United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

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warned on the one hand against delays and on the other hand against excessive enthusiasm for reforms, preferring compromise. He was keenly sensitive to public opinion, and indeed often shapes it through his dealings with newspaper editors. When he sensed that public demand had reached an unstoppable momentum, he would work for a watered-down reform. He routinely gave the same advice to foreign governments. Diplomats across Europe took careful note of his move from the Tories to the Whigs, and suspected him of sympathy with the reform movements which were setting off upheavals in France, Belgium and elsewhere, and which frightened the reactionary governments of the major powers Russia, Austria and Russia. In reality he drew his foreign policy ideals from Canning. His main goals were to promote British strategic and economic interests worldwide, remain aloof from European alliances, mediate peace in Europe and use British naval power sparingly as needed. He worried most about France as an adversary, although he collaborated with them as in securing the

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settle the intense and growing political unrest across Britain. He believed that the respectable classes deserved to have their demands for greater representation met, but he refused to extend political power to the mass of the lower middle class and working class, saying that they were not ready to be trusted with it. He wanted to preserve the basic elements of the existing constitution by removing obvious abuses, thinking that this would strengthen aristocratic leadership. He persuaded the king to promise to create enough new peers to force the bill through the House of Lords. The king made the promise while also advising the peers to stop blocking the bill. The Reform Act was Grey's principal achievement; it reflects his pragmatic, moderate and conservative character, as well as his parliamentary skills of timing and persuasion. His cabinet was a coalition of diverse interests, so in 1834 when it divided over the

2550:, and the Corn Laws kept the price high. Bright was a powerful speaker, which boosted him to election to parliament in 1843. His radical program included extension of the suffrage, land reform and reduction of taxation. He opposed factory reforms, labour unions and controls on hours For workers, women and children, arguing that government intervention in economic life was always mistaken. He opposed wars and imperialism. His unremitting hostility to the Crimean war led to his defeat for reelection in 1857. He was soon reelected from Birmingham, leading a national campaign for parliamentary reform to enlarge the suffrage to reach the working man. He was intensely moralistic and distrusted the integrity of his opponents. He loathed the aristocracy that continued to rule Britain. He held a few minor cabinet positions, but his reputation rests on his organising skills and his rhetorical leadership for reform. 2335:

reforms laid the structural foundation for a new kind of State in Britain: a State in which the electoral rights and civil rights of citizens were extended and given greater legal protection, but in which the ordinary citizen was subjected to a much greater degree of administrative interference, direction, and control from the centre. The most spectacular element in this whole process—the Reform Bill of 1832—ensured that the state should also be partially democratized at the centre. The full significance of 1832 in the history of the country is appreciated only if it is seen as the central change in this mini-sided transformation of an agricultural nation ruled by squires, parsons, and the wealthy landowners into an industrial nation dominated by the classes produced by industrial expansion and commercial enterprise.

2354:"interests" by the "misconduct" of the government. In 1838, Chartists issued the People's Charter demanding manhood suffrage, equal-sized election districts, voting by ballots, payment of Members of Parliament (so that poor men could serve), annual Parliaments, and abolition of property requirements. The ruling class saw the movement as dangerous. Multiple large peaceful meetings across England demanded change but the Chartists were unable to force serious constitutional debate. In July 1839, however, the House of Commons rejected, by 235 votes to 46, a motion to debate the Chartists' national petition, bearing 1.3 million signatures. Historians see Chartism as both a continuation of the 18th century fight against corruption and as a new stage in demands for democracy in an industrial society. 2195:, with only a few dozen voters under the control of a local magnate. Industrial cities gained many of the seats but were still significantly underrepresented in Parliament. The 1831–1832 battle over parliamentary reform was, "a year probably unmatched in English history for the sweep and intensity of its excitement." Every few years an incremental enlargement of the electorate was made by Parliament, reaching practically all male voters by the 1880s, and all the women by 1928. Both parties introduced paid professional organisers who supervised the mobilisation of all possible support in each constituency; about 80% of the men voted. The Tories discovered that their conservatism had an appeal to skilled workers, and also to women, hundreds of thousands of whom were organised by the 1932:, and expressed its strong hostility toward Catholics and nonconformist Protestants by restricting their political and civil rights. The Catholic started to organise in Ireland, threatening instability or even civil war, and the moderates in Parliament emancipated them. The Nonconformists were similarly freed from their restrictions. In addition to reforms at the Parliamentary level, there was a reorganisation of the governmental system in the rapidly growing cities, putting a premium on modernisation and expertise, and large electorates as opposed to small ruling cliques. A rapidly growing middle class, as well as active intellectuals, broaden the scope of reform to include humanitarian activities such as a new poor law and factory laws to protect women and children workers. 3290: 2435:, who defeated Napoleon, served as the leader of the Conservative party in the House of Lords, 1828–1846. Some writers have belittled him as a befuddled reactionary, but a consensus reached in the late 20th century depicts him as a shrewd operator who hid his cleverness behind the facade of a poorly-informed old soldier. Wellington worked to transform the Lords from unstinting support of the Crown to an active player in political manoeuvring, with a commitment to the landed aristocracy. He used his London residence as a venue for intimate dinners and private consultations, together with extensive correspondence that kept him in close touch with party leaders in the Commons and with leading figures in the Lords. He gave public rhetorical support to 1525: 2819: 482: 2996: 11910: 468: 1889: 3137:". Salisbury was "a great foreign minister, essentially negative, indeed reactionary in home affairs". Another historian's estimate is more favourable; he portrays Salisbury as a leader who "held back the popular tide for twenty years." "nto the 'progressive' strain of modern Conservatism he simply will not fit." One historian pointed to "the narrow cynicism of Salisbury". One admirer of Salisbury agrees that Salisbury found the democracy born of the 1867 and 1884 Reform Acts as "perhaps less objectionable than he had expected—succeeding, through his public persona, in mitigating some part of its nastiness." 4021: 3087: 51: 12035: 3112:, were suited to a developing capitalist society but could not respond effectively as economic and social conditions changed. Called the "Grand Old Man" later in life, he was always a dynamic popular orator who appealed strongly to British workers and the lower middle class. The deeply religious Gladstone brought a new moral tone to politics with his evangelical sensibility. His moralism often angered his upper-class opponents (including Queen Victoria, who strongly favoured Disraeli), and his heavy-handed control split the Liberal party. His 1764: 3062:

political status quo by sustaining an establishment viewpoint that emphasised the greatness of monarchy, empire and tradition as they created "a facsimile world where existing values were invariably validated by events in the film and where all discord could be turned into harmony by an acceptance of the status quo." Disraeli was an especially popular film hero: "historical dramas favoured Disraeli over Gladstone and, more substantively, promulgated an essentially deferential view of democratic leadership." Stage and screen actor

2527:, forms the cornerstone of Bentham's thought. By "happiness", he understood a predominance of "pleasure" over "pain". He is best known for his inspiration of the radical forces, helping them define those reforms that were most urgently needed and how they could be implemented. His intellectual leadership helped achieve many of the key legal, political, economic and social reforms of the 1830s and 1840s. He especially influenced the reform of education, prisons, poor laws, legal procedures and Parliamentary representation. 2319:, which now for the first time had a significant voice in Parliament. However, at this point the great majority of manual workers, clerks and farmers did not have enough property to qualify to vote. Many of them received the vote in 1867. The aristocracy continued to dominate the Church of England, the most prestigious military and naval posts, and high society, but not business, industry or finance. In terms of national governmental policy, the democratic wishes of the entire people had become decisive. 735: 507: 2578: 3006: 11257: 13479: 2026:, presented petitions assembled by the main Nonconformist pressure group, the United Committee, which represented Congregationalist, Baptists and Unitarians. Their demand was the immediate repeal of the hated laws. Wellington and Peel originally were opposed, but then tried to compromise. They finally gave, splitting the Tory party, and signaling that the once unstoppable power of the Anglican establishment was now unexpectedly fragile and vulnerable to challenge. 989: 3901: 13784: 13490: 1601:. Each operation proved a failure with the British commanding generals killed or in disgrace. The war was a stalemate without purpose. A negotiated peace was reached at the end of 1814 that restored the prewar boundaries. British Canada celebrated its deliverance from American rule, Americans celebrated victory in a "second war of independence," and Britain celebrated its defeat of Napoleon. The treaty opened up two centuries of peace and open borders. 13467: 521: 1695: 2244: 122: 801: 13500: 3609:, and the death of George III, led to the concession of Catholic emancipation in 1829, allowing Roman Catholics to sit in the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. Catholic emancipation was not O'Connell's real goal, which was the repeal of the act of union with Great Britain. On 1 January 1843 O'Connell confidently, but wrongly, declared that repeal would be achieved that year. When 2207:, while often discussed, was never necessary because the upper house repeatedly retreated in the face of determined House of Commons action. After defeating the first two versions of the Reform Act of 1832, the Whigs got the King to agree to appoint as many new peers as was necessary to change the outcome. He promised to do so, but convinced the Lords it would be much wiser for them to approve the law. 1722:" in 1819. They prohibited drills and military exercises; facilitated warrants for the search for weapons; outlawed public meetings of more than 50 people, including meetings to organise petitions; put heavy penalties on blasphemous and seditious publications; imposing a fourpenny stamp act on many pamphlets to cut down the flow on news and criticism. Offenders could be harshly punished including 2494: 2000:

by trade, commerce and manufacturers, gentlemen of the professions of law and physic, and agriculturalists, of that class particularly who live upon their own freehold. The virtues of temperance, frugality, prudence and integrity promoted by religious Nonconformity... assist the temporal prosperity of these descriptions of persons, as they tend also to lift others to the same rank in society.

3251:, and partisan and constitutional struggles in Parliament. At one point it even seemed the Army might refuse orders dealing with Ireland. No solution appeared in sight when the unexpected outbreak of the Great War in 1914 put domestic issues on hold. The political party system of the Edwardian era was in delicate balance on the eve of the war in 1914. The Liberals were in power with a 3027:. He was typical of the generation of British leaders who matured in the 1830s and 1840s. He was concerned with threats to established political, social and religious values and elites; he emphasised the need for national leadership in response to radicalism, uncertainty and materialism. Disraeli was especially noted for his enthusiastic support for expanding and strengthening the 2562:, and he headed the reform agitation in 1867 which brought the industrial working class within the pale of the constitution. It was Bright who made possible the Liberal party of Gladstone, Asquith and Lloyd George, and the alliance between middle-class idealism and trade unionism, which he promoted, still lives in the present-day Labour Party. 1714:, on 16 August 1819, when a local militia unit composed of landowners charged into an orderly crowd of 60,000 which had gathered to demand the reform of parliamentary representation. The crowd panicked and eleven died and hundreds were injured. The government saw the event as an opening battle against revolutionaries. In reaction 3797:. Irish MPs would no longer vote in Westminster but would have their own separate Dublin parliament, which would control domestic issues. Foreign policy and military affairs would remain with London. Gladstone's proposals did not go as far as most Irish nationalists desired, but were still too radical for both 1755:, which gave Catholics the vote and the right to sit in Parliament. That happened in 1829 using Whig support. Passage demonstrated that the veto power long held by the ultra-Tories no longer was operational, and significant reforms were now possible across the board. The stage was set for the Age of Reform. 2231:

came in 1829, which removed the most substantial restrictions on Roman Catholics in Great Britain and Ireland. The Duke of Wellington, as Tory prime minister, decided that the surging crisis in largely Catholic Ireland necessitated some relief for the Catholics, although he had long opposed the idea.

2021:

had to reject non-Anglican applicants. At the local level, everyone who lived in the boundaries of an Anglican church was required to pay taxes to support the parish. The Test and Corporation laws required all national and local government officials had to attend Anglican church services. In February

1999:

Throughout England a great part of the more active members of society, who have the most intercourse with the people have the most influence over them, are Protestant Dissenters. These are manufacturers, merchants and substantial tradesman, or persons who are in the enjoyment of a competency realised

1750:

was alarmed at the strength of the Catholic Association, warning in 1824, "We cannot tamely sit by while the danger is hourly increasing, while a power co-ordinate with that of the Government is rising by its side, nay, daily counteracting its views." The Duke of Wellington, Britain's most famous war

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One nagging fear was the possible collapse of the Ottoman Empire. It was well understood that a collapse of that country would set off a scramble for its territory and possibly plunge Britain into war. To head that off Britain sought to keep the Russians from occupying Constantinople and taking over

1914:

came at a time of intense public and elite anxiety and broke the logjam. The parliamentary system, based on a very small electorate and large numbers of seats that were tightly controlled by a small elite, was radically reformed. For the first time the growing industrial cities had representation in

1613:

progressed, society changed, becoming more urban. The postwar period saw an economic slump, and poor harvests and inflation caused widespread social unrest. British leadership was intensely conservative, ever watchful of signs of revolutionary activity of the sort that had so deeply affected France.

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was badly organised. The British army suppressed it after a week of fighting but the quick executions of 15 leaders alienated nationalist opinion. Overnight there was a movement away from home rule and toward Irish independence. The Cabinet decided that the 1914 Act should be brought into operation

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goal was to create a European order based on cooperation rather than conflict and mutual trust instead of rivalry and suspicion; the rule of law was to supplant the reign of force and self-interest. This Gladstonian concept of a harmonious Concert of Europe was opposed to and ultimately defeated by

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patrons in the 1880s and 1890s, "xenophobia and pride in empire" were reflected in the halls' most popular political heroes: all were Conservatives and Disraeli stood out above all, even decades after his death, while Gladstone was used as a villain. After 1920, historical films helped maintain the

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in Tory governments for two decades, but switched over to the Whig coalition in 1830. The Tories despised him thereafter as a turncoat, and many of the more radical Whigs were distrustful of his basically conservative views that saw him fainthearted about or opposed to reform measures. He typically

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Most historians emphasise the central importance of the legislation of the 1830s–60s, although there was a dissenting minority of scholars in the 1960s and 1970s who argued against deep meanings of Whiggish progress because each of the reforms was relatively minor in itself. Historian Richard Davis

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their signature measure. It sharply reduced the numbers of "rotten borough" and "pocket boroughs" (where elections were controlled by powerful families), and instead redistributed seats on the basis of population. It also broadened the franchise, adding 217,000 voters to an electorate of 435,000 in

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established free trade as the basic principle by which British merchants came to dominate the globe, and brought cheap food to British workers. A depoliticised civil service based on merit replaced patronage policies rewarding jobs for partisan efforts. Efficiency was a high priority in government,

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The Queen played a small role in politics, but became the iconic symbol of the nation, the empire and proper, restrained behaviour. Her success as ruler was due to the power of the self-images she successively portrayed of innocent young woman, devoted wife and mother, suffering and patient widow,

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in 1860; by 1837 they numbered 428; in 1901, there were 592. The number rose to 622 by 1910. Reform legislation in 1832, 1867, 1884 and 1918 weakened the aristocracy in terms of its control of the House of Commons. However, it ran the government: of the ten prime ministers under Victoria, six were

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In all these ways—the organization of the new police (by Peel as Home Secretary in the 1820s), the new Poor Law, and in the new municipal councils—the pattern of government in England was changed fundamentally within a single decade. In conjunction with the removal of religious disabilities, these

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Until 1927, the monarch's royal title included the words "of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". In 1927, the words "United Kingdom" were removed from the royal title so that the monarch was instead styled as "King/Queen of Great Britain, Ireland...". The words "United Kingdom" were

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in 1893, which this time was passed by the Commons, but was defeated in the Conservative-dominated House of Lords. The Conservatives came to power until 1906 and home rule became a dead issue, but the subsidised sale of farm land greatly reduced the Protestant presence in Ireland south of Ulster.

1859:

Britain from the 1820s to the 1860s experienced a turbulent and exciting "age of reform". The century started with 15 years of war against France, ending in Wellington's triumph against Napoleon in 1815 at Waterloo. There followed 15 difficult years, in which the Tory Party, representing a small,

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that Napoleon could draft into the French armies when they were needed. Although the Royal Navy effectively disrupted France's extra-continental trade—both by seizing and threatening French shipping and by seizing French colonial possessions—it could do nothing about France's trade with the major

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a difficult fight, but their weight of numbers, superior equipment and often brutal tactics, eventually brought about a British victory. The war had been costly in human rights and was widely criticised by Liberals in Britain and worldwide. However, the United States gave London its support. The

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John Bright was the greatest of all parliamentary orators. He had many political successes. Along with Richard Cobden, he conducted the campaign which led to the repeal of the Corn Laws. He did more than any other man to prevent the intervention of this country (Britain) on the side of the South

1729:

One historian would write: "Peterloo was a blunder; it was hardly a massacre." It was a serious mistake by local authorities who did not understand what was happening. Nevertheless, it had a major impact on British opinion at the time and on history ever since as a symbol of officialdom brutally

3151:

The Victorian era is famous for the Victorian standards of personal morality. Historians generally agree that the middle classes held high personal moral standards (and usually followed them), but have debated whether the working classes followed suit. Moralists in the late 19th century such as

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to ship arms to and built warships for the Confederacy at considerable profit. London ignored American complaints that it allowed the selling of arms and building of warships for the Confederacy. Both blockade runners and warships caused a major diplomatic row that was partially resolved in the

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had promoted reform of Parliament since the 1790s, always to be defeated by the Ultra-Tories. The breakthrough came in his success in passage of the Reform Act of 1832. He sought this as the final step of reform, rather than a first step in a long process, emphasising the urgent need in 1832 to

2004:

The Nonconformists suffered under a series of disabilities, some of which were symbolic and others were painful, and they were all deliberately imposed to weaken the dissenting challenge to Anglican orthodoxy. The Nonconformists allied with the Whigs to demand for civil and religious equality.

2353:

was a large-scale popular protest movement that emerged in response to the failure of the 1832 Reform Bill to give the vote to the working class. It lacked middle-class support, and it failed repeatedly. Activists denounced the "betrayal" of the working classes and the "sacrificing" of their

2226:

After four decades of rule by Pittites and Tories the first breakthrough in reform came in the removal by a Tory government of restrictions on the careers of Protestant Nonconformists in the repeal in 1828 of the laws that required Anglican church membership for many academic and government

2485:. He much preferred liberal and reform-oriented nations to reactionary powers. He placed a high priority on building up British strength in India, He spoke often of pride in British nationalism, which found favour in public opinion and gave him a strong basis of support outside Parliament. 3317:

shrank 27%. The Great War saw a decline in civilian consumption, with a major reallocation to munitions. The government share of GDP soared from 8% in 1913 to 38% in 1918 (compared to 50% in 1943). The war forced Britain to use up its financial reserves and borrow large sums from the U.S.

1733:

The Ultra-Tories peaked in strength about 1819–1822 then lost ground inside the Tory Party. They were defeated in important breakthroughs that took place in the late 1820s in terms of tolerating first dissenting Protestants. An even more decisive blow was the unexpected repeal of the many

1124:

Beginning in earnest in the second half of the nineteenth century, the Imperial government granted increasing levels of autonomy to locally elected governments in colonies where white settlers had become demographically or politically dominant, with this process eventually resulting in

3243:, based on middle-class values and virtues. He understood the overseas Empire better than any of his prime ministers and used his exceptional memory for figures and details, whether of uniforms, politics, or relations, to good effect in reaching out in conversation with his subjects. 108: 580: 109: 2327:." That is, the Reform Act of 1832 was a response to mounting popular pressure. It was "the culmination of a long historical process, and an important turning point in the emergence of a more liberal and broadly based political system… it deserves its old designation of 'Great.'" 1678:

in 1793. Historians find that the violent radical element was small and weak; there were a handful of small conspiracies involving men with few followers and careless security; they were quickly suppressed. Nevertheless, techniques of repression included the suspension of

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The Conservative government also felt that the demands in Ireland could be satisfied by helping the Catholics purchase their farms from Protestant owners. A solution by money not force was called "killing home rule with kindness". Reforms passed as a result included the

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alongside the Allies in 1917, and provided the needed manpower, money and supplies to keep them going. On other fronts, the British, French, New Zealanders, Australians and Japanese occupied Germany's colonies. Britain fought the Ottoman Empire, suffering defeats in the

3344:. Along the Western Front the British and French launched repeated assaults on the German trench lines in 1915–1917, which killed and wounded hundreds of thousands, but made only limited gains. By early 1916, with number of volunteers falling off, the government imposed 3439:(RFC), was about the same size of the pre-war army. The almost three million casualties were known as the "lost generation", and such numbers inevitably left society scarred; but even so, some people felt their sacrifice was little regarded in Britain, with poems like 3072:. Arliss "personified the kind of paternalistic, kindly, homely statesmanship that appealed to a significant proportion of the cinema audience… Even workers attending Labour party meetings deferred to leaders with an elevated social background who showed they cared.". 3856:. Between 1868 and 1908: spending on Ireland was generally increased, huge tracts of land were purchased from landlords and redistributed to smallholders, local government was democratised, and the franchise widely extended. Ireland remained calm until the eve of the 1950:

became wiser, better, more frugal, more honest, more respectable, more virtuous, than they ever were before." Wickedness still flourished, but the good were getting better, as frivolous habits were discarded for more serious concerns. The leading moralist of the era,

2612:. Victoria became queen in 1837 at age 18. Her long reign saw Britain reach the zenith of its economic and political power, with the introduction of steam ships, railways, photography and the telegraph. Britain again remained mostly inactive in Continental politics. 2113:

In the 1825 to 1867 era, widespread public demonstrations, some of them violent, escalated to demand reform. The ruling Tories were dead set against anything smacking of democracy or popular rule and favoured severe punishment of demonstrators, as exemplified by the

111: 110: 1167:. The 19th century was an era of rapid economic modernisation and growth of industry, trade and finance, in which Britain largely dominated the world economy. Outward migration was heavy to the principal British overseas possessions and to the United States. The 3624:

made worse by demand for funds for railways and food imports. The crisis prevented the expending of the loan if the pound was to remain convertible to gold and government funding was slashed in 1847 and the costs of relief transferred to local taxes in Ireland.

3054:, for as Perry notes, "When confronted with specific problems, he sought to reduce tension between town and country, landlords and farmers, capital and labour, and warring religious sects in Britain and Ireland—in other words, to create a unifying synthesis." 106: 1638:

the damage was irrevocable. The sovereign was increasingly a symbolic contradiction in his own age. Through madness, stupidity, and immorality Victoria's three predecessors lowered the stock of monarchy. Only thirty years of the narrow domestic virtues of

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would end its economic hegemony. On the contrary Britain possessed the greatest industrial capacity in the world, and its mastery of the seas allowed it to build up considerable economic strength through trade to its possessions and the United States. The

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anti-reform positions, but then deftly changed positions toward the party's centre, especially when Peel needed support from the upper house. Wellington's success was based on the 44 peers elected from Scotland and Ireland, whose election he controlled.

