11848:978-0-8050-8001-8 11814:978-0-6709-1137-0 11804:The Indian Mutiny 11736:978-0-6740-2218-8 11705:978-1-4985-8695-5 11624:978-1-8572-8486-7 11605:978-0-5216-9029-4 11586:978-0-4152-1207-6 11565:978-0-4153-0995-0 11546:978-1-1131-4290-0 11516:978-0-7538-2056-8 11486:978-0-1420-0210-0 11414:978-0-3337-4600-4 11357:978-3-1258-0640-5 11334:978-0-4150-7780-4 11303:978-1-4039-6416-8 11282:978-1-4214-0694-7 11263:978-0-4153-5632-9 11228:978-0-3002-5043-5 11201:978-0-1995-6349-4 11170:978-0-1992-4678-6 11149:978-0-1995-8036-1 11114:978-1-4696-1181-5 11066:978-1-9206-9475-3 11035:978-0-8122-4150-1 11002:978-1-9257-6895-4 10969:978-0-8476-8825-8 10936:978-0-8129-6761-6 10900:978-0-4153-2611-7 10871:978-1-4426-0555-8 10852:978-1-1341-3150-1 10831:978-1-3178-9189-5 10812:978-0-5218-1103-3 10781:978-0-5215-4228-9 10748:978-0-8684-0644-2 10727:978-0-8048-3724-8 10700:978-0-1992-4677-9 10673:978-0-5210-0254-7 10642:978-0-8021-3932-0 10627:Magnusson, Magnus 10606:978-0-7100-7947-3 10570:978-9-2641-8608-8 10534:978-0-1925-1361-8 10506:978-0-8166-0792-1 10471:978-0-5215-1608-2 10450:978-0-8248-1597-4 10431:978-0-1404-3133-9 10352:978-0-1982-2960-5 10319:978-1-8451-1347-6 10290:978-0-1987-3134-4 10259:978-0-5824-7281-5 10238:978-0-4151-3102-5 10219:978-0-4150-9006-3 10188:978-0-6740-2584-4 10135:978-0-8078-1825-1 10104:978-0-1992-5184-1 10083:978-0-8020-9536-7 10052:978-0-1953-3530-9 10043:Politics in China 10021:978-9-0474-2393-5 10000:978-0-7864-0715-6 9969:978-0-3121-6985-5 9945:978-0-1996-0541-5 9911:978-0-7134-3089-9 9862:978-4-7700-1703-1 9822:978-0-5216-6227-7 9789:978-0-3133-3404-7 9756:978-0-3133-3143-5 9676:978-0-7146-5220-7 9636:978-0-7146-4559-9 9603:978-9-0041-5174-1 9568:978-0-7432-9122-4 9529:978-0-2155-2150-7 9476:978-0-3339-6341-8 9441:978-1-1390-8493-2 9412:978-0-5218-5600-3 9393:978-0-6311-9439-2 9374:978-0-4650-2329-5 9338:978-1-8461-4089-1 9302:978-0-1410-1844-7 9252:978-0-7656-2056-9 9229:978-9-0517-0686-4 9210:978-0-3049-2114-0 9188:978-1-5596-3591-2 9166:978-8-1206-1282-2 9137:978-0-1992-4676-2 9108:978-0-8711-3971-9 9070:978-0-1992-7164-1 9037:978-0-1992-4679-3 9001:978-1-7417-6554-0 8968:978-1-1076-8833-9 8947:978-0-2240-6222-0 8925:978-8-1250-2596-2 8899:978-0-5212-7698-6 8876:978-0-297-84719-9 8836:978-0-3000-9314-8 8741:978-0-3857-2027-4 8675:978-1-8470-1011-7 8623:978-0-3072-7242-3 8576:(17 March 2022). 8513:978-0-1982-0566-1 8419:, pp. 92–94. 8317:English Worldwide 8058:Gérin-Lajoie 1951 7952:, pp. 14–15. 7866:978-0-1917-5802-7 7380:10.1093/pa/gsp035 7221:978-0-0600-8381-6 7204:Davis, Kenneth C. 7100:978-1-4422-3529-8 6606:, pp. 78–79. 6500:978-0-6742-4907-3 6403:, pp. 28–29. 6355:, pp. 71–72. 6245:, pp. 85–86. 6120:, pp. 50–57. 6108:, pp. 44–46. 6048:, pp. 88–91. 5709:978-8-1313-0034-3 5679:978-0-8020-8196-4 5652:978-0-8889-4279-1 5574:nzhistory.govt.nz 5511:, pp. 28–29. 5455:, pp. 20–23. 5443:, pp. 20–21. 5379:, pp. 46–48. 5275:, pp. 18–19. 5263:, pp. 49–52. 5179:, pp. 11–17. 4827:, pp. 72–73. 4791:, pp. 20–22. 4779:, pp. 15–20. 4704:, pp. 63–64. 4566:, pp. 29–52. 4259:invasions of Iraq 3983:handover ceremony 3959:Kowloon Peninsula 3947:Treaty of Nanking 3943:Margaret Thatcher 3909:Australian states 3715:Mau Mau rebellion 3707:Southern Rhodesia 3602:, Prime Minister 3560:Margaret Thatcher 3430:Malayan Emergency 3422:Malaysian Chinese 3409:on 30 June 1948. 3346:Royal Indian Navy 3284:Malayan Emergency 3196:Fall of Singapore 3167:Winston Churchill 3057:Jewish insurgency 3045:League of Nations 3014:Amritsar Massacre 3002:Ghadar conspiracy 2984:), seated right: 2705:German New Guinea 2629:William Gladstone 2613:Act of Union 1800 2469:Berlin Conference 2438:Benjamin Disraeli 2426:Mediterranean Sea 2403:Orange Free State 2367:Flanders Campaign 2347:Dutch Cape Colony 2244:Crimean Peninsula 2034:Benjamin Disraeli 1742:. Defeats in the 1724:Anglo-Mysore wars 1675:Strait of Georgia 1607:Nootka Convention 1576:European settlers 1541:Western Australia 1380:Saint Croix river 1348:Wealth of Nations 1224:Presidency Armies 1204:Battle of Plassey 1126:Philip V of Spain 1122:Treaty of Utrecht 1105:Battle of Plassey 1050:Isthmus of Panama 1020:Holy Roman Empire 1012:Philip V of Spain 976:William of Orange 952:Portuguese Empire 816:indentured labour 812:Portuguese Brazil 798: (1627) and 699: (1605) and 682:colonial Virginia 664:Thirteen Colonies 640:Thirteen Colonies 449:northwest passage 405:A replica of the 379:, currently King 219:Battle of Plassey 91: 90: 16656: 16639:Overseas empires 16589: 16581: 16580: 16579: 16572: 16571:from Wikiversity 16564: 16563: 16562: 16555: 16547: 16546: 16545: 16538: 16530: 16529: 16528: 16521: 16513: 16512: 16511: 16501: 16485: 16484: 16473: 16472: 16471: 16461: 16460: 16459: 16452: 16103: 16096: 16089: 16080: 16079: 15879: 15878: 15544:Austro-Hungarian 15244:Chagatai Khanate 14609: 14602: 14595: 14586: 14585: 14443:Great Divergence 14358:Age of Discovery 14303:Late Middle Ages 14273:High Middle Ages 14184:Byzantine Empire 14167:Christianization 14157:Migration Period 14092:Classical Greece 14064:Neolithic Europe 14036: 14029: 14022: 14013: 14012: 14000: 13999: 13986: 13976: 13975: 13941:Antarctic Treaty 13902: 13889: 13874:Falkland Islands 13866:Tristan da Cunha 13858:Ascension Island 13835: 13834: 13786:Falkland Islands 13747: 13746: 13715:Now part of the 13587:Pitcairn Islands 13552:Auckland Islands 13521: 13520: 13507: 13500: 13493: 13484: 13483: 13469:Windward Islands 13423:Vancouver Island 13200:MassachusettsBay 13069:British Columbia 12993: 12992: 12809:Federated States 12665: 12664: 12575:Tristan da Cunha 12544:Southern Nigeria 12476:Northern Nigeria 12355:Ascension Island 12340: 12339: 12299: 12236: 12235: 12210:Former territory 12207: 12183: 12176: 12169: 12160: 12159: 12071: 12069: 12058: 12057: 12048: 12038: 12036: 12032: 12027: 12014: 12012: 12010: 11981: 11979: 11977: 11948: 11946: 11944: 11915: 11913: 11911: 11882: 11852: 11835:Elkins, Caroline 11830: 11828: 11826: 11794: 11792: 11790: 11740: 11729:. Russell Sage. 11721: 11719: 11717: 11688: 11651: 11628: 11609: 11590: 11569: 11550: 11528: 11498: 11468: 11466: 11464: 11418: 11406: 11395: 11368: 11366: 11364: 11349: 11338: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11286: 11267: 11248: 11205: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11153: 11134: 11099: 11070: 11051: 11049: 11047: 11018: 11016: 11014: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10952: 10950: 10948: 10916: 10914: 10912: 10883: 10856: 10835: 10816: 10797: 10795: 10793: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10731: 10712: 10685: 10658: 10656: 10654: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10589: 10587: 10585: 10579: 10562: 10550: 10548: 10546: 10517: 10515: 10513: 10498: 10487: 10485: 10483: 10454: 10435: 10416:Macaulay, Thomas 10411: 10393: 10368: 10366: 10364: 10335: 10333: 10331: 10302: 10275: 10273: 10271: 10242: 10223: 10204: 10202: 10200: 10178:War with America 10168: 10139: 10120: 10118: 10116: 10087: 10068: 10056: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10004: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9949: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9894: 9885: 9866: 9838: 9836: 9834: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9739: 9702: 9680: 9661: 9652: 9650: 9648: 9619: 9617: 9615: 9584: 9582: 9580: 9548: 9546: 9544: 9538: 9521: 9509: 9480: 9457: 9455: 9453: 9416: 9397: 9378: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9318: 9316: 9314: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9256: 9244: 9233: 9214: 9192: 9181:. Island Press. 9170: 9149: 9119: 9117: 9115: 9100: 9086: 9084: 9082: 9053: 9051: 9049: 9022:Brown, Judith M. 9017: 9015: 9013: 8984: 8982: 8980: 8951: 8940:. Random House. 8929: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8891: 8880: 8861: 8852: 8850: 8848: 8809: 8808: 8806: 8804: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8775: 8773: 8750: 8744: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8719: 8697: 8688: 8687: 8661: 8655: 8654: 8634: 8628: 8627: 8610:Elkins, Caroline 8606: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8581: 8570: 8559: 8558: 8548: 8539:(568): 773–775. 8524: 8518: 8517: 8488: 8482: 8476: 8470: 8464: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8426: 8420: 8414: 8408: 8402: 8396: 8390: 8384: 8378: 8372: 8366: 8360: 8354: 8348: 8342: 8336: 8330: 8324: 8310: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8284: 8278: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8201: 8195: 8189: 8183: 8177: 8171: 8165: 8159: 8149: 8143: 8137: 8131: 8125: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8114: 8094: 8088: 8082: 8076: 8070: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7938: 7932: 7926: 7920: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7889: 7883: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7844: 7838: 7832: 7826: 7820: 7814: 7808: 7802: 7796: 7790: 7784: 7778: 7772: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7748: 7742: 7741: 7739: 7737: 7728:. Archived from 7720:. 27 July 2006. 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7686: 7677: 7668:, pp. 342; 7663: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7621: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7592: 7590: 7581:. 21 July 2006. 7571: 7565: 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7523: 7517: 7511: 7505: 7499: 7493: 7487: 7481: 7475: 7469: 7463: 7457: 7451: 7442: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7422: 7416: 7410: 7404: 7398: 7392: 7391: 7359: 7350: 7344: 7338: 7332: 7326: 7320: 7314: 7308: 7302: 7296: 7290: 7284: 7278: 7268: 7262: 7256: 7250: 7244: 7238: 7232: 7226: 7225: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7170: 7164: 7163: 7131: 7125: 7119: 7113: 7112: 7086: 7080: 7079: 7077: 7075: 7070:on 4 August 2009 7060: 7054: 7048: 7042: 7036: 7030: 7024: 7018: 7012: 7006: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6978: 6972: 6966: 6960: 6954: 6944: 6938: 6932: 6926: 6920: 6914: 6908: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6878: 6872: 6866: 6856: 6850: 6844: 6838: 6832: 6826: 6820: 6814: 6808: 6802: 6796: 6790: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6721: 6715: 6709: 6703: 6697: 6691: 6685: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6655: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6580: 6574: 6568: 6562: 6556: 6550: 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6504: 6486: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6475: 6469: 6458: 6449: 6443: 6442:, pp. 5–15. 