House of Commons of the United Kingdom

1577: 2278:, with the task of ensuring that all party members vote as desired. Members of Parliament do not tend to vote against such instructions, since those who do so jeopardise promotion, or may be deselected as party candidates for future elections. Ministers, junior ministers and parliamentary private secretaries who vote against the whips' instructions usually resign. Thus, the independence of Members of Parliament tends to be low, although "backbench rebellions" by members discontent with their party's policies do occur. A member is also traditionally allowed some leeway if the particular interests of his constituency are adversely affected. In some circumstances, however, parties announce " 1432: 2048:

cannot take office until they have been approved by the Sovereign; the granting of the royal approbation, however, is a formality. The Speaker is assisted by three Deputy Speakers, the most senior of whom holds the title of Chairman of Ways and Means. The two other Deputy Speakers are known as the First and Second Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means. These titles derive from the Committee of Ways and Means, a body over which the chairman once used to preside; even though the committee was abolished in 1967, the traditional titles of the Deputy Speakers are still retained. The Speaker and the Deputy Speakers are always members of the House of Commons.

1601: 1411: 1337:, meant "of general, public, or non-private nature" as an adjective and, as a substantive, "the common body of the people of any place; the community or commonalty" in the singular; "the common people, the commonalty; the lower order, as distinguished from those of noble or knight or gentle rank", or "the burgers of a town; the body of free citizens, bearing common burdens, and exercising common rights; (hence) the third estate in the English constitution; the body of people, not ennobled, and represented by the Lower House of Parliament" in the plural. The word has survived to this day in the original Anglo-Norman phrase 2328:. The membership of these bodies, like that of the standing committees, reflects the strength of the parties. The chairman of each committee is voted on in a secret ballot of the whole house during the first session of a parliamentary term, or when a vacancy occurs. The number of select committee chairmanships allocated to each party reflects the strength of the parties, and the parties allocate the positions through agreement. The primary function of a departmental select committee is to scrutinise and investigate the activities of a particular government department. To fulfil these aims, it is permitted to hold 662: 51: 5381: 4062: 4011: 635: 1172:, when members ask questions of the prime minister; the house gives other opportunities to question other cabinet ministers. Prime Minister's Questions occur weekly, normally for half an hour each Wednesday. Questions must relate to the responding minister's official government activities, not to their activities as a party leader or as a private Member of Parliament. Customarily, members of the Government party/coalition and members of the Opposition alternate when asking questions. Members may also make inquiries in writing. 2040: 63: 2542: 2078:, which oversees the running of the house, and controls debates by calling on members to speak. A member who believes that a rule (or Standing Order) has been breached may raise a "point of order", on which the Speaker makes a ruling not subject to any appeal. The Speaker may discipline members who fail to observe the rules of the house. The Speaker also decides which proposed amendments to a motion are to be debated. Thus, the Speaker is far more powerful than their Lords counterpart, the 589: 2198:(a Lords official) is responsible for summoning the Commons to the Lords Chamber. When he arrives to deliver his summons, the doors of the Commons Chamber are traditionally slammed shut in his face, symbolising the right of the Lower House to debate without interference. He then knocks on the door three times with his Black Rod, and only then is granted admittance, where he informs the MPs that the Monarch awaits them, after which they proceed to the House of Lords for the 2528: 267: 1921: 991:, then the 14th Earl of Home, disclaimed his peerage (under a new mechanism which remains in force) three days after becoming prime minister. The new session of Parliament was delayed to await the outcome of his by-election, which happened to be already under way due to a recent death. As anticipated, he won that election, which was for the highest-majority seat in Scotland among his party; otherwise he would have been constitutionally obliged to resign. 1523: 2400: 1072: 2263:: to allow further debate, if this is possible, or otherwise to avoid a decision without a majority (e.g. voting "no" to a motion or the third reading of a bill). Ties rarely occur: more than 25 years passed between the last two ones in July 1993 and April 2019. The quorum of the House of Commons is 40 members for any vote, including the Speaker and four tellers. If fewer than 40 members have participated, the division is invalid. 2317:. Committees consider bills in detail, and may make amendments. Bills of great constitutional importance, as well as some important financial measures, are usually sent to the "Committee of the Whole House", a body that includes all members of the Commons. Instead of the Speaker, the chairman or a Deputy Chairman of Ways and Means presides. The committee meets in the House of Commons Chamber. 2153:, former Clerk of the House of Commons and Chief Executive, a figure of 427 seats is an average or a finger-in-the-wind estimate. Members who arrive late must stand near the entrance of the house if they wish to listen to debates. Sittings in the chamber are held each day from Monday to Thursday, and also on some Fridays. During times of national emergency, the house may also sit at weekends. 938:

in particular, important bills that were part of the government's agenda. The annual Budget is still considered a matter of confidence. When a government has lost the confidence of the House of Commons, the prime minister is obliged either to resign, making way for another MP who can command confidence, or request the monarch to dissolve Parliament, thereby precipitating a general election.

1253:. Furthermore, supply bills passed by the House of Commons are immune to amendments in the House of Lords. In addition, the House of Lords is barred from amending a bill so as to insert a taxation or supply-related provision, but the House of Commons often waives its privileges and allows the Lords to make amendments with financial implications. Under a separate convention, known as the 1912:"MP". The annual salary of each member is £86,584 effective from 1 April 2023. Members may also receive additional salaries for other offices they hold (for instance, the Speakership). Most members also claim for various office expenses (staff costs, postage, travelling, etc.) and, in the case of members for seats outside London, for the costs of maintaining a home in the capital. 1219:(or any other subject, even if not a public officer) for their crimes. Impeachments are tried by the House of Lords, where a simple majority is necessary to convict. This power has fallen into disuse, however; the House of Commons exercises its checks on the government through other means, such as no confidence motions; the last impeachment was that of 2157:

relations between the Commons and the Crown were less than cordial, this procedure was used whenever the house wanted to keep its debate private. More often, however, this device was used to delay and disrupt proceedings; as a result, it was abolished in 1998. Now, members seeking that the house sit in private must make a formal motion to that effect.

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time the committee considered a new bill. The number of standing committees was not limited, but usually only ten existed. Rarely, a bill was committed to a Special Standing Committee, which investigated and held hearings on the issues raised. In November 2006, standing committees were replaced by public bill committees.

2133:, which served as the home of the House of Commons until destroyed by fire in 1834. The Speaker's chair is at one end of the chamber; in front of it, is the table of the house, on which the mace rests. The clerks sit at one end of the table, close to the Speaker so that they may advise them on procedure when necessary. 2214:

each other by name, but by constituency, using forms such as "the Honourable Member for ", or, in the case of Privy Counsellors, "the Right Honourable Member for ". Members of the same party (or allied parties or groups) refer to each other as "my (Right) Honourable friend". A currently serving, or ex-member of the

1772:. The commissions conduct general reviews of electoral boundaries once every 8 to 12 years, and interim reviews. In drawing boundaries, they are required to prefer local government boundaries, but may deviate from these to prevent great disparities in electorate; such disparities are given the formal term 1362:, the historical dictionary of the English language, can only attest to the word meaning advocated by Pollard from the 19th and 20th centuries onwards, whereas sources for the meaning given in the previous section date from the late Middle Ages, i.e. the time of the establishment of the House of Commons. 1744:

restore the monarch's prerogative powers to dissolve Parliament at the prime minister's request, and ensure that a parliamentary term automatically ends five years after Parliament's first meeting and polling day being 25 working days later. The bill was given royal assent on 24 March 2022, becoming the

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Not that the house of commons was ever that house of the common people which it is sometimes supposed to have been. For "commons" means "communes"; and while "communes" have commonly been popular organizations, the term might in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries be applied to any association or

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When the debate concludes, or when the closure is invoked, the motion is put to a vote. The house first votes by voice vote; the Speaker or Deputy Speaker puts the question, and Members respond either "Aye!" (in favour of the motion) or "No!" (against the motion). The presiding officer then announces

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Speeches are addressed to the presiding officer, using the words "Mr Speaker", "Madam Speaker", "Mr Deputy Speaker", or "Madam Deputy Speaker". Only the presiding officer may be directly addressed in debate; other members must be referred to in the third person. Traditionally, members do not refer to

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In 2019, MPs used "standing order 24" (a parliamentary procedure that triggers emergency debates) as a means of gaining control of the parliamentary order paper for the following day, and passing legislation without the incumbent government's consent. This unusual process was achieved through tabling

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Although the House of Commons does not formally elect the prime minister, by convention and in practice, the prime minister is answerable to the House, and therefore must maintain its support. In this way, the position of the parties in the House is an overriding importance. Thus, whenever the office

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During debates, Members may speak only if called upon by the Speaker (or a Deputy Speaker, if the Speaker is not presiding). Traditionally, the presiding officer alternates between calling Members from the Government and Opposition. The Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition, and other leaders

1810:, if no early election is called, dissolution is automatic on the fifth year after its first meeting day. This Act effectively postponed the automatic date of the next election after 2019 by more than half a year, from 2 May 2024 to Tuesday 28 January 2025; but the election was ultimately called for 1497:

In the ensuing years, the Commons grew more assertive, the influence of the House of Lords having been reduced by the Reform Bill crisis, and the power of the patrons reduced. The Lords became more reluctant to reject bills that the Commons had passed with large majorities, and it became an accepted

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The House of Commons underwent an important period of reform during the 19th century. Over the years, several anomalies had developed in borough representation. The constituency boundaries had not been changed since 1660, so many towns whose importance had declined by the 19th century still retained

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or by passing a motion of no confidence. Confidence and no confidence motions are phrased explicitly: for instance, "That this House has no confidence in His Majesty's Government." Many other motions were until recent decades considered confidence issues, even though not explicitly phrased as such:

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Most bills were until 2006 considered by standing committees, which consisted of between 16 and 50 members. The membership of each standing committee roughly reflected the strength of the parties in the House. The membership of standing committees changed constantly; new Members were assigned each

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follows. The presiding officer, if she or he believes that the result of the voice vote is clear, may reject the challenge. When a division occurs, members enter one of two lobbies (the "Aye" lobby or the "No" lobby) on either side of the chamber, where their names are recorded by clerks. A member

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created a mechanism for recalling Members of Parliament. Under the act, proceedings are initiated only if an MP is found guilty of wrongdoing fulfilling certain criteria. A petition is successful if at least one in ten voters in the constituency sign. Successful petitions result in the MP vacating

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At the beginning of each new parliamentary term, the House of Commons elects one of its members as a presiding officer, known as the Speaker. If the incumbent Speaker seeks a new term, then the house may re-elect them merely by passing a motion; otherwise, a secret ballot is held. A Speaker-elect

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All general elections in the UK since 1935 have been held on a Thursday. The origins of this convention are unknown but there are a number of theories, including the suggestion that it was to coincide with market day; this would ease voting for those who had to travel into the towns to cast their

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without the consent of the House of Lords. The Lords may not delay a money bill (a bill that, in the view of the Speaker of the House of Commons, solely concerns national taxation or public funds) for more than one month. Moreover, the Lords may not delay most other public bills for more than two

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Later in December 2020, the Conservative government published a draft Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (Repeal) Bill, later retitled the Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill when it was introduced to the Commons in May 2021, which would repeal the Fixed-term Parliaments Act in its entirety,

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The rectangular shape is derived from the shape of the chapel. Benches were arranged using the configuration of the chapel's choir stalls whereby they were facing across from one another. This arrangement facilitated an adversarial atmosphere representative of the British parliamentary approach.