1263:, opted-out of joining the Free State and remained part of the Union under this limited form of self-government. In light of these changes, the British state was renamed the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland on 12 April 1927 with the 1394:

ended the war, Britain agreed to return most of the territories it had seized. The peace settlement was in effect only a ceasefire, and Napoleon continued to provoke the British by attempting a trade embargo on the country and by occupying the city of

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to promote all varieties of humanitarian and parliamentary reform. They started with a successful campaign against the Corn Laws. These were tariffs on imported food that kept up the price of grain to placate Tory landowners. The major factor in the

1149:. Although these dominions remained part of the British Empire, in practice, dominion governments were permitted to largely manage their own internal affairs without interference from London, which was primarily responsible only for foreign policy. 3271:. The coalition lacked a long-term plan, because it was cobbled together from leftovers from the 1890s. The sociological basis was non-Anglicanism and non-English ethnicity rather than the emerging class conflict emphasised by the Labour Party. 1927:

and based in the industrial cities; they demanded cheap food. There were a series of reforms of the electoral laws, expanding the number of male voters and reducing the level of corruption. The reactionary Tory element was closely linked to the

2980:

Disraeli and Gladstone dominated the politics of the late 19th century, Britain's golden age of parliamentary government. They long were idolised, but historians in recent decades have become much more critical, especially regarding Disraeli.

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was expanded into most parts of Africa and much of South Asia. The Colonial Office and India Office ruled through a small number of administrators who managed the units of the empire locally, while democratic institutions began to develop.

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in 1922. Although the Free State was explicitly governed under dominion status and thus was not a fully independent polity, as a dominion it was no longer considered to be part of the United Kingdom and ceased to be represented in the

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Having been rejected by the Conservatives, the Irish nationalist forces had little choice but to support the minority Liberal Party. New groups split off and they finally all merged in 1900 into the Irish Parliamentary Party led by

3447:

criticising the war as a human failure. The literary legacy focused on mass death, mechanised slaughter, fallacious propaganda and deep disillusionment, thereby annihilating long-standing romanticised images of the glories of war.

1629:

so that he could marry his favourite lover. Public and elite opinion strongly favoured the Queen and ridiculed the king. The fiasco helped ruin the prestige of the monarchy and it recovered a fraction of the power wielded by King

1751:

hero, told Peel, "If we cannot get rid of the Catholic Association, we must look to Civil War in Ireland sooner or later." Peel and Wellington agreed that to stop the momentum of the Catholic Association it was necessary to pass

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Parnell's movement campaigned for "Home Rule", by which they meant that Ireland would govern itself as a region within the United Kingdom. Two home rule Bills (1886 and 1893) were introduced by the Liberal Prime Minister

3246:

The era was prosperous but political crises were escalating out of control. Multiple crises hit simultaneously in 1910–1914 with serious social and political instability arising from the Irish crisis, labour unrest, the

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of 1851, Britain was described as the "workshop of the world". Using the imperial tools of free trade and financial investment, it exerted major influence on many countries outside Europe and the empire, especially in

3386:

in May 1915, drowning over 100 American passengers, protests by the United States led Germany to abandon unrestricted submarine warfare. In spring 1917 it resumed the sinking of all merchant ships without warning.

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that was fearful of a popular revolution along the French model, employed severe repression. In the mid-1820s, however, as popular unrest increased, the government made a series of dramatic changes. The more

3214:

became king, inaugurating the Edwardian era, which was characterised by great and ostentatious displays of wealth in contrast to the sombre Victorian Era. With the advent of the 20th century, things such as

2600:. Scholars debate whether the Victorian period—as defined by a variety of sensibilities and political concerns that have come to be associated with the Victorians—actually begins with the passage of the 2080:", whereby no nation would be powerful enough to threaten the conquest of Europe the way Napoleon had. Vienna ushered in a century of peace, with no great wars and few important localised ones until the 2071:

to pay 700 million livre in indemnities and lose the territory seized after 1791. He realised that harsher terms would lead to a dangerous reaction in France, and now that the conservative old-fashioned

1813:

in a few short years, mostly to Britain and to the United States. The trend of emigration would continue in Ireland for decades and Ireland's population has never recovered to its pre-famine levels. The

2295:. The government purchased all the slaves for £20,000,000 (the money went to rich plantation owners who mostly lived in England), and freed the slaves, most of whom were in the Caribbean sugar islands. 3031:, in contrast to Gladstone's negative attitude toward imperialism. Gladstone denounced Disraeli's policies of territorial aggrandisement, military pomp and imperial symbolism (such as making the Queen 1790:

in the 1850s. That war was strictly limited in terms of scope and impact. The major result was the realisation that military medical services needed urgent reform, as advocated by the nursing leader

1207:. Although not formally allied with any of these powers, by 1914 British policy had all but committed to declaring war on Germany if the latter attacked France. This was realized in August 1914 when 105: 2256:

commemorates the passing of the Reform Act of 1832. It depicts the first session of the newly reformed House of Commons on 5 February 1833. In the foreground, the leading statesmen from the Lords:

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in 1815, but relented and broke ranks with the absolute monarchies by 1820. Britain intervened in Portugal in 1826 to defend a constitutional government there and recognising the independence of

3379:, despite the risk of war by the powerful neutral power the United States. The waters around Britain were declared a war zone where any ship, neutral or otherwise, was a target. After the liner 1946:

In the 1790–1815 period there was an improvement in morals caused by the religious efforts by evangelicals inside the Church of England, and Dissenters or Nonconformist Protestants as people:

4159:

Due to George III's inability to carry out his duties as King after 1811, his son acted as Prince Regent from then until George III's death in 1820 when he acceded to the throne as George IV.

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immediately and a Government established in Dublin. Negotiations were stalemated as Ulster mobilised. London made a second attempt to implement Home Rule in 1917, with the calling of the

1782:

The era of reform came in a time of peace, guaranteed in considerable part by the overwhelming power of the Royal Navy. Britain engaged in only one serious war between 1815 and 1914, the

2869:

was useless as large-scale alliances emerged. It restored good relations with France and the United States, and ended tensions with Russia, while the confrontation with Germany became a

1674:, which controlled the government. Every untoward event seemed to point to a conspiracy on the left which necessitated more repression to head off another terror such as happened in the 1235:. The deadliest conflict in human history up to that point, the war ended in an Allied victory in November 1918 but inflicted a massive cost to British manpower, materiel and treasure. 3263:. The coalition was committed to free trade (as opposed to the high tariffs the Conservatives sought), free collective bargaining for trades unions (which Conservatives opposed), an 2153:

Foreign policy became moralistic and hostile to the reactionary powers on the continent, teaming up with the United States to block European colonialism in the New World through the

1348:

believed that agreeing to Catholic Emancipation would violate his Coronation Oath to uphold the Protestant faith, and his lack of support for the initiative led the Prime Minister,

1267:. The modern-day United Kingdom is the same state, that is to say a direct continuation of what remained after the Irish Free State's secession, as opposed to being an entirely new 2145:

and Peel, rationalised the tariff system, and culminated in the great repeal of the tariffs on imported grain in 1846, much to the dismay of grain farmers. The 1846 repeal of the

3616:

While government funds were supplemented by private individuals and charities, and aid from the United States, it was not enough to avert a major catastrophe. The government of

2472:

played the dominant role in shaping British foreign-policy as Foreign Secretary (1830–1834, 1835–1841 and 1846–1851) and as prime minister (1855–1858, 1859–1865). He served as

12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12164: 2834:, giving it self-government and responsibility for its own defence, Canada did not have an independent foreign policy until 1931. The second half of the 19th century saw a 2219:

let his ministers take full charge of government affairs. He was a deeply unpopular playboy. When he tried to get Parliament to pass a law allowing him to divorce his wife

2160:

Municipal reform was a necessity for the rapidly growing industrial cities still labouring under a hodgepodge of centuries-old laws and traditions. When Peel took over the

11224: 1841: 2849:

after 1871 posed a new challenge, for it (along with the United States), threatened to usurp Britain's place as the world's foremost industrial power. Germany acquired a

2625: 3164:. However, new research using computerised matching of data files shows that the rates of cohabitation then were quite low—under 5%—for the working class and the poor. 3035:), saying it did not fit a modern commercial and Christian nation. However, Gladstone himself did not turn down attractive opportunities to expand the empire in Egypt. 3972:

which by this time was operating under the remit of Dáil Éireann. In mid 1921 a truce was agreed between the British government and Sinn Féin and this resulted in the

1809:

when the potato crop failed in the 1840s. The Government did little to help the starving poor in Ireland. Along with the one million deaths, another one million would

1569:

was a minor sideshow to the British, but the American army performed very poorly, and was unable to successfully attack Canada. In 1813, the Americans took control of

650: 1577:, knocking most of the Indian tribes out of the war. When Napoleon surrendered for the first time in 1814, three separate forces were sent to attack the Americans in 12389: 12384: 12379: 12374: 12369: 12364: 12359: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12324: 12319: 12314: 12309: 12304: 12299: 12294: 12289: 12284: 12279: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 4134:

seceded from the Union in 1922 but continued as the same country, renamed under its current name of the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland" under

3996:), immediately exercised its right under the Anglo-Irish Treaty to opt out of the new state. This treaty created a division in Irish nationalism and resulted in the 1980: 3746:

in Ireland. The wider the franchise was expanded, the better anti-union parties were able to do in Ireland. Running on a platform that advocated something like the

3532:

which allowed people to move out of decrepit inner-city slums. The slums remained for several more years, with trams being electrified long before many houses. The

2454: 625: 10075: 1991:), They proclaimed a devotion to hard work, temperance, frugality and upward mobility, with which historians today largely agree. A major Unitarian magazine, the 11172: 10095: 2184:. Elections were to be based on registered voters, city finances had to be audited in a uniform fashion, and city officials were elected by the local taxpayers. 2134:. Much more controversial was the repeal of severe discrimination against Roman Catholics after the Irish Catholics organised, and threatened rebellion, forcing 763: 655: 3420:

on 11 November 1918. It was actually tantamount almost to a surrender with Germany handing over her fleet and heavy weapons, and her army retreating behind the

3227:

were coming into use. The new century was characterised by a feeling of great optimism. The social reforms of the last century continued into the 20th with the

1621:

The major constitutional changes included a reform of Parliament, and a sharp decline in the power and prestige of the monarchy. The Prince regent, on becoming

13878: 2035: 1328:

and came into effect on 1 January 1801. The Irish had been led to believe by the British that their loss of legislative independence would be compensated with

10192: 1856:, other parts of Asia, and Africa. There was little friction with other colonial powers until the 1890s. British foreign policy avoided entangling alliances. 13898: 13571: 3462:

The war had been won by Britain and its allies, but at a terrible human and financial cost, creating a sentiment that wars should never be fought again. The

6002: 107: 6546: 6413: 3925:

in April 1918 that attempted to link implementing Home Rule with extending conscription to Ireland. Irish nationalists rejected conscription and a wave of

1412: 3340:, and dismantling the overseas German Empire. The romantic notions of warfare that everyone had expected faded as the fighting in France bogged down into 13873: 6102: 2751: 2187:

By far the most important of the reforms was the democratisation of Parliament, which began in a small but highly controversial fashion in 1832 with the

8113: 4333: 13893: 11898: 11177: 9644:

1922 marks the secession of the majority of Ireland from the United Kingdom rather than the creation of a new state. Official name was changed in 1927.

2649:(1792–1815), the UK emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). 1459:

continental economies and posed little threat to French territory in Europe. France's population and agricultural capacity far outstripped that of the

690: 13695: 10188: 9517: 2770:

of the Confederacy shut down 95% of Southern exports to Britain. Trade flourished with the Union and many young men crossed the Atlantic to join the

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Carolyn, Augspurger (2017). "National identity, religion, and Irish unionism: the rhetoric of Irish Presbyterian opposition to Home Rule in 1912".

3964:

followed. London's attempted solution was the establishment of two Irish parliaments to pave the way for the Fourth Home Rule Bill, enacted as the

3280: 3130: 3038:

Disraeli drummed up support by warnings of a supposed Russian threat to India that sank deep into the Conservative mindset. His reputation as the "

2970: 685: 8737: 5242: 4240:

The Irish Pound 1797–1826: A Reprint of the Report of the Committee of 1804 of the British House of Commons on the Condition of the Irish Currency

12119: 11437: 11293: 11034: 2063:

in 1814–1815. It successfully broke Napoleon's comeback attempt in 1815. Castlereagh played a central role at Vienna, along with Austrian leader

1892: 8967: 4271: 3882:

for the duration. There was no conscription in Ireland; military service was optional. Large numbers of both Protestant and Catholic young men

3498: 2929:

in 1910; this had internal self-government, but its foreign policy was controlled by London and it was an integral part of the British Empire.

700: 1553:, seizing merchant ships suspected of trading with France, and impressing sailors (conscription) born in Britain, regardless of their claimed 13818: 12620: 12508: 10254: 3835:) won a majority. In 1890 a divorce case showed Parnell was an adulterer; he was forced from power, and died in 1891. Gladstone introduced a 1450:

remained a minimal threat to France; it maintained a standing strength of just 220,000 men at the height of the Napoleonic Wars, whereas the

635: 2100:

in 1824. British merchants and financiers and, later, railway builders, played major roles in the economies of most Latin American nations.

13637: 12730: 11351: 11206: 9079: 2954: 1017: 13602: 2122:(1788–1830) broke away on several critical issues. Nevertheless, the Whig party gets most of the credit. The middle classes, often led by 13868: 13863: 13813: 12894: 10373: 9709: 9135: 756: 680: 13888: 13642: 11220: 9089: 8327: 3348:(but was not able to do so in Ireland where nationalists of all stripes militantly opposed it) in order to keep up the strength of the 2958: 2798: 2469: 2458: 2403: 2157:

of 1823. Slavery was abolished throughout the British Empire. The Royal Navy stepped up efforts to stop international trade in slaves.

2077: 2049: 1878: 1795: 1184:, which enabled British financiers and merchants to operate successfully in many otherwise independent countries, as in South America. 3309:

successfully mobilised its manpower, industry, finances, empire and diplomacy, in league with the French and Americans, to defeat the

2126:

Protestants, turned against the Tories and scored the greatest gains. For example, symbolic restrictions on nonconformists called the

1877:

took over. The Tory coalition fell apart, and it was reassembled under the banner of the Conservative Party. Numerous Tories, such as

11447: 10141: 10019: 4032: 3248: 3113: 2865:

in 1888, he discarded Bismarck, began using bellicose language, and planned to build a navy to rival Britain's. Britain realised its

2783: 2733: 2422:

peers. The seventh was the son of a duke. Two (Peel and Gladstone) emerged from the business community and only one (Disraeli) was a

2076:

were back in power, they were no longer a threat to attempt to conquer all of Europe. Indeed, Castlereagh emphasised the need for a "

1805:

It was a time of prosperity, population growth and better health, except in Ireland where over one million deaths were caused by the

720: 705: 695: 13705: 13662: 13632: 13493: 12904: 12605: 11946: 11039: 9675: 8972: 4001: 2974: 2950: 2432: 2391: 2265: 2165: 1873:"Ultra Tory" faction. The party split, key leaders switched sides, the Tories lost power, and the more liberally minded opposition 1479: 7603: 13883: 13536: 11876: 11302: 11211: 10235: 10024: 8801: 4135: 3101: 3081: 2379: 1919:

in 1846—ending the tariff on imported grain that kept prices high for the landed aristocracy. Repeal was heavily promoted by the

1715: 1365: 1264: 1094: 2884:, it had co-existed with Dutch settlers who had migrated further away from the Cape and created two republics of their own: the 12914: 11891: 10385: 10269: 9929: 3814: 3024: 2747: 2724:

with some distrust, especially as the emperor built up his navy, expanded his empire and took up a more active foreign policy.

2367: 1487: 1152: 749: 715: 710: 675: 563: 381: 334: 3057:

In the popular culture, Disraeli was a great political hero, a status that persisted for decades after his death. For British

13579: 11642: 11187: 10218: 9510: 9099: 8715: 8679: 8651: 8506: 8482: 8358: 8336: 8296: 8274: 8238: 8200: 8176: 8137: 8101: 8077: 8056: 8037: 8001: 7982: 7960: 7938: 7919: 7900: 7878: 7859: 7840: 7818: 7796: 7774: 7752: 7730: 7706: 7684: 7662: 7643: 7528: 7488: 7398: 7369: 7347: 7276: 7239: 7211: 7150: 7125: 7097: 7057: 7039: 7011: 6986: 6961: 6933: 6880: 6855: 6830: 6802: 6752: 6717: 6671: 6643: 6617: 6589: 6501: 6485: 6386: 6358: 6221: 6192: 6145: 6036: 5966: 5941: 5894: 5777: 5687: 5662: 5598: 5524: 5395: 5358: 5232: 5101: 5001: 4862: 4822: 4684: 4584: 4440: 4394: 4367: 4309: 4247: 4005: 3969: 3533: 2387: 2097: 603: 1844:

joined by iron and steel, coal mining, railroads and shipbuilding. The second British Empire, founded after the loss of the

1498:, peace appeared to have returned. Napoleon suddenly reappeared in 1815. The Allies united and the armies of Wellington and 13838: 13833: 13617: 13503: 12503: 12114: 11089: 10472: 10358: 8957: 6793: 5835: 4090: 4085: 3828: 3763: 3762:. A wider franchise also changed the ideological mix among non-Irish MPs, making them more receptive to Irish demands. The 3541: 3529: 3416:

at the rate of 10,000 a day by May 1918, the Germans realised they were being overwhelmed. Germany gave up, agreeing to an

2938: 2399: 2261: 2041: 1904: 1799: 1743: 1706:

In industrial districts in 1819, factory workers demanded better wages, and demonstrated. The most important event was the

1451: 13584: 3929:

signalled growing support for the demand for total independence. The old Irish Party collapsed and a new political force,

3289: 1446:. This policy aimed to eliminate the threat from the British by closing French-controlled territory to foreign trade. The 13828: 12909: 11286: 10427: 10340: 10297: 7185:

C. Read. (2019). 'Taxes, tariffs and the economics of nationalism in 1840s Ireland', in D. Kanter & P. Walsh (eds.),

5411:

Phillips, John A.; Wetherell, Charles (1995). "The Great Reform Act of 1832 and the Political Modernization of England".

4612:

Ditchfield, Grayson M. (1974). "The parliamentary struggle over the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1787–1790".

4038:

restored to the monarch's title in 1953 with the reference to "Ireland" replaced with a reference to "Northern Ireland".

3849: 3372: 3043: 2013:

was the only legally accepted birth documentation. The Anglican parish controlled the only religious burial grounds. The

1420: 1195:

increasingly came to be seen as an existential threat to the British Empire. In response, London began to cooperate with

13592: 13174: 12763: 12758: 11723: 11599: 11192: 10956: 10859: 10353: 10264: 10039: 9842: 9802: 9790: 9785: 9773: 9701: 9167: 9094: 8378: 5568: 4095: 3934: 3553: 3345: 1983:

and smaller groups. They were all outside the established Church of England (except in Scotland, where the established

1558: 908: 851: 846: 841: 836: 396: 12034: 4499:

Gaunt, R. A. (2003). "The fourth duke of Newcastle, the ultra-tories and the opposition to Canning's administration".

3313:. The economy grew by about 14% from 1914 to 1918 despite the absence of so many men in the services; by contrast the 50: 13777: 13690: 12107: 11884: 11778: 11706: 11672: 10049: 9768: 3953: 3732: 3329: 3020: 2990: 2709: 2312: 2176:

modernised urban government, which previously had been controlled by closed bodies dominated by Tories. Over 200 old

1565:. The Americans felt humiliated and demanded war to restore their honour, despite their complete unpreparedness. The 965: 831: 8539: 3404:

were growing worse in 1917, as the fighting in France continued with no end in sight. With Russia collapsing in the

2720:

on the Ottoman Empire. Despite its alliance with the French in the Crimean War, Britain viewed the Second Empire of

13858: 13853: 13246: 12723: 12520: 12017: 11973: 11215: 10239: 9871: 9814: 9754: 9503: 8826: 6773: 5081: 4105: 3977: 3853: 3805:: his first home rule hill was defeated in the House of Commons following a split in his own party. Liberal leader 3786:

leader Gladstone was considering home rule, the IPP ousted the Conservatives and brought the Liberals into office.

3724: 3720: 3594: 3466:

was founded with the idea that nations could resolve their differences peacefully, but these hopes were unfounded.

1866: 1671: 1554: 1252: 1105:, in which actual hostilities were relatively limited. However, the United Kingdom did engage in extensive wars in 1010: 826: 304: 5998: 4221: 3874:

ready to fight; senior leaders of the British army indicated they would not move to suppress the Protestants (the

2818: 2236:, who suddenly reversed himself on the Catholic issue and was roundly denounced and permanently distrusted by the 1726:. In practice the laws were designed to deter troublemakers and reassure conservatives; they were not often used. 1499: 1482:

gradually pushed the French out of Spain, and in early 1814, as Napoleon was being driven back in the east by the

13241: 13186: 12851: 12515: 12012: 10852: 10479: 9925: 3836: 3658: 3349: 3046:

fell away as historians showed that Disraeli had few proposals for social legislation in 1874–1880, and that the

2276: 2216: 2173: 2006: 1874: 1524: 640: 8527: 4327:"Foreign policy considerations for the UK and Scotland in the event of Scotland becoming an independent country" 13627: 12610: 12498: 11616: 11611: 11279: 10484: 10380: 10054: 10034: 9989: 9687: 9400: 8310: 3965: 3861: 3802: 3617: 3486: 3321: 2946: 2429: 2135: 2023: 1691:

of 1817 heavily muzzled the opposition newspapers; the reformers switched to pamphlets and sold 50,000 a week.

1260: 960: 198: 6088: 12697: 12584: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12401: 11990: 11626: 10462: 10171: 10085: 9172: 4763: 4326: 4197: 4100: 3771: 3754:, home rulers won a majority of both county and borough seats in Ireland in 1874. By 1882, leadership of the 3417: 3413: 2743: 2123: 1941: 975: 572: 3809:

led the battle against home rule in Parliament. He broke with Gladstone and in 1886 formed a new party, the

3235:, who reigned 1910–1936. Scandal-free, hard working and popular, George V was the British monarch who, with 3050:

did not reflect a vision of Conservatism for the unenfranchised working man. However, he did work to reduce

13750: 13424: 13261: 13178: 13146: 12826: 12057: 11687: 11532: 11406: 11119: 10437: 10363: 10213: 10146: 10070: 9944: 9901: 9668: 9130: 4519: 3817:

to build a base for the new party among "Orange" nonconformist Protestant elements in Britain and Ireland.

3388: 3380: 3252: 2870: 930: 13529: 13182: 12716: 12097: 11803: 11562: 11493: 10457: 9830: 9182: 9109: 8794: 8382: 3948:

did not send its elected MPs to Westminster, deciding to set up its own separatist parliament in Dublin;

3941: 3926: 3613:

hit the island in 1846, much of the rural population, especially in Catholic districts, began to starve.