6437: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6410: 6404: 6398: 6392: 6386: 6380: 6374: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6350: 6344: 6343: 6341: 6339: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6156:, pp. 1–12. 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6055: 6049: 6043: 6037: 6031: 6025: 6011: 6005: 5999: 5990: 5984: 5978: 5968: 5962: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5897: 5895: 5880: 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5850: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5766: 5760: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5741: 5739: 5720: 5714: 5713: 5693: 5684: 5683: 5663: 5657: 5656: 5640: 5630: 5624: 5623: 5621: 5619: 5601: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5554: 5548: 5542: 5536: 5530: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5502: 5496: 5486: 5480: 5474: 5468: 5467:, pp. 5–23. 5462: 5456: 5450: 5444: 5438: 5432: 5426: 5420: 5410: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5386: 5380: 5374: 5368: 5362: 5356: 5346: 5340: 5330: 5324: 5318: 5312: 5306: 5300: 5294: 5288: 5282: 5276: 5270: 5264: 5258: 5252: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5210: 5204: 5198: 5192: 5186: 5180: 5174: 5163: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5093: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4994:, pp. 3–38. 4989: 4983: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4920: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4890: 4880: 4874: 4873: 4871: 4869: 4849: 4840: 4834: 4828: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4798: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4741: 4735: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4705: 4699: 4693: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4621: 4615: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4484: 4478: 4468: 4462: 4452: 4443: 4437: 4431: 4425: 4419: 4413: 4407: 4397: 4391: 4385: 4368: 4361: 4286:famines in India 4245:, which seek to 4186:Overseas Chinese 4178:settler colonist 4163:being played in 4119:English language 4092:Papua New Guinea 4052:King Charles III 3955:Hong Kong Island 3890:Falkland Islands 3843:Papua New Guinea 3813:British Honduras 3596:Harold Macmillan 3565:Falkland Islands 3542:wounded British 3364:until 1937, and 3350:Lord Mountbatten 3248:anti-imperialism 3183:Atlantic Charter 3123:Second World War 3107:Second World War 3099:renaming itself 3053:revolted in 1936 2976:). Seated left: 2974:Irish Free State 2962:J. B. M. Hertzog 2912:Northern Ireland 2908:Irish Free State 2857:Great Depression 2818:Interwar Britain 2812:Inter-war period 2566:armed rebellions 2163:Empress of India 2159:governor-general 2146:Indian Rebellion 2140:of 1784 and the 2138:Pitt's India Act 2119:Hong Kong Island 2097:(1824), and the 2038:Empress of India 1950:slave rebellions 1793:Wars with France 1706: 1697: 1671:Interior Plateau 1651:British Columbia 1619:Vancouver Island 1615:George Vancouver 1611:naval expedition 1524:penal settlement 1404:English speaking 1232:Seven Years' War 1107:established the 968:Anglo-Dutch Wars 839:Anglo-Dutch Wars 824:triangular trade 713:Virginia Company 624:Treaty of London 592:Humphrey Gilbert 570:West Country Men 515:Elizabeth I 321:Second World War 298:settler colonies 283: 163:Age of Discovery 80: 48: 41: 21: 20: 16664: 16663: 16659: 16658: 16657: 16655: 16654: 16653: 16594: 16593: 16592: 16588:from Wikivoyage 16582: 16577: 16575: 16565: 16560: 16558: 16554:from Wikisource 16548: 16543: 16541: 16531: 16526: 16524: 16514: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16500:sister projects 16497:at Knowledge's 16491: 16479: 16469: 16467: 16457: 16455: 16447: 16445: 16440: 16439: 16434: 16418: 16409:British English 16397: 16303: 16297: 16270: 16264: 16216:British hip hop 16187: 16180: 16145:Empire Windrush 16120: 16113: 16107: 16077: 16072: 16061:American Empire 16046: 16042:African empires 15994: 15877: 15569:Central African 15515: 15333:Romano-Germanic 14919: 14653:Middle Assyrian 14626: 14618: 14613: 14583: 14578: 14517: 14483:Interwar period 14458:Napoleonic Wars 14322: 14293:Mongol invasion 14246:Crown of Aragon 14138: 14078: 14074:Iron Age Europe 14045: 14040: 14005: 13997: 13992: 13949: 13922: 13896: 13894:Ross Dependency 13883: 13840: 13825: 13800: 13752: 13737: 13707: 13702: 13658: 13653:Solomon Islands 13600:North Australia 13580:South Australia 13536:New South Wales 13514: 13511: 13474: 13194:Leeward Islands 12998: 12983: 12946: 12853:Muscat and Oman 12670: 12655: 12599: 12345: 12330: 12297: 12241: 12230: 12205: 12197: 12187: 12119: 12118: 12117: 12097: 12096: 12092: 12085: 12084: 12073: 12067: 12065: 12062:This audio file 12059: 12052: 12043: 12040: 12034: 12030: 12029: 12025: 12022: 12017: 12008: 12006: 11999: 11975: 11973: 11966: 11942: 11940: 11933: 11909: 11907: 11900: 11871: 11857:Ferguson, Niall 11849: 11824: 11822: 11815: 11788: 11786: 11771:10.2307/2644439 11748: 11746:Further reading 11743: 11737: 11715: 11713: 11706: 11648: 11625: 11606: 11587: 11566: 11547: 11533:Tilby, A. Wyatt 11517: 11487: 11462: 11460: 11423:Taagepera, Rein 11415: 11384: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11335: 11313: 11311: 11304: 11283: 11264: 11229: 11202: 11180: 11178: 11171: 11150: 11115: 11067: 11045: 11043: 11036: 11012: 11010: 11003: 10979: 10977: 10970: 10946: 10944: 10937: 10921:Pagden, Anthony 10910: 10908: 10901: 10872: 10853: 10832: 10813: 10791: 10789: 10782: 10758: 10756: 10749: 10728: 10701: 10674: 10652: 10650: 10643: 10635:. Grove Press. 10616: 10614: 10607: 10583: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10560: 10544: 10542: 10535: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10481: 10479: 10472: 10451: 10432: 10391:10.2307/2051326 10362: 10360: 10353: 10329: 10327: 10320: 10312:. I.B. Tauris. 10291: 10269: 10267: 10260: 10239: 10220: 10198: 10196: 10189: 10136: 10114: 10112: 10105: 10084: 10053: 10031: 10029: 10022: 10001: 9979: 9977: 9970: 9954:James, Lawrence 9946: 9932:Jackson, Ashley 9921: 9919: 9912: 9863: 9832: 9830: 9823: 9799: 9797: 9790: 9766: 9764: 9757: 9699: 9677: 9646: 9644: 9637: 9613: 9611: 9604: 9578: 9576: 9569: 9553:Gilbert, Martin 9542: 9540: 9536: 9530: 9519: 9477: 9451: 9449: 9442: 9413: 9394: 9375: 9367:. Basic Books. 9359:Ferguson, Niall 9348: 9346: 9339: 9312: 9310: 9303: 9279: 9277: 9253: 9245:. M.E. Sharpe. 9230: 9211: 9189: 9167: 9138: 9124:Canny, Nicholas 9113: 9111: 9109: 9080: 9078: 9071: 9047: 9045: 9038: 9011: 9009: 9002: 8978: 8976: 8969: 8948: 8926: 8904: 8902: 8900: 8877: 8846: 8844: 8837: 8818: 8813: 8812: 8802: 8800: 8785: 8781: 8771: 8769: 8762:The Independent 8756:(3 June 2004). 8754:Ferguson, Niall 8751: 8747: 8731: 8727: 8717: 8715: 8707:The Independent 8698: 8691: 8676: 8662: 8658: 8635: 8631: 8624: 8607: 8603: 8593: 8591: 8584:Financial Times 8571: 8562: 8525: 8521: 8514: 8489: 8485: 8477: 8473: 8465: 8461: 8453: 8449: 8439: 8437: 8428: 8427: 8423: 8415: 8411: 8403: 8399: 8391: 8387: 8379: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8355: 8351: 8343: 8339: 8333:Torkildsen 2005 8331: 8327: 8311: 8307: 8297: 8295: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8275:Wayback Machine 8266: 8262: 8254: 8250: 8240: 8238: 8229: 8228: 8224: 8214: 8212: 8203: 8202: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8178: 8174: 8166: 8162: 8156:Rothermund 2006 8154:, p. 355; 8150: 8146: 8138: 8134: 8126: 8122: 8112: 8110: 8095: 8091: 8083: 8079: 8071: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8044: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8020: 8016: 8008: 8004: 7996: 7992: 7984: 7980: 7972: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7948: 7941: 7935:Springhall 2001 7933: 7929: 7921: 7917: 7907: 7905: 7890: 7886: 7878: 7874: 7867: 7845: 7841: 7833: 7829: 7821: 7817: 7809: 7805: 7797: 7793: 7785: 7781: 7773: 7769: 7761: 7757: 7749: 7745: 7735: 7733: 7712: 7711: 7707: 7699: 7695: 7687: 7680: 7672:, p. 105; 7664: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7633: 7629: 7619: 7617: 7602: 7598: 7588: 7586: 7573: 7572: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7512: 7508: 7500: 7496: 7488: 7484: 7476: 7472: 7464: 7460: 7452: 7445: 7435: 7433: 7424: 7423: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7399: 7395: 7360: 7353: 7345: 7341: 7333: 7329: 7321: 7317: 7309: 7305: 7297: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7269: 7265: 7257: 7253: 7245: 7241: 7233: 7229: 7222: 7201: 7197: 7187: 7185: 7180:. 10 May 2006. 7172: 7171: 7167: 7132: 7128: 7120: 7116: 7101: 7087: 7083: 7073: 7071: 7062: 7061: 7057: 7049: 7045: 7037: 7033: 7025: 7021: 7013: 7009: 7001:, p. 337; 6997: 6993: 6985: 6981: 6973: 6969: 6961: 6957: 6949:, p. 316; 6945: 6941: 6933: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6909: 6905: 6897: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6873: 6869: 6857: 6853: 6845: 6841: 6833: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6809: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6781: 6773: 6766: 6758: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6734: 6730: 6722: 6718: 6710: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6686: 6682: 6674: 6670: 6662: 6658: 6650: 6646: 6638: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6614: 6610: 6602: 6598: 6590: 6583: 6575: 6571: 6563: 6559: 6551: 6547: 6539: 6535: 6527: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6501: 6487: 6483: 6473: 6471: 6467: 6456: 6450: 6446: 6438: 6431: 6423: 6419: 6411: 6407: 6399: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6375: 6371: 6365:Vandervort 1998 6363: 6359: 6351: 6347: 6337: 6335: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6181: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6016:, p. 332; 6012: 6008: 6000: 5993: 5985: 5981: 5969: 5965: 5955: 5953: 5945:The Independent 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5911: 5910: 5906: 5893: 5891: 5882: 5881: 5877: 5869: 5865: 5857: 5853: 5843: 5841: 5832: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5795: 5791: 5783: 5779: 5767: 5763: 5755:, p. 203; 5751: 5747: 5737: 5735: 5722: 5721: 5717: 5710: 5694: 5687: 5680: 5664: 5660: 5653: 5631: 5627: 5617: 5615: 5602: 5598: 5587: 5585: 5568: 5565:Mein Smith 2005 5563:, p. 579; 5555: 5551: 5543: 5539: 5533:Fieldhouse 1999 5531: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5503: 5499: 5487: 5483: 5475: 5471: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5447: 5439: 5435: 5427: 5423: 5411: 5407: 5399: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5375: 5371: 5363: 5359: 5351:, p. 119; 5347: 5343: 5331: 5327: 5319: 5315: 5307: 5303: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5271: 5267: 5259: 5255: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5199: 5195: 5187: 5183: 5175: 5166: 5158: 5154: 5146: 5137: 5129: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5101: 5091: 5089: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5016:Richardson 2022 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4974: 4970: 4962: 4958: 4950: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4921: 4917: 4909: 4905: 4897: 4893: 4887:Richardson 2022 4885:, p. 224; 4881: 4877: 4867: 4865: 4850: 4843: 4835: 4831: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4775: 4771: 4763: 4759: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4732: 4724: 4720: 4712: 4708: 4700: 4696: 4688:, p. 188; 4684: 4680: 4670: 4668: 4655: 4654:, p. 187; 4650: 4646: 4638: 4634: 4622: 4618: 4614:, pp. 4–8. 