League of Nations - Knowledge

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the plebiscite and that the two sides should decide the details of the interaction between the two areas – for example, whether goods should pass freely over the border due to the economic and industrial interdependence of the two areas. In November 1921, a conference was held in Geneva to negotiate a convention between Germany and Poland. A final settlement was reached, after five meetings, in which most of the area was given to Germany, but with the Polish section containing the majority of the region's mineral resources and much of its industry. When this agreement became public in May 1922, bitter resentment was expressed in Germany, but the treaty was still ratified by both countries. The settlement produced peace in the area until the beginning of the Second World War.

1055: 1930:, formed in 1809. By 1920, the dispute had escalated to the point that there was danger of war. The British government referred the problem to the League's Council, but Finland would not let the League intervene, as they considered it an internal matter. The League created a small panel to decide if it should investigate the matter and, with an affirmative response, a neutral commission was created. In June 1921, the League announced its decision: the islands were to remain a part of Finland, but with guaranteed protection of the islanders, including demilitarisation. With Sweden's reluctant agreement, this became the first European international agreement concluded directly through the League. 796: 1316: 1022: 78: 2370: 93: 66: 1807:...at such a stage that the Mandatory must be responsible for the administration of the territory under conditions which will guarantee freedom of conscience and religion, subject only to the maintenance of public order and morals, the prohibition of abuses such as the slave trade, the arms traffic and the liquor traffic, and the prevention of the establishment of fortifications or military and naval bases and of military training of the natives for other than police purposes and the defence of territory, and will also secure equal opportunities for the trade and commerce of other Members of the League. 986: 1536: 4649: 4607: 4566: 1009: 977: 2139:, it rejected the decision, questioning the council's authority. The matter was referred to the Permanent Court of International Justice, which ruled that, when the council made a unanimous decision, it must be accepted. Nonetheless, Britain, Iraq and Turkey ratified a separate treaty on 5 June 1926 that mostly followed the decision of the League Council and also assigned Mosul to Iraq. It was agreed that Iraq could still apply for League membership within 25 years and that the mandate would end upon its admission. 3057: 1308: 12489: 621: 2843: 1244: 703: 875:", and its possible causes were vigorously investigated. The causes identified included arms races, alliances, militaristic nationalism, secret diplomacy, and the freedom of sovereign states to enter into war for their own benefit. One proposed remedy was the creation of an international organisation whose aim was to prevent future war through disarmament, open diplomacy, international co-operation, restrictions on the right to wage war, and penalties that made war unattractive. 2860:

Council members to enact a resolution; hence, conclusive and effective action was difficult, if not impossible. It was also slow in coming to its decisions, as certain ones required the unanimous consent of the entire Assembly. This problem mainly stemmed from the fact that the primary members of the League of Nations were not willing to accept the possibility of their fate being decided by other countries and (by enforcing unanimous voting) had effectively given themselves

1370: 3234: 10512: 2826: 1182:, where the first General Assembly was held on 15 November 1920. Geneva made sense as an ideal city for the League, since Switzerland had been a neutral country for centuries and was already the headquarters for the International Red Cross. Its strong democracy and location in central Europe made it a good choice for the nations of the world. Support for Geneva as the selection came from Swiss Federal Councillor Gustave Ador and economist William Rappard. The 13696: 2813:, which had been forbidden by the Treaty of Versailles. In fact, League members themselves re-armed. In 1933, Japan simply withdrew from the League rather than submit to its judgement, as did Germany the same year (using the failure of the World Disarmament Conference to agree to arms parity between France and Germany as a pretext), Italy in 1937, and Spain in 1939. The final significant act of the League was to expel the Soviet Union in December 1939 after 2492: 1038: 1672: 718: 1996:(Yugoslav) forces became engaged, after clashes with Albanian tribesmen, in the northern part of the country. The League sent a commission of representatives from various powers to the region. In November 1921, the League decided that the frontiers of Albania should be the same as they had been in 1913, with three minor changes that favoured Yugoslavia. Yugoslav forces withdrew a few weeks later, albeit under protest. 2461:. The war was a disaster for both sides, causing 57,000 casualties for Bolivia, whose population was around three million, and 36,000 dead for Paraguay, whose population was approximately one million. It also brought both countries to the brink of economic disaster. By the time a ceasefire was negotiated on 12 June 1935, Paraguay had seized control of most of the region, as was later recognised by the 1938 truce. 3089:

Covenant, is sufficient for this purpose if properly used, and that every well-disposed citizen of every state should be ready to undergo any sacrifice in order to maintain peace ... I venture to impress upon my hearers that the great work of peace is resting not only on the narrow interests of our own nations, but even more on those great principles of right and wrong which nations, like individuals, depend.

1366:), Mandates, Disarmament, Health, Social (Opium and Traffic in Women and Children), Intellectual Cooperation and International Bureaux, Legal, and Information. The staff of the Secretariat was responsible for preparing the agenda for the Council and the Assembly and publishing reports of the meetings and other routine matters, effectively acting as the League's civil service. In 1931 the staff numbered 707. 1821:...which, owing to the sparseness of their population, or their small size, or their remoteness from the centres of civilisation, or their geographical contiguity to the territory of the Mandatory, and other circumstances, can be best administered under the laws of the Mandatory as integral portions of its territory, subject to the safeguards above mentioned in the interests of the indigenous population." 2747:. It set up compulsory arbitration of disputes and created a method to determine the aggressor in international conflicts. All legal disputes between nations would be submitted to the World Court. It called for a disarmament conference in 1925. Any government that refused to comply in a dispute would be named an aggressor. Any victim of aggression was to receive immediate assistance from League members. 3041: 788:(WILPF). At the close of the conference, two delegations of women were dispatched to meet European heads of state over the next several months. They secured agreement from reluctant foreign ministers, who overall felt that such a body would be ineffective, but agreed to participate in or not impede creation of a neutral mediating body, if other nations agreed and if President 2201:

determined by its residents in a plebiscite and that the Polish forces should withdraw and be replaced by an international force organised by the League. The plan was met with resistance in Poland, Lithuania, and the Soviet Russia, which opposed any international force in Lithuania. In March 1921, the League abandoned plans for the plebiscite. After unsuccessful proposals by

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between states, markets, and civil society. They gave priority to business and banking issues, but also considered the needs of ordinary women, children and the family as well. They moved beyond high-level intellectual discussions, and set up local organizations to support the League. The British were particularly active in setting up junior branches for secondary students.

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international broadcasts containing hostile speech and false claims. It tried to draw the line between liberal and illiberal policies in communications, and emphasized the dangers of nationalist chauvinism. With Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia active on the radio, its liberal goals were ignored, while liberals warned that the code represented restraints on free speech.

10238: 2993:(in the form of routine international sharing of surveillance data), the punishment of terrorists as an international (rather than national) matter, and the right of a nation to conduct military attacks within another nation as a response to international terrorism. Many of these concepts are detectable in the discourse of terrorism among states after 11586: 2457:, which would have given either landlocked country access to the Atlantic Ocean, and there was also speculation, later proved incorrect, that the Chaco would be a rich source of petroleum. Border skirmishes throughout the late 1920s culminated in an all-out war in 1932 when the Bolivian army attacked the Paraguayans at Fort Carlos Antonio López at 2563:

Abyssinia. Hoare and Laval were forced to resign, and the British and French governments dissociated themselves from the two men. In June 1936, although there was no precedent for a head of state addressing the Assembly of the League of Nations in person, Haile Selassie spoke to the Assembly, appealing for its help in protecting his country.

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May 1933, provided for the League to assume control of the disputed territory while bilateral negotiations proceeded. In May 1934, a final peace agreement was signed, resulting in the return of Leticia to Colombia, a formal apology from Peru for the 1932 invasion, demilitarisation of the area around Leticia, free navigation on the Amazon and

1789:...reached a stage of development where their existence as independent nations can be provisionally recognised subject to the rendering of administrative advice and assistance by a Mandatory until such time as they are able to stand alone. The wishes of these communities must be a principal consideration in the selection of the Mandatory. 2131:

1924; it found that the people of Mosul did not want to be part of either Turkey or Iraq, but if they had to choose, they would pick Iraq. In 1925, the commission recommended that the region stay part of Iraq, under the condition that the British hold the mandate over Iraq for another 25 years, to ensure the autonomous rights of the

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During the second half of the 1920s, France, Britain and Germany were all using the League of Nations as the focus of their diplomatic activity, and each of their foreign secretaries attended League meetings at Geneva during this period. They also used the League's machinery to try to improve relations and settle their differences.

3076:, the Allied powers agreed to create a new body to replace the League: the United Nations. Many League bodies, such as the International Labour Organization, continued to function and eventually became affiliated with the UN. The designers of the structures of the United Nations intended to make it more effective than the League. 1564:, was discharging most of the practical health-related questions, and its relations with the League's Health Committee were often conflictual. The Health Committee's purpose was to conduct inquiries, oversee the operation of the League's health work, and prepare work to be presented to the council. This body focused on ending 1206:. It made major grants designed to build up the technical expertise of the League staff. Ludovic Tournès argues that by the 1930s the foundations had changed the League from a "Parliament of Nations" to a modern think tank that used specialized expertise to provide an in-depth impartial analysis of international issues. 689:

aims were to encourage governments to solve international disputes by peaceful means. Annual conferences were established to help governments refine the process of international arbitration. Its structure was designed as a council headed by a president, which would later be reflected in the structure of the League.

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The League of Nations has been a disappointing failure.... It has been a failure, not because the United States did not join it; but because the great powers have been unwilling to apply sanctions except where it suited their individual national interests to do so, and because Democracy, on which the

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failed ultimately because of the reluctance of nearly all the nations in Europe to proceed to what I might call military sanctions ... The real reason, or the main reason, was that we discovered in the process of weeks that there was no country except the aggressor country which was ready for war ...

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rubber plantation and American accusations of slave trading, the Liberian government asked the League to launch an investigation. The resulting commission was jointly appointed by the League, the United States, and Liberia. In 1930, a League report confirmed the presence of slavery and forced labour.

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In addition to territorial disputes, the League also tried to intervene in other conflicts between and within nations. Among its successes were its fight against the international trade in opium and sexual slavery, and its work to alleviate the plight of refugees, particularly in Turkey in the period

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and placed under League control by the Treaty of Versailles. A plebiscite was to be held after fifteen years of League rule to determine whether the province should belong to Germany or France. When the referendum was held in 1935, 90.3 per cent of voters supported becoming part of Germany, which was

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The International Labour Organization was created in 1919 on the basis of Part XIII of the Treaty of Versailles. The ILO, although having the same members as the League and being subject to the budget control of the Assembly, was an autonomous organisation with its own Governing Body, its own General

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The Permanent Court of International Justice was provided for by the Covenant, but not established by it. The Council and the Assembly established its constitution. Its judges were elected by the Council and the Assembly, and its budget was provided by the latter. The Court was to hear and decide any

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The Assembly consisted of representatives of all members of the League, with each state allowed up to three representatives and one vote. It met in Geneva and, after its initial sessions in 1920, it convened once a year in September. The special functions of the Assembly included the admission of new

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was required for the decisions of both the assembly and the council, except in matters of procedure and some other specific cases such as the admission of new members. This requirement was a reflection of the league's belief in the sovereignty of its component nations; the league sought a solution by

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The relations between the assembly and the council and the competencies of each were for the most part not explicitly defined. Each body could deal with any matter within the sphere of competence of the league or affecting peace in the world. Particular questions or tasks might be referred to either.

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in 1889 (and still exists as an international body focused on the world's various elected legislative bodies). The IPU was founded with an international scope, with a third of the members of parliaments (in the 24 countries that had parliaments) serving as members of the IPU by 1914. Its foundational

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In the past few decades, by research using the League Archives at Geneva, historians have reviewed the legacy of the League of Nations as the United Nations has faced similar troubles to those of the interwar period. Current consensus views that, even though the League failed to achieve its ultimate

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The League of Nations lacked an armed force of its own and depended on the Great Powers to enforce its resolutions, which they were very unwilling to do. Its two most important members, Britain and France, were reluctant to use sanctions and even more reluctant to resort to military action on behalf

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was convened by the League of Nations in Geneva in 1932, with representatives from 60 states. It was a failure. A one-year moratorium on the expansion of armaments, later extended by a few months, was proposed at the start of the conference. The Disarmament Commission obtained initial agreement from

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The Allied powers were also under obligation by the Treaty of Versailles to attempt to disarm, and the armament restrictions imposed on the defeated countries had been described as the first step toward worldwide disarmament. The League Covenant assigned the League the task of creating a disarmament

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and placed an embargo on arms and munitions to both sides, but extended a further "moral embargo" to the belligerent Italians, including other trade items. On 5 October and later on 29 February 1936, the United States endeavoured, with limited success, to limit its exports of oil and other materials

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in 1920 and therefore represented Iraq in its foreign affairs, Mosul belonged to Iraq; on the other hand, the new Turkish republic claimed the province as part of its historic heartland. A League of Nations Commission of Inquiry, with Belgian, Hungarian and Swedish members, was sent to the region in

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The final session of the League of Nations concluded on 18 April 1946 in Geneva. Delegates from 34 nations attended the assembly. This session concerned itself with liquidating the League: it transferred assets worth approximately $ 22,000,000 (U.S.) in 1946 (including the Palace of Nations and the

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were especially tepid to the League and preferred, when in government, to negotiate treaties without the involvement of that organisation. Moreover, the League's advocacy of disarmament for Britain, France, and its other members, while at the same time advocating collective security, meant that the

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ended in a victory for the Nationalists. Though world opinion was much more divided over the Spanish Civil War than the conflicts involving Japan and Italy, the general perception leaned in favor of the Republican cause. The League had accepted Germany, also as a permanent member of the council, in

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in which both sides claimed to be the legitimate government of the country. The League was further weakened when major powers left in the 1930s. Japan began as a permanent member of the Council since the country was an Allied Power in the First World War but withdrew in 1933 after the League voiced

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The origins of the League as an organisation created by the Allied powers as part of the peace settlement to end the First World War led to it being viewed as a "League of Victors". The League's neutrality tended to manifest itself as indecision. It required a unanimous vote of nine, later fifteen,

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The onset of the Second World War demonstrated that the League had failed in its primary purpose, the prevention of another world war. There were a variety of reasons for this failure, many connected to general weaknesses within the organisation. Additionally, the power of the League was limited by

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wanted to annex the area. By 1923, the fate of the area had still not been decided, prompting Lithuanian forces to invade in January 1923 and seize the port. After the Allies failed to reach an agreement with Lithuania, they referred the matter to the League of Nations. In December 1923, the League

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of Germany pushed for his country to join the League; joining in 1926, Germany became the fifth permanent member of the council. Later, after Germany and Japan both left the League, the number of non-permanent seats was increased from nine to eleven, and the Soviet Union was made a permanent member

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asked to be allowed to submit suggestions to the peace negotiations and commissions and were granted the right to sit on commissions dealing specifically with women and children. Though they asked for enfranchisement and full legal protection under the law equal with men, those rights were ignored.

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was granted the right to participate as an autonomous member nation, marking the start of Australian independence on the global stage. The first meeting of the Council of the League took place on 16 January 1920, and the first meeting of the Assembly of the League took place on 15 November 1920. In

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The League scored some successes, including the 1925 Conference for the Supervision of the International Trade in Arms and Ammunition and in Implements of War. It started to collect international arms data. Most important was the passage in 1925 of the Geneva protocol banning poison gas in war. It

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occupied Leticia, leading to an armed conflict between the two nations. After months of diplomatic negotiations, the governments accepted mediation by the League of Nations, and their representatives presented their cases before the council. A provisional peace agreement, signed by both parties in

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On 12 August 1921, the League was asked to settle the matter; the Council created a commission with representatives from Belgium, Brazil, China and Spain to study the situation. The committee recommended that Upper Silesia be divided between Poland and Germany according to the preferences shown in

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he wrote of his "League of Peace" as being essentially an organisation for arbitration and conciliation. He felt that the secret diplomacy of the early twentieth century had brought about war, and thus, could write that, "the impossibility of war, I believe, would be increased in proportion as the

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The 1923 Draft Treaty of Mutual Assistance was an unsuccessful proposal made by the League of Nations to address the issue of disarmament and security in Europe after World War I. It was rejected by the British government in 1924 and was never adopted. The Draft Treaty was an early attempt by the

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Article 8 of the Covenant gave the League the task of reducing "armaments to the lowest point consistent with national safety and the enforcement by common action of international obligations". Haakon Ikonomou argues that the Disarmament Section was a major failure. It was distrusted by the great

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of January 1918), as well as the work of the Phillimore Commission. The outcome of House's work and Wilson's own first draft proposed the termination of "unethical" state behaviour, including forms of espionage and dishonesty. Methods of compulsion against recalcitrant states would include severe

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was held in the neutral United States. The delegates adopted a platform calling for creation of international bodies with administrative and legislative powers to develop a "permanent league of neutral nations" to work for peace and disarmament. Within months, a call was made for an international

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felt vulnerable to attack from the west and wanted the League's response to aggression against its members to be strengthened before they disarmed. Without this guarantee, they would not reduce armaments because they felt the risk of attack from Germany was too great. Fear of attack increased as

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A draft treaty was assembled in 1923 that made aggressive war illegal and bound the member states to defend victims of aggression by force. Since the onus of responsibility would, in practice, be on the great powers of the League, it was vetoed by Great Britain, who feared that this pledge would

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to end the conflict in Abyssinia by proposing to partition the country into an Italian sector and an Abyssinian sector. Mussolini was prepared to agree to the pact, but news of the deal leaked out. Both the British and French public vehemently protested against it, describing it as a sell-out of

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After an incident involving sentries on the Greek-Bulgarian border in October 1925, fighting began between the two countries. Three days after the initial incident, Greek troops invaded Bulgaria. The Bulgarian government ordered its troops to make only token resistance, and evacuated between ten

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As the League developed, its role expanded, and by the middle of the 1920s it had become the centre of international activity. This change can be seen in the relationship between the League and non-members. The United States and the Soviet Union, for example, increasingly worked with the League.

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The Covenant of the League said little about economics. Nonetheless, in 1920 the Council of the League called for a financial conference. The First Assembly at Geneva provided for the appointment of an Economic and Financial Advisory Committee to provide information to the conference. In 1923, a

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The League of Nations had devoted serious attention to the question of international intellectual cooperation since its creation. The First Assembly in December 1920 recommended that the Council take action aiming at the international organisation of intellectual work, which it did by adopting a

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The League consisted of 42 founding members in November 1920. Six other states joined in its founding year (by December 1920), and seven more joined by September 1924, bringing the League's size to 55. Costa Rica withdrew in December 1924, making it the member to have most quickly withdrawn, and

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The League would be made up of a General Assembly (representing all member states), an Executive Council (with membership limited to major powers), and a permanent secretariat. Member states were expected to "respect and preserve as against external aggression" the territorial integrity of other

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took power in December 1916, there was widespread discussion among intellectuals and diplomats of the desirability of establishing such an organisation. When Lloyd George was challenged by Wilson to state his position with an eye on the postwar situation, he endorsed such an organisation. Wilson

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Let us boldly state that aggression wherever it occurs and however it may be defended, is an international crime, that it is the duty of every peace-loving state to resent it and employ whatever force is necessary to crush it, that the machinery of the Charter, no less than the machinery of the

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Representation at the League was often a problem. Though it was intended to encompass all nations, many never joined, or their period of membership was short. The most conspicuous absentee was the United States. President Woodrow Wilson had been a driving force behind the League's formation and

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offered to mediate and the League deferred to the conference, but the warring sides ignored the conference. Eventually (without going through Article 16), an arms embargo was enacted by several members of the League (plus non-League members the United States and Brazil), but several neighboring

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outlined the idea of a league of nations to control conflict and promote peace between states. Kant argued for the establishment of a peaceful world community, not in a sense of a global government, but in the hope that each state would declare itself a free state that respects its citizens and

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British Conservatives condemned the proposal for fear that it would lead to conflict with the United States, which also opposed the proposal. The British Dominions strongly opposed it. The Conservatives came to power in Britain and in March 1925 the proposal was shelved and never reintroduced.

