George III - Knowledge

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into error through an excess of brilliance. His capacity for synthesis, and his ability to dovetail the various parts of the evidence ... carried him into a more profound and complicated elaboration of error than some of his more pedestrian predecessors ... he inserted a doctrinal element into his history which, granted his original aberrations, was calculated to project the lines of his error, carrying his work still further from centrality or truth." In pursuing war with the American colonists, George III believed he was defending the right of an elected Parliament to levy taxes, rather than seeking to expand his own power or prerogatives. In the opinion of modern scholars, during the long reign of George III, the monarchy continued to lose its political power and grew as the embodiment of national morality.

1637: 892: 1423: 2431: 1280:, the King was determined "never to acknowledge the independence of the Americans, and to punish their contumacy by the indefinite prolongation of a war which promised to be eternal." He wanted to "keep the rebels harassed, anxious, and poor, until the day when, by a natural and inevitable process, discontent and disappointment were converted into penitence and remorse". Later historians defend George by saying that, in the context of the times, no king would willingly surrender such a large territory, and his conduct was far less ruthless than contemporaneous monarchs in Europe. After Saratoga, both Parliament and the British people were in favour of the war; recruitment ran at high levels and political opponents, though vocal, remained a small minority. 2419: 1603:, Cornwall, with the Queen, and their daughters the Princess Royal and Princesses Augusta and Elizabeth. It was the furthest he had ever been from London, but his condition worsened. In November of that year, he became seriously deranged, sometimes speaking for many hours without pause, causing him to foam at the mouth and his voice to become hoarse. George would frequently repeat himself and write sentences with over 400 words at a time, and his vocabulary became "more complex, creative and colourful", possible symptoms of bipolar disorder. His doctors were largely at a loss to explain his illness, and spurious stories about his condition spread, such as the claim that he had shaken hands with a tree in the mistaken belief that it was the 2443: 1071: 1522:

Pitt's political aims and created new peers at an unprecedented rate to increase the number of Pitt's supporters in the House of Lords. During and after Pitt's ministry, George was extremely popular in Britain. The British people admired him for his piety and for remaining faithful to his wife. He was fond of his children and was devastated at the death of two of his sons in infancy, in 1782 and 1783 respectively. Nevertheless, he set his children a strict regimen. They were expected to attend rigorous lessons from seven in the morning and to lead lives of religious observance and virtue. When his children strayed from George's principles of righteousness, as his sons did as young adults, he was dismayed and disappointed.

1836:, which passed both houses of Parliament with large majorities. George was conciliatory towards Fox, after being forced to capitulate over his appointment. After Fox's death in September 1806, the King and ministry were in open conflict. To boost recruitment, the ministry proposed a measure in February 1807 whereby Roman Catholics would be allowed to serve in all ranks of the armed forces. George instructed them not only to drop the measure, but also to agree never to set up such a measure again. The ministers agreed to drop the measure then pending, but refused to bind themselves in the future. They were dismissed and replaced by the Duke of Portland, as the nominal prime minister, with actual power being held by the 1488: 2455: 2467: 1809: 1284: 2288: 8962: 2266: 365: 9087: 10655: 1858: 7050: 1173: 990:) and to the south (Florida), and protect the British fur trade with the Indians. The Proclamation Line did not bother the majority of settled farmers, but it was unpopular with a vocal minority. This discontent ultimately contributed to conflict between the colonists and the British government. With the American colonists generally unburdened by British taxes, the government thought it appropriate for them to pay towards the defence of the colonies against native uprisings and the possibility of French incursions. 10759: 10765: 1956: 2070: 1531: 1766:, in which sovereigns promise to maintain Protestantism. Faced with opposition to his religious reform policies from both the King and the British public, Pitt threatened to resign. At about the same time, George had a relapse of his previous illness, which he blamed on worry over the Catholic question. On 14 March 1801, Pitt was formally replaced by the 2136:

demonstrating "attitudes dominant in the latter part of the reign, when the King had become a revered symbol of national resistance to French ideas and French power", while the other "derived their views of the King from the bitter partisan strife of the first two decades of the reign, and they expressed in their works the views of the opposition".

1310:, whom he thought more capable, but George refused to do so; he suggested instead that Chatham serve as a subordinate minister in North's administration, but Chatham refused; he died later in the same year. North was allied to the "King's Friends" in Parliament and believed that George III had the right to exercise powers. In early 1778, 1978:, "George never bought or sold a slave in his life. He never invested in any of the companies that did such a thing. He signed legislation to abolish slavery." George wrote a document in the 1750s "denouncing all of the arguments for slavery, and calling them an execration and ridiculous and 'absurd'," but the King and his son, the 2014:. For all colonial slaves who fled their Rebel masters, Clinton forbade their recapture and resale, giving them protection by the British military. Approximately 20,000 freed slaves joined the British, fighting for George III. In 1783, given British certificates of freedom, 3,000 former slaves, including their families, settled in 2155:

and Pares, and Macalpine and Hunter, are inclined to treat George sympathetically, seeing him as a victim of circumstance and illness. Butterfield rejected the arguments of his Victorian predecessors with withering disdain: "Erskine May must be a good example of the way in which an historian may fall

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was appointed prime minister, with Temple as his secretary of state. On 17 December 1783, Parliament voted in favour of a motion condemning the influence of the monarch in parliamentary voting as a "high crime" and Temple was forced to resign. Temple's departure destabilised the government, and three

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was appointed American minister to London in 1785, by which time George had become resigned to the new relationship between his country and the former colonies. He told Adams, "I was the last to consent to the separation; but the separation having been made and having become inevitable, I have always

735:, but Lord Bute advised against the match and George abandoned his thoughts of marriage. "I am born for the happiness or misery of a great nation," he wrote, "and consequently must often act contrary to my passions." Nevertheless, George and his mother resisted attempts by the King to marry George to 2130:

George III hoped that "the tongue of malice may not paint my intentions in those colours she admires, nor the sycophant extoll me beyond what I deserve" but, in the popular mind, George III has been both demonised and praised. While very popular at the start of his reign, by the mid-1770s George had

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George did not consider the peace with France as real; in his view it was an "experiment". The war resumed in 1803, but public opinion distrusted Addington to lead the nation in war, and instead favoured Pitt. An invasion of England by Napoleon seemed imminent, and a massive volunteer movement arose

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In the reconvened Parliament, Fox and Pitt wrangled over the terms of a regency during the King's incapacity. While both agreed that it would be most reasonable for the Prince of Wales to act as regent, Fox suggested, to Pitt's consternation, that it was the Prince's absolute right to act on his ill

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Pitt's appointment was a great victory for George. It proved that the King could appoint prime ministers on the basis of his own interpretation of the public mood without having to follow the choice of the current majority in the House of Commons. Throughout Pitt's ministry, George supported many of

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reached London; North's parliamentary support ebbed away and he resigned the following year. George drafted an abdication notice, which was never delivered. He finally accepted the defeat in America and authorized peace negotiations. Britain formally recognized the independence of the United States

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An American taxpayer would pay a maximum of sixpence a year, compared to an average of twenty-five shillings (50 times as much) in England. In 1763, the total revenue from America amounted to about £1 800, while the estimated annual cost of the military in America was put at £225 000. By

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were presented as "repeated injuries and usurpations" that he had committed to establish an "absolute Tyranny" over the colonies. The declaration's wording has contributed to the American public's perception of George as a tyrant. Contemporary accounts of George III's life fall into two camps: one

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In late 1779, George III advocated sending more British warships and troops across the Atlantic to the West Indies. He boldly said: "We must risk something, otherwise we will only vegetate in this war. I own I wish either with spirit to get through it, or with a crash be ruined." In January 1780,

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against the British king and legislature while asking the support of the populace. Among George's other offenses, the declaration charged, "He has abdicated Government here ... He has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people." The gilded

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instead of elected by the lower house. Up to this point, in the words of Professor Peter Thomas, George's "hopes were centred on a political solution, and he always bowed to his cabinet's opinions even when sceptical of their success. The detailed evidence of the years from 1763 to 1775 tends to

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The King disliked Fox intensely, for his politics as well as his character: he thought Fox unprincipled and a bad influence on the Prince of Wales. George III was distressed at having to appoint ministers not of his liking, but the Portland ministry quickly built up a majority in the House of

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annuity for the support of his household and the expenses of civil government. Claims that he used the income to reward supporters with bribes and gifts are disputed by historians who say such claims "rest on nothing but falsehoods put out by disgruntled opposition". Debts amounting to over

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Apart from chemistry and physics, his lessons included astronomy, mathematics, French, Latin, history, music, geography, commerce, agriculture and constitutional law, along with sporting and social accomplishments such as dancing, fencing and riding. His religious education was wholly

1920:, and became completely blind and increasingly deaf. He was incapable of knowing or understanding that he was declared King of Hanover in 1814, or that his wife died in 1818. At Christmas 1819, he spoke nonsense for 58 hours, and for the last few weeks of his life was unable to walk. 1558:, a cause of metabolic blood disorders and thus a possible trigger for porphyria. The source of the arsenic is not known, but it could have been a component of medicines or cosmetics. The theory was also established in the public mind through influential dramatisations, such as 3660:, on 17 April 1759, prior to his marriage to Charlotte, and to have had at least one child by her. However, Lightfoot had married Isaac Axford in 1753, and had died in or before 1759, so there could have been no legal marriage or children. The jury at the 1866 trial of 1113:

Lord North's government was chiefly concerned with discontent in America. To assuage American opinion most of the custom duties were withdrawn, except for the tea duty, which in George's words was "one tax to keep up the right ". In 1773, the tea ships moored in

1828:, however, met the same fate as the First and Second Coalitions, collapsing in 1805. The setbacks in Europe took a toll on Pitt's health, and he died in 1806, reopening the question of who should serve in the ministry. Grenville became prime minister, and his " 447:, with whom he had 15 children. George III's life and reign were marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdoms, much of the rest of Europe, and places farther afield in Africa, the Americas and Asia. Early in his reign, Great Britain defeated 1792:

said: "The enthusiasm of the multitude was beyond all expression." A courtier wrote on 13 November that "The King is really prepared to take the field in case of attack, his beds are ready and he can move at half an hour's warning." George wrote to his friend

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in America. In particular they rejected new taxes levied by Parliament, a body in which they had no direct representation. The colonies had previously enjoyed a high level of autonomy in their internal affairs and viewed Parliament's acts as a denial of their

829:, ruled by his ministerial government and prominent men in Parliament. Although his accession was at first welcomed by politicians of all parties, the first years of his reign were marked by political instability, largely as a result of disagreements over the 1990:

conversely wished to see slavery abolished but, because the cabinet was divided and the King was in the pro-slavery camp, Pitt decided to refrain from making abolition official government policy. Instead, he worked toward abolition in an individual capacity.

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George III was dubbed "Farmer George" by satirists, at first to mock his interest in mundane matters rather than politics, but later to portray him as a man of the people, contrasting his homely thrift with his son's grandiosity. Under George III, the

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George insisted on a new law that essentially forbade members of the royal family from legally marrying without the consent of the sovereign. The subsequent bill was unpopular in Parliament, including among George's own ministers, but passed as the

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The central issue for the colonists was not the amount of taxes but whether Parliament could levy a tax without American approval, for there were no American seats in Parliament. The Americans protested that like all Englishmen they had rights to

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father's behalf with full powers. Pitt, fearing he would be removed from office if the Prince of Wales were empowered, argued that it was for Parliament to nominate a regent, and wanted to restrict the regent's authority. In February 1789, the

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signed in 1782 and 1783. In early 1783, George III privately conceded "America is lost!" He reflected that the Northern colonies had developed into Britain's "successful rivals" in commercial trade and fishing. Up to 70,000 Loyalists fled to

1797:, "We are here in daily expectation that Bonaparte will attempt his threatened invasion ... Should his troops effect a landing, I shall certainly put myself at the head of mine, and my other armed subjects, to repel them." After 746:

The following year, at the age of 22, George succeeded to the throne when his grandfather George II died suddenly on 25 October 1760, at age 76. The search for a suitable wife intensified: after giving consideration to a number of

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to Parliamentary commissioners. Although George actually favoured greater control over the company, the proposed commissioners were all political allies of Fox. Immediately after the House of Commons passed it, George authorised

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that took effect on 1 January 1801 and united Great Britain and Ireland into a single state, known as the "United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland". George used the opportunity to abandon the title "king of France", which

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on every document in the British colonies in North America. Since newspapers were printed on stamped paper, those most affected by the introduction of the duty were the most effective at producing propaganda opposing the tax.

1893:) acted as regent for the remainder of the King's life. Despite signs of a recovery in May 1811, by the end of the year, George III had become permanently insane, and lived in seclusion at Windsor Castle until his death. 2408:, the royal arms were amended, dropping the French quartering. They became: Quarterly, I and IV England; II Scotland; III Ireland; overall an escutcheon of Hanover surmounted by an electoral bonnet. In 1816, after the 1576:. From 2010 this view has been increasingly challenged, and Macalpine and Hunter's study criticised. Recent scholarship discounts the porphyria theory and contends that George's illness was psychiatric, most probably 1349:. George III said that Britain was confronted by the "most serious crisis the nation ever knew". In August, 66 warships entered the English channel, but sickness, hunger, and adverse winds forced the French-Spanish 1848:

gave the ministry a strong majority in the House of Commons. George III made no further major political decisions during his reign; the replacement of Portland by Perceval in 1809 was of little real significance.

639:) were educated together by private tutors. Family letters show that he could read and write in both English and German, as well as comment on political events of the time, by the age of eight. He was the first 1021: 2054:

George III lived for 81 years and 239 days, and reigned for 59 years and 96 days: both his life and his reign were longer than those of any of his predecessors and subsequent kings; only queens Victoria and

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Lord Rockingham, with the support of Pitt and the King, repealed Grenville's unpopular Stamp Act. Rockingham's government was weak, and he was replaced as prime minister in 1766 by Pitt, whom George created

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reached its peak and great advances were made in fields such as science and industry. There was unprecedented growth in the rural population, which in turn provided much of the workforce for the concurrent

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had been overthrown, worried many British landowners. France declared war on Great Britain in 1793; in response to the crisis, George allowed Pitt to increase taxes, raise armies, and suspend the right of

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Commons, and could not be displaced easily. He was further dismayed when the government introduced the India Bill, which proposed to reform the government of India by transferring political power from the

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A brief lull in hostilities allowed Pitt to concentrate effort on Ireland, where there had been an uprising and attempted French landing in 1798. In 1800, the British and Irish Parliaments passed an

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King George II disliked Prince Frederick and took little interest in his grandchildren. However, in 1751, Frederick died unexpectedly from a lung injury at the age of 44, and his son George became

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After George's recovery, his popularity, and that of Pitt, continued to increase at the expense of Fox and the Prince of Wales. His humane and understanding treatment of two insane assailants,

1774:. Addington opposed emancipation, instituted annual accounts, abolished income tax and began a programme of disarmament. In October 1801, he made peace with the French, and in 1802 signed the 907:, was replaced with one led by Lord Bute, a Scottish Tory. Bute's opponents worked against him by spreading the calumny that he was having an affair with the King's mother, and by exploiting 1154:." Though both the Americans and older British historians characterised George as a tyrant, in these years he acted as a constitutional monarch supporting the initiatives of his ministers. 825:, to demonstrate his desire to distance himself from his German forebears, who were perceived as caring more for Hanover than for Britain. During George III's lengthy reign, Britain was a 783:

a fortnight later on 22 September. George never took a mistress (in contrast with his grandfather and his sons), and the couple enjoyed a happy marriage until his mental illness struck.

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in 1794, and in October 1795, crowds attacked George's carriage on his way to opening Parliament, demanding an end to the war and lower bread prices. In response, Parliament passed the

494:. The exact nature of the mental illness is not known definitively, but historians and medical experts have suggested that his symptoms and behaviour traits were consistent with either 798:. St James's Palace was retained for official use. He did not travel extensively and spent his entire life in southern England. In the 1790s, the King and his family took holidays at 6684: 1877:, suffered a relapse into his mental disorder and became dangerously ill. In his view, the malady had been triggered by stress over the death of his youngest and favourite daughter, 1554:. Although meeting with some contemporary opposition, the view gained widespread scholarly acceptance. A study of samples of George's hair published in 2005 revealed high levels of 821:

George, in his accession speech to Parliament, proclaimed: "Born and educated in this country, I glory in the name of Britain." He inserted this phrase into the speech, written by

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on 27 July 1749. Upon his father's death, and along with the dukedom of Edinburgh and the position of heir-apparent, he inherited his difference of a plain label of three points

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George was deeply devout and spent hours in prayer, but his piety was not shared by his brothers. George was appalled by what he saw as their loose morals. In 1770, his brother

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In 1804, George's recurrent illness returned; after his recovery, Addington resigned and Pitt regained power. Pitt sought to appoint Fox to his ministry, but George refused.

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with the United States. The French fleet outran the British naval blockade of the Mediterranean and sailed to America. The conflict now affected America, Europe, and India.

