640:
1555:
1411:
802:
1397:
855:
1930:
817:
1916:
1748:
1255:
1805:
1016:
2023:
Treaty of
Lausanne required the newly created states that acquired the territory detached from the Ottoman Empire to pay annuities on the Ottoman public debt and to assume responsibility for the administration of concessions that had been granted by the Ottomans. The treaty also let the States acquire, without payment, all the property and possessions of the Ottoman Empire situated within their territory. The treaty provided that the League of Nations was responsible for establishing an arbitral court to resolve disputes that might arise and stipulated that its decisions were final.
1762:
1645:
1587:
1187:
845:
1817:
1541:
1089:
1607:
1448:
1621:
1240:
1026:
1844:
1995:
1793:
1163:
1733:
1708:
1477:
1332:
1269:
923:
1633:
1667:
1318:
1694:
1463:
909:
1575:
1858:
1942:
1870:
1487:
1342:
1175:
1129:
788:
1004:
1436:
1358:
1291:
1370:
1228:
1969:
1149:
833:
1069:
992:
1216:
1889:
696:, were territories formerly controlled by the Ottoman Empire that were deemed to "... have reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory."
171:
1781:
1721:
1514:
887:
2031:
entirely separate organisation. We are, therefore, in the presence of three States sufficiently separate to be considered as distinct
Parties. France has received a single mandate from the Council of the League of Nations, but in the countries subject to that mandate, one can distinguish two distinct States: Syria and the Lebanon, each State possessing its own constitution and a nationality clearly different from the other.
1117:
2007:
mandatory for such a certain defined territory; and (3) the council of the League of
Nations takes official cognisance of the appointment of the mandatory power and informs the latter that it considers it as invested with the mandate, and at the same time notifies it of the terms of the mandate, after ascertaining whether they are in conformance with the provisions of the covenant."
722:(protectorates or territories), which were deemed to require a greater level of control by the mandatory power: "...the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion." The mandatory power was forbidden to construct military or naval bases within the mandates.
2006:
Three steps were required to establish a
Mandate under international law: (1) The Principal Allied and Associated Powers confer a mandate on one of their number or on a third power; (2) the principal powers officially notify the council of the League of Nations that a certain power has been appointed
1276:
From 20 July 1922 to 11 December 1946. It became a United
Nations trust territory on 11 December 1946, and was granted internal self-rule on 1 May 1961. On 9 December 1961, it became independent while retaining the British monarch as nominal head of state, transforming into a republic on the same day
2030:
The difficulty arises here how one is to regard the
Asiatic countries under the British and French mandates. Iraq is a Kingdom in regard to which Great Britain has undertaken responsibilities equivalent to those of a Mandatory Power. Under the British mandate, Palestine and Transjordan have each an
2002:
According to the
Council of the League of Nations, meeting of August 1920: "draft mandates adopted by the Allied and Associated Powers would not be definitive until they had been considered and approved by the League... the legal title held by the mandatory Power must be a double one: one conferred
2356:
Matz, 2005, pp 70-71, "Primarily, two elements formed the core of the
Mandate System, the principle of non-annexation of the territory on the one hand and its administration as a 'sacred trust of civilisation' on the other... The principle of administration as a 'sacred trust of civilisation'
676:
The League of
Nations decided the exact level of control by the mandatory power over each mandate on an individual basis. However, in every case the mandatory power was forbidden to construct fortifications or raise an army within the territory of the mandate, and was required to present an annual
2022:
to the "A" Mandates. The Treaty of
Versailles provisionally recognised the former Ottoman communities as independent nations. It also required Germany to recognise the disposition of the former Ottoman territories and to recognise the new states laid down within their boundaries. The terms of the
1655:
Included German New Guinea and "the group of islands in the Pacific Ocean lying south of the equator other than German Samoa and Nauru". From 17 December 1920 under an (at first Military) Administrator; after (wartime) Japanese/U.S. military commands from 8 December 1946 under UN mandate as North
541:
The mandate system was established by Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, drafted by the victors of World War I. The article referred to territories which after the war were no longer ruled by their previous sovereign, but their peoples were not considered "able to stand by
542:
themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world". The article called for such people's tutelage to be "entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility".
2545:
2102:
by 1990, including all of the former UN trust territories with the exception of a few successor entities of the gradually dismembered Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (formerly Japan's South Pacific Trust Mandate). These exceptions include the
1197:
From 20 July 1922 to 13 December 1946. Formerly two separate German protectorates, they were joined as a single mandate on 20 July 1922. From 1 March 1926 to 30 June 1960, Ruanda-Urundi was in administrative union with the neighbouring colony of the
555:
played influential roles in pushing for the establishment of a mandates system. The mandates system reflected a compromise between Smuts (who wanted colonial powers to annex the territories) and Wilson (who wanted trusteeship over the territories).
2357:
was designed to prevent a practice of imperial exploitation of the mandated territory in contrast to former colonial habits. Instead, the Mandatory's administration should assist in developing the territory for the well-being of its native people."