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appeared a year later (October 1932). It refused to recognize Manchukuo and demanded Manchuria be returned to China. The report passed 42–1 in the Assembly in 1933 (only Japan voting against), but instead of removing its troops from China, Japan withdrew from the League. In the end, as British

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should be responsible for resolving the dispute because it was the conference that had appointed General Tellini. The League Council examined the dispute, but then passed on their findings to the Conference of Ambassadors to make the final decision. The conference accepted most of the League's

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in the case of South-West Africa, until the territories were deemed capable of self-government. Fourteen mandate territories were divided up among seven mandatory powers: the United Kingdom, the Union of South Africa, France, Belgium, New Zealand, Australia and Japan. With the exception of the

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The covenant had ambiguities, as Carole Fink points out. There was not a good fit between Wilson's "revolutionary conception of the League as a solid replacement for a corrupt alliance system, a guardian of international order, and protector of small states," versus Lloyd George's desire for a

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According to historian Patricia Clavin, Cecil and the British continued their leadership of the development of a rules-based global order into the 1920s and 1930s, with a primary focus on the League of Nations. The British goal was to systematize and normalize the economic and social relations

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in 1934. When the war ended in an Italian conquest, the League refused to recognize Italian sovereignty over Ethiopia, prompting the Italian-Fascist government to withdraw from the organization altogether in 1937. Though neutral during World War I, Spain (then still a kingdom) also began as a

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The Assembly passed a resolution that "With effect from the day following the close of the present session of the Assembly , the League of Nations shall cease to exist except for the sole purpose of the liquidation of its affairs as provided in the present resolution." A Board of Liquidation

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David Goodman argues that the 1936 League of Nations Convention on the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace tried to create the standards for a liberal international public sphere. The Convention encouraged friendly radio broadcasts to other nations. It called for League prohibitions on

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left many issues to be settled, including the exact position of national boundaries and which country particular regions would join. Most of these questions were handled by the victorious Allied powers in bodies such as the Allied Supreme Council. The Allies tended to refer only particularly

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After a request for assistance from Lithuania, the League Council called for Poland's withdrawal from the area. The Polish government indicated they would comply, but instead reinforced the city with more Polish troops. This prompted the League to decide that the future of Vilnius should be

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The League's membership declined through the second half of the 1930s as it weakened. Between 1935 and the start of World War II in Europe in September 1939, only Egypt joined (becoming the last state to join), 11 members left, and 3 members ceased to exist or fell under military occupation

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became the first chairman of the committee. The work of the committee included: an inquiry into the conditions of intellectual life, assistance to countries where intellectual life was endangered, creation of national committees for intellectual cooperation, cooperation with international

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issues of foreign policy should be known to and controlled by public opinion." The 'Proposals' of the Bryce Group were circulated widely, both in England and the US, where they had a profound influence on the nascent international movement. In January 1915, a peace conference directed by

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and, when necessary, resettlement. At the end of the First World War, there were two to three million ex-prisoners of war from various nations dispersed throughout Russia; within two years of the commission's foundation, it had helped 425,000 of them return home. It established camps in

3116:(representing the United Kingdom) remarked that failure to act as soon as a great power had invaded another state had ultimately doomed the League: "We know the World War began in Manchuria 15 years ago...Manchuria, Abyssinia, Munich have killed another great illusion, the belief that 3098:

consisting of nine persons from different countries spent the next 15 months overseeing the transfer of the League's assets and functions to the United Nations or specialised bodies, finally dissolving itself on 31 July 1947. The archive of the League of Nations was transferred to the

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on Christmas Day 1918. It resolved that the League "should ensure peace by eliminating causes of dissension, by deciding controversies by peaceable means, and by uniting the potential force of all the members as a standing menace against any nation that seeks to upset the peace of the

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The League had numerous failures and shortfalls. In 1921, it set up the Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments to explore possibilities for disarmament. It was made up not of government representatives but of famous individuals. They rarely agreed. Proposals ranged from abolishing

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The League and the ideas of collective security and the rule of law were defeated; partly because of indifference and of sympathy with the aggressor, but partly because the League powers were unprepared, preoccupied with other matters, and too slow to perceive the scale of Japanese

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has suggested that, had the United States become a member, it would have also provided support to France and Britain, possibly making France feel more secure, and so encouraging France and Britain to co-operate more fully regarding Germany, thus making the rise to power of the

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states ignored the embargo rendering it ineffective. In November 1934, the League demanded that both sides withdraw and undergo arbitration. Bolivia accepted, but Paraguay by then had taken control of all of the disputed area. Paraguay rejected arbitration and quit the League.

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As the situation in Europe escalated into war, the Assembly transferred enough power to the Secretary General on 30 September 1938 and 14 December 1939 to allow the League to continue to exist legally and carry on reduced operations. The headquarters of the League, the

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and forty-eight-hour working week. It also campaigned to end child labour, increase the rights of women in the workplace, and make shipowners liable for accidents involving seamen. After the demise of the League, the ILO became an agency of the United Nations in 1946.

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The League's Health Organisation had three bodies: the Health Bureau, containing permanent officials of the League; the General Advisory Council or Conference, an executive section consisting of medical experts; and the Health Committee. In practice, the Paris-based

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The League of Nations was relatively more universal and inclusive in its membership and structure than previous international organisations, but the organisation enshrined racial hierarchy by curtailing the right to self-determination and prevented decolonization.

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international dispute which the parties concerned submitted to it. It might also give an advisory opinion on any dispute or question referred to it by the council or the Assembly. The Court was open to all the nations of the world under certain broad conditions.

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f collective action is to be a reality and not merely a thing to be talked about, it means not only that every country is to be ready for war; but must be ready to go to war at once. That is a terrible thing, but it is an essential part of collective security.

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included the establishment of a "Conference of Allied States" that would arbitrate disputes and impose sanctions on offending states. The proposals were approved by the British government, and much of the commission's results were later incorporated into the

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wanted a League with the reservation that only Congress could take the U.S. into war. Lodge gained a majority of Senators and Wilson refused to allow a compromise. The Senate voted on the ratification on 19 March 1920, and the 49–35 vote fell short of the

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In December 1920, Argentina quit (became absent from all sessions and votes) without formally withdrawing, on rejection of an Argentine resolution that all sovereign states would be admitted to the League. It resumed its participation in September 1933.

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during the war. Cecil focused on the administrative side and proposed annual council meetings and quadrennial meetings for the Assembly of all members. He also argued for a large and permanent secretariat to carry out the League's administrative duties.

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to abolish forced labour and intertribal slavery. The United Kingdom had not supported Ethiopian membership of the League on the grounds that "Ethiopia had not reached a state of civilisation and internal security sufficient to warrant her admission."

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members, the periodical election of non-permanent members to the council, the election with the Council of the judges of the Permanent Court, and control of the budget. In practice, the Assembly was the general directing force of League activities.

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compromised with Wilson by adopting the principle that these territories should be administered by different governments on behalf of the League – a system of national responsibility subject to international supervision. This plan, defined as the

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The League held its first council meeting in Paris on 16 January 1920, six days after the Versailles Treaty and the Covenant of the League of Nations came into force. On 1 November 1920, the headquarters of the League was moved from London to

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assumed the seat of the dissolved USSR. Decisions of the Security Council are binding on all members of the UN, and unanimous decisions are not required, unlike in the League Council. Only the five permanent members of the Security Council

1608:

intellectual organisations, protection of intellectual property, inter-university co-operation, co-ordination of bibliographical work and international interchange of publications, and international co-operation in archaeological research.

2217:

set the frontier between Lithuania and Poland, leaving Vilnius within Poland, on 14 March 1923. Lithuanian authorities refused to accept the decision, and officially remained in a state of war with Poland until 1927. It was not until the

2566:

The Abyssinian crisis showed how the League could be influenced by the self-interest of its members; one of the reasons why the sanctions were not very harsh was that both Britain and France feared the prospect of driving Mussolini and

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as a pretext for an invasion of Manchuria. The Japanese army claimed that Chinese soldiers had sabotaged the railway and in apparent retaliation (acting contrary to orders from Tokyo) occupied all of Manchuria. They renamed the area

1964:(1919 and 1920). A plebiscite took place on 20 March 1921, with 59.6 per cent (around 500,000) of the votes cast in favour of joining Germany, but Poland claimed the conditions surrounding it had been unfair. This result led to the 12195: 1727:

came into being. The existing bilateral treaty regime was integrated into the League where the most-favoured-nation norm was codified and the League took on responsibilities related to international oversight and standardization.

1619:

and slave trading across the world, and fought forced prostitution. Its main success was through pressing the governments who administered mandated countries to end slavery in those countries. The League secured a commitment from

1718:

The Committee for the Study of the Legal Status of Women sought to inquire into the status of women all over the world. It was formed in 1937, and later became part of the United Nations as the Commission on the Status of Women.

2787:

France, Italy, Spain, Japan, and Britain to limit the size of their navies but no final agreement was reached. Ultimately, the Commission failed to halt the military build-up by Germany, Italy, Spain and Japan during the 1930s.

1771:, was adopted by the "Council of Ten" (the heads of government and foreign ministers of the main Allied powers: Britain, France, the United States, Italy, and Japan) on 30 January 1919 and transmitted to the League of Nations. 11946: 2347:

The report implicated many government officials in the selling of contract labour and recommended that they be replaced by Europeans or Americans, which generated anger within Liberia and led to the resignation of President

535:

At its greatest extent from 28 September 1934 to 23 February 1935, it had 58 members. After some notable successes and some early failures in the 1920s, the League ultimately proved incapable of preventing aggression by the

820:. It advocated the use of arbitration in conflict resolution and the imposition of sanctions on aggressive countries. None of these early organisations envisioned a continuously functioning body; with the exception of the 11941: 3778:

The Marvelous Career of Theodore Roosevelt: Including what He Has Done and Stands For; His Early Life and Public Services; the Story of His African Trip; His Memorable Journey Through Europe; and His Enthusiastic Welcome

2882:

less likely. Conversely, Henig acknowledges that if the US had been a member, its reluctance to engage in war with European states or to enact economic sanctions might have hampered the ability of the League to deal with

1133:

for both its punitive measures, as well as its failure to provide for condemnation of violence and exclusion of women from civil and political participation. Upon reading the Rules of Procedure for the League of Nations,

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French women's rights advocates invited international feminists to participate in a parallel conference to the Paris Conference in hopes that they could gain permission to participate in the official conference. The

1528:

Conference and its own Secretariat. Its constitution differed from that of the League: representation had been accorded not only to governments but also to representatives of employers' and workers' organisations.

910:

The French authorities also drafted a much more far-reaching proposal in June 1918; they advocated annual meetings of a council to settle all disputes, as well as an "international army" to enforce its decisions.

2334:

thousand and fifteen thousand people from the border region, trusting the League to settle the dispute. The League condemned the Greek invasion, and called for both Greek withdrawal and compensation to Bulgaria.

839:, and in the neutral United States, long-range thinkers had begun to design a unified international organisation to prevent future wars. Historian Peter Yearwood argues that when the new coalition government of 1926:, Finland declared its independence, but most of the Ålanders wished to rejoin Sweden. The Finnish government considered the islands to be a part of their new nation, as the Russians had included Åland in the 1469:

The League oversaw the Permanent Court of International Justice and several other agencies and commissions created to deal with pressing international problems. These included the Disarmament Commission, the

737:

At the start of the First World War, the first schemes for an international organisation to prevent future wars began to gain considerable public support, particularly in Great Britain and the United States.

556:, in which Italy's sanctions were only limited from the outset (coal and oil were not restricted), and later altogether abandoned despite Italy being declared the aggressors in the conflict. The onset of the 552:. Furthermore, the League demonstrated an irresolute approach to sanction enforcement for fear it might only spark further conflict, further decreasing its credibility. One example of this hesitancy was the 5728:

British Cabinet Paper 161(35) on the "Italo-Ethiopian Dispute" and exhibiting a "Report of the Inter-Departmental Committee on British interests in Ethiopia" dated 18 June 1935 and submitted to Cabinet by

1754:

the defeated Central Powers' colonies, but U.S. President Woodrow Wilson strongly insisted that instead of annexation, these territories should be assisted under League of Nations supervision in achieving

11988: 8627:

Akami, Tomoko (2017). "Imperial polities, intercolonialism, and the shaping of global governing norms: Public health expert networks in Asia and the League of Nations Health Organization, 1908–37".

2381:

The Mukden Incident, also known as the "Manchurian Incident", was a decisive setback that weakened the League because its major members refused to tackle Japanese aggression. Japan itself withdrew.

2053:, with a predominantly German population, was under provisional Entente control according to Article 99 of the Treaty of Versailles. The French and Polish governments favoured turning Memel into an 8889:

Gram-Skjoldager, Karen; Ikonomou, Haakon A. (2019). "Making Sense of the League of Nations Secretariat – Historiographical and Conceptual Reflections on Early International Public Administration".

1199:

and the internal affairs of the French and British empires, and inter-Allied debts and German reparations, not to mention the Allied intervention and the settlement of borders with Soviet Russia."

2530:

The League of Nations condemned Italy's aggression and imposed economic sanctions in November 1935, but the sanctions were largely ineffective since they did not ban the sale of oil or close the

1461:

giving the council a total of fifteen members. The Council met, on average, five times a year and in extraordinary sessions when required. In total, 107 sessions were held between 1920 and 1939.

918:

On his December 1918 trip to Europe, Woodrow Wilson gave speeches that "reaffirmed that the making of peace and the creation of a League of Nations must be accomplished as one single objective".

824:

in England, they maintained a legalistic approach that would limit the international body to a court of justice. The Fabians were the first to argue for a "council" of states, necessarily the

10226:

Gram-Skjoldager, Karen, and Haakon A. Ikonomou. "Making Sense of the League of Nations Secretariat–Historiographical and Conceptual Reflections on Early International Public Administration."

1885:, the League played little part in resolving the turmoil resulting from the war. The questions the League considered in its early years included those designated by the Paris Peace treaties. 516:(Britain, France, Italy and Japan were the initial permanent members of the Executive Council) to enforce its resolutions, keep to its economic sanctions, or provide an army when needed. The 10332: 11958: 12008: 2770:. Members of the League held different views towards the issue. The French were reluctant to reduce their armaments without a guarantee of military help if they were attacked; Poland and 2941:

between individual states. The League's collective security system required nations to act, if necessary, against states they considered friendly, and in a way that might endanger their

2609:, but this was in practice a symbolic move. The result was a Nationalist victory in 1939 and confirmation to all observers that the League was ineffective in dealing with a major issue. 11968: 4913: 4778: 2623:

Following a long record of instigating localised conflicts throughout the 1930s, Japan began a full-scale invasion of China on 7 July 1937. On 12 September, the Chinese representative,

2135:

population. The League Council adopted the recommendation and decided on 16 December 1925 to award Mosul to Iraq. Although Turkey had accepted the League of Nations' arbitration in the

2007:

was incensed and demanded that a commission investigate the incident within five days. Whatever the results of the investigation, Mussolini insisted that the Greek government pay Italy

855:

The war had had a profound impact, affecting the social, political and economic systems of Europe and inflicting psychological and physical damage. Several empires collapsed: first the

12724: 11611: 10892: 9145: 5894: 3214:. It consists of approximately 15 million pages of content dating from the inception of the League of Nations in 1919 extending through its dissolution in 1946. It is located at the 1576:, the latter two by starting an international campaign to exterminate mosquitoes. The Health Organisation also worked successfully with the government of the Soviet Union to prevent 1202:

Although the United States never joined, unofficial observers became more and more involved, especially in the 1930s. American philanthropies became heavily involved, especially the

1121:

Women won the right to serve in all capacities, including as staff or delegates in the League of Nations organization. They also won a declaration that member nations should prevent

946:. Smuts's proposals included the creation of a council of the great powers as permanent members and a non-permanent selection of the minor states. He also proposed the creation of a 12267: 11273: 2464:

Initially, both sides refused to allow the League to conduct an inquiry until November 1933, over a year after the start of the war. As a result, the League did not formally invoke

2538:, the British Prime Minister, later observed, this was ultimately because no one had the military forces on hand to withstand an Italian attack. In October 1935, the US president, 11549: 1960:

to determine whether the territory should become part of Germany or Poland. Complaints about the attitude of the German authorities led to rioting and eventually to the first two

784:, the congress, which opened on 28 April 1915 was attended by 1,136 participants from neutral nations, and resulted in the establishment of an organization which would become the 512:

The diplomatic philosophy behind the League represented a fundamental shift from the preceding hundred years. The League lacked its own armed force and depended on the victorious

9361:

Wertheim, Stephen. "The League That Wasn't: American Designs for a Legalist‐Sanctionist League of Nations and the Intellectual Origins of International Organization, 1914–1920."

11665: 11253: 2680:

powers, and given little autonomy by the Secretariat. Its mediocre staffers generated information that was unreliable and caused unrealistic expectations in the general public.

92: 2209:

which the two nations had shared before losing their independence, Vilnius and the surrounding area was formally annexed by Poland in March 1922. After Lithuania took over the

1340:. In addition, there were several auxiliary agencies and bodies. Each organ's budget was allocated by the Assembly (the League was supported financially by its member states). 13745: 8264: 3465:

The participation of the Soviet Union in universal international organizations.: A political and legal analysis of Soviet strategies and aspirations inside ILO, UNESCO and WHO

2022:

on 31 August 1923. This contravened the League's covenant, so Greece appealed to the League to deal with the situation. The Allies agreed (at Mussolini's insistence) that the

1456:

The composition of the council was changed several times. The number of non-permanent members was first increased to six on 22 September 1922 and to nine on 8 September 1926.

1267:) and the Soviet Union on 18 September 1934, but the Empire of Japan and Germany (under Hitler) withdrew in 1933. This marked the League's largest extent at 58 member states. 13502: 10361: 2181:), the old Lithuanian capital, but a city with a majority Polish population. This heightened tension between Lithuania and Poland and led to fears that they would resume the 2027:

recommendations, forcing Greece to pay fifty million lire to Italy, even though those who committed the crime were never discovered. Italian forces then withdrew from Corfu.

1603:

report presented by the Fifth Committee of the Second Assembly and inviting a committee on intellectual co-operation to meet in Geneva in August 1922. The French philosopher

492:, the arms trade, global health, prisoners of war, and protection of minorities in Europe. The Covenant of the League of Nations was signed on 28 June 1919 as Part I of the 8340: 646:

welcomes foreign visitors as fellow rational beings, thus promoting peaceful society worldwide. International co-operation to promote collective security originated in the

12003: 9209: 6730: 5216: 3797: 1724: 1491: 1298: 931:

measures, such as "blockading and closing the frontiers of that power to commerce or intercourse with any part of the world and to use any force that may be necessary..."

580: 1221:, a semi-official flag and emblem for the League of Nations emerged: two five-pointed stars within a blue pentagon. They symbolised the Earth's five continents and "five 12143: 11169: 11120: 2653:

of 23 August 1939 contained secret protocols outlining spheres of interest. Finland and the Baltic states, as well as eastern Poland, fell into the Soviet sphere. After

4833:

Tournès, Ludovic (2018). "American membership of the League of Nations: US philanthropy and the transformation of an intergovernmental organisation into a think tank".

3218:. In 2017, the UN Library & Archives Geneva launched the Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project (LONTAD), with the intention of preserving, 2260:. On 1 September 1932, business leaders from Peruvian rubber and sugar industries who had lost land, as a result, organised an armed takeover of Leticia. At first, the 12083: 11931: 373: 348: 11138: 2779:. In particular, Germany's attempts to overturn the Treaty of Versailles and the reconstruction of the German military made France increasingly unwilling to disarm. 2721:

League to create a system of collective security and disarmament, leading the League to pursue alternative approaches that also ultimately failed to gain traction.

11655: 11591: 11544: 11308: 2547:

to normal peacetime levels. The League sanctions were lifted on 4 July 1936, but by that point, Italy had already gained control of the urban areas of Abyssinia.

11993: 11809: 10663: 10623: 10453: 9303:

Tournès, Ludovic. "American membership of the League of Nations: US philanthropy and the transformation of an intergovernmental organisation into a think tank."

7415:

Webster, Andrew (2005). "Making Disarmament Work: The Implementation of the International Disarmament Provisions in the League of Nations Covenant, 1919–1925".

13305: 12642: 12292: 11978: 11103: 5070: 3156:

portrays the League as a unique moment when international affairs were "institutionalised", as opposed to the pre–First World War methods of law and politics.

2973:

in the face of growing German militarism under Hitler. In this context, the League of Nations was also the institution where the first international debate on

607:

portrays the League as a unique moment when international affairs were "institutionalised", as opposed to the pre-First World War methods of law and politics.

10034: 2066:

was approved by the League Council on 14 March 1924, and then by the Allied powers and Lithuania. In 1939 Germany retook the region following the rise of the

12272: 11858: 11460: 9106: 4156: 3437: 2627:, appealed to the League for international intervention. Western countries were sympathetic to the Chinese in their struggle, particularly in their stubborn 785: 673:

at the acceptance for his Nobel Prize in 1910, said: "it would be a masterstroke if those great powers honestly bent on peace would form a League of Peace."

5544: 5450: 4880: 2003:

and four of his assistants were ambushed and killed on 27 August 1923 while marking out the newly decided border between Greece and Albania. Italian leader

1746:

were confronted with the question of the disposal of the former German colonies in Africa and the Pacific, and the several Arabic-speaking provinces of the

13550: 13450: 12225: 12175: 11973: 11576: 11519: 11189: 9257:

Shine, Cormac (2018). "Papal Diplomacy by Proxy? Catholic Internationalism at the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation".

4587: 1595:, morphine, cocaine and heroin. The board also established a system of import certificates and export authorisations for the legal international trade in 1028: 828:, who would adjudicate world affairs, and for the creation of a permanent secretariat to enhance international co-operation across a range of activities. 12699: 12076: 12071: 12066: 12061: 12056: 12051: 12046: 11998: 11892: 11514: 8027:

Goodman, David (2020). "Liberal and Illiberal Internationalism in the Making of the League of Nations Convention on Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace".