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George III is often accused of obstinately trying to keep Great Britain at war with the rebels, despite the opinions of his own ministers. In the words of British historian

1090:. The King considered her inappropriate as a royal bride: she was from a lower social class and German law barred any children of the couple from the Hanoverian succession. 1623:, authorising the Prince of Wales to act as regent, was introduced and passed in the House of Commons, but before the House of Lords could pass the bill, George recovered. 2454: 1288: 1054:. Wilkes was again expelled from Parliament. He was re-elected and expelled twice more, before the House of Commons resolved that his candidature was invalid and declared 865:

with large grants from his private funds, and may have donated more than half of his personal income to charity. Of his art collection, the two most notable purchases are

2466: 1110:. The news confirmed George's opinion that he had been right to introduce the law: Maria was related to his political opponents. Neither lady was ever received at court. 2442: 1238: 2430: 1442:

With the collapse of Lord North's ministry in 1782, the Whig Lord Rockingham became prime minister for the second time, but died within months. The King then appointed

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Cox, Timothy M.; Jack, N.; Lofthouse, S.; Watling, J.; Haines, J.; Warren, M. J. (2005). "King George III and porphyria: an elemental hypothesis and investigation".

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were transported to the West Indies. Nonetheless, opposition to the costly war was increasing, and in June 1780 contributed to disturbances in London known as the

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in the medieval period. His style became "George the Third, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland King, Defender of the Faith."

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that he would regard any peer who voted for the bill as his enemy. The bill was rejected by the Lords; three days later, the Portland ministry was dismissed, and

10933: 2739: 771:, escorted her from Strelitz to London. Charlotte arrived in the afternoon of 8 September 1761 and the marriage ceremony was conducted that same evening in the 10205: 9968: 7579: 2131:

lost the loyalty of revolutionary American colonists, though it has been estimated that as many as half of the colonists remained loyal. The grievances in the

1099: 1046:, took over the government. Grafton did not formally become prime minister until 1768. That year, John Wilkes returned to England, stood as a candidate in the 1583:

George may have had a brief episode of disease in 1765, and a longer episode began in the summer of 1788. At the end of the parliamentary session, he went to

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to oppose revolutionary France, which included Austria, Prussia, and Spain, broke up in 1795 when Prussia and Spain made separate peace with France. The

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George III papers, including references to madhouses and insanity from the Historic Psychiatry Collection, Menninger Archives, Kansas Historical Society

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perceived an injustice to Fox, and refused to join the new ministry. Pitt concentrated on forming a coalition with Austria, Russia, and Sweden. This

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both resigned from the government. Lord North again requested that he also be allowed to resign, but he stayed in office at George III's insistence.

1335: 1122:. In Britain, opinion hardened against the colonists, with Chatham now agreeing with North that the destruction of the tea was "certainly criminal". 861:£3 million over the course of George's reign were paid by Parliament, and the civil list annuity was increased from time to time. He aided the 10973: 10219: 1767: 1451: 10943: 10893: 10091: 9973: 9171: 8166: 7587: 3229: 2007: 1083: 6130:

Genealogie ascendante jusqu'au quatrieme degre inclusivement de tous les Rois et Princes de maisons souveraines de l'Europe actuellement vivans

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Between 1791 and 1800, almost 400,000 Africans were shipped to the Americas, by 1,340 slaving voyages, mounted from British ports, including

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During the summer of 1779, a combined French-Spanish naval fleet threatened to invade England and transport 31,000 French troops across the

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who pretended to be "Princess Olive of Cumberland", unanimously found that a supposed marriage certificate produced by Ryves was a forgery.

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Meanwhile, George had become exasperated at Grenville's attempts to reduce the King's prerogatives, and tried, unsuccessfully, to persuade

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The King and Queen had 15 children—nine sons and six daughters. In 1762, George purchased Buckingham House (on the site now occupied by

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in 1780, Loyalists could still believe in their eventual victory, as British troops inflicted defeats on the Continental forces at the

1103: 1038:. The actions of Lord Chatham and George III in repealing the Act were so popular in America that statues of them both were erected in 756: 444: 240: 510:

the following year. The King died aged 81, at which time the Regent succeeded him as George IV. George III reigned during much of the

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O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (Spring 2004). "'If Others Will Not Be Active, I Must Drive': George III and the American Revolution".

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had misgivings because of his own colonies but decided to side with France in the war in limited fashion in 1779. One faction of the

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Peters, Timothy J.; Wilkinson, D. (2010). "King George III and porphyria: a clinical re-examination of the historical evidence".

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to accept the office of prime minister. After a brief illness, which may have presaged his illnesses to come, George settled on

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was not an ideal war leader, but George III managed to give Parliament a sense of purpose to fight, and North was able to keep

1055: 926: 632: 539: 420:, who, unlike his two predecessors, was born in Great Britain, spoke English as his first language, and never visited Hanover. 84: 1434:

caricatured King George III and Queen Charlotte awash with treasury funds to cover royal debts, with Pitt handing him another

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Building on the latter of these two assessments, British historians of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, such as

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equestrian statue of the King in New York was pulled down. The British captured the city in 1776 but lost Boston, and the

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Genealogy up to the fourth degree inclusive of all the Kings and Princes of sovereign houses of Europe currently living

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produced relatively little income; most revenue was generated through taxes and excise duties. George surrendered the

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inspired slaves to escape from captivity and fight for the British. On 30 June 1779, George III's Commanding General

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The Third Register Book of the Parish of St James in the Liberty of Westminster For Births & Baptisms. 1723–1741

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said, as I say now, that I would be the first to meet the friendship of the United States as an independent power."

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In the spring of 1756, as George approached his eighteenth birthday, the King offered him a grand establishment at

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Hecht, J. Jean (1966). "The Reign of George III in Recent Historiography". In Furber, Elizabeth Chapin (ed.).

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argued that these lines appear "to be the source of the only historical phrase with which he is associated".

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of invading from Canada and cutting off New England failed with the surrender of British Lieutenant-General

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Princess of Wales, preferred to keep George at home where she could imbue him with her strict moral values.

10918: 10317: 10255: 9109: 8840: 8803: 7716: 2147:, promoted hostile interpretations of George III's life. However, in the mid-twentieth century the work of 1188: 1142: 460: 588:. As he was born two months prematurely, and thought unlikely to survive, he was baptised the same day by 364: 10958: 10710: 10550: 10291: 10265: 10194: 9768: 9149: 8565: 7069: 6016: 5671: 1837: 1829: 1707: 1209: 20: 8554: 5931:

Universalgeschichte des Staates: von der vorstaatlichen Gesellschaft zum Staat der Industriegesellschaft

1676:, on 15 May 1800 was not political in origin but motivated by the apocalyptic delusions of Hadfield and 10741: 10687: 10570: 10560: 10139: 9932: 9916: 9802: 9448: 9126: 9013: 8850: 8528: 8496: 8136: 7963: 7889: 7811: 7672: 7651: 7539: 7392: 7309: 7274: 7235: 7190: 7136: 7035: 6948: 5693: 4146: 3193: 3135: 1999: 1975: 1608: 1573: 1283: 1167: 979: 601: 581: 577: 428: 424: 333: 97: 7041: 11018: 10983: 10938: 10735: 10385: 9893: 9713: 9121: 9035: 8845: 8640: 8585: 8193: 7953: 7919: 7681: 7619: 7443: 3109: 2835: 2664: 2543: 2483: 2200: 2123:(George's Star) after the King, who later funded the construction and maintenance of Herschel's 1785 2003: 1959: 1673: 1564: 1217: 1026: 480: 1454:. In 1783, the House of Commons forced Shelburne from office and his government was replaced by the 1273:, Secretary of State for the Colonies, proved to lack leadership skills suited for their positions. 10903: 10819: 10640: 10368:

Princes whose titles were removed and eligible people who do not use the title are shown in italics

10312: 9860: 9545: 9540: 8966: 8646: 8635: 8341: 8197: 8189: 7658: 7367: 7265: 6412: 6191: 3167: 2949: 2271: 2208: 2092: 2011: 1987: 1476: 1095: 600:. One month later, he was publicly baptised at Norfolk House, again by Secker. His godparents were 555: 389: 8958: 2247:

Herzog von Braunschweig und Lüneburg, Erzschatzmeister und Kurfürst des Heiligen Römischen Reiches

10490: 10430: 10350: 9728: 9667: 8615: 8610: 8595: 8570: 8003: 7983: 7879: 7688: 6974: 6468:

The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire

6280: 5963: 5697: 5375: 5116: 4796: 4448:

The Men Who Lost America: British Leadership, the American Revolution, and the Fate of the Empire

4084: 2878: 2506: 2390: 2378: 1607:. Treatment for mental illness was primitive by modern standards; George's doctors, who included 1455: 908: 826: 636: 245: 8277: 7002:

Smith, Robert A. (1984). "Reinterpreting the Reign of George III". In Schlatter, Richard (ed.).

6183: 5976: 1542:

By this time, George's health was deteriorating. He had a mental illness characterised by acute

696: 10340: 10270: 9677: 9059: 9030: 9003: 8794: 8679: 8625: 8600: 8575: 8560: 8432: 8267: 8096: 7030: 6978: 6907: 2096: 1665: 1596: 1070: 1051: 1011: 936: 8737: 6457: 6102: 5929: 5644: 4014: 3681:

written at the time of the accession defended George but Walpole's later memoirs were hostile.

2215:, he dropped the title of king of France, which had been used for every English monarch since 1118:

were boarded by colonists and the tea was thrown overboard, an event that became known as the

10719: 10670: 10540: 10440: 10345: 10323: 9744: 9641: 9008: 8784: 8694: 8674: 8605: 8543: 8533: 8523: 8402: 8397: 8370: 8331: 8326: 8082: 7973: 7143: 6199: 5609: 5090: 2409: 2382: 2362: 2358: 2342: 2216: 2204: 2108: 2100: 2088: 1909: 1794: 1731: 1680:. George seemed unperturbed by the incident, so much so that he fell asleep in the interval. 1636: 1620: 1547: 1535: 1495: 1395: 1390: 1277: 1213: 983: 896: 862: 585: 405: 377: 8489: 8241: 6128: 5203:

Ayling, pp. 349–350; Carretta, p. 285; Fraser, p. 282; Hibbert, pp. 301–302; Watson, p. 323.

1125:

With the clear support of Parliament, Lord North introduced measures, which were called the

11023: 10858: 10853: 10530: 10420: 9076: 8762: 8709: 8699: 8689: 8662: 8580: 8503: 8437: 8392: 8382: 8376: 8365: 8359: 8309: 7939: 7909: 5403: 5035: 4668: 2963: 2713: 2104: 1971: 1833: 1480:

months later the government lost its majority and Parliament was dissolved; the subsequent

1319: 1201: 704: 573: 6736:

Butterfield, Herbert (1965). "Some Reflections on the Early Years of George III's Reign".

4123: 443:. He succeeded to the throne on George II's death in 1760. The following year, he married 8: 10848: 10806: 10060: 9723: 8789: 8742: 8684: 8620: 8417: 8407: 8387: 8353: 8158: 7859: 7665: 7360: 6430: 6268: 6081: 6061: 5605: 2959: 2953: 2930: 2629: 2276: 2152: 1869:

In late 1810, at the height of his popularity, King George, already virtually blind with

1862: 1802: 1798: 1699: 1588: 1369: 1270: 1251: 1192: 1163: 1151: 1134: 964: 960: 830: 547: 455:, becoming the dominant European power in North America and India. However, Britain lost 452: 7049: 6020: 5896: 5884: 5872: 5860: 5848: 5836: 5824: 5039: 4641: 3887: 3773: 2334:. In an additional difference, the crown of Charlemagne was not usually depicted on the 1816:(1807), James Gillray caricatured George's dismissal of the Ministry of All the Talents. 10774: 10450: 9693: 8988: 8983: 8826: 8464: 8412: 8336: 8089: 7993: 7869: 7695: 7209: 7183: 7174: 7156: 6936: 6890: 6865: 6847: 6822: 6761: 6753: 6720: 6680: 6617: 6317: 6256: 6086: 6066: 5901: 5889: 5877: 5865: 5853: 5841: 5829: 5058: 5021: 4997: 4972: 4953: 4910: 4856: 4818: 4791: 3892: 3778: 3636: 3609: 2405: 2292: 2250: 2212: 1913: 1905: 1808: 1738: 1723: 1677: 1661: 1463: 1315: 476: 393: 385: 59: 6711:

Black, Jeremy (1996). "Could the British Have Won the American War of Independence?".

6538: 6295:. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 5990: 4898: 2377:); II Azure three fleurs-de-lys Or (for France); III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( 1611:, treated the King by forcibly restraining him until he was calm, or applying caustic 1058:

as the victor. Grafton's government disintegrated in 1770, allowing the Tories led by

9791: 9718: 8459: 8272: 8117: 8068: 8044: 7281: 6960: 6940: 6895: 6852: 6780: 6765: 6690: 6657: 6585: 6546: 6526: 6516: 6472: 6438: 6416: 6390: 6369: 6362: 6346: 6325: 6225: 6203: 6159: 6108: 6041: 5935: 5786: 5650: 5619: 5239: 5063: 5002: 4945: 4902: 4823: 4564: 3994: 2242: 2124: 1783: 1684: 1592: 1447: 1385: 1243: 1196: 968: 931: 883:

was open and available to scholars and was the foundation of a new national library.

880: 787: 780: 728: 677: 661:

and said in the new prologue: "What, tho' a boy! It may with truth be said, A boy in

551: 468: 464: 456: 448: 409: 212: 8320: 6504:

A compilation of essays encompassing the major assessments of George III up to 1964.

5167:

Ayling, pp. 329–335; Brooke, pp. 322–328; Fraser, pp. 281–282; Hibbert, pp. 262–267.

4957: 4914: 2203:"George the Third, by the Grace of God, King of Great Britain, France, and Ireland, 2047:

in turn, who both died without surviving legitimate children, leaving the throne to

1195:. In the 1760s, a series of acts by Parliament was met with resistance in Britain's 1172: 9116: 9052: 8777: 8767: 8657: 8630: 8482: 8314: 8234: 8227: 8110: 7944: 7835: 7827: 7702: 7344: 7226: 7099: 7021: 6928: 6885: 6877: 6842: 6834: 6745: 6637: 6613: 6296: 6248: 5091:"Parishes: Hartlebury Pages 380–387 A History of the County of Worcester: Volume 3" 5053: 5043: 4992: 4984: 4937: 4894: 4813: 4805: 3933: 3844: 3653: 2498: 2350: 2320: 2316: 2112: 1886: 1841: 1775: 1715: 1703: 1577: 1373: 1299: 1126: 1119: 982:

placed a limit upon the westward expansion of the American colonies and created an

940: 917: 871: 866: 799: 628: 597: 543: 495: 417: 323: 6308: 6040:. Heraldry Today. Slough, Buckinghamshire: Hollen Street Press. pp. 215–216. 5117:"Parishes: Callington – St Columb Pages 51–67 Magna Britannia: Volume 3, Cornwall" 4988: 3863: 10408: 9703: 9104: 9018: 8772: 8517: 8347: 8299: 8289: 8283: 7396: 7242: 7216: 7147: 7065: 6774: 6599: 6466: 6384: 6340: 6153: 5048: 3640: 3027: 2828: 2354: 2091:. George's collection of mathematical and scientific instruments is now owned by 1974:

uprisings caused the British public to spurn slavery. According to the historian

1881:. The princess's nurse reported that "the scenes of distress and crying every day 1825: 1771: 1751: 1711: 1688: 1641: 1569: 1381: 1346: 1216:, but the King and Parliament ignored them. George declared the American leaders 1180: 1035: 1015: 922: 692: 681: 666: 657: 640: 440: 413: 381: 280: 63: 7079: 6730:

Online 90-minute video lecture given at Ohio State in 2006; requires Real Player

6630:

George the Third and Charles Fox: The Concluding Part of the American Revolution

1086:, was exposed as an adulterer. The following year, Henry married a young widow, 10362: 9883: 9698: 9154: 8870: 8757: 8714: 8668: 8453: 8103: 6404: 6300: 5231: 5142: 3937: 3848: 3678: 2871: 2621: 2238: 2234: 2048: 1931:

at 8:38 pm on 29 January 1820, six days after the death of his fourth son

1928: 1901: 1821: 1754:", but he refused. As part of his Irish policy, Pitt planned to remove certain 1719: 1669: 1584: 1487: 1472: 1443: 1350: 1323: 1262: 1204:. Armed conflict began between British regulars and colonial militiamen at the 1130: 1107: 999: 891: 822: 795: 652: 491: 484: 401: 161: 6530: 6285: 5822:

consistently refers to the young prince as "His Royal Highness Prince George"

3925: 3833: 3717: 2385:(for Hanover), I Gules two lions passant guardant Or (for Brunswick), II Or a 2035:, under which the transatlantic slave trade was banned in the British Empire. 1782:

to defend England against the French. George's review of 27,000 volunteers in

10842: 10365:. Not a British prince by birth, but created a Prince of the United Kingdom. 9603: 9582: 7107: 4941: 3986: 3665: 3661: 2327: 1967: 1908:

led to significant territorial gains for Hanover, which was elevated from an

1694: 1653: 1450:, however, refused to serve under Shelburne, and demanded the appointment of 1431: 1247: 1115: 1075: 760: 673: 589: 569: 507: 490:

In the later part of his life, George had recurrent and eventually permanent

436: 376:(George William Frederick; 4 June 1738 – 29 January 1820) was 144: 114: 6137:] (in French). Bourdeaux: Frederic Guillaume Birnstiel. 1768. p. 4. 1857: 802:, which he thus popularised as one of the first seaside resorts in England. 9587: 8895: 8652: 7929: 7899: 7723: 6956: 6495: 5629: 5067: 5006: 4949: 4906: 4151: 2324: 2249:) until the end of the empire in 1806. He then continued as duke until the 2226: 2148: 2056: 1940: 1904:. Liverpool oversaw British victory in the Napoleonic Wars. The subsequent 1727: 1559: 1550:

suggested that the illness was physiological, caused by the liver disorder

1362: 1307: 1226: 1221: 944: 853: 772: 511: 8247: 7060: 6932: 6899: 6856: 6838: 6814:

Changing views on British history: essays on historical writing since 1939

4843:"George III and the Mad-Business by Ida Macalpine, Richard Hunter: Review" 4827: 4809: 4561:

Apogee of Empire: Spain and New Spain in the Age of Charles III, 1759–1789

4172:

Watson, p. 88; this view is also shared by Brooke (see for example p. 99).