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Major modern British political parties tend to be so tightly orchestrated that their MPs often have little scope for free action. A large minority of ruling party MPs are paid members of the Government. Since 1900 the Government has lost confidence motions thrice—twice in 1924, and once in 1979.

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In practice, this scrutiny can be fairly weak. Since the first-past-the-post electoral system is employed, the governing party often enjoys a large majority in the Commons, and ministers and departments practise defensive government, outsourcing key work to third parties. If the government has a

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Since the 17th century, government ministers were paid, while other MPs were not. Most of the men elected to the Commons had private incomes, while a few relied on financial support from a wealthy patron. Early Labour MPs were often provided with a salary by a trade union, but this was declared

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The Standing Orders of the House of Commons do not establish any formal time limits for debates. The Speaker may, however, order a member who persists in making a tediously repetitive or irrelevant speech to stop speaking. The time set aside for debate on a particular motion is, however, often

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Sittings of the house are open to the public, but the house may at any time vote to sit in private, which has occurred only twice since 1950. Traditionally, a Member who desired that the house sit privately could shout "I spy strangers!" and a vote would automatically follow. In the past, when

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is both the house's chief adviser on matters of procedure and chief executive of the House of Commons. They are a permanent official, not a member of the house itself. The Clerk advises the Speaker on the rules and procedure of the house, signs orders and official communications, and signs and

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during a division, suggesting that some of the rules governing parliamentary procedure are violated, he was required to wear a hat, thereby signalling that he was not engaging in debate. Collapsible top hats were kept in the chamber just for this purpose. This custom was discontinued in 1998.

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used to be called "the Honourable and Learned Member", and a woman "the Honourable Lady the Member".) This may not always be the case during the actual oral delivery, when it might be difficult for a member to remember another member's exact constituency, but it is invariably followed in the

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Members of the Government occupy the benches on the Speaker's right, whilst members of the Opposition occupy the benches on the Speaker's left. In front of each set of benches a red line is drawn, which members are traditionally not allowed to cross during debates. The Prime Minister and the

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The rule that precludes certain Crown officers from serving in the House of Commons is used to circumvent a resolution adopted by the House of Commons in 1623, under which members are not permitted to resign their seats. In practice, however, they always can. Should a member wish to

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A separate type of select committee is the Domestic Committee. Domestic Committees oversee the administration of the House and the services provided to Members. Other committees of the House of Commons include Joint Committees (which also include members of the House of Lords), the

1833:) of early election with a two-thirds majority; absent such motions, Parliament would automatically dissolve 17 working days (about 4 weeks) before the fixed election date of the first Thursday in May five years after the previous election, which occurred (as a special case) 2470:. The set was highly convincing, and was retained after the production—since then, it has been used in nearly every British film and television production that has featured scenes set in the chamber. From 1988 until 1999 it was also one of the prominent attractions on the 1395:

The distance across the floor of the house between the government and opposition benches is 13 feet (3.96 m), said to be equivalent to two swords' length, though this is likely to be purely symbolic given weapons have been banned in the chamber for hundreds of years.

2007:, civil servants, members of the regular armed forces, members of foreign legislatures (excluding the Republic of Ireland and Commonwealth countries), and holders of several Crown offices. Ministers, even though they are paid officers of the Crown, are not disqualified. 1872:

of votes wins, that is greatest number of votes. Minors (that is, anyone under the age of 18), members of the House of Lords, and prisoners are not qualified to become members of the House of Commons. To vote, one must be a UK resident and a citizen of either Britain, a

2227:. The Speaker enforces the rules of the house and may warn and punish members who deviate from them. Disregarding the Speaker's instructions is considered a breach of the rules of the House and may result in the suspension of the offender from the house. In the case of 2086:), or participate in the affairs of any political party. By convention, a Speaker seeking re-election to parliament is not opposed in their constituency by any of the major parties. The lack of partisanship continues even after the Speaker leaves the House of Commons. 1948:, only natural-born subjects were qualified. Members of the House of Lords may not serve in the House of Commons, or even vote in parliamentary elections; however, they are permitted to sit in the chamber during debates (unlike the King, who cannot enter the chamber). 926:

of prime minister falls vacant, the monarch appoints the person who has the support of the house, or who is most likely to command the support of the house—normally the leader of the largest party in the house—while the leader of the second-largest party becomes the

2474:, where visitors could watch actors performing mock political debates on the set. The major difference between the studio set and the real House of Commons Chamber is that the studio set has just four rows of seats on either side whereas the real Chamber has five. 1588:

came into effect, destroying the legislative equality of the two Houses of Parliament. The House of Lords was permitted only to delay most legislation, for a maximum of three parliamentary sessions or two calendar years (reduced to two sessions or one year by the

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parliamentary sessions, or one calendar year. These provisions, however, only apply to public bills that originate in the House of Commons. Moreover, a bill that seeks to extend a parliamentary term beyond five years requires the consent of the House of Lords.

1764:; its only effects are on the amount of money candidates are allowed to spend during campaigns and the rank of the local authority co-opted Returning Officer who presides over the count. Geographic boundaries are determined by four permanent and independent 973:

and a coalition is formed; the new prime minister will by convention be the new leader of the outgoing premier's party. It has become the practice to write the constitutions of major UK political parties to provide a set way to appoint a new party leader.

950:, which fixed the term at five years. As of 9 July 2024, five of the twelve last prime ministers have attained office as the immediate result of a general election; the others have gained office upon the resignation of a prime minister of their own party. 2243:. The Speaker is allowed to deny the motion if she or he believes that it infringes upon the rights of the minority. Today, bills are scheduled according to a timetable motion, which the whole house agrees in advance, negating the use of a guillotine. 945:

Parliament sits for up to five years. This is a maximum: prime ministers can choose to dissolve parliament at earlier times, with the permission of the monarch, and often have. This was a return to the historic system that had been replaced by the

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is an international constitutional paradigm. The prime minister chooses the ministers, and may decide to remove them at any time, although the appointments and dismissals are formally made by the Sovereign, acting on the prime minister's advice.

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in London. The Commons chamber is small and modestly decorated in green, unlike the large, lavishly furnished red Lords chamber. Benches sit on both sides of the chamber and are divided by a centre aisle. This arrangement reflects the design of

1885:. British citizens living abroad are allowed to vote for 15 years after leaving. It is a criminal offence for a person to vote in the ballot of more than one seat which is vacant at any election. This has not always been the case: before 1948 3610: 1505:

lowered property requirements for voting in the boroughs, reduced the representation of the less populous boroughs, and granted parliamentary seats to several growing industrial towns. The electorate was further expanded by the

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By convention, ministers are members of either the House of Commons or the House of Lords. A handful have been appointed from outside Parliament, but in most cases they then entered Parliament in a by-election or by receiving a

3329: 2487:. Abbott, a former Granada Television staff writer, bought it because the set would otherwise have been destroyed and he feared it would take too long to get the necessary money from the BBC. Abbott kept the set in storage in 6799: 2378:. The original badge was of gold, but nowadays is shown in various colours, predominantly green or black. It features on the flag of the House of Commons; first flown on 11 May 2021 and designed by Graham Bartram, chief 5675: 2094:

endorses bills. The Clerk also chairs the Board of Management, which consists of the heads of the six departments of the house. The Clerk's deputy is known as the Clerk Assistant. Another officer of the house is the

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below), their seat falls vacant. It is also possible for the House of Commons to expel a member, a power exercised only in cases of serious misconduct or criminal activity. In each case, the vacancy is filled by a

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may not sit in Parliament until she or he has either completed the term of imprisonment or received a full pardon from the Crown. Moreover, anyone serving a prison sentence of one year or more is ineligible, per

1494:, also known as the "Great Reform Act", abolished the rotten boroughs, established uniform voting requirements for the boroughs, and granted representation to populous cities, but still retained some anomalies. 1053:. The elected status of members of the Commons (as opposed to the unelected Lords) and their direct accountability to that House, together with empowerment and transparency, ensures ministerial accountability. 2102:, a symbol of the authority of the Crown and of the House of Commons, into the house each day before the Speaker, and the mace is laid upon the table of the house during sittings. The Librarian is head of the 3299: 2194:, a ceremony in the Lords Chamber during which the Sovereign, in the presence of Members of both Houses, delivers an address outlining the Government's legislative agenda. The Gentleman or Lady Usher of the 2164:. The post war redesign of the house in 1950 included microphones, and debates were allowed to be broadcast by radio in 1975. Since 1989, they have also been broadcast on television, which is now handled by 3396: 3662: 3580: 2252:

who wishes to pointedly abstain from a vote may do so by entering both lobbies, casting one vote for and one against. At each lobby are two tellers (themselves MPs) who count the votes of the members.