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4586: 4582: 4574: 4570: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4538: 4534: 4526: 4522: 4514: 4507: 4497: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4473:, p. 660; 4469: 4465: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4430:, pp. 5–6. 4426: 4422: 4414: 4410: 4398: 4394: 4386: 4382: 4377: 4372: 4371: 4362: 4358: 4353: 4348: 4299: 4270:Caroline Elkins 4251:Ronald Robinson 4209:imperial system 4205:factory systems 4125:, particularly 4108:Solomon Islands 4013: 3993:Main articles: 3991: 3967:New Territories 3917:Canada Act 1982 3877: 3863: 3847:Solomon Islands 3696:Colonial Office 3660: 3654: 3646:Main articles: 3644: 3610:announced that 3464: 3458: 3440:joined to form 3378:Jewish refugees 3354:partition India 3286: 3274:Main articles: 3272: 3246:prevailed over 3218: 3212: 3148:legally neutral 3115: 3109: 2978:Stanley Baldwin 2906:, creating the 2870:led the MPs of 2868:Irish home rule 2861:British economy 2836: 2816:Main articles: 2814: 2717:Sharif of Mecca 2700: 2694: 2692:First World War 2658: 2646:First World War 2546: 2526:Main articles: 2524: 2500:Southern Africa 2411:Second Boer War 2326: 2314:Main articles: 2312: 2254:, was the only 2242:and invade the 2236:Ottoman Balkans 2185: 2179: 2115:First Opium War 2099:defeat of Burma 2083:capture of Java 2078: 2068: 2062: 2023:Informal Empire 2000: 1986: 1962:Slave Trade Act 1946:British economy 1938: 1932: 1918:to Denmark and 1801: 1795: 1720: 1719: 1718: 1717: 1709: 1708: 1707: 1699: 1698: 1687: 1667:Rocky Mountains 1574:population and 1508:New South Wales 1474:Terra Australis 1462: 1454:Main articles: 1452: 1447: 1439:Treaty of Ghent 1419:Napoleonic Wars 1412:French-speaking 1339:British America 1318:. The entry of 1290: 1266:Main articles: 1264: 1208:Nawab of Bengal 1164:Spanish America 1094: 1038: 1032: 1004:military budget 999:Nine Years' War 936:Fort St. George 929: 923: 743:. Fleeing from 686:British America 674: 660:British America 654:Main articles: 652: 584: 578: 527:Richard Hakluyt 399: 389: 333:Empire of Japan 314:First World War 254:Napoleonic Wars 129:established by 87: 71: 61: 50: 49: 42: 30: 29: 17: 12: 11: 5: 16662: 16652: 16651: 16646: 16641: 16636: 16631: 16626: 16621: 16616: 16611: 16609:Former empires 16606: 16604:British Empire 16591: 16590: 16573: 16556: 16539: 16537:from Wikiquote 16522: 16495:British Empire 16493: 16490: 16489: 16477: 16465: 16463:British Empire 16442: 16441: 16436: 16435: 16433: 16432: 16426: 16424: 16420: 16419: 16417: 16416: 16411: 16405: 16403: 16399: 16398: 16396: 16395: 16390: 16385: 16380: 16375: 16373:Sierra Leonean 16370: 16365: 16360: 16355: 16350: 16345: 16344: 16343: 16338: 16336:Montserratians 16333: 16328: 16323: 16318: 16307: 16305: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16290: 16285: 16280: 16274: 16272: 16266: 16265: 16263: 16262: 16261: 16260: 16255: 16250: 16245: 16240: 16235: 16234: 16233: 16223: 16218: 16213: 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15591: 15586: 15581: 15571: 15566: 15565: 15564: 15559: 15551: 15546: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15525: 15523: 15517: 15516: 15514: 15513: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15497: 15496: 15491: 15486: 15481: 15476: 15471: 15466: 15456: 15451: 15450: 15449: 15444: 15439: 15434: 15429: 15424: 15414: 15413: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15352: 15347: 15346: 15345: 15340: 15330: 15329: 15328: 15323: 15318: 15313: 15308: 15303: 15290: 15285: 15280: 15275: 15274: 15273: 15268: 15263: 15253: 15252: 15251: 15246: 15241: 15236: 15226: 15221: 15216: 15211: 15206: 15201: 15200: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15174: 15173: 15172: 15167: 15162: 15157: 15147: 15146: 15145: 15140: 15135: 15125: 15120: 15115: 15110: 15105: 15104: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15083: 15078: 15077: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15041: 15040: 15039: 15034: 15024: 15023: 15022: 15017: 15012: 15007: 14997: 14992: 14991: 14990: 14980: 14979: 14978: 14973: 14965: 14960: 14955: 14950: 14945: 14940: 14935: 14929: 14927: 14925:Post-classical 14921: 14920: 14918: 14917: 14916: 14915: 14905: 14900: 14899: 14898: 14893: 14883: 14882: 14881: 14871: 14870: 14869: 14864: 14859: 14854: 14849: 14844: 14834: 14829: 14824: 14823: 14822: 14817: 14812: 14807: 14797: 14796: 14795: 14790: 14780: 14775: 14774: 14773: 14768: 14763: 14758: 14753: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14732: 14731: 14726: 14724:Middle Kingdom 14721: 14711: 14706: 14705: 14704: 14699: 14694: 14684: 14683: 14682: 14680:Neo-Babylonian 14677: 14672: 14670:Old Babylonian 14662: 14661: 14660: 14655: 14645: 14640: 14634: 14632: 14620: 14619: 14612: 14611: 14604: 14597: 14589: 14580: 14579: 14577: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14551: 14546: 14541: 14536: 14531: 14525: 14523: 14519: 14518: 14516: 14515: 14510: 14505: 14500: 14495: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14465: 14460: 14455: 14450: 14445: 14440: 14435: 14433:Russian Empire 14430: 14425: 14423:British Empire 14420: 14418:Dutch Republic 14415: 14413:Swedish Empire 14410: 14405: 14400: 14395: 14393:Spanish Empire 14390: 14385: 14383:Ottoman Empire 14380: 14375: 14370: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14354: 14353: 14343: 14338: 14332: 14330: 14324: 14323: 14321: 14320: 14315: 14310: 14305: 14300: 14298:Serbian Empire 14295: 14290: 14285: 14280: 14275: 14270: 14265: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14232: 14231: 14226: 14221: 14216: 14206: 14205: 14204: 14199: 14191: 14186: 14181: 14176: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14159: 14154: 14148: 14146: 14140: 14139: 14137: 14136: 14134:Late antiquity 14131: 14126: 14121: 14120: 14119: 14109: 14104: 14099: 14097:Roman Republic 14094: 14088: 14086: 14080: 14079: 14077: 14076: 14071: 14066: 14061: 14055: 14053: 14047: 14046: 14039: 14038: 14031: 14024: 14016: 14010: 14007: 14006: 13994: 13993: 13991: 13990: 13980: 13970: 13964: 13958: 13955: 13954: 13951: 13950: 13948: 13947: 13944: 13937: 13927: 13924: 13923: 13921: 13920: 13912: 13904: 13891: 13878: 13870: 13862: 13854: 13845: 13842: 13841: 13831: 13830: 13827: 13826: 13824: 13823: 13816: 13805: 13802: 13801: 13799: 13798: 13790: 13782: 13776: 13770: 13767:Willoughbyland 13764: 13757: 13754: 13753: 13743: 13742: 13739: 13738: 13736: 13735: 13725: 13719: 13712: 13709: 13708: 13704: 13703: 13701: 13700: 13694: 13688: 13681: 13674: 13668: 13661: 13659: 13657: 13656: 13649: 13643: 13637: 13627: 13621: 13615: 13609: 13603: 13597: 13591: 13583: 13577: 13567: 13561: 13555: 13549: 13539: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13525: 13519: 13516: 13515: 13510: 13509: 13502: 13495: 13487: 13480: 13479: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13472: 13466: 13460: 13459: 13458: 13446: 13440: 13434: 13430:Virgin Islands 13426: 13420: 13412: 13406: 13400: 13397:South Carolina 13394: 13388: 13381: 13374: 13367: 13361: 13355: 13349: 13343: 13333: 13327: 13321: 13315: 13309: 13303: 13297: 13294:North Carolina 13291: 13285: 13279: 13273: 13267: 13261: 13255: 13249: 13243: 13237: 13231: 13228:Mosquito Coast 13225: 13217: 13211: 13210: 13209: 13197: 13191: 13184: 13178: 13172: 13166: 13160: 13157:Oregon Country 13150: 13146:Cayman Islands 13142: 13136: 13135: 13134: 13128: 13122: 13116: 13104: 13097: 13091: 13085: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13066: 13060: 13052: 13045: 13039: 13033: 13026: 13019: 13012: 13003: 13000: 12999: 12989: 12988: 12985: 12984: 12982: 12981: 12975: 12966: 12951: 12948: 12947: 12945: 12944: 12938: 12935:Trucial States 12932: 12926: 12920: 12914: 12908: 12907: 12906: 12894: 12888: 12882: 12876: 12870: 12869: 12868: 12856: 12850: 12844: 12838: 12832: 12831: 12830: 12824: 12818: 12812: 12800: 12794: 12788: 12782: 12776: 12770: 12764: 12758: 12752: 12746: 12730: 12724: 12718: 12712: 12702: 12696: 12695: 12694: 12682: 12675: 12672: 12671: 12661: 12660: 12657: 12656: 12654: 12653: 12647: 12628:Self-governing 12625: 12611: 12604: 12601: 12600: 12598: 12597: 12591: 12585: 12579: 12571: 12565: 12559: 12553: 12547: 12541: 12535: 12529: 12523: 12517: 12511: 12505: 12497: 12491: 12485: 12479: 12473: 12467: 12461: 12455: 12449: 12443: 12437: 12431: 12421: 12415: 12409: 12403: 12400:Central Africa 12397: 12391: 12385: 12379: 12369: 12359: 12350: 12347: 12346: 12336: 12335: 12332: 12331: 12329: 12328: 12322: 12321: 12320: 12308: 12307: 12306: 12291: 12288:Ionian Islands 12285: 12279: 12271: 12265: 12259: 12246: 12243: 12242: 12232: 12231: 12229: 12228: 12222: 12216: 12211: 12208: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12191:British Empire 12186: 12185: 12178: 12171: 12163: 12157: 12156: 12147: 12138: 12129: 12123:British Empire 12116: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12099: 12098: 12094:British Empire 12087: 12086: 12074: 12060: 12053: 12041: 12024: 12023: 12021: 12020:External links 12018: 12016: 12015: 11997: 11982: 11964: 11949: 11931: 11916: 11898: 11883: 11869: 11853: 11847: 11831: 11813: 11795: 11765:(2): 201–208. 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11741: 11735: 11722: 11704: 11689: 11663:(3): 360–373. 