2592:"Papers relating to the foreign relations of the United States, The Paris Peace Conference, 1919 Volume XIII, Annotations to the treaty of peace between the Allied and Associated Powers and Germany, signed at Versailles, June 28, 1919"
2644:
70. Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the First World War, a class "A" Mandate for Palestine was entrusted to Great Britain by the League of Nations, pursuant to paragraph 4 of Article 22 of the
2154:, the heirs of the last territories of the Trust, attained final independence on 22 December 1990. (The UN Security Council ratified termination of trusteeship, effectively dissolving trusteeship status, on 10 July 1987.) The
517:
Two governing principles formed the core of the Mandate System, being non-annexation of the territory and its administration as a "sacred trust of civilisation" to develop the territory for the benefit of its native people.
32:
2183:
Anghie, Antony "Colonialism and the Birth of International Institutions: Sovereignty, Economy, and the Mandate System of the League of Nations" 34 (3) New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 513
1504:) except 30 September 1920 – 11 October 1923 Francis Walter Fillon Jackson). Transformed on 13 December 1946 into a United Nations trust territory; on 13 December 1956 it ceased to exist as it became part of Ghana.
120:
2946:
See also: Temperley, History of the Paris Peace Conference, Vol VI, pp. 505–506; League of Nations, The Mandates System (official publication of 1945); Hill, Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship, pp.
467:, involving the transfer of control from one nation to another. These mandates served as legal documents establishing the internationally agreed terms for administering the territory on behalf of the
2026:
A disagreement regarding the legal status and the portion of the annuities to be paid by the "A" mandates was settled when an Arbitrator ruled that some of the mandates contained more than one State:
2730:
2206:
1715:
British mandate, administered by Australia, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. Became part of the United Nations trust territories after liberation from Japanese occupation in World War II
2490:
3266:
2674:
LONDON, July 19. – The A mandates, which govern the British occupation of Palestine and the French occupation of Syria, came today before the Council of the League of Nations.
2591:
2048:, a roughly equivalent status. In each case, the colonial power that held the mandate on each territory became the administering power of the trusteeship, except that of the
733:, including South West Africa and the South Pacific Islands, were considered to be "best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory."
533:
to govern the mandates differently, the main difference appeared to be that the colonial powers spoke differently about the mandates than their other colonial possessions.
2372:
438:
1111:
of October 1922. Britain committed to act the responsibilities of a Mandatory Power in 1924. Iraq attained independence from the United Kingdom on 3 October 1932.
3037:
2079:
affirmed that South Africa continued to have international obligations regarding the South West Africa mandate. Eventually, in 1990, the mandated territory, now
2322:"Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Council Resolution 276 (1970)"
2368:
877:), which broke away from the mandate on 2 September 1938 to become a separate French protectorate, which lasted until Hatay Province was ceded to the new
2727:
3009:
See Marjorie M. Whiteman, Digest of International Law, vol. 1 (Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1963) pp. 650–652, 21 Apr. 2010
2120:
2052:, which had been defeated in World War II, lost its mandate over the South Pacific islands, which became a "strategic trust territory" known as the
2690:
1038:
2273:
2801:
Determining Boundaries in a Conflicted World: The Role of Uti Possidetis, By Suzanne Lalonde, Published by McGill-Queen's Press (MQUP), 2002
1202:. After 13 December 1946, it became a United Nations trust territory, remaining under Belgian administration until the separate nations of
619:(1919), with the territories being allotted among the Allies on 7 May of that year. Ottoman territorial claims were first addressed in the
431:
639:
529:
in the mandates did not differ substantially from colonial administration elsewhere. Even though the Covenant of the League committed the
3290:
3030:
947:
927:
564:
All of the territories subject to League of Nations mandates were previously controlled by states defeated in World War I, principally
506:, subject to future discussions and formal agreements. Most of the remaining mandates of the League of Nations (with the exception of
3344:
3283:
684:
The mandates were divided into three distinct groups based upon the level of development each population had achieved at that time.
3297:
2140:
951:
484:
3107:
2989:
2961:
2132:
424:
234:
2546:"The Creative Advance Must Be Defended: Miscegenation, Metaphysics, and Race War in Jan Smuts's Vision of the League of Nations"
2413:
3251:
3175:
3067:
3046:
3023:
2053:
1427:
603:
The divestiture of Germany's overseas colonies, along with three territories disentangled from its European homeland area (the
400:
294:
192:
162:
2617:
3072:
2758:
2321:
2258:
Haas, Ernst B. "The reconciliation of conflicting colonial policy aims: acceptance of the League of Nations mandate system,"
827:
29 September 1923 – 24 October 1945. Joined the United Nations on 24 October 1945 as an independent state and Founding Member
197:
2435:
3319:
2657:
959:
1600:
Mandate for the German Possessions in the Pacific Ocean situated South of the Equator other than German Samoa and Nauru
271:
3062:
2808:
2788:
2390:
2011:
779:
644:
491:
187:
576:
in that the mandatory power undertook obligations to the inhabitants of the territory and to the League of Nations.
2171:
2116:
2108:
2045:
511:
2202:, in: A. von Bogdandy and R. Wolfrum, (eds.), Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law, Volume 9, 2005, p. 47–95.