3514: 3337: 3134: 2462: 2443: 2395: 2272: 2257: 2088:, tried to suppress liberalism wherever it might occur. Britain first took a Reactionary position at the 1371: 1003: 970: 912: 781: 590: 2323:

concludes that the scholarship of the 1970s represented "a vindication of the main outlines of the old "

1818:

was almost wiped out. The failure of the British government to respond to the crisis in the eyes of the

13762: 13440: 13271: 13202: 12846: 12396: 12074: 11961: 11594: 11567: 11162: 10801: 10467: 10161: 9465: 9209: 9104: 9084: 8821: 8262: 6180: 5265: 3895: 3353: 2858: 2791: 2759: 2482: 2292: 2248: 2192: 2067:. While many Europeans wanted to punish France heavily, Castlereagh insisted on a mild peace, with the 1849: 409: 57: 5975: 3540:

was achieved. Labour displaced the Liberal Party for second place and achieved major success with the

2291:

refashioned the British electoral system. In 1832 Parliament abolished slavery in the Empire with the

1155:

that began in the decades prior to the state's formation continued up until the mid-19th century. The

13432: 12899: 12861: 12855: 12791: 12753: 12661: 12069: 11983: 11432: 10869: 10725: 10445: 10259: 10181: 10166: 10151: 9999: 9934: 9896: 9886: 9876: 9736: 8962: 7888: 6605: 3961: 3759: 3654: 3478: 3408:

Germany now calculated it could finally have numerical superiority on the Western Front. The massive

3400:, while arousing the Arabs who helped expel the Turks from Mesopotamia and Palestine. Exhaustion and 2779: 2642: 2131: 1313: 1246:

almost immediately after the conclusion of World War I, which resulted in British recognition of the

1243: 856: 10887: 4263: 2995: 1215:, whose neutrality had been guaranteed by London. The ensuing First World War eventually pitted the 13823: 13165: 12865: 12493: 12488: 11914: 11793: 11459: 11394: 11114: 10244: 9858: 9242: 9114: 8748: 7694: 7672: 6577: 6261: 3716: 3665: 3576: 3181: 2916:(which certain other British territories would later employ to attain independence). This gave the 2363: 1730:

suppressing a peaceful demonstration thinking mistakenly that it was the start of an insurrection.

1609:

Britain emerged from the Napoleonic Wars a very different country than it had been in 1793. As the

1349: 1333: 1317: 1239: 1177: 1138: 1047: 940: 473: 211: 12989: 11906: 5388:

The price of emancipation: slave-ownership, compensation and British society at the end of slavery

4708: 3066:(1868–1946) was famous for his portrayals of Disraeli, winning the Oscar as best actor for 1929's 2659:("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914). By the time of 1915:

Parliament. This opened the way for another decade of reform that culminated in the repeal of the

1888: 13710: 13652: 13360: 13192: 12871: 12836: 12676: 12615: 11856: 11846: 11788: 11728: 11574: 11401: 11384: 11182: 11131: 10847: 10599: 10348: 10208: 10014: 9959: 9949: 9916: 9749: 9661: 9526: 7762: 7539: 7457: 3813:. It helped defeat home rule and eventually merged with the Conservative party. Chamberlain used 3775: 3677: 3669: 3557: 3432: 3409: 3284: 3264: 3097: 3091: 3039: 2966: 2150:

with the goal of low taxation. Overall, taxation was about 10%, the lowest in any modern nation.

2018: 1455: 1454:

exceeded a million men—in addition to the armies of numerous allies and several hundred thousand

1309: 1134: 950: 821: 204: 13808: 13787: 13522: 13409: 13226: 13221: 13159: 12919: 12841: 12816: 12806: 12625: 12007: 11978: 11951: 11647: 11584: 11367: 11202: 11079: 10705: 10225: 10080: 9969: 9920: 8787: 6659: 4027:, the last British king to be styled as King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 3818: 3810: 3794: 3751: 3705: 3634: 3610: 3568: 3470: 2885: 2850: 2831: 2712:

in 1877 led to another European intervention, although this time at the negotiating table. The

2064: 2005:

Grievances included a 1753 law that to be legally recognised marriage had to take place in the

1899:

Constitutionally, the 1830s marks a watershed: the end of Crown control over the cabinet. King

1823: 1806: 1680: 1375: 1156: 945: 13053: 7480: 7390: 6925: 6166: 5845: 5093: 3352:. Industry turned out munitions in large quantities, with many women taking factory jobs. The 13735: 13471: 13393: 13211: 13151: 12801: 12692: 12589: 11956: 11733: 11589: 11411: 11321: 10864: 10835: 10368: 9595: 9390: 9235: 8931: 7361: 7339: 6213: 5703:

Brown, David (2001). "Compelling but not Controlling?: Palmerston and the Press, 1846–1855".

5157:

Good, Kenneth (2009). "The drive for participatory democracy in nineteenth century Britain".

4773: 3731:

of Isaac Butt. Ireland was no closer to home rule by the mid-19th century, and rebellions in

3590: 3173: 2926: 2717: 2593: 2316: 2228: 2220: 2177: 1964: 1907:

who had a majority in Parliament, and the Crown ever since has gone along with the majority.

1837: 1752: 1723: 1626: 1610: 1598: 1535: 1491: 1400: 1329: 1321: 1216: 1200: 1142: 739: 121: 6664:

Lord Salisbury on Politics. A Selection from his Articles in the Quarterly Review, 1860–1883

6161:

Parry, Jonathan Philip (2001). "The impact of Napoleon III on British politics, 1851–1880".

4529: 4020: 13351: 13215: 13155: 12934: 12924: 12820: 12024: 11738: 11657: 11652: 11372: 11234: 11001: 10772: 10749: 10534: 10420: 10274: 10249: 10118: 9939: 9911: 9009: 8851: 6735: 6473: 3790: 3586: 3364: 3333: 3240: 3068: 2917: 2702: 2660: 2524: 2227:

positions. Much more intense was the long battle over the civil rights of Roman Catholics.

2014: 1920: 1791: 1735: 1574: 1495: 1475: 1424: 1268: 1065:

The United Kingdom, having financed the European coalition that defeated France during the

955: 3086: 2697:

against Russia. Despite mediocre generalship, they managed to capture the Russian port of

2040:

Three men shaped British foreign policy from 1810 to 1860, with only a few interruptions,

1463:, but it was smaller in terms of industry, finance, mercantile marine and naval strength. 19:

This article is about the United Kingdom between 1801 and 1922. For the modern state, see

8: 13755: 13730: 13597: 13401: 13281: 13256: 13251: 13231: 13061: 13013: 12830: 12781: 12671: 11718: 11527: 11481: 11452: 11109: 11011: 10907: 10795: 10640: 10330: 10320: 10230: 9906: 9763: 9744: 9698: 9618: 9560: 9535: 9475: 9395: 9252: 9199: 9187: 8888: 8475:

Understanding the Victorians: Politics, Culture and Society in Nineteenth-Century Britain

7414:

Heyck, Thomas William (1974). "Home Rule, Radicalism, and the Liberal Party, 1886–1895".

7331: 7113: 5929: 5314:

Davis, Richard W. (1982). "The Tories, the Whigs, and Catholic Emancipation, 1827–1829".

3883: 3879: 3779: 3685: 3638: 3606: 3482: 3268: 2835: 2200: 1952: 1798:, promoted British nationalism, opposed reactionary regimes on the continent, helped the 1739: 1432: 1164: 1039: 879: 816: 547: 10936: 8463: 4640:

Machin, G. I. T. (1979). "Resistance to Repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, 1828".

3684:. The issue was a source of contention throughout Ireland, as a significant majority of 3620:

attempted to raise a loan of £8 million and intended a further loan but this provoked a

13745: 13740: 13416: 13322: 13197: 13045: 12939: 12811: 12796: 12739: 12641: 11936: 11931: 11851: 11818: 11783: 11662: 11579: 11557: 11537: 11503: 11136: 11069: 11064: 10991: 10974: 10892: 10579: 10574: 10507: 10136: 10004: 9954: 9891: 9866: 9862: 9780: 9724: 9630: 9566: 9285: 9247: 9230: 9177: 9151: 8977: 8923: 8752: 8612: 8604: 8496: 8252: 8229: 8148: 7439: 7431: 6788: 6523: 6506: 6328: 6320: 6069: 5824: 5747: 5627: 5586: 5463: 5428: 5331: 5174: 5127: 4891: 4657: 4629: 4300:

Empire, The rise and demise of the British world order and the lessons for global power

3973: 3867: 3806: 3783: 3680:, but neither became law, mainly due to opposition from the Conservative party and the 3602: 3582: 3537: 3506: 3436: 3405: 3393: 3360:

replaced him in December 1916 Britain gained a powerful and successful wartime leader.

3357: 3314: 3306: 3294: 3189: 3161: 3146: 2866: 2739: 2713: 2559: 2478: 2330:

David Thompson has stressed the revolutionary nature of the entire package of reforms:

2089: 2060: 2059:

The coalition that defeated Napoleon was financed by Britain, and held together at the

1984: 1882: 1870: 1776: 1503: 1470: 1443: 1325: 1305: 1299: 1188: 1086: 1051: 1043: 884: 790: 487: 368: 355: 11271: 7720: 3657:

as it had become known, was turned into a major political force under the guidance of

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The Discipline of Popular Government: Lord Salisbury's Domestic Statecraft, 1881–1902

6613: 6585: 6527: 6481: 6382: 6354: 6332: 6265: 6217: 6188: 6141: 6032: 5962: 5937: 5890: 5773: 5751: 5683: 5658: 5594: 5520: 5391: 5354: 5327: 5228: 5178: 5097: 4997: 4858: 4818: 4680: 4661: 4580: 4436: 4390: 4363: 4305: 4243: 3949: 3871: 3832: 3701: 3642: 3463: 3440: 3368: 3260: 3256: 3228: 3118: 3016: 2999: 2962: 2913: 2889: 2854: 2448: 2304: 2280: 2181: 2142: 2115: 2085: 2068: 2053: 1929: 1845: 1827: 1707: 1699: 1675: 1657: 1594: 1562: 1404: 1160: 435: 95: 71: 10673: 10410: 6346: 4625: 1763: 13377: 13077: 12997: 12064: 12000: 11833: 11713: 11508: 11442: 11389: 11331: 11026: 11006: 10827: 10782: 10156: 9837: 9819: 9706: 9624: 9578: 9539: 9450: 9316: 9308: 9293: 9225: 9192: 8902: 8771: 8596: 8284: 7516: 7423: 6551: 6515: 6418: 6312: 6061: 5814: 5739: 5712: 5623: 5455: 5446:

Davis, Richard W. (1980). "Toryism to Tamworth: The Triumph of Reform, 1827–1835".

5420: 5323: 5257: 5166: 5123: 5119: 4989: 4917: 4887: 4649: 4621: 4508: 4147:

Monarch of the separate Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 until 1800.

4131: 3989: 3985: 3918: 3875: 3728: 3650: 3621: 3525: 3502: 3457: 3032: 2892:. The British imperial vision called for control over these new countries, and the 2839: 2473: 2375: 2371: 2073: 1772: 1586: 1578: 1391: 1387: 1288: 1256: 1247: 1220: 1055: 903: 630: 514: 179: 6563: 6437: 6052:

McLean, David (1976). "Finance and "Informal Empire" before the First World War".

1618:

strongly encouraged conservative support for the political and social status quo.

1494:, Wellington invaded southern France. After Napoleon's surrender and exile to the 13725: 13369: 12651: 12052: 11966: 11813: 11808: 11476: 11336: 11316: 11126: 11054: 11049: 10879: 10757: 10684: 10325: 10009: 9984: 9470: 9359: 9321: 9063: 9004: 8880: 8492: 8224: 8087: 8011: 7948: 7227: 6705: 6374: 5985: 4959: 4430: 4384: 4225: 3997: 3767: 3747: 3626: 3598: 3428: 3376: 3105: 3047: 2905: 2881: 2857:

succeeded in achieving general peace through his balance of power strategy. When

2807: 2775: 2673: 2650: 2646: 2601: 2414: 2299: 2288: 2196: 2188: 2154: 2093: 2010: 1988: 1960: 1955:, saw everywhere "new proofs presenting themselves of the diffusion of religion". 1911: 1861: 1684: 1529: 1519: 1383: 1361: 1228: 1196: 1066: 1035: 13669: 13483: 13343: 13307: 13125: 12786: 12646: 12102: 11757: 11604: 11486: 11471: 11379: 11341: 11261: 11157: 10996: 10984: 10762: 9825: 9809: 9759: 9601: 9554: 9435: 9430: 9425: 9336: 9326: 9298: 9046: 9029: 9024: 8893: 8767: 8125: 7970: 7199: 6949: 6555: 6402: 6379:

1867: Disraeli, Gladstone and Revolution: The Passing of the Second Reform Bill

6300: 6282: 6024: 5090:

English Local Government: From the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act

4964:

A world restored: Metternich, Castlereagh, and the problems of peace, 1812–1822

4878:

Davis, Richard W. (1990). "The Politics of the Confessional State, 1760–1832".

4293: 4168:

Continued as monarch of the United Kingdom and the Irish Free State until 1936.

4075:(1910–1922; title used until 1927 but remained monarch until his death in 1936) 4060: 4009: 3798: 3709: 3681: 3572: 3494: 3341: 3310: 3177: 3051: 3028: 2922: 2862: 2823: 2803: 2767: 2690: 2655: 2636: 2597: 2589: 2581: 2543: 2538: 2520: 2512: 2505: 2497: 2418: 2383: 2204: 2045: 1924: 1831: 1815: 1810: 1787: 1640: 1408: 1324:

resulted in the decision to unite the two countries. This was brought about by

1232: 1224: 1168: 1102: 1074: 1059: 993: 898: 874: 542: 500: 430: 319: 266: 191: 20: 13093: 9364: 8600: 7160: 6519: 6422: 6316: 5743: 5170: 4653: 2794:, and any possibility of its intervention on behalf of the Confederacy ended. 2523:

as a working philosophy of action. The "greatest happiness principle", or the

2118:

in Manchester in 1819. The Tory ranks were cracking, however, especially when

1683:(allowing the government to arrest and hold suspects without cause or trial). 13802: 13609: 13561: 13545: 12551: 12530: 11750: 11745: 11416: 11326: 10812: 10645: 10519: 9994: 9979: 9331: 9014: 8810: 7828: 7806: 7784: 6818: 6768: 6687: 6541: 6453: 6407: 6270: 6093: 5765: 5085: 4850: 4110: 3945: 3913: 3909: 3736: 3715:

Irish demands ranged from the "repeal" of O'Connell, the "federal scheme" of

3700:") parliament in Dublin would discriminate or retaliate against them, impose 3401: 3205: 3185: 3109: 3063: 2909: 2846: 2763: 2665: 2609: 2572: 2423: 2308: 2253: 1768: 1550: 1483: 1460: 1439: 1337: 1208: 1204: 1192: 620: 615: 159: 146: 24: 8698: 5716: 5261: 4512: 3957: 3427:

By 1918, there were about five million people in the army and the fledgling

2832:

Britain united most of its North American colonies as the Dominion of Canada

2672:. Thus Britain had both a formal Empire based on British rule as well as an 2577: 2426:. Of the 227 cabinet members between 1832 and 1905, 139 were sons of peers. 13556: 13266: 13117: 13069: 13029: 12535: 10966: 10902: 10897: 10807: 10790: 10615: 10554: 10044: 10029: 9480: 9445: 8450: 8322: 8306: 8248: 8186: 7027: 6745:

Living in Sin: Cohabiting as Husband and Wife in Nineteenth-Century England

5819: 5806: 4298: 3841: 3510: 3236: 3157: 3153: 2755: 2721: 2436: 2324: 2284: 2237: 1819: 1688: 1667: 1653: 1614:

Historians have found very few signs, noting that social movements such as

1478:

in 1808 at last permitted Britain to gain a foothold on the Continent. The

1447: 1428: 1379: 1280: 1118: 598: 13021: 9495: 8571:

Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939

4324: 3930: 3501:

in Mesopotamia; the latter of which became fully independent in 1932. The

3005: 2243: 1802:

to free themselves and worked to shut down the international slave trade.

13622: 13335: 13327: 13170: 12981: 11865: 11828: 11798: 11762: 11693: 11678: 11522: 11103: 11016: 10715: 10659: 10620: 9881: 9460: 9041: 8941: 8023: 7716: 6451:

Diamond, Michael (1990). "Political Heroes of the Victorian Music Hall".

5730:

Brown, David (2006). "Palmerston and Anglo–French Relations, 1846–1865".

5110:

Finlayson, G. B. A. M. (1966). "The Politics of Municipal Reform, 1835".

4700: 4572: 3857: 3821: 3662: 3518: 3397: 3298: 2942: 2877: 2694: 2605: 2547: 2530: 2516: 2407: 2233: 2172:—who in London to this day are still called "Bobbies" in his honour. The 2161: 2119: 2081: 1853: 1783: 1747: 1566: 1515: 1284: 1173: 1098: 1090: 935: 608: 328: 313: 9369: 8626:

Recent views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1966

5031:

All the textbooks cover the main developments, and for more details see

2592:'s rule between 1837 and 1901 which signified the height of the British 13448: 13291: 13236: 13109: 13085: 13005: 12929: 12656: 12525: 12079: 11995: 11498: 11464: 11197: 10720: 10630: 10594: 10584: 10390: 9440: 9374: 8608: 8210: 7740: 6324: 6073: 5467: 5432: 4815:

Evangelicalism in Modern Britain: A History from the 1730s to the 1980s

4218: 4066: 4054: 4042: 3646: 3630: 3211: 3058: 3009: 2901: 2771: 2698: 2501: 1900: 1830:. The famine is remembered in Ireland to this day as oppression by the 1711: 1631: 1416: 1345: 1181: 1114: 1078: 1070: 278: 254: 230: 10841: 7435: 6504:(2013). "British Politics and Cinema's Historical Dramas, 1929–1938". 5828: 5335: 5131: 4633: 4360:

George III: The Life and Reign of Britain's Most Misunderstood Monarch

3900: 3704:, and impose tariffs on industry. While most of Ireland was primarily 3536:

gave women householders the vote, but it would not be until 1928 that

2838:

among the European powers. There was talk of war with France over the

1435:, which was the last significant naval action of the Napoleonic Wars. 13299: 13101: 12708: 11513: 11229: 10950: 10734: 10589: 10564: 10539: 9964: 9354: 4048: 3755: 3697: 3693: 3193: 2893: 2146: 2127: 1972: 1916: 1734:

restrictions on Catholics, after widespread organised protest by the

1622: 1615: 1590: 1570: 1159:, exacerbated by government inaction in the mid-19th century, led to 1130: 242: 12973: 10915: 10635: 8519:

In These Times: Living in Britain Through Napoleon's Wars, 1793–1815

7789:

The Forging of the Modern State: Early Industrial Britain, 1783–1870

6065: 5807:"Nineteenth-Century Social Reform: A Tory Interpretation of History" 5459: 5424: 3102:

prime minister four times (1868–1874, 1880–1885, 1886 and 1892–1894)

1694: 1081:

for the next century. For nearly a century from the final defeat of

12561: 11141: 11074: 10739: 10625: 10569: 9974: 9056: 9019: 8907: 8861: 8732: 7427: 4924:. Vol. 2: The Liberal Awakening (1815–1830). pp. 263–266. 4072: 4024: 3981: 3743: 3474: 3232: 3224: 2686: 2350: 2345: 1968: 1719: 1661: 1647: 1582: 1466: 1146: 1082: 290: 7066: 5295: 5283: 5038: 4727: 4189: 3653:, in the 1870s. After Butt's death the home rule movement, or the 1415:

failed, chiefly due to the inferiority of his navy, and in 1805 a

13037: 12957: 12556: 11059: 11044: 10943: 10730: 10710: 9684: 9653: 9036: 8897: 8846: 8587:

Parry, J. P. (1983). "The State of Victorian Political History".

8529:

A History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815

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A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War

8216:

Victorian people; a reassessment of persons and themes, 1851–1867

6185:

A World on Fire: Britain's Crucial Role in the American Civil War

5680:

The Most English Minister: The Policies and Politics of Pamerston

4008:. The union of Great Britain with most of Ulster was renamed the 3325: 2787: 2758:. The mostly working-class British people generally favoured the 2534: 2298:

The Whigs became champions of Parliamentary reform by making the

1976: 1396: 1341: 1212: 1191:

until the early 20th century when the growing naval power of the

186: 13514: 8856: 8779: 8049:

The Nineteenth Century, The Oxford History of the British Empire

7953:

Britain Against Napoleon: The Organization Of Victory; 1793–1815

12965: 10929: 10922: 10767: 10700: 10559: 9405: 9051: 8936: 8836: 4994:

British policy and the independence of Latin America, 1804–1828

3993: 3824:

coined the party's catchy slogan, "Home rule means Rome rule."

3689: 3597:

blocked emancipation, arguing that to grant it would break his

3490: 3269:

constitutional reform to reduce the power of the House of Lords

2810:

only for damages caused by British-built Confederate warships.

2169: 1561:

tribes in Canada that were raiding American settlements on the

1126: 1106: 138: 3742:

O'Connell's campaign was hampered by the limited scope of the

3231:

being formed in 1900. Edward died in 1910, to be succeeded by

2164:, he abolished the espionage and cruel punishments, ended the 1411:

with the United Kingdom. In May 1803, war was declared again.

12566: 10979: 10549: 8912: 8841: 8066:

Roberts, Clayton; Roberts, David F.; Bisson, Douglas (2013).

7811:

Britain Before the Reform Act: Politics and Society 1815–1832

7636:

The Home Front, 1914–1918: How Britain Survived the Great War

6694:. Vol. X: January 1881 – June 1883. pp. cxxxix–cxl. 5934:

Urban World History: an Economic and Geographical Perspective

5496:

Chase, Malcolm (November 2013). "Recognising the Chartists".

4898: 3517:, although British troops remained stationed there until the 3421: 2897: 2493: 1121:, to extend its overseas territorial holdings and influence. 8443:

Britain's Century: A Political and Social History, 1815–1905

8311:"High Minds: The Victorians and the Birth of Modern Britain" 7604:"The King's style and titles in the UK and the Commonwealth" 6230: 4928: 2754:

was effective in defusing a war scare in late 1861 over the

2307:. The main effect of the act was to weaken the power of the 8831: 7571: 7559: 7547: 6873:

The Last Great War: British Society and the First World War

6210:

The Alabama, British Neutrality, and the American Civil War

6163:

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series)

5367: 3864:

and Protestants in Ulster mobilised to oppose it by force.

3216: 2669: 1320:'s fear of an independent Ireland siding against them with 1110: 8130:

Modern England: from the eighteenth century to the present

7143:

The Great Famine in Ireland and Britain's financial crisis

5243:"Peel's Other Repeal: The Test and Corporation Acts, 1828" 5050: 5017:

Kaufman, Will; Macpherson, Heidi Slettedahl, eds. (2004).

3239:, established the modern pattern of exemplary conduct for 2461:

addressing the House of Commons during the debates on the

2191:. The main impact was to drastically reduce the number of 1881:, switched over to the Whig opposition, and it became the 1702:

of 1819 resulted in 18 deaths and several hundred injured.

10667: 7497: 7290: 7288: 5786: 4940: 4593: 4325:

House of Commons Foreign Affairs Committee (1 May 2013).

3220: 2515:(1748–1832) was an intellectual who focused on reforming 2215:

A weak ruler as regent (1811–1820) and king (1820–1830),

1259:

in Ireland, which since 1920 were being governed under a

7583: 7167: 6242: 5185: 5019:

Britain and the Americas: culture, politics, and history

4779: 4468: 4012:

in 1927, and is known by this name to the present time.