11652: 11646: 11629: 11623: 11610: 11604: 11591: 11585: 11570: 11564: 11551: 11545: 11539:. BiblioLife. 11529: 11515: 11499: 11485: 11469: 11439:(3): 475–504. 11419: 11413: 11396: 11382: 11369: 11356: 11339: 11333: 11320: 11302: 11287: 11281: 11268: 11262: 11249: 11227: 11206: 11200: 11187: 11169: 11154: 11148: 11135: 11113: 11100: 11071: 11065: 11052: 11034: 11019: 11001: 10986: 10968: 10953: 10935: 10917: 10899: 10884: 10870: 10857: 10851: 10836: 10830: 10817: 10811: 10798: 10780: 10765: 10747: 10741:. UNSW Press. 10732: 10726: 10713: 10699: 10686: 10672: 10659: 10641: 10623: 10605: 10590: 10569: 10551: 10533: 10518: 10505: 10488: 10470: 10455: 10449: 10436: 10430: 10412: 10384:(2): 241–259. 10369: 10351: 10336: 10318: 10303: 10289: 10276: 10258: 10243: 10237: 10224: 10218: 10205: 10187: 10169: 10140: 10134: 10121: 10103: 10088: 10082: 10069: 10057: 10051: 10038: 10020: 10005: 9999: 9986: 9968: 9950: 9944: 9928: 9910: 9895: 9867: 9861: 9843:Hopkirk, Peter 9839: 9821: 9806: 9788: 9773: 9755: 9740: 9703: 9697: 9681: 9675: 9662: 9653: 9635: 9620: 9602: 9585: 9567: 9549: 9528: 9510: 9498:10.2307/137699 9481: 9475: 9458: 9440: 9417: 9411: 9398: 9392: 9379: 9373: 9355: 9337: 9319: 9301: 9286: 9257: 9251: 9234: 9228: 9215: 9209: 9193: 9187: 9171: 9165: 9150: 9136: 9126:, ed. (1998). 9120: 9107: 9091:Burk, Kathleen 9087: 9069: 9054: 9036: 9018: 9000: 8985: 8967: 8952: 8946: 8934:Brendon, Piers 8930: 8924: 8911: 8898: 8881: 8875: 8862: 8853: 8835: 8819: 8817: 8814: 8811: 8810: 8779: 8745: 8725: 8689: 8674: 8656: 8629: 8622: 8601: 8560: 8519: 8512: 8483: 8471: 8469:, p. 455. 8467:Cuniberti 2014 8459: 8457:, p. 307. 8447: 8421: 8409: 8397: 8385: 8373: 8371:, p. 135. 8361: 8359:, p. 286. 8349: 8347:, p. 185. 8337: 8335:, p. 347. 8325: 8305: 8294:on 6 July 2010 8279: 8260: 8248: 8222: 8196: 8194:, p. 660. 8184: 8182:, p. 656. 8172: 8160: 8158:, p. 100. 8144: 8142:, p. 654. 8132: 8130:, p. 202. 8120: 8089: 8087:, p. 689. 8077: 8075:, p. 594. 8062: 8050: 8048:, p. 629. 8038: 8026: 8014: 8010:Macdonald 1994 8002: 7990: 7988:, p. 622. 7978: 7976:, p. 428. 7966: 7964:, p. 128. 7954: 7939: 7927: 7915: 7884: 7872: 7865: 7839: 7827: 7815: 7813:, p. 616. 7803: 7791: 7779: 7767: 7765:, p. 586. 7755: 7753:, p. 106. 7743: 7705: 7703:, p. 585. 7693: 7691:, p. 343. 7678: 7676:, p. 602. 7658: 7627: 7596: 7566: 7554: 7552:, p. 583. 7542: 7540:, p. 356. 7530: 7528:, p. 355. 7518: 7516:, p. 581. 7506: 7504:, p. 572. 7494: 7482: 7480:, p. 396. 7470: 7468:, p. 364. 7458: 7456:, p. 335. 7443: 7417: 7415:, p. 328. 7405: 7403:, p. 327. 7393: 7374:(2): 339–355. 7351: 7339: 7337:, p. 325. 7327: 7315: 7313:, p. 322. 7303: 7301:, p. 330. 7291: 7287:Abernethy 2000 7279: 7263: 7261:, p. 366. 7251: 7249:, p. 343. 7239: 7237:, p. 193. 7227: 7220: 7195: 7165: 7146:(1): 178–187. 7126: 7124:, p. 331. 7114: 7099: 7081: 7055: 7053:, p. 146. 7051:Abernethy 2000 7043: 7041:, p. 340. 7031: 7029:, p. 316. 7019: 7017:, p. 460. 7007: 7005:, p. 319. 6991: 6989:, p. 540. 6987:Churchill 1950 6979: 6977:, p. 244. 6967: 6965:, p. 539. 6963:Churchill 1950 6955: 6953:, p. 513. 6939: 6937:, p. 234. 6927: 6915: 6913:, p. 122. 6903: 6901:, p. 300. 6891: 6879: 6867: 6865:, p. 186. 6861:, p. 68; 6851: 6849:, p. 187. 6839: 6837:, p. 271. 6827: 6825:, p. 101. 6815: 6813:, p. 292. 6803: 6801:, p. 104. 6791: 6779: 6777:, p. 416. 6764: 6762:, p. 330. 6752: 6750:, p. 108. 6740: 6728: 6726:, p. 143. 6716: 6714:, p. 305. 6704: 6702:, p. 303. 6692: 6690:, p. 294. 6680: 6678:, p. 302. 6668: 6664:Goldstein 1994 6656: 6644: 6642:, p. 315. 6632: 6630:, p. 278. 6620: 6618:, p. 277. 6608: 6596: 6581: 6579:, p. 275. 6569: 6567:, p. 667. 6557: 6545: 6533: 6531:, p. 315. 6518: 6516:, p. 213. 6506: 6499: 6481: 6444: 6429: 6417: 6415:, p. 187. 6405: 6393: 6391:, p. 215. 6381: 6379:, p. 298. 6369: 6357: 6345: 6319: 6317:, p. 274. 6307: 6295: 6293:, p. 718. 6283: 6281:, p. 256. 6271: 6269:, p. 255. 6259: 6247: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6199: 6187: 6185:, p. 182. 6170: 6168:, p. 181. 6158: 6146: 6134: 6122: 6110: 6098: 6096:, p. 393. 6086: 6074: 6062: 6060:, p. 178. 6050: 6038: 6026: 6006: 6004:, p. 401. 5991: 5979: 5963: 5930: 5904: 5875: 5873:, p. 129. 5863: 5851: 5825: 5823:, p. 165. 5813: 5801: 5799:, p. 151. 5789: 5787:, p. 152. 5777: 5771:, p. 30; 5761: 5745: 5715: 5708: 5685: 5678: 5658: 5651: 5625: 5596: 5570:"Waitangi Day" 5567:, p. 49; 5559:, p. 45; 5549: 5547:, p. 320. 5537: 5525: 5523:, p. 159. 5513: 5497: 5489:Macintyre 2009 5481: 5479:, p. 142. 5469: 5457: 5445: 5433: 5421: 5419:, p. 388. 5405: 5393: 5381: 5369: 5367:, p. 496. 5357: 5355:, p. 585. 5341: 5339:, p. 120. 5335:, p. 91; 5325: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5239:, p. 277. 5229: 5217: 5205: 5203:, p. 509. 5193: 5191:, p. 531. 5189:Magnusson 2003 5181: 5164: 5162:, p. 441. 5152: 5135: 5123: 5111: 5099: 5032: 5030:, p. 228. 5020: 5008: 4996: 4992:Pettigrew 2007 4984: 4976:Pettigrew 2013 4968: 4956: 4939: 4927: 4915: 4903: 4891: 4875: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4781: 4769: 4757: 4755:, p. 221. 4742: 4730: 4718: 4706: 4694: 4678: 4661:Avalon Project 4644: 4632: 4616: 4604: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4505: 4494:on 6 July 2010 4479: 4477:, p. 594. 4463: 4444: 4432: 4420: 4418:, p. 502. 4416:Taagepera 1997 4408: 4392: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4373: 4370: 4369: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4336: 4331: 4326: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4290:Niall Ferguson 4274:emergency laws 4255:John Gallagher 4056:United Kingdom 4032:Crown Colonies 3990: 3987: 3886:Spanish Empire 3862: 3859: 3805:Cayman Islands 3643: 3642:Wind of change 3640: 3546:, leading one 3544:national pride 3460:Main article: 3457: 3454: 3412:Following the 3322:Mahatma Gandhi 3310:Clement Attlee 3271: 3268: 3252:wind of change 3244:anti-communism 3216:Decolonization 3211: 3208: 3159:Fall of France 3111:Main article: 3108: 3105: 3037:British troops 2982:United Kingdom 2970:W. T. Cosgrave 2916:Irish counties 2813: 2810: 2696:Main article: 2693: 2690: 2657: 2654: 2633:Home Rule bill 2625:Prime minister 2523: 2520: 2436:government of 2424:, linking the 2409:following the 2407:Boer Republics 2311: 2308: 2264:Pax Britannica 2260:imperial power 2252:modern warfare 2240:Ottoman Empire 2205:Ottoman Empire 2201:Russian Empire 2183:The Great Game 2181:Main article: 2178: 2175: 2064:Main article: 2061: 2058: 2010:Pax Britannica 1985: 1982: 1934:Main article: 1931: 1928: 1874:; Spain ceded 1852:Ionian Islands 1818:Pax Britannica 1797:Main article: 1794: 1791: 1728:Southern India 1711: 1710: 1701: 1700: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1659:David Thompson 1584:William Hobson 1483:transportation 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1332:Peace of Paris 1324:Spanish forces 1263: 1260: 1256:maritime power 1172:Triangle Trade 1093: 1090: 1074:personal union 1034:Main article: 1031: 1028: 1016:King of France 980:Dutch Republic 925:Main article: 922: 919: 915:Middle Passage 911:mortality rate 808:Sephardic Jews 794: (1624), 773:New Netherland 759: (1634), 651: 648: 613:North Carolina 609:Roanoke Colony 605:Walter Raleigh 580:Main article: 577: 574: 388: 385: 349:decolonisation 329:Southeast Asia 280:Pax Britannica 262:Southeast Asia 195:colonial power 119:United Kingdom 97:comprised the 95:British Empire 89: 88: 81: 73: 72: 51: 43: 36: 35: 32: 31: 27:British Empire 25: 24: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 16661: 16650: 16647: 16645: 16642: 16640: 16637: 16635: 16632: 16630: 16627: 16625: 16622: 16620: 16619:Victorian era 16617: 16615: 16612: 16610: 16607: 16605: 16602: 16601: 16599: 16587: 16586: 16585:Travel guides 16574: 16570: 16569: 16557: 16553: 16552: 16540: 16536: 16535: 16523: 16519: 16518: 16506: 16505: 16502: 16496: 16488: 16483: 16478: 16476: 16466: 16464: 16454: 16453: 16450: 16431: 16430:Black Britons 16428: 16427: 16425: 16421: 16415: 16412: 16410: 16407: 16406: 16404: 16400: 16394: 16391: 16389: 16386: 16384: 16381: 16379: 16376: 16374: 16371: 16369: 16366: 16364: 16361: 16359: 16356: 16354: 16351: 16349: 16346: 16342: 16339: 16337: 16334: 16332: 16329: 16327: 16324: 16322: 16319: 16317: 16314: 16313: 16312: 16309: 16308: 16306: 16304:sub-divisions 16300: 16294: 16291: 16289: 16286: 16284: 16281: 16279: 16276: 16275: 16273: 16267: 16259: 16258:Drum and bass 16256: 16254: 16251: 16249: 16246: 16244: 16241: 16239: 16236: 16232: 16229: 16228: 16227: 16224: 16222: 16219: 16217: 16214: 16212: 16209: 16207: 16204: 16202: 16199: 16198: 16197: 16194: 16193: 16191: 16189: 16186:Black British 16183: 16177: 16174: 16172: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16162: 16159: 16155: 16153: 16149: 16148: 16147: 16146: 16142: 16140: 16137: 16135: 16132: 16130: 16127: 16126: 16124: 16122: 16119:Black British 16116: 16111: 16104: 16099: 16097: 16092: 16090: 16085: 16084: 16081: 16067: 16066:Soviet empire 16064: 16062: 16059: 16058: 16056: 16055: 16053: 16051:Miscellaneous 16049: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16016: 16013: 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15650:German Empire 15648: 15647: 15646: 15643: 15639: 15636: 15634: 15631: 15630: 15629: 15626: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15613: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15600: 15597: 15595: 15592: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15576: 15575: 15572: 15570: 15567: 15563: 15560: 15558: 15555: 15554: 15552: 15550: 15547: 15545: 15542: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15526: 15524: 15522: 15518: 15512: 15509: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15495: 15492: 15490: 15487: 15485: 15482: 15480: 15477: 15475: 15472: 15470: 15467: 15465: 15462: 15461: 15460: 15457: 15455: 15452: 15448: 15445: 15443: 15440: 15438: 15435: 15433: 15430: 15428: 15425: 15423: 15420: 15419: 15418: 15415: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15392: 15391: 15390:Turco-Persian 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15351: 15348: 15344: 15341: 15339: 15336: 15335: 15334: 15331: 15327: 15324: 15322: 15319: 15317: 15314: 15312: 15309: 15307: 15304: 15302: 15299: 15298: 15297: 15294: 15291: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15279: 15276: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15259: 15258: 15257: 15254: 15250: 15247: 15245: 15242: 15240: 15237: 15235: 15232: 15231: 15230: 15227: 15225: 15222: 15220: 15217: 15215: 15212: 15210: 15207: 15205: 