3339:
3324:
3203:
3127:
2072:
355:
249:
3329:
3256:
3159:
2159:
2076:
1810:
1699:
545:
405:
276:
64:
1775:. Became part of the United Nations trust territories and administered by the United States after World War II
1849:
678:
147:
2067:. Rather than placing South West Africa under trusteeship like other former mandates, South Africa proposed
2059:
The sole exception to the transformation of the League of Nations mandates into UN trusteeships was that of
2044:
was founded in 1945 and the League of Nations was disbanded, all but one of the mandated territories became
2781:
The Making of Jordan: Tribes, Colonialism and the Modern State, By Yoav Alon, Published by I.B.Tauris, 2007
2691:"Whose Brother's Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories"
3225:
3208:
3180:
3137:
3082:
2207:
Whose Brother's Keeper? International Trusteeship and the Search for Peace in the Palestinian Territories
1497:
612:
377:
360:
312:
259:
207:
2299:
Sluglett, Peter. "An improvement on colonialism? The 'A' mandates and their legacy in the Middle East,"
2289:
1108:
933:
522:
1051:
was provisionally added as an autonomous area under the United Kingdom, and it became the independent
3220:
2136:
372:
2270:
2246:
Woodrow Wilson's Colonial Emissary: Edward M. House and the Origins of the Mandate System, 1917–1919
2104:
2088:
2084:
1946:
1822:
975:
955:
132:
31:
3334:
3112:
1883:), from 25 January 1947 a United Nations trust territory until its independence on 1 January 1962
1612:
1104:
1060:
970:, 75% of the area was controlled by the new State of Israel. Other parts, until 1967, formed the
239:
137:
2189:
2018:
says that the terms of the Treaty of Lausanne provided for the application of the principles of
3246:
3154:
2748:
2728:
Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs: The Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel
1048:
1031:
103:
59:
3117:
2800:
2780:
1934:
1929:
900:
860:
806:
591:
44:
2228:
1430:. Became part of the United Nations trust territories after World War II on 13 December 1946
3099:
2019:
1656:
East New Guinea (under Australia, as administrative unit), until it became part of present
1260:
1015:
616:
227:
1351:
Became part of the United Nations trust territories after World War II on 13 December 1946
954:
at midnight between 14 May and 15 May 1948. On the evening of 14 May, the Chairman of the
494:, entered into force on 28 June 1919. With the dissolution of the League of Nations after
8:
3213:
914:
628:
604:
365:
54:
3195:
2618:"Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory"
2284:
No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations
2200:
Civilization and the Mandate System under the League of Nations as Origin of Trusteeship
2199:
1879:
From 17 December 1920 a League of Nations mandate, renamed Western Samoa (as opposed to
620:
348:
3230:
2573:
2526:
2518:
2471:
2463:
2124:
1772:
1753:
1586:
1179:
1009:
967:
624:
382:
2985:
2957:
608:
3185:
3077:
3054:
3015:
2804:
2784:
2754:
2710:
2706:
2577:
2565:
2530:
2510:
2475:
2455:
2409:
2386:
2064:
1921:
1637:
1563:
1419:
1382:
Equivalent document as for French Cameroons, with all articles substantially the same
881:
on 29 June 1939. Joined the United Nations on 24 October 1945 as an independent state
844:
507:
480:
468:
460:
330:
202:
180:
108:
1526:
Equivalent document as for French Togoland, with all articles substantially the same
119:
3144:
2702:
2628:
2557:
2502:
2447:
2378:
2151:
1994:
1798:
1672:
1657:
1468:
1447:
1323:
1277:
the next year. On 26 April 1964, Tanganyika merged with the neighbouring island of
499:
335:
266:
88:
78:
2332:
1741:
Mandate for the German Possessions in the Pacific Ocean lying North of the Equator
1303:
Equivalent document as for Ruanda-Urundi, with all articles substantially the same
1239:
2734:
2277:
2112:
2099:
2049:
1766:
1761:
1546:
1402:
793:
93:
83:
49:
2041:
1880:
1707:
1476:
1331:
1268:
1094:
922:
870:
822:
713:
569:
548:
503:
2937:
Quincy Wright, Mandates under the League of Nations, Univ.Chicago Press, 1930.
2561:
3313:
2714:
2627:. The International Court of Justice (ICJ). 2004. p. 165. Archived from
2569:
2514:
2459:
2224:
2128:
1650:
1199:
1192:
1154:
937:
627:(1923). The Ottoman territories were allotted among the Allied Powers at the
565:
98:
3149:
2303:(2014) 90#2 pp. 413–427. On the former Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire
2162:, became the last to effectively gain its independence, on 1 October 1994.
2060:
2003:
by the Principal Powers and the other conferred by the League of Nations."