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Sessions of the House of Commons have sometimes been disrupted by angry protesters throwing objects into the chamber from the galleries—items thrown include leaflets, manure, flour, and a canister of

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for six months or more would have their seat vacated if two specialists reported to the Speaker that the member was suffering from a mental disorder. However, this disqualification was removed by the

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The Commons attempted to address these anomalies by passing a Reform Bill in 1831. At first, the House of Lords proved unwilling to pass the bill, but it was forced to relent when the prime minister,

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A candidate for a seat must submit nomination papers signed by ten registered voters from that area, and pay £500, which is refunded if the candidate wins at least five per cent of the vote. Such a

1573:, the Asquith Government secured the passage of a bill to curtail the powers of the House of Lords after threatening to flood the house with 500 new Liberal peers to ensure the passage of the bill. 2082:, who has no disciplinary powers. Customarily, the Speaker and the deputies are non-partisan; they do not vote (with the notable exception of tied votes, where the Speaker votes in accordance with 5967: 3049: 1776:. The proposals of the Boundary Commissions are subject to parliamentary approval, but may not be amended. After their next Periodic Reviews, the Boundary Commissions will be absorbed into the 1677:, transferring the power to call an early election from the Prime Minister to Parliament, and setting out the procedure for this. Under the act, calling an early election required a two-thirds 3602: 6049: 5769: 694: 5580: 5328: 1999:

formerly disqualified for ten years those found guilty of certain election-related offences, until this section was repealed in 2001. Several other disqualifications are codified in the

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The outcome of most votes is largely known beforehand, since political parties normally instruct members on how to vote. A party normally entrusts some members of parliament, known as

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Once the division concludes, the tellers provide the results to the presiding officer, who then announces them to the house. If the votes are tied, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker has a

1558:, introduced the "People's Budget", which proposed a new tax targeting wealthy landowners. This measure failed in the heavily Conservative House of Lords, and the government resigned. 1237:

Bills may be introduced in either house, though bills of importance generally originate in the House of Commons. The supremacy of the Commons in legislative matters is assured by the

987:(being made a peer). Since 1902, all but one prime ministers have been members of the Commons at time of appointment; the sole exception was during the long summer recess in 1963: 2187:

for high treason. This action was deemed a breach of the privilege of the house, and has given rise to the tradition that the monarch does not set foot in the House of Commons.

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is an arrangement where a member from one party agrees with a member of another party not to vote in a particular division, allowing both MPs the opportunity not to attend.

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Whilst presiding, the Speaker or Deputy Speaker traditionally wears ceremonial dress. The presiding officer may also wear a wig, but this tradition was abandoned by Speaker

1569:, but Asquith remained prime minister with the support of the smaller parties. Asquith then proposed that the powers of the Lords be severely curtailed. Following a further 1261:. Hence, as the power of the House of Lords has been severely curtailed by statute and by practice, the House of Commons is clearly the more powerful chamber of Parliament. 699: 6974: 689: 7266: 5136: 2012: 1648: 1608:

In 1918, women over 30 who owned property were given the right to vote, as were men over 21 who did not own property, quickly followed by the passage of a law enabling

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limited by informal agreements between the parties. Debate may also be restricted by the passage of "allocation of time motions", which are more commonly known as "

5789: 4414: 1825:), under which that automatic dissolution instead occurred five years after issuance of the writ of summons, a slightly longer period. Between 2011 and 2022, the 5837: 5009: 2417: 1089: 5865: 3390: 2615: 2585: 2043:

The Speaker presides over debates in the House of Commons, as depicted in the above print commemorating the destruction of the Commons Chamber by fire in 1834.

1829:

was in force, under which control of the timing of elections instead lay with the House of Commons, which could pass a motion of no confidence or (as occurred

1781: 3658: 3574: 2149:. Not all Members of Parliament can fit into the chamber at the same time, as it only has space to seat approximately two thirds of the Members. According to 1896:

Once elected, Members of Parliament normally continue to serve until the next dissolution of Parliament. But if a member dies or ceases to be qualified (see

3525: 4673: 2625: 6356: 6321: 6311: 5556: 1791: 1609: 878: 2031:

is responsible for making the appointment, and, by convention, never refuses to do so when asked by a member who desires to leave the House of Commons.

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seized and brandished the mace of the house during a heated debate. However, perhaps the most famous disruption of the House of Commons was caused by

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amendments to the "motion in neutral terms", a non-binding statement released by parliament after the debate. This new technique was used to pass the

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received no separate representation (although their eligible residents were entitled to vote in the corresponding county seat). Also notable were the

1033:, who served as Business Secretary; Lord Adonis, who served as Transport Secretary; Baroness Amos, who served as International Development Secretary; 6714: 6029: 5822: 4933: 4422: 1136: 3359: 2344:, as well as matters relating to the conduct of the members), and the Committee of Selection (which determines the membership of other committees). 2115: 6316: 5877: 5183: 4306: 3722: 2299:

A bisque is permission from the Whips given to a member to miss a vote or debate in the house to attend to constituency business or other matters.

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illegal by a House of Lords judgement of 1909. Consequently, a resolution was passed in the House of Commons in 1911 introducing salaries for MPs.

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The term "Member of Parliament" by modern convention means a member of the House of Commons. These members may, and almost invariably do, use the

1620:, who therefore became the first woman to be an MP. However, owing to Sinn Féin's policy of abstention from Westminster, she never took her seat. 994:

Since 1990, almost all cabinet ministers, save for three whose offices are an intrinsic part of the House of Lords, have belonged to the Commons.

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was destroyed by German bombs during the Second World War. The essential features of Barry's design were preserved when the chamber was rebuilt.

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MPs designated as independents may be elected as independents, leave the party for which they were elected, or be suspended from their party's

2308: 1807: 1745: 942: 908:, the Lords' power to reject legislation was reduced to a delaying power. The government is solely responsible to the House of Commons and the 3709:

For example: Plaid Cymru, Scottish National Party, the Green Party of England and Wales, and sometimes the Socialist Campaign Group. See e.g.

1928:

There are numerous qualifications that apply to Members of Parliament. One must be aged at least 18 (the minimum age was 21 until s.17 of the

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and enlarged the Commons at Westminster with 100 Irish members, creating the Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.

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the result of the voice vote, but if their assessment is challenged by any member or the voice vote is unclear, a recorded vote known as a

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of the House of Commons multiple times until the conclusion of the war, with that Parliament existing for ten years instead of five years.

900:. In 1922, the body became the House of Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland after the independence of the 6654: 6465: 4823: 4565: 3790: 3239: 3088: 2777: 2620: 2020: 1889:

was permitted as voters qualified by home ownership or residence and could vote under both entitlements simultaneously, as well as for a

4974: 3764: 1122: 6664: 6607: 6139: 6082: 5122: 2056: 2027:(that is, they involve no actual duties); they are retained solely to permit the "resignation" of members of the House of Commons. The 2000: 3879: 7325: 7315: 7003: 5897: 5103: 4683: 4678: 4099: 2580: 2016: 927: 196: 1756:

Since 1950, every constituency has been represented by a single Member of Parliament. There remains a technical distinction between

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By a custom that prevailed even before the Parliament Acts, only the House of Commons may originate bills concerning taxation or

6991: 6565: 6262: 6102: 6087: 6077: 5902: 5892: 5882: 5855: 5574: 5004: 4803: 4668: 4580: 4379: 4254: 1460: 301: 2074:: that chair is called Sapientia (Latin for "wisdom") and is where the chief master sits. The Speaker is also chairman of the 6684: 6257: 5295: 5253: 4984: 4956: 4883: 3233: 2848: 2773:"The definition of Parliament after Jackson: Can the life of Parliament be extended under the Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949?" 2210:

used to be granted priority; however, the modernisation of Commons procedure in 1998 led to the abolition of this tradition.

2098:, whose duties include the maintenance of law, order, and security on the house's premises. The Serjeant-at-Arms carries the 1996: 1984: 1924:

The old House of Commons chamber, showing dark veneer on the wood, which was purposely made much brighter in the new chamber.

1777: 1765: 1507: 1490:

to flood the House of Lords by creating pro-Reform peers. To avoid this, the Lords relented and passed the bill in 1832. The

1304: 1018: 866: 734: 575: 215: 3499: 2940:

resigned as prime minister without recommending a successor, it was unable to nominate one. It fell to the Queen to appoint

6551: 6373: 6034: 6007: 5600: 5019: 5014: 4999: 4728: 4613: 4520: 4500: 2590: 2063:, chose to wear a gown over a lounge suit, a decision that sparked much debate and opposition; he also did not wear a wig. 1842: 1834: 1830: 1811: 1702: 1686: 1624: 1464: 1026: 909: 742: 684: 564: 552: 234: 139: 1498:

political principle that the confidence of the House of Commons alone was necessary for a government to remain in office.

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caused a major scandal and loss of confidence by the public in the integrity of MPs, as well as causing the first forced

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Constituency boundary reviews and the number of MPs Contributing Authors, Elise Uberoi, Social and General Statistics

1955:(applicable in England and Wales only), or if they are adjudged bankrupt (in Northern Ireland), or if their estate is 6694: 6592: 6247: 6240: 6107: 6072: 6057: 5957: 5626: 5614: 4888: 4853: 4758: 4628: 2439: 2325: 2175:(tear gas). Even members have been known to disturb proceedings of the house. For instance, in 1976, Conservative MP 1929: 1419: 1274: 1209: 1155: 889: 20: 3440: 3269: 2332:

and collect evidence. Bills may be referred to Departmental Select Committees, but such a procedure is seldom used.

1129: 6779: 6331: 6289: 6213: 6208: 6112: 5990: 5667: 5146: 4979: 4893: 4843: 4753: 4693: 4540: 4316: 4166: 4144: 3901: 2826: 1952: 1861: 1511: 1479:, small constituencies controlled by wealthy landowners and aristocrats, whose "nominees" were invariably elected. 1022: 850: 394: 280: 88: 1448:

their ancient right of electing two members, in addition to other boroughs that had never been important, such as

6842: 6659: 6597: 6523: 6218: 6067: 6014: 5977: 5942: 5916: 5817: 5080: 4818: 4743: 4349: 2512: 2293: 1826: 1670: 947: 3471: 7320: 6789: 6577: 6503: 6398: 6351: 6267: 6187: 6147: 5937: 5720: 5544: 5197: 5093: 5075: 5039: 4966: 4783: 4575: 4442: 3148: 2421: 2207: 1216: 1093: 984: 729: 177: 158: 4024: 3418: 3136: 2723:

The Honourable the Commons of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland in Parliament assembled

7231: 6998: 6804: 6734: 6704: 6674: 6639: 6541: 6513: 6431: 6339: 6223: 6002: 5752: 5321: 5225: 4898: 4833: 4703: 4638: 4618: 4598: 4550: 4485: 4092: 2090: 1902: 1714: 1371: 1238: 1169: 998: 905: 870: 783: 4072: 1631:(i.e. some individuals had the right to vote in more than one constituency in the same election), including 7117: 7041: 7013: 6959: 6762: 6752: 6689: 6644: 6617: 6470: 6455: 6152: 6127: 6062: 5952: 5638: 5632: 5585: 5261: 4923: 4848: 4838: 4808: 4663: 4653: 4648: 4535: 4510: 4289: 4279: 4266: 4120: 4107: 2671: 2150: 1941: 1874: 1010: 814: 4989: 2984: 1666:" (AV) method. The proposal to introduce AV was rejected by 67.9% of voters on a national turnout of 42%. 969:). In such cases, the premiership goes to whomever can command a majority in the House, unless there is a 7330: 7008: 6986: 6954: 6949: 6931: 6872: 6794: 6784: 6719: 6582: 6546: 6344: 6122: 5761: 5649: 4813: 4798: 4773: 4738: 4723: 4643: 4039: 3351: 2191: 2075: 2028: 1674: 1551: 1514:

of the following year replaced almost all multi-member constituencies with single-member constituencies.