15202: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15179: 15178: 15175: 15171: 15168: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15152: 15151: 15148: 15144: 15141: 15139: 15136: 15134: 15131: 15130: 15129: 15126: 15124: 15121: 15119: 15116: 15114: 15111: 15109: 15106: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15088: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15046: 15045: 15042: 15038: 15035: 15033: 15030: 15029: 15028: 15025: 15021: 15018: 15016: 15013: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15002: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14993: 14989: 14986: 14985: 14984: 14981: 14977: 14974: 14972: 14969: 14968: 14966: 14964: 14961: 14959: 14956: 14954: 14951: 14949: 14946: 14944: 14941: 14939: 14936: 14934: 14931: 14930: 14928: 14926: 14922: 14914: 14911: 14910: 14909: 14906: 14904: 14901: 14897: 14894: 14892: 14889: 14888: 14887: 14884: 14880: 14877: 14876: 14875: 14872: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14858: 14855: 14853: 14850: 14848: 14845: 14843: 14840: 14839: 14838: 14835: 14833: 14830: 14828: 14825: 14821: 14818: 14816: 14813: 14811: 14808: 14806: 14803: 14802: 14801: 14798: 14794: 14791: 14789: 14786: 14785: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14772: 14769: 14767: 14764: 14762: 14759: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14748: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14722: 14720: 14717: 14716: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14703: 14700: 14698: 14695: 14693: 14690: 14689: 14688: 14685: 14681: 14678: 14676: 14673: 14671: 14668: 14667: 14666: 14663: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14650: 14649: 14646: 14644: 14641: 14639: 14636: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14625: 14621: 14617: 14610: 14605: 14603: 14598: 14596: 14591: 14590: 14587: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14550: 14547: 14545: 14542: 14540: 14537: 14535: 14532: 14530: 14529:Art of Europe 14527: 14526: 14524: 14520: 14514: 14511: 14509: 14506: 14504: 14501: 14499: 14496: 14494: 14491: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14469: 14466: 14464: 14461: 14459: 14456: 14454: 14451: 14449: 14446: 14444: 14441: 14439: 14436: 14434: 14431: 14429: 14426: 14424: 14421: 14419: 14416: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14404: 14401: 14399: 14396: 14394: 14391: 14389: 14386: 14384: 14381: 14379: 14376: 14374: 14371: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14352: 14349: 14348: 14347: 14344: 14342: 14339: 14337: 14334: 14333: 14331: 14329: 14328:Modern period 14325: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14304: 14301: 14299: 14296: 14294: 14291: 14289: 14286: 14284: 14281: 14279: 14276: 14274: 14271: 14269: 14266: 14263: 14259: 14255: 14251: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14230: 14227: 14225: 14222: 14220: 14217: 14215: 14212: 14211: 14210: 14207: 14203: 14200: 14198: 14195: 14194: 14192: 14190: 14187: 14185: 14182: 14180: 14177: 14175: 14172: 14168: 14165: 14164: 14163: 14160: 14158: 14155: 14153: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14145: 14141: 14135: 14132: 14130: 14127: 14125: 14122: 14118: 14115: 14114: 14113: 14110: 14108: 14105: 14103: 14100: 14098: 14095: 14093: 14090: 14089: 14087: 14085: 14081: 14075: 14072: 14070: 14067: 14065: 14062: 14060: 14057: 14056: 14054: 14052: 14048: 14044: 14037: 14032: 14030: 14025: 14023: 14018: 14017: 14014: 14008: 14001: 13989: 13985: 13981: 13979: 13971: 13968: 13965: 13963: 13960: 13959: 13956: 13945: 13942: 13938: 13935: 13934: 13929: 13928: 13925: 13918: 13917: 13913: 13910: 13909: 13905: 13900: 13895: 13892: 13887: 13882: 13879: 13876: 13875: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13855: 13852: 13851: 13847: 13846: 13843: 13836: 13832: 13821: 13820:Falklands War 13817: 13815: 13811: 13807: 13806: 13803: 13796: 13795: 13791: 13788: 13787: 13783: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13771: 13768: 13765: 13762: 13759: 13758: 13755: 13751:South America 13748: 13744: 13734: 13730: 13726: 13724: 13720: 13718: 13714: 13713: 13710: 13698: 13695: 13692: 13689: 13686: 13682: 13679: 13675: 13672: 13669: 13666: 13663: 13662: 13660: 13654: 13650: 13647: 13644: 13641: 13640:Union Islands 13638: 13635: 13631: 13628: 13625: 13622: 13619: 13616: 13613: 13610: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13595: 13592: 13589: 13588: 13584: 13581: 13578: 13575: 13571: 13568: 13565: 13562: 13559: 13556: 13553: 13550: 13547: 13543: 13540: 13537: 13534: 13533: 13531: 13530: 13526: 13523: 13522: 13517: 13508: 13503: 13501: 13496: 13494: 13489: 13488: 13485: 13481: 13470: 13467: 13464: 13461: 13456: 13453: 13452: 13450: 13447: 13444: 13441: 13438: 13435: 13432: 13431: 13427: 13424: 13421: 13418: 13417: 13413: 13410: 13407: 13404: 13401: 13398: 13395: 13392: 13389: 13386: 13382: 13379: 13375: 13372: 13368: 13365: 13362: 13359: 13356: 13353: 13352:Rupert's Land 13350: 13347: 13344: 13341: 13337: 13334: 13331: 13328: 13325: 13322: 13319: 13316: 13313: 13312:Paulet affair 13310: 13307: 13304: 13301: 13298: 13295: 13292: 13289: 13286: 13283: 13280: 13277: 13274: 13271: 13268: 13265: 13262: 13259: 13258:New Hampshire 13256: 13253: 13250: 13247: 13246:New Brunswick 13244: 13241: 13238: 13235: 13232: 13229: 13226: 13223: 13222: 13218: 13215: 13212: 13207: 13204: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13195: 13192: 13189: 13185: 13182: 13179: 13176: 13173: 13170: 13167: 13164: 13161: 13158: 13154: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13143: 13140: 13137: 13132: 13129: 13126: 13123: 13120: 13117: 13114: 13111: 13110: 13109: 13105: 13102: 13098: 13095: 13092: 13089: 13086: 13083: 13080: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13064: 13061: 13058: 13057: 13053: 13050: 13046: 13043: 13040: 13037: 13034: 13031: 13027: 13024: 13020: 13017: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13005: 13004: 13001: 12997:North America 12994: 12990: 12980: 12976: 12974: 12970: 12967: 12965: 12961: 12957: 12953: 12952: 12949: 12942: 12939: 12936: 12933: 12930: 12927: 12924: 12921: 12918: 12917:South Vietnam 12915: 12912: 12909: 12904: 12901: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12892: 12889: 12886: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12866: 12863: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12854: 12851: 12848: 12845: 12842: 12839: 12836: 12833: 12828: 12825: 12822: 12819: 12816: 12813: 12810: 12807: 12806: 12804: 12801: 12798: 12795: 12792: 12789: 12786: 12783: 12780: 12777: 12774: 12771: 12768: 12765: 12762: 12759: 12756: 12753: 12750: 12747: 12744: 12740: 12736: 12735: 12731: 12728: 12725: 12722: 12719: 12716: 12713: 12710: 12706: 12703: 12700: 12697: 12692: 12689: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12680: 12677: 12676: 12673: 12666: 12662: 12652: 12648: 12645: 12641: 12637: 12633: 12629: 12626: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12606: 12605: 12602: 12595: 12592: 12589: 12586: 12583: 12580: 12577: 12576: 12572: 12569: 12566: 12563: 12560: 12557: 12554: 12551: 12548: 12545: 12542: 12539: 12536: 12533: 12530: 12527: 12524: 12521: 12518: 12515: 12512: 12509: 12506: 12503: 12502: 12498: 12495: 12492: 12489: 12486: 12483: 12480: 12477: 12474: 12471: 12468: 12465: 12462: 12459: 12456: 12453: 12450: 12447: 12444: 12441: 12438: 12435: 12432: 12429: 12425: 12422: 12419: 12416: 12413: 12410: 12407: 12404: 12401: 12398: 12395: 12392: 12389: 12386: 12383: 12380: 12377: 12373: 12370: 12367: 12363: 12360: 12357: 12356: 12352: 12351: 12348: 12341: 12337: 12326: 12323: 12318: 12315: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12304: 12301: 12300: 12295: 12292: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12280: 12277: 12276: 12272: 12269: 12266: 12263: 12260: 12257: 12253: 12252: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12237: 12233: 12227: 12223: 12221: 12217: 12215: 12212: 12209: 12204: 12203: 12200: 12196: 12192: 12184: 12179: 12177: 12172: 12170: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12155: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12142: 12139: 12137: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12124: 12121: 12120: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12095: 12090: 12082: 12078: 12063: 12004: 12000: 11994: 11990: 11989: 11983: 11971: 11967: 11961: 11957: 11956: 11950: 11938: 11934: 11928: 11924: 11923: 11917: 11905: 11901: 11895: 11891: 11890: 11884: 11880: 11876: 11872: 11866: 11862: 11858: 11854: 11850: 11844: 11841:. Owl Books. 11840: 11836: 11832: 11820: 11816: 11810: 11806: 11805: 11800: 11796: 11784: 11780: 11776: 11772: 11768: 11764: 11760: 11756: 11751: 11750: 11738: 11732: 11728: 11723: 11711: 11707: 11701: 11697: 11696: 11690: 11686: 11682: 11678: 11674: 11670: 11666: 11662: 11658: 11653: 11649: 11647:0-1950-7617-6 11643: 11639: 11635: 11630: 11626: 11620: 11616: 11611: 11607: 11601: 11597: 11592: 11588: 11582: 11578: 11577: 11571: 11567: 11561: 11558:. Routledge. 11557: 11552: 11548: 11542: 11538: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11518: 11512: 11508: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11458: 11454: 11450: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11434: 11433: 11428: 11424: 11420: 11416: 11410: 11405: 11404: 11397: 11393: 11389: 11385: 11383:1-8618-9202-0 11379: 11375: 11370: 11359: 11353: 11348: 11347: 11340: 11336: 11330: 11327:. Routledge. 11326: 11321: 11309: 11305: 11299: 11295: 11294: 11288: 11284: 11278: 11275:. JHU Press. 11274: 11269: 11265: 11259: 11256:. Routledge. 11255: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11234: 11230: 11224: 11220: 11216: 11212: 11207: 11203: 11197: 11193: 11188: 11176: 11172: 11166: 11162: 11161: 11155: 11151: 11145: 11141: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11124: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11106: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11072: 11068: 11062: 11058: 11053: 11041: 11037: 11031: 11027: 11026: 11020: 11008: 11004: 10998: 10994: 10993: 10987: 10975: 10971: 10965: 10961: 10960: 10954: 10942: 10938: 10932: 10928: 10927: 10922: 10918: 10906: 10902: 10896: 10893:. Routledge. 10892: 10891: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10863: 10858: 10854: 10848: 10845:. Routledge. 10844: 10843: 10837: 10833: 10827: 10824:. Routledge. 