1479: 2631:, a city with a substantial number of foreigners. The League was unable to provide any practical measures; on 4 October, it turned the case over to the 12615: 12282: 11963: 11841: 11420: 11366: 11283: 11199: 11184: 3917: 2902:

In January 1920, when the League was born, Germany was not permitted to join because it was seen as having been the aggressor in the First World War.

1354:

The Permanent Secretariat, established at the seat of the League at Geneva, comprised a body of experts in various spheres under the direction of the

12418: 11561: 11278: 5774: 2593:(the elected leftist national government) and the Nationalists (conservative, anti-communist rebels who included most officers of the Spanish Army). 525: 8921:

Les réseaux de la coopération intellectuelle. La Société des Nations comme actrice des échanges scientifiques et culturels dans l'entre-deux-guerres

13436: 11836: 11616: 11108: 11074: 10995: 10244: 4906: 1513: 1256:) was admitted to the League of Nations through a resolution passed on 8 September 1926. The League's size remained at 54 for the next five years. 10344: 77: 12392: 12036: 12031: 11887: 11385: 8964: 4546: 1817:

South West Africa and certain South Pacific Islands were administered by League members under C mandates. These were classified as "territories"

1332:

The main constitutional organs of the League were the Assembly, the council, and the Permanent Secretariat. It also had two essential wings: the

2074:, demanding the return of the region under threat of war. The League of Nations failed to prevent the secession of the Memel region to Germany. 13507: 11660: 11566: 11057: 10986: 10613: 9122: 914: 9869:

Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership

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After the First World War, Poland and Lithuania both regained their independence but soon became immersed in territorial disputes. During the

13730: 13497: 12324: 12088: 11601: 11596: 11571: 11435: 11258: 11209: 11086: 11062: 10618: 4629: 11724: 9041:

Kahlert, Torsten (2019). "Pioneers in International Administration: A Prosopography of the Directors of the League of Nations Secretariat".

8926:

The Networks of Intellectual Cooperation. The League of Nations as an Actor of the Scientific and Cultural Exchanges in the Inter-War Period

4004:

Dubin, Martin David (1970). "Toward the Concept of Collective Security: The Bryce Group's "Proposals for the Avoidance of War," 1914–1917".

2906:

was also initially excluded because Communist regimes were not welcomed and membership would have been initially dubious due to the ongoing

2665:." The League action of 14 December 1939, stung, because the Soviet Union became "the only League member ever to suffer such an indignity". 1782:

in disputed territories so that residents could decide which country they would join. There were three mandate classifications: A, B and C.

1557: 1494:. Three of these institutions were transferred to the United Nations after the Second World War: the International Labour Organization, the 12353: 12287: 11831: 11318: 9141: 5863: 5103: 3081: 2903: 939: 879: 9369: 6251: 4074:

Yearwood, Peter (1989). "'On the Safe and Right Lines': The Lloyd George Government and the Origins of the League of Nations, 1916–1918".

13735: 13455: 13185: 13147: 13050: 11645: 10916: 10656: 10446: 1988:

in 1919, as they were left for the League to decide. They had not yet been determined by September 1921, creating an unstable situation.

1422: 560:

showed that the League had failed its primary purpose; it was largely inactive until its abolition. The League lasted for 26 years; the

13725: 12569: 12380: 12314: 12026: 11953: 11936: 11298: 11248: 11174: 11115: 11051: 8933: 3185: 2911:

opposition to its occupation of Manchuria. Italy also began as a permanent member of the council. However the League staunchly opposed

31: 9409:

Yearwood, Peter J. "‘Real securities against new wars’: Official British thinking and the origins of the League of Nations, 1914–19."

9352: 8084: 7282: 4203: 2952:

On 23 June 1936, in the wake of the collapse of League efforts to restrain Italy's war against Abyssinia, the British Prime Minister,

2766:

plan for each state, but the Council devolved this responsibility to a special commission set up in 1926 to prepare for the 1932–1934

742:, a British political scientist, coined the term "League of Nations" in 1914 and drafted a scheme for its organisation. Together with 13159: 12595: 12586: 11672: 11380: 11159: 11098: 10909: 7042:

Kain, Ronald Stuart. “The Chaco Dispute and the Peace System.” Political Science Quarterly, vol. 50, no. 3, 1935, pp. 321–42. JSTOR,

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and general working conditions through its numerous commissions and committees; and paved the way for new forms of statehood, as the

599:

and general working conditions through its numerous commissions and committees; and paved the way for new forms of statehood, as the

10233:

Jackson, Simon. "From Beirut to Berlin (via Geneva): The New International History, Middle East Studies and the League of Nations."

6726: 4264: 2891:

might also have made its membership problematic, as its representatives at the League would only be able to answer on behalf of the

2122:

The League resolved a dispute between the Kingdom of Iraq and the Republic of Turkey over control of the former Ottoman province of

2062:

Council appointed a Commission of Inquiry. The commission chose to cede Memel to Lithuania and give the area autonomous rights. The

1138:, a British suffragist, discovered that the guidelines were completely undemocratic and they were modified based on her suggestion. 13473: 13466: 13399: 13389: 12826: 12637: 12525: 12386: 12220: 11507: 11445: 11405: 11293: 10957: 10923: 10603: 9395:

Yearwood, Peter. "‘On the Safe and Right Lines’: The Lloyd George Government and the Origins of the League of Nations, 1916–1918."

8171: 5059: 4354:"Creating liberal-internationalist world citizens: League of Nations Union junior branches in English secondary schools, 1919–1939" 3257: 2127: 1495: 1333: 1294: 1155: 141: 8427: 8268: 7164: 5029:[Analisi e visualizzazioni delle reti in storia. L'esempio della cooperazione intellettuale della Società delle Nazioni]. 2351:

and his vice-president. The Liberian government outlawed forced labour and slavery and asked for American help in social reforms.

1686:, the Commission for Refugees was established on 27 June 1921 to look after the interests of refugees, including overseeing their 13660: 13325: 12625: 12620: 12546: 11194: 11047: 10977: 10733: 10470: 10220: 8348: 8289:

BECK, PETER J. “The League of Nations and the Great Powers, 1936-1940.” World Affairs, vol. 157, no. 4, 1995, pp. 175–89. JSTOR,

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League's archives) to the UN, returned reserve funds to the nations that had supplied them, and settled the debts of the League.

2888: 2097: 641: 13310: 5220: 3801: 2465: 13740: 13379: 13083: 12842: 12789: 12759: 11826: 11749: 11606: 11581: 11026: 10877: 10801: 10693: 10672: 10649: 10439: 10423: 7029:

LLOYD, LORNA. “The League of Nations and the Settlement of Disputes.” World Affairs, vol. 157, no. 4, 1995, pp. 160–74. JSTOR,

6165: 4969: 3049: 2957: 2715: 1803:

that the League took responsibility for after the First World War. These were described as "peoples" that the League said were

1437:– and four non-permanent members that were elected by the Assembly for a three-year term. The first non-permanent members were 1421:

The League Council acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly's business. It began with four permanent members –

1238: 454: 98: 5165: 1076:

in 1919, Wilson, Cecil and Smuts all put forward their draft proposals. After lengthy negotiations between the delegates, the

13192: 12605: 12433: 12336: 12302: 12205: 12185: 12116: 11904: 11875: 11853: 11744: 11677: 11465: 11410: 10698: 10412:

LONSEA – League of Nations Search Engine, Cluster of Excellence "Asia and Europe in a Global Context", Universität Heidelberg

10389: 10201: 10180: 10158: 10136: 10117: 10098: 10079: 10023: 10004: 9975: 9954: 9935: 9916: 9897: 9876: 9857: 9838: 9819: 9779: 9758: 9739: 9696: 9677: 9658: 9639: 9618: 9599: 9576: 9553: 9534: 9515: 9492: 9473: 9454: 9259: 9247: 9191: 9079: 9024: 8879: 8813: 8705: 8695: 8569: 8509: 8442: 8324: 8153: 7987: 7794: 7709: 6873: 6455: 5980: 5953: 5834: 5593: 5480: 4410: 4058: 3841: 3759: 3554: 3527: 3500: 3473: 3308: 2555: 2515:, and the poisoning of water supplies, against targets which included undefended villages and medical facilities. The modern 1993: 1588: 1288: 1358:. Its principal sections were Political, Financial and Economics, Transit, Minorities and Administration (administering the 13010: 12764: 12600: 12257: 11880: 11650: 11236: 11221: 11204: 9136:

Ludi, Regula. "Setting New Standards: International Feminism and the League of Nations' Inquiry into the Status of Women."

7380:

Ikonomou, Haakon A. (2021). "The Administrative Anatomy of Failure: The League of Nations Disarmament Section, 1919–1925".

7354: 4810:

Carole Fink, "The great powers in the new international system, 1919–1923," in Paul Kennedy and William I. Hitchcock, eds,

4314: 3670: 3404: 3376: 2011:

50 million in reparations. The Greeks said they would not pay unless it was proved that the crime was committed by Greeks.

1351:

consent, not by dictation. In case of a dispute, the consent of the parties to the dispute was not required for unanimity.

520:

were often reluctant to do so. Sanctions could hurt League members, so they were reluctant to comply with them. During the

6000: 5042: 13412: 13394: 13384: 13371: 13288: 12348: 12343: 11767: 11635: 11497: 11400: 11323: 11263: 10274: 5297: 3045: 1088:. After more negotiation and compromise, the delegates finally approved of the proposal to create the League of Nations ( 65: 9097:

La Porte, Pablo. "Dissenting Voices: The Secretariat of the League of Nations and the Drafting of Mandates, 1919–1923."

8746:

Ditrych, Ondrej (2013). ""International terrorism" in the League of Nations and the contemporary terrorism dispositif".

13113: 13004: 12469: 11714: 11502: 11492: 11164: 11127: 7535:

Webster, Andrew (2008). ""Absolutely Irresponsible Amateurs": The Temporary Mixed Commission on Armaments, 1921-1924".

2219: 2206: 2158: 2071: 1561: 1117: 891: 666: 10431: 8806:

Great Britain and the Creation of the League of Nations: Strategy, Politics, and International Organization, 1914–1919

1225:". A bow at the top displayed the English name ("League of Nations"), while another at the bottom showed the French (" 13330: 13293: 13169: 13124: 12880: 12821: 12718: 12454: 12138: 11870: 11739: 11470: 11450: 11390: 11375: 10688: 9418:

Yearwood, Peter. "“A Genuine and Energetic League of Nations Policy”: Lord Curzon and the New Diplomacy, 1918–1925."

5323: 3120:, seeking the national interest at the expense of others, individual action, secret bargains, could bring us peace." 2796: 2662: 2343: 1471: 1337: 1105: 1085: 935: 904: 878:

In London Balfour commissioned the first official report into the matter in early 1918, under the initiative of Lord

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Yearwood, Peter J. "'Consistently with Honour'; Great Britain, the League of Nations and the Corfu Crisis of 1923."

5067: 2739:

The "Geneva Protocol for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes" was a proposal by British Prime Minister

1989: 1054: 12365: 11534: 10488: 10051: 3716: 3247: 2161:

with the Soviet Russia that laid out Lithuania's frontiers. This agreement gave Lithuanians control of the city of

1850: 1302: 1135: 461:. The main organization ceased operations on 18 April 1946 when many of its components were relocated into the new 160: 4993: 4353: 4152: 3430: 2193:, commanding a Polish military force in contravention of the Suwałki Agreement, took the city and established the 13750: 13533: 12948: 12769: 12754: 12730: 12689: 12684: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12557: 12121: 11539: 11524: 11093: 11069: 10829: 10753: 10381: 10372: 5548: 5454: 4884: 3215: 3164: 3160: 3099: 2776: 1125:

of women and children and should equally support humane conditions for children, women and men labourers. At the

1012:

Participants of the Inter-Allied Women's Conference, 1919, "They got Equality for Women in the League of Nations"

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Quoted in Jerald A. Combs, 'American diplomatic history: two centuries of changing interpretations (1983) p 158.

7936:

Ditrych, Ondrej (2013). "'International Terrorism' as Conspiracy: Debating Terrorism in the League of Nations".

1948:

to the League after they had been unable to resolve the territorial dispute between Poland and Germany. In 1919

754:. The group became steadily more influential among the public and as a pressure group within the then-governing 13421: 13027: 12960: 12549: 11719: 11243: 11179: 11081: 10882: 10785: 4579: 2978: 2775:

Germany regained its strength after the First World War, especially after Adolf Hitler gained power and became

2364: 1584: 1583:

Linked with health, but also commercial concerns, was the topic of narcotics control. Introduced by the second

1499: 446: 110: 12867: 9989: 9205: 7562:

Williams, John F. (1924). "The Geneva Protocol of 1924 for the Pacific Settlement of International Disputes".

795: 13542: 12988: 12975: 12970: 12965: 12811: 12794: 12413: 12331: 12252: 12210: 12170: 12098: 11779: 11704: 11689: 11018: 10402: 8061:

League of Nations archives, United Nations Office in Geneva. Network visualization and analysis published in

2194: 1775: 1487: 1218: 3925: 13142: 13078: 13022: 12581: 12518: 12319: 12180: 10950: 10562: 8490:

Handbook of the League of Nations : a comprehensive account of its structure, operation and activities

5864:"Setting New Standards: International Feminism and the League of Nations' Inquiry into the Status of Women" 5770: 5730: 3153: 3106: 2795:

The League was mostly silent in the face of major events leading to the Second World War, such as Hitler's

2783: 2767: 2760: 2674: 2632: 1985: 1774:

League of Nations mandates were established under Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations. The

1763: 1547:

The ILO successfully restricted the addition of lead to paint, and convinced several countries to adopt an

1073: 604: 12632: 3874: 2832:; the sign reads "This League of Nations Bridge was designed by the President of the U.S.A." Cartoon from 2605:'s Nationalists, while the Soviet Union helped the Spanish Republic. In February 1937, the League did ban 2268: 13602: 13300: 13268: 13263: 13153: 13033: 12837: 12735: 11395: 11214: 10851: 10834: 10806: 10763: 10708: 4794:

Marabello, Thomas Quinn (2023) "Challenges to Swiss Democracy: Neutrality, Napoleon, & Nationalism,"

2486: 2293: 2205:

to create a federation between Poland and Lithuania, which was intended as a reincarnation of the former

1146:"to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety." All states were required to submit complaints for 1021: 739: 11554: 10191: 9430: 5187: 4315:"'Families of mankind': British liberty, League internationalism, and the traffic in women and children" 13720: 13073: 13068: 12190: 12153: 12148: 11734: 11482: 11154: 11042: 10608: 10250: 9337:

Wemlinger, Cherri. "Collective Security and the Italo‐Ethiopian Dispute Before the League of Nations."

9129:

Lloyd, Lorna. "'On the side of justice and peace': Canada on the League of Nations Council 1927–1930."

8660: 8553: 8529: 7938: 3573: 3267: 3197: 2912: 2874: 2369: 532:

responded that "the League is very well when sparrows shout, but no good at all when eagles fall out."

521: 30:

This article is about the intergovernmental organisation. For the group in professional wrestling, see

10511: 8404: 4538: 835:, both sides had to clarify their long-term war aims. By 1916 in Britain, fighting on the side of the 13626: 13431: 13231: 13174: 13044: 12712: 12652: 11923: 11909: 11797: 11440: 11345: 11328: 10999: 10846: 10715: 10355: 9156:

The British People and the League of Nations: Democracy, citizenship and internationalism, c. 1918–45

5577: 2654: 2214: 2189:

establishing a cease-fire and a demarcation line between the two nations. On 9 October 1920, General

2182: 2136: 2023: 1768: 1737: 1503: 1475: 1264: 947: 677: 10414: 4648: 4606: 4565: 2689:

reflected strong worldwide public opinion, although the United States did not ratify it until 1975.

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Peace Conference held between 17 and 19 May 1919, the women of the WILPF condemned the terms of the

812:

In 1915, a body similar to the Bryce Group was set up in the United States, led by former president

13460: 13320: 13256: 13107: 13015: 12930: 12848: 12215: 12200: 11785: 8938: 2618: 2543: 2389: 2298: 1957: 1939: 1877: 1857: 1529: 1359: 1222: 746:, he played a leading role in the founding of the group of internationalist pacifists known as the 8341:"Digitization Programmes: Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives (LONTAD) Project" 4621: 4179:"Text of the President's Two Speeches in Paris, Stating His Views of the Bases of a Lasting Peace" 2249: 1186:

on Geneva's western lakeshore, named after Woodrow Wilson, was the League's first permanent home.

567:

Current scholarly consensus views that, even though the League failed to achieve its main goal of

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Nested Security: Lessons in Conflict Management from the League of Nations and the European Union

8398: 5346:

Archives Distant Reading: Mapping the Activity of the League of Nations' Intellectual Cooperation

3024: 2938: 2590: 2469: 2392:, a major trade route between China and Korea (then a Japanese colony), in the Chinese region of 1981: 1965: 1836:

The territories were governed by mandatory powers, such as the United Kingdom in the case of the

1612: 864: 817: 800: 751: 625: 564:(UN) replaced it in 1946 and inherited several agencies and organisations founded by the League. 20: 10428:, Boston: Old Colony Trust Company, 1919. A collection of charters, speeches, etc. on the topic. 8716:

New Zealand in the League of Nations: The Beginnings of an Independent Foreign Policy, 1919–1939

8145:

New Zealand in the League of Nations: The Beginnings of an Independent Foreign Policy, 1919–1939

5099: 3986: 2945:, to support states for which they had no normal affinity. This weakness was exposed during the 1785:

The A mandates (applied to parts of the old Ottoman Empire) were "certain communities" that had

1027:

The first meeting of the Council took place on 16 January 1920 in the Salle de l'Horloge at the

13038: 12955: 12560: 12247: 11709: 11430: 10872: 10780: 10047: 6290: 4178: 3028:

League was depriving itself of the only forceful means by which it could uphold its authority.

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strongly influenced the form it took, but the US Senate voted not to join on 19 November 1919.

2730: 2606: 2388:

with China, the Japanese government had the right to station its troops in the area around the

1949: 1927: 1800: 1653: 1275:(Ethiopia, Austria, and Czechoslovakia). The Soviet Union was expelled on 14 December 1939 for 1203: 465:. As the template for modern global governance, the League profoundly shaped the modern world. 8611: 8604: 3783: 2969:

Ultimately, Britain and France both abandoned the concept of collective security in favour of

2063: 848:

in January 1918 a "league of nations to ensure peace and justice." British foreign secretary,

544:

never joined. Japan and Germany left in 1933, Italy left in 1937, and Spain left in 1939. The

13620: 13608: 13492: 13426: 13164: 13130: 13089: 13056: 12801: 12474: 12446: 12438: 12235: 12133: 11846: 11288: 11009: 10743: 10568: 9965: 9769: 9629: 9366: 9166:

Eric Drummond and his Legacies: The League of Nations and the Beginnings of Global Governance

3298: 2539: 2235: 2154: 1999:

The borders of Albania again became the cause of international conflict when Italian General

1841: 1743: 840: 836: 681: 517: 513: 12277: 8827: 2895:, certain League decisions such as to go to war, would always require prior approval of the 2503:

In October 1935, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini sent 400,000 troops to invade Abyssinia (

1695:

in 1922 to aid the country with an ongoing refugee crisis, helping to prevent the spread of

13638: 13442: 13243: 13237: 13215: 13179: 13118: 12861: 12832: 12464: 12428: 12423: 12375: 12106: 11355: 10725: 10377: 9349: 9288:

The limits of foreign policy; the West, the League, and the Far Eastern crisis of 1931–1933

8064: 7463: 7278: 6347: 4799: 4196: 3833: 3751: 3222:, and providing online access to the League of Nations archives. It was completed in 2022. 2925:. After the Nazis came to power in 1933, Adolf Hitler withdrew Germany almost immediately. 2551: 2511:

led the campaign from November 1935, ordering bombing, the use of chemical weapons such as

1247:

A map of the world in 1920–45, which shows the League of Nations members during its history

1161:

Despite Wilson's efforts to establish and promote the League, for which he was awarded the

1130: 1109: 994:

During the creation phase in 1919–1920, the League's staff was temporarily established in

926:

to draft a US plan which reflected Wilson's own idealistic views (first articulated in the

493: 287: 260: 12196:

International Decade for a Culture of Peace and Non-Violence for the Children of the World

8775:

Dykmann, Klaas (2015). "How International was the Secretariat of the League of Nations?".