1483: 1431: 1296: 1278: 1270: 1185: 885: 4274: 4198: 3720: 1975:

are ineligible to sit in the Lower House; this precedent, however, has not been tested in recent years.

7068: 6969: 6809: 5407: 4713: 4708: 4633: 4570: 4515: 4495: 4418: 3842: 3812: 3684: 2700:

Current law passed by Parliament limits the term of the House of Commons to five years. However, since

2570: 2466: 1932:

came into force), and must be a citizen of the United Kingdom, of a British overseas territory, of the

1865: 1659: 1593:). Since the passage of these Acts, the House of Commons has become the dominant branch of Parliament. 1476: 1456: 874: 540: 442: 184: 120: 4417:

for Ascension and Tristan da Cunha exist, they are purely consultative. Legislation is enacted by the

3730: 2456:

created a near-full size replica of the post-1950 House of Commons debating chamber at its studios in

2372:. It was originally the badge of Beaufort, his mother's family; and a pun on the name Tudor, as in tu- 7204: 6964: 6769: 6742: 6252: 6132: 4768: 4336: 4174: 3924: 3110: 2954: 2688: 2483: 2287: 2260: 2083: 1992: 1358: 370: 358: 1410: 7102: 6632: 6272: 6019: 5440: 5289: 5281: 5114: 4345: 4085: 4067: 2704:, Parliament can extend its term for as long as it pleases. The last time this occurred was during 2595: 2248: 2103: 1725: 1600: 1414: 800: 795: 661: 322: 50: 2066:

The Speaker or deputy presides from a chair at the front of the house. This chair was designed by

7247: 7160: 6981: 6916: 6627: 6284: 5645: 3632: 2786: 2654: 2410: 2361: 2341: 1937: 1890: 1882: 1632: 1197: 1082: 962: 346: 313: 3710: 3547: 3007: 7097: 6162: 5478: 5412: 4994: 3919: 2605: 2199: 2130: 1960: 1945: 1693: 1436: 1381: 1300: 1257:, the House of Lords does not seek to oppose legislation promised in the government's election 1232: 1054: 865:

in London, England. The House of Commons is an elected body consisting of 650 members known as

466: 334: 3786: 3223: 3072: 7252: 7092: 7048: 6911: 6497: 5620: 5389: 5360: 5355: 4748: 4284: 3752: 2840: 2687:. Six MPs were elected as independents in the 2024 general election, 5 have since joined the 2547: 2239:". Alternatively, the house may put an immediate end to debate by passing a motion to invoke 2125: 1663: 1385: 1331: 1312: 1284: 958: 862: 778: 598: 454: 7112: 7053: 7018: 6906: 6879: 6390: 5460: 5344: 4858: 4326: 3956: 3873: 2471: 2369: 2357: 2282:", allowing members to vote as they please. Votes relating to issues of conscience such as 2215: 2180: 1909: 1817:

The current regime around dissolution is substantially the same as that established by the

1761: 1617: 1254: 1189: 19:"British House of Commons" redirects here. For the House of Commons from 1707 to 1800, see 5380: 2313:

The British Parliament uses committees for a variety of purposes, e.g., for the review of

8: 7189: 7107: 7085: 7080: 7063: 7058: 7036: 6926: 6884: 4908: 4179: 2610: 1956: 1933: 1822: 1818: 1757: 1718: 1590: 1585: 966: 912:

stays in office only as long as they retain the confidence of a majority of the Commons.

602: 4434: 3188: 7184: 7140: 6921: 6899: 6894: 6862: 6774: 5947: 5450: 5417: 4227: 4215: 4207: 4116: 4061: 2808: 2772: 2750: 2650: 2600: 2555: 2495: 1869: 1555: 1535: 1308: 1292: 1205: 897: 893: 4051: 4010: 3001: 634: 7199: 7145: 6747: 5699: 5567: 5536: 5494: 5455: 5445: 4733: 4294: 4046: 3229: 3078: 2904: 2854: 2844: 2812: 2800: 2507: 2503: 2314: 2176: 1733: 1440: 1250: 1014: 988: 292: 2015:, she or he may request appointment to one of two ceremonial Crown offices: that of 1341:, with which a bill is transmitted from the House of Lords to the House of Commons. 1168:

The House of Commons formally scrutinises the Government through its Committees and

953:

A prime minister will resign after party defeat at an election, if unable to form a

7194: 7177: 7172: 7155: 7135: 6941: 5794: 5514: 5365: 2941: 2790: 2565: 2095: 1860:(and arguably voter confusion). Each constituency is also called a seat (as it was 1853: 1773: 1769: 901: 790: 534: 24: 4399:"Bailiwick-wide" legislation passed in the States of Guernsey applies not only in 2936:

Until 1965, the Conservative Party had no fixed mechanism for this. In 1957, when

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A Panoramic View of London, from the Tower of St. Margaret's Church, Westminster

2039: 1784:, with 543 in England, 32 in Wales, 57 in Scotland, and 18 in Northern Ireland. 6480: 6361: 6299: 5860: 5743: 5608: 5470: 5422: 5370: 5168: 5034: 4793: 4154: 4128: 4112: 2461: 2383: 2365: 2267: 2165: 2138: 2067: 1857: 1737: 1377: 1356:, but that it referred to "civil associations" or "the counties". However, the 1345: 1319: 933:

The Commons may indicate its lack of support for the government by rejecting a

858: 4004: 2804: 1623:

Women were given equal voting status as men in 1928, and with effect from the

1612:

at the younger age of 21. The only woman to be elected that year was an Irish

1501:

Many more reforms were introduced in the latter half of the 19th century. The

1176:

large majority, it has no need or incentive to compromise with other parties.

619: 7299: 7281: 7268: 6536: 6097: 5995: 5985: 5784: 5779: 5519: 5231: 5189: 5065: 5060: 4928: 4590: 4249: 3929: 2997: 2920: 2912: 2900: 2888: 2872: 2858: 2379: 2329: 1905:

in the constituency, with the same electoral system as in general elections.

1886: 1678: 1628: 1539: 1527: 1348:

held a somewhat different view on the word's origins in 1920. He agreed that

1042: 588: 494: 241: 109: 2944:

as the new prime minister, after seeking a consensus from cabinet ministers.

1856:

seeks to discourage frivolity and very long ballot papers which would cause

1837:. As an ordinary Act, it was also possible for parliament to bypass it with 6403: 5774: 5509: 5247: 5055: 4530: 4056: 3984: 3137:

https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/SN05929/SN05929.pdf

2937: 2880: 2705: 2499: 2256: 2184: 2079: 1604:

The modern chamber, which opened following post-war reconstruction in 1950.

1424: 1242: 1241:, under which certain types of bills may be presented to the sovereign for 1034: 1025:, former Prime Minister who served as Foreign Secretary from 2023 to 2024; 146: 5712: 3978:

The Unreformed House of Commons: Parliamentary Representation before 1832.

3472:"Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill 2021–22: Progress of the Bill" 2795: 1728:

for hybrid proceedings were introduced from 22 April. These mitigated the

1613: 896:, and from 1801 it also became the House of Commons for Ireland after the 506: 6889: 6819: 5499: 5217: 5203: 4469: 4465: 3951:

Constitutional History of England since the Accession of George the Third

3946: 3448: 3261: 3219: 2916: 2896: 2884: 2630: 2478: 2453: 2060: 1682: 1405: 1193: 1181: 854: 846: 406: 222: 203: 165: 83: 3392:

Return of the House of Commons: update on first steps to a virtual House

2527: 2183:, who entered the Commons Chamber in 1642 with an armed force to arrest 1510:, under which property qualifications in the counties were lowered. The 1283:

The British parliament of today largely descends, in practice, from the

62: 5313: 4555: 4477: 4232: 2908: 2876: 2830: 2457: 2424: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2353: 1968: 1920: 1487: 1472: 1096: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4763: 3419:"Crowded, dirty, more efficient? UK scraps COVID restrictions for MPs" 2137:

government ministers, as well as the leader of the Opposition and the

888:

began to evolve in the 13th and 14th centuries. In 1707 it became the

266: 7167: 7075: 5275: 4525: 2924: 2892: 2219: 2195: 1972: 1547: 1522: 1258: 1013:) have been filled by a peer in recent times. Notable exceptions are 954: 382: 127: 5144: 4016: 2399: 1780:, which was established in 2000. As of 2024, the UK is divided into 1071: 7028: 4404: 4400: 4021: 2024: 1803: 1802:

the timing of the dissolution is chosen by the Prime Minister (see

5581:

The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo

4421:, although this power is normally exercised on their behalf by an 6854: 5397: 4385: 4244: 2240: 2236: 2224: 2161: 1979: 1951:

A person may not sit in the Commons if they are the subject of a

1878: 1543: 4033: 2116:

Acts of Parliament in the United Kingdom § Stages of a bill

7150: 4184: 2488: 2172: 2059:, also did not wear a wig while in the chamber. His successor, 1988: 1710: 2825: 7127: 3322:"The three routes that could lead to a snap General Election" 2259:. Traditionally, this casting vote is exercised according to 2004: 2746: 961:

arrangement, and may be forced to resign after a successful

4828: 4408: 3526:"Why do we always vote in general elections on a Thursday?" 2374: 2231:, the Speaker may adjourn the house without taking a vote. 1995:

are disqualified since 2014. Article 159, Section 2 of the

1841:

passed by simple majorities in both houses, which occurred

1550:, forced the Government to seek higher taxes. In 1909, the 1732:

with measures including a limit of 50 MPs in the chamber,

1610:

women to be eligible for election as members of parliament

1021:, who also served as Foreign Secretary from 1979 to 1982; 4464: 3217: 2218:

is referred to as "the Honourable and Gallant Member" (a

2145:. Other members of parliament, in contrast, are known as 1047:

Minister of State for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

3500:"Tried and tested system for calling elections restored" 1184:

often forces governments to make concessions (under the

3576:

A Treatise on the Law of Elections: In All Its Branches

2836:

Overseas Territories: Seventh Report of Session 2007–08

1180:

However, the threat of rebellions by their own party's

3177:(2nd ed.). Routledge – via Credo Reference. 2616:

Records of members of parliament of the United Kingdom

2586:

Constituencies of the Parliament of the United Kingdom

1215:

The House of Commons technically retains the power to

23:. For other bodies in British history and abroad, see 2190:

Each year, the parliamentary session begins with the

1526:

The old Chamber of the House of Commons built by Sir

1017:; who served as Foreign Secretary from 1960 to 1963; 965:(either from the House as a whole, or from their own 2626:

Salaries of members of the United Kingdom Parliament

2523: 2021:

Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Manor of Northstead

1944:, but were previously far more stringent: under the 1740:. Hybrid proceedings were abolished in August 2021. 6841: 3787:"Pairing – Glossary page – UK Parliament" 3292:"Speaker Michael Martin resigns over MPs' expenses" 2477:In 2002, the set was purchased by the scriptwriter 2452:In 1986, the British television production company 2368:in the 15th century, and was a favourite symbol of 2324:The House of Commons also has several departmental 1868:electoral system, under which the candidate with a 920: 3149:"Surveys 1820–1832 | History of Parliament Online" 2963:Clarendon, Oxford 1989, pp. 564–567 (article 2070:, who initially built a prototype of the chair at 2017:Crown Steward and Bailiff of the Chiltern Hundreds 1959:(in Scotland). Previously, MPs detained under the 1681:of the house. These provisions were first used by 1435:The House of Commons in the early 19th century by 1029:, who was appointed Employment Secretary in 1985; 3959:, "The English Parliament", (1950) Pelican Books. 3741: 2481:so that it could be used in his BBC drama serial 2206:from both sides are normally given priority. All 1658:was held, asking whether to replace the present " 7297: 1467:, which had largely collapsed into the sea from 4040:Podcast tour of the Commons chamber with photos 3976:Porritt, Edward, and Annie G. Porritt. (1903). 3548:"UK Parliament – Pay and expenses for MPs" 1051:Minister of State for International Development 5684:The Burning of the Houses of Lords and Commons 3966:, 11th ed. London: Cambridge University Press. 3211: 2386:at the request of speaker, Sir Lindsay Hoyle. 2309:Parliamentary committees of the United Kingdom 1808:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 1546:programmes, which, together with an expensive 943:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022 5728: 5329: 5130: 4450: 4093: 3625: 3031:Clarendon, Oxford 1989, p. 576 (article 2352:The symbol used by the Commons consists of a 1768:, one each for England, Wales, Scotland, and 1463:, which had only six voters for two MPs, and 1299:to replace the Parliament of England and the 1061: 822: 4355:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 3603:"An insider's guide to the House of Commons" 3441:"Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Bill" 3172: 3077:. Manchester University Press. p. 141. 2160:Public debates are recorded and archived in 2106:, the house's research and information arm. 1940:. These restrictions were introduced by the 1372:Palace of Westminster § Commons Chamber 898:political union of Great Britain and Ireland 5742: 4068:British House of Commons coverage on C-SPAN 3494: 3492: 3228:. Cambridge University Press. p. 145. 2778:International Journal of Constitutional Law 2666:Green Party of England and Wales only. The 2621:Parliament of the United Kingdom relocation 5735: 5721: 5336: 5322: 5137: 5123: 4457: 4443: 4100: 4086: 4060: 4009: 3953:, 11th ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 3871: 2677: 2001:House of Commons Disqualification Act 1975 1303:, with the addition of 45 MPs and sixteen 829: 815: 633: 7311:1801 establishments in the United Kingdom 4411:, with the consent of their governments. 4073:British House of Commons people on C-SPAN 3973:, 2nd ed. London: Longmans, Green and Co. 3380:European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 6) Bill. 3046:"The Commons Chamber in the 16th Century" 2794: 2581:List of stewards of the Chiltern Hundreds 2440:Learn how and when to remove this message 2389: 2124:Like the Lords, the Commons meets in the 1971:precedent from the 18th century that the 1746:Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 1471:. At the same time, large cities such as 1380:is influenced by the use of the original 1208:). However, the scrutiny provided by the 1156:Learn how and when to remove this message 5343: 3489: 3225:Ethics and Integrity in British Politics 2266:Formerly, if a member sought to raise a 2141:sit on the front rows, and are known as 2038: 1919: 1751: 1599: 1575: 1521: 1430: 1409: 1295:that ratified the Treaty, created a new 1226: 1105:"House of Commons of the United Kingdom" 3991:, 23rd ed. London: Butterworths Tolley. 3685:"20 years of TV cameras in the Commons" 2996: 2771:Forsyth, Christopher (1 January 2011). 2770: 2576:Introduction (British House of Commons) 1965:Mental Health (Discrimination) Act 2013 1864:), as it returns one member, using the 1675:Conservative-Liberal Democrat coalition 646:This article is part of a series on the 7306:House of Commons of the United Kingdom 7298: 4380:Commonwealth Parliamentary Association 3980:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3882:from the original on 24 September 2015 3747: 3572: 3199:from the original on 30 September 2009 2643: 2494:The pre-1941 Chamber was recreated in 680:Current members of the 59th Parliament 6840: 5716: 5317: 5118: 4438: 4081: 3902:"A New Flag for the House of Commons" 3793:from the original on 31 December 2011 3767:from the original on 20 November 2015 3613:from the original on 2 September 2017 3469: 3332:from the original on 26 December 2019 3272:from the original on 4 September 2017 3242:from the original on 23 December 2019 3052:from the original on 22 November 2011 2660: 2360:. The portcullis has been one of the 2338:Committee on Standards and Privileges 1997:Representation of the People Act 1983 1985:Representation of the People Act 1981 1508:Representation of the People Act 1884 977: 3691:from the original on 24 January 2021 3665:from the original on 8 December 2015 3362:from the original on 19 October 2019 3117:from the original on 23 October 2017 3091:from the original on 24 January 2021 3070: 3048:. Parliament of the United Kingdom. 2591:New Zealand House of Representatives 2422:adding citations to reliable sources 2393: 1703:European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019 1697:the seat, triggering a by-election. 1365: 1094:adding citations to reliable sources 1065: 1019:Peter Carington, 6th Lord Carrington 869:(MPs), who are elected to represent 5692:Houses of Parliament (Monet series) 3989:Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice 3583:from the original on 2 January 2021 3262:"Speaker quits 'for sake of unity'" 2561:Australian House of Representatives 2120:Erskine May: Parliamentary Practice 1897: 1839:a special purpose Act of Parliament 1645:revelations of MPs' expenses claims 1455:Among the most notorious of these " 1352:could be derived from Anglo-Norman 1311:brought about the abolition of the 1221:Henry Dundas, 1st Viscount Melville 1027:David Young, Lord Young of Graffham 574:Every eight years, proposed by the 13: 4036:(Silverlight is required to watch) 3853:from the original on 23 March 2012 3823:from the original on 10 April 2010 3639:from the original on 25 March 2019 3554:from the original on 25 March 2014 3416: 3399:from the original on 22 April 2020 877:system and hold their seats until 761:Committees of the House of Commons 419:Social Democratic and Labour Party 14: 7342: 5615:Assassination of Spencer Perceval 4054:collected news and commentary at 3996: 3352:"Emergency debates in Parliament" 3153:www.historyofparliamentonline.org 2649:Includes 43 MPs sponsored by the 2460:for use in its adaptation of the 2347: 1930:Electoral Administration Act 2006 1915: 1794:, an action which is part of the 1275:House of Commons of Great Britain 890:House of Commons of Great Britain 21:House of Commons of Great Britain 7326:Parliament of the United Kingdom 7316:Government of the United Kingdom 5668:The Death of the Earl of Chatham 5379: 5148:Parliament of the United Kingdom 5104:National unicameral legislatures 4674:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4145:Parliament of the United Kingdom 3878:. London: T.C. & E.C. Jack. 3789:. Parliament.uk. 21 April 2010. 3470:Kelly, Richard (23 March 2022). 3395:, UK Parliament, 20 April 2020, 3302:from the original on 7 June 2017 3175:The Companion to British History 2899:; they succeeded, respectively, 2540: 2526: 2398: 2072:King Edward's School, Birmingham 1804:relationship with the Government 1070: 921:Relationship with the Government 851:Parliament of the United Kingdom 660: 587: 265: 89:Parliament of the United Kingdom 61: 49: 16:Lower house of the UK Parliament 6843:Countries of the United Kingdom 5943:Countries of the United Kingdom 5099:National bicameral legislatures 5081:List of legislatures by country 3939: 3912: 3894: 3865: 3835: 3805: 3779: 3703: 3677: 3651: 3595: 3566: 3540: 3518: 3463: 3433: 3410: 3383: 3374: 3344: 3314: 3284: 3254: 3181: 3166: 3141: 3129: 3103: 3064: 3038: 3018: 2990: 2978: 2947: 2930: 2409:needs additional citations for 1827:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 1736:and remote participation using 1709:in September, both relating to 1671:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 1638: 1517: 1399: 1081:needs additional citations for 1043:Lord Goldsmith of Richmond Park 948:Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 5938:Counties of the United Kingdom 5545:Richard Coeur de Lion (statue) 5268:The Baroness Smith of Basildon 5076:List of abolished lower houses 4307:British Indian Ocean Territory 3506:(Press release). 24 March 2022 3173:Arnold-Baker, Charles (2001). 2865: 2819: 2764: 2747:"About: Members of Parliament" 2739: 2715: 2694: 2340:(which considers questions of 1936:, or of a member state of the 1717:MPs became the fourth-largest 1217:impeach Ministers of the Crown 1198:failed company pension schemes 1: 3753:"The Pageantry of Parliament" 2971:) and 572 seq. (article 2732: 2674:parties are not represented. 2302: 2173:chlorobenzylidene malonitrile 2091:Clerk of the House of Commons 1953:Bankruptcy Restrictions Order 1420:The House of Commons, 1793–94 1305:Scottish representative peers 1239:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 1202:Government bills are defeated 906:Parliament Acts 1911 and 1949 894:political union with Scotland 6710:Universal basic income (UBI) 5639:2017 Westminster data breach 5633:Assassination of Airey Neave 4121:British Overseas Territories 3875:A Complete Guide to Heraldry 3356:The Institute for Government 3027:Second edition, volume III: 2985:Companion to Standing Orders 2959:Second edition, volume III: 2109: 1942:British Nationality Act 1981 1330:, which is derived from the 1011:Leader of the House of Lords 666:Logo of the House of Commons 565:No later than 15 August 2029 67:Flag of the House of Commons 55:Logo of the House of Commons 7: 6715:Water supply and sanitation 6414:Weapons of mass destruction 6399:His Majesty's Naval Service 5563:Statue of Winston Churchill 5557:Statue of Margaret Thatcher 5254:The Lord McFall of Alcluith 4302:British Antarctic Territory 3987:, and W. R. McKay. (2004). 3971:The Evolution of Parliament 3969:Pollard, Albert F. (1926). 3872:Fox-Davies, Arthur (1909). 