10823: 10818: 10814: 10808: 10804: 10799: 10787: 10783: 10777: 10773: 10772: 10766: 10754: 10750: 10744: 10740: 10739: 10733: 10729: 10723: 10719: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10702: 10696: 10692: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10660: 10648: 10644: 10638: 10634: 10633: 10628: 10624: 10612: 10608: 10602: 10598: 10597: 10591: 10576: 10572: 10566: 10559: 10558: 10552: 10540: 10536: 10530: 10526: 10525: 10519: 10508: 10502: 10497: 10496: 10489: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10463: 10462: 10456: 10452: 10446: 10442: 10437: 10433: 10427: 10423: 10422: 10417: 10413: 10409: 10405: 10401: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10370: 10358: 10354: 10348: 10344: 10343: 10337: 10325: 10321: 10315: 10311: 10310: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10286: 10282: 10277: 10265: 10261: 10255: 10251: 10250: 10244: 10240: 10234: 10231:. Routledge. 10230: 10225: 10221: 10215: 10212:. Routledge. 10211: 10206: 10194: 10190: 10184: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10158: 10154: 10151:(73): 29–52. 10150: 10146: 10141: 10137: 10131: 10127: 10122: 10110: 10106: 10100: 10096: 10095: 10089: 10085: 10079: 10075: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10048: 10044: 10039: 10027: 10023: 10017: 10013: 10012: 10006: 10002: 9996: 9993:. McFarland. 9992: 9987: 9975: 9971: 9965: 9961: 9960: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9929: 9917: 9913: 9907: 9903: 9902: 9896: 9893: 9889: 9884: 9879: 9875: 9874: 9868: 9864: 9858: 9854: 9850: 9849: 9844: 9840: 9828: 9824: 9818: 9814: 9813: 9807: 9795: 9791: 9785: 9781: 9780: 9774: 9762: 9758: 9752: 9748: 9747: 9741: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9704: 9700: 9698:0-6910-1027-7 9694: 9690: 9686: 9682: 9678: 9672: 9668: 9663: 9659: 9654: 9642: 9638: 9632: 9629:. Routledge. 9628: 9627: 9621: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9595: 9591: 9586: 9574: 9570: 9564: 9560: 9559: 9554: 9550: 9535: 9531: 9525: 9518: 9517: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9491: 9487: 9482: 9478: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9459: 9447: 9443: 9437: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9424: 9418: 9414: 9408: 9404: 9399: 9395: 9389: 9385: 9380: 9376: 9370: 9366: 9365: 9360: 9356: 9344: 9340: 9334: 9330: 9329: 9324: 9320: 9308: 9304: 9298: 9294: 9293: 9287: 9275: 9271: 9267: 9263: 9258: 9254: 9248: 9243: 9242: 9235: 9231: 9225: 9221: 9216: 9212: 9206: 9202: 9198: 9194: 9190: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9162: 9158: 9157: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9110: 9104: 9099: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9076: 9072: 9066: 9062: 9061: 9055: 9043: 9039: 9033: 9029: 9028: 9023: 9019: 9007: 9003: 8997: 8993: 8992: 8986: 8974: 8970: 8964: 8960: 8959: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8921: 8917: 8912: 8901: 8895: 8890: 8889: 8882: 8878: 8872: 8868: 8863: 8859: 8854: 8842: 8838: 8832: 8828: 8827: 8821: 8820: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8783: 8767: 8763: 8759: 8755: 8749: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8729: 8713: 8709: 8708: 8703: 8696: 8694: 8685: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8667: 8660: 8652: 8648: 8644: 8640: 8633: 8625: 8619: 8615: 8611: 8605: 8589: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8556: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8538: 8534: 8530: 8523: 8515: 8509: 8505: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8487: 8481:, p. 20. 8480: 8475: 8468: 8463: 8456: 8455:Ferguson 2002 8451: 8435: 8431: 8425: 8418: 8413: 8406: 8401: 8394: 8393:Marshall 1996 8389: 8382: 8377: 8370: 8365: 8358: 8357:Marshall 1996 8353: 8346: 8341: 8334: 8329: 8322: 8321:David Crystal 8318: 8314: 8309: 8293: 8289: 8283: 8276: 8272: 8269: 8264: 8257: 8252: 8236: 8232: 8226: 8210: 8206: 8200: 8193: 8188: 8181: 8176: 8169: 8164: 8157: 8153: 8148: 8141: 8136: 8129: 8124: 8108: 8104: 8100: 8093: 8086: 8081: 8074: 8069: 8067: 8059: 8054: 8047: 8042: 8035: 8030: 8024:, p. 35. 8023: 8022:McIntyre 2016 8018: 8011: 8006: 7999: 7994: 7987: 7982: 7975: 7970: 7963: 7958: 7951: 7946: 7944: 7936: 7931: 7924: 7919: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7880:Anderson 2005 7876: 7868: 7862: 7858: 7854: 7850: 7843: 7836: 7831: 7825:, p. 46. 7824: 7819: 7812: 7807: 7800: 7795: 7789:, p. 42. 7788: 7783: 7776: 7771: 7764: 7759: 7752: 7747: 7732:on 8 May 2016 7731: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7718:The Economist 7715: 7709: 7702: 7697: 7690: 7685: 7683: 7675: 7671: 7667: 7662: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7631: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7600: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7570: 7563: 7558: 7551: 7546: 7539: 7538:Ferguson 2002 7534: 7527: 7526:Ferguson 2002 7522: 7515: 7510: 7503: 7498: 7491: 7486: 7479: 7474: 7467: 7462: 7455: 7450: 7448: 7431: 7427: 7421: 7414: 7409: 7402: 7397: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7358: 7356: 7348: 7347:McIntyre 1977 7343: 7336: 7331: 7325:, p. 67. 7324: 7319: 7312: 7307: 7300: 7295: 7288: 7283: 7276: 7272: 7271:Heinlein 2002 7267: 7260: 7255: 7248: 7243: 7236: 7231: 7223: 7217: 7213: 7212:HarperCollins 7209: 7205: 7199: 7183: 7179: 7175: 7169: 7161: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7145: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7123: 7118: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7096: 7092: 7085: 7069: 7065: 7059: 7052: 7047: 7040: 7035: 7028: 7023: 7016: 7011: 7004: 7000: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6976: 6971: 6964: 6959: 6952: 6948: 6943: 6936: 6931: 6924: 6919: 6912: 6911:Galligan 1995 6907: 6900: 6895: 6889:, p. 48. 6888: 6883: 6877:, p. 69. 6876: 6871: 6864: 6863:McIntyre 1977 6860: 6855: 6848: 6847:McIntyre 1977 6843: 6836: 6831: 6824: 6819: 6812: 6807: 6800: 6795: 6788: 6783: 6776: 6771: 6769: 6761: 6760:Ferguson 2002 6756: 6749: 6744: 6738:, p. 95. 6737: 6732: 6725: 6720: 6713: 6708: 6701: 6696: 6689: 6684: 6677: 6672: 6665: 6660: 6653: 6648: 6641: 6640:Ferguson 2002 6636: 6629: 6624: 6617: 6612: 6605: 6604:Marshall 1996 6600: 6593: 6588: 6586: 6578: 6573: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6549: 6543:, p. 92. 6542: 6537: 6530: 6525: 6523: 6515: 6510: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6485: 6466: 6462: 6455: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6427:, p. 30. 6426: 6421: 6414: 6409: 6402: 6397: 6390: 6385: 6378: 6373: 6366: 6361: 6354: 6349: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6303:Ferguson 2002 6299: 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6233:, p. 85. 6232: 6227: 6221:, p. 47. 6220: 6215: 6208: 6207:Williams 1966 6203: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6167: 6162: 6155: 6150: 6143: 6142:Marshall 1996 6138: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6114: 6107: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6084:, p. 28. 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6035: 6030: 6023: 6022:Sondhaus 2004 6019: 6015: 6010: 6003: 5998: 5996: 5988: 5983: 5977:, p. 71. 5976: 5973:, p. 1; 5972: 5967: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5941: 5934: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5901: 5889: 5885: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5861:, p. 14. 5860: 5855: 5839: 5835: 5829: 5822: 5817: 5810: 5805: 5798: 5793: 5786: 5781: 5775:, p. 64. 5774: 5770: 5765: 5759:, p. 28. 5758: 5754: 5749: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5719: 5711: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5692: 5690: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5670: 5662: 5654: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5638: 5629: 5613: 5609: 5608: 5600: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5553: 5546: 5541: 5534: 5529: 5522: 5517: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5495:, p. 18. 5494: 5490: 5485: 5478: 5473: 5466: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5442: 5437: 5431:, p. 20. 5430: 5425: 5418: 5417:Marshall 1998 5414: 5409: 5403:, p. 28. 5402: 5397: 5391:, p. 43. 5390: 5385: 5378: 5373: 5366: 5361: 5354: 5353:Marshall 1998 5350: 5345: 5338: 5334: 5329: 5323:, p. 92. 5322: 5317: 5310: 5309:Marshall 1996 5305: 5299:, p. 84. 5298: 5297:Ferguson 2002 5293: 5287:, p. 91. 5286: 5281: 5274: 5269: 5262: 5257: 5251:, p. 17. 5250: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5227:, p. 58. 5226: 5221: 5215:, p. 90. 5214: 5209: 5202: 5201:Macaulay 1848 5197: 5190: 5185: 5178: 5173: 5171: 5169: 5161: 5156: 5150:, p. 19. 5149: 5148:Ferguson 2002 5144: 5142: 5140: 5133:, p. 13. 5132: 5127: 5120: 5119:Marshall 1998 5115: 5109:, p. 30. 5108: 5103: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5043: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5018:, p. 23. 5017: 5012: 5006:, p. 62. 5005: 5004:Ferguson 2002 5000: 4993: 4988: 4981: 4977: 4972: 4966:, p. 37. 4965: 4960: 4954:, p. 25. 4953: 4948: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4931: 4925:, p. 32. 4924: 4919: 4912: 4907: 4900: 4895: 4889:, p. 24. 4888: 4884: 4879: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4848: 4846: 4839:, p. 17. 4838: 4833: 4826: 4825:Ferguson 2002 4821: 4815:, p. 40. 4814: 4809: 4802: 4797: 4790: 4785: 4778: 4773: 4766: 4761: 4754: 4749: 4747: 4740:, p. 71. 4739: 4734: 4728:, p. 34. 4727: 4722: 4716:, p. 70. 4715: 4710: 4703: 4698: 4692:, p. 63. 4691: 4687: 4682: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4641: 4636: 4629: 4626:, p. 7; 4625: 4620: 4613: 4608: 4602:, p. 62. 4601: 4596: 4589: 4588:Ferguson 2002 4584: 4577: 4572: 4565: 4560: 4554:, p. 35. 4553: 4548: 4541: 4540:Ferguson 2002 4536: 4530:, p. 45. 