1885:... were melancholy beyond description." George accepted the need for the 1762:. George III claimed that to emancipate Catholics would be to violate his 1326:

aided the Americans, whereas another aided Britain, whose allies included

10630: 10620: 10286: 10179: 9834: 8900: 8885: 8470: 7739: 6881: 6649: 6247:(2). Omohundro Institute of Early American History and Culture: 305–310. 5022:"The acute mania of King George III: A computational linguistic analysis" 4973:"King George III, bipolar disorder, porphyria and lessons for historians" 2394: 2144: 2015: 1943:

for two days, and his funeral and interment took place on 16 February in

1422: 1087: 987: 972: 948: 912: 515: 353: 7004:

Recent Views on British History: Essays on Historical Writing since 1966

6724: 2230: 707:, but George refused the offer, guided by his mother and her confidant, 627:

George grew into a healthy, reserved and shy child. The family moved to

10794: 10600: 10500: 10081: 10004: 9708: 9577: 9047: 8875: 8865: 8442: 8304: 7435: 6260: 4885: 2812: 2538: 2389:

of hearts Gules a lion rampant Azure (for Lüneburg), III Gules a horse

2312: 2044: 1986:

to delay the abolition of the British slave trade for almost 20 years.

1979: 1955: 1874: 1747: 1405: 1258: 1059: 1003: 986:. The Proclamation aimed to divert colonial expansion to the north (to 956: 952: 857: 849: 791: 748: 230: 6757: 6513:

George III: The Life and Reign of Britain's Most Misunderstood Monarch

4860: 4842: 4065:

Brooke, p. 391: "There can be no doubt that the King wrote 'Britain'."

10788: 10590: 10510: 10184: 9994: 9760: 8890: 8860: 8447: 8422: 8145: 7419: 7300: 7200: 7055: 5615: 5611:

Encyclopedia of Emancipation and Abolition in the Transatlantic World

5343: 3633: 2769: 2528: 2069: 2022: 1924: 1890: 1788: 1551: 1435: 1399: 1311: 1146: 943:

to return to power. Britain received enormous concessions, including

925:

but he fled to France to escape punishment; he was expelled from the

876: 708: 503: 499: 220: 107: 10679: 8548: 6863: 6252: 5365:

Letter of 30 November 1803, quoted in Wheeler and Broadley, p. xiii.

2827:; no surviving legitimate issue, but had illegitimate children with 1306:

With the setbacks in America, Lord North asked to transfer power to

879:, but it is as a collector of books that he is best remembered. The 10610: 10470: 10377: 10124: 9613: 8880: 8821: 8427: 8252: 6749: 6729: 6022:

An introduction to heraldry containing the rudiments of the science

5146: 5026: 4882: 2370: 1917: 1870: 1612: 1600: 1177:

Pulling Down the Statue of George III at Bowling Green, 9 July 1776

842: 648: 472: 10146:

Prince Charles Edward, Duke of Albany and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

9852: 7017: 1530: 947:. Britain restored to France lucrative slave-sugar islands in the 939:

which ended the war, Lord Bute resigned, allowing the Whigs under

680:. The King now took more interest in his grandson and created him 9608: 8798: 8704: 2460:

Coat of arms used from 1801 to 1816 as King of the United Kingdom

2366: 2026: 1555: 716: 318: 6823:"The 'insanity' of King George III: a classic case of porphyria" 5517:

Letter from Duke of York to George IV, quoted in Brooke, p. 386.

4792:"The "Insanity" of King George III: a Classic Case of Porphyria" 2472:

Coat of arms used from 1816 until death, also as King of Hanover

2401:

Or (for the dignity of Archtreasurer of the Holy Roman Empire).

2099:, to which it has been on long-term loan since 1927. He had the 502:. In 1810, George suffered a final relapse, and his eldest son, 8590: 8538: 8262: 8257: 7345:

Articles and topics related to George III of the United Kingdom

6953:

The Last King of America: The Misunderstood Reign of George III

6866:"Porphyria in the Royal Houses of Stuart, Hanover, and Prussia" 4307:

Ayling, pp. 122–133; Hibbert, pp. 107–109; Watson, pp. 106–111.

3657: 2412:

became a kingdom, the electoral bonnet was changed to a crown.

2331: 2116: 651:. At the age of 10, George took part in a family production of 6543:

Purple Secret: Genes, "Madness" and the Royal Houses of Europe

5404:"Reasons for the success of the abolitionist campaign in 1807" 4695:

The works of John Adams, second president of the United States

1230:

referred to George III as "the Royal Brute of Great Britain".

423:

George was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather,

10087:

Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh and of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

9618: 8510: 7352: 6988:

Robson, Eric (1952). "The American Revolution Reconsidered".

3991:

A royal experiment : the private life of King George III

2346: 2051:, the only legitimate child of his fourth son Prince Edward. 1994:

On 7 November 1775, during the American War of Independence,

1722:, was defeated in 1800. Only Great Britain was left fighting 1543: 435:. Following his father's death in 1751, Prince George became 6796:

At Water's Edge: Britain, Napoleon, and the World, 1793–1815

2448:

Coat of arms used from 1760 to 1801 as King of Great Britain

2341:

From his succession until 1800, George bore the royal arms:

1145:

so that the upper house of the legislature was appointed by

8294: 5019: 2925:

Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 1799–1851; married 1815,

2386: 10213:

Johann Leopold, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha

10040:

Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

8188: 5487:

Ayling, pp. 453–455; Brooke, pp. 384–385; Hibbert, p. 405.

5020:

Rentoumi, V.; Peters, T.; Conlin, J.; Garrard, P. (2017).

3608:

King of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801, after the

3004:

Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

1150:

exonerate George III from any real responsibility for the

1065: 5562:

Why Andrew Roberts Wants Us to Reconsider King George III

790:) for use as a family retreat. His other residences were 4226:

Brooke, p. 145; Carretta, pp. 59, 64 ff.; Watson, p. 93.

3800: 3798: 1916:. Meanwhile, George's health deteriorated. He developed 1656:

of George holding Napoleon in the palm of his hand, 1803

400:, with George as its king. He was concurrently Duke and 6805:

A Royal Experiment: The Private Life of King George III

6239:

Bullion, John L. (1994). "George III on Empire, 1783".

2043:

George was succeeded by two of his sons, George IV and

1214:

petitions to the Crown for intervention with Parliament

119:

George, Prince of Wales (1811‍–‍1820)

9969:

Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

6581:

American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750–1804

6571:

The Hanoverian Dimension in British History, 1714–1837

6322:

The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy

1100:

Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh

935:

of blasphemy and libel. In 1763, after concluding the

3795: 6454:

A Student's Manual of English Constitutional History

5176:

Ayling, pp. 334–343; Brooke, p. 332; Fraser, p. 282.

4563:. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 338–340. 1098:. Shortly afterwards, another of George's brothers, 10120:

Prince Albert Victor, Duke of Clarence and Avondale

7782:

George III and the Prince of Wales Reviewing Troops

6910:(1955). "King George III: A Study in Personality". 6713:

Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research

2609:

Charlotte, Princess Leopold of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld

2159: 1984:

London Society of West India Planters and Merchants

755:with, on her son's behalf, an offer of marriage to 16:

King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1760 to 1820

10135:Alfred, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 6602:(1985). "George III and the American Revolution". 6584:. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 6361: 6342:George III and the Satirists from Hogarth to Byron 6284: 4620:The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Army 4364:Brooke, pp. 272–282; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 498. 3832: 2936: 2579:Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh 2544:Charlotte, Princess Royal and Queen of Württemberg 1966:Over the course of George's reign, a coalition of 763:and staff were assembled for Charlotte in London, 737:Princess Sophie Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 676:to the throne and inherited his father's title of 384:from 25 October 1760 until his death in 1820. The 271:Princess Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh 6918: 6864:Macalpine, I.; Hunter, R.; Rimington, C. (1968). 6464: 5504: 5502: 4445: 4360: 4358: 3967:Ayling, pp. 36–37; Brooke, p. 49; Hibbert, p. 31. 2436:Coat of arms from 1751 to 1760 as Prince of Wales 1962:, by the King's authority, set free Rebel slaves. 10840: 7001: 6654:Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy 6345:. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. 6036:Pinches, John Harvey; Pinches, Rosemary (1974). 5306:Ayling, p. 414; Brooke, p. 374; Hibbert, p. 315. 4545: 4543: 4541: 2683:Alexandra, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Schwerin 2397:), overall an escutcheon Gules charged with the 2127:, which at the time was the biggest ever built. 1805:, the possibility of invasion was extinguished. 1750:. It was suggested that George adopt the title " 1452:William Cavendish-Bentinck, 3rd Duke of Portland 963:to Britain, in addition to all land between the 837:ministers, which led to his denunciation by the 10092:Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 9974:Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 7580:William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh 6820: 6679: 6670: 6562:Letters from George III to Lord Bute, 1756–1766 6315: 4927: 4789: 4669:"Famous Loyalists of the Revolutionary War Era" 3230:John Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach 2913: 2823:Duke of Clarence and St Andrews; married 1818, 2709:Prince George William of Hanover and Cumberland 2704:Ernest Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick 2262: 2199:In Great Britain, George III used the official 1492:The Three Youngest Daughters of King George III 1191:was the culmination of the civil and political 1157: 1084:Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 576:, London, on 4 June 1738. He was a grandson of 10934:British royalty and nobility with disabilities 10206:Alastair, 2nd Duke of Connaught and Strathearn 6673:Napoleon and the Invasion of England. Volume I 6537: 6035: 5991:"Marks of Cadency in the British Royal Family" 5499: 4355: 4271:Cannon and Griffiths, p. 505; Hibbert, p. 122. 2877: 2640:Augusta, Grand Duchess of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 2311:Before his succession, George was granted the 2029:. On 25 March 1807 George III signed into law 903:In May 1762, the incumbent Whig government of 10909:Burials at St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 10695: 10393: 9868: 9776: 8944: 8174: 7612:Caroline Matilda, Queen of Denmark and Norway 7368: 7006:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 197–254. 6816:. Harvard University Press. pp. 206–234. 6500:George III, Tyrant Or Constitutional Monarch? 4699:quoted in Ayling, p. 323 and Hibbert, p. 165. 4538: 4047:Ayling, p. 378; Cannon and Griffiths, p. 518. 3639:. George was born on 24 May in the Old Style 2733: 2660:Frederica, Baroness Alfons of Pawel-Rammingen 2002:, appointed by King George III in July 1771. 1832:" included Fox. Grenville pushed through the 1744:English and British sovereigns had maintained 1018:to form a ministry, and dismissed Grenville. 6987: 5781:Macalpine, Ida; Hunter, Richard A. (1991) . 5398: 5396: 3843:(online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2679:George William, Hereditary Prince of Hanover 416:on 12 October 1814. He was a monarch of the 10361:Not a British prince by birth, but created 8741:Monarchs of England and Scotland after the 6735: 6671:Wheeler, H. F. B.; Broadley, A. M. (1908). 6568: 6409:The Lives of the Kings and Queen of England 6267: 5718:Carretta, pp. 92–93, 267–273, 302–305, 317. 5672:"The Ex-Slaves Who Fought with the British" 5568:, 9 November 2021, accessed 5 December 2021 5275: 5273: 4244:Willcox & Arnstein (1988), pp. 131–132. 3498:Princess Magdalena Augusta of Anhalt-Zerbst 3288:Princess Eleonore Erdmuthe of Saxe-Eisenach 3168:Princess Sophia Dorothea of Brunswick-Celle 2927:Princess Friederike of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 2782:Princess Caroline of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 2032:An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade 1314:of France (Britain's chief rival) signed a 1102:, revealed he had been secretly married to 905:Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle 886: 833:. George came to be perceived as favouring 518:eras. At the time of his death, he was the 398:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland 10702: 10688: 10400: 10386: 10010:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 9875: 9861: 9783: 9769: 8951: 8937: 8918:Debated or disputed rulers are in italics. 8181: 8167: 7556:Augusta, Duchess of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel 7375: 7361: 7048: 6772: 6689:(Fifth ed.). D.C. Heath and Company. 6656:(Revised ed.). London: Random House. 5642: 4840: 4692: 4558: 4316:Ayling, pp. 122–133; Hibbert, pp. 111–113. 3378:Frederick II, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 2948:(1) Married 1793, in contravention of the 2856:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 2811: 2740: 2726: 2690:Prince Christian of Hanover and Cumberland 2549:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 2010:broadened Dunmore's proclamation with his 1933:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 1718:, which included Austria, Russia, and the 757:Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 445:Princess Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 241:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 36: 10899:British people of the American Revolution 10324:James Mountbatten-Windsor, Earl of Wessex 10163:Prince Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick 10020:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 10000:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 7500:Mary, Duchess of Gloucester and Edinburgh 6973: 6889: 6846: 6624: 5927: 5694:"Transatlantic slave trade and abolition" 5604: 5393: 5376:"Nelson, Trafalgar, and those who served" 5258:Ayling, pp. 395–396; Watson, pp. 360–377. 5057: 5047: 4996: 4817: 4334:Ayling, pp. 154–160; Brooke, pp. 147–151. 4190:Ayling, p. 194; Brooke, pp. xv, 214, 301. 3352:Frederick I, Duke of Saxe-Gotha-Altenburg 2938:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 2893: 2868:Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld 2793:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 2791: 2780:Prince of Wales 1762–1820; married 1795, 2768: 2569:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 2534:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 2133:United States Declaration of Independence 1937:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 1672:'s failed attempt to shoot George in the 1353:to withdraw, ending the invasion threat. 856:to Parliamentary control in return for a 722: 261:Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 226:Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 11034:People of the War of the First Coalition 10220:Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha 9904:for members of the British royal family. 7588:Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn 7080:"Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade – Estimates" 6821:Macalpine, Ida; Hunter, Richard (1966). 6569:Simms, Brendan; Riotte, Torsten (2007). 6559: 6338: 6172: 6080: 6060: 5914: 5912: 5528:"Royal Burials in the Chapel since 1805" 5270: 5238:. New York: Vintage Books. p. 144. 5230: 4790:Macalpine, Ida; Hunter, Richard (1966). 3926:"Augusta, princess of Wales (1719–1772)" 3722:Official website of the British monarchy 3652:George was falsely said to have married 3472:Charles William, Prince of Anhalt-Zerbst 3410:Princess Magdalena Sibylle of Saxe-Halle 3256:Princess Caroline of Brandenburg-Ansbach 3026: 2970: 2907:Frederick VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Homburg 2655:Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover 2253:declared him "King of Hanover" in 1814. 2068: 1954: 1856: 1807: 1668:in 1790, contributed to his popularity. 1647: 1635: 1587:to recuperate and in August visited the 1529: 1486: 1421: 1282: 1171: 1069: 1020: 890: 751:German princesses, George's mother sent 686: 533: 10974:English pretenders to the French throne 9896:, who formalised the use of the titles 6947: 6793: 6507: 6429: 6359: 6292:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 6238: 6101:Kiste, John Van der (19 January 2004). 5895: 5883: 5871: 5859: 5847: 5835: 5823: 5670:Klein, Christopher (13 February 2020). 5571: 5236:The Making of the English Working Class 4744:Brooke, p. 316; Carretta, pp. 262, 297. 4559:Stein, Stanley; Stein, Barbara (2003). 4147:"The royal family and the public purse" 4074:Brooke, p. 88; Simms and Riotte, p. 58. 3930:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3886: 3840:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography 3772: 2687:Princess Olga of Hanover and Cumberland 2645:Princess Mary Adelaide, Duchess of Teck 2559:Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg 1700:prosecuted British radicals for treason 1357:7,000 British troops under General Sir 1066:Family issues and discontent in America 631:, where George and his younger brother 251:Elizabeth, Landgravine of Hesse-Homburg 204: 1761; died 1818) 10944:Children of Frederick, Prince of Wales 10894:British book and manuscript collectors 10841: 9964:Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany 9892:The generations indicate descent from 9790: 7436:William IV, King of the United Kingdom 6906: 6802: 6636: 6598: 6577: 6541:; Warren, Martin; Hunt, David (1998). 6494: 6465:O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (2013). 6451: 6403: 6386:Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 6382: 6279: 6216: 6151: 5577: 4970: 4460:Willcox & Arnstein (1988), p. 162. 4446:O'Shaughnessy, Andrew Jackson (2014). 4096:Butterfield, pp. 22, 115–117, 129–130. 3985: 3915:Brooke, pp. 51–52; Hibbert, pp. 24–25. 3830: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3628: 3626: 3451: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3209: 3099: 3095: 3058: 3042: 3010: 2854: 10709: 10683: 10381: 9856: 9764: 8932: 8162: 7420:George IV, King of the United Kingdom 7356: 7343: 6811: 6773:Ditchfield, G. M. (31 October 2002). 6710: 6485: 6190: 6100: 6015: 5988: 5909: 5669: 5478:Fraser, p. 285; Hibbert, pp. 399–402. 5469:Brooke, p. 383; Hibbert, pp. 397–398. 5185:Ayling, pp. 338–342; Hibbert, p. 273. 4549:Willcox & Arnstein, pp. 161, 165. 4495: 4493: 4343:Ayling, pp. 167–168; Hibbert, p. 140. 4144: 3632:All dates in this article are in the 3614: 3602: 3527: 3517: 3513: 3501: 3495: 3485: 3469: 3459: 3455: 3439: 3433: 3423: 3407: 3397: 3393: 3381: 3375: 3365: 3349: 3339: 3335: 3311: 3301: 3285: 3275: 3271: 3259: 3253: 3243: 3227: 3217: 3213: 3197: 3191: 3181: 3165: 3155: 3151: 3139: 3133: 3123: 3107: 3103: 2297:Most Illustrious Order of St. Patrick 1044:Augustus FitzRoy, 3rd Duke of Grafton 1042:. Lord Chatham fell ill in 1767, and 998:". In 1765, Grenville introduced the 817:Great Britain in the Seven Years' War 810: 471:from 1793 concluded in the defeat of 10407: 7066:Newspaper clippings about George III 6675:. London: John Lane The Bodley Head. 6648: 6181: 5969: 5948: 5221:Ayling, pp. 181–182; Fraser, p. 282. 5143:"Was George III a manic depressive?" 4666: 3993:. New York: Holt. pp. 139–148. 3712: 3710: 3708: 3691:1767, it had risen to £400 000. 2990: 2164: 2075:Observations on the Transit of Venus 1896:Prime Minister Spencer Perceval was 1844:. Parliament was dissolved, and the 1265:together. North's cabinet ministers 915:, a member of parliament, published 733:Charles Lennox, 3rd Duke of Richmond 147:, St James's Square, London, England 9882: 8076:King's manuscripts, British Library 8014:Queen Charlotte: A Bridgerton Story 7452:Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn 7329:25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800 7152:25 October 1760 – 31 December 1800 6686:The Age of Aristocracy 1688 to 1830 6488:King George III and the Politicians 6324:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 4697:. Vol. VIII. pp. 255–257, 3807: 3724:. Royal Household. 31 December 2015 3623: 2956:; had issue; marriage annulled 1794 2825:Princess Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen 2191:25 October 1760 – 29 January 1820: 1865:, 1817, depicting an elderly George 1269:, First Lord of the Admiralty, and 1106:, the illegitimate daughter of Sir 538:Prince George (right), his brother 13: 10653: 10261:Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester 10025:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 9943:Prince William, Duke of Cumberland 9085: 7484:Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex 7428:Frederick, Duke of York and Albany 7221:12 October 1814 – 29 January 1820 7170:25 October 1760 – 12 October 1814 6704: 6644:. London: Oxford University Press. 6642:The Reign of George III, 1760–1815 6618:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1985.tb02477.x 6502:. Boston: D. C. Heath and Company. 6107:. The History Press. p. 205. 5532:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 5123:. Cadell & Davies, London 1814 4499:Cannon and Griffiths, pp. 510–511. 4490: 4105:Hibbert, p. 86; Watson, pp. 67–79. 2972:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 2694:Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick 2574:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 1945:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 1428:A new way to pay the National Debt 1050:, and came top of the poll in the 996:no taxation without representation 739:. Sophie Caroline instead married 665:born, in England bred." Historian 266:Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 177:St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle 14: 11045: 10824:Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale 10227:Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover 9816:Dukes of Gloucester and Edinburgh 8035:Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell 7772:Coronation Portrait of George III 7412:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 7195:1 January 1801 – 29 January 1820 7046:National Portrait Gallery, London 7011: 5989:Velde, François (5 August 2013). 5442:Brooke, p. 381; Carretta, p. 340. 3958:Ayling, p. 54; Brooke, pp. 71–72. 3705: 3643:used in Great Britain until 1752. 3585:Cultural depictions of George III 2675:Marie Louise, Margravine of Baden 2184:20 April 1751 – 25 October 1760: 1889:, and the Prince of Wales (later 777:George and Charlotte's coronation 727:In 1759, George was smitten with 643:to study science systematically. 618:Sophia Dorothea, Queen in Prussia 616:stood proxy), and his great-aunt 610:Frederick III, Duke of Saxe-Gotha 457:13 of its North American colonies 190:Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz 76:25 October 1760 – 55:King of Great Britain and Ireland 10969:English people with disabilities 10949:Deaths from pneumonia in England 10924:British people of German descent 10763: 10757: 10297:Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh 10251:Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 10234:Prince George William of Hanover 10190:Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester 10152:Prince George William of Hanover 10066:Prince George, Duke of Cambridge 9673:Scottish 18th-century literature 8960: 7476:Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover 6794:Golding, Christopher T. (2017). 6776:George III: An Essay in Monarchy 6121: 6094: 6074: 6054: 6029: 6008: 5982: 5921: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5775: 5766: 5757: 5748: 5739: 5730: 5721: 5712: 5686: 5663: 5646:George III: An Essay in Monarchy 5636: 5598: 5555: 5546: 5520: 5511: 5490: 5481: 5472: 5463: 5454: 5445: 5436: 5427: 5418: 5368: 5359: 5350: 5336: 5327: 5318: 5309: 5300: 5291: 5282: 5261: 5252: 5224: 5215: 5206: 5197: 5188: 5179: 5170: 5161: 5135: 5109: 5083: 5074: 5013: 4964: 4921: 4876: 4325:Ayling, p. 137; Hibbert, p. 124. 4015:"Documents relating to the case" 3314:George III of the United Kingdom 2984:Princess Augusta of Hesse-Kassel 2915:Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover 2714:Frederica, Queen of the Hellenes 2635:Prince George, Duke of Cambridge 2626:Princess Frederica of Cumberland 2505: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2417: 2383:tierced per pale and per chevron 2286: 2264: 2160:Titles, styles, honours and arms 2107:for his own observations of the 1631: 1206:Battles of Lexington and Concord 524:longest-reigning British monarch 363: 256:Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover 10015:King Ernest Augustus of Hanover 8218:Monarchs of Scotland until 1603 7564:Edward, Duke of York and Albany 7029:at the official website of the 7020:at the official website of the 6196:George III: America's Last King 6182:Baer, Marc (22 December 2021). 6152:Ayling, Stanley Edward (1972). 6145: 5783:George III and the Mad-Business 5578:Newman, Brooke (28 July 2020). 5097:. Victoria County History, 1918 4867: 4834: 4783: 4774: 4765: 4756: 4747: 4738: 4729: 4720: 4717:Hibbert, p. 243; Pares, p. 120. 4711: 4702: 4686: 4660: 4647: 4634: 4625: 4613: 4604: 4595: 4586: 4577: 4552: 4535:Willcox & Arnstein, p. 157. 4529: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4481: 4472: 4463: 4454: 4439: 4430: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4394: 4385: 4376: 4367: 4352:Brooke, p. 260; Fraser, p. 277. 4346: 4337: 4328: 4319: 4310: 4301: 4292: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4256: 4247: 4238: 4229: 4220: 4211: 4202: 4193: 4184: 4175: 4166: 4138: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4077: 4068: 4059: 4050: 4041: 4032: 4007: 3979: 3970: 3961: 3952: 3943: 3918: 3909: 3900: 3880: 3871: 3831:Cannon, John (September 2004). 