3633:"Strangers – Glossary page" 3003:The Evolution of Parliament 2519: 2364:since the accession of the 2192:State Opening of Parliament 2076:House of Commons Commission 2034: 2029:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1552:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1512:Redistribution of Seats Act 1297:Parliament of Great Britain 1279:Unreformed House of Commons 1271:House of Commons of England 886:House of Commons of England 10: 7347: 6810:Stereotypes of the British 5408:Parliamentary War Memorial 4017:The Parliamentary Archives 3477:. House of Commons Library 3025:Oxford English Dictionary. 2883:(lost the next election), 2875:(lost the next election), 2571:House of Commons of Canada 2506:2002 biographical film on 2306: 2290:are typically free votes. 2223:transcript entered in the 2113: 1987:. Finally, members of the 1893:if a university graduate. 1875:British overseas territory 1649:resignation of the Speaker 1417:addressing the Commons in 1403: 1369: 1268: 1264: 1230: 1170:Prime Minister's Questions 1062:Scrutiny of the government 443:Traditional Unionist Voice 216:Shadow Leader of the House 121:Chairman of Ways and Means 18: 7225: 7126: 7027: 6975:First Minister and deputy 6940: 6853: 6849: 6836: 6832: 6733: 6573: 6564: 6522: 6439: 6430: 6389: 6330: 6199: 6195: 6186: 6048: 5976: 5928: 5924: 5915: 5848: 5760: 5751: 5659: 5599: 5528: 5487: 5469: 5431: 5388: 5377: 5351: 5155: 5089: 5048: 4965: 4947: 4907: 4589: 4476: 4395: 4372: 4265: 4206: 4197: 4165: 4137: 4127: 3591:– via Google Books. 3573:Simeon, Sir John (1789). 2955:Oxford English Dictionary 2891:(won the next election), 2887:(won the next election), 2879:(won the next election), 2827:Foreign Affairs Committee 2708:when Parliament voted to 1993:Northern Ireland Assembly 1721:in the House of Commons. 1705:in March, as well as the 1633:University constituencies 1571:election in December 1910 1359:Oxford English Dictionary 1204:by backbench rebellions ( 617: 612: 595: 586: 581: 570: 558: 546: 532: 527: 517: 359:Democratic Unionist Party 273: 264: 256: 251: 232: 213: 194: 175: 156: 137: 118: 100: 95: 77: 72: 60: 48: 41: 34: 6603:Environmental inequality 5529:Paintings and sculptures 5441:House of Commons Library 5290:Clerk of the Parliaments 4934:Northern Mariana Islands 4659:Central African Republic 4360:Turks and Caicos Islands 4027:12 November 2014 at the 3735:26 November 2017 at the 3725:26 November 2017 at the 3715:26 November 2017 at the 2636: 2596:Parliament in the Making 2104:House of Commons Library 1625:General Election in 1950 1415:William Pitt the Younger 1339:soit baillé aux communes 1035:Baroness Morgan of Cotes 928:leader of the Opposition 915: 784:House of Commons Chamber 596:House of Commons chamber 302:HM Most Loyal Opposition 197:Leader of the Opposition 5627:Provisional IRA bombing 3964:Encyclopædia Britannica 2839:. Vol. 2. London: 2787:Oxford University Press 2702:Parliament is sovereign 2655:Labour and Co-operative 2362:Royal badges of England 2342:parliamentary privilege 2013:resign from the Commons 1991:(Welsh Parliament) and 1978:Anyone found guilty of 1938:Commonwealth of Nations 1891:university constituency 1883:Commonwealth of Nations 1792:Parliament is dissolved 1715:Labour and Co-operative 1542:introduced a number of 1186:Cameron–Clegg coalition 963:motion of no confidence 879:Parliament is dissolved 347:Scottish National Party 7282:51.499889°N 0.124667°W 6489:Science and technology 5479:House of Lords Library 4506:Bosnia and Herzegovina 4312:British Virgin Islands 3922:on the DVD release of 3071:Rush, Michael (2005). 2606:Parliamentary Archives 2390:In film and television 2261:Speaker Denison's rule 2044: 1967:. There also exists a 1961:Mental Health Act 1983 1946:Act of Settlement 1701 1925: 1762:borough constituencies 1694:Recall of MPs Act 2015 1605: 1581: 1531: 1484:Charles, 2nd Earl Grey 1444: 1428: 1301:Parliament of Scotland 1233:Act of Parliament (UK) 1192:and under Labour over 1055:Responsible government 113:since 4 November 2019 7321:National lower houses 6466:Free trade agreements 5644:Westminster attacks ( 5621:Burning of Parliament 5390:Palace of Westminster 5361:Norman Shaw Buildings 5356:Palace of Westminster 5198:Leader of the Commons 5094:National upper houses 4679:Republic of the Congo 4275:Akrotiri and Dhekelia 4199:Dependent territories 3962:"Parliament" (1911). 3189:"Women in parliament" 3006:. Longmans. pp. 2973:commons, sb. pl. 2841:The Stationery Office 2653:, who are designated 2548:United Kingdom portal 2126:Palace of Westminster 2042: 1923: 1881:, or a member of the 1752:Members and elections 1643:In May and June 2009 1603: 1579: 1525: 1434: 1413: 1404:Further information: 1386:Palace of Westminster 1376:The current Commons' 1313:Parliament of Ireland 1285:Parliament of England 1269:Further information: 1231:Further information: 1227:Legislative functions 1196:and compensation for 1015:Sir Alec Douglas-Home 959:confidence and supply 867:members of Parliament 863:Palace of Westminster 779:Palace of Westminster 685:2024 general election 654:of the United Kingdom 599:Palace of Westminster 455:Ulster Unionist Party 235:Opposition Chief Whip 178:Government Chief Whip 7287:51.499889; -0.124667 6815:World Heritage Sites 6608:Environmental issues 6312:Female party leaders 5953:Overseas territories 5345:Parliamentary Estate 4267:Overseas Territories 4047:Guide to the Commons 3659:"Hansard of the air" 3328:. 14 November 2018. 2689:Independent Alliance 2472:Granada Studios Tour 2418:improve this article 2023:. These offices are 1910:post-nominal letters 1778:Electoral Commission 1766:Boundary Commissions 1730:coronavirus pandemic 1713:. 2019 was the year 1618:Constance Markievicz 1382:St. Stephen's Chapel 1287:, although the 1706 1255:Salisbury Convention 1190:foundation hospitals 1090:improve this article 935:motion of confidence 576:boundary commissions 371:Independent Alliance 7278: / 5578:(1859 –1864), 5575:The Death of Nelson 5413:St Stephen's Chapel 5262:Leader of the Lords 5030:Portugal (Republic) 4874:Trinidad and Tobago 4604:Antigua and Barbuda 4255:Legislative Council 3819:. 16 October 2008. 3609:. 19 October 2012. 3451:on 15 December 2021 3296:The Daily Telegraph 3195:. 31 October 2008. 2796:10.1093/icon/mor019 2611:Parliamentary Brief 2513:The Gathering Storm 2131:St Stephen's Chapel 1934:Republic of Ireland 1866:first-past-the-post 1823:Parliament Act 1911 1821:(as amended by the 1819:Septennial Act 1715 1734:physical distancing 1662:" system with the " 1660:first-past-the-post 1627:, various forms of 1591:Parliament Act 1949 1586:Parliament Act 1911 1580:Symbol, circa 1945. 967:parliamentary party 875:first-past-the-post 743:Father of the House 603:City of Westminster 541:First-past-the-post 244:, Conservative 225:, Conservative 206:, Conservative 159:Leader of the House 132:since 23 July 2024 130:, Conservative 7331:Westminster system 6509:Telecommunications 6461:Economic geography 6317:Political scandals 5948:Crown Dependencies 5418:St Mary Undercroft 5226:Clerk of the House 5025:Portugal (Kingdom) 4995:Kingdom of Ireland 4689:Dominican Republic 4208:Crown Dependencies 4117:Crown Dependencies 4034:Parliament Live TV 3358:. 30 August 2019. 2871:Those others were 2751:Co-operative Party 2651:Co-operative Party 2601:UK Parliament Week 2556:Adjournment debate 2496:Shepperton Studios 2467:First Among Equals 2454:Granada Television 2288:capital punishment 2237:guillotine motions 2045: 2003:: holders of high 1926: 1806:above). Under the 1782:650 constituencies 1738:video conferencing 1687:2017 snap election 1673:was passed by the 1635:, were abolished. 1606: 1582: 1556:David Lloyd George 1532: 1445: 1429: 1309:Acts of Union 1800 1307:. Later still the 1206:Terrorism Act 2006 1001:positions (except 978:Peers as ministers 861:, it meets in the 314:Conservative Party 246:since 8 July 2024 227:since 8 July 2024 208:since 5 July 2024 189:since 5 July 2024 170:since 5 July 2024 151:since 5 July 2024 7261: 7260: 7221: 7220: 7217: 7216: 7213: 7212: 6828: 6827: 6560: 6559: 6426: 6425: 6422: 6421: 6307:Political parties 6231:Foreign relations 6182: 6181: 6178: 6177: 5911: 5910: 5888:Mass surveillance 5866:Foreign relations 5799:Second World War 5710: 5709: 5700:The Terrace, 1909 5695:(1899 –1901) 5595: 5594: 5537:Armada Tapestries 5495:Court of Requests 5461:Visitors' Gallery 5311: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5301: 5300: 5237: 5236: 5190:Sir Lindsay Hoyle 5112: 5111: 4911:other territories 4699:Equatorial Guinea 4432: 4431: 4427: 4368: 4367: 4290:House of Assembly 4193: 4192: 3849:. 6 August 2008. 3661:. parliament.uk. 3635:. Parliament.uk. 3550:. Parliament.uk. 3235:978-1-107-05050-1 2905:Margaret Thatcher 2850:978-0-215-52150-7 2504:Richard Loncraine 2450: 2449: 2442: 2358:St Edward's Crown 2326:select committees 2208:Privy Counsellors 2177:Michael Heseltine 2055:. Her successor, 1796:royal prerogative 1788:General elections 1538:Government under 1441:Thomas Rowlandson 1366:Layout and design 1212:is more serious. 1210:Select committees 1166: 1165: 1158: 1140: 1039:Culture Secretary 989:Alec Douglas-Home 839: 838: 652:House of Commons 641: 640: 475:Presiding officer 335:Liberal Democrats 185:Sir Alan Campbell 110:Sir Lindsay Hoyle 7338: 7293: 7292: 7290: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7279: 7276: 7275: 7274: 7271: 7241: 7234: 6942:Northern Ireland 6851: 6850: 6838: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6571: 6570: 6484: 6437: 6436: 6295:House of Commons 6263:Local government 6197: 6196: 6193: 6192: 6103:Renewable energy 6088:hydroelectricity 5926: 5925: 5922: 5921: 5758: 5757: 5737: 5730: 5723: 5714: 5713: 5515:Westminster Hall 5433:House of Commons 5429: 5428: 5383: 5366:Portcullis House 5338: 5331: 5324: 5315: 5314: 5243: 5242: 5212:Serjeant at Arms 5179: 5178: 5171: 5164: 5163:House of Commons 5158: 5157: 5149: 5145:Officers of the 5139: 5132: 5125: 5116: 5115: 5015:Northern Ireland 5000:Irish Free State 4459: 4452: 4445: 4436: 4435: 4397: 4350:Tristan da Cunha 4337:Pitcairn Islands 4322:Falkland Islands 4204: 4203: 4175:Northern Ireland 4150:House of Commons 4135: 4134: 4102: 4095: 4088: 4079: 4078: 4064: 4052:House of Commons 4013: 4008: 4007: 4005:Official website 3983:Raphael, D. D., 3957:Mackenzie, K. R. 3933: 3920:Audio commentary 3916: 3910: 3909: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3889: 3887: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3745: 3739: 3707: 3701: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3687:. BBC Politics. 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3544: 3538: 3537: 3535: 3533: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3513: 3511: 3496: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3476: 3467: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3447:. Archived from 3437: 3431: 3430: 3428: 3426: 3417:Webber, Esther. 3414: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3404: 3387: 3381: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3337: 3326:Evening Standard 3318: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3288: 3282: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3258: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3218:Nicholas Allen; 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3161: 3159: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3124: 3122: 3113:. 28 July 2011. 