4529: 4524: 4517: 4516:Ferguson 2002 4512: 4510: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4476: 4472: 4467: 4460: 4459:Marshall 1996 4457:, p. 8; 4456: 4451: 4449: 4441: 4436: 4429: 4424: 4417: 4412: 4405: 4404:Maddison 2001 4401: 4400:Maddison 2001 4396: 4389: 4388:Ferguson 2002 4384: 4380: 4366: 4360: 4356: 4345: 4342: 4340: 4337: 4335: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4325: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4266: 4264: 4260: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4197: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4174:British Isles 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4147:Protestantism 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4022: 4019:The fourteen 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3963:in perpetuity 3960: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3939: 3937: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3895: 3894:Falklands War 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3867:Falklands War 3861:End of empire 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3762:Mediterranean 3759: 3755: 3751: 3748:organisation 3747: 3746:Greek Cypriot 3743: 3738: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3669: 3664: 3659: 3653: 3649: 3639: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3604:Harold Wilson 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3568: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3532: 3531:British pound 3528: 3524: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3463: 3453: 3451: 3447: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3410: 3408: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3373: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3362:British India 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3334:Islamic state 3331: 3327: 3326:Muslim League 3323: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3267: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3217: 3207: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3149: 3144: 3136: 3132: 3131:North African 3128: 3124: 3119: 3114: 3104: 3102: 3098: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3068:Chanak Crisis 3065: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3010:Punjab region 3007: 3003: 2999: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2954:Stanley Bruce 2951: 2947: 2946:Gordon Coates 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896:guerrilla war 2893: 2889: 2885: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2840: 2835: 2831: 2827: 2823: 2819: 2809: 2807: 2803: 2802:Western Samoa 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2699: 2689: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2662: 2653: 2651: 2650:Easter Rising 2647: 2643: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2601: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562:Durham Report 2555: 2550: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2529: 2519: 2517: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2504:Cape to Cairo 2502:, to urge a " 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2442:Isma'il Pasha 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2420:opened under 2419: 2414: 2413:(1899–1902). 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2381:, during the 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2310:Cape to Cairo 2307: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209:Qajar dynasty 2206: 2202: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2077: 2073: 2067: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2011: 2006: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1981: 1979: 1976:decline. The 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1943: 1937: 1927: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:French Guiana 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1848: 1845:fleet at the 1844: 1840: 1836: 1831: 1829: 1820: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1805: 1800: 1790: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1715: 1705: 1696: 1682: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1655:Fort St. John 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1604: 1603:Nootka Crisis 1599: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1552: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1484: 1476: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1461: 1457: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1425:men into the 1424: 1420: 1415: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1392:New Brunswick 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1365:United States 1362: 1361:protectionism 1358: 1354: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1220:client states 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1200:Mughal Empire 1197: 1193: 1189: 1183: 1181: 1180:Latin America 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1160: 1155: 1154:Mediterranean 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1118: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1066:Darien scheme 1063: 1059: 1056:colonists of 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1040:In 1695, the 1037: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1000: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 941: 937: 933: 928: 918: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 874: 872: 868: 864: 863:Rupert's Land 860: 856: 852: 848: 844: 840: 837:—a series of 836: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 777:New Amsterdam 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 750: 746: 742: 738: 734: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 710: 706: 702: 698: 694: 687: 683: 678: 673: 669: 665: 661: 657: 647: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 616: 614: 610: 606: 601: 597: 593: 589: 583: 573: 571: 567: 563: 559: 554: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 513:intensified, 512: 508: 504: 500: 497:to engage in 496: 495:Francis Drake 492: 489: 485: 481: 477: 473: 469: 465: 460: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 418: 414: 410: 409: 403: 398: 394: 384: 382: 378: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 317: 315: 311: 310:United States 307: 303: 299: 295: 291: 290:Latin America 287: 282: 281: 275: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 222: 220: 216: 215:Mughal Bengal 212: 208: 204: 200: 199:North America 196: 193:the dominant 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 159: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 136: 132: 128: 127:trading posts 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 107:protectorates 104: 100: 96: 85: 79: 74: 69: 65: 59: 55: 47: 40: 33: 28: 22: 19: 16583: 16566: 16549: 16532: 16520:from Commons 16515: 16494: 16170: 16151: 16144: 16139:Abolitionism 15900: 15817:Contemporary 15667:Indo-Persian 15655:Nazi Germany 15599:Contemporary 15501:Vijayanagara 15400:Great Seljuk 15311:Thessalonica 15239:Golden Horde 14879:Carthaginian 14658:Neo-Assyrian 14643:Neo-Sumerian 14488:World War II 14422: 14341:Early modern 14318:Kalmar Union 14189:Papal States 14107:Roman Empire 13931: 13914: 13906: 13872: 13864: 13856: 13850:Saint Helena 13848: 13792: 13784: 13634:Cook Islands 13585: 13558:New Hebrides 13527:20th century 13443:West Florida 13428: 13414: 13346:Rhode Island 13324:Pennsylvania 13282:Newfoundland 13219: 13144: 13094:East Florida 13065:16th c.–1880 13054: 13006: 12903:Crown Colony 12891:Pulo Condore 12865:Crown Colony 12859:North Borneo 12732: 12691:Protectorate 12640:unrecognised 12634:in 1965 (as 12573: 12526:South Africa 12514:Sierra Leone 12501:Saint Helena 12499: 12494:Orange River 12372:Bechuanaland 12353: 12273: 12249: 12213: 12193:and Current 12190: 12103:Online books 12093: 12007:. 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Retrieved 10308: 10280: 10268:. Retrieved 10248: 10228: 10209: 10197:. Retrieved 10177: 10173:Latimer, Jon 10148: 10144: 10125: 10113:. Retrieved 10093: 10073: 10064: 10042: 10030:. Retrieved 10010: 9990: 9978:. Retrieved 9958: 9935: 9920:. Retrieved 9900: 9872: 9847: 9831:. Retrieved 9811: 9798:. Retrieved 9778: 9765:. Retrieved 9745: 9711: 9707: 9688: 9666: 9657: 9645:. Retrieved 9625: 9612:. Retrieved 9593: 9577:. Retrieved 9557: 9541:. Retrieved 9515: 9489: 9485: 9466: 9450:. Retrieved 9422: 9402: 9383: 9363: 9347:. Retrieved 9327: 9323:Darwin, John 9311:. Retrieved 9291: 9278:. Retrieved 9269: 9265: 9240: 9219: 9200: 9178: 9155: 9127: 9112:. Retrieved 9096: 9079:. Retrieved 9059: 9046:. Retrieved 9026: 9010:. Retrieved 8990: 8977:. Retrieved 8957: 8937: 8915: 8903:. Retrieved 8887: 8866: 8857: 8845:. Retrieved 8825: 8801:. Retrieved 8793:The Guardian 8792: 8782: 8770:. Retrieved 8761: 8748: 8733:Sen, Amartya 8728: 8716:. 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J Archer. 8816:Works cited 8440:16 December 8381:Walker 1993 8345:Pestan 2009 8152:Joseph 2010 7908:24 November 7787:Gurtov 1970 7651:19 December 7620:19 December 7259:Darwin 2012 7247:Darwin 2012 7235:Levine 2007 7188:20 November 7039:Darwin 2012 6413:Porter 1998 6353:Herbst 2000 6070:Martin 2007 6014:Porter 1998 6002:Porter 1998 5956:11 February 5894:24 November 5859:Porter 1998 5844:31 December 5757:Capper 1997 5753:Hunter 1907 5588:13 December 5561:Porter 1998 5505:Pascoe 2018 5493:Broome 2010 5465:Peters 2006 5333:Pagden 2003 5285:Pagden 2003 5213:Pagden 2003 5107:Nellis 2013 4911:Higman 2000 4899:Higman 2000 4883:Higman 2000 4858:BBC History 4640:Taylor 2001 4576:Thomas 1997 4455:Porter 1998 4282:Amartya Sen 4263:Afghanistan 4151:Anglicanism 4149:(including 4135:lawn tennis 4100:Saint Lucia 4076:The Bahamas 4068:New Zealand 3839:condominium 3539:Suez Crisis 3462:Suez Crisis 3308:and led by 3204:geopolitics 3150:throughout 3127:Eighth Army 3121:During the 3078:issued the 2950:New Zealand 2938:W.S. Monroe 2886:, at which 2776:, parts of 2770:Transjordan 2465:Congo River 2371:Cape Colony 2355:East Indies 2302:during the 2268:Baluchistan 2262:during the 2248:Crimean War 2225:Afghanistan 2155:British Raj 2093:(1819) and 2076:British Raj 1966:slave trade 1910:to France; 1888:Cape Colony 1740:Tipu Sultan 1647:John Finlay 1639:Bella Coola 1560:Abel Tasman 1556:New Zealand 1510:. In 1778, 1435:War of 1812 1384:Nova Scotia 1310:issued the 1288:War of 1812 1058:New Granada 988:East Indies 984:spice trade 960:spice trade 913:during the 849:. In 1670, 707:by Captain 588:Elizabeth I 503:West Africa 381:Charles III 353:Suez Crisis 294:Middle East 179:Netherlands 161:During the 115:territories 16598:Categories 16534:Quotations 16388:Zimbabwean 16176:Race riots 15975:Portuguese 15856:Revival Le 15846:Vietnamese 15489:Later Tran 15459:Vietnamese 15355:Singhasari 15343:Holy Roman 14967:Bulgarian 14903:Satavahana 14874:Phoenician 14810:Achaemenid 14771:Indo-Greek 14751:Macedonian 14665:Babylonian 14236:Viking Age 14051:Prehistory 13919:since 1908 13911:since 1908 13877:since 1833 13869:since 1816 13861:since 1815 13853:since 1658 13810:department 13797:since 1908 13789:since 1833 13590:since 1838 13570:Swan River 13564:Queensland 13451:1958–1962 13433:since 1666 13419:since 1799 13270:New Jersey 13240:New Albion 13224:since 1632 13221:Montserrat 13202:1629–1691 13149:since 1670 13071:1858–1866 13059:since 1619 13011:since 1650 12964:Bangladesh 12899:1841–1946 12861:1882–1963 12827:Federation 12805:1819–1826 12743:Seychelles 12687:1839–1842 12578:since 1816 12562:Tanganyika 12520:Somaliland 12508:Seychelles 12504:since 1658 12424:Gold Coast 12418:The Gambia 12362:Basutoland 12358:since 1815 12313:1800–1813 12303:Free State 12296:1542–1800 12282:Heligoland 12278:since 1713 12077:Audio help 12068:2014-03-07 11716:27 January 11046:27 January 11013:17 January 10759:17 January 10482:17 January 10061:Keay, John 10032:8 November 9962:. Abacus. 