1874:
1732:
1507:
1423:
1042:
573:
495:
476:
456:
2382:
1981:
Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same
1901:
Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same
1829:
Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same
1679:
Equivalent document as for Nauru, with all articles substantially the same
1496:
British Administrator post filled by the colonial Governor of the British
502:
that the remaining mandates should be placed under the trusteeship of the
3261:
1862:
1857:
1128:
950:
for peacefully dividing the remainder of the Mandate failed. The Mandate
941:
709:
584:
530:
526:
464:
410:
170:
16:
Territories administered by countries on behalf of the League of Nations
3132:
3122:
2986:"Article 47, 60, and Protocol XII, Article 9 of the Treaty of Lausanne"
2750:
Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements: G to M
2522:
2467:
2147:
2068:
1956:
1952:
1562:
French Togoland under a Commissioner till 30 August 1956, then under a
1052:
983:
254:
244:
2092:
1625:
1620:
971:
552:
2506:
2451:
1491:
1441:
1363:
1296:
1282:
1278:
579:
The process of establishing the mandates consisted of two phases:
2746:
2216:
Tamburini, Francesco "I mandati della Società delle Nazioni", in
2080:
1974:
1375:
1346:
1233:
1207:
1167:
1162:
838:
483:
that provided for the rights of petition and adjudication by the
2253:
Mandates and empire: the League of Nations and Africa, 1914–1931
590:
The transfer of mandatory powers to individual states among the
1554:
1410:
1221:
1203:
1074:
1056:
997:
963:
878:
874:
801:
472:
2436:"Origin of the System of Mandates Under the League of Nations"
2294:
The Guardians: the League of Nations and the Crisis of Empire,
2155:
1960:
1894:
1786:
1726:
1519:
1501:
979:
892:
142:
2098:
Nearly all the former League of Nations mandates had become
1580:
1567:
1122:
869:
29 September 1923 – 24 October 1945: This mandate included
490:
The mandate system was established under Article 22 of the
2916:
Treaty of Peace and South West Africa Mandate Bill of 1919
2369:"Settler Colonialism at the Bar of the League of Nations"
2888:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2880:
2867:
2865:
3045:
2877:
2862:
2850:
2826:
2814:
572:. The mandates were fundamentally different from the
2958:"See Article 434 of the Peace Treaty of Versailles"
2898:
2838:
2740:
2410:"See Article 22 of the Peace Treaty of Versailles"
2119:. The Northern Mariana Islands does elect its own
1959:until its 16 March 1931 Municipal status, hence a
587:of the state previously controlling the territory.
1059:) on 17 June 1946 upon joint ratification of the
3311:
2684:
2682:
2598:. United States State Department. June 28, 1919
2371:. In Elkins, Caroline; Pedersen, Susan (eds.).
2091:— a prolonged guerrilla conflict against the
3031:
2131:being the President of the United States and
432:
2747:Edmund Jan Osmańczyk; Anthony Mango (2003).
2679:
2374:Settler Colonialism in the Twentieth Century
2083:, gained independence, culminating from the
717:
3291:The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors
2980:
2978:
2404:
2402:
2127:, but it remains a U.S. territory with its
974:of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan and the
948:United Nations Partition Plan for Palestine
3038:
3024:
2737:. May 14, 1948: Retrieved 28 January 2013.
647:, highlighting the three mandate classes:
439:
425:
2933:
2931:
2296:(New York: Oxford University Press, 2015)
2177:
2095:regime that lasted from 1966 until 1990.
2075:. Despite South Africa's resistance, the
1989:
1955:'s administration (still merely having a
669:(ex German South West Africa and Pacific)
3298:To the Unknown British Soldier in France
2975:
2399:
2366:
2135:to the commonwealth administered by the
1993:
1107:was not enacted and was replaced by the
638:
485:Permanent Court of International Justice
2255:(Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999)
2218:Africana, Rivista di Studi Extraeuropei
3312:
3284:A Peace Conference at the Quai d'Orsay
3252:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
3155:Possible cause of the Second World War
2928:
2892:
2871:
2856:
2832:
2820:
2753:. Taylor & Francis. p. 1178.
2596:Foreign Relations of the United States
2488:
2433:
2223:
2191:Mandates, Dependencies and Trusteeship
2054:Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands
401:American Commission to Negotiate Peace
3019:
2543:
2495:American Journal of International Law
2331:: 28–32. 21 June 1971. Archived from
2248:(University of Nebraska Press, 2013).
1998:Map of the League of Nations mandates
708:, were all former German colonies in
2904:
2844:
2688:
2230:Mandates Under the League of Nations
2187:
1909:Mandate for German South West Africa
634:
2213:13, no. 4 (November 2012): 321–343.
1963:) was also assigned to the mandate.
1426:until 27 August 1940, then under a
1210:gained independence on 1 July 1962.
946:29 September 1923 – 15 May 1948. A
736:
725:
699:
687:
463:for specific territories following
13:
3047:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
2695:International Studies Perspectives
2238:
2211:International Studies Perspectives
2117:unincorporated organised territory
14:
3356:
3063:Covenant of the League of Nations
2658:"Italy Holds up Class A Mandates"
2550:American Political Science Review
2537:
2440:American Political Science Review
2115:with the U.S. with the status of
1311:British Mandate for the Cameroons
780:Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon
704:The second group of mandates, or
645:Covenant of the League of Nations
492:Covenant of the League of Nations
188:Covenant of the League of Nations
3345:Governance of the British Empire
2707:10.1111/j.1528-3585.2012.00483.x
2172:United Nations trust territories
2071:, a proposition rejected by the
2046:United Nations trust territories
2035:
1967:
1940:
1928:
1914:
1887:
1868:
1856:
1842:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1760:
1746:
1731:
1719:
1706:
1692:
1665:
1643:
1631:
1619:
1605:
1585:
1573:
1553:
1539:
1512:
1485:
1475:
1461:
1446:
1434:
1409:
1395:
1390:French Mandate for the Cameroons
1368:
1356:
1340:
1330:
1316:
1289:
1267:
1253:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1147:
1127:
1115:
1087:
1067:
1024:
1014:
1002:
990:
921:
907:
885:
853:
843:
831:
815:
800:
786:
512:United Nations trust territories
169:
118:
30:
3204:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
3176:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
3128:Hague conference on reparations
3003:
2992:from the original on 2013-01-12
2964:from the original on 2010-06-25
2950:
2940:
2919:
2910:
2794:
2774:
2721:
2689:Pugh, Jeffrey D. (2012-11-01).