3742:Brooke, p. 314; Fraser, p. 277. 3684: 3671: 3646: 2699:Great-great-great-grandchildren 2207:, and so forth". In 1801, when 2177:31 March 1751 – 20 April 1751: 2084:British Agricultural Revolution 1982:, supported the efforts of the 1801:'s famous naval victory at the 1768:Speaker of the House of Commons 1220:and a year of fighting ensued. 741:Frederick, Margrave of Bayreuth 236:Charlotte, Queen of Württemberg 201: 11004:Monarchs of the United Kingdom 10130:Prince Alexander John of Wales 10097:Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany 9663:Romantic literature in English 8215:Monarchs of England until 1603 7382: 6683:; Arnstein, Walter L. (1988). 6560:Sedgwick, Romney, ed. (1903). 6452:Medley, Dudley Julius (1902). 6435:George III: A Personal History 6241:The William and Mary Quarterly 6070:. 30 December 1800. p. 2. 5881:. 17 November 1749. p. 3. 5745:Carretta, pp. 99–101, 123–126. 4693:Adams, C.F., ed. (1850–1856). 4517:Brooke, pp. 180–182, 192, 223. 3786: 3766: 3754: 3745: 3736: 3436:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 2617:Princess Elizabeth of Clarence 2613:Princess Charlotte of Clarence 2424:Coat of arms from 1749 to 1751 2119:in 1781, he at first named it 1852: 1626: 1378:Battle of Guilford Court House 805: 759:. Charlotte accepted. While a 433:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 344:Princess Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 1: 10869:19th-century British monarchs 9090:Floral Badge of Great Britain 7994:Hamilton: An American Musical 6980:England under the Hanoverians 6573:. Cambridge University Press. 6273:George III and the Historians 6173:Benjamin, Lewis Saul (1907). 6038:The Royal Heraldry of England 5869:. 31 October 1749. p. 3. 4989:10.7861/clinmedicine.11-3-261 4899:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66991-7 4848:The English Historical Review 4780:Ayling, pp. 222–230, 366–376. 4667:Roos, Dave (7 October 2021). 4280:Cannon and Griffiths, p. 505. 3698: 3590:List of mentally ill monarchs 3530:Princess Sophia of Saxe-Halle 2848:King Frederick of Württemberg 2805:Princess Frederica of Prussia 2323:, the centre point bearing a 2170:4 June 1738 – 31 March 1751: 1499: 1417: 691:Pastel portrait of George as 594:St James's Church, Piccadilly 559: 529: 10318:Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex 10256:Prince William of Gloucester 9026:Anglo-French War (1778–1783) 7042:Portraits of King George III 6632:. New York: Longmans, Green. 6309:UK public library membership 5534:. Dean and Canons of Windsor 5049:10.1371/journal.pone.0171626 4145:Kelso, Paul (6 March 2000). 3864:UK public library membership 3677:For example, the letters of 2966:in her own right); no issue 2564:Ernest Augustus I of Hanover 2225:In Germany, he was "Duke of 1814:A Kick at the Broad-Bottoms! 1752:Emperor of the British Isles 1615:to draw out "evil humours". 1412: 1380:. In late 1781, the news of 1189:American War of Independence 1158:American War of Independence 975:, which was ceded to Spain. 461:American War of Independence 7: 10999:Monarchs of the Isle of Man 10979:Heirs to the British throne 10874:18th-century Irish monarchs 10864:18th-century British people 10292:Prince Andrew, Duke of York 10266:Prince Edward, Duke of Kent 10195:Prince George, Duke of Kent 10157:Prince Christian of Hanover 8980:Constitutional development 8825:British monarchs after the 7492:Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge 7070:20th Century Press Archives 4841:Robb-Smith, A.H.T. (1970). 3932:. Oxford University Press. 3896:. 16 April 1751. p. 1. 3664:, the daughter of imposter 3578: 3076: 2373:flory-counter-flory Gules ( 2338:, only on the Sovereign's. 1939:, was with him. George III 1838:Chancellor of the Exchequer 1830:Ministry of All the Talents 1235:declared their independence 1210:Second Continental Congress 715:. George's mother, now the 21:George III (disambiguation) 10: 11050: 11029:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew 11014:Prince-electors of Hanover 10954:Dukes of Bremen and Verden 10884:Blind royalty and nobility 10140:Prince Arthur of Connaught 9933:Frederick, Prince of Wales 7964:The Madness of King George 7890:Eight Songs for a Mad King 7673:American Revolutionary War 7652:Royal Proclamation of 1763 7540:Frederick, Prince of Wales 7393:King of the United Kingdom 7191:King of the United Kingdom 7166:Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg 6914:. London: Hamish Hamilton. 6798:. Temple University Press. 6738:Journal of British Studies 6490:. Oxford University Press. 6339:Carretta, Vincent (1990). 6090:. 29 June 1816. p. 1. 5905:. 14 July 1750. p. 1. 5893:. 16 June 1750. p. 1. 5857:. 20 June 1749. p. 2. 5845:. 9 April 1748. p. 2. 5833:. 5 April 1748. p. 3. 4655:George III on Empire, 1783 4640:U.S. Department of State, 3782:. 20 June 1738. p. 2. 3445: 3329: 3203: 3194:Frederick, Prince of Wales 3136:George II of Great Britain 3097: 2481: 2277:Royal Knight of the Garter 2256: 2220:claim to the French throne 2000:Royal Governor of Virginia 1950: 1525: 1484:gave Pitt a firm mandate. 1289:Johann Heinrich von Hurter 1168:American Revolutionary War 1161: 1104:Maria, Countess Waldegrave 980:Royal Proclamation of 1763 814: 602:King Frederick I of Sweden 582:Frederick, Prince of Wales 429:Frederick, Prince of Wales 334:Frederick, Prince of Wales 18: 10994:Monarchs of Great Britain 10929:Deaf royalty and nobility 10816: 10772: 10755: 10717: 10664: 10651: 10415: 10359: 10333: 10305: 10279: 10243: 10172: 10112: 10074: 10048: 9987: 9951: 9925: 9909: 9890: 9798: 9737: 9714:Proclamation of Rebellion 9686: 9650: 9629: 9596: 9142: 9097: 9083: 8973: 8913: 8836: 8820: 8816: 8753: 8736: 8732: 8209: 8205: 8130: 8060: 8025: 7954:The Madness of George III 7846: 7803: 7762: 7751: 7682:French Revolutionary Wars 7629: 7444:Charlotte, Princess Royal 7403: 7390: 7350: 7314: 7306: 7299: 7279: 7271: 7264: 7249: 7240: 7232: 7225: 7214: 7197: 7188: 7163: 7141: 7133: 7128: 7093: 7056:Georgian Papers Programme 6807:. Henry Holt and Company. 6779:. Palgrave Macmillan UK. 6471:. Yale University Press. 6437:. London: Penguin Books. 6413:Weidenfeld & Nicolson 6389:. Yale University Press. 5944:– via Google Books. 5928:Marquardt, Bernd (2018). 5659:– via Google Books. 4436:Carretta, pp. 97–98, 367. 4418:Taylor (2016), pp. 91–100 3924:Bullion, John L. (2004). 3620:King from 12 October 1814 3515: 3507: 3479: 3457: 3453: 3417: 3395: 3387: 3359: 3337: 3333: 3295: 3273: 3265: 3237: 3215: 3211: 3175: 3153: 3145: 3117: 3110:George I of Great Britain 3101: 2836:Charlotte, Princess Royal 2670:Great-great-grandchildren 2665:Princess Marie of Hanover 2484:Descendants of George III 2038: 1996:John Murray, Lord Dunmore 1674:Theatre Royal, Drury Lane 1565:The Madness of George III 1027:John van Nost the younger 592:, who was both Rector of 481:transatlantic slave trade 359: 349: 339: 329: 317: 308: 303: 299: 211: 183: 168: 151: 127: 123: 113: 103: 93: 83: 72: 50: 35: 30: 10313:William, Prince of Wales 10061:King George V of Hanover 8967:Kingdom of Great Britain 7659:Royal Marriages Act 1772 7266:Peerage of Great Britain 6975:Robertson, Charles Grant 6545:. London: Bantam Press. 6286:"George III (1738–1820)" 6186:. Encyclopedia Virginia. 6184:"George III (1738–1820)" 5347:, 27 October 1803, p. 2. 4971:Peters, T. (June 2011). 4942:10.1177/0957154X09102616 4644:. Retrieved 5 July 2013. 3868:(Subscription required). 3834:"George III (1738–1820)" 3595: 3070:Never married, no issue 3022:Never married, no issue 2950:Royal Marriages Act 1772 2889:Never married, no issue 2477: 2012:Philipsburg Proclamation 1988:William Pitt the Younger 1710:Acts a month later. The 1509:(left with tambourine), 1505:, depicting: Princesses 1477:William Pitt the Younger 1096:Royal Marriages Act 1772 887:Legislation and politics 608:stood proxy), his uncle 309:George William Frederick 11009:People from Westminster 10964:Dukes of Saxe-Lauenburg 10431:Edward the Black Prince 10351:Prince Archie of Sussex 9729:Welsh Methodist revival 9668:Romanticism in Scotland 9065:Agricultural Revolution 9031:Anglo-Dutch (1780–1784) 7689:Irish Rebellion of 1798 6912:Personalities and Power 6870:British Medical Journal 6803:Hadlow, Janice (2014). 6486:Pares, Richard (1953). 5698:Royal Museums Greenwich 5643:Ditchfield, G. (2002). 4873:Röhl, Warren, and Hunt. 4797:British Medical Journal 4487:Trevelyan, vol. 1 p. 5. 4478:Trevelyan, vol. 1 p. 4. 3085:Ancestors of George III 2879:Princess Augusta Sophia 2554:Princess Augusta Sophia 2306: 1597:Viscount Mount Edgcumbe 1239:twenty-seven grievances 909:anti-Scottish sentiment 827:constitutional monarchy 637:Duke of York and Albany 463:. Further wars against 246:Princess Augusta Sophia 10889:British art collectors 10658: 10341:Prince George of Wales 10271:Prince Michael of Kent 10103:Prince Ernest Augustus 9678:Blue Stockings Society 9091: 9014:American Revolutionary 7820:Somerset House, London 7792:Portrait of George III 7294:Merged with the Crown 7031:Royal Collection Trust 6921:Early American Studies 6383:Colley, Linda (2005). 6301:10.1093/ref:odnb/10540 5956:The Knights of England 5934:. LIT Verlag Münster. 5121:British History Online 5095:British History Online 4122:. 2004. Archived from 4085:George III (1738–1820) 3938:10.1093/ref:odnb/46829 3849:10.1093/ref:odnb/10540 3804:Brooke, pp. 42–44, 55. 2097:Science Museum, London 2078: 2004:Dunmore's Proclamation 1963: 1960:Dunmore's Proclamation 1866: 1817: 1687:of 1789, in which the 1657: 1645: 1539: 1518: 1439: 1303: 1237:in July 1776, listing 1184: 1133:was shut down and the 1129:by the colonists: the 1079: 1052:Middlesex constituency 1030: 1012:William Pitt the Elder 900: 848:On his accession, the 723:Accession and marriage 711:, who later served as 700: 580:and the eldest son of 565: 479:in 1815. In 1807, the 427:, as the first son of 10989:Knights of the Garter 10671:Principality of Wales 10657: 10461:Edward of Westminster 10346:Prince Louis of Wales 9938:Prince George William 9089: 7893:(1969, music theatre) 7548:Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 7317:— TITULAR — 7144:King of Great Britain 6933:10.1353/eam.2007.0037 6839:10.1136/bmj.1.5479.65 6578:Taylor, Alan (2016). 6360:Chernow, Ron (2010). 6224:. London: Constable. 6200:Yale University Press 6104:George III's Children 5772:Reitan, pp. xii–xiii. 4930:History of Psychiatry 4810:10.1136/bmj.1.5479.65 4642:Treaty of Paris, 1783 4601:Taylor (2016), p. 290 4592:Taylor (2016), p. 287 4526:Hibbert, pp. 156–157. 4427:Chernow, pp. 214–215. 4019:The National Archives 2850:; no surviving issue 2410:Electorate of Hanover 2205:Defender of the Faith 2181:The Duke of Edinburgh 2109:1769 transit of Venus 2093:King's College London 2089:Industrial Revolution 2072: 1958: 1935:. His favourite son, 1860: 1811: 1651: 1639: 1533: 1496:John Singleton Copley 1490: 1425: 1286: 1278:George Otto Trevelyan 1175: 1073: 1024: 978:Later that year, the 911:amongst the English. 894: 872:Lady at the Virginals 863:Royal Academy of Arts 815:Further information: 775:, St James's Palace. 690: 586:Augusta of Saxe-Gotha 537: 378:King of Great Britain 10914:British blind people 10879:English blind people 10421:Edward of Caernarfon 9077:Financial Revolution 9036:French Revolutionary 8795:William III & II 8360:Henry the Young King 8310:Edward the Confessor 8278:Æthelred the Unready 8004:Mr Foote's Other Leg 7940:Blackadder the Third 7910:The Adams Chronicles 7105:Cadet branch of the 6882:10.1136/bmj.1.5583.7 6431:Hibbert, Christopher 6269:Butterfield, Herbert 5954:Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) 5810:Brooke, pp. 175–176. 5801:Butterfield, p. 152. 5606:Rodriguez, Junius P. 5433:Ayling, pp. 441–442. 5315:Watson, pp. 402–409. 5267:Ayling, pp. 408–409. 5080:Roberts, pp. 677–680 4735:Watson, pp. 272–279. 4726:Brooke, pp. 250–251. 4708:e.g. Ayling, p. 281. 4583:Ayling, pp. 275–276. 4469:O'Shaughnessy, ch 1. 4298:Watson, pp. 184–185. 4262:Watson, pp. 183–184. 4235:Brooke, pp. 146–147. 4217:Ayling, pp. 196–198. 2964:Duchess of Inverness 2870:; had one daughter: 2784:; had one daughter: 2399:crown of Charlemagne 2105:Richmond-upon-Thames 1900:and was replaced by 1898:assassinated in 1812 1834:Slave Trade Act 1807 1384:'s surrender at the 1320:Charles III of Spain 1267:the Earl of Sandwich 1244:grand strategic plan 1202:rights as Englishmen 1062:to return to power. 753:Colonel David Graeme 697:Jean-Étienne Liotard 622:Lady Charlotte Edwin 483:was banned from the 164:, Berkshire, England 19:For other uses, see 10919:British deaf people 10731:(Elector-designate) 10481:Edward of Middleham 10441:Richard of Bordeaux 9724:Speenhamland system 9172:Acts of Parliament: 9167:List of parliaments 8743:Union of the Crowns 7666:American Revolution 6681:Willcox, William B. 6600:Thomas, Peter D. G. 6158:. London: Collins. 6025:. pp. 110–111. 5040:2017PLoSO..1271626R 4450:. pp. 158–164. 4126:on 13 November 2017 3877:Sedgwick, pp. ix–x. 2960:Lady Cecilia Buggin 2954:Lady Augusta Murray 2931:George V of Hanover 2650:Great-grandchildren 2630:George V of Hanover 2188:The Prince of Wales 1846:subsequent election 1803:Battle of Trafalgar 1799:Admiral Lord Nelson 1746:since the reign of 1589:Bishop of Worcester 1538:of George III, 1789 1513:(upper right), and 1456:Fox–North Coalition 1370:siege of Charleston 1271:Lord George Germain 1252:battles of Saratoga 1208:in April 1775. The 1193:American Revolution 1164:American Revolution 1152:American Revolution 965:Allegheny Mountains 769:Master of the Horse 684:three weeks later. 568:George was born in 542:, and their tutor, 504:the Prince of Wales 43:Coronation portrait 10959:Dukes of Edinburgh 10801:Ernest Augustus II 10659: 9792:Dukes of Edinburgh 9694:East India Company 9092: 9060:Panic of 1796–1797 8827:Acts of Union 1707 8790:James II & VII 8483:Kenneth I MacAlpin 8268:Edgar the Peaceful 8090:Margaret Nicholson 8083:King's Observatory 7933:(1984, radio play) 7870:The Young Mr. Pitt 7836:Windsor Great Park 7696:Acts of Union 1800 7572:Princess Elizabeth 7301:Titles in pretence 7254:Title next held by 7210:Congress of Vienna 7184:Acts of Union 1800 7175:Congress of Vienna 7157:Acts of Union 1800 7123:29 January 1820 6983:. London: Methuen. 6364:Washington: A Life 6275:. London: Collins. 6177:. Pitman and Sons. 6087:The London Gazette 6067:The London Gazette 6014:See, for example, 5902:The London Gazette 5890:The London Gazette 5878:The London Gazette 5866:The London Gazette 5854:The London Gazette 5842:The London Gazette 5830:The London Gazette 5820:The London Gazette 5727:Watson, pp. 10–11. 5564:, Isaac Chotiner, 4087:, 22 December 2021 4038:Ayling, pp. 85–87. 3906:Hibbert, pp. 3–15. 3893:The London Gazette 3792:Brooke, pp. 23–41. 3779:The London Gazette 3637:Gregorian calendar 3610:Acts of Union 1800 3054:Died in childhood 3038:Died in childhood 2958:(2) Married 1831, 2895:Princess Elizabeth 2786:Princess Charlotte 2406:Acts of Union 1800 2251:Congress of Vienna 2186:His Royal Highness 2179:His Royal Highness 2172:His Royal Highness 2101:King's Observatory 2095:but housed in the 2079: 1964: 1906:Congress of Vienna 1867: 1818: 1756:legal disabilities 1724:Napoleon Bonaparte 1708:Seditious Meetings 1678:Bannister Truelock 1662:Margaret Nicholson 1658: 1646: 1540: 1519: 1464:East India Company 1440: 1332:German auxiliaries 1316:treaty of alliance 1304: 1185: 1080: 1031: 901: 811:Early regnal years 701: 566: 477:Battle of Waterloo 386:Acts of Union 1800 10836: 10835: 10830: 10829: 10728:Ernest Augustus I 10711:Rulers of Hanover 10677: 10676: 10451:Henry of Monmouth 10375: 10374: 9850: 9849: 9758: 9757: 9719:South Sea Company 9009:French and Indian 8926: 8925: 8909: 8908: 8812: 8811: 8728: 8727: 8723: 8722: 8273:Edward the Martyr 8156: 8155: 8056: 8055: 8045:Victory of Eagles 7804:Public sculptures 7338: 7337: 7319: 7282:Duke of Edinburgh 7198:Succeeded by 6638:Watson, J. Steven 6626:Trevelyan, George 6591:978-0-393-35476-8 6522:978-0-141-99146-7 6515:. Penguin Books. 6375:978-1-59420-266-7 6368:. Penguin Press. 6307:(Subscription or 6047:978-0-900455-25-4 5791:978-0-7126-5279-7 5580:"Throne of Blood" 5380:National Archives 5212:Carretta, p. 275. 4977:Clinical Medicine 4893:(9482): 332–335. 3862:(Subscription or 3575: 3574: 3571: 3570: 3074: 3073: 3048:22 September 1780 2886:22 September 1840 2840:29 September 1766 2750: 2749: 2315:differenced by a 2295:: Founder of the 2243:Holy Roman Empire 2165:Titles and styles 2125:40-foot telescope 1873:and in pain from 1784:Hyde Park, London 1685:French Revolution 1593:Hartlebury Castle 1448:Charles James Fox 1391:Treaties of Paris 1386:siege of Yorktown 1197:Thirteen Colonies 1002:, which levied a 969:Mississippi River 929:and found guilty 788:Buckingham Palace 781:Westminster Abbey 729:Lady Sarah Lennox 705:St James's Palace 678:Duke of Edinburgh 574:St James's Square 469:Napoleonic France 410:Holy Roman Empire 371: 370: 313: 312: 138:4 June 1738 [ 89:22 September 1761 11041: 11019:Princes of Wales 10984:Kings of Hanover 10939:Deafblind people 10767: 10766: 10761: 10760: 10704: 10697: 10690: 10681: 10680: 10646: 10636: 10626: 10616: 10606: 10596: 10586: 10576: 10566: 10556: 10546: 10536: 10526: 10516: 10506: 10496: 10486: 10476: 10466: 10456: 10446: 10436: 10426: 10409:Princes of Wales 10402: 10395: 10388: 10379: 10378: 10287:King Charles III 10180:King Edward VIII 9979:Prince Frederick 9877: 9870: 9863: 9854: 9853: 9785: 9778: 9771: 9762: 9761: 9160:House of Commons 9053:Jacobite risings 8965: 8964: 8963: 8953: 8946: 8939: 8930: 8929: 8818: 8817: 8778:Richard Cromwell 8768:The Protectorate 8758:James I & VI 8734: 8733: 8315:Harold Godwinson 8235:Edward the Elder 8228:Alfred the Great 8212: 8211: 8207: 8206: 8183: 8176: 8169: 8160: 8159: 8149: 8140: 8123: 8113: 8111:House of Hanover 8106: 8099: 8092: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8049: 8039: 8018: 8008: 7998: 7988: 7978: 7968: 7958: 7948: 7945:Duel and Duality 7934: 7924: 7914: 7904: 7894: 7884: 7880:Mrs. Fitzherbert 7874: 7864: 7839: 7831: 7823: 7815: 7796: 7786: 7776: 7760: 7759: 7742: 7735: 7733:Regency Act 1811 7726: 7719: 7712: 7705: 7703:Treaty of Amiens 7698: 7691: 7684: 7675: 7668: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7645:Seven Years' War 7640: 7622: 7615: 7607: 7604:Prince Frederick 7599: 7591: 7583: 7575: 7567: 7559: 7551: 7543: 7535: 7527: 7519: 7511: 7503: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7471: 7463: 7455: 7447: 7439: 7431: 7423: 7415: 7377: 7370: 7363: 7354: 7353: 7341: 7340: 7333:Title abandoned 7315: 7307:Preceded by 7275:Prince Frederick 7272:Preceded by 7233:Preceded by 7134:Preceded by 7124: 7117: 7100:House of Hanover 7091: 7090: 7087: 7084:slavevoyages.org 7052: 7022:British monarchy 7007: 6997: 6984: 6970: 6944: 6927:(1): iii, 1–46. 