2679: 2275:, prime minister from 1830 to 1834, and his rejuvenated 1670:

were the leaders of reaction and seemed to dominate the

11301: 10096:

List of World Heritage Sites in the Republic of Ireland

8289:

History of the English People in the Nineteenth Century

7677:

A Military History of Britain: From 1775 to the Present

7032:

A war imagined: the First World War and English culture

3469:

Following the war, Britain gained the German colony of

3265:

active social policy that was forging the welfare state

2626:

International relations of the Great Powers (1814–1919)

2054:

Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs

1643:

finally retrieved the symbolic luster of the sovereign.

1176:, by far the most important overseas possession, saw a 8403:

Britain in the Age of the French Revolution: 1785–1820

7285: 7187:

Taxation, Politics, and Protest in Ireland, 1692–2016.

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With Our Backs to the Wall: Victory and Defeat in 1918

6408:"Disraeli, Benjamin, earl of Beaconsfield (1804–1881)" 4970: 3758:

movement had passed to Charles Stewart Parnell of the

3712:

and would be affected by any tariff barriers imposed.

3363:

The Navy continued to dominate the seas, fighting the

2036:

History of the foreign relations of the United Kingdom

7521:

The Ulster crisis: resistance to home rule, 1912–1914

7312: 7300: 5866: 5634: 4831: 3878:). Suddenly war with Germany broke out and home rule 3708:, six of the counties in Ulster were the location of 3412:

of 1918 failed, and with arrival of a million of the

2168:

for most crimes, and inaugurated the first system of

1509: 1293: 1058:

in 1922 led to the remainder later being renamed the

9826:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

8768:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

8710:. Vol. 12, pt. 2: 1874–1914. Psychology Press. 8065: 7852:

A Mad, Bad, and Dangerous People?: England 1783–1846

7248: 6901: 6889: 6733:

Probert, Rebecca (September 2012). "Living in Sin".

5841: 5062: 4739: 4010:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

3156:

decried the slums for their supposed high levels of

3100:

was the Liberal counterpart to Disraeli, serving as

2742:(1861–1865), British leaders and elite favoured the 1549:

To defeat France, Britain put heavy pressure on the

1180:

in 1857. In overseas policy, the central policy was

1060:

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

8069:

A History of England, Volume 2: 1688 to the Present

7975:

The Deluge: British Society and the First World War

7145:. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 131–183. 5138: 4715: 4480: 3956:. The British government attempted to suppress the 1625:in 1820 asked Parliament to divorce his wife Queen 6406: 5533: 4751: 4410: 4297: 3968:while also attempting to defeat Sinn Féin and the 3793:was closely modelled on the self-government given 2413:The aristocracy remained dominant: there were 200 1390:claimed the lives of over 40,000 troops. When the 1095:was almost continuously at peace with Great Powers 10189:List of national parks of the Republic of Ireland 8230:Victorious Century: The United Kingdom, 1800–1906 7769:(2nd revised ed.). Oxford University Press. 7269:British Democracy and Irish Nationalism 1876–1906 6471: 6117: 5410: 5080: 5016: 4456: 4332:. London: The Stationery Office. p. Ev 106. 3649:, built a new moderate nationalist movement, the 3513:since 1914, became independent in 1922 after the 3121:system of manipulated alliances and antagonisms. 3104:. His financial policies, based on the notion of 2052:(especially 1830–1865). For a complete list, see 1344:. Despite personal sympathy for Roman Catholics, 976:History of the Irish language 13800: 13701:Mathematics, science, technology and engineering 8689:Young, George M.; Handcock, W. D., eds. (1956). 8552:A history of modern Britain: 1714 to the present 6544:(2004). "Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898)". 6287:The Lion and the Unicorn: Gladstone vs. Disraeli 5227:. Faber & Faber, Limited. pp. 460–465. 4006:Anti-Treaty faction of the Irish Republican Army 3770:in which the Irish Parliamentary Party held the 3375:and was increasingly short of food. It tried to 3281:History of the United Kingdom during World War I 2925:were merged with Cape Colony and Natal into the 2806:in 1872, in the Americans' favour by payment of 2693:. In 1853, Britain and France intervened in the 2553:One historian summarised Bright's achievements: 1648:Ultra Tories: Peterloo Massacre and the Six Acts 1634:in his saner days. Historian Eugene Black says: 11035:Association football in the Republic of Ireland 8351:This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–1852 7090:This Great Calamity: The Irish Famine 1845–1852 6351:Aspects of British political history, 1815–1914 3944:in Ireland and in keeping with their policy of 3633:soared during what is known in Ireland as the " 3629:(or farm labourers) were largely wiped out and 3562: 3332:, and quickly assumed the role of fighting the 1893:Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway 1326:legislation in the parliaments of both kingdoms 1304:A brief period of limited independence for the 8670:Aspinall, A.; Smith, E. Anthony, eds. (1959). 8644:A companion to early twentieth-century Britain 7910:Judd, Denis; Surridge, Keith Terrance (2003). 7358:Joseph Chamberlain: A Most Radical Imperialist 6710:Religion and Public Doctrine in Modern England 4264:"Act of Union | United Kingdom [1801]" 3827:Gladstone took the issue to the people in the 2876:Ever since Britain had wrested control of the 2084:(1853–1856). Prussia, Austria, and Russia, as 1604: 1334:civil disabilities placed upon Roman Catholics 1219:including the British Empire, France, Russia, 13879:States and territories disestablished in 1922 13530: 12724: 11892: 11287: 9669: 9625:Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland 9511: 8795: 8688: 8669: 8093:The Struggle for Mastery in Europe: 1848–1918 7931:Walter Long, Ireland and the Union, 1905–1920 7456: 7387:The Challenge of Democracy: Britain 1832–1918 7112: 6610:The Conservative Party from Peel to Churchill 5204:Baker Kenneth (2005). "George IV: a Sketch". 5203: 4677:Catholic Emancipation: A Shake to Men's Minds 4432:Britain and the Defeat of Napoleon, 1807–1815 2762:. What little cotton was available came from 2180:were abolished and replaced with 179 elected 1011: 757: 13899:1922 disestablishments in the United Kingdom 8759:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 8537: 8525: 8367: 7909: 6550:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6417:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 6248: 6089:"The Russians Shall Not Have Constantinople" 5551: 4857:. A. & Charles Black. pp. 370–439. 3831:, but the Unionists (Conservatives plus the 2851:number of colonies in Africa and the Pacific 2203:was not on the agenda. The abolition of the 1935: 68: 13675:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 9798:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 9573:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 9525: 9258:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 8283: 6787: 6480:. Oxford University Press. pp. 13–14. 6138:Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875–1878 4136:The Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927 4130:The state did not cease to exist after the 3199: 2653:, British dominance was later described as 2264:(1779–1848) and the Whigs on the left; and 1852:of the 1770s, was dramatically expanded in 1758: 1163:in much of Ireland and increased calls for 1032:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 36:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 13874:States and territories established in 1801 13537: 13523: 12731: 12717: 11899: 11885: 11294: 11280: 11221:Public holidays in the Republic of Ireland 9676: 9662: 9518: 9504: 8968:British–Irish Intergovernmental Conference 8802: 8788: 8440: 8396:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 8328:The Age of Decadence: Britain 1880 to 1914 8051:. Vol. III. Oxford University Press. 7655:British politics in the nineteenth century 7462:A History of the Irish Parliamentary party 7384: 7330: 6303:(September 2000). "Disraeli and England". 6207: 4904: 4812: 4611: 4577:Aristocracy and people: Britain, 1815–1865 3133:was a "talented leader who was an icon of 2797:British companies built and operated fast 2470:Henry John Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston 1502:defeated Napoleon once and for all at the 1374:(1799–1801), Britain occupied most of the 1018: 1004: 764: 750: 120: 13894:1801 establishments in the United Kingdom 8623: 8472: 8465:English thought in the nineteenth century 8461: 8409: 8223: 8010: 7595: 7474: 7271:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 7072: 6919: 6208:Merli, Frank J.; Fahey, David M. (2004). 5818: 5677: 5655:Charles, Earl Grey: Aristocratic Reformer 5109: 4958: 4238:Fetter, Frank Whitson (3 November 2005). 4033:History of monarchy in the United Kingdom 3860:, when the Liberal government passed the 3750:successfully enacted in Canada under the 2734:United Kingdom and the American Civil War 2630: 2223:, public opinion strongly supported her. 12905:Counties of Meath and Westmeath Act 1543 11040:Association football in Northern Ireland 8705: 8632: 8377: 8192:From Castlereagh to Gladstone, 1815–1885 8146: 7479:. Manchester University Press. pp. 7189:London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 199–226. 6948: 6817: 6612:. Eyre & Spottiswoode. p. 132. 6500: 5956: 5884: 5860:John Bright: Statesman, Orator, Agitator 5614:Davis, Richard W. (2003). "Wellington". 5585: 5567: 5480: 5373: 5289: 5056: 4988: 4849: 4745: 4705:Sir Robert Peel: From His Private Papers 4579:. Harvard University Press. p. 95. 4386:Trafalgar: Countdown to Battle 1803–1805 4292: 4019: 3899: 3367:to a draw in the only great battle, the 3288: 3210:Queen Victoria died in 1901 and her son 3085: 3004: 2994: 2937:Prime ministers of the period included: 2817: 2786:a war goal. Britain was long opposed to 2782:would be issued in 90 days, thus making 2576: 2492: 2453: 2433:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2362:Prime ministers of the period included: 2268:(1769–1852) and the Tories on the right. 2266:Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington 2242: 1887: 1762: 1693: 1523: 1413:Napoleon's plans to invade Great Britain 13849:Ireland and the Commonwealth of Nations 13844:History of the United Kingdom by period 10236:Demographics of the Republic of Ireland 8641: 8455:A New England?: Peace and War 1886–1918 8391: 8345: 8261: 7996:. Challenging History. Nelson Thornes. 7969: 7887: 7767:The Oxford Companion to British History 7633: 7577: 7565: 7553: 7536: 7515: 7306: 7266: 7254: 7234:. Blackstaff Press. pp. 402, 405. 7220: 7084: 7050:British Culture and the First World War 6907: 6895: 6870: 6845: 6774:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6767: 6732: 6704: 6686: 6547:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6540: 6450: 6414:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6373: 6260: 6179: 6135: 5928: 5909: 5558:, provides a short scholarly biography. 5159:Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 4541: 4357: 3921:. Prime Minister Lloyd George sought a 3581:Part of the agreement which led to the 3295:Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Regiment 3082:Premierships of William Ewart Gladstone 2716:blocked Russia from imposing the harsh 2279:enacted a series of major reforms: the 1469:expected that cutting Britain off from 1438:In 1806, Napoleon issued the series of 1366:British Army during the Napoleonic Wars 13801: 12915:Act for the Settlement of Ireland 1652 12738: 8577: 8569:Furber, Elizabeth Chapin, ed. (1966). 8568: 8549: 8491: 8449: 8421: 8321: 8305: 8209: 8185: 8086: 8046: 7991: 7947: 7928: 7871:The Mid-Victorian Generation 1846–1886 7868: 7849: 7761: 7739: 7699:The War of 1812 in the Age of Napoleon 7355: 7318: 7294: 7226: 7001: 6823:Parties and People: England, 1914–1951 6576: 6514:(2): 487–511, quotes on 488, 509–510. 6281: 6236: 6086: 6051: 6023: 5981: 5872: 5792: 5764: 5640: 5539: 5483:England in the 19th century: 1815–1914 5385: 5301: 5044: 5032: 4946: 4934: 4916: 4837: 4797: 4757: 4733: 4639: 4599: 4416: 4237: 4200:from the original on 22 September 2020 4113:, covers social & cultural history 3688:(largely but not exclusively based in 3135:traditional, aristocratic conservatism 2533:(1811–1889) built on his middle-class 16:Historical sovereign state (1801–1922) 13518: 12712: 11880: 11275: 10505: 10295: 10116: 9722: 9657: 9499: 8783: 8586: 8516: 8368:McCord, Norman; Purdue, Bill (2007). 8247: 8166: 8111: 8022: 7893:Home Rule: An Irish History 1800—2000 7854:. Clarendon Press. pp. 664–723. 7827: 7805: 7783: 7725:(3rd ed.). New York: Routledge. 7715: 7693: 7671: 7652: 7589: 7503: 7413: 7198: 7092:. Gill & Macmillan. p. 354. 7026: 6976: 6742: 6658: 6633: 6604: 6582:Lord Salisbury: A Political Biography 6401: 6299: 6160: 6123: 5729: 5702: 5652: 5613: 5514: 5495: 5445: 5348: 5313: 5240: 5191: 5068: 4976: 4877: 4785: 4769: 4674: 4525: 4498: 4486: 4474: 4462: 4382: 4339:from the original on 18 December 2020 3889: 3692:), opposed home rule, fearing that a 3534:Representation of the People Act 1918 3167: 2727: 2680:Russia, France and the Ottoman Empire 1532:ending the war with the United States 1314:British war with revolutionary France 1097:. The most notable exception was the 13819:Modern history of the United Kingdom 8973:British–Irish Parliamentary Assembly 8430: 8400: 8394:Gladstone, William Ewart (1809–1898) 8147:Woodward, Ernest Llewellyn (1962) . 8124: 7601: 7173: 7140: 7047: 6924:. Harvard University Press. p. 6794:The Strange Death of Liberal England 6478:A critical history of British cinema 6212:. Indiana University Press. p. 6005:from the original on 15 October 2018 5857: 5842:Roberts, Roberts & Bisson (2013) 5804: 5222: 5156: 5144: 4721: 4699: 4571: 4556: 4428: 4091:Historiography of the United Kingdom 4086:Historiography of the British Empire 3912:of 1916, using arms supplied by the 2908:. Outgunned by a mighty empire, the 2588:The Victorian era was the period of 2537:heritage and his collaboration with 2287:restricted and, most important, the 2262:William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne 2210: 2108: 1203:and Russia, and moved closer to the 13499: 12910:Settlement of Laois and Offaly 1556 11303:International relations (1814–1919) 8635:A Companion to 19th-Century Britain 8029:Britain between the wars: 1918–1940 7118:The Great Hunger: Ireland 1845–1849 6979:Lloyd George: war leader, 1916–1918 6345: 5910:Vallone, Lynne (2002). "Victoria". 4155: 4153: 4015: 3850:Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898 3589:in Ireland were to be repealed and 3172:Prime ministers from 1900 to 1923: 2619: 1261:much more limited form of home rule 23:. For the geographical region, see 13: 13869:20th century in the United Kingdom 13864:19th century in the United Kingdom 12033: 10265:Tourism in the Republic of Ireland 10040:Economy of the Republic of Ireland 9838:Irish Free State (1922–1937) 9683: 8693:. Vol. 12, pt. 1: 1833–1874. 8662: 8159: 7120:. Penguin Publishing. p. 31. 6029:The Rise of Free Trade Imperialism 5628:10.1111/j.1750-0206.2003.tb00607.x 4892:10.1111/j.1750-0206.1990.tb00552.x 3904:The Irish Free State (red) in 1922 3637:". A significant minority elected 3305:After a rough start Britain under 3021:prime minister in 1868 and 1874–80 2641:After the defeat of France in the 2357: 1557:. British government agents armed 1510:War of 1812 with the United States 1382:, the Netherlands having become a 1355: 1294:Union of Great Britain and Ireland 1265:Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 573:History of the United Kingdom 14: 13910: 13889:1922 disestablishments in Ireland 13544: 10050:Post-2008 Irish economic downturn 8809: 8726: 8580:Reader's guide to British history 8561: 8169:Encyclopedia of the Victorian Era 7873:. New Oxford History of England. 7745:The Age of Improvement, 1783–1867 6850:(2nd ed.). Pearson/Longman. 5593:. Vol. 2. Harper & Row. 5575:(4th ed.). pp. 157–158. 4274:from the original on 21 July 2017 4002:Provisional Government of Ireland 3389:The United States entered the war 2991:Premierships of Benjamin Disraeli 2813: 2691:threatening India via Afghanistan 2029: 1403:, a German-speaking duchy of the 382:Irish Free State Constitution Act 13783: 13782: 13498: 13489: 13488: 13477: 13465: 12621:Scottish 18th-century literature 11908: 11255: 10219:Tallest buildings and structures 8958:Ireland–United Kingdom relations 8624:Schlatter, Richard, ed. (1984). 7701:. University of Oklahoma Press. 7509: 7468: 7450: 7407: 7378: 7360:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 7324: 7260: 7192: 7179: 7134: 7106: 7078: 7020: 6995: 6970: 6942: 6913: 6864: 6839: 6811: 6781: 6777:(January 2008 on-line ed.). 6771:(2004). "George V (1865–1936)". 6761: 6726: 6698: 6680: 6652: 6638:. Harvester Press. p. 326. 6627: 6598: 6570: 6534: 6494: 6465: 6444: 6395: 6367: 6339: 6293: 6105:from the original on 11 May 2021 6087:Golicz, Roman (September 2003). 5554:The Companion to British History 4150: 4106:Terminology of the British Isles 3927:anti-conscription demonstrations 3854:Land Purchase (Ireland) Act 1903 3023:, remains an iconic hero of the 2880:from the Netherlands during the 2566: 2103: 1903:in 1834 was obliged to accept a 1442:, which brought into effect the 987: 800: 733: 579: 519: 505: 480: 466: 103: 49: 12852:Cromwellian conquest of Ireland 8114:"The English and their History" 7933:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. 7004:Britain and the First World War 6747:. Manchester University Press. 6353:. Routledge. pp. 203–204. 6254: 6201: 6173: 6154: 6129: 6080: 6045: 6017: 5991: 5950: 5922: 5903: 5878: 5851: 5798: 5772:. Constable. pp. 146–153. 5758: 5723: 5696: 5671: 5646: 5607: 5579: 5561: 5545: 5519:. Manchester University Press. 5508: 5489: 5474: 5439: 5404: 5379: 5342: 5307: 5216: 5197: 5150: 5074: 5025: 5010: 4982: 4952: 4922:A History of the English People 4910: 4871: 4843: 4806: 4791: 4693: 4668: 4605: 4565: 4550: 4535: 4492: 4422: 4376: 4351: 4318: 3774:. They initially supported the 3752:British North America Act, 1867 3477:in Africa. Britain was granted 2774:. In September 1862, President 2519:. He was a leading promoter of 2311:, and enlarge the power of the 2232:The other main Tory leader was 2174:Municipal Corporations Act 1835 1923:, grass roots activists led by 1274: 13884:1801 establishments in Ireland 13814:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 13684:Economy, society and knowledge 12764:History of Ireland (1691–1800) 12759:History of Ireland (1536–1691) 12611:Romantic literature in English 10055:Post-2008 Irish banking crisis 9401:Northern Ireland Sign Language 8538:Walpole, Spencer (1904–1908). 8526:Walpole, Spencer (1878–1886). 8468:. Methuen And Company Limited. 8219:. University of Chicago Press. 8171:. Grolier Academic Reference. 8016:Contemporary England 1914–1964 7653:Black, Eugene C., ed. (1969). 7626: 6956:. Penguin Press. p. 249. 6875:. Cambridge University Press. 6381:. Cambridge University Press. 6031:. Cambridge University Press. 5959:Navies in Modern World History 5552:Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001). 5413:The American Historical Review 5390:. Cambridge University Press. 5328:10.1093/ehr/XCVII.CCCLXXXII.89 4800:Democracy and Reform 1815–1885 4286: 4256: 4231: 4212: 4182: 4162: 4141: 4124: 4096:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 4045:(1801–1820; monarch from 1760) 3966:Government of Ireland Act 1920 3862:Government of Ireland Act 1914 3641:, who championed the Union. A 3554:History of Ireland (1801–1923) 3507:occupied by Britain since 1882 3297:following up the Germans near 2604:. The era was preceded by the 1869:among the Tories rejected the 1: 12038:Floral Badge of Great Britain 11673:Kronstadt–Toulon naval visits 11627:1917 Franco-Russian agreement 11617:Japan–Korea Annexation Treaty 10117: 8706:Handcock, W. D., ed. (1977). 8633:Williams, Chris, ed. (2007). 5961:. Reaktion Books. p. 9. 5112:The English Historical Review 4813:Bebbington, David W. (2003). 4798:Wright, David Gordon (2014). 4626:10.1093/ehr/lxxxix.ccclii.551 4175: 4101:History of the United Kingdom 3937:, united Irish nationalists. 3414:American Expeditionary Forces 2932: 2790:, itself having abolished it 2744:Confederate States of America 2616:and grandmotherly matriarch. 1942:Nonconformist (Protestantism) 1539: 1500:Gebhard Leberecht von Blücher 1332:, that is, by the removal of 1308:came to an end following the 13696:Economy, industry, and trade 13147:Dublin Castle administration 11974:Anglo-French War (1778–1783) 11533:Second Industrial Revolution 11407:League of the Three Emperors 11120:Northern Ireland flags issue 10296: 10071:List of conflicts in Ireland 9815:Southern Ireland (1921–1922) 8708:English Historical Documents 8691:English Historical Documents 8672:English Historical Documents 8642:Wrigley, Chris, ed. (2008). 8541:History of Twenty-Five Years 8473:Steinbach, Susie L. (2012). 8150:The Age of Reform, 1815–1870 8047:Porter, Andrew, ed. (1998). 7869:Hoppen, K. Theodore (2000). 7336:The Nonconformist Conscience 7267:Biagini, Eugenio F. (2010). 6712:. Vol. I. p. 387. 6564:UK public library membership 6438:UK public library membership 5885:Arnstein, Walter L. (2003). 5304:, pp. 195–200, 232–233. 5124:10.1093/ehr/LXXXI.CCCXXI.673 5047:, pp. 256–343, 489–523. 4736:, pp. 384–391, 668–671. 3870:began to arm themselves and 3782:, but when news leaked that 3563:Campaign for Irish Home Rule 3356:proved ineffective but when 3274: 3129:Conservative Prime Minister 3124: 3075: 2676:based on the British pound. 2488: 1993:Christian Monthly Repository 1794:. British diplomats, led by 1312:, which occurred during the 1217:Allied and Associated Powers 1042:that was established by the 7: 13839:History of Northern Ireland 13834:Former monarchies of Europe 11928:Constitutional development 11563:Treaty of Versailles (1871) 10506: 10091:Gaelic clothing and fashion 9723: 8674:. Vol. 11: 1783–1832. 8578:Loades, David, ed. (2003). 8410:Paul, Herbert (1904–1906). 8269:. Random House Publishing. 8167:Adams, James, ed. (2004) . 7994:Britain in the 19th Century 7895:. Oxford University Press. 7813:(2nd ed.). Routledge. 6846:Beckett, Ian F. W. (2007). 6187:. Random House Publishing. 5999:"The Workshop of the World" 5957:Sondhaus, Lawrence (2004). 5591:Wellington: Pillar of state 5035:, pp. 372–436, 493–558 4079: 3605:. A campaign by the lawyer 3515:Egyptian Revolution of 1919 3140: 2984: 2444:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey 2339: 2258:Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey 2048:(especially 1807–1829) and 1605:Postwar reaction: 1815–1822 1597:to a massive defeat at the 1372:War of the Second Coalition 1054:. The establishment of the 641:Post-war period (political) 10: 13915: 13829:Former kingdoms in Ireland 12847:Wars of the Three Kingdoms 11612:Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 8441:Rubinstein, W. D. (1998). 8424:The Irish Famine 1845–1852 8370:British History: 1815–1914 7833:The Crimean War: A History 7634:Beckett, Ian F.W. (2006). 7477:Irish Home Rule, 1867–1921 7416:Journal of British Studies 7356:Crosby, Travis L. (2011). 7002:Turner, John, ed. (1988). 6797:. Transaction Publishers. 6249:Judd & Surridge (2003) 5889:. Macmillan Education UK. 5678:Southgate, Donald (1966). 5292:, pp. 76–77, 342–345. 5241:Gaunt, Richard A. (2014). 4030: 3935:force to achieve its goals 3896:Irish revolutionary period 3893: 3566: 3551: 3547: 3485:, which was turned into a 3479:League of Nations mandates 3455: 3451: 3377:fight back with submarines 3278: 3249:women's suffrage movements 3203: 3144: 3079: 2988: 2792:some three decades earlier 2731: 2634: 2623: 2584:reigned from 1837 to 1901. 2570: 2483:Kingdom of the Netherlands 2343: 2293:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 2249:The House of Commons, 1833 2033: 1959:Nonconformists, including 1939: 1850:American Revolutionary War 1822:would lead to a growth in 1718:'s government passed the " 1651: 1513: 1380:Dutch overseas possessions 1359: 1297: 1278: 651:Modern history (political) 126:The United Kingdom in 1914 18: 13773: 13683: 13658:The Marquess of Salisbury 13570: 13552: 13472:British Empire portal 13460: 13280: 13137: 12948: 12900:Crown of Ireland Act 1542 12885: 12792:Tudor conquest of Ireland 12772: 12754:Timeline of Irish history 12746: 12685: 12662:Proclamation of Rebellion 12634: 12598: 12577: 12544: 12090: 12045: 12031: 11921: 11771: 11635: 11548: 11433:European balance of power 11425: 11360: 11309: 11251: 11150: 11088: 11025: 10965: 10878: 10826: 10781: 10748: 10693: 10658: 10608: 10527: 10518: 10514: 10501: 10436: 10339: 10308: 10304: 10291: 10201: 10129: 10125: 10112: 10063: 9851: 9735: 9731: 9718: 9694: 9640: 9611: 9588: 9547: 9533: 9418: 9383: 9345: 9307: 9284: 9277: 9270: 9218: 9160: 9144: 9129: 9072: 8997: 8990: 8950: 8922: 8879: 8872: 8817: 8764: 8757: 8745: 8646:. John Wiley & Sons. 8601:10.1017/S0018246X00024201 8498:English History 1914–1945 8462:Somervell, D. C. (1929). 8413:History of Modern England 8012:Medlicott, William Norton 7791:(2nd ed.). Longman. 7385:Cunningham, Hugh (2014). 6920:Stevenson, David (2011). 6743:Frost, Ginger S. (2008). 6520:10.1017/S0018246X12000465 6317:10.1017/S0018246X99001326 6266:"Was Disraeli a failure?" 6136:Millman, Richard (1979). 5744:10.1080/09592290600942918 5573:Modern England: 1885–1945 5386:Draper, Nicholas (2010). 5316:English Historical Review 5171:10.1080/14662040903132526 4886:(1): 38–49, quote at 41. 4654:10.1017/s0018246x00016708 4614:English Historical Review 4435:. Yale University Press. 3962:Irish War of Independence 3760:Irish Parliamentary Party 3655:Irish Parliamentary Party 3497:, created from the three 2780:Emancipation Proclamation 2193:very small constituencies 2141:Financial reform, led by 2136:major concessions in 1829 2094:Spain's American colonies 1936:Protestant Nonconformists 1257:Six northeastern counties 1244:Irish War of Independence 1223:and the U.S. against the 893:Great Britain and Ireland 857:Timeline of Irish history 740:United Kingdom portal 535: 445: 423: 419: 406: 402: 395: 391: 378: 365: 352: 348: 340: 325: 310: 300: 296: 284: 272: 260: 248: 236: 224: 220: 210: 197: 185: 175: 131: 119: 86: 69: 64: 46: 41: 34: 13166:Privy Council of Ireland 11915:Kingdom of Great Britain 11724:Venezuela Naval Blockade 11395:Anglo-Russian Convention 9243:Kingdom of Great Britain 8749:Kingdom of Great Britain 8392:Matthew, H.C.G. (2004). 8353:. Gill & Macmillan. 7608:House of Commons Library 6871:Gregory, Adrian (2008). 6848:The Great War: 1914–1918 6634:Marsh, Peter T. (1978). 6165:. Vol. 11. p. 5732:Diplomacy and Statecraft 5481:Thompson, David (1950). 4542:Ziegler, Philip (1965). 4358:Roberts, Andrew (2021). 4242:. Taylor & Francis. 4190:"The Royal Coat of Arms" 4117: 3717:William Sharman Crawford 3577:Irish Home Rule movement 3524:In domestic affairs the 3431:, newly formed from the 3410:German spring offensives 3200:Edwardian era: 1901–1914 3182:Henry Campbell-Bannerman 2504:prison (1791 drawing by 2364:William Pitt the Younger 2044:(especially 1812–1822). 1971:and the rapidly-growing 1759:Age of Reform: 1820–1837 1589:but getting repulsed at 1423:decisively defeated the 1350:William Pitt the Younger 1318:Kingdom of Great Britain 1145:becoming self-governing 1048:Kingdom of Great Britain 646:Post-war period (social) 474:Kingdom of Great Britain 13859:20th century in Ireland 13854:19th century in Ireland 13653:William Ewart Gladstone 13643:The Viscount Palmerston 13193:Court of Castle Chamber 12872:Irish Rebellion of 1798 12862:Williamite–Jacobite War 12837:Irish Rebellion of 1641 12677:Welsh Methodist revival 12616:Romanticism in Scotland 12013:Agricultural Revolution 11979:Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784) 11729:Alaska boundary dispute 11402:Anglo-Japanese Alliance 11385:Franco-Russian Alliance 11212:Prostitution (Republic) 9527:Irish states since 1171 8422:Purdon, Edward (2000). 8401:Mori, Jennifer (2000). 7992:Martin, Howard (1996). 7679:. Bloomsbury Academic. 7638:. Bloomsbury Academic. 7540:Irish Political Studies 7204:Charles Stewart Parnell 6054:Economic History Review 5717:10.1111/1468-229X.00176 5653:Derry, John W. (1992). 5517:Chartism: A New History 5515:Chase, Malcolm (2007). 5262:10.1111/1750-0206.12096 4996:. Textbook Publishers. 4513:10.1111/1468-229X.00280 4268:Encyclopedia Britannica 3702:Roman Catholic doctrine 3678:William Ewart Gladstone 3670:Charles Stewart Parnell 3558:British rule in Ireland 3433:Royal Naval Air Service 3346:conscription in Britain 3322:Britain entered the war 3285:Ireland and World War I 3098:William Ewart Gladstone 3092:William Ewart Gladstone 2967:William Ewart Gladstone 2479:independence of Belgium 1775:before the erection of 1386:of France in 1796, but 1310:Irish Rebellion of 1798 1153:Rapid industrialisation 1077:to become the foremost 706:History of the monarchy 656:Modern history (social) 205:constitutional monarchy 176:Official languages 96:God Save the King/Queen 13618:The Viscount Melbourne 13572:Politics and diplomacy 13227:Trinity College Dublin 13222:Grand Lodge of Ireland 13160:Irish House of Commons 13118:Bréifne Uí Raghallaigh 12920:Act of Settlement 1662 12842:Irish Confederate Wars 12817:Plantations of Ireland 12807:Reformation in Ireland 12626:Blue Stockings Society 12039: 11962:American Revolutionary 11648:Unification of Germany 11595:Taft–Katsura agreement 10081:List of Irish kingdoms 8733:British History Online 8550:Wasson, Ellis (2016). 8384:England Since Waterloo 8112:Tombs, Robert (2014). 7914:. Palgrave Macmillan. 7722:Nationalism in Ireland 7389:. Routledge. pp. 7141:Read, Charles (2022). 7052:. Palgrave Macmillan. 6556:10.1093/ref:odnb/10787 6305:The Historical Journal 5805:Hart, Jenifer (1965). 