5369: 3717:"International Organization and World Peace--A Critique of the League of Nations Covenant" 3159:

The principal Allies in the Second World War (the UK, the USSR, France, the U.S., and the

2190: 2186: 985: 236: 8: 13679: 13632: 13210: 13137: 12943: 12911: 12165: 10839: 10168: 9220: 8731: 3211: 3176: 3129: 2990: 2934: 2328: 2281: 2261: 2166: 1861: 1837: 1363: 1081: 813: 685: 665:

establishing laws dealing with humanitarian relief during wartime, and the international

576: 473: 10981: 10821: 10586: 10544: 10349: 8168: 7467: 5056: 2661:. Then "the League of Nations for the first time expelled a member who had violated the 2315:

up to 1926. One of its innovations in this latter area was the 1922 introduction of the

2256:

and its surrounding area was ceded from Peru to Colombia, giving Colombia access to the

1008: 635:

The concept of a peaceful community of nations had been proposed as early as 1795, when

583:, especially in Central Europe in the 1920s; helped to raise awareness of problems like 13584: 13525: 13100: 13095: 12998: 12993: 12924: 12297: 10856: 10461: 10258: 9565: 9504: 9383: 9116: 9058: 8989: 8906: 8864: 8850: 8792: 8763: 8736:

Breaking the Heart of the World: Woodrow Wilson and the Fight for the League of Nations

8644: 8597: 8558: 8537: 8483: 8463: 8417: 8380: 8246: 8238: 8044: 7682: 7637: 7579: 7432: 7397: 7303: 7168: 6879: 6823: 6708: 6700: 6282: 6274: 6051: 5972:

Order and Rivalry: Rewriting the Rules of International Trade after the First World War

5886: 5432: 4850: 4734: 4482: 4463: 4443: 4424: 4416: 4373: 4334: 4245: 4228:

Thompson, J. A. (1977). "Lord Cecil and the Pacifists in the League of Nations Union".

4091: 4029: 4021: 3593: 3207: 3180: 3001: 2658: 2628: 2385: 2348: 2319:, which was the first internationally recognised identity card for stateless refugees. 2100:

was given autonomy in 1937. Renamed Hatay, its parliament declared independence as the

2054: 1961: 1923: 872: 755: 670: 662: 489: 484:. Its other concerns included labour conditions, just treatment of native inhabitants, 10301: 8824:

Plowshares into Swords: Weaponized Knowledge, Liberal Order, and the League of Nations

8681:

Coming to terms with world health: the League of Nations Health Organisation 1921–1946

7486: 7451: 6111: 5345: 3631: 3351: 3324: 3023:

became a strong force among both the people and governments of the two countries. The

3009:

original concepts of the League rested for support, has collapsed over half the world.

2744: 2210: 2050: 2036: 13686: 13250: 12887: 12307: 12262: 12242: 12127: 11897: 11791: 11529: 10990: 10811: 10703: 10641: 10462: 10197: 10176: 10154: 10132: 10113: 10094: 10075: 10019: 10000: 9971: 9950: 9931: 9912: 9893: 9872: 9853: 9834: 9815: 9808: 9775: 9754: 9735: 9692: 9673: 9654: 9635: 9614: 9595: 9588: 9572: 9549: 9530: 9511: 9488: 9469: 9450: 9313:"Communicable Disease: Information, Health, and Globalization in the Interwar Period" 9291: 9243: 9233: 9187: 9091:

Keeping the Covenant: American Internationalists and the League of Nations, 1920–1939

9075: 9062: 9020: 8993: 8958: 8910: 8875: 8809: 8796: 8767: 8701: 8648: 8565: 8523: 8505: 8493: 8438: 8320: 8250: 8149: 8048: 7983: 7790: 7705: 7548: 7491: 7436: 7401: 7336: 6869: 6712: 6451: 6286: 6161: 6055: 5976: 5949: 5890: 5830: 5635:"Communicable Disease: Information, Health, and Globalization in the Interwar Period" 5589: 5424: 4854: 4467: 4428: 4406: 4377: 4338: 4249: 4095: 4054: 4033: 3837: 3776: 3755: 3550: 3523: 3496: 3469: 3390: 3304: 3113: 3073: 3066: 2942: 2917: 2907: 2703: 2580: 2374: 2302: 2265: 2253: 1637: 1410: 1355: 1320: 1252:

Brazil became the first founding member to withdraw in June 1926. Germany (under the

1166: 1162: 1122: 1108:

was drafted by a special commission, and the League was established by Part I of the

899: 883: 647: 629: 506: 485: 404: 353: 311: 10396:

Dates of each annual assembly, links to list of members of each country's delegation

9631:

Rosa Manus (1881-1942): The International Life and Legacy of a Jewish Dutch Feminist

8854: 8596:(1938), highly influential account of League esp disarmament conference of 1932–34. 8473: 7686: 4965: 2838:

magazine, 10 December 1920, satirising the gap left by the US not joining the League

12647: 11863: 11803: 11773: 11455: 11149: 10770: 10283: 10043: 9713: 9324: 9268: 9239: 9050: 8981: 8947: 8898: 8871: 8842: 8784: 8755: 8636: 8230: 8076: 8036: 7674: 7571: 7544: 7481: 7471: 7424: 7389: 7160: 6861: 6815: 6692: 6266: 6043: 5878: 5646: 5581: 5573:

International public health between the two world wars: the organizational problems

5161: 5034: 4842: 4455: 4398: 4365: 4326: 4295: 4237: 4083: 4013: 3585: 2946: 2834: 2740: 2699: 2650: 2602: 2524: 2496: 2482: 2004: 1915: 1712: 1636:

from 55 to 4 per cent. Records were kept to control slavery, prostitution, and the

1633: 1151: 976: 553: 529: 134: 10386: 6806:

Du Bois, W.E. Burghardt (July 1933). "Liberia, the League and the United States".

5476: 4369: 4330: 2396:. In September 1931, a section of the railway was lightly damaged by the Japanese 998:, at 117 Piccadilly (left) and Sunderland House (later known as Lombard House, on 871:. Anti-war sentiment rose across the world; the First World War was described as " 13655: 13358: 12917: 12898: 12779: 12774: 11226: 10418: 10406: 10393: 10368: 10339: 10326: 9373: 9356: 9149: 8788: 8759: 8721: 8175: 8143: 5970: 5943: 5824: 5352: 5074: 5063: 4997: 4782: 4048: 3858: 3544: 3517: 3490: 3463: 3277: 3239: 3056: 2953: 2922: 2535: 2508: 2458: 2360: 2316: 2248:

in the early part of the 20th century, and in 1922, their governments signed the

2174: 1882: 1846: 1756: 1708: 1683: 1676: 1632:

The League also succeeded in reducing the death rate of workers constructing the

1457: 1307: 1253: 1196: 1097: 1089: 927: 923: 845: 651: 437: 429: 274: 130: 12488: 8919: 8390:

The New Cambridge Modern History, Vol. XII, The Shifting Balance of World Forces

7358: 3924:(in Dutch). Huygens Institute for the History of the Netherlands. Archived from 3666: 3132:, giving a voice to smaller nations; helped to raise awareness to problems like 1898: 1860:

for 15 years, before it was returned to Germany following a plebiscite, and the

12534: 10966: 10269: 9215: 9159: 8726:

Securing the world economy: the reinvention of the League of Nations, 1920–1946

7456:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

7319: 6047: 6004: 5571: 5026: 5013: 4641: 4599: 4558: 3149: 3052:(in green and red) on 18 April 1946, when the League of Nations ceased to exist 2771: 2624: 2454: 2277: 2132: 2117: 2019: 2000: 1919: 1747: 1548: 951: 868: 856: 849: 821: 789: 773: 600: 561: 502: 462: 366: 10500: 10036:

Engendering the Global Agenda: A Success Story of Women and the United Nations

9730:

Hill, Robert; Garvey, Marcus; Universal Negro Improvement Association (1995).

9718: 9344:

Wertheim, Stephen. "The League of Nations: a retreat from international law?"

9272: 8846: 8640: 7678: 7428: 7393: 4846: 4286:

Clavin, Patricia (2020). "Britain and the Making of Global Order after 1919".

4241: 4087: 4017: 2589:

launched a coup d'état, leading to a prolonged armed conflict between Spanish

1315: 882:. The British committee was finally appointed in February 1918. It was led by 669:

governing rules of war and the peaceful settlement of international disputes.

620: 248: 184: 13714: 13557: 13480: 13198: 12855: 10556: 10494: 9790: 8985: 8902: 5428: 3727: 3069:, remained unoccupied for nearly six years until the Second World War ended. 2842: 2418: 2413: 2397: 2272: 2123: 1945: 1918:-speaking, but in 1809, the Åland Islands, along with Finland, were taken by 1604: 1402: 1243: 1183: 1171: 1065: 999: 860: 777: 636: 541: 396: 224: 172: 10287: 10110:

Latin America's Wars:Volume 2 The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2001

8951: 8408:(12th ed.). London & New York: The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 5293: 3124:

goal of world peace, it did manage to build new roads towards expanding the

2126:

in 1926. According to the British, who had been awarded a League of Nations

2093: 13590: 13220: 12707: 12493: 12370: 12230: 11231: 10775: 10531: 9771:

Memories: My Life as an International Leader in Health, Suffrage, and Peace

9176:

Beyond geopolitics: New histories of Latin America at the League of Nations

8080: 6883: 6855: 5882: 4420: 4392: 4299: 4265:"The Preamble of the United Nations Charter: The Contribution of Jan Smuts" 3589: 3219: 3141: 2933:

Another important weakness grew from the contradiction between the idea of

2598: 2586: 2568: 2559: 2516: 2257: 2008: 1687: 1573: 1535: 1323:, Geneva, the League's headquarters from 1936 until its dissolution in 1946 1165:

in October 1919, the United States never joined. Senate Republicans led by

702: 592: 557: 545: 477: 9054: 8932: 8040: 7495: 7476: 5319: 2846:

The US Senate stands accused by Humanity for killing the Versailles Treaty

2252:

in an attempt to resolve them. As part of this treaty, the border town of

1906:

is a collection of around 6,500 islands in the Baltic Sea, midway between

1068:" after Woodrow Wilson, credited as the "Founder of the League of Nations" 496:, and it became effective with the rest of the Treaty on 10 January 1920. 16:

20th-century international organisation, predecessor to the United Nations

13315: 13062: 12784: 12748: 12459: 12273:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Mandela Rules)

10887: 10580: 10319: 10146: 9329: 9312: 5651: 5634: 5217:"Organization and establishment:The main bodies of the League of Nations" 3125: 3117: 3004:

originally supported the League, but after two decades changed his mind:

2970: 2800: 2520: 2512: 2202: 2104:

in September 1938, after elections the previous month. It was annexed by

2101: 2083: 1641: 1369: 1214:

The official languages of the League of Nations were French and English.

1147: 1143: 1077: 895: 825: 764: 747: 572: 568: 537: 481: 458: 450: 212: 10262: 10129:

History of Western Thought: From Ancient Greece to the Twentieth Century

9035:

Britain and the Intellectual Origins of the League of Nations, 1914–1919

8739: 8397: 6865: 6827: 6683:

Pollock, James K. (1935). "International Affairs: The Saar Plebiscite".

6421: 5436: 5412: 4402: 3597: 3233: 2825: 2046: 2042: 1043:

The first meeting of the Assembly took place on 15 November 1920 at the

13225: 12982: 12360: 11425: 10758: 10748: 10574: 10538: 9546:

The Cambridge History of Latin America: Volume VIII 1930 to the Present

9380:

Paths Not Taken: British Labour & International Policy in the 1920s

8290: 8242: 7583: 7030: 6704: 6278: 5585: 4990: 4725:

Hewes, James E. (1970). "Henry Cabot Lodge and the League of Nations".

4025: 3987:"Victory / Democracy / Peace / Make them secure by a League of Nations" 3431:"The Elusiveness of Trust: the experience of Security Council and Iran" 2879: 2814: 2644: 2531: 2450: 1779: 1751: 1276: 1259:

Through the first half of the 1930s, six more states joined, including

887: 781: 549: 10151:

The Invention of the Passport: Surveillance, Citizenship and the State

9563:

Bouchet-Saulnier, Françoise; Brav, Laura; Olivier, Clementine (2007).

7803: 7452:"Gas and germ warfare: International legal history and present status" 7219: 6842:

The Manchurian crisis, 1931–1932: a tragedy in international relations

5395: 4738: 2491: 1707:

as well as feeding the refugees in the camps. It also established the

1279:, as one of the last acts of the League before it ceased functioning. 12937: 9390:

Guarantee of Peace: The League of Nations in British Policy 1914–1925

9219: 8972:

Götz, Norbert (2005). "On the Origins of 'Parliamentary Diplomacy'".

8221:

Denys P. Myers (1948). "Liquidation of League of Nations Functions".

6819: 3133: 2982: 2974: 2805: 2453:

region. Although the region was sparsely populated, it contained the

2436: 2402: 2393: 2058: 1704: 1624:

to end slavery as a condition of membership in 1923, and worked with

1596: 1347: 1044: 943: 769: 723: 584: 497: 10307: 9732:

The Marcus Garvey and Universal Negro Improvement Association Papers

8234: 7702:

Soldiers of the Sun: The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Army

7575: 6696: 6031: 3436:. Transnational Foundation of Peace and Future Research. p. 2. 1865: 1671: 1126: 1037: 11350: 11338: 10313: 9947:

Slavery in the Twentieth Century: The Evolution of a Global Problem

9506:

Murderous Medicine: Nazi Doctors, Human Experimentation, and Typhus

9072:

To End All Wars: Woodrow Wilson and the Quest for a New World Order

8667:

Office Without Power: Secretary-General Sir Eric Drummond 1919–1933

8534:

The Guardians : the League of Nations and the crisis of empire

6270: 5038: 4459: 3152:

put the colonial powers under international observation. Professor

3020: 2921:

1926, deeming it to have become a "peace-loving country" under the

2504: 2446: 2342:

Following accusations of forced labour on the large American-owned

2241: 1881:

difficult matters to the League. This meant that, during the early

1700: 1665: 1640:. Partly as a result of pressure brought by the League of Nations, 1621: 603:

put the colonial powers under international observation. Professor

10634:

Provisional Secretary-General prior to the election of Trygve Lie.

10399: 9986:

The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War

9774:. Translated by Annie Wright. Feminist Press at City of New York. 9707:

Soviet Foreign Policy, the League of Nations and Europe, 1917-1939

9279:

Swart, William J. "The League of Nations and the Irish Question."

9202:

The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War

8688:

Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and world order, 1914–1938

8382:

A time for angels: the tragicomic history of the League of Nations

7980:

The Economic Weapon: The Rise of Sanctions as a Tool of Modern War

7510:

The Illusion of Peace: International Relations in Europe 1918-1933

7310:(New York: Alfred A. Knopf 1964), pp. 558, 561–562 (quote at 562). 7043: 6857:

Japan and the League of Nations: Empire and World Order, 1914–1938

3370: 2222:

that Lithuania restored diplomatic relations with Poland and thus

1903: 886:(and became known as the Phillimore Committee), but also included 12503: 12268:

Standard Minimum Rules for the Administration of Juvenile Justice

10935: 10550: 10193:

Most Dangerous Women: Feminist peace campaigners of the Great War

9909:

Drug Diplomacy in the Twentieth Century: An International History

8943: 8587:

The triumph of the dark: European international history 1933–1939

8480:

Broken star : the story of the League of Nations (1919–1939)

4706: 4394:

Worldmaking after Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination

3203: 3145: 3137: 2810: 2554:

of December 1935 was an attempt by the British Foreign Secretary

2442: 2373:

Chinese delegate addressing the League of Nations concerning the

2162: 1953: 1911: 1759:

and eventual independence depending on the inhabitants' choices.

1696: 1661: 1625: 1616: 1569: 1565: 1540: 1438: 717: 596: 588: 8580:

The Lights that Failed: European International History 1919–1933

8314: 7165:"Appeal to The League of Nations:June 1936, Geneva, Switzerland" 7054: 7052: 5945:

The Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations

5413:"The International Health Organization Of The League Of Nations" 2916:

permanent member of the council, but withdrew in 1939 after the

792:

would initiate a body. In the midst of the War, Wilson refused.

11415: 11333: 11303: 11268: 10016:

Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements

8674:

The Corfu incident of 1923: Mussolini and the League of Nations

6589: 6300: 5712: 5710: 4861: 3897: 3172: 3103: 2986: 2706:

to the limitation of more conventional weapons, such as tanks.

2105: 2089: 2067: 1907: 1692: 1657: 1577: 1490:, the Commission for Refugees, the Slavery Commission, and the 1483: 1446: 1442: 1426: 1179: 995: 400: 120: 10400:

Total Digital Access to the League of Nations Archives Project

8833:

Eloranta, Jari (2011). "Why did the League of Nations fail?".

7665:

Eloranta, Jari (2011). "Why did the League of Nations fail?".

7590: 6036:

Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science

5500: 5498: 4660: 4658: 1992:

troops conducted military operations in the south of Albania.

403:, Switzerland, and from 17 February 1936 in the purpose built 13566: 11313: 8296: 8123: 8008: 7996: 7905: 7742: 7718: 7049: 6938: 6476: 6362: 6130: 6011: 5695: 5683: 5522: 3952: 3168: 3040: 2015: 1649: 1592: 1450: 1434: 1430: 1397:

24) from 1930 to 1936 as well as for special sessions at the

10072:

The Origins of Violence: Approaches to the Study of Conflict

9997:

Japanese foreign policy 1869–1942:Kasumigaseki to Miyakezaka

8453:

The Peace that Never was: A History of the League of Nations

7883: 7881: 7607: 7605: 6750: 6748: 5707: 5659: 4948: 4946: 3646: 3546:

The Origin, Structure & Working of the League of Nations

1856:

In addition to the mandates, the League itself governed the

1580:

epidemics, including organising a large education campaign.

1299:

Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations

1058:

In 1924, the headquarters of the League in Geneva (formerly

480:

and settling international disputes through negotiation and

10091:

The EU-NATO relationship: a legal and political perspective

9751:

The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific

9562: 9235:

The League of Nations from 1919 to 1929 (Partners for Peace

8388:

Brierly, J. L. and P. A. Reynolds. "The League of Nations"

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A session of the Assembly (1923), meeting in Geneva at the

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Wilson's Final Address in Support of the League of Nations

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Jacobs, Aletta Henriette (1996). Feinberg, Harriet (ed.).

9717: 9670:

Arms control: the new guide to negotiations and agreements

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supervised League of Nations mandates, and also organised

1154:

before going to war. The Executive Council would create a

13451:

Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs

10411: 10304:, Avalon Project. Documents in Law, History and Diplomacy 8099: 7893: 7878: 7754: 7730: 7602: 7564:

Journal of the British Institute of International Affairs

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University of Minnesota Law School Scholarship Repository

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The American Peace Movement and Social Reform, 1889-1918

8317:

Guide to the Archives of the League of Nations 1919–1946

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Matilda Spence, "Settlement of the Memel Controversy."

6312: 5789: 4800:

https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol59/iss2/5

4670: 3171:

replaced the Republic of China (then only in control of

2736:

strain its own commitment to police its British Empire.

1952:

voiced a claim to Upper Silesia, which had been part of

524:, when the League accused Italian soldiers of targeting 395:

The headquarters were based from 1 November 1920 in the

8888: 7646: 7357:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Archived from 7343:(Boston: Houghton Mufflin 1948), pp. 392–393, 447, 539. 7011: 6987: 6577: 6221: 6219: 5259: 5235: 5142: 5130: 4694: 4492: 2405:, and on 9 March 1932 set up a puppet government, with 711:, one of the earliest advocates for a League of Nations 540:

in the 1930s. Its credibility was weakened because the

10671: 8928:] (phdthesis) (in French). Université de Lausanne. 8455:(Haus Publishing, 2019), a standard scholarly history. 8267:. UNESCO Memory of the World Programme. Archived from 6975: 6204: 5843: 5671: 5614: 3609: 3607: 3019:

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2409:, the former emperor of China, as its executive head. 2014:

Mussolini sent a warship to shell the Greek island of

1922:. In December 1917, during the turmoil of the Russian 13746:

Intergovernmental organizations established by treaty

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Test Case: Italy, Ethiopia, and the League of Nations

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had to supervise the statistical reports on trade in

661:

By 1910, international law developed, with the first

509:

for his role as the leading architect of the League.