2650:
2416:from the original on 2010-06-25
2141:U.S. Department of the Interior
1281:to become the modern nation of
1248:British Mandate for East Africa
1142:Belgian Mandate for East Africa
1105:British Mandate for Mesopotamia
873:(a former Ottoman Alexandretta
677:report on the territory to the
559:
471:. Combining elements of both a
356:Partition of the Ottoman Empire
295:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
289:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye
250:Hague conference on reparations
3257:Commission of Responsibilities
3160:International Opium Convention
2610:
2584:
2482:
2427:
2360:
2350:
2329:International Court of Justice
2314:
2160:Federated States of Micronesia
2077:International Court of Justice
1811:Federated States of Micronesia
1566:as the Autonomous Republic of
1055:Kingdom of Transjordan (later
406:Commission of Responsibilities
277:International Opium Convention
272:Possible cause of World War II
1:
2491:"Sovereignty of the Mandates"
2307:
2286:. Princeton University Press.
679:Permanent Mandates Commission
2262:(1952) 6#4 pp: 521–536.
1456:British Mandate for Togoland
716:, referred to by Germany as
623:(1920) and finalised in the
40:, mandates in Western Asia:
7:
3226:Turkish War of Independence
3209:Conference of London (1920)
3181:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
3083:Little Treaty of Versailles
2165:
2063:and its mandated territory
2056:under U.S. administration.
2016:Digest of International Law
1534:French Mandate for Togoland
956:Jewish Agency for Palestine
615:), was accomplished in the
598:
498:, it was stipulated at the
479:, these mandates contained
378:Turkish War of Independence
361:Conference of London (1920)
313:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
307:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine
208:Little Treaty of Versailles
128:, mandates in the Pacific:
10:
3361:
3320:League of Nations mandates
2434:Potter, Pitman B. (1922).
2267:The International Mandates
2260:International Organization
2220:, n.XV – 2009, pp. 99–122.
2087:and the resolution of the
681:of the League of Nations.
662:(ex German Central Africa)
551:and South African General
24:League of Nations mandates
3275:
3239:
3221:Turkish National Movement
3194:
3168:
3098:
3053:
2562:10.1017/S0003055421001362
2137:Office of Insular Affairs
1641:
1629:
1593:
1483:
1338:
1183:
1171:
1135:
1013:
919:
898:
842:
813:
798:
777:
772:
510:) thus eventually became
453:League of Nations mandate
373:Turkish National Movement
2367:Pedersen, Susan (2012).
2188:Hall, H. Duncan (1948).
2123:to serve as territorial
2105:Northern Mariana Islands
2089:South African Border War
1947:German South West Africa
1837:Mandate for German Samoa
1823:Northern Mariana Islands
1061:Treaty of London of 1946
976:All-Palestine Government
536:
133:Japanese Pacific Mandate
2489:Wright, Quincy (1923).
1660:at independence in 1975
1613:Territory of New Guinea
1100:Various Ottoman sanjaks
866:Various Ottoman sanjaks
811:Various Ottoman sanjaks
527:colonial administration
521:According to historian
481:minority rights clauses
138:Territory of New Guinea
76:
3340:French colonial empire
3325:1946 disestablishments
2178:Sources and references
2033:
1999:
1990:Rules of establishment
1049:Emirate of Transjordan
1032:Emirate of Transjordan
718:
673:
583:The formal removal of
163:Paris Peace Conference
74:, mandates in Africa:
3330:20th century in Japan
3118:Reparation Commission
2544:Kripp, Jacob (2022).
2383:10.4324/9780203621042
2301:International Affairs
2282:Mazower, Mark. 2013.
2251:Callahan, Michael D.
2158:, split off from the
2028:
2012:U.S. State Department
1997:
1951:From 1 October 1922,
901:Mandate for Palestine
642:
3267:List of participants
3100:Treaty of Versailles
2265:Margalith, Aaron M.
1261:Tanganyika Territory
692:The first group, or
617:Treaty of Versailles
228:Treaty of Versailles
3214:San Remo conference
3169:Subsequent treaties
3138:Lausanne Conference
2244:Bruce, Scot David,
2073:UN General Assembly
1047:In April 1921, the
1037:Ottoman sanjaks of
932:Ottoman sanjaks of
915:Mandatory Palestine
629:San Remo conference
605:Free City of Danzig
366:San Remo conference
260:Lausanne Conference
3231:Treaty of Lausanne
3108:"War guilt" clause
2733:2013-01-16 at the
2662:The New York Times
2377:(published 2005).
2276:2016-03-04 at the
2233:. Greenwood Press.