5454:(2): 132–146, at 132. 5223:Gash, Norman (2011) . 5092:. Routledge. pp. 4937:, pp. 64–66, 108. 4028: 3976:. On 6 December 1922, 3942:1918 general elections 3905: 3811:Liberal Unionist Party 3569:Great Famine (Ireland) 3302: 3094: 3042:" and promoter of the 3013: 3002: 2904:") fought back in the 2886:South African Republic 2827: 2710:next Russo-Ottoman war 2631:Free trade imperialism 2585: 2509: 2466: 2451:question he resigned. 2269: 2240:faction of die-hards. 2065:Klemens von Metternich 2015:Universities of Oxford 2007:Anglican parish church 1973:Methodist denomination 1957: 1896: 1779: 1703: 1546: 1488:Imperial Austrian Army 1253:Westminster Parliament 203:Unitary parliamentary 13152:Parliament of Ireland 12802:Surrender and regrant 12037: 11734:First Moroccan Crisis 11448:Spread of nationalism 11412:Eight-Nation Alliance 11188:Mass media (Republic) 11132:National coat of arms 10020:IRA Northern Campaign 9391:British Sign Language 9236:Principality of Wales 9080:Bailiwick of Guernsey 8963:British–Irish Council 8951:Political cooperation 8932:Bailiwick of Guernsey 8517:Uglow, Jenny (2015). 8431:Read, Donald (1979). 7929:Kendle, John (1992). 7850:Hilton, Boyd (2006). 7610:. UK House of Commons 7338:. Routledge. p. 7048:Robb, George (2014). 6474:Bhattacharya, Bhabani 6423:10.1093/ref:odnb/7689 6027:(1970). "Chapter 1". 5616:Parliamentary History 5349:Smith, E. A. (1990). 5250:Parliamentary History 4880:Parliamentary History 4707:. Routledge. p. 4675:Hinde, Wendy (1992). 4559:The Peterloo Massacre 4557:Reid, Robert (2017). 4224:24 April 2020 at the 4031:Further information: 4023: 3970:Irish Republican Army 3954:declared independence 3903: 3837:Second Home Rule Bill 3645:(Anglican) barrister 3591:Catholic emancipation 3542:1922 general election 3373:Germany was blockaded 3292: 3174:Marquess of Salisbury 3160:without marriage and 3089: 3008: 2998: 2927:Union of South Africa 2821: 2718:Treaty of San Stefano 2608:and succeeded by the 2594:Industrial Revolution 2580: 2496: 2457: 2317:business middle-class 2246: 2229:Catholic emancipation 1948: 1891: 1838:Industrial Revolution 1824:resentment of Britain 1766: 1753:Catholic emancipation 1697: 1681:Habeas Corpus in 1817 1627:Caroline of Brunswick 1611:Industrial Revolution 1599:Battle of New Orleans 1527: 1492:Imperial Russian Army 1360:Further information: 1330:Catholic emancipation 1279:Further information: 1240:Irish self-governance 971:Economic history 966:British monarchs 13663:The Earl of Rosebery 13638:The Earl of Aberdeen 13156:Irish House of Lords 12935:Constitution of 1782 12025:Financial Revolution 11984:French Revolutionary 11739:Algeciras Conference 11719:Annexation of Hawaii 11658:Great Eastern Crisis 11653:Unification of Italy 11643:Formation of Romania 11460:French–German enmity 11110:County coats of arms 11002:List of Irish people 10076:List of Irish tribes 9926:Cromwellian conquest 9912:Plantation of Ulster 9843:Ireland (since 1922) 9596:Republic of Connacht 9010:Islands of the Clyde 7475:O'Day, Alan (1998). 7114:Woodham-Smith, Cecil 6977:Grigg, John (2002). 6736:BBC History Magazine 5930:Tellier, Luc-Normand 5820:10.1093/past/31.1.39 5351:Lord Grey, 1764–1845 4990:Kaufmann, William W. 4855:The Victorian Church 4383:Schom, Alan (1990). 3884:volunteered to fight 3791:First Home Rule Bill 3694:Catholic Nationalist 3661:and a radical young 3585:stipulated that the 3365:Imperial German Navy 3334:Imperial German Army 3253:progressive alliance 2918:British Armed Forces 2784:abolition of slavery 2746:, a major source of 2661:the Great Exhibition 2596:and the apex of the 2525:principle of utility 2098:wars of independence 2042:Viscount Castlereagh 1921:Anti-Corn Law League 1792:Florence Nightingale 1744:Catholics in England 1742:, with support from 1736:Catholic Association 1555:American citizenship 1496:Principality of Elba 1452:French Imperial Army 1425:French Imperial Navy 1322:Revolutionary France 1189:remained non-aligned 1161:demographic collapse 1069:, developed a large 956:Gaelic monarchs 869:Peoples and polities 13706:Society and culture 13232:Order of St Patrick 13054:Mac William Íochtar 12831:Flight of the Earls 12782:Lordship of Ireland 12672:Speenhamland system 12120:Acts of Parliament: 12115:List of parliaments 11804:Philippine–American 11789:First Sino-Japanese 11622:Racconigi agreement 11568:Treaty of Frankfurt 11528:Great Rapprochement 11482:Scramble for Africa 11225:in Northern Ireland 11216:in Northern Ireland 10957:Legendary creatures 10870:Traditional singing 10706:Saint Patrick's Day 10341:Republic of Ireland 10270:Tourist attractions 10255:ROI–UK border 10240:of Northern Ireland 10193:in Northern Ireland 10025:IRA Border Campaign 10000:War of Independence 9970:Second Great Famine 9955:Act of Union (1800) 9907:Flight of the Earls 9764:Lordship of Ireland 9699:Republic of Ireland 9619:Confederate Ireland 9561:Lordship of Ireland 9536:Republic of Ireland 9396:Irish Sign Language 9253:Kingdom of Scotland 9090:Bailiwick of Jersey 9073:Lists of islands of 8628:. pp. 197–374. 8573:. pp. 206–319. 8374:university textbook 8096:. Clarendon Press. 8024:Mowat, Charles Loch 7717:Boyce, David George 7580:, pp. 227–230. 7568:, pp. 212–213. 7556:, pp. 193–195. 7506:, pp. 281–294. 7232:A History of Ulster 7176:, pp. 184–228. 6789:Dangerfield, George 6140:. Clarendon Press. 5858:Cash, Bill (2011). 5795:, pp. 719–720. 5587:Longford, Elizabeth 5376:, pp. 354–357. 5353:. Clarendon Press. 5271:on 23 February 2020 5021:. pp. 265–468. 4960:Kissinger, Henry A. 4949:, pp. 250–251. 4907:, pp. 551–577. 4788:, pp. 257–258. 4602:, pp. 208–214. 4477:, pp. 455–458. 4429:Muir, Rory (1996). 4196:. 15 January 2016. 3992:" (six counties in 3780:minority government 3538:full equal suffrage 3396:and (initially) in 3162:illegitimate births 3117:the Germans with a 2836:scramble for Africa 2750:for textile mills. 2651:Unchallenged at sea 2325:Whig interpretation 2170:professional police 2086:absolute monarchies 2050:Viscount Palmerston 1953:William Wilberforce 1559:Indigenous American 1528:The signing of the 1484:Royal Prussian Army 1238:Growing desire for 1211:invaded France via 1089:to the outbreak of 1040:Northwestern Europe 909:Republic of Ireland 880:Lordship of Ireland 548:Republic of Ireland 156: / 13484:Ireland portal 13262:Catholic Committee 13198:Peerage of Ireland 13006:Clann Aodha Buidhe 12940:Acts of Union 1800 12812:Desmond Rebellions 12740:Kingdom of Ireland 12642:East India Company 12040: 12008:Panic of 1796–1797 11663:Congress of Berlin 11580:Reinsurance Treaty 11558:Congress of Vienna 11538:Industrial warfare 11504:Scramble for China 11262:Ireland portal 10580:Skirts and kidneys 10086:List of High Kings 10005:Anglo-Irish Treaty 9945:First Great Famine 9930:Settlement of 1652 9902:Tyrone's Rebellion 9892:Desmond Rebellions 9781:Kingdom of Ireland 9631:Patriot Parliament 9567:Kingdom of Ireland 9248:Kingdom of Ireland 9231:Kingdom of England 8978:Common Travel Area 8924:Crown Dependencies 8753:Kingdom of Ireland 8589:Historical Journal 8546:, covers 1856–1880 8534:, covers 1815–1855 8347:Kinealy, Christine 7592:, pp. 57–108. 7458:O'Donnell, F. Hugh 7086:Kinealy, Christine 6507:Historical Journal 5811:Past & Present 5194:, p. 509-512. 5059:, pp. 52–192. 4642:Historical Journal 4029: 3974:Anglo-Irish Treaty 3940:Sinn Féin won the 3906: 3890:Irish independence 3868:Ulster Protestants 3807:Joseph Chamberlain 3593:granted. However, 3528:led to affordable 3437:Royal Flying Corps 3394:Gallipoli Campaign 3358:David Lloyd George 3354:Asquith government 3307:David Lloyd George 3303: 3261:Irish nationalists 3190:David Lloyd George 3168:Early 20th century 3147:Victorian morality 3095: 3025:Conservative Party 3014: 3003: 2830:Starting in 1867, 2828: 2740:American Civil War 2728:American Civil War 2714:Congress of Berlin 2705:to ask for peace. 2689:, as well as from 2586: 2560:American Civil War 2510: 2467: 2392:Duke of Wellington 2300:Reform Act of 1832 2270: 2189:Reform Act of 1832 2090:Congress of Vienna 2061:Congress of Vienna 2022:1828, Whig leader 1995:asserted in 1827: 1985:Church of Scotland 1965:Congregationalists 1897: 1862:landed aristocracy 1840:accelerated, with 1780: 1724:exile in Australia 1704: 1547: 1504:Battle of Waterloo 1480:Duke of Wellington 1471:Continental Europe 1456:national guardsmen 1444:Continental System 1429:Royal Spanish Navy 1306:Kingdom of Ireland 1300:Acts of Union 1800 1178:short-lived revolt 1157:Great Irish Famine 1087:Battle of Waterloo 1052:Kingdom of Ireland 994:Ireland portal 885:Kingdom of Ireland 488:Kingdom of Ireland 369:Anglo-Irish Treaty 82:"God and my right" 13796: 13795: 13648:Benjamin Disraeli 13633:The Earl of Derby 13628:Lord John Russell 13512: 13511: 13208:Church of Ireland 13070:Bréifne Uí Ruairc 12706: 12705: 12667:South Sea Company 11957:French and Indian 11874: 11873: 11843:Albanian Revolts 11700:German Naval Laws 11684:Naval arms races 11668:Berlin Conference 11600:Hague Conventions 11269: 11268: 11247: 11246: 11243: 11242: 10654: 10653: 10545:Bacon and cabbage 10497: 10496: 10493: 10492: 10364:Foreign relations 10287: 10286: 10283: 10282: 10214:Notable buildings 10108: 10107: 10104: 10103: 9651: 9650: 9575: (1801–1922) 9493: 9492: 9489: 9488: 9414: 9413: 9266: 9265: 9125: 9124: 8986: 8985: 8778: 8777: 8765:Succeeded by 8738:Act of Union 1800 8717:978-0-4151-4375-2 8681:978-0-2031-9915-2 8653:978-0-4709-9881-6 8508:978-0-1402-1181-8 8484:978-0-4157-7408-6 8433:England 1868–1914 8360:978-1-5709-8034-3 8338:978-1-4735-0758-6 8298:978-0-5102-7101-5 8276:978-0-3757-5696-2 8254:England 1870–1914 8240:978-0-5255-5789-0 8202:978-0-3930-0367-3 8178:978-0-7172-5860-4 8139:978-0-0604-6975-7 8103:978-0-1988-1270-8 8079:978-1-3155-0960-0 8058:978-0-1992-4678-6 8039:978-0-4162-9510-8 8003:978-0-1743-5062-0 7984:978-7-0700-0496-1 7962:978-0-1419-7702-7 7940:978-0-7735-0908-5 7921:978-1-4039-6150-1 7902:978-0-1952-2048-3 7880:978-0-1982-2834-9 7861:978-0-1982-2830-1 7842:978-1-2500-0252-5 7820:978-1-1348-1603-3 7798:978-0-5820-8953-2 7776:978-0-1986-0872-1 7754:978-0-5823-6960-3 7732:978-0-4151-2776-9 7708:978-0-8061-4078-0 7686:978-0-2759-9039-8 7664:978-0-8027-2002-3 7645:978-1-9033-6581-6 7602:Torrance, David. 7530:978-0-5710-8066-3 7490:978-0-7190-3776-4 7400:978-1-3178-8328-9 7371:978-1-8488-5753-7 7349:978-1-3177-9655-8 7332:Bebbington, D. W. 7278:978-0-5218-4176-4 7241:978-0-8564-0498-6 7213:978-0-0021-1682-4 7152:978-1-8001-0627-7 7127:978-0-1401-4515-1 7099:978-0-7171-1832-8 7059:978-0-3337-1572-7 7041:978-0-3703-0451-9 7013:978-0-0444-5108-2 6988:978-0-7139-9343-1 6963:978-0-7139-9246-5 6935:978-0-6740-6226-9 6882:978-0-5217-2883-6 6857:978-1-4058-1252-8 6832:978-0-1995-8469-7 6804:978-1-4128-4815-2 6754:978-0-7190-7736-4 6719:978-0-5212-3289-0 6692:Gladstone Diaries 6673:978-0-5210-8386-7 6645:978-0-3910-0874-8 6619:978-0-4132-7200-3 6591:978-0-2035-0014-9 6562:(Subscription or 6487:978-0-1952-0043-0 6436:(Subscription or 6388:978-0-5210-1958-3 6360:978-0-4150-9006-3 6223:978-0-2533-4473-1 6194:978-0-3757-5696-2 6147:978-0-1982-2379-5 6038:978-0-5210-7725-5 5968:978-1-8618-9202-7 5943:978-2-7605-2209-1 5896:978-0-3336-3806-4 5779:978-0-0945-5930-1 5689:978-7-0800-1035-8 5664:978-0-6311-6522-4 5600:978-0-0601-2671-1 5526:978-0-7190-6086-1 5397:978-0-5211-1525-4 5360:978-0-1982-0163-2 5234:978-0-5712-7961-6 5225:Mr Secretary Peel 5103:978-0-7146-1373-4 5003:978-0-7581-0176-1 4979:, pp. 74–77. 4905:Ditchfield (1974) 4864:978-0-0649-1025-5 4824:978-0-4151-0464-7 4686:978-0-6311-6783-9 4586:978-0-6740-4491-3 4442:978-0-3001-9757-0 4396:978-0-7181-3199-9 4369:978-0-2414-1333-3 4311:978-0-4650-2328-8 4249:978-0-4153-8211-3 4219:"National Anthem" 3933:which called for 3833:Liberal Unionists 3803:British unionists 3727:as such), to the 3643:Church of Ireland 3618:Lord John Russell 3583:1800 Act of Union 3505:, which had been 3499:Ottoman provinces 3464:League of Nations 3441:Siegfried Sassoon 3369:Battle of Jutland 3330:German aggression 3259:and, off and on, 3017:Benjamin Disraeli 3000:Benjamin Disraeli 2963:Benjamin Disraeli 2947:Lord John Russell 2890:Orange Free State 2855:Otto von Bismarck 2853:, but Chancellor 2305:England and Wales 2211:Political process 2143:William Huskisson 2132:abolished in 1828 2116:Peterloo Massacre 2109:Main achievements 2069:Kingdom of France 2024:Lord John Russell 1930:Church of England 1871:ultraconservative 1846:Thirteen Colonies 1828:Irish nationalism 1738:in Ireland under 1708:Peterloo Massacre 1700:Peterloo Massacre 1676:French Revolution 1658:Peterloo Massacre 1595:Mississippi River 1405:Holy Roman Empire 1399:, capital of the 1388:tropical diseases 1165:Irish land reform 1073:that enabled the 1028: 1027: 891:United Kingdom of 774: 773: 691:Mass surveillance 556: 555: 531: 530: 527: 526: 493: 492: 286:• 1910–1922 274:• 1901–1910 262:• 1837–1901 250:• 1830–1837 238:• 1820–1830 226:• 1801–1820 112: 72:Dieu et mon droit 13906: 13786: 13785: 13614:Prime ministers 13539: 13532: 13525: 13516: 13515: 13502: 13501: 13492: 13491: 13482: 13481: 13480: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13453: 13445: 13437: 13429: 13421: 13414: 13406: 13398: 13390: 13382: 13378:Richard Cromwell 13374: 13366: 13356: 13348: 13340: 13332: 13320: 13312: 13311:(1553; disputed) 13304: 13296: 13130: 13122: 13114: 13106: 13098: 13090: 13082: 13074: 13066: 13058: 13050: 13042: 13034: 13026: 13018: 13010: 13002: 12994: 12986: 12978: 12970: 12962: 12733: 12726: 12719: 12710: 12709: 12108:House of Commons 12001:Jacobite risings 11913: 11912: 11911: 11901: 11894: 11887: 11878: 11877: 11794:Spanish–American 11714:Fashoda Incident 11590:Treaty of Björkö 11575:Treaty of Berlin 11509:Open Door Policy 11443:Eastern question 11390:Entente Cordiale 11296: 11289: 11282: 11273: 11272: 11260: 11259: 11258: 10937:Tuatha Dé Danann 10525: 10524: 10516: 10515: 10503: 10502: 10438:Northern Ireland 10416: 10406: 10396: 10306: 10305: 10293: 10292: 10127: 10126: 10114: 10113: 9990:Home Rule crisis 9820:Northern Ireland 9733: 9732: 9720: 9719: 9707:Northern Ireland 9678: 9671: 9664: 9655: 9654: 9579:Irish Free State 9548:Governing states 9540:Northern Ireland 9538:(from 1937) and 9520: 9513: 9506: 9497: 9496: 9451:Irish Travellers 9282: 9281: 9278:Modern languages 9275: 9274: 9226:Irish Free State 9183:Northern Ireland 9142: 9141: 8995: 8994: 8903:Northern Ireland 8881:Sovereign states 8877: 8876: 8804: 8797: 8790: 8781: 8780: 8772:Irish Free State 8746:Preceded by 8743: 8742: 8721: 8702: 8685: 8657: 8638: 8629: 8620: 8583: 8574: 8555: 8545: 8533: 8522: 8512: 8493:Taylor, A. J. P. 8488: 8469: 8458: 8446: 8436: 8427: 8417: 8406: 8397: 8388: 8373: 8364: 8342: 8331:. Random House. 8318: 8302: 8280: 8258: 8244: 8225:Cannadine, David 8220: 8206: 8182: 8154: 8143: 8121: 8107: 8088:Taylor, A. J. P. 8083: 8062: 8043: 8019: 8007: 7988: 7966: 7944: 7925: 7906: 7884: 7865: 7846: 7824: 7802: 7780: 7758: 7736: 7712: 7690: 7668: 7649: 7620: 7619: 7617: 7615: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7563: 7557: 7551: 7545: 7544: 7534: 7513: 7507: 7501: 7495: 7494: 7472: 7466: 7465: 7454: 7448: 7447: 7411: 7405: 7404: 7382: 7376: 7375: 7353: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7310: 7304: 7298: 7292: 7283: 7282: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7228:Bardon, Jonathan 7224: 7218: 7217: 7196: 7190: 7183: 7177: 7171: 7165: 7164: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7082: 7076: 7073:Medlicott (1967) 7070: 7064: 7063: 7045: 7024: 7018: 7017: 6999: 6993: 6992: 6974: 6968: 6967: 6946: 6940: 6939: 6917: 6911: 6905: 6899: 6893: 6887: 6886: 6868: 6862: 6861: 6843: 6837: 6836: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6785: 6779: 6778: 6765: 6759: 6758: 6740: 6730: 6724: 6723: 6706:Cowling, Maurice 6702: 6696: 6695: 6684: 6678: 6677: 6656: 6650: 6649: 6631: 6625: 6623: 6602: 6596: 6595: 6574: 6568: 6567: 6559: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6502:Fielding, Steven 6498: 6492: 6491: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6448: 6442: 6441: 6433: 6431: 6429: 6410: 6399: 6393: 6392: 6375:Cowling, Maurice 6371: 6365: 6364: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6279: 6264:(October 1981). 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6227: 6205: 6199: 6198: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6158: 6152: 6151: 6133: 6127: 6121: 6115: 6114: 6112: 6110: 6084: 6078: 6077: 6049: 6043: 6042: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6010: 5995: 5989: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5954: 5948: 5947: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5907: 5901: 5900: 5882: 5876: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5855: 5849: 5839: 5833: 5832: 5822: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5727: 5721: 5720: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5657:. B. Blackwell. 5650: 5644: 5638: 5632: 5631: 5611: 5605: 5604: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5569:Marriott, J.A.R. 5565: 5559: 5557: 5549: 5543: 5537: 5531: 5530: 5512: 5506: 5505: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5443: 5437: 5436: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5346: 5340: 5339: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5278: 5276: 5270: 5264:. Archived from 5247: 5238: 5220: 5214: 5213: 5201: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5182: 5154: 5148: 5142: 5136: 5135: 5118:(321): 673–692. 5107: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5054: 5048: 5042: 5036: 5029: 5023: 5022: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4986: 4980: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4956: 4950: 4944: 4938: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4914: 4908: 4902: 4896: 4895: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4847: 4841: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4810: 4804: 4803: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4777: 4767: 4761: 4755: 4749: 4743: 4737: 4731: 4725: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4697: 4691: 4690: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4637: 4620:(352): 551–577. 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4590: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4533: 4523: 4517: 4516: 4507:(292): 568–586. 4496: 4490: 4484: 4478: 4472: 4466: 4460: 4454: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4426: 4420: 4414: 4408: 4407: 4405: 4403: 4380: 4374: 4373: 4355: 4349: 4348: 4346: 4344: 4338: 4331: 4322: 4316: 4315: 4303: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4279: 4260: 4254: 4253: 4235: 4229: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4194:The Royal Family 4186: 4169: 4166: 4160: 4157: 4148: 4145: 4139: 4132:Irish Free State 4128: 4016:List of monarchs 3990:Northern Ireland 3988:. As expected, " 3986:Irish Free State 3978:Southern Ireland 3919:Irish Convention 3876:Curragh incident 3819:Liberal Unionist 3815:anti-Catholicism 3772:balance of power 3729:Home Rule League 3651:Home Rule League 3622:financial crisis 3607:Daniel O'Connell 3526:Housing Act 1919 3509:, and a British 3503:Kingdom of Egypt 3458:Interwar Britain 3406:1917 Revolutions 3108:, low taxes and 3106:balanced budgets 3052:class antagonism 3033:Empress of India 2906:War in 1899–1902 2867:isolation policy 2845:The rise of the 2840:Fashoda Incident 2799:blockade runners 2687:Bosphorus Strait 2610:Edwardian period 2474:Secretary at War 2463:Treaty of France 2415:hereditary peers 2376:Spencer Perceval 2372:Duke of Portland 2201:Women's suffrage 2182:borough councils 2078:balance of power 1800:Spanish colonies 1773:Trafalgar Square 1740:Daniel O'Connell 1579:upstate New York 1544: 1541: 1536:Amédée Forestier 1476:Spanish uprising 1392:Treaty of Amiens 1289:Georgian society 1248:Irish Free State 1056:Irish Free State 1020: 1013: 1006: 992: 991: 990: 913:Northern Ireland 904:Irish Free State 804: 794: 776: 775: 766: 759: 752: 738: 737: 736: 716:Military history 676:Economic history 636:Second World War 621:Edwardian period 616:Victorian period 583: 558: 557: 523: 522: 515:Irish Free State 509: 508: 497: 496: 484: 483: 470: 469: 463: 462: 447: 446: 335:House of Commons 171: 170: 168: 167: 166: 161: 160:51.500°N 0.117°W 157: 154: 153: 152: 149: 134:and largest city 124: 114: 113: 80: 76: 75: 53: 32: 31: 13914: 13913: 13909: 13908: 13907: 13905: 13904: 13903: 13824:Former kingdoms 13799: 13798: 13797: 13792: 13769: 13679: 13623:Sir Robert Peel 13566: 13562:Edwardian era → 13548: 13543: 13513: 13508: 13478: 13476: 13466: 13464: 13456: 13451: 13443: 13435: 13427: 13419: 13412: 13404: 13396: 13388: 13380: 13372: 13370:Oliver Cromwell 13364: 13354: 13346: 13338: 13325: 13318: 13310: 13302: 13294: 13284: 13276: 13272:United Irishmen 13139: 13133: 13128: 13120: 13112: 13104: 13096: 13088: 13080: 13072: 13064: 13056: 13048: 13040: 13032: 13024: 13016: 13008: 13000: 12992: 12984: 12976: 12968: 12960: 12950: 12944: 12887: 12881: 12827:Nine Years' War 12774: 12768: 12742: 12737: 12707: 12702: 12681: 12652:Longitude prize 12630: 12594: 12573: 12540: 12086: 12041: 12029: 11967:Boston Massacre 11917: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11875: 11870: 11809:Boxer Rebellion 11767: 11631: 11585:Treaty of Paris 11550: 11544: 11477:New Imperialism 11438:Ottoman decline 11421: 11368:Triple Alliance 11356: 11317:Austria-Hungary 11305: 11300: 11270: 11265: 11256: 11254: 11239: 11207:outside Ireland 11178:Historic houses 11146: 11127:Irish Wolfhound 11098:Brighid's Cross 11084: 11055:Gaelic handball 11050:Gaelic football 11021: 10992:Hiberno-Normans 10961: 10874: 10822: 10777: 10758:Hiberno-English 10744: 10689: 10650: 10604: 10510: 10489: 10432: 10414: 10404: 10394: 10335: 10326:Ulster loyalism 10300: 10279: 10197: 10121: 10100: 10059: 9985:Dublin lock-out 9921:Confederate War 9872:Norman invasion 9859:Battles of Tara 9847: 9803:1801–1923 9791:1691–1800 9786:1536–1691 9774:1169–1536 9727: 9714: 9690: 9682: 9652: 9647: 9636: 9607: 9589:Declared states 9584: 9543: 9529: 9524: 9494: 9485: 9441:English Gypsies 9410: 9379: 9341: 9322:Scottish Gaelic 9303: 9262: 9214: 9156: 9133: 9121: 9068: 9064:Isles of Scilly 9005:Channel Islands 8982: 8946: 8918: 8868: 8813: 8808: 8774: 8770: 8761: 8755: 8751: 8729: 8724: 8718: 8682: 8665: 8663:Primary sources 8660: 8654: 8564: 8559: 8554:(2nd ed.). 8509: 8485: 8372:(2nd ed.). 8361: 8339: 8299: 8277: 8263:Foreman, Amanda 8241: 8203: 8179: 8162: 8160:Further reading 8157: 8153:(2nd ed.). 8140: 8104: 8080: 8059: 8040: 8004: 7985: 7977:. Bodley Head. 7971:Marwick, Arthur 7963: 7941: 7922: 7903: 7881: 7862: 7843: 7821: 7799: 7777: 7755: 7733: 7709: 7687: 7665: 7646: 7629: 7624: 7623: 7613: 7611: 7600: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7576: 7572: 7564: 7560: 7552: 7548: 7531: 7517:Stewart, A.T.Q. 7514: 7510: 7502: 7498: 7491: 7473: 7469: 7455: 7451: 7412: 7408: 7401: 7383: 7379: 7372: 7350: 7329: 7325: 7317: 7313: 7305: 7301: 7293: 7286: 7279: 7265: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7242: 7225: 7221: 7214: 7200:Lyons, F. S. L. 7197: 7193: 7184: 7180: 7172: 7168: 7153: 7139: 7135: 7128: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7083: 7079: 7075:, Chapters 2–4. 7071: 7067: 7060: 7042: 7034:. Bodley Head. 7025: 7021: 7014: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6975: 6971: 6964: 6954:The Pity of War 6950:Ferguson, Niall 6947: 6943: 6936: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6894: 6890: 6883: 6869: 6865: 6858: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6816: 6812: 6805: 6786: 6782: 6769:Matthew, H.C.G. 6766: 6762: 6755: 6731: 6727: 6720: 6703: 6699: 6688:Matthew, H.C.G. 6685: 6681: 6674: 6657: 6653: 6646: 6632: 6628: 6620: 6603: 6599: 6592: 6584:. p. 383. 6575: 6571: 6561: 6542:Matthew, H.C.G. 6539: 6535: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6470: 6466: 6449: 6445: 6435: 6427: 6425: 6403:Parry, Jonathan 6400: 6396: 6389: 6372: 6368: 6361: 6347:Lee, Stephen J. 6344: 6340: 6298: 6294: 6283:Aldous, Richard 6259: 6255: 6247: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6206: 6202: 6195: 6181:Foreman, Amanda 6178: 6174: 6159: 6155: 6148: 6134: 6130: 6122: 6118: 6108: 6106: 6085: 6081: 6066:10.2307/2594316 6050: 6046: 6039: 6025:Semmel, Bernard 6022: 6018: 6008: 6006: 6001:. BBC History. 5997: 5996: 5992: 5980: 5976: 5969: 5955: 5951: 5944: 5936:. p. 463. 5927: 5923: 5908: 5904: 5897: 5883: 5879: 5871: 5867: 5856: 5852: 5840: 5836: 5803: 5799: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5770:Lord Palmerston 5763: 5759: 5728: 5724: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5651: 5647: 5639: 5635: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5584: 5580: 5566: 5562: 5550: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5527: 5513: 5509: 5494: 5490: 5479: 5475: 5460:10.2307/4048814 5444: 5440: 5425:10.2307/2169005 5409: 5405: 5398: 5384: 5380: 5374:Woodward (1962) 5372: 5368: 5361: 5347: 5343: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5290:Woodward (1962) 5288: 5284: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5245: 5235: 5221: 5217: 5202: 5198: 5190: 5186: 5155: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5104: 5079: 5075: 5067: 5063: 5057:Woodward (1962) 5055: 5051: 5043: 5039: 5030: 5026: 5015: 5011: 5004: 4987: 4983: 4975: 4971: 4957: 4953: 4945: 4941: 4933: 4929: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4876: 4872: 4865: 4848: 4844: 4836: 4832: 4825: 4811: 4807: 4796: 4792: 4784: 4780: 4768: 4764: 4756: 4752: 4746:Woodward (1962) 4744: 4740: 4732: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4698: 4694: 4687: 4673: 4669: 4610: 4606: 4598: 4594: 4587: 4570: 4566: 4555: 4551: 4540: 4536: 4524: 4520: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4481: 4473: 4469: 4461: 4457: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4427: 4423: 4415: 4411: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4381: 4377: 4370: 4356: 4352: 4342: 4340: 4336: 4329: 4323: 4319: 4312: 4304:. Basic Books. 4294:Ferguson, Niall 4291: 4287: 4277: 4275: 4262: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4236: 4232: 4228:. Royal Family. 