9614:30 October 9452:8 February 9280:30 October 9114:22 January 9012:17 January 8479:Young 2020 8256:Gapes 2008 8128:Brown 1998 8085:Brown 1998 8073:Brown 1998 8046:James 2001 8034:James 2001 7998:Lloyd 1996 7986:James 2001 7974:Lloyd 1996 7962:Clegg 2005 7923:James 2001 7835:Lloyd 1996 7823:Louis 2006 7811:James 2001 7799:Lloyd 1996 7763:James 2001 7751:Smith 1998 7701:James 2001 7689:Brown 1998 7670:Smith 1998 7666:Brown 1998 7589:19 October 7562:Combs 2008 7550:James 2001 7514:James 2001 7502:James 2001 7490:Brown 1998 7478:Lloyd 1996 7466:Lloyd 1996 7454:Lloyd 1996 7413:Lloyd 1996 7401:Lloyd 1996 7335:Lloyd 1996 7323:Smith 1998 7311:Lloyd 1996 7299:Brown 1998 7273:, p. 7122:Brown 1998 7027:Lloyd 1996 7015:James 2001 7003:Brown 1998 6999:Louis 2006 6951:James 2001 6947:Lloyd 1996 6923:Lloyd 1996 6899:Lloyd 1996 6875:Brown 1998 6859:Brown 1998 6835:Louis 2006 6823:Smith 1998 6811:Brown 1998 6799:Smith 1998 6775:James 2001 6748:Magee 1974 6736:Smith 1998 6724:Brown 1998 6700:Louis 2006 6688:Louis 2006 6676:Louis 2006 6628:Lloyd 1996 6616:Lloyd 1996 6592:Brown 1998 6577:Lloyd 1996 6565:Brown 1998 6541:Smith 1998 6529:James 2001 6514:Lloyd 1996 6425:Smith 1998 6401:Smith 1998 6389:Lloyd 1996 6377:James 2001 6338:20 October 6328:"Treaties" 6315:James 2001 6291:Louis 1986 6279:Tilby 2009 6267:Lloyd 1996 6255:Lloyd 1996 6243:Smith 1998 6231:Smith 1998 6219:Hodge 2007 6197:, preface. 6195:Royle 2000 6183:James 2001 6166:James 2001 6130:Brown 1998 6118:Smith 1998 6082:Janin 1999 5975:Smith 1998 5871:Hinks 2007 5821:James 2001 5809:Lloyd 1996 5797:James 2001 5785:James 2001 5773:Nayar 2008 5557:Smith 1998 5521:Brock 2011 5477:James 2001 5441:Smith 1998 5429:Smith 1998 5401:Smith 1998 5377:Games 2002 5349:James 2001 5337:James 2001 5321:Canny 1998 5273:Smith 1998 5249:Smith 1998 5225:James 2001 5160:Canny 1998 5131:Lloyd 1996 5028:Canny 1998 4978:, p. 4964:Lloyd 1996 4935:Lloyd 1996 4923:Lloyd 1996 4837:James 2001 4813:Lloyd 1996 4801:James 2001 4777:Lloyd 1996 4753:Canny 1998 4738:Canny 1998 4726:Canny 1998 4714:Canny 1998 4702:Canny 1998 4690:Canny 1998 4671:8 February 4628:Kenny 2006 4624:Canny 1998 4612:Lloyd 1996 4600:Canny 1998 4552:Canny 1998 4475:Brown 1998 4440:Russo 2012 4375:References 4247:critically 4011:Common law 3921:patriating 3875:Patriation 3865:See also: 3809:Montserrat 3764:colony of 3688:Gold Coast 3634:, and the 3324:) and the 3200:ANZUS Pact 3157:After the 3146:to remain 3137:campaigns. 2798:New Guinea 2786:Tanganyika 2742:war effort 2680:, Britain 2642:third bill 2615:after the 2607:for Irish 2485:at Fashoda 2418:Suez Canal 2383:Great Trek 2276:Kazakhstan 2256:global war 2227:, but the 2125:including 2106:Qing China 2070:See also: 1988:See also: 1958:Parliament 1956:movement, 1914:to Spain; 1900:Martinique 1896:Guadeloupe 1892:Heligoland 1868:Seychelles 1835:Royal Navy 1787:Bajirao II 1775:status quo 1681:westward. 1635:Rio Grande 1520:Botany Bay 1500:James Cook 1469:James Cook 1427:Royal Navy 1376:Saint John 1353:free trade 1343:Adam Smith 871:New France 851:Charles II 709:John Smith 642:after the 551:New France 488:privateers 468:Henry VIII 445:John Cabot 413:John Cabot 391:See also: 337:its allies 266:Great Game 248:, and the 205:after the 177:, and the 148:linguistic 16568:Resources 16402:Languages 16378:Tanzanian 16348:Congolese 16321:Barbadian 16243:UK garage 16226:Caribbean 16206:Afroswing 16201:Afrobeats 15968:Couronian 15606:Ethiopian 15594:Manchukuo 15549:Brazilian 15395:Ghaznavid 15365:Srivijaya 15316:Trebizond 15301:Byzantine 15283:North Sea 15278:Norwegian 15266:Almoravid 15249:Ilkhanate 15219:Majapahit 15192:Muromachi 15101:Solomonic 15086:Ethiopian 15000:Caliphate 14933:Aragonese 14761:Ptolemaic 14283:Feudalism 14254:Catalonia 13903:1841–1947 13890:1841–1933 13781:1831–1966 13775:1670–1688 13769:1651–1667 13763:1631–1641 13693:1914–1962 13687:1907–1947 13680:1901–1942 13678:Australia 13673:1900–1974 13667:1900–1970 13655:1893–1978 13648:1892–1979 13642:1889–1948 13636:1888–1901 13630:Rarotonga 13626:1884–1902 13620:1877–1976 13614:1874–1970 13608:1851–1901 13602:1846–1847 13596:1841–1907 13582:1836–1901 13576:1829–1901 13566:1824–1901 13560:1824–1980 13554:1807–1863 13548:1803–1901 13538:1788–1901 13471:1833–1960 13465:1674–1702 13457:1967–1983 13445:1763–1783 13439:1607–1776 13425:1849–1866 13411:1889–1962 13405:1862–1863 13399:1712–1776 13393:1635–1644 13387:1627–1979 13380:1605–1979 13373:1882–1983 13366:1623–1983 13360:1625–1650 13354:1670–1870 13348:1636–1776 13342:1853–1863 13332:1620–1691 13326:1681–1776 13320:1763–1873 13308:1713–1867 13302:1859–1870 13296:1712–1776 13290:1583–1907 13284:1907–1949 13278:1664–1776 13266:1637–1662 13264:New Haven 13260:1680–1776 13254:1686–1689 13248:1784–1867 13236:1628–1983 13230:1655–1860 13216:1632–1776 13190:1655–1962 13183:1733–1776 13177:1674–1702 13171:1701–1776 13165:1636–1776 13159:1818–1846 13141:1663–1712 13133:1867–1931 13127:1841–1867 13121:1791–1841 13115:1791–1841 13103:1762–1974 13096:1763–1783 13090:1763–1978 13084:1754–1820 13075:1866–1871 13051:1871–1981 13044:1643–1860 13038:1624–1966 13032:1670–1973 13025:1860–1981 13018:1632–1860 12943:1898–1930 12937:1892–1971 12931:1921–1946 12925:1826–1946 12919:1945–1946 12913:1946–1963 12911:Singapore 12905:1946–1963 12893:1702–1705 12887:1786–1946 12881:1923–1948 12879:Palestine 12867:1946–1963 12855:1891–1971 12849:1920–1932 12843:1762–1764 12837:1796–1965 12829:1948–1957 12823:1946–1948 12817:1885–1946 12811:1895–1946 12799:1848–1946 12793:1918–1961 12787:1811–1816 12781:1858–1947 12775:1841–1997 12773:Hong Kong 12769:1878–1960 12763:1795–1948 12757:1888–1984 12751:1824–1948 12739:Mauritius 12729:1874–1963 12717:1757–1947 12711:1812–1824 12701:1685–1824 12699:Bencoolen 12693:1879–1919 12681:1839–1967 12596:1887–1897 12590:1890–1963 12584:1890–1962 12570:1900–1910 12568:Transvaal 12564:1922–1961 12558:1899–1956 12552:1893–1968 12550:Swaziland 12546:1900–1914 12534:1915–1931 12528:1910–1931 12522:1884–1960 12516:1792–1961 12510:1903–1976 12496:1900–1910 12490:1891–1964 12488:Nyasaland 12484:1924–1964 12478:1900–1914 12472:1914–1960 12466:1884–1900 12460:1856–1910 12454:1810–1968 12452:Mauritius 12448:1807–1808 12442:1862–1906 12436:1920–1963 12420:1816–1965 12414:1882–1922 12408:1895–1920 12402:1891–1907 12396:1806–1910 12390:1795–1803 12384:1919–1961 12382:Cameroons 12319:1813–1964 12305:1921–1931 12290:1809–1864 12284:1807–1890 12275:Gibraltar 12270:1878–1960 12264:1794–1796 12218:*Current 12152:from the 12143:from the 12134:from the 12033:hour and 11879:17123297M 11685:162474899 11525:18114975M 11245:244676008 11131:26886628M 11123:879306121 11088:0043-5597 10408:162717788 10363:24 August 10270:19 August 10165:1468-2281 9892:464656679 9728:0013-0117 9596:. Brill. 8979:26 August 8555:0013-8266 8313:Hogg 2008 8298:9 October 7775:Pham 2010 7726:0013-0613 7674:Burk 2008 7388:0031-2290 7152:0002-8282 7109:870098208 6474:13 August 6094:Keay 1991 6058:Mori 2014 5971:Hyam 2002 5082:154280545 5066:0013-0117 4060:Australia 3949:and 1860 3727:civil war 3676:Cape Town 3638:in 1971. 3556:satellite 3498:that had 3446:Singapore 3394:civil war 3382:Holocaust 3366:Sri Lanka 3264:Palestine 2958:Australia 2872:Sinn Féin 2766:Palestine 2734:Anzac Day 2725:Dominions 2670:metropole 2609:home rule 2528:Dominions 2428:with the 2359:Afrikaner 2272:Kirghizia 2193:Balaclava 2091:Singapore 2050:telegraph 2046:steamship 1860:Mauritius 1738:and then 1736:Hyder Ali 1730:with the 1549:Melbourne 1514:, Cook's 1488:Australia 1372:Loyalists 1334:in 1783. 1252:Louisiana 1138:Gibraltar 903:Liverpool 859:fur trade 792:St. Kitts 705:Jamestown 618:In 1603, 596:Caribbean 586:In 1578, 523:New World 521:from the 417:New World 325:East Asia 302:Dominions 238:Caribbean 221:in 1757. 99:dominions 58:1707–1801 16487:Monarchy 16368:Nigerian 16353:Ghanaian 16331:Guyanese 16326:Jamaican 16211:Britfunk 16152:Windrush 15948:Japanese 15911:Scottish 15891:American 15883:Colonial 15812:Imperial 15780:Moroccan 15716:Japanese 15694:Afsharid 15553:Burmese 15539:Austrian 15494:Later Le 15469:Early Le 15454:Venetian 15380:Tiwanaku 15293:Hellenic 15256:Moroccan 15187:Kamakura 15177:Japanese 15160:Saffarid 15113:Georgian 15027:Chalukya 15005:Rashidun 14995:Calakmul 14963:Bruneian 14842:Haryanka 14820:Sasanian 14815:Parthian 14766:Bactrian 14756:Seleucid 14736:Goguryeo 14714:Egyptian 14648:Assyrian 14638:Akkadian 14629:Colonies 14522:See also 14493:Cold War 14288:Crusades 14258:Valencia 13978:Category 13814:Colombia 13729:Kiribati 13606:Victoria 13546:Tasmania 13437:Virginia 13403:Stickeen 13391:Saybrook 13330:Plymouth 13276:New York 13214:Maryland 13206:Province 13169:Delaware 13139:Carolina 13131:Dominion 13125:Province 13088:Dominica 13036:Barbados 13008:Anguilla 12979:disputed 12960:Pakistan 12835:Maldives 12709:Billiton 12636:Rhodesia 12622:Tanzania 12618:Cameroon 12594:Zululand 12588:Zanzibar 12376:Botswana 12079: · 12003:Archived 11970:Archived 11937:Archived 11904:Archived 11859:(2004). 11837:(2005). 11819:Archived 11801:(2003). 11783:Archived 11710:Archived 11535:(2009). 11505:(1997). 11495:2443937W 11475:(2001). 11457:Archived 11392:8631395M 11308:Archived 11175:Archived 11040:Archived 11007:Archived 10974:Archived 10941:Archived 10923:(2003). 10905:Archived 10786:Archived 10753:Archived 10709:7403654M 10682:7712614M 10647:Archived 10629:(2003). 10611:Archived 10575:Archived 10539:Archived 10476:Archived 10418:(1848). 10357:Archived 10324:Archived 10264:Archived 10193:Archived 10175:(2007). 10109:Archived 10063:(1991). 10026:Archived 9974:Archived 9956:(2001). 9934:(2013). 9916:Archived 9845:(1992). 9833:13 April 9827:Archived 9794:Archived 9767:1 August 9761:Archived 9687:(2000). 9641:Archived 9608:Archived 9573:Archived 9555:(2005). 9534:Archived 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