6915: 6908:Namier, Lewis B. 6903: 6893: 6860: 6850: 6817: 6808: 6799: 6790: 6769: 6728: 6719:(299): 145–154. 6700: 6676: 6667: 6645: 6633: 6621: 6595: 6574: 6565: 6556: 6539:Röhl, John C. G. 6534: 6503: 6491: 6482: 6461: 6448: 6426: 6400: 6379: 6367: 6356: 6335: 6318:Griffiths, Ralph 6312: 6304: 6288: 6276: 6264: 6235: 6213: 6187: 6178: 6169: 6155:George the Third 6139: 6138: 6125: 6119: 6118: 6098: 6092: 6091: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6033: 6027: 6026: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 6001: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5967: 5952: 5946: 5945: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5907: 5906: 5894: 5882: 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5817: 5811: 5808: 5802: 5799: 5793: 5779: 5773: 5770: 5764: 5763:Reitan, p. viii. 5761: 5755: 5752: 5746: 5743: 5737: 5734: 5728: 5725: 5719: 5716: 5710: 5709: 5707: 5705: 5690: 5684: 5683: 5681: 5679: 5667: 5661: 5660: 5640: 5634: 5633: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5575: 5569: 5559: 5553: 5550: 5544: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5509: 5506: 5497: 5496:Hibbert, p. 408. 5494: 5488: 5485: 5479: 5476: 5470: 5467: 5461: 5460:Hibbert, p. 394. 5458: 5452: 5451:Hibbert, p. 396. 5449: 5443: 5440: 5434: 5431: 5425: 5422: 5416: 5415: 5413: 5411: 5400: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5372: 5366: 5363: 5357: 5354: 5348: 5340: 5334: 5331: 5325: 5322: 5316: 5313: 5307: 5304: 5298: 5297:Hibbert, p. 313. 5295: 5289: 5286: 5280: 5277: 5268: 5265: 5259: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5228: 5222: 5219: 5213: 5210: 5204: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5186: 5183: 5177: 5174: 5168: 5165: 5159: 5158: 5156: 5154: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5130: 5128: 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5087: 5081: 5078: 5072: 5071: 5061: 5051: 5034:(12): e0171626. 5017: 5011: 5010: 5000: 4968: 4962: 4961: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4880: 4874: 4871: 4865: 4864: 4855:(333): 808–810. 4838: 4832: 4831: 4821: 4787: 4781: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4763: 4760: 4754: 4751: 4745: 4742: 4736: 4733: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4709: 4706: 4700: 4698: 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4651: 4645: 4638: 4632: 4629: 4623: 4617: 4611: 4608: 4602: 4599: 4593: 4590: 4584: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4556: 4550: 4547: 4536: 4533: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4515: 4509: 4506: 4500: 4497: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4470: 4467: 4461: 4458: 4452: 4451: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4428: 4425: 4419: 4416: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4398: 4392: 4389: 4383: 4382:Hibbert, p. 143. 4380: 4374: 4373:Hibbert, p. 141. 4371: 4365: 4362: 4353: 4350: 4344: 4341: 4335: 4332: 4326: 4323: 4317: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4299: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4281: 4278: 4272: 4269: 4263: 4260: 4254: 4253:Chernow, p. 137. 4251: 4245: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4227: 4224: 4218: 4215: 4209: 4206: 4200: 4197: 4191: 4188: 4182: 4179: 4173: 4170: 4164: 4163: 4161: 4159: 4142: 4136: 4135: 4133: 4131: 4120:The Crown Estate 4112: 4106: 4103: 4097: 4094: 4088: 4081: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4048: 4045: 4039: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4011: 4005: 4004: 3983: 3977: 3976:Benjamin, p. 62. 3974: 3968: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3922: 3916: 3913: 3907: 3904: 3898: 3897: 3884: 3878: 3875: 3869: 3867: 3859: 3857: 3855: 3836: 3828: 3805: 3802: 3793: 3790: 3784: 3783: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3749: 3743: 3740: 3734: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3714: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3675: 3669: 3654:Hannah Lightfoot 3650: 3644: 3630: 3621: 3618: 3612: 3606: 3091: 3090: 3082: 3081: 3032:23 February 1779 2976:24 February 1774 2922:18 November 1851 2752: 2751: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2509: 2499:House of Hanover 2488: 2487: 2469: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2421: 2351:passant guardant 2336:arms of the heir 2291: 2290: 2289: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2113:William Herschel 1980:Duke of Clarence 1887:Regency Act 1811 1884: 1842:Spencer Perceval 1776:Treaty of Amiens 1758:that applied to 1716:Second Coalition 1640:Portrait by Sir 1578:bipolar disorder 1504: 1501: 1446:to replace him. 1374:Battle of Camden 1300:Royal Collection 1297: 1127:Intolerable Acts 1120:Boston Tea Party 1048:general election 941:George Grenville 927:House of Commons 918:The North Briton 867:Johannes Vermeer 831:Seven Years' War 800:Weymouth, Dorset 629:Leicester Square 598:Bishop of Oxford 564: 561: 544:Francis Ayscough 496:bipolar disorder 453:Seven Years' War 418:House of Hanover 412:before becoming 367: 301: 300: 205: 203: 172:16 February 1820 158: 137: 135: 79: 40: 28: 27: 11049: 11048: 11044: 11043: 11042: 11040: 11039: 11038: 10904:British princes 10839: 10838: 10837: 10832: 10831: 10826: 10820:British monarch 10812: 10768: 10764: 10762: 10758: 10753: 10713: 10708: 10678: 10673: 10660: 10649: 10639: 10629: 10619: 10609: 10599: 10589: 10579: 10569: 10559: 10549: 10539: 10529: 10521:Henry Frederick 10519: 10509: 10499: 10489: 10479: 10469: 10459: 10449: 10439: 10429: 10419: 10411: 10406: 10376: 10371: 10366: 10355: 10334:12th generation 10329: 10306:11th generation 10301: 10280:10th generation 10275: 10239: 10168: 10108: 10082:King Edward VII 10070: 10044: 10030:Prince Octavius 10005:King William IV 9983: 9959:King George III 9947: 9921: 9905: 9886: 9884:British princes 9881: 9851: 9846: 9794: 9789: 9759: 9754: 9733: 9704:Longitude prize 9682: 9646: 9625: 9592: 9138: 9093: 9081: 9019:Boston Massacre 8969: 8961: 8959: 8957: 8927: 8922: 8905: 8832: 8808: 8773:Oliver Cromwell 8749: 8724: 8719: 8566:Constantine III 8475: 8300:Harold Harefoot 8290:Edmund Ironside 8201: 8196: and 8187: 8157: 8152: 8143: 8134: 8126: 8116: 8109: 8102: 8095: 8088: 8081: 8074: 8067: 8052: 8042: 8032: 8026:Books and poems 8021: 8011: 8001: 7997:(2015, musical) 7991: 7981: 7971: 7961: 7951: 7937: 7927: 7917: 7907: 7897: 7887: 7877: 7867: 7857: 7850: 7848: 7842: 7834: 7826: 7818: 7810: 7799: 7789: 7779: 7769: 7754: 7747: 7738: 7731: 7722: 7715: 7710:Napoleonic Wars 7708: 7701: 7694: 7687: 7680: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7625: 7618: 7610: 7602: 7596:Princess Louisa 7594: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7562: 7554: 7546: 7538: 7530: 7522: 7514: 7506: 7498: 7490: 7482: 7474: 7466: 7458: 7450: 7442: 7434: 7426: 7418: 7410: 7399: 7386: 7381: 7346: 7328: 7320: 7312: 7289: 7285: 7277: 7255: 7246: 7243:Prince of Wales 7238: 7227:British royalty 7220: 7217:King of Hanover 7203: 7194: 7169: 7151: 7139: 7118: 7112: 7111: 7103: 7096: 7078: 7014: 6967: 6949:Roberts, Andrew 6833:(5479): 65–71. 6787: 6707: 6705:Further reading 6697: 6664: 6592: 6553: 6523: 6509:Roberts, Andrew 6479: 6445: 6423: 6405:Fraser, Antonia 6397: 6376: 6353: 6332: 6306: 6253:10.2307/2946866 6232: 6222:King George III 6210: 6166: 6148: 6143: 6142: 6127: 6126: 6122: 6115: 6099: 6095: 6079: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6048: 6034: 6030: 6013: 6009: 5999: 5997: 5987: 5983: 5974: 5970: 5953: 5949: 5942: 5926: 5922: 5918:Brooke, p. 390. 5917: 5910: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5800: 5796: 5780: 5776: 5771: 5767: 5762: 5758: 5754:Ayling, p. 247. 5753: 5749: 5744: 5740: 5735: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5713: 5703: 5701: 5692: 5691: 5687: 5677: 5675: 5668: 5664: 5657: 5641: 5637: 5626: 5603: 5599: 5589: 5587: 5576: 5572: 5560: 5556: 5552:Brooke, p. 387. 5551: 5547: 5537: 5535: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5500: 5495: 5491: 5486: 5482: 5477: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5459: 5455: 5450: 5446: 5441: 5437: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5409: 5407: 5402: 5401: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5364: 5360: 5356:Brooke, p. 597. 5355: 5351: 5341: 5337: 5333:Colley, p. 225. 5332: 5328: 5324:Ayling, p. 423. 5323: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5301: 5296: 5292: 5288:Ayling, p. 411. 5287: 5283: 5278: 5271: 5266: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5246: 5232:Thompson, E. P. 5229: 5225: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5207: 5202: 5198: 5194:Ayling, p. 345. 5193: 5189: 5184: 5180: 5175: 5171: 5166: 5162: 5152: 5150: 5149:. 15 April 2013 5141: 5140: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5089: 5088: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5018: 5014: 4969: 4965: 4926: 4922: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4868: 4839: 4835: 4788: 4784: 4779: 4775: 4771:Ayling, p. 220. 4770: 4766: 4762:Ayling, p. 218. 4761: 4757: 4753:Brooke, p. 259. 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4734: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4707: 4703: 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4665: 4661: 4652: 4648: 4639: 4635: 4631:Brooke, p. 221. 4630: 4626: 4618: 4614: 4610:Ayling, p. 284. 4609: 4605: 4600: 4596: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4571: 4557: 4553: 4548: 4539: 4534: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4516: 4512: 4508:Brooke, p. 183. 4507: 4503: 4498: 4491: 4486: 4482: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4455: 4444: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4426: 4422: 4417: 4413: 4409:Ayling, p. 121. 4408: 4404: 4399: 4395: 4391:Watson, p. 197. 4390: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4356: 4351: 4347: 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4324: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4306: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4279: 4275: 4270: 4266: 4261: 4257: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4239: 4234: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4216: 4212: 4208:Ayling, p. 195. 4207: 4203: 4199:Brooke, p. 215. 4198: 4194: 4189: 4185: 4181:Medley, p. 501. 4180: 4176: 4171: 4167: 4157: 4155: 4143: 4139: 4129: 4127: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4091: 4082: 4078: 4073: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4056:Watson, p. 549. 4055: 4051: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4033: 4023: 4021: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4001: 3984: 3980: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3923: 3919: 3914: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3861: 3853: 3851: 3829: 3808: 3803: 3796: 3791: 3787: 3771: 3767: 3759: 3755: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3727: 3725: 3716: 3715: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3695: 3689: 3685: 3676: 3672: 3651: 3647: 3641:Julian calendar 3631: 3624: 3619: 3615: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3581: 3576: 3079: 3067:2 November 1810 3060:Princess Amelia 3028:Prince Octavius 3016:3 November 1777 3012:Princess Sophia 2957: 2942:27 January 1773 2929:; had one son: 2902:10 January 1840 2883:8 November 1768 2863:23 January 1820 2860:2 November 1767 2829:Dorothea Jordan 2746: 2599:Princess Amelia 2589:Prince Octavius 2584:Princess Sophia 2492:British Royalty 2486: 2480: 2473: 2470: 2461: 2458: 2449: 2446: 2437: 2434: 2425: 2422: 2319:of five points 2309: 2301:5 February 1783 2287: 2285: 2265: 2263: 2259: 2167: 2162: 2041: 1953: 1882: 1879:Princess Amelia 1855: 1826:Third Coalition 1772:Henry Addington 1764:coronation oath 1760:Roman Catholics 1732:French Republic 1712:First Coalition 1689:French monarchy 1642:William Beechey 1634: 1629: 1605:King of Prussia 1570:Nicholas Hytner 1528: 1502: 1420: 1415: 1382:Lord Cornwallis 1368:As late as the 1347:English Channel 1291: 1257:Prime Minister 1181:William Walcutt 1170: 1162:Main articles: 1160: 1068: 1036:Earl of Chatham 1016:Lord Rockingham 959:. France ceded 923:seditious libel 889: 819: 813: 808: 761:royal household 725: 693:Prince of Wales 682:Prince of Wales 667:Romney Sedgwick 641:British monarch 562: 532: 441:Prince of Wales 414:King of Hanover 295: 291:Princess Amelia 281:Prince Octavius 276:Princess Sophia 207: 199: 195: 192: 179: 173: 160: 156: 155:29 January 1820 143: 133: 131: 78:29 January 1820 77: 68: 64:King of Hanover 46: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 11047: 11037: 11036: 11031: 11026: 11021: 11016: 11011: 11006: 11001: 10996: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10976: 10971: 10966: 10961: 10956: 10951: 10946: 10941: 10936: 10931: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10871: 10866: 10861: 10856: 10851: 10834: 10833: 10828: 10827: 10817: 10814: 10813: 10811: 10810: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10786: 10779: 10777: 10770: 10769: 10756: 10754: 10752: 10751: 10745: 10739: 10736:George I Louis 10733: 10724: 10722: 10715: 10714: 10707: 10706: 10699: 10692: 10684: 10675: 10674: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10652: 10650: 10648: 10647: 10644:(2022–present) 10637: 10627: 10617: 10607: 10597: 10587: 10577: 10567: 10557: 10547: 10537: 10527: 10517: 10507: 10497: 10487: 10477: 10467: 10457: 10447: 10437: 10427: 10416: 10413: 10412: 10405: 10404: 10397: 10390: 10382: 10373: 10372: 10363:Prince Consort 10360: 10357: 10356: 10354: 10353: 10348: 10343: 10337: 10335: 10331: 10330: 10328: 10327: 10320: 10315: 10309: 10307: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10283: 10281: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10273: 10268: 10263: 10258: 10253: 10247: 10245: 10244:9th generation 10241: 10240: 10238: 10237: 10230: 10223: 10216: 10209: 10202: 10197: 10192: 10187: 10185:King George VI 10182: 10176: 10174: 10173:8th generation 10170: 10169: 10167: 10166: 10159: 10154: 10149: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10116: 10114: 10113:7th generation 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10099: 10094: 10089: 10084: 10078: 10076: 10075:6th generation 10072: 10071: 10069: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10052: 10050: 10049:5th generation 10046: 10045: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10007: 10002: 9997: 9995:King George IV 9991: 9989: 9988:4th generation 9985: 9984: 9982: 9981: 9976: 9971: 9966: 9961: 9955: 9953: 9952:3rd generation 9949: 9948: 9946: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9929: 9927: 9926:2nd generation 9923: 9922: 9920: 9919: 9917:King George II 9913: 9911: 9910:1st generation 9907: 9906: 9891: 9888: 9887: 9880: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9857: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9843:(2023–present) 9838: 9832: 9826: 9820: 9812: 9806: 9799: 9796: 9795: 9788: 9787: 9780: 9773: 9765: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9752: 9747: 9741: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9731: 9726: 9721: 9716: 9711: 9706: 9701: 9699:British Empire 9696: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9683: 9681: 9680: 9675: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9654: 9652: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9644: 9639: 9633: 9631: 9627: 9626: 9624: 9623: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9600: 9598: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9590: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9570: 9565: 9564: 9563: 9556:Prime Minister 9553: 9548: 9543: 9538: 9537: 9536: 9531: 9526: 9521: 9516: 9511: 9506: 9501: 9496: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9229: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9199: 9194: 9189: 9184: 9179: 9169: 9164: 9163: 9162: 9157: 9155:House of Lords 9146: 9144: 9140: 9139: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9134: 9129: 9124: 9114: 9113: 9112: 9101: 9099: 9095: 9094: 9084: 9082: 9080: 9079: 9074: 9073: 9072: 9062: 9057: 9056: 9055: 9045: 9040: 9039: 9038: 9033: 9028: 9023: 9022: 9021: 9011: 9006: 9001: 8995:External wars 8993: 8992: 8991: 8986: 8977: 8975: 8971: 8970: 8956: 8955: 8948: 8941: 8933: 8924: 8923: 8921: 8920: 8914: 8911: 8910: 8907: 8906: 8904: 8903: 8898: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8873: 8868: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8843: 8837: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8830: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8809: 8807: 8806: 8801: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8765: 8760: 8754: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8725: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8717: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8682: 8677: 8672: 8669:Edward Balliol 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8643: 8638: 8633: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8558: 8551: 8546: 8541: 8536: 8531: 8529:Constantine II 8526: 8521: 8514: 8507: 8500: 8493: 8486: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8473: 8468: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8430: 8425: 8420: 8415: 8410: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8380: 8373: 8368: 8363: 8356: 8351: 8344: 8339: 8334: 8329: 8324: 8321:Edgar Ætheling 8317: 8312: 8307: 8302: 8297: 8292: 8287: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8223: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8210: 8203: 8202: 8186: 8185: 8178: 8171: 8163: 8154: 8153: 8151: 8150: 8141: 8131: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8124: 8114: 8107: 8104:James Hadfield 8100: 8093: 8086: 8079: 8072: 8069:King's Library 8064: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8054: 8053: 8051: 8050: 8040: 8029: 8027: 8023: 8022: 8020: 8019: 8009: 7999: 7989: 7979: 7969: 7959: 7949: 7935: 7925: 7915: 7905: 7895: 7885: 7875: 7865: 7854: 7852: 7847:Theatre, film, 7844: 7843: 7841: 7840: 7832: 7824: 7822:(c. 1778–1789) 7816: 7807: 7805: 7801: 7800: 7798: 7797: 7787: 7777: 7766: 7764: 7757: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7729: 7728: 7727: 7717:Golden Jubilee 7713: 7706: 7699: 7692: 7685: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7662: 7655: 7648: 7641: 7633: 7631: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7623: 7616: 7608: 7600: 7592: 7584: 7576: 7568: 7560: 7552: 7544: 7536: 7528: 7520: 7512: 7504: 7496: 7488: 7480: 7472: 7464: 7456: 7448: 7440: 7432: 7424: 7416: 7407: 7405: 7401: 7400: 7391: 7388: 7387: 7380: 7379: 7372: 7365: 7357: 7351: 7348: 7347: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7324:King of France 7313: 7308: 7304: 7303: 7297: 7296: 7291: 7278: 7273: 7269: 7268: 7262: 7261: 7253: 7248: 7239: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7223: 7222: 7213: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7196: 7187: 7179: 7178: 7171: 7161: 7160: 7153: 7140: 7135: 7131: 7130: 7129:Regnal titles 7126: 7125: 7116:4 June 1738 7104: 7097: 7094: 7089: 7088: 7076: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7039: 7038:at BBC History 7033: 7024: 7013: 7012:External links 7010: 7009: 7008: 6999: 6985: 6971: 6966:978-1984879264 6965: 6945: 6916: 6904: 6876:(5583): 7–18. 