4226:Wayback Machine 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4188: 4187: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4151: 4146: 4142: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4082: 4035: 4018: 3998:Irish Civil War 3898: 3892: 3858:First World War 3799:Irish unionists 3768:hung parliament 3603:Anglican Church 3599:coronation oath 3595:King George III 3579: 3567:Main articles: 3565: 3560: 3552:Main articles: 3550: 3530:council housing 3491:Jewish settlers 3460: 3454: 3435:(RNAS) and the 3429:Royal Air Force 3287: 3279:Main articles: 3277: 3241:British royalty 3217:motion pictures 3208: 3202: 3170: 3149: 3143: 3127: 3090:Prime Minister 3084: 3078: 3048:Reform Act 1867 2993: 2987: 2959:Lord Palmerston 2935: 2882:Napoleonic Wars 2816: 2776:Abraham Lincoln 2736: 2730: 2703:Tsar Nicholas I 2682: 2647:Napoleonic Wars 2639: 2633: 2628: 2622: 2602:Reform Act 1832 2575: 2569: 2491: 2465:, February 1860 2459:Lord Palmerston 2404:Lord Palmerston 2360: 2358:Prime ministers 2348: 2342: 2289:Reform Act 1832 2213: 2197:Primrose League 2155:Monroe Doctrine 2111: 2106: 2038: 2032: 2011:parish register 2009:. The Anglican 1944: 1938: 1912:Reform Act 1832 1879:Lord Palmerston 1796:Lord Palmerston 1777:Nelson's Column 1761: 1664: 1652:Main articles: 1650: 1607: 1585:coast (burning 1575:western Ontario 1573:and thereby of 1542: 1533: 1530:Treaty of Ghent 1522: 1520:Napoleonic Wars 1514:Main articles: 1512: 1407:which was in a 1384:satellite state 1368: 1362:Napoleonic Wars 1358: 1356:Napoleonic Wars 1346:King George III 1302: 1296: 1291: 1277: 1269:successor state 1229:Austria-Hungary 1067:Napoleonic Wars 1036:sovereign state 1024: 988: 986: 981: 980: 926: 918: 917: 895: 892: 870: 862: 861: 812: 792: 785: 770: 734: 732: 727: 726: 725: 711:Women's history 686:Law enforcement 670: 662: 661: 660: 631:Interwar period 626:First World War 604:Napoleonic Wars 599:Georgian period 593: 567: 552: 520: 506: 481: 467: 441: 412: 387:6 December 1922 384: 374:6 December 1921 371: 358: 331: 316: 287: 275: 263: 251: 239: 227: 164: 162: 158: 155: 150: 147: 145: 143: 142: 141: 135: 127: 115: 104: 101: 81: 78: 60: 55: 54: 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13912: 13902: 13901: 13896: 13891: 13886: 13881: 13876: 13871: 13866: 13861: 13856: 13851: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13821: 13816: 13811: 13794: 13793: 13791: 13790: 13780: 13774: 13771: 13770: 13768: 13767: 13766: 13765: 13760: 13759: 13758: 13748: 13743: 13738: 13733: 13728: 13723: 13718: 13713: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13687: 13685: 13681: 13680: 13678: 13677: 13672: 13670:Queen Victoria 13667: 13666: 13665: 13660: 13655: 13650: 13645: 13640: 13635: 13630: 13625: 13620: 13612: 13607: 13606: 13605: 13600: 13595: 13587: 13585:British empire 13582: 13576: 13574: 13568: 13567: 13565: 13564: 13559: 13557:← Georgian era 13553: 13550: 13549: 13542: 13541: 13534: 13527: 13519: 13510: 13509: 13507: 13506: 13496: 13486: 13474: 13461: 13458: 13457: 13455: 13454: 13446: 13438: 13430: 13422: 13407: 13399: 13391: 13383: 13375: 13367: 13357: 13349: 13341: 13333: 13313: 13308:Lady Jane Grey 13305: 13297: 13288: 13286: 13278: 13277: 13275: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13259: 13254: 13252:Irish Patriots 13249: 13244: 13239: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13219: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13168: 13163: 13149: 13143: 13141: 13135: 13134: 13132: 13131: 13123: 13115: 13107: 13099: 13091: 13083: 13075: 13067: 13059: 13051: 13043: 13035: 13027: 13019: 13011: 13003: 12995: 12987: 12979: 12971: 12963: 12954: 12952: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12891: 12889: 12883: 12882: 12880: 12879: 12877:United Kingdom 12874: 12869: 12859: 12849: 12844: 12839: 12834: 12824: 12814: 12809: 12804: 12799: 12794: 12789: 12787:British Empire 12784: 12778: 12776: 12770: 12769: 12767: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12750: 12748: 12744: 12743: 12736: 12735: 12728: 12721: 12713: 12704: 12703: 12701: 12700: 12695: 12689: 12687: 12683: 12682: 12680: 12679: 12674: 12669: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12647:British Empire 12644: 12638: 12636: 12632: 12631: 12629: 12628: 12623: 12618: 12613: 12608: 12602: 12600: 12596: 12595: 12593: 12592: 12587: 12581: 12579: 12575: 12574: 12572: 12571: 12570: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12548: 12546: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12512: 12511: 12504:Prime Minister 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12485: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12394: 12393: 12392: 12387: 12382: 12377: 12372: 12367: 12362: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12317: 12312: 12307: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12287: 12282: 12277: 12272: 12267: 12262: 12257: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12237: 12232: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12207: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12132: 12127: 12117: 12112: 12111: 12110: 12105: 12103:House of Lords 12094: 12092: 12088: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12082: 12077: 12072: 12062: 12061: 12060: 12049: 12047: 12043: 12042: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12027: 12022: 12021: 12020: 12010: 12005: 12004: 12003: 11993: 11988: 11987: 11986: 11981: 11976: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11959: 11954: 11949: 11943:External wars 11941: 11940: 11939: 11934: 11925: 11923: 11919: 11918: 11904: 11903: 11896: 11889: 11881: 11872: 11871: 11869: 11868: 11863: 11862: 11861: 11860: 11859: 11854: 11849: 11841: 11836: 11826: 11821: 11819:Russo-Japanese 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11786: 11784:Anglo-Egyptian 11781: 11775: 11773: 11769: 11768: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11758:Bosnian Crisis 11755: 11754: 11753: 11743: 11742: 11741: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11707:Austro-Italian 11704: 11703: 11702: 11697: 11682: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11639: 11637: 11633: 11632: 11630: 11629: 11624: 11619: 11614: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11605:Martens Clause 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11571: 11570: 11560: 11554: 11552: 11546: 11545: 11543: 11542: 11541: 11540: 11530: 11525: 11520: 11519: 11518: 11517: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11491: 11490: 11489: 11487:Egyptian Lever 11474: 11472:Pax Britannica 11469: 11468: 11467: 11457: 11456: 11455: 11453:Sovereign debt 11450: 11445: 11435: 11429: 11427: 11423: 11422: 11420: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11399: 11398: 11397: 11392: 11387: 11380:Triple Entente 11377: 11376: 11375: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11357: 11355: 11354: 11349: 11347:United Kingdom 11344: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11313: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11299: 11298: 11291: 11284: 11276: 11267: 11266: 11252: 11249: 11248: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11238: 11237: 11232: 11227: 11218: 11209: 11200: 11195: 11190: 11185: 11180: 11175: 11173:Heritage Sites 11170: 11165: 11160: 11154: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11145: 11144: 11139: 11134: 11129: 11124: 11123: 11122: 11112: 11107: 11100: 11094: 11092: 11086: 11085: 11083: 11082: 11077: 11072: 11067: 11062: 11057: 11052: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11031: 11029: 11023: 11022: 11020: 11019: 11014: 11009: 11004: 10999: 10997:Irish diaspora 10994: 10989: 10988: 10987: 10985:Gaelic Ireland 10977: 10971: 10969: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10959: 10954: 10947: 10940: 10933: 10926: 10919: 10912: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10900: 10895: 10884: 10882: 10876: 10875: 10873: 10872: 10867: 10862: 10857: 10856: 10855: 10845: 10838: 10832: 10830: 10824: 10823: 10821: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10798: 10793: 10787: 10785: 10779: 10778: 10776: 10775: 10770: 10765: 10760: 10754: 10752: 10746: 10745: 10743: 10742: 10737: 10728: 10726:Rose of Tralee 10723: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10703: 10697: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10687: 10682: 10677: 10670: 10664: 10662: 10656: 10655: 10652: 10651: 10649: 10648: 10643: 10638: 10633: 10628: 10623: 10618: 10612: 10610: 10606: 10605: 10603: 10602: 10597: 10592: 10587: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10535:List of dishes 10531: 10529: 10522: 10512: 10511: 10499: 10498: 10495: 10494: 10491: 10490: 10488: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10476: 10475: 10465: 10460: 10455: 10454: 10453: 10451:D'Hondt method 10442: 10440: 10434: 10433: 10431: 10430: 10425: 10424: 10423: 10418: 10412:Seanad Éireann 10408: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10377: 10376: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10351: 10345: 10343: 10337: 10336: 10334: 10333: 10328: 10323: 10318: 10312: 10310: 10302: 10301: 10289: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10281: 10280: 10278: 10277: 10272: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10247: 10242: 10233: 10228: 10223: 10222: 10221: 10216: 10205: 10203: 10199: 10198: 10196: 10195: 10186: 10185: 10184: 10174: 10169: 10164: 10159: 10154: 10152:Extreme points 10149: 10144: 10142:Climate change 10139: 10133: 10131: 10123: 10122: 10110: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10102: 10101: 10099: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10078: 10073: 10067: 10065: 10061: 10060: 10058: 10057: 10052: 10047: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9972: 9967: 9962: 9960:1803 Rebellion 9957: 9952: 9950:1798 Rebellion 9947: 9942: 9937: 9935:Williamite War 9932: 9923: 9917:1641 Rebellion 9914: 9909: 9904: 9899: 9897:Spanish Armada 9894: 9889: 9887:Tudor conquest 9884: 9879: 9877:Bruce campaign 9874: 9869: 9855: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9846: 9845: 9840: 9835: 9834: 9833: 9823: 9822:(1921–present) 9817: 9812: 9810:Irish Republic 9807: 9806: 9805: 9795: 9794: 9793: 9788: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9771: 9769:800–1169 9760:Gaelic Ireland 9757: 9752: 9747: 9741: 9739: 9729: 9728: 9716: 9715: 9713: 9712: 9704: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9681: 9680: 9673: 9666: 9658: 9649: 9648: 9646: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9635: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9615: 9613: 9609: 9608: 9606: 9605: 9602:Irish Republic 9599: 9592: 9590: 9586: 9585: 9583: 9582: 9576: 9570: 9564: 9558: 9555:Gaelic Ireland 9551: 9549: 9545: 9544: 9534: 9531: 9530: 9523: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9500: 9491: 9490: 9487: 9486: 9484: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9466:Northern Irish 9463: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9422: 9420: 9416: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9409: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9387: 9385: 9381: 9380: 9378: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9351: 9349: 9343: 9342: 9340: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9313: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9302: 9301: 9296: 9290: 9288: 9279: 9272: 9268: 9267: 9264: 9263: 9261: 9260: 9255: 9250: 9245: 9240: 9239: 9238: 9228: 9222: 9220: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9173:United Kingdom 9170: 9164: 9162: 9161:Current states 9158: 9157: 9155: 9154: 9148: 9146: 9139: 9127: 9126: 9123: 9122: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9100:United Kingdom 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9076: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9060: 9059: 9054: 9047:Northern Isles 9044: 9039: 9034: 9033: 9032: 9027: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9001: 8999: 8992: 8988: 8987: 8984: 8983: 8981: 8980: 8975: 8970: 8965: 8960: 8954: 8952: 8948: 8947: 8945: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8920: 8919: 8917: 8916: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8894:United Kingdom 8891: 8885: 8883: 8874: 8870: 8869: 8867: 8866: 8865: 8864: 8859: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8834: 8824: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8807: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8784: 8776: 8775: 8766: 8763: 8756: 8747: 8741: 8740: 8735: 8728: 8727:External links 8725: 8723: 8722: 8716: 8703: 8686: 8680: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8658: 8652: 8639: 8630: 8621: 8595:(2): 469–484. 8584: 8575: 8565: 8563: 8562:Historiography 8560: 8558: 8557: 8547: 8535: 8523: 8514: 8507: 8489: 8483: 8470: 8459: 8447: 8438: 8428: 8419: 8407: 8398: 8389: 8379:Marriott, John 8375: 8365: 8359: 8343: 8337: 8319: 8303: 8297: 8281: 8275: 8259: 8245: 8239: 8221: 8207: 8201: 8183: 8177: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8144: 8138: 8132:. Dodd, Mead. 8122: 8109: 8102: 8084: 8078: 8063: 8057: 8044: 8038: 8020: 8008: 8002: 7989: 7983: 7967: 7961: 7955:. Penguin UK. 7945: 7939: 7926: 7920: 7907: 7901: 7889:Jackson, Alvin 7885: 7879: 7866: 7860: 7847: 7841: 7829:Figes, Orlando 7825: 7819: 7807:Evans, Eric J. 7803: 7797: 7785:Evans, Eric J. 7781: 7775: 7765:, ed. (2002). 7759: 7753: 7737: 7731: 7713: 7707: 7691: 7685: 7669: 7663: 7650: 7644: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7622: 7621: 7594: 7582: 7578:Jackson (2003) 7570: 7566:Jackson (2003) 7558: 7554:Jackson (2003) 7546: 7529: 7508: 7496: 7489: 7467: 7464:. Vol. 2. 7449: 7428:10.1086/385659 7406: 7399: 7377: 7370: 7348: 7323: 7311: 7307:Biagini (2010) 7299: 7297:, p. 567. 7284: 7277: 7259: 7255:Jackson (2003) 7247: 7240: 7219: 7212: 7191: 7178: 7166: 7151: 7133: 7126: 7105: 7098: 7077: 7065: 7058: 7040: 7019: 7012: 6994: 6987: 6981:. Allen Lane. 6969: 6962: 6941: 6934: 6912: 6908:Marwick (1965) 6900: 6896:Beckett (2006) 6888: 6881: 6863: 6856: 6838: 6831: 6825:. OUP Oxford. 6819:McKibbin, Ross 6810: 6803: 6780: 6760: 6753: 6725: 6718: 6697: 6690:, ed. (1990). 6679: 6672: 6651: 6644: 6626: 6618: 6597: 6590: 6569: 6533: 6493: 6486: 6464: 6443: 6394: 6387: 6366: 6359: 6338: 6311:(3): 699–728. 6292: 6253: 6241: 6229: 6222: 6200: 6193: 6172: 6153: 6146: 6128: 6116: 6079: 6060:(2): 291–305. 6044: 6037: 6016: 5990: 5974: 5967: 5949: 5942: 5921: 5902: 5895: 5887:Queen Victoria 5877: 5875:, p. 228. 5865: 5850: 5834: 5797: 5785: 5778: 5766:Ridley, Jasper 5757: 5738:(4): 675–692. 5722: 5711:(201): 41–61. 5695: 5688: 5670: 5663: 5645: 5643:, p. 436. 5633: 5606: 5599: 5578: 5560: 5544: 5532: 5525: 5507: 5488: 5473: 5438: 5419:(2): 411–436. 5403: 5396: 5378: 5366: 5359: 5341: 5322:(382): 89–98. 5306: 5294: 5282: 5256:(1): 243–262. 5233: 5215: 5196: 5184: 5165:(3): 231–247. 5149: 5147:, p. 198. 5137: 5102: 5073: 5071:, p. 499. 5061: 5049: 5037: 5024: 5009: 5002: 4981: 4969: 4951: 4939: 4927: 4909: 4897: 4870: 4863: 4851:Chadwick, Owen 4842: 4840:, p. 175. 4830: 4823: 4805: 4790: 4778: 4762: 4750: 4738: 4726: 4724:, p. 348. 4714: 4692: 4685: 4667: 4648:(1): 115–139. 4604: 4592: 4585: 4564: 4549: 4546:. p. 350. 4534: 4518: 4491: 4479: 4467: 4455: 4441: 4421: 4409: 4395: 4375: 4368: 4362:. Allen Lane. 4350: 4317: 4310: 4285: 4255: 4248: 4230: 4211: 4180: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4170: 4161: 4149: 4140: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4115: 4114: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4076: 4070: 4064: 4058: 4052: 4046: 4017: 4014: 3894:Main article: 3891: 3888: 3795:Canada in 1867 3766:resulted in a 3710:heavy industry 3682:House of Lords 3601:to defend the 3573:Irish question 3564: 3561: 3549: 3546: 3456:Main article: 3453: 3450: 3342:trench warfare 3315:German economy 3311:Central Powers 3276: 3273: 3204:Main article: 3201: 3198: 3178:Arthur Balfour 3169: 3166: 3145:Main article: 3142: 3139: 3131:Lord Salisbury 3126: 3123: 3114:foreign policy 3080:Main article: 3077: 3074: 3029:British Empire 2989:Main article: 2986: 2983: 2971:Lord Salisbury 2939:Lord Melbourne 2934: 2931: 2923:Boer republics 2910:Boer Commandos 2863:German Emperor 2824:British Empire 2815: 2814:Empire expands 2812: 2804:Alabama Claims 2778:announced the 2768:Union blockade 2732:Main article: 2729: 2726: 2681: 2678: 2656:Pax Britannica 2637:Pax Britannica 2635:Main article: 2632: 2629: 2624:Main article: 2621: 2620:Foreign policy 2618: 2598:British Empire 2590:Queen Victoria 2582:Queen Victoria 2571:Main article: 2568: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2544:cost of living 2539:Richard Cobden 2521:utilitarianism 2513:Jeremy Bentham 2506:Willey Reveley 2498:Jeremy Bentham 2490: 2487: 2419:House of Lords 2400:Lord Melbourne 2384:George Canning 2380:Lord Liverpool 2368:Lord Grenville 2359: 2356: 2344:Main article: 2341: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2221:Queen Caroline 2212: 2209: 2205:House of Lords 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2046:George Canning 2034:Main article: 2031: 2030:Foreign policy 2028: 2002: 2001: 1940:Main article: 1937: 1934: 1925:Richard Cobden 1905:Prime Minister 1832:British Empire 1826:and a rise in 1816:Irish language 1788:Russian Empire 1767:A painting by 1760: 1757: 1716:Lord Liverpool 1649: 1646: 1645: 1644: 1641:Queen Victoria 1623:King George IV 1606: 1603: 1593:), and up the 1511: 1508: 1440:Berlin Decrees 1409:personal union 1357: 1354: 1352:, to resign. 1298:Main article: 1295: 1292: 1276: 1273: 1233:Ottoman Empire 1225:Central Powers 1169:British Empire 1113:, such as the 1103:Russian Empire 1085:following the 1075:British Empire 1026: 1025: 1023: 1022: 1015: 1008: 1000: 997: 996: 983: 982: 979: 978: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 927: 924: 923: 920: 919: 916: 915: 906: 901: 899:Irish Republic 896: 889: 887: 882: 877: 875:Gaelic Ireland 871: 868: 867: 864: 863: 860: 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 813: 810: 809: 806: 805: 797: 796: 787: 786: 779: 772: 771: 769: 768: 761: 754: 746: 743: 742: 729: 728: 724: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 696:Jewish history 693: 688: 683: 678: 672: 671: 668: 667: 664: 663: 659: 658: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 612: 611: 609:Regency period 606: 595: 594: 589: 588: 585: 584: 576: 575: 569: 568: 561: 554: 553: 551: 550: 545: 543:United Kingdom 539: 537: 533: 532: 529: 528: 525: 524: 517: 511: 510: 503: 501:United Kingdom 494: 491: 490: 485: 477: 476: 471: 459: 458: 453: 443: 442: 440: 439: 433: 431:Pound sterling 427: 425: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 407: 404: 403: 400: 399: 393: 392: 389: 388: 385: 379: 376: 375: 372: 366: 363: 362: 361:1 January 1801 359: 353: 350: 349: 346: 345: 342: 338: 337: 332: 326: 323: 322: 320:House of Lords 317: 311: 308: 307: 302: 298: 297: 294: 293: 288: 285: 282: 281: 276: 273: 270: 269: 264: 261: 258: 257: 252: 249: 246: 245: 240: 237: 234: 233: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 217: 214: 208: 207: 201: 195: 194: 189: 183: 182: 177: 173: 172: 165:51.500; -0.117 136: 133: 129: 128: 125: 117: 116: 102: 100: 99: 91: 84: 83: 62: 61: 56: 48: 47: 44: 43: 39: 38: 35: 21:United Kingdom 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13911: 13900: 13897: 13895: 13892: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13880: 13877: 13875: 13872: 13870: 13867: 13865: 13862: 13860: 13857: 13855: 13852: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13825: 13822: 13820: 13817: 13815: 13812: 13810: 13809:Victorian era 13807: 13806: 13804: 13789: 13781: 13779: 13776: 13775: 13772: 13764: 13761: 13757: 13754: 13753: 13752: 13749: 13747: 13744: 13742: 13739: 13737: 13734: 13732: 13729: 13727: 13724: 13722: 13719: 13717: 13714: 13712: 13709: 13708: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13692: 13689: 13688: 13686: 13682: 13676: 13673: 13671: 13668: 13664: 13661: 13659: 13656: 13654: 13651: 13649: 13646: 13644: 13641: 13639: 13636: 13634: 13631: 13629: 13626: 13624: 13621: 13619: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13611: 13610:Pax Britannia 13608: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13596: 13594: 13591: 13590: 13588: 13586: 13583: 13581: 13578: 13577: 13575: 13573: 13569: 13563: 13560: 13558: 13555: 13554: 13551: 13547: 13546:Victorian era 13540: 13535: 13533: 13528: 13526: 13521: 13520: 13517: 13505: 13497: 13495: 13487: 13485: 13475: 13473: 13463: 13462: 13459: 13450: 13447: 13442: 13439: 13434: 13431: 13426: 13423: 13418: 13411: 13408: 13403: 13400: 13395: 13392: 13387: 13384: 13379: 13376: 13371: 13368: 13363: 13362: 13358: 13353: 13350: 13345: 13342: 13337: 13334: 13330: 13329: 13324: 13317: 13314: 13309: 13306: 13301: 13298: 13293: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13283: 13279: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13263: 13260: 13258: 13255: 13253: 13250: 13248: 13245: 13243: 13240: 13238: 13235: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13223: 13220: 13217: 13213: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13188: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13172: 13169: 13167: 13164: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13150: 13148: 13145: 13144: 13142: 13136: 13127: 13124: 13119: 13116: 13111: 13108: 13103: 13100: 13095: 13092: 13087: 13084: 13079: 13076: 13071: 13068: 13063: 13060: 13055: 13052: 13047: 13044: 13039: 13036: 13031: 13028: 13023: 13020: 13015: 13012: 13007: 13004: 12999: 12996: 12991: 12988: 12983: 12980: 12975: 12972: 12967: 12964: 12959: 12958:Tuadhmhumhain 12956: 12955: 12953: 12947: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12895:Poynings' Law 12893: 12892: 12890: 12884: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12867: 12863: 12860: 12857: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12845: 12843: 12840: 12838: 12835: 12832: 12828: 12825: 12822: 12818: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12808: 12805: 12803: 12800: 12798: 12795: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12771: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12751: 12749: 12745: 12741: 12734: 12729: 12727: 12722: 12720: 12715: 12714: 12711: 12699: 12696: 12694: 12691: 12690: 12688: 12684: 12678: 12675: 12673: 12670: 12668: 12665: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12639: 12637: 12633: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12619: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12597: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12576: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12554: 12553: 12552:Great Britain 12550: 12549: 12547: 12543: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12531:Patriot Whigs 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12510: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12499:Privy Council 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12398: 12395: 12391: 12388: 12386: 12383: 12381: 12378: 12376: 12373: 12371: 12368: 12366: 12363: 12361: 12358: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12316: 12313: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12303: 12301: 12298: 12296: 12293: 12291: 12288: 12286: 12283: 12281: 12278: 12276: 12273: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12256: 12253: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12226: 12223: 12221: 12218: 12216: 12213: 12211: 12208: 12206: 12203: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12131: 12128: 12126: 12123: 12122: 12121: 12118: 12116: 12113: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12100: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12089: 12081: 12078: 12076: 12073: 12071: 12068: 12067: 12066: 12063: 12059: 12056: 12055: 12054: 12051: 12050: 12048: 12044: 12036: 12026: 12023: 12019: 12016: 12015: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11985: 11982: 11980: 11977: 11975: 11972: 11968: 11965: 11964: 11963: 11960: 11958: 11955: 11953: 11950: 11948: 11945: 11944: 11942: 11938: 11937:Union of 1801 11935: 11933: 11932:Union of 1707 11930: 11929: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11920: 11916: 11902: 11897: 11895: 11890: 11888: 11883: 11882: 11879: 11867: 11864: 11858: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11831: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11824:Italo-Turkish 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11779:Russo-Turkish 11777: 11776: 11774: 11770: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11752: 11751:Treaty of Fes 11749: 11748: 11747: 11746:Agadir Crisis 11744: 11740: 11737: 11736: 11735: 11732: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11696: 11695: 11691: 11690: 11689: 11686: 11685: 11683: 11681: 11680: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11634: 11628: 11625: 11623: 11620: 11618: 11615: 11613: 11610: 11606: 11603: 11602: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11565: 11564: 11561: 11559: 11556: 11555: 11553: 11547: 11539: 11536: 11535: 11534: 11531: 11529: 11526: 11524: 11521: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11496: 11495: 11492: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11478: 11475: 11473: 11470: 11466: 11463: 11462: 11461: 11458: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11440: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11424: 11418: 11417:Balkan League 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11391: 11388: 11386: 11383: 11382: 11381: 11378: 11374: 11373:Dual Alliance 11371: 11370: 11369: 11366: 11365: 11363: 11359: 11353: 11352:United States 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11297: 11292: 11290: 11285: 11283: 11278: 11277: 11274: 11264: 11263: 11250: 11236: 11233: 11231: 11230:Public houses 11228: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11217: 11213: 11210: 11208: 11204: 11201: 11199: 11196: 11194: 11191: 11189: 11186: 11184: 11181: 11179: 11176: 11174: 11171: 11169: 11166: 11164: 11161: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11153: 11149: 11143: 11140: 11138: 11135: 11133: 11130: 11128: 11125: 11121: 11118: 11117: 11116: 11113: 11111: 11108: 11106: 11105: 11101: 11099: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11091: 11087: 11081: 11078: 11076: 11073: 11071: 11068: 11066: 11063: 11061: 11058: 11056: 11053: 11051: 11048: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11032: 11030: 11028: 11024: 11018: 11015: 11013: 11010: 11008: 11005: 11003: 11000: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10986: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10978: 10976: 10973: 10972: 10970: 10968: 10964: 10958: 10955: 10953: 10952: 10948: 10946: 10945: 10941: 10939: 10938: 10934: 10932: 10931: 10927: 10925: 10924: 10920: 10918: 10917: 10913: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10899: 10896: 10894: 10891: 10890: 10889: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10871: 10868: 10866: 10863: 10861: 10858: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10843: 10839: 10837: 10834: 10833: 10831: 10829: 10825: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10803: 10799: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10786: 10784: 10780: 10774: 10771: 10769: 10766: 10764: 10761: 10759: 10756: 10755: 10753: 10751: 10747: 10741: 10738: 10736: 10732: 10729: 10727: 10724: 10722: 10719: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10698: 10696: 10692: 10686: 10683: 10681: 10678: 10676: 10675: 10671: 10669: 10666: 10665: 10663: 10661: 10657: 10647: 10644: 10642: 10639: 10637: 10634: 10632: 10629: 10627: 10624: 10622: 10619: 10617: 10614: 10613: 10611: 10607: 10601: 10598: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10588: 10586: 10583: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10536: 10533: 10532: 10530: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10517: 10513: 10509: 10504: 10500: 10486: 10485:Peace process 10483: 10481: 10478: 10474: 10471: 10470: 10469: 10466: 10464: 10461: 10459: 10456: 10452: 10449: 10448: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10435: 10429: 10426: 10422: 10419: 10417: 10415:(upper house) 10413: 10409: 10407: 10405:(lower house) 10403: 10399: 10398: 10397: 10393: 10389: 10387: 10384: 10382: 10379: 10375: 10372: 10371: 10370: 10367: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10350: 10347: 10346: 10344: 10342: 10338: 10332: 10329: 10327: 10324: 10322: 10321:Republicanism 10319: 10317: 10314: 10313: 10311: 10307: 10303: 10299: 10294: 10290: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10246: 10243: 10241: 10237: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10227: 10224: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10210: 10207: 10206: 10204: 10200: 10194: 10190: 10187: 10183: 10180: 10179: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10168: 10165: 10163: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10145: 10143: 10140: 10138: 10135: 10134: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10115: 10111: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10082: 10079: 10077: 10074: 10072: 10069: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10056: 10053: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10043: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10035:Peace process 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10015:The Emergency 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9995:Easter Rising 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9980:Fenian Rising 9978: 9976: 9973: 9971: 9968: 9966: 9963: 9961: 9958: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9915: 9913: 9910: 9908: 9905: 9903: 9900: 9898: 9895: 9893: 9890: 9888: 9885: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9864: 9860: 9857: 9856: 9854: 9850: 9844: 9841: 9839: 9836: 9832: 9829: 9828: 9827: 9824: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9796: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9784: 9783: 9782: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9756: 9755:Early history 9753: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9738: 9734: 9730: 9726: 9721: 9717: 9711: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9693: 9689: 9686: 9679: 9674: 9672: 9667: 9665: 9660: 9659: 9656: 9643: 9642: 9639: 9632: 9629: 9626: 9623: 9620: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9610: 9603: 9600: 9597: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9587: 9580: 9577: 9574: 9571: 9568: 9565: 9562: 9559: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9546: 9541: 9537: 9532: 9528: 9521: 9516: 9514: 9509: 9507: 9502: 9501: 9498: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9423: 9421: 9417: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9388: 9386: 9382: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9352: 9350: 9348: 9344: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9310: 9306: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9283: 9280: 9276: 9273: 9269: 9259: 9256: 9254: 9251: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9237: 9234: 9233: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9219:Former states 9217: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9174: 9171: 9169: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9159: 9153: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145:Island groups 9143: 9140: 9137: 9132: 9128: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9077: 9075: 9071: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9015:Great Britain 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9000: 8998:Island groups 8996: 8993: 8989: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8955: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8925: 8921: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8884: 8882: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8819: 8816: 8812: 8811:British Isles 8805: 8800: 8798: 8793: 8791: 8786: 8785: 8782: 8773: 8769: 8760: 8754: 8750: 8744: 8739: 8736: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8719: 8713: 8709: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8687: 8683: 8677: 8673: 8668: 8667: 8655: 8649: 8645: 8640: 8636: 8631: 8627: 8622: 8618: 8614: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8585: 8581: 8576: 8572: 8567: 8566: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8542: 8536: 8531: 8530: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8510: 8504: 8500: 8499: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8480: 8477:. Routledge. 