3107: 3101: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3074:Parliament Today 3068: 3062: 3061: 3059: 3057: 3042: 3036: 3022: 3016: 3015: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2967:), 567 (article 2951: 2945: 2942:Harold Macmillan 2934: 2928: 2869: 2863: 2862: 2823: 2817: 2816: 2798: 2768: 2762: 2761: 2759: 2757: 2743: 2726: 2719: 2713: 2698: 2692: 2681: 2675: 2664: 2658: 2647: 2566:Early day motion 2550: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2445: 2438: 2434: 2431: 2425: 2402: 2394: 2096:Serjeant-at-arms 2005:judicial offices 1774:malapportionment 1770:Northern Ireland 1664:alternative vote 1563:general election 1200:). Occasionally 1161: 1154: 1150: 1147: 1141: 1139: 1098: 1074: 1066: 1045:, who served as 1037:, who served as 902:Irish Free State 843:House of Commons 831: 824: 817: 791:Portcullis House 695:Northern Ireland 664: 643: 642: 637: 632: 629: 627: 625: 623: 621: 591: 523:Up to five years 509: 504: 488: 483: 469: 464: 457: 452: 445: 440: 433: 428: 421: 416: 409: 404: 397: 392: 385: 380: 373: 368: 361: 356: 349: 344: 337: 332: 323:Other opposition 316: 311: 295: 290: 275:Political groups 269: 147:Sir Keir Starmer 65: 53: 36:House of Commons 32: 31: 25:House of Commons 7346: 7345: 7341: 7340: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7335: 7296: 7295: 7286: 7284: 7280: 7277: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7264: 7262: 7257: 7244: 7237: 7230: 7209: 7122: 7023: 6936: 6845: 6824: 6729: 6685:Public holidays 6665:Life expectancy 6556: 6518: 6498:London Exchange 6494:Stock exchanges 6482: 6481:Pound sterling 6449:Bank of England 6418: 6409:Royal Air Force 6385: 6326: 6258:Law enforcement 6174: 6083:hydraulic frac. 6044: 6025:Lakes and lochs 5972: 5968:Former colonies 5907: 5903:Women's history 5878:Law enforcement 5844: 5790:First World War 5747: 5741: 5711: 5706: 5655: 5591: 5584:(1861) (in the 5550:Old Palace Yard 5524: 5505:Painted Chamber 5483: 5465: 5451:Speaker's House 5427: 5403:New Palace Yard 5384: 5375: 5347: 5342: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5238: 5169: 5162: 5151: 5147: 5143: 5113: 5108: 5085: 5071:Multicameralism 5044: 4961: 4943: 4910: 4903: 4585: 4472: 4463: 4433: 4428: 4415:Island Councils 4412: 4391: 4364: 4261: 4189: 4161: 4123: 4109:Legislatures of 4106: 4029:Wayback Machine 4003: 4002: 3999: 3994: 3942: 3937: 3936: 3917: 3913: 3900: 3899: 3895: 3885: 3883: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3841: 3840: 3836: 3826: 3824: 3811: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3749:Samuel, Herbert 3746: 3742: 3737:Wayback Machine 3727:Wayback Machine 3717:Wayback Machine 3708: 3704: 3694: 3692: 3683: 3682: 3678: 3668: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3555: 3546: 3545: 3541: 3531: 3529: 3524: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3480: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3464: 3454: 3452: 3439: 3438: 3434: 3424: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3402: 3400: 3389: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3333: 3320: 3319: 3315: 3305: 3303: 3298:. 19 May 2009. 3290: 3289: 3285: 3275: 3273: 3268:. 19 May 2009. 3260: 3259: 3255: 3245: 3243: 3236: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3187: 3186: 3182: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3155: 3147: 3146: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3120: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3104: 3094: 3092: 3085: 3069: 3065: 3055: 3053: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3023: 3019: 2995: 2991: 2983: 2979: 2952: 2948: 2935: 2931: 2870: 2866: 2851: 2843:. p. 280. 2824: 2820: 2769: 2765: 2755: 2753: 2745: 2744: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2729: 2720: 2716: 2710:extend the term 2699: 2695: 2682: 2678: 2665: 2661: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2534:Politics portal 2532: 2525: 2522: 2446: 2435: 2429: 2426: 2415: 2403: 2392: 2350: 2311: 2305: 2122: 2112: 2100:ceremonial mace 2053:Betty Boothroyd 2037: 1918: 1790:occur whenever 1754: 1719:political group 1685:to trigger the 1641: 1567:hung parliament 1520: 1503:Reform Act 1867 1492:Reform Act 1832 1488:King William IV 1477:pocket boroughs 1469:coastal erosion 1457:rotten boroughs 1408: 1402: 1374: 1368: 1289:Treaty of Union 1281: 1267: 1235: 1229: 1162: 1151: 1145: 1142: 1099: 1097: 1087: 1075: 1064: 1007:Lord Chancellor 1003:Lord Privy Seal 980: 971:hung parliament 923: 918: 835: 806: 805: 774: 766: 765: 756: 748: 747: 739: 720: 712: 711: 675: 667: 653: 618: 607: 606:London, England 605: 601: 597: 561: 549: 537: 520: 513: 502: 501: 492: 481: 480: 473: 462: 461: 450: 449: 438: 437: 426: 425: 414: 413: 402: 401: 390: 389: 378: 377: 366: 365: 354: 353: 342: 341: 330: 329: 320: 309: 308: 299: 288: 287: 276: 247: 245: 237: 228: 226: 218: 209: 207: 199: 190: 188: 180: 171: 169: 161: 152: 150: 142: 133: 131: 123: 114: 112: 105: 91: 86: 68: 56: 43:59th Parliament 37: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7344: 7334: 7333: 7328: 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5982: 5980: 5974: 5973: 5971: 5970: 5965: 5960: 5955: 5950: 5945: 5940: 5934: 5932: 5930:Administrative 5919: 5913: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5874: 5873: 5863: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5841: 5840: 5835: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5820: 5812: 5811: 5810: 5805: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5766: 5764: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: articles 5744:United Kingdom 5740: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5717: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5704: 5696: 5688: 5680: 5672: 5663: 5661: 5657: 5656: 5654: 5653: 5642: 5636: 5630: 5624: 5618: 5612: 5609:Gunpowder Plot 5605: 5603: 5597: 5596: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5589: 5571: 5568:Members' Lobby 5553: 5541: 5532: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5523: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5473: 5471:House of Lords 5467: 5466: 5464: 5463: 5458: 5456:Strangers' Bar 5453: 5448: 5446:Members' Lobby 5443: 5437: 5435: 5426: 5425: 5423:Victoria Tower 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5394: 5392: 5386: 5385: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5373: 5371:Richmond House 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5318: 5309: 5308: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5271: 5270: 5265: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5241: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5221: 5220: 5215: 5207: 5206: 5201: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5177: 5174: 5173: 5170:House of Lords 5166: 5156: 5153: 5152: 5142: 5141: 5134: 5127: 5119: 5110: 5109: 5107: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5090: 5087: 5086: 5084: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5046: 5045: 5043: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4982: 4977: 4971: 4969: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4953: 4951: 4945: 4944: 4942: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4919:American Samoa 4915: 4913: 4905: 4904: 4902: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4879:United Kingdom 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4801: 4796: 4791: 4786: 4781: 4776: 4771: 4766: 4761: 4756: 4751: 4746: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4684:Czech Republic 4681: 4676: 4671: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4651: 4646: 4641: 4636: 4631: 4626: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4595: 4593: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4573: 4568: 4563: 4558: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4474: 4473: 4462: 4461: 4454: 4447: 4439: 4430: 4429: 4403:, but also in 4396: 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4382: 4376: 4374: 4370: 4369: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4352: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4317:Cayman Islands 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4292: 4282: 4277: 4271: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4252: 4242: 4237: 4236: 4235: 4230: 4212: 4210: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4191: 4190: 4188: 4187: 4182: 4177: 4171: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4157: 4155:House of Lords 4152: 4141: 4139: 4132: 4129:United Kingdom 4125: 4124: 4113:United Kingdom 4105: 4104: 4097: 4090: 4082: 4076: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4049: 4044: 4043: 4042: 4037: 4031: 4019: 3998: 3997:External links 3995: 3993: 3992: 3981: 3974: 3967: 3960: 3954: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3934: 3932:. BBCDVD 1493. 3918:Abbott, Paul. 3911: 3908:. 12 May 2021. 3906:Flag Institute 3893: 3864: 3834: 3804: 3778: 3740: 3702: 3676: 3650: 3624: 3594: 3565: 3539: 3528:. BBC Scotland 3517: 3488: 3462: 3432: 3409: 3382: 3373: 3343: 3313: 3283: 3253: 3234: 3210: 3180: 3165: 3140: 3128: 3111:"Parliamentum" 3102: 3084:978-0719057953 3083: 3063: 3037: 3029:Cham – Creeky. 3017: 2989: 2977: 2961:Cham – Creeky. 2946: 2929: 2864: 2849: 2818: 2763: 2737: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2727: 2714: 2693: 2676: 2672:Northern Irish 2659: 2641: 2640: 2638: 2635: 2634: 2633: 2628: 2623: 2618: 2613: 2608: 2603: 2598: 2593: 2588: 2583: 2578: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2537: 2521: 2518: 2462:Jeffrey Archer 2448: 2447: 2430:September 2015 2406: 2404: 2397: 2391: 2388: 2384:Flag Institute 2370:King Henry VII 2349: 2348:Commons symbol 2346: 2307:Main article: 2304: 2301: 2268:point of order 2229:grave disorder 2166:BBC Parliament 2139:Shadow cabinet 2111: 2108: 2084:Denison's rule 2068:Augustus Pugin 2057:Michael Martin 2036: 2033: 1917: 1916:Qualifications 1914: 1898:qualifications 1858:vote splitting 1753: 1750: 1726:new procedures 1651:in 300 years. 1640: 1637: 1561:The resulting 1544:social welfare 1519: 1516: 1437:Augustus Pugin 1401: 1398: 1367: 1364: 1346:Albert Pollard 1344:The historian 1320:Middle English 1266: 1263: 1228: 1225: 1164: 1163: 1078: 1076: 1069: 1063: 1060: 1031:Lord Mandelson 979: 976: 957:, or obtain a 922: 919: 917: 914: 910:prime minister 871:constituencies 859:House of Lords 837: 836: 834: 833: 826: 819: 811: 808: 807: 804: 803: 798: 793: 788: 787: 786: 775: 772: 771: 768: 767: 764: 763: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 746: 745: 738: 737: 732: 727: 721: 718: 717: 714: 713: 710: 709: 708: 707: 702: 697: 692: 687: 676: 673: 672: 669: 668: 665: 657: 656: 648: 647: 639: 638: 615: 614: 610: 609: 608:United Kingdom 593: 592: 584: 583: 579: 578: 572: 568: 567: 562: 559: 556: 555: 550: 547: 544: 543: 538: 533: 530: 529: 525: 524: 521: 519:Length of term 518: 515: 514: 512: 511: 498: 495:Abstentionists 491: 490: 477: 472: 471: 459: 447: 435: 431:Alliance Party 423: 411: 399: 387: 375: 363: 351: 339: 326: 319: 318: 305: 298: 297: 284: 277: 274: 271: 270: 262: 261: 258: 254: 253: 249: 248: 240: 238: 233: 230: 229: 221: 219: 214: 211: 210: 202: 200: 195: 192: 191: 183: 181: 176: 173: 172: 164: 162: 157: 154: 153: 145: 143: 140:Prime Minister 138: 135: 134: 126: 124: 119: 116: 115: 108: 106: 101: 98: 97: 93: 92: 82: 81: 79: 75: 74: 70: 69: 66: 58: 57: 54: 46: 45: 39: 38: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7343: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7303: 7301: 7294: 7291: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7245: 7240: 7236: 7233: 7229: 7228: 7224: 7206: 7203: 7201: 7198: 7196: 7193: 7191: 7188: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7133: 7131: 7129: 7125: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7087: 7084: 7083: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7056: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7039: 