6861: 6818: 6809: 6800: 6791: 6786:978-0333919620 6785: 6770: 6750:10.1086/385501 6733: 6706: 6703: 6702: 6701: 6695: 6677: 6668: 6662: 6646: 6634: 6622: 6612:(228): 16–31. 6596: 6590: 6575: 6566: 6557: 6551: 6535: 6521: 6505: 6498:, ed. (1964). 6492: 6483: 6478:978-0300191073 6477: 6462: 6449: 6443: 6427: 6421: 6401: 6395: 6380: 6374: 6357: 6351: 6336: 6330: 6316:Cannon, John; 6313: 6277: 6265: 6236: 6230: 6214: 6208: 6188: 6179: 6170: 6164: 6147: 6144: 6141: 6140: 6120: 6113: 6093: 6073: 6053: 6046: 6028: 6017:Berry, William 6007: 5981: 5968: 5947: 5941:978-3643900043 5940: 5920: 5908: 5812: 5803: 5794: 5774: 5765: 5756: 5747: 5738: 5736:Brooke, p. 90. 5729: 5720: 5711: 5685: 5662: 5656:978-0230599437 5655: 5635: 5625:978-1317471806 5624: 5597: 5570: 5566:The New Yorker 5554: 5545: 5519: 5510: 5508:Black, p. 410. 5498: 5489: 5480: 5471: 5462: 5453: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5424:Pares, p. 139. 5417: 5392: 5367: 5358: 5349: 5335: 5326: 5317: 5308: 5299: 5290: 5281: 5269: 5260: 5251: 5244: 5223: 5214: 5205: 5196: 5187: 5178: 5169: 5160: 5134: 5108: 5082: 5073: 5012: 4983:(3): 261–264. 4963: 4920: 4875: 4866: 4833: 4782: 4773: 4764: 4755: 4746: 4737: 4728: 4719: 4710: 4701: 4685: 4659: 4646: 4633: 4624: 4622:(1994) p. 129. 4612: 4603: 4594: 4585: 4576: 4570:978-0801873393 4569: 4551: 4537: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4501: 4489: 4480: 4471: 4462: 4453: 4438: 4429: 4420: 4411: 4402: 4400:Thomas, p. 31. 4393: 4384: 4375: 4366: 4354: 4345: 4336: 4327: 4318: 4309: 4300: 4291: 4282: 4273: 4264: 4255: 4246: 4237: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4192: 4183: 4174: 4165: 4137: 4107: 4098: 4089: 4076: 4067: 4058: 4049: 4040: 4031: 4006: 4000:978-0805096569 3999: 3987:Hadlow, Janice 3978: 3969: 3960: 3951: 3949:Ayling, p. 33. 3942: 3917: 3908: 3899: 3879: 3870: 3806: 3794: 3785: 3765: 3763:. 24 May 1738. 3753: 3751:Hibbert, p. 8. 3744: 3735: 3703: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3683: 3679:Horace Walpole 3670: 3645: 3622: 3613: 3600: 3599: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3580: 3577: 3573: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3560: 3558: 3556: 3554: 3552: 3550: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3532: 3526: 3523: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3503: 3502: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3438: 3432: 3429: 3428: 3425: 3424: 3422: 3419: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3412: 3406: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3398: 3396: 3394: 3392: 3389: 3388: 3386: 3383: 3382: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3366: 3364: 3361: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3354: 3348: 3345: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3338: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3322: 3319: 3318: 3316: 3310: 3307: 3306: 3303: 3302: 3300: 3297: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3290: 3284: 3281: 3280: 3277: 3276: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3260: 3258: 3252: 3249: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3223: 3222: 3219: 3218: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3204: 3202: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3177: 3176: 3174: 3171: 3170: 3164: 3161: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3154: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3138: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3125: 3124: 3122: 3119: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3096: 3094: 3087: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3071: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3052: 3051:20 August 1782 3049: 3046: 3040: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3020: 3017: 3014: 3008: 3007: 3002:Married 1816, 3000: 2997: 2994: 2988: 2987: 2982:Married 1818, 2980: 2977: 2974: 2968: 2967: 2946: 2943: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2923: 2920: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2905:Married 1818, 2903: 2900: 2897: 2891: 2890: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2872:Queen Victoria 2866:Married 1818, 2864: 2861: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2846:Married 1797, 2844: 2843:6 October 1828 2841: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2821: 2818: 2817:21 August 1765 2815: 2809: 2808: 2803:Married 1791, 2801: 2800:5 January 1827 2798: 2797:16 August 1763 2795: 2789: 2788: 2778: 2775: 2774:12 August 1762 2772: 2766: 2765: 2762: 2759: 2756: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2744: 2737: 2730: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2717: 2716: 2711: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2691: 2688: 2685: 2680: 2677: 2672: 2667: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2637: 2632: 2627: 2624: 2619: 2614: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2546: 2541: 2536: 2531: 2526: 2518: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2494: 2479: 2476: 2475: 2474: 2471: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2452: 2450: 2447: 2440: 2438: 2435: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2416: 2404:Following the 2308: 2305: 2304: 2303: 2283: 2258: 2255: 2239:Prince-elector 2235:Arch-Treasurer 2197: 2196: 2189: 2182: 2175: 2166: 2163: 2161: 2158: 2121:Georgium Sidus 2064:reigned longer 2040: 2037: 1976:Andrew Roberts 1972:Atlantic slave 1952: 1949: 1929:Windsor Castle 1902:Lord Liverpool 1854: 1851: 1822:Lord Grenville 1720:Ottoman Empire 1670:James Hadfield 1652:Caricature by 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1609:Francis Willis 1585:Cheltenham Spa 1572:'s subsequent 1548:Richard Hunter 1527: 1524: 1473:House of Lords 1471:to inform the 1444:Lord Shelburne 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1402:, or England. 1324:Dutch Republic 1250:following the 1218:to be traitors 1159: 1156: 1131:Port of Boston 1108:Edward Walpole 1067: 1064: 984:Indian reserve 937:Peace of Paris 888: 885: 881:King's Library 823:Lord Hardwicke 812: 809: 807: 804: 796:Windsor Castle 724: 721: 713:prime minister 653:Joseph Addison 624:stood proxy). 614:Lord Carnarvon 606:Lord Baltimore 578:King George II 556:Richard Wilson 531: 528: 492:mental illness 485:British Empire 425:King George II 402:Prince-elector 369: 368: 361: 357: 356: 351: 347: 346: 341: 337: 336: 331: 327: 326: 321: 315: 314: 311: 310: 306: 305: 297: 296: 294: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 263: 258: 253: 248: 243: 238: 233: 228: 223: 217: 215: 209: 208: 197: 193: 188: 187: 185: 181: 180: 174: 170: 166: 165: 162:Windsor Castle 159:(aged 81) 153: 149: 148: 129: 125: 124: 121: 120: 117: 111: 110: 105: 101: 100: 95: 91: 90: 87: 81: 80: 74: 70: 69: 67: 66: 57: 51: 48: 47: 41: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11046: 11035: 11032: 11030: 11027: 11025: 11022: 11020: 11017: 11015: 11012: 11010: 11007: 11005: 11002: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10990: 10987: 10985: 10982: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10970: 10967: 10965: 10962: 10960: 10957: 10955: 10952: 10950: 10947: 10945: 10942: 10940: 10937: 10935: 10932: 10930: 10927: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10870: 10867: 10865: 10862: 10860: 10857: 10855: 10852: 10850: 10847: 10846: 10844: 10825: 10821: 10815: 10808: 10805: 10802: 10799: 10796: 10793: 10790: 10787: 10784: 10781: 10780: 10778: 10776: 10771: 10749: 10746: 10743: 10740: 10737: 10734: 10732: 10729: 10726: 10725: 10723: 10721: 10716: 10712: 10705: 10700: 10698: 10693: 10691: 10686: 10685: 10682: 10672: 10668: 10663: 10656: 10645: 10642: 10638: 10635: 10632: 10628: 10625: 10622: 10618: 10615: 10612: 10608: 10605: 10602: 10601:Albert Edward 10598: 10595: 10592: 10588: 10585: 10582: 10578: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10562: 10558: 10555: 10552: 10548: 10545: 10542: 10538: 10535: 10532: 10528: 10525: 10522: 10518: 10515: 10512: 10508: 10505: 10502: 10498: 10495: 10492: 10488: 10485: 10482: 10478: 10475: 10472: 10468: 10465: 10462: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10448: 10445: 10442: 10438: 10435: 10432: 10428: 10425: 10422: 10418: 10417: 10414: 10410: 10403: 10398: 10396: 10391: 10389: 10384: 10383: 10380: 10369: 10364: 10358: 10352: 10349: 10347: 10344: 10342: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10332: 10326: 10325: 10321: 10319: 10316: 10314: 10311: 10310: 10308: 10304: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10284: 10282: 10278: 10272: 10269: 10267: 10264: 10262: 10259: 10257: 10254: 10252: 10249: 10248: 10246: 10242: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10229: 10228: 10224: 10222: 10221: 10217: 10215: 10214: 10210: 10208: 10207: 10203: 10201: 10198: 10196: 10193: 10191: 10188: 10186: 10183: 10181: 10178: 10177: 10175: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10160: 10158: 10155: 10153: 10150: 10148: 10147: 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10125:King George V 10123: 10121: 10118: 10117: 10115: 10111: 10105: 10104: 10100: 10098: 10095: 10093: 10090: 10088: 10085: 10083: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10073: 10067: 10064: 10062: 10059: 10057: 10056:Prince Albert 10054: 10053: 10051: 10047: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10035:Prince Alfred 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9996: 9993: 9992: 9990: 9986: 9980: 9977: 9975: 9972: 9970: 9967: 9965: 9962: 9960: 9957: 9956: 9954: 9950: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9930: 9928: 9924: 9918: 9915: 9914: 9912: 9908: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9878: 9873: 9871: 9866: 9864: 9859: 9858: 9855: 9842: 9839: 9836: 9833: 9830: 9827: 9824: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9813: 9810: 9807: 9804: 9801: 9800: 9797: 9793: 9786: 9781: 9779: 9774: 9772: 9767: 9766: 9763: 9751: 9748: 9746: 9743: 9742: 9740: 9736: 9730: 9727: 9725: 9722: 9720: 9717: 9715: 9712: 9710: 9707: 9705: 9702: 9700: 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9679: 9676: 9674: 9671: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9649: 9643: 9640: 9638: 9635: 9634: 9632: 9628: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9606: 9605: 9604:Great Britain 9602: 9601: 9599: 9595: 9589: 9586: 9584: 9583:Patriot Whigs 9581: 9579: 9576: 9574: 9571: 9569: 9566: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9551:Privy Council 9549: 9547: 9544: 9542: 9539: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9525: 9522: 9520: 9517: 9515: 9512: 9510: 9507: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9451: 9450: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9400: 9398: 9395: 9393: 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9228: 9225: 9223: 9220: 9218: 9215: 9213: 9210: 9208: 9205: 9203: 9200: 9198: 9195: 9193: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9183: 9180: 9178: 9175: 9174: 9173: 9170: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9152: 9151: 9148: 9147: 9145: 9141: 9133: 9130: 9128: 9125: 9123: 9120: 9119: 9118: 9115: 9111: 9108: 9107: 9106: 9103: 9102: 9100: 9096: 9088: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9054: 9051: 9050: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9037: 9034: 9032: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9020: 9017: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8996: 8994: 8990: 8989:Union of 1801 8987: 8985: 8984:Union of 1707 8982: 8981: 8979: 8978: 8976: 8972: 8968: 8954: 8949: 8947: 8942: 8940: 8935: 8934: 8931: 8919: 8916: 8915: 8912: 8902: 8899: 8897: 8894: 8892: 8889: 8887: 8884: 8882: 8879: 8877: 8874: 8872: 8869: 8867: 8864: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8847: 8844: 8842: 8839: 8838: 8835: 8829: 8828: 8823: 8822: 8819: 8815: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8779: 8776: 8774: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8759: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8746: 8744: 8739: 8738: 8735: 8731: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8681: 8678: 8676: 8673: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8648: 8644: 8642: 8641:Alexander III 8639: 8637: 8634: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8556: 8552: 8550: 8547: 8545: 8542: 8540: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8527: 8525: 8522: 8520: 8519: 8515: 8513: 8512: 8508: 8506: 8505: 8501: 8499: 8498: 8497:Constantine I 8494: 8492: 8491: 8487: 8485: 8484: 8480: 8479: 8477: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8466: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8451: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8429: 8426: 8424: 8421: 8419: 8416: 8414: 8411: 8409: 8406: 8404: 8401: 8399: 8396: 8394: 8391: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8378: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8361: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8349: 8345: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8316: 8313: 8311: 8308: 8306: 8303: 8301: 8298: 8296: 8293: 8291: 8288: 8286: 8285: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8243: 8239: 8237: 8236: 8232: 8230: 8229: 8225: 8224: 8222: 8221: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8208: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8179: 8177: 8172: 8170: 8165: 8164: 8161: 8148: 8147: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8133: 8132: 8129: 8122: 8120: 8115: 8112: 8108: 8105: 8101: 8098: 8094: 8091: 8087: 8084: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8059: 8047: 8046: 8041: 8037: 8036: 8031: 8030: 8028: 8024: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8006: 8005: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7990: 7986: 7985: 7980: 7976: 7975: 7970: 7966: 7965: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7941: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7926: 7922: 7921: 7920:Prince Regent 7916: 7912: 7911: 7906: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7891: 7886: 7882: 7881: 7876: 7872: 7871: 7866: 7862: 7861: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7845: 7837: 7833: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7808: 7806: 7802: 7794: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7783: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7768: 7767: 7765: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7750: 7741: 7737: 7736: 7734: 7730: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7718: 7714: 7711: 7707: 7704: 7700: 7697: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7674: 7670: 7669: 7667: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7653: 7649: 7646: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7628: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7561: 7557: 7553: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7529: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7513: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7489: 7485: 7481: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7465: 7461: 7457: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7421: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7389: 7385: 7378: 7373: 7371: 7366: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7355: 7349: 7342: 7334: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7325: 7318: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7292: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7276: 7270: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7252: 7245: 7244: 7237: 7231: 7228: 7224: 7219: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7207: 7206: 7202: 7193: 7192: 7186: 7185: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7167: 7162: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7149: 7145: 7138: 7132: 7127: 7122: 7115: 7110: 7109: 7108:House of Welf 7102: 7101: 7092: 7085: 7081: 7077: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7028: 7025: 7023: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7005: 7000: 6998:British views 6996:(2): 126–132. 6995: 6991: 6990:History Today 6986: 6982: 6981: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6849: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6824: 6819: 6815: 6810: 6806: 6801: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6778: 6777: 6771: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6755: 6751: 6747: 6744:(2): 78–101. 6743: 6739: 6734: 6731: 6726: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6709: 6708: 6698: 6696:0-669-13423-6 6692: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6669: 6665: 6663:0-7126-7448-9 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6606: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6587: 6583: 6582: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6563: 6558: 6554: 6552:0-593-04148-8 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6518: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6501: 6497: 6496:Reitan, E. A. 6493: 6489: 6484: 6480: 6474: 6470: 6469: 6463: 6459: 6455: 6450: 6446: 6444:0-14-025737-3 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6422:0-297-76911-1 6418: 6414: 6410: 6406: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6388: 6387: 6381: 6377: 6371: 6366: 6365: 6358: 6354: 6352:0-8203-1146-4 6348: 6344: 6343: 6337: 6333: 6331:0-19-822786-8 6327: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6293: 6287: 6282: 6278: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6237: 6233: 6231:0-09-456110-9 6227: 6223: 6219: 6215: 6211: 6209:0-300-11732-9 6205: 6201: 6198:. New Haven: 6197: 6193: 6192:Black, Jeremy 6189: 6185: 6180: 6176: 6175:Farmer George 6171: 6167: 6165:0-00-211412-7 6161: 6157: 6156: 6150: 6149: 6136: 6132: 6131: 6124: 6116: 6114:9780750953825 6110: 6106: 6105: 6097: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6069: 6068: 6063: 6057: 6049: 6043: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6011: 5996: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5972: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5951: 5943: 5937: 5933: 5932: 5924: 5915: 5913: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5892: 5891: 5886: 5880: 5879: 5874: 5868: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5844: 5843: 5838: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5807: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5778: 5769: 5760: 5751: 5742: 5733: 5724: 5715: 5699: 5695: 5689: 5673: 5666: 5658: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5639: 5631: 5627: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5585: 5581: 5574: 5567: 5563: 5558: 5549: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5514: 5505: 5503: 5493: 5484: 5475: 5466: 5457: 5448: 5439: 5430: 5421: 5405: 5399: 5397: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5362: 5353: 5346: 5345: 5339: 5330: 5321: 5312: 5303: 5294: 5285: 5279:Weir, p. 286. 