8476: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8451:Searle, G. R. 8448: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8414: 8408: 8404: 8399: 8395: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8380: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8362: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8334: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8323:Heffer, Simon 8320: 8316: 8312: 8308: 8307:Heffer, Simon 8304: 8300: 8294: 8290: 8287:(1949–1952). 8286: 8282: 8278: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8255: 8250: 8249:Ensor, R.C.K. 8246: 8242: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8226: 8222: 8218: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8194: 8193: 8188: 8187:Beales, Derek 8184: 8180: 8174: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8152: 8151: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8094: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8075: 8072:. Routledge. 8071: 8070: 8064: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8030: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8013: 8009: 8005: 7999: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7980: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7958: 7954: 7950: 7949:Knight, Roger 7946: 7942: 7936: 7932: 7927: 7923: 7917: 7913: 7908: 7904: 7898: 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7872: 7867: 7863: 7857: 7853: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7826: 7822: 7816: 7812: 7808: 7804: 7800: 7794: 7790: 7786: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7756: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7734: 7728: 7724: 7723: 7718: 7714: 7710: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7695:Black, Jeremy 7692: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7674: 7673:Black, Jeremy 7670: 7666: 7660: 7656: 7651: 7647: 7641: 7637: 7632: 7631: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7591: 7586: 7579: 7574: 7567: 7562: 7555: 7550: 7542: 7541: 7532: 7526: 7522: 7518: 7512: 7505: 7500: 7492: 7486: 7482: 7478: 7471: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7410: 7402: 7396: 7392: 7388: 7381: 7373: 7367: 7363: 7359: 7351: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7321:, p. 45. 7320: 7319:Kendle (1992) 7315: 7308: 7303: 7296: 7295:Hoppen (2000) 7291: 7289: 7280: 7274: 7270: 7263: 7256: 7251: 7243: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7223: 7215: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7195: 7188: 7182: 7175: 7170: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7129: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7109: 7101: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7081: 7074: 7069: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7043: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7028:Hynes, Samuel 7023: 7015: 7009: 7005: 6998: 6990: 6984: 6980: 6973: 6965: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6945: 6937: 6931: 6927: 6923: 6916: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6892: 6884: 6878: 6874: 6867: 6859: 6853: 6849: 6842: 6834: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6814: 6806: 6800: 6796: 6795: 6790: 6784: 6776: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6756: 6750: 6746: 6738: 6737: 6729: 6721: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6693: 6689: 6683: 6675: 6669: 6666:. p. 1. 6665: 6661: 6655: 6647: 6641: 6637: 6630: 6621: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6606:Blake, Robert 6601: 6593: 6587: 6583: 6579: 6578:Steele, David 6573: 6565: 6557: 6553: 6549: 6548: 6543: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6508: 6503: 6497: 6489: 6483: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6455: 6454:History Today 6447: 6439: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6415: 6409: 6404: 6398: 6390: 6384: 6380: 6376: 6370: 6362: 6356: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6271:History Today 6267: 6263: 6262:Vincent, John 6257: 6250: 6245: 6239:, Chapter 12. 6238: 6237:Taylor (1953) 6233: 6225: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6204: 6196: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6176: 6168: 6164: 6157: 6149: 6143: 6139: 6132: 6125: 6120: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6095: 6094:History Today 6090: 6083: 6075: 6071: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6040: 6034: 6030: 6026: 6020: 6004: 6000: 5994: 5987: 5983: 5982:Porter (1998) 5978: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5945: 5939: 5935: 5931: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5912:History Today 5906: 5898: 5892: 5888: 5881: 5874: 5873:Taylor (1953) 5869: 5861: 5854: 5847: 5843: 5838: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5813:(31): 39–61. 5812: 5808: 5801: 5794: 5793:Cannon (2002) 5789: 5781: 5775: 5771: 5767: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5726: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5706: 5699: 5691: 5685: 5682:. Macmillan. 5681: 5674: 5666: 5660: 5656: 5649: 5642: 5641:Cannon (2002) 5637: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5610: 5602: 5596: 5592: 5588: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5555: 5548: 5541: 5540:Cannon (2002) 5536: 5528: 5522: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5499: 5498:History Today 5492: 5485:. p. 66. 5484: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5442: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5418: 5414: 5407: 5399: 5393: 5389: 5382: 5375: 5370: 5362: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5337: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5310: 5303: 5302:Briggs (1959) 5298: 5291: 5286: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5244: 5236: 5230: 5226: 5219: 5211: 5207: 5206:History Today 5200: 5193: 5188: 5180: 5176: 5172: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5153: 5146: 5141: 5133: 5129: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5105: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5086:Beatrice Webb 5083: 5077: 5070: 5065: 5058: 5053: 5046: 5045:Briggs (1959) 5041: 5034: 5033:Hilton (2006) 5028: 5020: 5013: 5005: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4985: 4978: 4973: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4948: 4947:Briggs (1959) 4943: 4936: 4935:Martin (1996) 4931: 4923: 4919: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4874: 4866: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4839: 4838:Briggs (1959) 4834: 4826: 4820: 4817:. Routledge. 4816: 4809: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4782: 4775: 4771: 4766: 4759: 4758:Briggs (1959) 4754: 4747: 4742: 4735: 4734:Hilton (2006) 4730: 4723: 4718: 4710: 4706: 4702: 4696: 4688: 4682: 4679:. Blackwell. 4678: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4600:Briggs (1959) 4596: 4588: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4568: 4560: 4553: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4527: 4522: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4495: 4489:, p. 32. 4488: 4483: 4476: 4471: 4464: 4459: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4433: 4425: 4418: 4417:Knight (2015) 4413: 4398: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4379: 4371: 4365: 4361: 4354: 4335: 4328: 4321: 4313: 4307: 4302: 4301: 4295: 4289: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4259: 4251: 4245: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4215: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4165: 4156: 4154: 4144: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4123: 4112: 4111:Victorian era 4109: 4107: 4104: 4102: 4099: 4097: 4094: 4092: 4089: 4087: 4084: 4083: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4053: 4050: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4040: 4039: 4034: 4026: 4022: 4013: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3980:formed a new 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3959: 3955: 3951: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3915: 3914:German Empire 3911: 3910:Easter Rising 3902: 3897: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3880:was suspended 3877: 3873: 3872:form militias 3869: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3845: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3829:1886 election 3825: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3785: 3784:Liberal Party 3781: 3777: 3776:Conservatives 3773: 3769: 3765: 3764:1885 election 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3713: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3623: 3619: 3614: 3612: 3611:potato blight 3608: 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3522: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3465: 3459: 3449: 3446: 3442: 3438: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3402:war-weariness 3399: 3395: 3390: 3385: 3383: 3378: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3338:Western Front 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3272: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3244: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3222: 3218: 3213: 3207: 3206:Edwardian era 3197: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3186:H. H. Asquith 3183: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3148: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3122: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3110:laissez-faire 3107: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3088: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3070: 3065: 3064:George Arliss 3060: 3055: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3044:welfare state 3041: 3040:Tory democrat 3036: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3011: 3007: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2975:Lord Rosebery 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2955:Lord Aberdeen 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2915: 2914:guerrilla war 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2879: 2874: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2847:German Empire 2843: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2825: 2820: 2811: 2809: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2764:New York City 2761: 2757: 2753: 2752:Prince Albert 2749: 2745: 2741: 2735: 2725: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2711: 2706: 2704: 2701:, compelling 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666:Latin America 2662: 2658: 2657: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2643:Revolutionary 2638: 2627: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2595: 2591: 2583: 2579: 2574: 2573:Victorian era 2567:Victorian era 2561: 2556: 2555: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2548:price of food 2545: 2540: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2441: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2430:Field Marshal 2427: 2425: 2424:self-made man 2420: 2416: 2411: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2388:Lord Goderich 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2328: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2309:landed gentry 2306: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2283:was updated, 2282: 2278: 2274: 2267: 2263: 2260:(1764–1845), 2259: 2255: 2254:George Hayter 2251: 2250: 2245: 2241: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2218: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:death penalty 2163: 2158: 2156: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2124:nonconformist 2121: 2117: 2104:Age of Reform 2101: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2037: 2027: 2025: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1998: 1997: 1996: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1975:, as well as 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1961:Presbyterians 1956: 1954: 1947: 1943: 1933: 1931: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1902: 1894: 1890: 1886: 1884: 1883:Liberal Party 1880: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1857: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1842:textile mills 1839: 1835: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1769:James Pollard 1765: 1756: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1731: 1727: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1701: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1642: 1637: 1636: 1635: 1633: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1617: 1612: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:United States 1537: 1531: 1526: 1521: 1517: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1462: 1461:British Isles 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1419:fleet led by 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1367: 1363: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1338:Great Britain 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1301: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1272: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1205:United States 1202: 1198: 1194: 1193:German Empire 1190: 1185: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1174:British India 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1044:union in 1801 1041: 1037: 1033: 1021: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1007: 1002: 1001: 999: 998: 995: 985: 984: 977: 974: 972: 969: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 928: 922: 921: 914: 910: 907: 905: 902: 900: 897: 894: 888: 886: 883: 881: 878: 876: 873: 872: 866: 865: 858: 855: 853: 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 808: 807: 803: 799: 798: 795: 789: 788: 783: 778: 777: 767: 762: 760: 755: 753: 748: 747: 745: 744: 741: 731: 730: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 692: 689: 687: 684: 682: 679: 677: 674: 673: 666: 665: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 610: 607: 605: 602: 601: 600: 597: 596: 592: 587: 586: 582: 578: 577: 574: 571: 570: 565: 560: 559: 549: 546: 544: 541: 540: 538: 536:Today part of 534: 518: 516: 513: 512: 504: 502: 499: 498: 495: 489: 486: 479: 478: 475: 472: 465: 464: 461: 460: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 444: 437: 434: 432: 429: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 411: 405: 401: 398: 394: 390: 386: 383: 377: 373: 370: 364: 360: 357: 356:Acts of Union 351: 347: 343: 339: 336: 333: 330: 324: 321: 318: 315: 309: 306: 303: 299: 295: 292: 289: 283: 280: 277: 271: 268: 265: 259: 256: 253: 247: 244: 241: 235: 232: 229: 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Troubles 9928: / 9919: / 9865: / 9861: / 9797: 9762: / 9750:Protohistory 9572: 9557:(until 1607) 9476:Ulster-Scots 9257: 8758: 8707: 8690: 8671: 8643: 8634: 8625: 8592: 8588: 8579: 8570: 8551: 8540: 8528: 8518: 8497: 8474: 8464: 8454: 8442: 8432: 8423: 8412: 8402: 8393: 8383: 8369: 8350: 8326: 8315:The Guardian 8314: 8288: 8285:Halévy, Élie 8266: 8253: 8228: 8215: 8191: 8168: 8149: 8129: 8118:The Observer 8117: 8091: 8068: 8048: 8028: 8015: 7993: 7974: 7952: 7930: 7911: 7892: 7870: 7851: 7832: 7810: 7788: 7766: 7763:Cannon, John 7744: 7721: 7698: 7676: 7654: 7635: 7612:. 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Collins. 7174:Read (2022) 6660:Smith, Paul 6428:23 February 5918:(6): 46–53. 5275:13 November 5145:Webb (1968) 4772:, pp. 4722:Peel (1853) 4278:1 September 4204:19 November 4069:(1901–1910) 4063:(1837–1901) 4057:(1830–1837) 4051:(1820–1830) 3923:dual policy 3822:John Bright 3668:landowner, 3663:Anglo-Irish 3519:Suez Crisis 3422:river Rhine 3398:Mesopotamia 3324:to protect 3293:Men of the 3221:automobiles 3119:Bismarckian 2943:Robert Peel 2896:-speaking " 2878:Cape Colony 2808:reparations 2738:During the 2695:Crimean War 2606:Regency era 2558:during the 2531:John Bright 2517:English law 2408:Robert Peel 2234:Robert Peel 2162:Home Office 2120:Robert Peel 2082:Crimean War 1784:Crimean War 1748:Robert Peel 1567:War of 1812 1543: 1915 1516:War of 1812 1370:During the 1285:Regency era 1242:led to the 1135:New Zealand 1099:Crimean War 1091:World War I 1079:world power 791:History of 451:Preceded by 436:Irish pound 410:1911 census 329:Lower house 314:Upper house 301:Legislature 163: / 13803:Categories 13449:George III 13394:Charles II 13292:Henry VIII 13285:and rulers 13212:Ascendancy 13110:Uí Catháin 13014:Magh Luirg 12990:Uí Failghe 12930:Popery Act 12925:Penal Laws 12888:Parliament 12866:Wild Geese 12856:Barbadosed 12775:and events 12698:Royal arms 12657:Window tax 12599:Literature 12585:Queen Anne 12526:Whig Junto 12397:Elections: 12098:Parliament 12080:George III 11996:Jacobitism 11991:Whig plots 11551:agreements 11499:Great Game 11465:Revanchism 11104:Cláirseach 11007:Travellers 10865:Rock music 10848:Folk music 10783:Literature 10585:Soda bread 10468:Government 10395:parliament 10392:Oireachtas 10369:Government 10309:Ideologies 9940:Penal Laws 9831:since 1922 9745:Prehistory 9375:Sercquiais 8762:1801–1922 8556:, textbook 8195:. 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Joseph. 4176:References 4067:Edward VII 4055:William IV 4043:George III 3984:named the 3958:First Dáil 3946:abstention 3725:federalism 3721:devolution 3719:(actually 3666:Protestant 3647:Isaac Butt 3631:emigration 3587:Penal Laws 3471:Tanganyika 3237:Queen Mary 3225:aeroplanes 3212:Edward VII 3059:music hall 3010:Lobby card 2951:Lord Derby 2933:Leadership 2902:Afrikaners 2871:naval race 2859:William II 2772:Union Army 2699:Sevastopol 2502:panopticon 2437:Ultra-Tory 2277:Whig Party 2238:Ultra Tory 1981:Unitarians 1910:The great 1901:William IV 1712:Manchester 1672:Tory Party 1632:George III 1587:Washington 1490:, and the 1417:Royal Navy 1401:Electorate 1182:free trade 1115:Opium Wars 1093:, Britain 1071:Royal Navy 817:Prehistory 811:Chronology 681:Labour law 415:45,221,000 397:Population 305:Parliament 279:Edward VII 255:William IV 231:George III 199:Government 187:Demonym(s) 13756:Burlesque 13731:Jewellery 13711:Cosmetics 13441:George II 13352:Charles I 13300:Edward VI 13257:Defenders 13237:Jacobites 13216:Recusancy 13179:Exchequer 13126:Uí Mháine 13078:Cairbrigh 13022:Airgíalla 12966:Uí Echach 12951:conquests 12545:Geography 12210:1760–1764 12205:1755–1759 12200:1750–1754 12195:1745–1749 12190:1740–1744 12185:1735–1739 12180:1730–1734 12175:1725–1729 12170:1720–1724 12165:1715–1719 12075:George II 11514:Meiji era 11361:Alliances 11235:Squatting 10951:Fomorians 10880:Mythology 10750:Languages 10735:Halloween 10711:Bealtaine 10694:Festivals 10685:Stepdance 10590:Spice Bag 10575:Irish fry 10565:Colcannon 10540:Barmbrack 10463:Education 10421:President 10359:Education 10275:Transport 10250:Provinces 10172:Mountains 10147:Coastline 10119:Geography 10010:Civil War 9965:Tithe War 9355:Auregnais 8991:Geography 8617:162264240 7787:(1996) . 7719:(1995) . 7523:. Faber. 7444:144314136 6528:154611014 6333:153932928 6285:(2007) . 5752:154025726 5179:144381265 4662:154680968 4544:Addington 4049:George IV 3931:Sinn Féin 3886:Germany. 3756:home rule 3748:self-rule 3744:franchise 3698:Rome Rule 3686:Unionists 3639:Unionists 3521:of 1956. 3483:Palestine 3445:Blighters 3418:Armistice 3382:Lusitania 3371:in 1916. 3275:Great War 3194:Bonar Law 3125:Salisbury 3076:Gladstone 2894:Afrikaans 2842:of 1898. 2766:, as the 2489:Reformers 2481:from the 2396:Lord Grey 2273:Earl Grey 2217:George IV 2147:Corn Laws 2128:Test Acts 2019:Cambridge 1917:Corn Laws 1616:Methodism 1591:Baltimore 1571:Lake Erie 1433:Trafalgar 1147:dominions 1131:Australia 1117:with the 1101:with the 1062:in 1927. 931:Conflicts 852:1801–1923 847:1691–1800 842:1536–1691 837:1169–1536 438:(1801–26) 243:George IV 42:1801–1922 13788:Category 13746:Painting 13741:Morality 13603:Scotland 13494:Category 13433:George I 13402:James II 13282:Monarchs 13183:Chancery 13138:Politics 12886:Acts of 12590:Georgian 12562:Scotland 12489:Monarchy 12091:Politics 12070:George I 12018:Scotland 11193:Monastic 11158:Calendar 11142:Shamrock 11137:Red Hand 11075:Rounders 10740:Wren Day 10674:Sean-nós 10626:Guinness 10570:Drisheen 10446:Assembly 10428:Taxation 10331:Unionism 10298:Politics 10231:Counties 9975:Land War 9867:Clontarf 9863:Glenmama 9737:Timeline 9612:See also 9471:Scottish 9370:Jèrriais 9286:Germanic 9200:Guernsey 9188:Scotland 9110:Scotland 9057:Shetland 9020:Hebrides 8908:Scotland 8873:Politics 8862:Hibernia 8699:33037858 8513:, survey 8495:(1965). 8453:(2005). 8437:, survey 8381:(1913). 8349:(1994). 8325:(2017). 8309:(2014). 8265:(2012). 8251:(1936). 8227:(2017). 8213:(1955). 8189:(1969). 8128:(1968). 8090:(1953). 8026:(1955). 8014:(1967). 7973:(1965). 7951:(2015). 7912:Boer War 7891:(2003). 7831:(2012). 7809:(2008). 7743:(1959). 7697:(2009). 7675:(2006). 7519:(1967). 7460:(1910). 7334:(2014). 7230:(1992). 7202:(1977). 7116:(1962). 7088:(1994). 7030:(2011). 6952:(1998). 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721:Taxation 591:Timeline 564:a series 562:Part of 424:Currency 291:George V 267:Victoria 79:(French) 13751:Theatre 13721:Fashion 13716:Erotica 13593:Ireland 13417:Mary II 13344:James I 13038:Umhaill 12773:General 12747:History 12686:Symbols 12557:England 12065:Hanover 11922:History 11494:In Asia 11327:Germany 11163:Castles 11090:Symbols 11060:Hurling 11045:Camogie 10944:Firbolg 10930:Immrama 10923:Echtrai 10853:session 10836:Ballads 10813:Theatre 10802:Gaeilge 10796:Fiction 10731:Samhain 10646:Whiskey 10520:Cuisine 10508:Culture 10458:Economy 10354:Economy 10162:Islands 10137:Climate 10130:Natural 9725:History 9685:Ireland 9436:English 9431:Cornish 9426:British 9347:Romance 9317:Cornish 9294:English 9271:Society 9178:England 9168:Ireland 9152:Ireland 9136:outline 9131:History 9105:England 9085:Ireland 9037:Ireland 8898:England 8889:Ireland 8852:Britain 8847:Prydain 8609:2638778 7543:: 1–23. 7481:178–186 6325:3020975 6167:147–175 6074:2594316 5705:History 5468:4048814 5433:2169005 5094:693–755 4501:History 4343:21 June 3548:Ireland 3452:Postwar 3336:on the 3326:Belgium 2900:" (or " 2861:became 2826:in 1910 2788:slavery 2417:in the 1977:Quakers 1895:in 1830 1867:liberal 1848:in the 1397:Hanover 1342:Ireland 1213:Belgium 1209:Germany 1046:of the 961:Judaism 941:Cuisine 827:400–795 793:Ireland 408:• 380:• 367:• 354:• 341:History 327:• 312:• 212:Monarch 192:British 180:English 148:51°30′N 132:Capital 88:Anthem: 13726:Houses 13598:London 13415:& 13323:Philip 13321:& 13316:Mary I 13247:Tories 13214:& 13129:(1611) 13121:(1607) 13113:(1607) 13105:(1607) 13097:(1607) 13089:(1607) 13081:(1606) 13073:(1605) 13065:(1603) 13062:Laigin 13057:(1602) 13049:(1596) 13041:(1593) 13033:(1589) 13025:(1585) 13017:(1585) 13009:(1574) 13001:(1574) 12993:(1550) 12985:(1544) 12977:(1543) 12974:Loígis 12969:(1543) 12961:(1543) 12949:Gaelic 12821:Ulster 12521:Tories 12053:Stuart 11852:Second 11839:Second 11636:Events 11426:Trends 11342:Russia 11322:France 11168:Cinema 10967:People 10916:Aos Sí 10903:Ulster 10898:Fenian 10888:Cycles 10818:Triads 10808:Poetry 10791:Annals 10768:Shelta 10721:Lúnasa 10701:Imbolc 10636:Poitín 10616:Coffee 10609:Drinks 10560:Coddle 10226:Cities 10177:Rivers 10167:Loughs 9852:Events 9710:topics 9702:topics 9688:topics 9633:(1689) 9598:(1798) 9419:People 9406:Shelta 9360:French 9309:Celtic 9205:Jersey 9052:Orkney 8937:Jersey 8837:Albion 8714: 8697: 8678: 8650: 8615: 8607: 8505: 8481: 8357: 8335: 8295: 8273: 8237: 8199: 8175: 8136: 8100: 8076: 8055: 8036: 8000: 7981: 7959: 7937: 7918: 7899: 7877: 7858: 7839: 7817: 7795: 7773: 7751: 7729: 7705: 7683: 7661: 7642: 7614:1 June 7527: 7487: 7442: 7436:175088 7434: 7397: 7368: 7346: 7275: 7238: 7210: 7159: 7149: 7124: 7096: 7056: 7038: 7010: 6985: 6960: 6932: 6879: 6854: 6829: 6801: 6751: 6716: 6670: 6642: 6616: 6588: 6560: 6526: 6484: 6434: 6385: 6357: 6331: 6323: 6220: 6191: 6144: 6109:11 May 6072: 6035: 5965: 5940: 5893: 5829:650101 5827: 5776: 5750: 5686: 5661: 5597: 5523: 5466: 5448:Albion 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