2125:head of government
2085:Tripartite Accords
2000:
1773:South Seas Mandate
1754:South Seas Mandate
1180:German East Africa
1109:Anglo-Iraqi Treaty
879:Republic of Turkey
674:
643:Article 22 of the
625:Treaty of Lausanne
383:Treaty of Lausanne
235:"War Guilt" clause
3307:
3306:
3186:Treaty of Trianon
3078:Minority Treaties
3055:League of Nations
2811:, pp. 89–100
2760:978-0-415-93922-5
2625:Advisory Opinions
2338:on 6 January 2015
2156:Republic of Palau
2065:South West Africa
1987:
1986:
1982:
1922:South West Africa
1902:
1830:
1687:Mandate for Nauru
1680:
1638:German New Guinea
1564:High Commissioner
1527:
1383:
1304:
958:had declared the
759:Prior sovereignty
635:Types of mandates
508:South West Africa
496:World War II
469:League of Nations
461:international law
449:
448:
331:Treaty of Trianon
325:Treaty of Trianon
203:Minority Treaties
181:League of Nations
109:South West Africa
3352:
3196:Treaty of Sèvres
3040:
3033:
3026:
3017:
3016:
3010:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2982:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2969:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2935:
2926:
2923:
2917:
2914:
2908:
2902:
2896:
2890:
2875:
2869:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2836:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2798:
2792:
2778:
2772:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2744:
2738:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2671:
2669:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2641:
2639:
2633:
2622:
2614:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2603:
2588:
2582:
2581:
2541:
2535:
2534:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2406:
2397:
2396:
2364:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2337:
2326:
2318:
2234:
2205:Pugh, Jeffrey, "
2195:
2152:Marshall Islands
2100:sovereign states
2020:state succession
1980:
1973:
1971:
1970:
1945:
1944:
1943:
1933:
1932:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1900:
1893:
1891:
1890:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1860:
1847:
1846:
1845:
1828:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1809:
1807:
1806:
1799:Marshall Islands
1797:
1795:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1782:
1765:
1764:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1711:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1678:
1673:Papua New Guinea
1671:
1669:
1668:
1658:Papua New Guinea
1649:
1647:
1646:
1636:
1635:
1634:
1624:
1623:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1589:
1579:
1577:
1576:
1558:
1557:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1525:
1518:
1516:
1515:
1490:
1489:
1488:
1480:
1479:
1469:British Togoland
1466:
1465:
1464:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1414:
1413:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1381:
1374:
1372:
1371:
1362:
1360:
1359:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1324:British Cameroon
1321:
1320:
1319:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1272:
1271:
1258:
1257:
1256:
1242:
1232:
1230:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1217:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1178:
1177:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1131:
1121:
1119:
1118:
1092:
1091:
1090:
1073:
1071:
1070:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1018:
1008:
1006:
1005:
996:
994:
993:
966:. Following the
926:
925:
912:
911:
910:
891:
889:
888:
858:
857:
856:
847:
837:
835:
834:
821:
819:
818:
805:
804:
791:
790:
789:
741:
740:
737:List of mandates
731:Class C mandates
726:Class C mandates
721:
706:Class B mandates
700:Class B mandates
694:Class A mandates
688:Class A mandates
621:Treaty of Sèvres
566:Imperial Germany
500:Yalta Conference
441:
434:
427:
349:Treaty of Sèvres
336:Millerand letter
267:Locarno Treaties
173:
159:
158:
122:
89:British Cameroon
79:British Togoland
34:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3310:
3309:
3308:
3303:
3271:
3235:
3190:
3164:
3094:
3049:
3044:
3014:
3013:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2967:
2965:
2956:
2955:
2951:
2945:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2903:
2899:
2891:
2878:
2870:
2863:
2855:
2851:
2843:
2839:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2779:
2775:
2765:
2763:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2735:Wayback Machine
2726:
2722:
2687:
2680:
2667:
2665:
2664:. July 20, 1922
2656:
2655:
2651:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2620:
2616:
2615:
2611:
2601:
2599:
2590:
2589:
2585:
2542:
2538:
2507:10.2307/2188657
2487:
2483:
2452:10.2307/1943638
2432:
2428:
2419:
2417:
2408:
2407:
2400:
2393:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2324:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2290:Pedersen, Susan
2278:Wayback Machine
2241:
2239:Further reading
2180:
2168:
2113:political union
2050:Empire of Japan
2038:
1992:
1968:
1966:
1941:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1913:
1888:
1886:
1869:
1867:
1855:
1843:
1841:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1804:
1802:
1801:
1792:
1790:
1789:
1780:
1778:
1759:
1747:
1745:
1720:
1718:
1705:
1693:
1691:
1666:
1664:
1644:
1642:
1632:
1630:
1618:
1606:
1604:
1574:
1572:
1552:
1547:French Togoland
1540:
1538:
1513:
1511:
1492:German Togoland
1486:
1484:
1474:
1462:
1460:
1435:
1433:
1408:
1403:French Cameroon
1396:
1394:
1369:
1367:
1357:
1355:
1341:
1339:
1329:
1317:
1315:
1290:
1288:
1266:
1254:
1252:
1227:
1225:
1224:
1215:
1213:
1186:
1184:
1174:
1172:
1160:
1148:
1146:
1116:
1114:
1088:
1086:
1068:
1066:
1025:
1023:
1003:
1001:
1000:
991:
989:
964:State of Israel
920:
908:
906:
886:
884:
854:
852:
832:
830:
816:
814:
799:
794:Greater Lebanon
787:
785:
739:
728:
702:
690:
672:
637:
609:Memel Territory
601:
562:
539:
445:
416:
415:
396:
388:
387:
351:
341:
340:
326:
318:
317:
308:
300:
299:
290:
282:
281:
230:
220:
219:
183:
157:
156:
155:
154:
153:
152:
123:
115:
114:
113:
94:French Cameroon
84:French Togoland
70:
69:
35:
26:
25:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3358:
3348:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3335:Decolonization
3332:
3327:
3322:
3305:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3294:
3287:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3211:
3200:
3198:
3192:
3191:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3172:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3135:
3130:
3125:
3115:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3096:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3059:
3057:
3051:
3050:
3043:
3042:
3035:
3028:
3020:
3012:
3011:
3002:
2974:
2949:
2939:
2927:
2918:
2909:
2907:, p. 307.