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Woodrow Wilson and the Birth of the American Century

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Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons

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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

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The League of Nations: Its Life and Times, 1920–1946

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The League of Nations: Perspectives from the Present

7183: 7129: 7088: 6541: 6529: 6517: 6386: 6374: 6327: 6216: 5804: 5027:"Complex structures and international organizations" 4814:(Yale University Press, 2000) pp 17 – 35 at page 24 4682: 4269:

African Journal of International and Comparative Law

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The League of Nations and the Rule of Law, 1918–1935

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The League of Nations: Its life and times, 1920–1946

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The League of Nations: Its life and times, 1920–1946

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The United Nations at Age Fifty: A Legal Perspective

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was a province formed from parts of Prussia and the

1502:), and the Health Organisation (restructured as the 1480:

International Commission on Intellectual Cooperation

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European Consortium for Political Research Workshop

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The League of Nations and the Rule of Law 1918-1935

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The League of Nations and the Organization of Peace

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The League of Nations and the organisation of peace

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Islam, secularism, and nationalism in modern Turkey

6348:"The admission of Albania in the League of Nations" 5547:. International Labour Organization. Archived from 5510: 4931: 4757: 4745: 4479: 3981: 3979: 3918:"Hirschmann, Susanna Theodora Cornelia (1871–1957)" 3604: 2519:defeated the poorly armed Abyssinians and captured 2185:, and on 7 October 1920, the League negotiated the 676:One small forerunner of the League of Nations, the 548:only joined in 1934 and was expelled in 1939 after 12283:Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons 9829:Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin; Ringertz, Nils (2001). 9828: 9807: 9590:The Second World War: Volume I The Gathering Storm 9587: 9564: 9503: 9298:Fascist Italy and the League of Nations, 1922–1935 9088: 9017:Lord Robert Cecil: Politician and Internationalist 8863: 8557: 6112:"The Covenant of the League of Nations:Article 22" 6001:"Woodrow Wilson Was More Racist Than Wilsonianism" 5910: 5822: 4712: 4481: 4102: 3093:The League is dead. Long live the United Nations. 3013: 2899:regardless of the outcome of any floor vote even. 2441:The League failed to prevent the 1932 war between 786:Women's International League for Peace and Freedom 654:in the 19th century in an attempt to maintain the 12419:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 9689:Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917–1991: A Retrospective 9104: 8204:"League of Nations Ends, Gives Way to New U.N.", 7355:"The Covenant of the League of Nations:Article 8" 7352: 6109: 5453:. United Nations Office at Geneva. Archived from 4867: 4727:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 4126: 3576:(October 2007). "Back to the League of Nations". 2271:decided to resist a Colombian re-occupation. The 1871: 1826:Article 22, The Covenant of the League of Nations 1812:Article 22, The Covenant of the League of Nations 1794:Article 22, The Covenant of the League of Nations 934:The two principal drafters and architects of the 526:International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement 13712: 13437:Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars 9611:Atlas of Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century 7308:The Growth of American Foreign Policy. A history 7262: 4533: 4531: 4444:"The Library of the League of Nations at Geneva" 4171: 3976: 2476: 12393:World Federation of United Nations Associations 11888:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 9964:Meyer, Mary K.; Prügl, Elisabeth, eds. (1999). 9186:(in French). Presses Universitaires de France. 8367: 8198: 6445: 3875:"A Woman's Peace Party Full Fledged for Action" 3568: 3566: 3488: 2989:. This debate established precedents regarding 2977:took place following the 1934 assassination of 2754: 2499:going into exile in Bath, England via Jerusalem 13508:United States one-hundred-thousand-dollar bill 10614:Deputy Secretary-General of the United Nations 10268: 10014:Osmanczyk, Edmund Jan; Mango, Anthony (2002). 10013: 9928:The Origins of the First and Second World Wars 9648: 9627: 8468:Ikonomou, Haakon, Karen Gram-Skjoldager, eds. 8424:Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations 8414:The League of Nations : from 1929 to 1946 8220: 7784: 6655: 6595: 6306: 6029: 5948:. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. 5528: 5396:"Health Organisation Correspondence 1926–1938" 5180: 4966:"National Membership of the League of Nations" 4397:. Princeton University Press. pp. 37–52. 3903: 3664: 3519:Historical Dictionary of the League of Nations 3128:across the globe; strengthened the concept of 1084:draft was finally produced as a basis for the 628:, one of the earliest formulations of written 581:economic stabilization and financial stability 575:across the globe; strengthened the concept of 468:The League's primary goals were stated in its 13498:Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation 12519: 10951: 10657: 10619:Under-Secretary-General of the United Nations 10447: 10126: 9527:The Origins of the Second World War in Europe 6032:"The Mandate System of the League of Nations" 4528: 4441: 4046: 3652: 3191: 2638: 2264:did not recognise the military takeover, but 1956:. The Treaty of Versailles had recommended a 922:American President Woodrow Wilson instructed 12288:Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons 9649:Frowein, Jochen A; Rüdiger, Wolfrum (2000). 9628:Everard, Myriam; de Haan, Francisca (2016). 7537:Australian Journal of Politics & History 7159: 6352:Journal of Liberty and International Affairs 5569: 4798:: Vol. 59, No. 2. Page 54-56. Available at: 3915: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3584:(4). American Historical Review: 1091–1117. 3563: 2240:There were several border conflicts between 1750:. Many British and French leaders wanted to 1517:Child labour in a coal mine, United States, 1059: 579:, gave a voice to smaller nations; fostered 46: 13186:U.S. Federal Board for Vocational Education 13051:National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics 10917:The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors 10245:Das deutsche Schrifttum über den Völkerbund 9222:The League of Nations and primitive peoples 9108:Essential Facts about the League of Nations 8963:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 6727:"The United Nations in the Heart of Europe" 6252:"The Struggle for Upper Silesia, 1919-1922" 6105: 6103: 6101: 5998: 5823:Walsh, Ben; Scott-Baumann, Michael (2013). 3461: 3303:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 77. 2612: 453:. It was founded on 10 January 1920 by the 12526: 12512: 12381:Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action 12293:UN Advisory Committee of Local Authorities 10958: 10944: 10664: 10650: 10454: 10440: 9963: 9906: 9866: 9729: 9686: 9174:McPherson, Alan, and Yannick Wehrli, eds. 9121:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 8934:Edward Grey, 1st Viscount Grey of Fallodon 8693: 8560:The Rise and Fall of the League of Nations 8105: 7760: 7105: 7103: 7070: 6450:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 117–121. 5771:"Nansen International Office for Refugees" 5759:. Americana Corporation. 1976. p. 24. 5665: 5477:"Permanent Court of International Justice" 5162:"League of Nations Secretariat, 1919–1946" 5003: 4676: 4539:"Inter-Allied Women's Conference in Paris" 4510: 4498: 3958: 3495:. Cambridge University Press. p. 52. 2724: 2412:The League of Nations sent observers. The 1944:The Allied powers referred the problem of 1799:The B mandates were applied to the former 833:diplomatic efforts surrounding World War I 658:between European states and so avoid war. 32:League of Nations (professional wrestling) 13160:United States Grain Standards Act of 1916 9925: 9712: 9651:Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law 9585: 9328: 8917: 8657:League of Nations and National Minorities 8499: 8315:United Nations Library of Geneva (1978). 8302: 8223:The American Journal of International Law 8216: 8214: 8129: 8062: 8014: 8002: 7965: 7923: 7911: 7899: 7887: 7872: 7860: 7809: 7748: 7736: 7724: 7635: 7611: 7596: 7485: 7475: 7250: 7225: 7082: 7058: 6944: 6932: 6754: 6670: 6559: 6511: 6482: 6433: 6404: 6368: 6321: 6237: 6198: 6186: 6148: 6136: 6114:. The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. 6092: 6080: 6068: 6017: 5798: 5741: 5716: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5650: 5608: 5504: 5277: 5265: 5253: 5241: 5148: 5136: 5124: 5086: 5024: 4984: 4522: 4312: 4153:"The League of Nations – Karl J. Schmidt" 4147: 4145: 4143: 4141: 3816: 3734:Bouchet-Saulnier, Brav & Olivier 2007 3628:"Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch" 3296: 3273:League of Small and Subject Nationalities 2668: 2657:on 17 September 1939, on 30 November the 2523:in May 1936, forcing Emperor of Ethiopia 680:(IPU), was formed by the peace activists 13467:Celestial Sphere Woodrow Wilson Memorial 11810:Conference on International Organization 10924:To the Unknown British Soldier in France 10189: 10088: 10069: 9885: 9667: 9608: 9501: 9231: 8832: 8520:The League of Nations: From 1919 to 1929 8141: 7664: 7652: 7561: 7379: 7326:(New York: Penguin 2017), p.729 (quote). 7267:. Stanford University Press. p. 10. 7113:. Library of Congress. 1944. p. 97. 6660:. World Peace Foundation. pp. 1–13. 6583: 6249: 6098: 5994: 5992: 5620: 5288: 5286: 4796:Swiss American Historical Society Review 4700: 4664: 4622:"Women Gain Victory at Paris Conference" 4390: 4227: 4073: 3970: 3863:. Russell & Russell. pp. 13–22. 3703: 3691: 3572: 3258:United Kingdom and the League of Nations 3112:In the Assembly's last session in 1946, 3055: 3039: 2937:that formed the basis of the League and 2867: 2854: 2841: 2824: 2490: 2368: 2306:quickly approved by the League Council. 1670: 1534: 1512: 1496:Permanent Court of International Justice 1368: 1334:Permanent Court of International Justice 1314: 1306: 1295:Permanent Court of International Justice 1242: 1209: 1156:Permanent Court of International Justice 1053: 1007: 913: 794: 619: 472:. They included preventing wars through 449:whose principal mission was to maintain 13661:Jefferson Literary and Debating Society 12626:Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination 11725:Office international d'hygiène publique 10302:"The Covenant of the League of Nations" 10221:Guide to League of Nations Publications 10107: 10032: 9788: 9567:The Practical Guide to Humanitarian Law 9543: 9482: 9214: 9181: 9089:Kuehl, Warren F; Dunn, Lynne K (1997). 9040: 9014: 8866:The League of Nations from 1929 to 1946 8803: 8774: 8745: 8026: 7935: 7699: 7534: 7512:(Bloomsbury Publishing, 2017) pp.60–61. 7414: 7100: 7017: 6993: 6853: 6805: 6682: 6619: 6162:"The United Nations and Decolonization" 5911:de Haan, Francisca (25 February 2010). 5211: 5209: 4832: 4688: 3630:. Mount Holyoke College. 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The islands are almost exclusively 1289:Organisation of the League of Nations 436: 13731:Organizations disestablished in 1946 13011:Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 12725:Occupation of the Dominican Republic 12258:United Nations Postal Administration 11893:Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues 11612:Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs 9994: 9967:Gender Politics in Global Governance 9847: 9831:The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years 9524: 9463: 8971: 8861: 8291:http://www.jstor.org/stable/20672433 8142:Chaudron, Gerald (8 November 2011). 7449: 7201: 7189: 7147: 7135: 7123: 7094: 7031:http://www.jstor.org/stable/20672432 6981: 6908: 6571: 5941: 5923:from the original on 16 October 2011 5861: 5826:Cambridge Igcse Modern World History 5563: 5376:from the original on 12 October 2011 5206: 5045:from the original on 7 November 2017 4132: 4108: 3405:"The women of the League of Nations" 3402: 3379:from the original on 19 January 2010 3035: 2851:the United States' refusal to join. 2574: 2229: 1311:League of Nations Organisation chart 1158:to make judgements on the disputes. 950:system for captured colonies of the 13395:1916 Democratic National Convention 13385:1912 Democratic National Convention 13289:Birthplace and Presidential Library 13084:Federal Employees' Compensation Act 12931:Board of Mediation and Conciliation 11661:Permanent representatives to the UN 11550:Political and Peacebuilding Affairs 9867:Magliveras, Konstantinos D (1999). 9037:(Cambridge University Press, 2021). 8333: 8308: 7700:Harries, Meirion and Susie (1991). 7285:from the original on 31 August 2011 5534: 5483:from the original on 27 August 2011 5164:. 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University of California Press. 8606:A History of the League of Nations 7239:A History of the League of Nations 6958:Britain between the Wars 1918–1940 5913:"A Brief Survey of Women's Rights" 5402: 3188:to protect their vital interests. 3163:) became permanent members of the 3060:League of Nations archives, Geneva 2354: 2309: 1562:International Sanitary Conferences 1263:in 1932 (newly independent from a 859:in February 1917, followed by the 667:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 14: 13762: 13726:Organizations established in 1920 13170:Wildlife Game Refuges Act of 1916 13125:National Park Service Organic Act 13023:Glacier National Park Act of 1914 12822:Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918 12570:President of Princeton University 12455:United Nations in popular culture 12139:Expulsion from the United Nations 12084:General Assembly President (2016) 10689:Covenant of the League of Nations 10295: 10253:"Back to the League of Nations." 10243:Juntke, Fritz; Sveistrup, Hans: " 10212: 10033:Pietilä, Hilkka (31 March 1999). 9437: 8700:(1st ed.). Morgan Reynolds. 8472:(Aarhus University Press, 2019). 8087:from the original on 27 June 2015 7111:Events Leading Up to World War II 6118:from the original on 26 July 2011 5372:. National Library of Australia. 5294:"League of Nations Photo Archive" 4288:Twentieth Century British History 3443:from the original on 27 July 2014 3358:from the original on 26 July 2011 3331:from the original on 26 July 2011 2797:remilitarisation of the Rhineland 2108:with French consent in mid-1939. 1711:as a means of identification for 1638:trafficking of women and children 1560:(OIHP) founded in 1907 after the 1338:International Labour Organization 1106:Covenant of the League of Nations 938:were the British politician Lord 936:covenant of the League of Nations 905:Covenant of the League of Nations 768:women's conference to be held in 728:Covenant of the League of Nations 13695: 13694: 13216:Acadia National Park Act of 1919 12487: 10604:Leaders of the League of Nations 10510: 10320:History of the League of Nations 10275:The League of Nations in history 9810:The Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939 9720:The League of Nations and labour 8777:The International History Review 8619: 8614:; the standard scholarly history 8594:The Whispering Gallery Of Europe 8589:(Oxford University Press, 2011). 8582:(Oxford University Press, 2005). 8283: 8162: 8135: 8055: 8020: 7971: 7950: 7929: 7778: 7693: 7658: 7639:The Whispering Gallery Of Europe 7629: 7555: 7549:10.1111/j.1467-8497.2008.00512.x 7528: 7523:History of the League of Nations 7515: 7502: 7443: 7408: 7373: 7346: 7329: 7313: 7297: 7271: 7256: 7231: 7153: 7036: 7023: 6950: 6847: 6834: 6799: 6719: 6676: 6649: 6439: 6410: 6339: 6243: 6154: 6023: 5962: 5935: 5904: 5855: 5816: 5763: 5747: 5722: 5626: 4919:from the original on 25 May 2017 4883:. United Nations. Archived from 4647: 4605: 4580:"Women and the Peace Conference" 4564: 3625: 3522:. Scarecrow Press. p. 174. 3248:France and the League of Nations 3232: 3206:is a collection of the League's 1933: 1892: 1878:aftermath of the First World War 1851:United Nations Trust Territories 1385:) from 1920 to 1929, and at the 1377:(in a building at the corner of 1303:Leaders of the League of Nations 1104:) on 25 January 1919. The final 1036: 1020: 984: 975: 966: 942:and the South African statesman 716: 701: 371: 346: 91: 76: 64: 13400:1916 U.S. presidential election 13390:1912 U.S. presidential election 13316:Summer White House (Harlakenden 12770:Committee on Public Information 12731:Army Appropriations Act of 1916 12660:State of the Union Address 1913 12043:International Court of Justice 11592:Sport for Development and Peace 10830:Partition of the Ottoman Empire 10802:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye 10754:Hague conference on reparations 10382:United Nations Office at Geneva 10373:United Nations Office at Geneva 10333:League of Nations Photo archive 10196:(1st ed.). Pandora Press. 9871:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 9653:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. 9404:Journal of Contemporary History 8065:"La connaissance est un réseau" 7279:"Japanese Attack on China 1937" 7044:https://doi.org/10.2307/2143696 6860:. 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In Dickinson's 1915 pamphlet 13311:Princeton University president 13306:Boyhood home in South Carolina 12550:President of the United States 11720:Permanent Court of Arbitration 11715:International Peace Conference 11082:International Court of Justice 10883:Commission of Responsibilities 10786:International Opium Convention 10175:. Cambridge University Press. 10153:. Cambridge University Press. 9999:. Routledge & Kegan Paul. 9930:. Cambridge University Press. 9907:McAllister, William B (1999). 9892:. Princeton University Press. 9548:. Cambridge University Press. 9317:The American Historical Review 9300:(Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016). 9164:Macfadyen, David, et al. eds. 9074:. Princeton University Press. 8319:. United Nations. p. 19. 7263:van Slyke, Lyman, ed. (1967). 5975:. Cambridge University Press. 5639:The American Historical Review 4713:Levinovitz & Ringertz 2001 4185:. 15 December 1918. p. 1. 3885:(17): 433–434. 23 January 1915 3798:"Before the League of Nations" 3578:The American Historical Review 3543:Ellis, Charles Howard (2003). 3536: 3509: 3482: 3455: 3422: 3396: 3343: 3317: 3290: 3000:American diplomatic historian 2979:King Alexander I of Yugoslavia 2558:and the French Prime Minister 2542:, invoked the recently passed 2384:Under the agreed terms of the 2365:Japanese invasion of Manchuria 2207:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1872:Resolving territorial disputes 1585:International Opium Convention 1500:International Court of Justice 447:intergovernmental organisation 391: 111:Intergovernmental organisation 97:Anachronous world map showing 1: 13741:Organisations based in Geneva 13599:(daughter, acting first lady) 13543:Backstairs at the White House 13461:Woodrow Wilson Junior College 13221:Grand Canyon Park Act of 1919 13028:Legislative Reference Service 12989:Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 12812:Selective Service Act of 1917 12795:Armistice of 11 November 1918 12253:Sustainable Development Goals 11780:Declaration by United Nations 11705:International Telegraph Union 10358:Speech made 25 September 1919 10235:Contemporary European History 9789:Kennedy, David (April 1987). 9529:. 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Roland (2015). 9848:Levy, Marcela López (2001). 9753:. Longman Group UK Limited. 9687:Gorodetsky, Gabriel (1994). 9571:. Rowman & Littlefield. 9468:. Hoover Institution Press. 9311:Tworek, Heidi J. S. (2019). 8789:10.1080/07075332.2014.966134 8760:10.1080/17539153.2013.764103 8602: 8392:(2nd ed. 1968) Chapter IX, . 8368:General and cited references 8169:League of Nations Chronology 7812:, pp. 279–282, 288–292. 7281:. Mount Holyoke University. 7241:(1952) pp. 721–730, 789–791. 7228:, pp. 264–265, 269–270. 7167:. Black King. Archived from 6656:Hudson, Manley, ed. (1934). 6030:Myers, Denys P (July 1921). 5633:Tworek, Heidi J. S. 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As 2430: 1984:had not been set during the 7: 13353:When a Man Comes to Himself 13269:Mineral Leasing Act of 1920 13264:Merchant Marine Act of 1920 13154:Stock-Raising Homestead Act 12838:Wartime Measure Act of 1918 12736:Council of National Defense 12315:Security Council veto power 11622:Sexual Violence in Conflict 11545:Economic and Social Affairs 11116:Economic and Social Council 10852:Turkish War of Independence 10835:Conference of London (1920) 10807:Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine 10709:Little Treaty of Versailles 10093:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. 9586:Churchill, Winston (1986). 