7038: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7030: 7026: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6993: 6990: 6989: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6980: 6976: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6963: 6962: 6961: 6958: 6956: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6947: 6945: 6943: 6939: 6933: 6930: 6928: 6925: 6923: 6920: 6918: 6915: 6913: 6910: 6908: 6905: 6901: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6874: 6871: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6864: 6861: 6860: 6858: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6839: 6835: 6831: 6821: 6818: 6816: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6736: 6732: 6726: 6725:Welfare state 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6670:Mental health 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6625: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Ethnic groups 6611: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6567: 6563: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6537:Bus transport 6535: 6533: 6532:Air transport 6530: 6529: 6527: 6525: 6521: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6499: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6479: 6477: 6476:Manufacturing 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6464: 6462: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6450: 6447: 6446: 6445: 6442: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6429: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6394: 6392: 6388: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6352:Civil service 6350: 6346: 6343: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6333: 6329: 6323: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6313: 6310: 6308: 6305: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6278:republicanism 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6229: 6225: 6222: 6221: 6220: 6217: 6215: 6212: 6210: 6207: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6198: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6185: 6169: 6166: 6164: 6161: 6160: 6158: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6145: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6118: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6098:North Sea oil 6096: 6094: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6055: 6053: 6051: 6047: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6026: 6023: 6021: 6018: 6016: 6013: 6009: 6006: 6005: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5996:Great Britain 5994: 5992: 5989: 5988: 5987: 5986:British Isles 5984: 5983: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5959: 5956: 5954: 5951: 5949: 5946: 5944: 5941: 5939: 5936: 5935: 5933: 5931: 5927: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5914: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5830: 5828: 5824: 5821: 5819: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5800: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5785:Edwardian era 5783: 5781: 5780:Victorian era 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5767: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5731: 5726: 5724: 5719: 5718: 5715: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5689: 5686: 5685: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5637: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5625: 5622: 5619: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5602: 5598: 5587: 5586:Royal Gallery 5583: 5582: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5569: 5565: 5564: 5559: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5527: 5521: 5520:White Chamber 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5468: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5438: 5436: 5434: 5430: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5339: 5334: 5332: 5327: 5325: 5320: 5319: 5316: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5291: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5277: 5273: 5272: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5240: 5233: 5232:Tom Goldsmith 5230: 5228: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5185: 5181: 5180: 5176: 5175: 5172: 5167: 5165: 5160: 5159: 5154: 5150: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5126: 5121: 5120: 5117: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5091: 5088: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5066:Tricameralism 5064: 5062: 5061:Unicameralism 5059: 5057: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5047: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4981: 4978: 4976: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4952: 4950: 4949:Non-UN states 4946: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4909:Dependent and 4906: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4835: 4832: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4802: 4800: 4797: 4795: 4792: 4790: 4787: 4785: 4782: 4780: 4777: 4775: 4772: 4770: 4767: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4752: 4750: 4747: 4745: 4742: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4637: 4635: 4632: 4630: 4627: 4625: 4622: 4620: 4617: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4588: 4582: 4581:United States 4579: 4577: 4574: 4572: 4569: 4567: 4564: 4562: 4559: 4557: 4554: 4552: 4549: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4537: 4534: 4532: 4529: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4455: 4453: 4448: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4437: 4426: 4424: 4423:Administrator 4420: 4416: 4410: 4406: 4402: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4375: 4373:Miscellaneous 4371: 4361: 4358: 4356: 4353: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4340: 4338: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4328: 4325: 4323: 4320: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4296: 4293: 4291: 4288: 4287: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4264: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4250:House of Keys 4248: 4247: 4246: 4243: 4241: 4238: 4234: 4231: 4229: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4220: 4218: 4217:Bailiwick of 4214: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4164: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4147: 4146: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4103: 4098: 4096: 4091: 4089: 4084: 4083: 4080: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4059: 4058: 4053: 4050: 4048: 4045: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4006: 4001: 4000: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3968: 3965: 3961: 3958: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3945: 3944: 3931: 3930:BBC Worldwide 3927: 3926: 3925:State of Play 3921: 3915: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3881: 3877: 3876: 3868: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3838: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3808: 3792: 3788: 3782: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3744: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3714: 3711: 3706: 3690: 3686: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3607:parliament.uk 3604: 3598: 3582: 3578: 3577: 3569: 3553: 3549: 3543: 3527: 3521: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3493: 3473: 3466: 3450: 3446: 3445:parliament.uk 3442: 3436: 3420: 3413: 3398: 3394: 3393: 3386: 3377: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3347: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3317: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3287: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3257: 3241: 3237: 3231: 3227: 3226: 3221: 3214: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3184: 3176: 3169: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3132: 3116: 3112: 3106: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3076: 3075: 3067: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2999: 2998:Pollard, A.F. 2993: 2986: 2981: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2956: 2950: 2943: 2939: 2933: 2926: 2922: 2921:Boris Johnson 2918: 2914: 2913:David Cameron 2910: 2906: 2902: 2901:Harold Wilson 2898: 2894: 2890: 2889:Boris Johnson 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873:Jim Callaghan 2868: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2832: 2828: 2822: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2797: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2767: 2752: 2748: 2742: 2738: 2724: 2718: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2697: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2669: 2663: 2656: 2652: 2646: 2642: 2632: 2629: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2617: 2614: 2612: 2609: 2607: 2604: 2602: 2599: 2597: 2594: 2592: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2574: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2549: 2538: 2535: 2529: 2524: 2517: 2515: 2514: 2509: 2505: 2501: 2497: 2492: 2490: 2486: 2485: 2484:State of Play 2480: 2475: 2473: 2469: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2444: 2441: 2433: 2423: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2407:This section 2405: 2401: 2396: 2395: 2387: 2385: 2381: 2380:vexillologist 2377: 2376: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2333: 2331: 2327: 2322: 2318: 2316: 2310: 2300: 2297: 2295: 2291: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2269: 2264: 2262: 2258: 2253: 2250: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2211: 2209: 2203: 2201: 2200:King's Speech 2197: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2167: 2163: 2158: 2154: 2152: 2151:Robert Rogers 2148: 2144: 2143:frontbenchers 2140: 2134: 2132: 2127: 2121: 2117: 2107: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2064: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2049: 2041: 2032: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2019:, or that of 2018: 2014: 2008: 2006: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1913: 1911: 1906: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1887:plural voting 1884: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1835:on 7 May 2015 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1749: 1747: 1741: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1698: 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H. 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Politico 3246:6 December 3203:30 January 3158:14 October 3095:6 November 3056:14 October 2965:common, a. 2909:Tony Blair 2877:John Major 2805:5113464158 2733:References 2458:Manchester 2356:topped by 2354:portcullis 2303:Committees 2280:free votes 2114:See also: 1969:common law 1800:convention 1656:referendum 1486:, advised 1473:Manchester 1370:See also: 1291:, and the 1116:newspapers 997:Few major 941:Since the 892:after the 755:Committees 719:Leadership 338: (72) 96:Leadership 7185:Education 7141:Geography 7093:Education 7049:Geography 6999:Education 6970:Executive 6955:Geography 6907:Education 6880:Geography 6660:Languages 6598:Education 6524:Transport 6362:Ministers 6248:Judiciary 6219:Elections 6159:Wildlife 6068:biodiesel 6050:Resources 6040:Volcanoes 6030:Mountains 6015:Coastline 5917:Geography 5871:1814–1919 5833:political 5818:political 5770:Formation 5276:Black Rod 5040:Venezuela 5010:Nicaragua 4729:Indonesia 4491:Australia 4486:Argentina 4413:Although 4346:Ascension 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