2897:
2895:, p. 618.
2876:
2874:, p. 616.
2861:
2859:, p. 611.
2849:
2847:, p. 303.
2837:
2835:, p. 593.
2825:
2823:, p. 595.
2813:
2793:
2773:
2759:
2739:
2720:
2701:(4): 321–343.
2678:
2649:
2634:on 6 July 2010
2609:
2583:
2556:(3): 940–953.
2536:
2501:(4): 691–703.
2481:
2446:(4): 563–583.
2426:
2398:
2391:
2359:
2349:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2287:
2280:
2263:
2256:
2249:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2235:
2225:Wright, Quincy
2221:
2214:
2203:
2196:
2185:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2167:
2164:
2042:United Nations
2037:
2034:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1964:
1949:
1937:
1925:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1897:
1884:
1881:American Samoa
1877:
1865:
1853:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1776:
1769:
1757:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1729:
1716:
1713:
1712:United Kingdom
1703:
1689:
1683:
1682:
1675:
1661:
1653:
1640:
1628:
1616:
1602:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1583:
1570:
1560:
1550:
1536:
1530:
1529:
1522:
1505:
1494:
1482:
1481:United Kingdom
1472:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1431:
1416:
1406:
1392:
1386:
1385:
1378:
1352:
1349:
1347:German Kamerun
1337:
1336:United Kingdom
1327:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1299:
1286:
1274:
1273:United Kingdom
1264:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1236:
1211:
1195:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1144:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1125:
1112:
1101:
1098:
1095:Mandatory Iraq
1084:
1078:
1077:
1064:
1045:
1035:
1020:
1019:
1012:
987:
944:
930:
928:United Kingdom
918:
904:
896:
895:
882:
871:Hatay Province
867:
864:
849:
848:
841:
828:
825:
823:Ottoman Empire
812:
809:
797:
783:
776:
770:
769:
766:
763:
760:
757:
754:
753:Mandate Power
751:
748:
745:
738:
735:
727:
724:
714:Central Africa
701:
698:
689:
686:
671:
670:
663:
656:
648:
636:
633:
600:
597:
596:
595:
588:
570:Ottoman Empire
561:
558:
549:Woodrow Wilson
546:U.S. President
538:
535:
523:Susan Pedersen
504:United Nations
455:represented a
447:
446:
444:
443:
436:
429:
421:
418:
417:
414:
413:
408:
403:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
369:
368:
363:
352:
347:
346:
343:
342:
339:
338:
333:
327:
324:
323:
320:
319:
316:
315:
309:
306:
305:
302:
301:
298:
297:
291:
288:
287:
284:
283:
280:
279:
274:
269:
264:
263:
262:
257:
252:
247:
237:
231:
226:
225:
222:
221:
218:
217:
212:
211:
210:
200:
195:
190:
184:
179:
178:
175:
174:
166:
165:
151:
150:
145:
140:
135:
129:
124:
117:
116:
112:
111:
106:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
68:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
41:
36:
29:
28:
27:
23:
22:
21:
20:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3357:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3300:
3299:
3295:
3293:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3285:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3274:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3242:
3238:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3193:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3167:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3120:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3041:
3036:
3034:
3029:
3027:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3006:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2979:
2963:
2959:
2953:
2943:
2934:
2932:
2925:(pp. 109–110)
2922:
2913:
2906:
2901:
2894:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2883:
2881:
2873:
2868:
2866:
2858:
2853:
2846:
2841:
2834:
2829:
2822:
2817:
2810:
2809:0-7735-2424-X
2806:
2802:
2797:
2790:
2789:1-84511-138-9
2786:
2782:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2743:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2724:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2685:
2683:
2675:
2663:
2659:
2653:
2646:
2630:
2626:
2619:
2613:
2597:
2593:
2587:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2540:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2485:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2430:
2415:
2411:
2405:
2403:
2394:
2392:9780203621042
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2353:
2334:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2279:
2275:
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2129:head of state
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2036:Later history
2032:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2008:
2004:
1996:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1965:
1962:
1958:
1954:
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1936:
1931:
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1850:Western Samoa
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1771:Known as the
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149:
148:Western Samoa
146:
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141:
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110:
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19:
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3289:
3282:
3150:Stresa Front
3089:
3073:Organisation
3005:
2994:. Retrieved
2966:. Retrieved
2952:
2942:
2921:
2912:
2900:
2852:
2840:
2828:
2816:
2796:
2791:, p. 21
2776:
2764:. Retrieved
2749:
2742:
2723:
2698:
2694:
2673:
2666:. Retrieved
2661:
2652:
2643:
2636:. Retrieved
2629:the original
2624:
2612:
2600:. Retrieved
2595:
2586:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2443:
2439:
2429:
2418:. Retrieved
2373:
2362:
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2333:the original
2328:
2316:
2300:
2293:
2283:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2229:
2217:
2210:
2190:
2145:
2109:commonwealth
2097:
2061:South Africa
2058:
2039:
2029:
2025:
2015:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1979:
1935:South Africa
1920:
1908:
1899:
1875:German Samoa
1848:
1836:
1827:
1752:
1740:
1698:
1686:
1677:
1611:
1599:
1594:
1545:
1533:
1524:
1508:Volta Region
1467:
1455:
1424:Commissioner
1401:
1389:
1380:
1322:
1310:
1301:
1259:
1247:
1153:
1141:
1136:
1093:
1081:
1030:
982:-controlled
913:
899:
859:
792:
778:
773:
730:
729:
705:
703:
693:
691:
683:
675:
666:
659:
655:(ex Ottoman)
652:
602:
578:
563:
560:Generalities
544:
540:
531:great powers
520:
516:
489:
477:constitution
457:legal status
452:
450:
214:
198:Organisation
125:
71:
37:
18:
3262:The Inquiry
3113:Reparations
2893:Wright 1968
2872:Wright 1968
2857:Wright 1968
2833:Wright 1968
2821:Wright 1968
2766:17 November
2198:Nele Matz,
2107:which is a
1863:New Zealand
585:sovereignty
465:World War I
411:The Inquiry
240:Reparations
65:Mesopotamia
60:Transjordan
3314:Categories
3133:Young Plan
3123:Dawes Plan
2996:2010-04-22
2968:2010-04-22
2420:2010-04-22
2308:References
2148:Micronesia
2069:annexation
2040:After the
1957:Magistrate
1953:Walvis Bay
1498:Gold Coast
1103:The draft
984:Gaza Strip
978:under the
952:terminated
756:Prior name
611:, and the
255:Young Plan
245:Dawes Plan
104:Tanganyika
3276:Paintings
2905:Hall 1948
2845:Hall 1948
2715:1528-3577
2578:244938442
2570:0003-0554
2531:147557607
2515:0002-9300
2476:147683015
2460:0003-0554
2342:28 August
2093:apartheid
1626:Australia
1053:Hashemite
1010:Palestine
972:West Bank
934:Jerusalem
768:Document
762:Comments
750:Territory
631:in 1920.
553:Jan Smuts
55:Palestine
3247:Big Four
3090:Mandates
2990:Archived
2962:Archived
2731:Archived
2668:13 March
2645:Covenant
2638:13 March
2602:13 March
2414:Archived
2274:Archived
2227:(1968).
2166:See also
2150:and the
2146:Remnant
2121:governor
1663:Part of
1442:Cameroon
1428:governor
1420:Resident
1418:Under a
1364:Cameroon
1354:Part of
1297:Tanzania
1283:Tanzania
1279:Zanzibar
1082:Indirect
980:Egyptian
665:Yellow:
599:Treaties
568:and the
215:Mandates
3145:Locarno
3068:Members
2523:2188657
2468:1943638
2269:(1930)
2139:of the
2081:Namibia
1975:Namibia
1376:Nigeria
1234:Burundi
1208:Burundi
1168:Belgium
962:of the
839:Lebanon
747:Mandate
667:Class C
660:Class B
653:Class A
193:Members
126:Class C
72:Class B
50:Lebanon
38:Class A
2947:133ff.
2807:
2787:
2757:
2713:
2576:
2568:
2529:
2521:
2513:
2474:
2466:
2458:
2389:
2271:online
2184:(2002)
1972:
1892:
1820:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1724:
1670:
1648:
1578:
1559:France
1517:
1439:
1422:and a
1415:France
1373:
1361:
1294:
1231:
1222:Rwanda
1219:
1204:Rwanda
1190:
1120:
1075:Jordan
1072:
1057:Jordan
1039:Hauran
1007:
998:Israel
995:
940:, and
938:Nablus
890:
875:sanjak
836:
820:
807:France
658:Blue:
607:, the
475:and a
473:treaty
459:under
395:Others
3240:Other
2632:(PDF)
2621:(PDF)
2574:S2CID
2527:S2CID
2519:JSTOR
2472:S2CID
2464:JSTOR
2336:(PDF)
2325:(PDF)
1961:Mayor
1895:Samoa
1787:Palau
1767:Japan
1727:Nauru
1700:Nauru
1520:Ghana
1502:Ghana
1043:Ma'an
893:Syria
861:Syria
744:Class
651:Red:
537:Basis
143:Nauru
45:Syria
2805:ISBN
2785:ISBN
2768:2011
2755:ISBN
2711:ISSN
2670:2011
2640:2011
2604:2011
2566:ISSN
2511:ISSN
2456:ISSN
2387:ISBN
2344:2010
2010:The
1581:Togo
1568:Togo
1366:and
1206:and
1123:Iraq
1041:and
942:Acre
712:and
710:West
613:Saar
2703:doi
2558:doi
2554:116
2503:doi
2448:doi
2379:doi
2209:",
2111:in
2014:'s
968:war
3316::
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2977:^
2960:.
2930:^
2879:^
2864:^
2803:,
2783:,
2709:.
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2681:^
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2517:.
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2497:.
2493:.
2470:.
2462:.
2454:.
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1595:C
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1137:B
1063:.
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774:A
594:.
440:e
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426:v
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