9447:International Organizations 8826:(U of Chicago Press, 2022) 8564:. Hutchinson & Co Ltd. 8433:Henig, Ruth B, ed. (1973). 8422:Ginneken, Anique H.M. van. 8402:. In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). 8396:Cecil, Lord Robert (1922). 7787:The League of Nations Union 6854:Burkman, Thomas W. 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The 2390:South Manchurian Railway 2111: 2077: 2030: 1940:Upper Silesia plebiscite 1532:was its first director. 844:himself included in his 558:Second World War in 1939 195:Deputy Secretary-General 19:Not to be confused with 13666:Woodrow Wilson and race 13487:Woodrow Wilson Monument 13301:Boyhood home in Georgia 13206:War Revenue Act of 1917 13101:Federal Farm Loan Board 13034:Smith–Lever Act of 1914 12956:Rivers and Harbors Acts 12817:Immigration Act of 1918 12807:Immigration Act of 1917 12743:Philippine Autonomy Act 12387:Woodrow Wilson Memorial 12349:UN International School 12344:UN Federal Credit Union 12325:Security Council reform 12161:Four Nations Initiative 12089:Security Council (2016) 11932:Security Council vetoes 11063:Under-Secretary-General 10563:Javier Pérez de Cuéllar 10280:Oxford University Press 10190:Wiltsher, Anne (1985). 9945:Miers, Suzanne (2003). 9464:Baer, George W (1976). 9286:Thorne, Christopher G. 9232:Ostrower, Gary (1995). 8740:excerpt and text search 8603:Walters, F. 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Roosevelt 2494: 2372: 2250:Salomón-Lozano Treaty 2220:1938 Polish ultimatum 2183:Polish–Lithuanian War 2018:, and Italian forces 1980:The frontiers of the 1842:Union of South Africa 1819: 1805: 1787: 1674: 1538: 1516: 1372: 1318: 1310: 1246: 1210:Languages and symbols 1057: 1011: 917: 900:Phillimore Commission 831:In the course of the 798: 682:William Randal Cremer 623: 514:Allies of World War I 501:1919, U.S. president 300:• First meeting 127:Common languages 13591:Edith Bolling Wilson 13443:The Wilson Quarterly 13326:Woodrow Wilson House 13244:Railroad Labor Board 12862:Treaty of Versailles 12833:Sedition Act of 1918 12429:United Nations Radio 12424:United Nations Medal 12376:University for Peace 12107:Bretton Woods system 11842:governed territories 11587:Developing Countries 11498:Secretariat Building 11367:Specialized agencies 10893:List of participants 10726:Treaty of Versailles 10392:16 July 2019 at the 10367:7 March 2019 at the 9852:. Oxfam Publishing. 9833:. World Scientific. 9705:Haigh, R. H. et al. 9525:Bell, P.M.H (2007). 8478:Joyce, James Avery. 8271:on 30 September 2008 7599:, pp. 113, 123. 6956:Charles Loch Mowat, 5457:on 23 September 2011 4955:, pp. 312, 398. 4887:on 23 September 2011 4781:4 April 2015 at the 4300:10.1093/tcbh/hwaa007 4155:. American History. 3834:Leicester University 3752:Leicester University 3462:Osakwe, C O (1972). 3429:Jahanpour, Farhang. 3372:Treaty of Versailles 3144:, colonial tyranny, 2799:, occupation of the 2051:the surrounding area 1838:Mandate of Palestine 1615:sought to eradicate 1379:Boulevard Helvétique 1131:Treaty of Versailles 1110:Treaty of Versailles 816:. It was called the 726:helped to draft the 595:, colonial tyranny, 494:Treaty of Versailles 288:Treaty of Versailles 261:Francis Paul Walters 13687:Warren G. Harding → 13635:(cousin, secretary) 13633:Helen Woodrow Bones 13603:Jessie Wilson Sayre 13535:Profiles in Courage 13503:U.S. Postage stamps 13211:Revenue Act of 1918 13138:Revenue Act of 1916 12944:Revenue Act of 1913 12912:Federal Reserve Act 12719:Occupation of Haiti 12201:International Years 12166:Genocide Convention 11602:Outer Space Affairs 11597:Disarmament Affairs 11562:Safety and Security 11503:Conference Building 11483:Secretariat offices 11128:Trusteeship Council 10840:San Remo conference 10795:Subsequent treaties 10764:Lausanne Conference 10463:Secretaries-General 10405:20 May 2020 at the 10387:Table of Assemblies 10362:History (1919–1946) 10312:audio recording at 9413:9.3 (1998): 83–109. 9392:(Oxford UP, 2009). 9388:Yearwood, Peter J. 9158:(Oxford UP, 2011). 9140:31.1 (2019): 12–36 9011:(Cornell UP, 2015). 8732:Cooper, John Milton 8686:Burkman, Thomas W. 8683:(Peter Lang, 2009). 8437:. 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AltaMira Press. 9795:Cardozo Law Review 9397:Historical Journal 9378:Winkler, Henry R. 9363:Diplomatic History 9339:Peace & Change 9330:10.1093/ahr/rhz577 9200:Mulder, Nicholas. 9178:(UNM Press, 2015). 9043:New Global Studies 9004:(Routledge, 2014). 8828:online book review 8728:(Oxford UP, 2013). 8714:Chaudron, Gerald. 8655:Azcarate, P. de. 8518:Ostrower, Gary B. 7525:(1952) pp.217–230. 7304:Richard W. Leopold 6729:. United Nations. 6164:. United Nations. 5919:. 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King 2303:Rhenish Palatinate 2280:, and a pledge of 2269:Luis Sánchez Cerro 2055:international city 1962:Silesian Uprisings 1924:October Revolution 1680: 1634:Tanganyika railway 1613:Slavery Commission 1545: 1525: 1415: 1387:Bâtiment électoral 1325: 1313: 1249: 1136:Catherine Marshall 1070: 1014: 920: 841:David Lloyd George 810: 805:The New York Times 671:Theodore Roosevelt 663:Geneva Conventions 633: 470:eponymous Covenant 290:becomes effective 13721:League of Nations 13708: 13707: 13615:Francis Sayre Jr. 13593:(wife, 1915–1924) 13546:(1979 miniseries) 13277: 13276: 13251:Federal Power Act 12888:Wilsonian Armenia 12875:League of Nations 12606:1917 inauguration 12601:1913 inauguration 12501: 12500: 12332:UN Art Collection 12308:Millennium Summit 12263:UN Block By Block 12243:Ralph Bunche Park 12211:UN laissez-passer 12171:UN Global Compact 12128:Delivering as One 12027:Secretary-General 11918: 11917: 11898:Indigenous Caucus 11792:Tehran Conference 11786:Moscow Conference 11761:Preparatory years 11730:League of Nations 11630: 11629: 11530:Palace of Nations 11232:UNEP/GRID-Arendal 11048:Secretary-General 10991:Amina J. Mohammed 10978:Secretary-General 10933: 10932: 10812:Treaty of Trianon 10704:Minority Treaties 10681:League of Nations 10639: 10638: 10479:League of Nations 10467:League of Nations 10203:978-0-86358-010-9 10182:978-0-521-52900-6 10173:A History of Iraq 10160:978-0-521-63493-9 10138:978-0-415-22073-6 10119:978-1-57488-452-4 10100:978-0-7546-4759-1 10081:978-1-56000-783-8 10025:978-0-415-93924-9 10006:978-0-415-27375-6 9977:978-0-8476-9161-6 9956:978-0-7591-0340-5 9937:978-0-521-56861-6 9918:978-0-415-17990-4 9899:978-1-4008-7025-7 9878:978-90-411-1239-2 9859:978-0-85598-455-7 9840:978-981-02-4665-5 9821:978-1-84176-369-9 9781:978-1-55861-138-2 9760:978-0-582-49349-0 9741:978-0-520-07208-4 9714:Henderson, Arthur 9698:978-0-7146-4506-3 9679:978-0-7619-4016-6 9660:978-90-411-1403-7 9641:978-90-04-33318-5 9620:978-0-415-16461-0 9601:978-0-395-41055-4 9578:978-0-7425-5496-2 9555:978-0-521-26652-9 9536:978-1-4058-4028-6 9517:978-0-275-98312-3 9494:978-0-413-27580-6 9475:978-0-8179-6591-4 9456:978-0-415-24690-3 9425:Zimmern, Alfred. 9249:978-0-89529-636-8 9193:978-2-13-051635-4 9154:McCarthy, Helen. 9081:978-0-691-00150-0 9026:978-0-7546-6944-9 9000:Housden, Martyn. 8881:978-0-89529-637-5 8815:978-0-807-81320-1 8707:978-1-931798-40-2 8571:978-0-09-117040-0 8544:Raffo, P (1974). 8511:978-0-7185-1316-0 8458:Housden, Martyn. 8444:978-0-05-002592-5 8379:Bendiner, Elmer. 8326:978-92-1-200347-4 8178:Philip J. Strollo 8155:978-0-7864-8898-8 7989:978-0-300-25936-0 7796:978-0-19-822650-5 7711:978-0-394-56935-2 7450:Bunn, G. (1970). 7337:Winston Churchill 7216:, pp. 25–29. 6984:, pp. 21–22. 6875:978-0-8248-2982-7 6673:, pp. 72–73. 6562:, pp. 78–79. 6457:978-0-415-38458-2 6240:, pp. 77–78. 6201:, pp. 70–72. 6189:, pp. 73–75. 5982:978-1-009-30890-8 5955:978-0-598-68778-4 5942:Hill, M. (1946). 5836:978-1-4441-6442-8 5668:, pp. 76–77. 5595:978-92-4-156058-0 5320:"Chronology 1939" 5280:, pp. 42–48. 5256:, pp. 48–50. 5127:, pp. 48–49. 5031:Memoria e Ricerca 4812:From War to Peace 4626:Los Angeles Times 4525:, pp. 35–36. 4412:978-0-691-17915-5 4060:978-1-177-95293-4 3928:on 30 August 2017 3906:, pp. 64–65. 3843:978-0-7185-1194-4 3761:978-0-7185-1194-4 3667:"Perpetual Peace" 3556:978-1-58477-320-7 3529:978-0-8108-6513-6 3502:978-1-139-42658-9 3475:978-90-286-0002-7 3391:Minority Treaties 3310:978-90-411-0145-7 3161:Republic of China 3114:Philip Noel-Baker 3074:Tehran Conference 3067:Palace of Nations 3036:Demise and legacy 2918:Spanish Civil War 2908:Russian Civil War 2704:strategic bombing 2581:Spanish Civil War 2575:Spanish Civil War 2375:Manchurian Crisis 2266:President of Peru 2236:Colombia–Peru War 2230:Colombia and Peru 2215:Allied Conference 2191:Lucjan Żeligowski 2187:Suwałki Agreement 2155:Polish–Soviet War 2128:mandate over Iraq 2102:Republic of Hatay 2041:The port city of 1411:Palace of Nations 1356:general secretary 1321:Palace of Nations 1167:Henry Cabot Lodge 1163:Nobel Peace Prize 884:Walter Phillimore 772:. Coordinated by 648:Concert of Europe 630:international law 507:Nobel Peace Prize 418:League of Nations 414: 413: 407:, also in Geneva. 405:Palace of Nations 383: 382: 379: 378: 359: 358: 354:Concert of Europe 256:• 1940–1946 244:• 1937–1940 237:Pablo de Azcárate 232:• 1933–1936 220:• 1923–1933 208:• 1919–1923 180:• 1940–1946 168:• 1933–1940 161:Sir Eric Drummond 156:• 1920–1933 142:Secretary-General 43:League of Nations 13758: 13698: 13697: 13238:Esch–Cummins Act 13180:Smith–Hughes Act 13119:Keating–Owen Act 12696: 12695: 12648:Silent Sentinels 12573: 12564: 12553: 12528: 12521: 12514: 12505: 12504: 12494:World portal 12492: 12491: 12398:Biopiracy treaty 11984:Nagorno-Karabakh 11954:Security Council 11937:General Assembly 11864:Human Rights Day 11804:Yalta Conference 11774:Atlantic Charter 11695: 11694: 11651:Founding members 11572:Peace Operations 11456:World Bank Group 11150:Culture of Peace 11141:and other bodies 11094:Security Council 11070:General Assembly 11036:Principal organs 11015: 11014: 10982:António Guterres 10960: 10953: 10946: 10937: 10936: 10822:Treaty of Sèvres 10666: 10659: 10652: 10643: 10642: 10587:António Guterres 10545:Dag Hammarskjöld 10535:(United Kingdom) 10514: 10491:(United Kingdom) 10456: 10449: 10442: 10433: 10432: 10352:, worldatwar.net 10290: 10219:Aufricht, Hans " 10207: 10186: 10164: 10142: 10123: 10104: 10085: 10066: 10064: 10062: 10056: 10050:. 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BiblioBazaar. 4044: 4038: 4037: 4001: 3995: 3994: 3983: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3937: 3935: 3933: 3913: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3871: 3865: 3864: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3825: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3809: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3772: 3766: 3765: 3743: 3737: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3713: 3707: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3678: 3662: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3626:Kant, Immanuel. 3623: 3617: 3611: 3602: 3601: 3570: 3561: 3560: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3459: 3453: 3452: 3450: 3448: 3442: 3435: 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3400: 3394: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3349:See Article 23, 3347: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3321: 3315: 3314: 3294: 3242: 3237: 3236: 3186:can wield a veto 2958:House of Commons 2947:Abyssinia Crisis 2893:executive branch 2741:Ramsay MacDonald 2700:chemical warfare 2651:Nazi-Soviet Pact 2603:Francisco Franco 2552:Hoare–Laval Pact 2497:Haile Selassie I 2483:Abyssinia Crisis 2005:Benito Mussolini 1832:Mandatory powers 1827: 1813: 1795: 1713:stateless people 1539:Child labour in 1523: 1520: 1478:Commission, the 1401:adjacent to the 1391:Palais Électoral 1328:Permanent organs 1277:invading Finland 1152:judicial inquiry 1063: 1045:Reformation Hall 1040: 1024: 988: 979: 720: 705: 554:Abyssinia Crisis 550:invading Finland 530:Benito Mussolini 490:drug trafficking 440: 394: 375: 374: 363: 362: 350: 349: 343: 342: 327: 326: 95: 80: 68: 50: 39: 38: 13766: 13765: 13761: 13760: 13759: 13757: 13756: 13755: 13711: 13710: 13709: 13704: 13670: 13656:Progressive Era 13644: 13597:Margaret Wilson 13573: 13518: 13512: 13477:(Austin statue) 13410: 13404: 13366: 13360:The New Freedom 13335: 13273: 12918:Federal Reserve 12893: 12780:Fourteen Points 12775:Four Minute Men 12694: 12584: 12576: 12567: 12556: 12545: 12537: 12532: 12502: 12497: 12486: 12479: 12402: 12093: 12015: 11914: 11815: 11756: 11698:Preceding years 11684: 11637: 11626: 11485:and departments 11484: 11477: 11369: 11360: 11143: 11140: 11132: 11031: 11004: 10969: 10964: 10934: 10929: 10897: 10861: 10816: 10790: 10720: 10675: 10670: 10640: 10635: 10628: 10592: 10524: 10522: 10515: 10506: 10482: 10480: 10473: 10460: 10419:Wayback Machine 10407:Wayback Machine 10394:Wayback Machine 10369:Wayback Machine 10340:Wayback Machine 10327:Wayback Machine 10298: 10293: 10251:Pedersen, Susan 10215: 10210: 10204: 10183: 10161: 10139: 10120: 10101: 10082: 10060: 10058: 10054: 10039: 10026: 10007: 9978: 9957: 9938: 9919: 9900: 9879: 9860: 9841: 9822: 9782: 9761: 9742: 9699: 9680: 9661: 9642: 9621: 9602: 9579: 9556: 9537: 9518: 9495: 9476: 9457: 9440: 9435: 9374:Wayback Machine 9357:Wayback Machine 9250: 9216:Olivier, Sydney 9194: 9150:Wayback Machine 9114: 9113: 9082: 9033:Kaiga, Sakiko. 9027: 9007:Jenne, Erin K. 8956: 8955: 8882: 8816: 8708: 8672:Barros, James. 8665:Barros, James. 8622: 8617: 8585:Steiner, Zara. 8578:Steiner, Zara. 8572: 8530:Pedersen, Susan 8512: 8445: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8364: 8354: 8352: 8339: 8338: 8334: 8327: 8313: 8309: 8301: 8297: 8288: 8284: 8274: 8272: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8235:10.2307/2193676 8219: 8212: 8203: 8199: 8191: 8182: 8176:Wayback Machine 8167: 8163: 8156: 8140: 8136: 8128: 8124: 8116: 8112: 8106:Magliveras 1999 8104: 8100: 8090: 8088: 8060: 8056: 8025: 8021: 8013: 8009: 8001: 7997: 7990: 7976: 7972: 7964: 7960: 7955: 7951: 7934: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7910: 7906: 7898: 7894: 7886: 7879: 7871: 7867: 7859: 7855: 7847: 7843: 7835: 7828: 7820: 7816: 7808: 7804: 7797: 7783: 7779: 7771: 7767: 7761:Gorodetsky 1994 7759: 7755: 7747: 7743: 7735: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7712: 7698: 7694: 7663: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7634: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7610: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7576:10.2307/3014555 7560: 7556: 7533: 7529: 7521:F. 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Walters, 7520: 7516: 7507: 7503: 7448: 7444: 7413: 7409: 7378: 7374: 7364: 7362: 7351: 7347: 7334: 7330: 7318: 7314: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7277: 7276: 7272: 7261: 7257: 7249: 7245: 7236: 7232: 7224: 7220: 7212: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7174: 7172: 7158: 7154: 7146: 7142: 7134: 7130: 7122: 7118: 7109: 7108: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7050: 7041: 7037: 7028: 7024: 7016: 7012: 7004: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6980: 6976: 6968: 6964: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6876: 6852: 6848: 6839: 6835: 6808:Foreign Affairs 6804: 6800: 6792: 6785: 6777: 6773: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6746: 6736: 6734: 6725: 6724: 6720: 6697:10.2307/1947508 6681: 6677: 6669: 6665: 6654: 6650: 6642: 6638: 6630: 6626: 6618: 6614: 6606: 6602: 6598:, p. 1314. 6594: 6590: 6582: 6578: 6570: 6566: 6558: 6554: 6546: 6542: 6534: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6510: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6481: 6477: 6469: 6465: 6458: 6444: 6440: 6432: 6428: 6418:Current History 6415: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6344: 6340: 6332: 6328: 6320: 6313: 6309:, p. 2568. 6305: 6301: 6293: 6254: 6248: 6244: 6236: 6232: 6224: 6217: 6213:, p. 170.. 6209: 6205: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6171: 6169: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6147: 6143: 6135: 6131: 6121: 6119: 6108: 6099: 6091: 6087: 6079: 6075: 6067: 6063: 6028: 6024: 6016: 6012: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5967: 5963: 5956: 5940: 5936: 5926: 5924: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5866: 5860: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5837: 5821: 5817: 5809: 5805: 5797: 5790: 5780: 5778: 5773:. Nobel Media. 5769: 5768: 5764: 5753: 5752: 5748: 5740: 5736: 5731:Sir John Maffey 5727: 5723: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5688: 5684: 5676: 5672: 5666:McAllister 1999 5664: 5660: 5631: 5627: 5619: 5615: 5607: 5603: 5596: 5568: 5564: 5554: 5552: 5543: 5542: 5535: 5527: 5523: 5515: 5511: 5503: 5496: 5486: 5484: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5444: 5411: 5410: 5403: 5394: 5393: 5389: 5379: 5377: 5368: 5367: 5363: 5353:Wayback Machine 5343: 5339: 5329: 5327: 5318: 5317: 5313: 5303: 5301: 5292: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5264: 5260: 5252: 5248: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5215: 5214: 5207: 5197: 5195: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5109: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5093: 5085: 5081: 5075:Wayback Machine 5068:English summary 5064:Wayback Machine 5048: 5046: 5023: 5019: 5008: 5004: 4998:Wayback Machine 4989: 4985: 4975: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4959: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4932: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4890: 4888: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4866: 4862: 4831: 4827: 4822: 4818: 4809: 4805: 4793: 4789: 4783:Wayback Machine 4774: 4770: 4762: 4758: 4750: 4746: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4695: 4687: 4683: 4675: 4671: 4663: 4656: 4646: 4635: 4633: 4618: 4614: 4604: 4593: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4552: 4550: 4537: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4511:Magliveras 1999 4509: 4505: 4499:Magliveras 1999 4497: 4493: 4478: 4474: 4440: 4436: 4413: 4389: 4385: 4350: 4346: 4311: 4307: 4284: 4280: 4261: 4257: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4177: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4151: 4150: 4139: 4131: 4127: 4119: 4115: 4107: 4103: 4072: 4068: 4061: 4045: 4041: 4002: 3998: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3969: 3965: 3959:Caravantes 2004 3957: 3953: 3945: 3941: 3931: 3929: 3914: 3910: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3873: 3872: 3868: 3855: 3851: 3844: 3827: 3826: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3796: 3795: 3791: 3773: 3769: 3762: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3732: 3728: 3715: 3714: 3710: 3702: 3698: 3690: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3663: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3637: 3635: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3605: 3574:Pedersen, Susan 3571: 3564: 3557: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3514: 3510: 3503: 3487: 3483: 3476: 3460: 3456: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3401: 3397: 3382: 3380: 3369: 3361: 3359: 3350: 3348: 3344: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3278:Minority rights 3240:Politics portal 3238: 3231: 3228: 3200: 3194: 3090: 3038: 3016: 2954:Stanley Baldwin 2931: 2923:Weimar Republic 2870: 2857: 2823: 2793: 2763: 2757: 2745:Édouard Herriot 2733: 2727: 2718: 2712: 2695: 2686: 2677: 2671: 2655:invading Poland 2647: 2641: 2621: 2615: 2583: 2577: 2544:Neutrality Acts 2536:Stanley Baldwin 2509:Pietro Badoglio 2489: 2481:Main articles: 2479: 2459:Lake Pitiantuta 2439: 2433: 2367: 2361:Mukden Incident 2359:Main articles: 2357: 2355:Mukden Incident 2340: 2331: 2325: 2317:Nansen passport 2312: 2310:Other conflicts 2296: 2290: 2278:Putumayo Rivers 2238: 2232: 2211:Klaipėda Region 2151: 2145: 2120: 2114: 2086: 2080: 2039: 2037:Klaipėda Revolt 2033: 1978: 1942: 1936: 1920:Imperial Russia 1901: 1895: 1883:interwar period 1874: 1847:Kingdom of Iraq 1834: 1828: 1825: 1814: 1811: 1801:German colonies 1796: 1793: 1757:self-governance 1740: 1734: 1709:Nansen passport 1684:Fridtjof Nansen 1677:Nansen passport 1521: 1467: 1458:Werner Dankwort 1330: 1305: 1291: 1285: 1254:Weimar Republic 1241: 1235: 1212: 1197:Monroe Doctrine 1192: 1142:members and to 1052: 1051: 1050: 1049: 1048: 1041: 1033: 1032: 1025: 1006: 1005: 1004: 1003: 991: 990: 989: 981: 980: 969: 928:Fourteen Points 924:Edward M. House 892:William Tyrrell 846:Fourteen Points 735: 734: 733: 732: 731: 721: 713: 712: 706: 695: 652:Napoleonic Wars 618: 613: 528:medical tents, 459:First World War 457:that ended the 410: 372: 347: 314: 304:16 January 1920 301: 294:10 January 1920 291: 275:Interwar period 257: 245: 233: 221: 209: 181: 169: 157: 102: 86: 85: 84: 81: 73: 72: 69: 51: 44: 35: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13764: 13754: 13753: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13706: 13705: 13703: 13702: 13691: 13690: 13683: 13675: 13672: 13671: 13669: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13652: 13650: 13646: 13645: 13643: 13642: 13639:William McAdoo 13636: 13630: 13624: 13618: 13612: 13606: 13600: 13594: 13588: 13581: 13579: 13575: 13574: 13572: 13571: 13570:(2022 musical) 13563: 13555: 13547: 13539: 13531: 13522: 13520: 13514: 13513: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13484: 13478: 13474:Woodrow Wilson 13470: 13463: 13458: 13453: 13448: 13447: 13446: 13434: 13429: 13424: 13418: 13416: 13406: 13405: 13403: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13387: 13382: 13376: 13374: 13368: 13367: 13365: 13364: 13356: 13350: 13343: 13341: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13297: 13296: 13285: 13283: 13279: 13278: 13275: 13274: 13272: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13260: 13259: 13248: 13247: 13246: 13235: 13229: 13223: 13218: 13213: 13208: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13190: 13189: 13188: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13151: 13145: 13140: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13122: 13116: 13111: 13105: 13104: 13103: 13098: 13087: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13060: 13054: 13048: 13042: 13036: 13031: 13025: 13020: 13019: 13018: 13008: 13002: 12996: 12991: 12986: 12980: 12979: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12953: 12952: 12951: 12941: 12935: 12934: 12933: 12922: 12921: 12920: 12909: 12903: 12901: 12895: 12894: 12892: 12891: 12885: 12884: 12883: 12872: 12871: 12870: 12859: 12853: 12852: 12851: 12840: 12835: 12830: 12824: 12819: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12798: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12782: 12777: 12772: 12767: 12762: 12757: 12746: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12728: 12722: 12716: 12710: 12704: 12702: 12700:Foreign policy 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12656: 12655: 12650: 12643:19th Amendment 12640: 12635: 12630: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12613: 12611:Roosevelt desk 12608: 12603: 12598: 12592: 12590: 12578: 12577: 12575: 12574: 12565: 12554: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12535:Woodrow Wilson 12531: 12530: 12523: 12516: 12508: 12499: 12498: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12477: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12452: 12444: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12410: 12408: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12357: 12356: 12346: 12341: 12340: 12339: 12329: 12328: 12327: 12317: 12312: 12311: 12310: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12285: 12280: 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12239: 12238: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12183: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12157: 12156: 12146: 12141: 12136: 12131: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12103: 12101: 12095: 12094: 12092: 12091: 12086: 12081: 12080: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12041: 12040: 12039: 12034: 12023: 12021: 12017: 12016: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12011: 12006: 12004:Western Sahara 12001: 11996: 11991: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11951: 11950: 11949: 11944: 11934: 11928: 11926: 11920: 11919: 11916: 11915: 11913: 11912: 11907: 11902: 11901: 11900: 11895: 11885: 11884: 11883: 11873: 11868: 11867: 11866: 11861: 11851: 11850: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11834: 11823: 11821: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11813: 11807: 11801: 11795: 11789: 11783: 11777: 11771: 11764: 11762: 11758: 11757: 11755: 11754: 11753: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11712: 11707: 11701: 11699: 11692: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11680: 11678:European Union 11670: 11669: 11668: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11642: 11640: 11632: 11631: 11628: 11627: 11625: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11604: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11584: 11579: 11574: 11569: 11564: 11559: 11558: 11557: 11547: 11542: 11537: 11532: 11527: 11522: 11517: 11515:Envoy on Youth 11512: 11511: 11510: 11505: 11500: 11489: 11487: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11474: 11473: 11468: 11463: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11438: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11418: 11413: 11408: 11403: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11383: 11378: 11372: 11370: 11365: 11362: 11361: 11359: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11336: 11326: 11321: 11316: 11311: 11306: 11301: 11296: 11291: 11286: 11281: 11276: 11271: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11241: 11240: 11239: 11234: 11229: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11157: 11152: 11146: 11144: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11130: 11125: 11124: 11123: 11113: 11112: 11111: 11106: 11101: 11091: 11090: 11089: 11079: 11078: 11077: 11067: 11066: 11065: 11060: 11055: 11039: 11037: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11029: 11023: 11021: 11012: 11006: 11005: 11003: 11002: 11000:Dennis Francis 10993: 10984: 10974: 10971: 10970: 10967:United Nations 10963: 10962: 10955: 10948: 10940: 10931: 10930: 10928: 10927: 10920: 10913: 10905: 10903: 10899: 10898: 10896: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10869: 10867: 10863: 10862: 10860: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10844: 10843: 10842: 10837: 10826: 10824: 10818: 10817: 10815: 10814: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10796: 10792: 10791: 10789: 10788: 10783: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10767: 10766: 10761: 10756: 10751: 10741: 10736: 10730: 10728: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10701: 10696: 10691: 10685: 10683: 10677: 10676: 10669: 10668: 10661: 10654: 10646: 10637: 10636: 10633: 10630: 10629: 10627: 10626: 10621: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10600: 10598: 10594: 10593: 10591: 10590: 10584: 10578: 10572: 10566: 10560: 10554: 10548: 10542: 10536: 10527: 10525: 10521:United Nations 10520: 10517: 10516: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10504: 10498: 10492: 10485: 10483: 10478: 10475: 10474: 10471:United Nations 10459: 10458: 10451: 10444: 10436: 10430: 10429: 10421: 10409: 10397: 10384: 10375: 10359: 10353: 10347: 10342: 10330: 10317: 10305: 10297: 10296:External links 10294: 10292: 10291: 10270:Albert Pollard 10266: 10248: 10241: 10231: 10224: 10216: 10214: 10213:Historiography 10211: 10209: 10208: 10202: 10187: 10181: 10169:Tripp, Charles 10165: 10159: 10143: 10137: 10124: 10118: 10105: 10099: 10086: 10080: 10067: 10057:on 13 May 2017 10030: 10024: 10011: 10005: 9992: 9982: 9976: 9961: 9955: 9942: 9936: 9923: 9917: 9904: 9898: 9883: 9877: 9864: 9858: 9845: 9839: 9826: 9820: 9803: 9786: 9780: 9765: 9759: 9746: 9740: 9727: 9710: 9703: 9697: 9684: 9678: 9665: 9659: 9646: 9640: 9625: 9619: 9606: 9600: 9583: 9577: 9560: 9554: 9541: 9535: 9522: 9516: 9499: 9493: 9480: 9474: 9461: 9455: 9441: 9439: 9438:Related topics 9436: 9434: 9433: 9423: 9416: 9415: 9414: 9407: 9400: 9386: 9376: 9359: 9342: 9335: 9323:(3): 813–842. 9308: 9301: 9294: 9284: 9277: 9267:(4): 785–805. 9254: 9248: 9229: 9212: 9198: 9192: 9179: 9172: 9162: 9152: 9134: 9127: 9102: 9095: 9086: 9080: 9067: 9049:(2): 190–227. 9038: 9031: 9025: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8980:(3): 263–279. 8969: 8930: 8915: 8897:(3): 420–444. 8886: 8880: 8859: 8830: 8820: 8814: 8801: 8783:(4): 721–744. 8772: 8754:(2): 225–240. 8743: 8729: 8719: 8712: 8706: 8691: 8684: 8679:Borowy, Iris. 8677: 8670: 8669:(Oxford 1979). 8663: 8653: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8600: 8590: 8583: 8576: 8570: 8550: 8541: 8527: 8526:, brief survey 8516: 8510: 8497: 8486: 8476: 8466: 8456: 8449: 8443: 8430: 8420: 8412:Gill, George. 8410: 8393: 8386: 8376: 8374: 8371: 8369: 8366: 8363: 8362: 8332: 8325: 8307: 8303:Northedge 1986 8295: 8282: 8256: 8229:(2): 320–354. 8210: 8197: 8195:, p. 404. 8180: 8161: 8154: 8134: 8130:Northedge 1986 8122: 8120:, p. 399. 8110: 8098: 8054: 8019: 8015:Northedge 1986 8007: 8003:Northedge 1986 7995: 7988: 7970: 7966:McDonough 1997 7958: 7949: 7928: 7924:McDonough 1997 7916: 7912:Northedge 1986 7904: 7902:, p. 254. 7900:Northedge 1986 7892: 7890:, p. 253. 7888:Northedge 1986 7877: 7873:McDonough 1997 7865: 7861:McDonough 1997 7853: 7851:, p. 176. 7841: 7839:, p. 175. 7826: 7824:, p. 263. 7814: 7810:Northedge 1986 7802: 7795: 7777: 7765: 7753: 7749:Northedge 1986 7741: 7739:, p. 273. 7737:Northedge 1986 7729: 7725:Northedge 1986 7717: 7710: 7692: 7657: 7645: 7628: 7626:, p. 173. 7616: 7614:, p. 114. 7612:Northedge 1986 7601: 7597:Northedge 1986 7589: 7570:(6): 288–304. 7554: 7543:(3): 373–388. 7527: 7514: 7501: 7462:(1): 253–260. 7442: 7423:(3): 551–569. 7407: 7388:(3): 321–334. 7372: 7345: 7328: 7320:Stephen Kotkin 7312: 7296: 7270: 7255: 7253:, p. 270. 7251:Northedge 1986 7243: 7237:F.P. Walters, 7230: 7226:Northedge 1986 7218: 7206: 7194: 7192:, p. 303. 7182: 7152: 7140: 7138:, p. 298. 7128: 7116: 7099: 7097:, p. 245. 7087: 7085:, p. 221. 7083:Northedge 1986 7075: 7073:, p. 629. 7063: 7059:Northedge 1986 7048: 7035: 7022: 7020:, p. 103. 7010: 7008:, p. 248. 6998: 6996:, p. 495. 6986: 6974: 6962: 6960:(1955) p. 420. 6949: 6945:Northedge 1986 6937: 6935:, p. 139. 6933:Northedge 1986 6925: 6923:, p. 208. 6913: 6901: 6889: 6874: 6846: 6833: 6798: 6796:, p. 188. 6783: 6771: 6759: 6757:, p. 112. 6755:Northedge 1986 6744: 6718: 6691:(2): 275–282. 6675: 6671:Northedge 1986 6663: 6648: 6646:, p. 251. 6636: 6634:, p. 250. 6624: 6612: 6610:, p. 249. 6600: 6588: 6576: 6564: 6560:Northedge 1986 6552: 6540: 6528: 6516: 6512:Northedge 1986 6499: 6487: 6483:Northedge 1986 6475: 6473:, p. 133. 6463: 6456: 6438: 6436:, p. 107. 6434:Northedge 1986 6426: 6409: 6407:, p. 110. 6405:Northedge 1986 6397: 6385: 6373: 6369:Northedge 1986 6361: 6338: 6336:, pp. 83. 6326: 6322:Northedge 1986 6311: 6299: 6271:10.1086/243995 6265:(3): 361–385. 6242: 6238:Northedge 1986 6230: 6215: 6203: 6199:Northedge 1986 6191: 6187:Northedge 1986 6179: 6153: 6151:, p. 216. 6149:Northedge 1986 6141: 6137:Northedge 1986 6129: 6097: 6095:, p. 195. 6093:Northedge 1986 6085: 6083:, p. 198. 6081:Northedge 1986 6073: 6071:, p. 193. 6069:Northedge 1986 6061: 6022: 6018:Northedge 1986 6010: 6005:Foreign Policy 5988: 5981: 5961: 5954: 5934: 5903: 5854: 5852:, p. 129. 5842: 5835: 5815: 5803: 5799:Northedge 1986 5788: 5762: 5746: 5744:, p. 166. 5742:Northedge 1986 5734: 5721: 5717:Northedge 1986 5706: 5702:Northedge 1986 5694: 5690:Northedge 1986 5682: 5678:Grandjean 2018 5670: 5658: 5645:(3): 813–842. 5625: 5613: 5611:, p. 182. 5609:Northedge 1986 5601: 5594: 5562: 5533: 5531:, p. 167. 5521: 5509: 5505:Northedge 1986 5494: 5468: 5442: 5401: 5387: 5361: 5359:, pp. 531–534. 5337: 5311: 5282: 5278:Northedge 1986 5270: 5266:Northedge 1986 5258: 5254:Northedge 1986 5246: 5242:Northedge 1986 5234: 5205: 5179: 5153: 5149:Northedge 1986 5141: 5137:Northedge 1986 5129: 5125:Northedge 1986 5117: 5091: 5087:Northedge 1986 5079: 5057:French version 5039:10.14647/87204 5033:(2): 371–393. 5017: 5014:United Nations 5002: 4983: 4957: 4942: 4930: 4898: 4872: 4860: 4841:(6): 852–869. 4825: 4816: 4803: 4787: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4733:(4): 245–255. 4717: 4715:, p. 170. 4705: 4703:, p. 212. 4693: 4681: 4669: 4654: 4642:Newspapers.com 4612: 4600:Newspapers.com 4571: 4559:Newspapers.com 4527: 4523:Northedge 1986 4515: 4503: 4491: 4472: 4460:10.1086/618894 4454:(3): 257–268, 4434: 4411: 4383: 4364:(3): 321–340. 4344: 4325:(5): 681–696. 4305: 4294:(3): 340–359. 4278: 4255: 4236:(4): 949–959. 4220: 4188: 4170: 4137: 4125: 4113: 4101: 4066: 4059: 4039: 4012:(2): 288–318. 3996: 3975: 3963: 3951: 3939: 3908: 3896: 3866: 3849: 3842: 3815: 3789: 3767: 3760: 3738: 3726: 3708: 3696: 3684: 3657: 3655:, p. 288. 3645: 3634:on 14 May 2008 3618: 3603: 3562: 3555: 3535: 3528: 3508: 3501: 3481: 3474: 3454: 3421: 3395: 3342: 3316: 3309: 3288: 3287: 3285: 3282: 3281: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3227: 3224: 3196:Main article: 3193: 3190: 3150:mandate system 3146:refugee crises 3037: 3034: 3015: 3012: 2930: 2927: 2869: 2866: 2856: 2853: 2822: 2819: 2792: 2789: 2772:Czechoslovakia 2759:Main article: 2756: 2753: 2729:Main article: 2726: 2723: 2714:Main article: 2711: 2708: 2694: 2691: 2685: 2682: 2670: 2667: 2643:Main article: 2640: 2637: 2625:Wellington Koo 2617:Main article: 2614: 2611: 2579:Main article: 2576: 2573: 2525:Haile Selassie 2478: 2475: 2455:Paraguay River 2449:over the arid 2435:Main article: 2432: 2429: 2428: 2427: 2356: 2353: 2339: 2336: 2327:Main article: 2324: 2321: 2311: 2308: 2292:Main article: 2289: 2286: 2282:non-aggression 2234:Main article: 2231: 2228: 2147:Main article: 2144: 2141: 2118:Mosul Question 2116:Main article: 2113: 2110: 2082:Main article: 2079: 2076: 2035:Main article: 2032: 2029: 2001:Enrico Tellini 1977: 1974: 1938:Main article: 1935: 1932: 1897:Main article: 1894: 1891: 1873: 1870: 1833: 1830: 1823: 1809: 1791: 1769:mandate system 1748:Ottoman Empire 1736:Main article: 1733: 1730: 1482:(precursor to 1466: 1463: 1329: 1326: 1287:Main article: 1284: 1281: 1234: 1231: 1211: 1208: 1191: 1188: 1061:Hôtel National 1042: 1035: 1034: 1026: 1019: 1018: 1017: 1016: 1015: 993: 992: 983: 982: 974: 973: 972: 971: 970: 968: 965: 952:Central Powers 869:Ottoman Empire 857:Russian Empire 850:Arthur Balfour 822:Fabian Society 790:Woodrow Wilson 774:Mia Boissevain 722: 715: 714: 707: 700: 699: 698: 697: 696: 694: 691: 686:Frédéric Passy 617: 614: 612: 609: 601:mandate system 597:refugee crises 562:United Nations 503:Woodrow Wilson 463:United Nations 412: 411: 409: 408: 388: 385: 384: 381: 380: 377: 376: 369: 367:United Nations 360: 357: 356: 351: 339: 338: 333: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 309: 306: 305: 302: 299: 296: 295: 292: 285: 282: 281: 278: 277: 272: 271:Historical era 268: 267: 264: 263: 258: 255: 252: 251: 246: 243: 240: 239: 234: 231: 228: 227: 222: 219: 216: 215: 210: 207: 204: 203: 200: 199: 196: 192: 191: 188: 187: 182: 179: 176: 175: 170: 167: 164: 163: 158: 155: 152: 151: 148: 147: 144: 138: 137: 128: 124: 123: 118: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 96: 88: 87: 82: 75: 74: 70: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 53: 52: 45: 42: 25:Nations League 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13763: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13718: 13716: 13701: 13693: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13684: 13682: 13681: 13677: 13676: 13673: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13653: 13651: 13647: 13640: 13637: 13634: 13631: 13629:(grandfather) 13628: 13625: 13622: 13619: 13616: 13613: 13610: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13598: 13595: 13592: 13589: 13586: 13583: 13582: 13580: 13576: 13569: 13568: 13564: 13561: 13560: 13556: 13553: 13552: 13548: 13545: 13544: 13540: 13538:(1965 series) 13537: 13536: 13532: 13529: 13528: 13524: 13523: 13521: 13515: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13488: 13485: 13482: 13481:Wilson Square 13479: 13476: 13475: 13471: 13469: 13468: 13464: 13462: 13459: 13457: 13454: 13452: 13449: 13445: 13444: 13440: 13439: 13438: 13435: 13433: 13430: 13428: 13425: 13423: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13414: 13407: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13386: 13383: 13381: 13378: 13377: 13375: 13373: 13369: 13363: 13361: 13357: 13354: 13351: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13338: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13295: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13280: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13258: 13254: 13253: 13252: 13249: 13245: 13241: 13240: 13239: 13236: 13233: 13230: 13227: 13224: 13222: 13219: 13217: 13214: 13212: 13209: 13207: 13204: 13200: 13199:USRA standard 13196: 13195: 13194: 13191: 13187: 13183: 13182: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13155: 13152: 13149: 13146: 13144: 13141: 13139: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13127: 13126: 13123: 13120: 13117: 13115: 13112: 13109: 13106: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13093: 13092: 13091: 13088: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13064: 13061: 13058: 13055: 13052: 13049: 13046: 13043: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13032: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13021: 13017: 13014: 13013: 13012: 13009: 13006: 13003: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12990: 12987: 12984: 12981: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12957: 12954: 12950: 12947: 12946: 12945: 12942: 12939: 12936: 12932: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12923: 12919: 12915: 12914: 12913: 12910: 12908: 12905: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12896: 12889: 12886: 12882: 12878: 12877: 12876: 12873: 12869: 12865: 12864: 12863: 12860: 12857: 12856:Pueblo speech 12854: 12850: 12846: 12845: 12844: 12841: 12839: 12836: 12834: 12831: 12828: 12825: 12823: 12820: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12781: 12778: 12776: 12773: 12771: 12768: 12766: 12763: 12761: 12758: 12756: 12752: 12751: 12750: 12747: 12744: 12741: 12737: 12734: 12733: 12732: 12729: 12726: 12723: 12720: 12717: 12714: 12711: 12709: 12706: 12705: 12703: 12701: 12697: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12645: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12631: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12618: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12602: 12599: 12597: 12594: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12583: 12579: 12571: 12566: 12562: 12559: 12555: 12551: 12548: 12544: 12543: 12540: 12536: 12529: 12524: 12522: 12517: 12515: 12510: 12509: 12506: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12482: 12476: 12473: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12451: 12449: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12411: 12409: 12405: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12355: 12352: 12351: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12338: 12335: 12334: 12333: 12330: 12326: 12323: 12322: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12309: 12306: 12305: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12284: 12281: 12279: 12278:Treaty Series 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12237: 12234: 12233: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12155: 12152: 12151: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12130: 12129: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12104: 12102: 12100: 12096: 12090: 12087: 12085: 12082: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12044: 12042: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12024: 12022: 12018: 12010: 12007: 12005: 12002: 12000: 11997: 11995: 11992: 11990: 11987: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11956: 11955: 11952: 11948: 11945: 11943: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11933: 11930: 11929: 11927: 11925: 11921: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11890: 11889: 11886: 11882: 11879: 11878: 11877: 11874: 11872: 11869: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11856: 11855: 11852: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11838: 11835: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11822: 11818: 11811: 11808: 11805: 11802: 11799: 11796: 11793: 11790: 11787: 11784: 11781: 11778: 11775: 11772: 11769: 11766: 11765: 11763: 11759: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11732: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11711: 11708: 11706: 11703: 11702: 11700: 11696: 11693: 11691: 11687: 11679: 11676: 11675: 11674: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11662: 11659: 11657: 11654: 11652: 11649: 11647: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11638:and observers 11633: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11608: 11605: 11603: 11600: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11582:Legal Affairs 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11568: 11565: 11563: 11560: 11556: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11546: 11543: 11541: 11538: 11536: 11533: 11531: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11518: 11516: 11513: 11509: 11506: 11504: 11501: 11499: 11496: 11495: 11494: 11491: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11480: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11462: 11459: 11458: 11457: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11437: 11434: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11417: 11414: 11412: 11409: 11407: 11404: 11402: 11399: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11382: 11379: 11377: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11368: 11363: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11322: 11320: 11317: 11315: 11312: 11310: 11307: 11305: 11302: 11300: 11297: 11295: 11292: 11290: 11287: 11285: 11282: 11280: 11277: 11275: 11272: 11270: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11260: 11257: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11247: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11233: 11230: 11228: 11225: 11224: 11223: 11220: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11142: 11135: 11129: 11126: 11122: 11119: 11118: 11117: 11114: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11100: 11097: 11096: 11095: 11092: 11088: 11085: 11084: 11083: 11080: 11076: 11073: 11072: 11071: 11068: 11064: 11061: 11059: 11056: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11045: 11044: 11041: 11040: 11038: 11034: 11028: 11025: 11024: 11022: 11020: 11016: 11013: 11011: 11007: 11001: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10979: 10976: 10975: 10972: 10968: 10961: 10956: 10954: 10949: 10947: 10942: 10941: 10938: 10926: 10925: 10921: 10919: 10918: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10900: 10894: 10891: 10889: 10886: 10884: 10881: 10879: 10876: 10874: 10871: 10870: 10868: 10864: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10841: 10838: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10823: 10819: 10813: 10810: 10808: 10805: 10803: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10793: 10787: 10784: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10765: 10762: 10760: 10757: 10755: 10752: 10750: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10717: 10714: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10686: 10684: 10682: 10678: 10674: 10667: 10662: 10660: 10655: 10653: 10648: 10647: 10644: 10631: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10610: 10607: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10599: 10595: 10588: 10585: 10583:(South Korea) 10582: 10579: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10558: 10557:Kurt Waldheim 10555: 10552: 10549: 10546: 10543: 10540: 10537: 10534: 10533: 10529: 10528: 10526: 10518: 10513: 10502: 10499: 10496: 10495:Joseph Avenol 10493: 10490: 10489:Eric Drummond 10487: 10486: 10484: 10476: 10472: 10468: 10464: 10457: 10452: 10450: 10445: 10443: 10438: 10437: 10434: 10427: 10426: 10422: 10420: 10416: 10413: 10410: 10408: 10404: 10401: 10398: 10395: 10391: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10379: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10366: 10363: 10360: 10357: 10354: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10337: 10334: 10331: 10328: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10311: 10310: 10306: 10303: 10300: 10299: 10289: 10285: 10281: 10277: 10276: 10271: 10267: 10264: 10260: 10256: 10252: 10249: 10246: 10242: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10222: 10218: 10217: 10205: 10199: 10195: 10194: 10188: 10184: 10178: 10174: 10170: 10166: 10162: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10134: 10131:. Routledge. 10130: 10125: 10121: 10115: 10111: 10106: 10102: 10096: 10092: 10087: 10083: 10077: 10073: 10068: 10053: 10049: 10045: 10038: 10037: 10031: 10027: 10021: 10017: 10012: 10008: 10002: 9998: 9993: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9973: 9969: 9968: 9962: 9958: 9952: 9948: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9929: 9924: 9920: 9914: 9911:. Routledge. 9910: 9905: 9901: 9895: 9891: 9890: 9884: 9880: 9874: 9870: 9865: 9861: 9855: 9851: 9846: 9842: 9836: 9832: 9827: 9823: 9817: 9812: 9811: 9804: 9801:(5): 841–988. 9800: 9796: 9792: 9787: 9783: 9777: 9773: 9772: 9766: 9762: 9756: 9752: 9747: 9743: 9737: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9721: 9715: 9711: 9708: 9704: 9700: 9694: 9691:. Routledge. 9690: 9685: 9681: 9675: 9671: 9666: 9662: 9656: 9652: 9647: 9643: 9637: 9633: 9632: 9626: 9622: 9616: 9613:. Routledge. 9612: 9607: 9603: 9597: 9592: 9591: 9584: 9580: 9574: 9569: 9568: 9561: 9557: 9551: 9547: 9542: 9538: 9532: 9528: 9523: 9519: 9513: 9508: 9507: 9500: 9496: 9490: 9486: 9481: 9477: 9471: 9467: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9449:. Routledge. 9448: 9443: 9442: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9412: 9408: 9405: 9401: 9398: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9375: 9371: 9368: 9364: 9360: 9358: 9354: 9351: 9347: 9343: 9340: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9322: 9318: 9314: 9309: 9306: 9302: 9299: 9295: 9293: 9289: 9285: 9282: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9261: 9255: 9251: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9236: 9230: 9225: 9223: 9217: 9213: 9211: 9210:online review 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9189: 9185: 9180: 9177: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9161: 9160:online review 9157: 9153: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9139: 9135: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9118: 9110: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9087: 9083: 9077: 9073: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9039: 9036: 9032: 9028: 9022: 9018: 9013: 9010: 9006: 9003: 8999: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8979: 8975: 8970: 8966: 8960: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8940: 8935: 8931: 8927: 8923: 8922: 8916: 8912: 8908: 8904: 8900: 8896: 8892: 8887: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8860: 8856: 8852: 8848: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8821: 8817: 8811: 8807: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8786: 8782: 8778: 8773: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8744: 8741: 8738:(2001) 454pp 8737: 8733: 8730: 8727: 8723: 8720: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8703: 8699: 8698: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8675: 8671: 8668: 8664: 8662: 8658: 8654: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8625: 8624: 8620:League topics 8613: 8608: 8607: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8588: 8584: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8562: 8561: 8555: 8554:Scott, George 8551: 8547: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8531: 8528: 8525: 8521: 8517: 8513: 8507: 8503: 8498: 8495: 8491: 8487: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8475: 8474:online review 8471: 8467: 8465: 8461: 8457: 8454: 8451:Henig, Ruth. 8450: 8446: 8440: 8436: 8431: 8429: 8425: 8421: 8419: 8415: 8411: 8407: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8384: 8383: 8378: 8377: 8351:on 8 May 2020 8350: 8346: 8342: 8336: 8328: 8322: 8318: 8311: 8304: 8299: 8292: 8286: 8270: 8266: 8260: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8217: 8215: 8207: 8201: 8194: 8189: 8187: 8185: 8177: 8173: 8170: 8165: 8157: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8138: 8131: 8126: 8119: 8114: 8108:, p. 31. 8107: 8102: 8086: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8058: 8050: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8023: 8016: 8011: 8004: 7999: 7991: 7985: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7962: 7953: 7945: 7941: 7940: 7932: 7926:, p. 74. 7925: 7920: 7913: 7908: 7901: 7896: 7889: 7884: 7882: 7875:, p. 69. 7874: 7869: 7863:, p. 62. 7862: 7857: 7850: 7845: 7838: 7833: 7831: 7823: 7818: 7811: 7806: 7798: 7792: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7769: 7763:, p. 26. 7762: 7757: 7750: 7745: 7738: 7733: 7726: 7721: 7713: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7672: 7668: 7661: 7655:, p. 24. 7654: 7653:Goldblat 2002 7649: 7641: 7640: 7632: 7625: 7620: 7613: 7608: 7606: 7598: 7593: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7558: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7531: 7524: 7518: 7511: 7508:Sally Marks, 7505: 7497: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7446: 7438: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7403: 7399: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7383: 7376: 7360: 7356: 7349: 7342: 7338: 7332: 7325: 7321: 7316: 7309: 7305: 7300: 7284: 7280: 7274: 7266: 7259: 7252: 7247: 7240: 7234: 7227: 7222: 7215: 7210: 7204:, p. 77. 7203: 7198: 7191: 7186: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7137: 7132: 7126:, p. 71. 7125: 7120: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7096: 7091: 7084: 7079: 7072: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7053: 7045: 7039: 7032: 7026: 7019: 7014: 7007: 7002: 6995: 6990: 6983: 6978: 6971: 6966: 6959: 6953: 6946: 6941: 6934: 6929: 6922: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6867: 6863: 6859: 6858: 6850: 6843: 6837: 6829: 6825: 6821: 6817: 6814:(4): 682–95. 6813: 6809: 6802: 6795: 6790: 6788: 6780: 6775: 6768: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6749: 6732: 6728: 6722: 6714: 6710: 6706: 6702: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6679: 6672: 6667: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6633: 6628: 6621: 6616: 6609: 6604: 6597: 6592: 6586:, p. 93. 6585: 6584:Crampton 1996 6580: 6574:, p. 29. 6573: 6568: 6561: 6556: 6550:, p. 63. 6549: 6544: 6538:, p. 62. 6537: 6532: 6526:, p. 61. 6525: 6520: 6514:, p. 78. 6513: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6496: 6491: 6484: 6479: 6472: 6467: 6459: 6453: 6449: 6442: 6435: 6430: 6423: 6419: 6413: 6406: 6401: 6395:, p. 87. 6394: 6389: 6383:, p. 86. 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6335: 6330: 6324:, p. 88. 6323: 6318: 6316: 6308: 6303: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6280: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6253: 6246: 6239: 6234: 6228:, p. 60. 6227: 6222: 6220: 6212: 6207: 6200: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6167: 6163: 6157: 6150: 6145: 6138: 6133: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6094: 6089: 6082: 6077: 6070: 6065: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6019: 6014: 6006: 6002: 5995: 5993: 5984: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5965: 5957: 5951: 5947: 5946: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5907: 5896: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5851: 5846: 5838: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5819: 5813:, p. 59. 5812: 5807: 5801:, p. 77. 5800: 5795: 5793: 5776: 5772: 5766: 5758: 5755: 5750: 5743: 5738: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5713: 5711: 5703: 5698: 5691: 5686: 5679: 5674: 5667: 5662: 5653: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5629: 5622: 5621:Baumslag 2005 5617: 5610: 5605: 5597: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5566: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5538: 5530: 5525: 5519:, p. 53. 5518: 5513: 5506: 5501: 5499: 5482: 5478: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5408: 5406: 5397: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5365: 5358: 5354: 5350: 5347: 5341: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5287: 5279: 5274: 5268:, p. 48. 5267: 5262: 5255: 5250: 5244:, p. 72. 5243: 5238: 5222: 5218: 5212: 5210: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5167: 5163: 5157: 5151:, p. 50. 5150: 5145: 5139:, p. 53. 5138: 5133: 5126: 5121: 5105: 5101: 5095: 5088: 5083: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5021: 5015: 5011: 5006: 4999: 4995: 4992: 4991:South America 4987: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4940:, p. 75. 4939: 4934: 4915: 4908: 4902: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4870:, p. 22. 4869: 4864: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4820: 4813: 4807: 4801: 4797: 4791: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4772: 4766:, p. 67. 4765: 4760: 4754:, p. 51. 4753: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4701:Wiltsher 1985 4697: 4690: 4685: 4679:, p. 20. 4678: 4673: 4666: 4665:Wiltsher 1985 4661: 4659: 4650: 4643: 4631: 4628:. p. 2. 4627: 4623: 4616: 4608: 4601: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4567: 4560: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4524: 4519: 4512: 4507: 4500: 4495: 4486: 4485: 4476: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4438: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4387: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4348: 4340: 4336: 4332: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4309: 4301: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4259: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4224: 4205: 4198: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4148: 4146: 4144: 4142: 4134: 4129: 4123:, p. 14. 4122: 4117: 4111:, p. 16. 4110: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4077: 4070: 4062: 4056: 4052: 4051: 4043: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4000: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3980: 3972: 3971:Wiltsher 1985 3967: 3960: 3955: 3949:, p. 94. 3948: 3943: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3912: 3905: 3900: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3870: 3862: 3861: 3853: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3803: 3799: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3780: 3771: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3705: 3704:Rapoport 1995 3700: 3693: 3692:Reichard 2006 3688: 3672: 3668: 3661: 3654: 3649: 3633: 3629: 3622: 3615: 3610: 3608: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3567: 3558: 3552: 3548: 3547: 3539: 3531: 3525: 3521: 3520: 3512: 3504: 3498: 3494: 3493: 3485: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3439: 3432: 3425: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3392: 3378: 3374: 3373: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3330: 3326: 3320: 3312: 3306: 3302: 3301: 3293: 3289: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3245: 3241: 3235: 3230: 3223: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3189: 3187: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3154:David Kennedy 3151: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3119: 3115: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3091: 3085: 3083: 3077: 3075: 3070: 3068: 3058: 3051: 3047: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3026: 3022: 3010: 3005: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2966: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2919: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2904:Soviet Russia 2900: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2881: 2876: 2865: 2863: 2852: 2844: 2837: 2836: 2831: 2827: 2818: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2762: 2752: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2722: 2717: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2690: 2681: 2676: 2666: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2582: 2572: 2570: 2564: 2561: 2557: 2553: 2548: 2545: 2541: 2537: 2533: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2438: 2424: 2423: 2422: 2420: 2419:Charles Mowat 2415: 2414:Lytton Report 2410: 2408: 2404: 2399: 2398:Kwantung Army 2395: 2391: 2387: 2382: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2362: 2352: 2350: 2345: 2335: 2330: 2320: 2318: 2307: 2304: 2300: 2295: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2274: 2273:Peruvian Army 2270: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2227: 2225: 2221: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2150: 2140: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2075: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2038: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2010: 2006: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:Upper Silesia 1941: 1934:Upper Silesia 1931: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1900: 1893:Åland Islands 1890: 1886: 1884: 1879: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1852: 1848: 1843: 1839: 1822: 1818: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1790: 1786: 1783: 1781: 1777: 1772: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1744:Allied powers 1739: 1729: 1726: 1720: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1689: 1685: 1678: 1673: 1669: 1667: 1664:in 1937, and 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1605:Henri Bergson 1600: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1553: 1550: 1542: 1537: 1533: 1531: 1530:Albert Thomas 1515: 1511: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1462: 1459: 1454: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1423:Great Britain 1419: 1412: 1408: 1407:Assembly Hall 1404: 1403:Palais Wilson 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1352: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1339: 1335: 1322: 1317: 1309: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1290: 1280: 1278: 1272: 1268: 1266: 1262: 1257: 1255: 1245: 1240: 1230: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1215: 1207: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1187: 1185: 1184:Palais Wilson 1181: 1175: 1173: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1139: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1067: 1066:Palais Wilson 1064:) was named " 1062: 1056: 1046: 1039: 1030: 1023: 1010: 1001: 1000:Curzon Street 997: 987: 978: 967:Establishment 964: 960: 956: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 932: 929: 925: 916: 912: 908: 906: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 876: 874: 870: 866: 862: 861:German Empire 858: 853: 851: 847: 842: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 806: 802: 797: 793: 791: 787: 783: 779: 778:Aletta Jacobs 775: 771: 766: 761: 760:After the War 757: 756:Liberal Party 753: 749: 745: 741: 729: 725: 719: 710: 704: 690: 687: 683: 679: 674: 672: 668: 664: 659: 657: 653: 649: 644: 643: 638: 637:Immanuel Kant 631: 627: 622: 608: 606: 605:David Kennedy 602: 598: 594: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 565: 563: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 542:United States 539: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 510: 508: 504: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 406: 402: 398: 397:Palais Wilson 393: 389: 386: 370: 368: 365: 364: 361: 355: 352: 345: 344: 341: 340: 337: 334: 332: 329: 328: 324: 320: 317:18 April 1946 316: 313: 307: 303: 297: 293: 289: 283: 279: 276: 273: 269: 265: 262: 259: 253: 250: 247: 241: 238: 235: 229: 226: 225:Joseph Avenol 223: 217: 214: 211: 205: 201: 197: 193: 189: 186: 183: 177: 174: 173:Joseph Avenol 171: 165: 162: 159: 153: 149: 145: 143: 139: 136: 132: 129: 125: 122: 119: 115: 112: 109: 105: 100: 94: 89: 79: 67: 59: 54: 49: 40: 37: 33: 26: 22: 13685: 13678: 13641:(son-in-law) 13627:James Wilson 13565: 13558: 13549: 13541: 13534: 13526: 13472: 13465: 13456:High schools 13441: 13422:Bibliography 13359: 13352: 13346: 13321:Shadow Lawn) 12874: 12708:Wilsonianism 12485: 12447: 12439: 12385: 12231:Peacekeeping 12206:Interpreters 12126: 11827:Peacekeeping 11745:organization 11729: 11646:Full members 11607:Partnerships 11493:Headquarters 11215:peacekeeping 10922: 10915: 10908: 10776:Stresa Front 10699:Organisation 10680: 10532:Gladwyn Jebb 10530: 10523:(since 1945) 10466: 10424: 10308: 10273: 10254: 10234: 10227: 10192: 10172: 10150: 10147:Torpey, John 10128: 10109: 10090: 10071: 10059:. 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Retrieved 8075:(3): 37–54. 8072: 8068: 8057: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8010: 7998: 7979: 7973: 7961: 7952: 7943: 7937: 7931: 7919: 7907: 7895: 7868: 7856: 7844: 7817: 7805: 7786: 7780: 7775:, p. 1. 7768: 7756: 7744: 7732: 7720: 7701: 7695: 7670: 7666: 7660: 7648: 7638: 7631: 7619: 7592: 7567: 7563: 7557: 7540: 7536: 7530: 7522: 7517: 7509: 7504: 7459: 7455: 7445: 7420: 7416: 7410: 7385: 7381: 7375: 7363:. Retrieved 7359:the original 7348: 7340: 7331: 7323: 7315: 7307: 7299: 7289:15 September 7287:. Retrieved 7273: 7264: 7258: 7246: 7238: 7233: 7221: 7209: 7197: 7185: 7173:. Retrieved 7169:the original 7155: 7143: 7131: 7119: 7110: 7090: 7078: 7066: 7038: 7025: 7018:Scheina 2003 7013: 7001: 6994:Bethell 1991 6989: 6977: 6965: 6957: 6952: 6940: 6928: 6916: 6904: 6899:, p. 8. 6892: 6856: 6849: 6841: 6836: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6774: 6762: 6737:15 September 6735:. 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Retrieved 3319: 3299: 3292: 3201: 3158: 3142:child labour 3122: 3111: 3096: 3092: 3087: 3082:Robert Cecil 3078: 3072:At the 1943 3071: 3063: 3030: 3017: 3007: 2999: 2968: 2963: 2951: 2932: 2901: 2871: 2858: 2849: 2833: 2829: 2804: 2794: 2781: 2764: 2749: 2738: 2734: 2719: 2696: 2687: 2678: 2648: 2622: 2599:Adolf Hitler 2587:Spanish Army 2584: 2569:Adolf Hitler 2565: 2560:Pierre Laval 2556:Samuel Hoare 2549: 2529: 2517:Italian Army 2502: 2463: 2440: 2411: 2383: 2380: 2341: 2332: 2313: 2297: 2258:Amazon River 2239: 2223: 2199: 2152: 2121: 2094:Alexandretta 2087: 2040: 2013: 1998: 1979: 1970: 1943: 1902: 1899:Åland crisis 1887: 1875: 1855: 1835: 1820: 1816: 1806: 1798: 1788: 1784: 1773: 1761: 1741: 1721: 1717: 1688:repatriation 1681: 1631: 1610: 1601: 1582: 1574:yellow fever 1554: 1546: 1526: 1508: 1468: 1465:Other bodies 1455: 1420: 1416: 1406: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1383:Rue du Rhône 1382: 1378: 1374: 1353: 1346: 1342: 1331: 1283:Organization 1273: 1269: 1258: 1250: 1226: 1216: 1213: 1201: 1193: 1176: 1160: 1140: 1114: 1071: 1029:Quai d'Orsay 961: 957: 940:Robert Cecil 933: 921: 909: 880:Robert Cecil 877: 854: 830: 826:Great Powers 811: 804: 759: 750:, later the 736: 675: 660: 655: 640: 634: 593:child labour 566: 546:Soviet Union 534: 518:Great Powers 511: 467: 442: 425: 421: 417: 415: 392: 336:Succeeded by 335: 330: 117:Headquarters 36: 13562:(2013 book) 13530:(1944 film) 13063:Adamson Act 12899:New Freedom 12847:1919–1920; 12785:The Inquiry 12753:1917–1918; 12749:World War I 12727:(1916–1924) 12721:(1915–1934) 12572:(1902–1910) 12563:(1911–1913) 12552:(1913–1921) 12460:UNICEF club 12154:Honour Flag 11989:North Korea 11924:Resolutions 11871:Enlargement 11043:Secretariat 10888:The Inquiry 10739:Reparations 10581:Ban Ki-moon 10501:Seán Lester 10481:(1919–1945) 9510:. Praeger. 9019:. Ashgate. 8835:Cliometrica 8612:online free 8355:18 December 8275:7 September 8035:: 165–193. 7667:Cliometrica 7214:Lannon 2002 6884:j.ctt6wqrcq 6358:(3): 55–68. 5850:Torpey 2000 5586:10665/39249 5198:24 February 4823:Fink, p. 24 4421:j.ctv3znwvg 4213:10 December 4163:10 December 4121:Archer 2001 4082:: 131–155. 3947:Jacobs 1996 3922:Huygens ING 3126:rule of law 3118:appeasement 2971:appeasement 2956:, told the 2801:Sudetenland 2591:Republicans 2521:Addis Ababa 2513:mustard gas 2507:). 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