5276: 5274: 5264: 5255: 5247: 5245:0-394-70322-7 5241: 5237: 5233: 5227: 5218: 5209: 5200: 5191: 5182: 5173: 5164: 5148: 5144: 5138: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5096: 5092: 5086: 5077: 5069: 5065: 5060: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5028: 5023: 5016: 5008: 5004: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4978: 4974: 4967: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4887: 4879: 4870: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4837: 4829: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4777: 4768: 4759: 4750: 4741: 4732: 4723: 4714: 4705: 4696: 4689: 4674: 4670: 4663: 4656: 4650: 4643: 4637: 4628: 4621: 4616: 4607: 4598: 4589: 4580: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4555: 4546: 4544: 4542: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4505: 4496: 4494: 4484: 4475: 4466: 4457: 4449: 4442: 4433: 4424: 4415: 4406: 4397: 4388: 4379: 4370: 4361: 4359: 4349: 4340: 4331: 4322: 4313: 4304: 4295: 4289:Black, p. 82. 4286: 4277: 4268: 4259: 4250: 4241: 4232: 4223: 4214: 4205: 4196: 4187: 4178: 4169: 4154: 4153: 4148: 4141: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4116:"Our history" 4111: 4102: 4093: 4086: 4080: 4071: 4062: 4053: 4044: 4035: 4020: 4016: 4010: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3982: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3946: 3939: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3921: 3912: 3903: 3895: 3894: 3889: 3883: 3874: 3865: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3835: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3821: 3819: 3817: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3801: 3799: 3789: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3769: 3762: 3757: 3748: 3739: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3704: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3667: 3666:Olivia Serres 3663: 3662:Lavinia Ryves 3659: 3655: 3649: 3642: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3627: 3617: 3611: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3582: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3555: 3553: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3525: 3524: 3521: 3520: 3511: 3510: 3505: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3492: 3489: 3488: 3483: 3482: 3477: 3476: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3463: 3462: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3431: 3430: 3427: 3426: 3421: 3420: 3415: 3414: 3411: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3400: 3391: 3390: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3369: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3357: 3356: 3353: 3347: 3346: 3343: 3342: 3325: 3324: 3321: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3299: 3298: 3293: 3292: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3262: 3257: 3251: 3250: 3247: 3246: 3241: 3240: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3221: 3220: 3207: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3195: 3189: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3173: 3172: 3169: 3163: 3162: 3159: 3158: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3137: 3131: 3130: 3127: 3126: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3105: 3093: 3092: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3083: 3069: 3066: 3064:7 August 1783 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3050: 3047: 3045: 3044:Prince Alfred 3041: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2999:30 April 1857 2998: 2996:25 April 1776 2995: 2993: 2992:Princess Mary 2989: 2985: 2981: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2945:21 April 1843 2944: 2941: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2837: 2834: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2790: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2776: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2754: 2753: 2743: 2738: 2736: 2731: 2729: 2724: 2723: 2721: 2720: 2715: 2712: 2710: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2641: 2638: 2636: 2633: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2623: 2620: 2618: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2604:Grandchildren 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2594:Prince Alfred 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2570: 2567: 2565: 2562: 2560: 2557: 2555: 2552: 2550: 2547: 2545: 2542: 2540: 2537: 2535: 2532: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2503: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2493: 2490: 2489: 2485: 2468: 2463: 2456: 2451: 2444: 2439: 2432: 2427: 2420: 2415: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2402: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2278: 2273: 2272:Great Britain 2261: 2260: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2223: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209:Great Britain 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2176: 2174:Prince George 2173: 2169: 2168: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2085: 2076: 2073:Extract from 2071: 2067: 2065: 2061: 2058: 2052: 2050: 2046: 2036: 2034: 2033: 2028: 2024: 2019: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2008:Henry Clinton 2005: 2001: 1997: 1992: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1968:abolitionists 1961: 1957: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1894: 1892: 1888: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1864: 1861:Engraving by 1859: 1850: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1815: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696: 1695:habeas corpus 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1655: 1654:James Gillray 1650: 1643: 1638: 1632:War in Europe 1624: 1622: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1581: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1566: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1537: 1532: 1523: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1483: 1478: 1474: 1470: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1437: 1433: 1432:James Gillray 1429: 1424: 1410: 1407: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1364: 1360: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1340:Lord Weymouth 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1301: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1281: 1279: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1248:John Burgoyne 1245: 1240: 1236: 1233:The colonies 1231: 1229: 1228: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1139:Massachusetts 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1116:Boston Harbor 1111: 1109: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1077: 1076:Johan Zoffany 1072: 1063: 1061: 1057: 1056:the runner-up 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1040:New York City 1037: 1028: 1023: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1008: 1005: 1001: 997: 991: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 942: 938: 934: 933: 928: 924: 920: 919: 914: 910: 906: 898: 893: 884: 882: 878: 875:and a set of 874: 873: 868: 864: 859: 855: 851: 846: 844: 840: 836: 832: 828: 824: 818: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 774: 770: 766: 765:Lord Harcourt 762: 758: 754: 750: 744: 742: 738: 734: 730: 720: 718: 714: 710: 706: 698: 694: 689: 685: 683: 679: 675: 674:heir apparent 670: 668: 664: 660: 659: 654: 650: 644: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 590:Thomas Secker 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 570:Norfolk House 557: 553: 549: 545: 541: 540:Prince Edward 536: 527: 525: 521: 520:longest-lived 517: 513: 509: 508:Prince Regent 505: 501: 497: 493: 488: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 466: 465:revolutionary 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 437:heir apparent 434: 430: 426: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 390:Great Britain 387: 383: 379: 375: 366: 362: 358: 355: 352: 348: 345: 342: 338: 335: 332: 328: 325: 322: 320: 316: 307: 302: 298: 292: 289: 287: 286:Prince Alfred 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 262: 259: 257: 254: 252: 249: 247: 244: 242: 239: 237: 234: 232: 229: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 216: 214: 210: 191: 186: 182: 178: 175:Royal Vault, 171: 167: 163: 154: 150: 146: 145:Norfolk House 141: 130: 126: 122: 118: 116: 112: 109: 106: 102: 99: 96: 92: 88: 86: 82: 75: 71: 65: 61: 58: 56: 53: 52: 49: 44: 39: 34: 29: 26: 22: 10782: 10747: 10730: 10718:Electors of 10666: 10643: 10633: 10623: 10613: 10603: 10593: 10583: 10580: 10573: 10563: 10553: 10543: 10533: 10523: 10513: 10503: 10493: 10483: 10473: 10463: 10453: 10443: 10433: 10423: 10367: 10322: 10232: 10225: 10218: 10211: 10204: 10161: 10144: 10101: 9958: 9901: 9897: 9814: 9808: 9630:Architecture 9588:Kit-Cat Club 9131: 9098:Royal houses 8999:Seven Years' 8917: 8896:Elizabeth II 8855: 8824: 8740: 8667: 8645: 8636:Alexander II 8553: 8516: 8509: 8502: 8495: 8488: 8481: 8463: 8452: 8375: 8358: 8346: 8319: 8282: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8144: 8135: 8118: 8043: 8033: 8012: 8007:(2015, play) 8002: 7992: 7982: 7972: 7967:(1994, film) 7962: 7957:(1991, play) 7952: 7947:" (1987, TV) 7938: 7930:In the Ruins 7928: 7918: 7908: 7903:(1975, film) 7900:Barry Lyndon 7898: 7888: 7883:(1947, film) 7878: 7873:(1942, film) 7868: 7863:(1924, film) 7858: 7790: 7780: 7770: 7724:Jubilee Rock 7383: 7332: 7322: 7321: 7316: 7293: 7287:1st creation 7286: 7280: 7256: 7250: 7241: 7215: 7208: 7189: 7182: 7173: 7164: 7155: 7142: 7120: 7113: 7106: 7098: 7083: 7003: 6993: 6989: 6979: 6957:Viking Press 6952: 6924: 6920: 6911: 6873: 6869: 6830: 6826: 6813: 6804: 6795: 6775: 6741: 6737: 6716: 6712: 6685: 6672: 6653: 6650:Weir, Alison 6641: 6629: 6609: 6603: 6580: 6570: 6564:. Macmillan. 6561: 6542: 6512: 6499: 6487: 6467: 6453: 6434: 6408: 6385: 6363: 6341: 6321: 6290: 6281:Cannon, John 6272: 6244: 6240: 6221: 6218:Brooke, John 6195: 6174: 6154: 6146:Bibliography 6134: 6129: 6123: 6103: 6096: 6085: 6076: 6065: 6056: 6037: 6031: 6021: 6010: 5998:. Retrieved 5994: 5984: 5971: 5959: 5955: 5950: 5930: 5923: 5900: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5840: 5828: 5819: 5815: 5806: 5797: 5782: 5777: 5768: 5759: 5750: 5741: 5732: 5723: 5714: 5704:14 September 5702:. Retrieved 5688: 5676:. Retrieved 5665: 5649:. Springer. 5645: 5638: 5630:Google Books 5628:– via 5610: 5600: 5588:. Retrieved 5583: 5573: 5565: 5557: 5548: 5536:. Retrieved 5531: 5522: 5513: 5492: 5483: 5474: 5465: 5456: 5447: 5438: 5429: 5420: 5408:. Retrieved 5383:. Retrieved 5379: 5370: 5361: 5352: 5342: 5338: 5329: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5293: 5284: 5263: 5254: 5235: 5226: 5217: 5208: 5199: 5190: 5181: 5172: 5163: 5151:. Retrieved 5137: 5125:. Retrieved 5120: 5111: 5099:. 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Retrieved 3721: 3718:"George III" 3686: 3673: 3648: 3616: 3604: 3313: 2986:; had issue 2820:20 June 1837 2777:26 June 1830 2698: 2669: 2649: 2603: 2523: 2514: 2403: 2375:for Scotland 2349:three lions 2340: 2325:fleur-de-lis 2310: 2300: 2281:22 June 1749 2280: 2246: 2224: 2217:Edward III's 2211:united with 2198: 2192: 2185: 2178: 2171: 2149:Lewis Namier 2138: 2129: 2120: 2080: 2074: 2057:Elizabeth II 2053: 2042: 2030: 2020: 1993: 1965: 1941:lay in state 1922: 1895: 1868: 1819: 1813: 1787: 1780: 1739:Act of Union 1736: 1728:First Consul 1693: 1682: 1664:in 1786 and 1659: 1621:Regency Bill 1617: 1582: 1563: 1560:Alan Bennett 1541: 1520: 1491: 1460: 1441: 1427: 1404: 1367: 1363:Gordon riots 1359:John Vaughan 1355: 1344: 1308:Lord Chatham 1305: 1287:Portrait by 1275: 1256: 1232: 1227:Common Sense 1225: 1222:Thomas Paine 1186: 1176: 1124: 1112: 1092: 1081: 1074:Portrait by 1032: 1009: 992: 977: 951:, including 945:West Florida 930: 916: 902: 897:Allan Ramsay 895:Portrait by 870: 854:Crown Estate 847: 820: 785: 779:was held at 773:Chapel Royal 767:, the royal 745: 731:, sister of 726: 702: 671: 662: 656: 645: 626: 567: 506:, was named 489: 422: 373: 372: 157:(1820-01-29) 25: 11024:Regency era 10859:1820 deaths 10854:1738 births 10634:(1958–2022) 10624:(1910–1936) 10614:(1901–1910) 10604:(1841–1901) 10594:(1762–1820) 10584:(1751–1760) 10574:(1728–1751) 10564:(1714–1727) 10544:(1641–1649) 10534:(1616–1625) 10524:(1610–1612) 10514:(1537–1547) 10504:(1504–1509) 10494:(1489–1502) 10484:(1483–1484) 10474:(1471–1483) 10464:(1454–1471) 10454:(1399–1413) 10444:(1376–1377) 10434:(1343–1376) 10424:(1301–1307) 10200:Prince John 9837:(2021–2022) 9831:(1947–2021) 9825:(1866–1900) 9819:(1764–1834) 9811:(1751–1760) 9805:(1726–1751) 9658:Periodicals 9004:Jenkins Ear 8901:Charles III 8886:Edward VIII 8616:Alexander I 8596:Malcolm III 8571:Kenneth III 8471:Elizabeth I 8433:Richard III 8146:George IV → 8137:← George II 7740:Regency era 7620:Descendants 7258:George (IV) 7095:George III 6082:"No. 17149" 6062:"No. 15324" 6000:25 December 5785:. Pimlico. 4936:(1): 3–19. 4673:history.com 3019:27 May 1848 3006:; no issue 2979:8 July 1850 2919:5 June 1771 2909:; no issue 2899:22 May 1770 2807:; no issue 2379:for Ireland 2359:for England 2193:His Majesty 2153:Butterfield 2145:Erskine May 2115:discovered 2016:Nova Scotia 1923:He died of 1863:Henry Meyer 1853:Final years 1795:Bishop Hurd 1644:, 1799/1800 1627:Later reign 1503: 1785 1469:Lord Temple 1292: [ 1263:his cabinet 1088:Anne Horton 988:Nova Scotia 973:New Orleans 949:West Indies 932:in absentia 913:John Wilkes 850:Crown lands 806:Early reign 563: 1749 354:Anglicanism 94:Predecessor 10849:George III 10843:Categories 10783:George III 10748:George III 9750:Royal arms 9709:Window tax 9651:Literature 9637:Queen Anne 9578:Whig Junto 9449:Elections: 9150:Parliament 9132:George III 9048:Jacobitism 9043:Whig plots 8876:Edward VII 8866:William IV 8856:George III 8785:Charles II 8680:Robert III 8626:Malcolm IV 8601:Donald III 8576:Malcolm II 8561:Kenneth II 8443:Henry VIII 8403:Richard II 8398:Edward III 8332:William II 8305:Harthacnut 8119:George III 8097:John Frith 8017:(2023, TV) 7987:(2008, TV) 7984:John Adams 7977:(2000, TV) 7923:(1979, TV) 7913:(1976, TV) 7851:television 7755:depictions 7638:Coronation 7534:(daughter) 7510:(daughter) 7502:(daughter) 7470:(daughter) 7462:(daughter) 7446:(daughter) 7384:George III 7290:1751–1760 7247:1751–1760 7036:George III 7027:George III 7018:George III 6827:Br. Med. J 6531:1334883294 6456:. p. 6411:. London: 6396:0300107595 6311:required.) 5962:, London, 5897:"No. 8971" 5885:"No. 8963" 5873:"No. 8902" 5861:"No. 8898" 5849:"No. 8860" 5837:"No. 8735" 5825:"No. 8734" 5538:7 November 5410:25 October 5385:31 October 4886:The Lancet 4130:7 November 4024:14 October 3888:"No. 9050" 3866:required.) 3854:29 October 3774:"No. 7712" 3699:References 3035:3 May 1783 2813:William IV 2539:William IV 2515:George III 2482:See also: 2395:for Saxony 2365:Or a lion 2313:royal arms 2045:William IV 1910:electorate 1875:rheumatism 1748:Edward III 1666:John Frith 1418:Government 1406:John Adams 1336:Lord Gower 1259:Lord North 1060:Lord North 1004:stamp duty 957:Martinique 953:Guadeloupe 877:Canalettos 858:civil list 792:Kew Palace 749:Protestant 620:(for whom 612:(for whom 604:(for whom 530:Early life 374:George III 231:William IV 134:1738-06-04 85:Coronation 31:George III 10789:George IV 10773:Kings of 10742:George II 10571:Frederick 9803:Frederick 9597:Geography 9262:1760–1764 9257:1755–1759 9252:1750–1754 9247:1745–1749 9242:1740–1744 9237:1735–1739 9232:1730–1734 9227:1725–1729 9222:1720–1724 9217:1715–1719 9127:George II 8891:George VI 8861:George IV 8851:George II 8763:Charles I 8745:from 1603 8695:James III 8675:Robert II 8631:William I 8606:Duncan II 8534:Malcolm I 8524:Donald II 8448:Edward VI 8438:Henry VII 8423:Edward IV 8393:Edward II 8383:Henry III 8366:Richard I 8327:William I 8248:Æthelstan 7974:Longitude 7849:radio and 7763:Paintings 7606:(brother) 7590:(brother) 7582:(brother) 7566:(brother) 7468:Elizabeth 7310:George II 7236:Frederick 7201:George IV 7137:George II 6941:143613757 6766:162958860 5995:Heraldica 5678:22 August 5674:. History 5616:Routledge 5590:21 August 5584:slate.com 5344:The Times 4657:, p. 306. 4653:Bullion, 3634:New Style 2770:George IV 2529:George IV 2369:within a 2343:Quarterly 2227:Brunswick 2141:Trevelyan 2103:built in 2023:Liverpool 1925:pneumonia 1891:George IV 1871:cataracts 1789:The Times 1613:poultices 1568:, and in 1552:porphyria 1436:money bag 1413:Mid reign 1400:Caribbean 1328:Loyalists 1312:Louis XVI 1147:the Crown 1000:Stamp Act 971:, except 709:Lord Bute 500:porphyria 396:into the 360:Signature 221:George IV 108:George IV 104:Successor 98:George II 10807:George V 10667:See also 9902:princess 9894:George I 9642:Georgian 9614:Scotland 9541:Monarchy 9143:Politics 9122:George I 9070:Scotland 8881:George V 8871:Victoria 8846:George I 8715:James VI 8700:James IV 8690:James II 8663:David II 8658:Robert I 8647:Margaret 8581:Duncan I 8490:Donald I 8428:Edward V 8418:Henry VI 8408:Henry IV 8388:Edward I 8354:Henry II 8253:Edmund I 8242:Ælfweard 8200:monarchs 8194:Scottish 7828:Weymouth 7812:Montreal 7753:Cultural 7614:(sister) 7598:(sister) 7574:(sister) 7558:(sister) 7550:(mother) 7542:(father) 7516:Octavius 6977:(1911). 6951:(2021). 6725:44225322 6652:(1996). 6640:(1960). 6628:(1912). 6511:(2023). 6433:(1999). 6407:(1975). 6320:(1988). 6283:(2004). 6271:(1957). 6220:(1972). 6194:(2006). 6019:(1810). 5608:(2015). 5234:(1966). 5147:BBC News 5068:28328964 5027:PLOS One 5007:21902081 4958:22391207 4950:21877427 4915:13109527 4907:16039338 4678:19 April 3989:(2014). 3728:18 April 3579:See also 3077:Ancestry 2622:Victoria 2524:Children 2393:Argent ( 2371:tressure 2363:impaling 2231:Lüneburg 2195:The King 2049:Victoria 1918:dementia 1601:Cotehele 1562:'s play 1482:election 1430:(1786), 1376:and the 1298:, 1781 ( 1224:'s book 1025:Bust by 967:and the 843:autocrat 655:'s play 649:Anglican 512:Georgian 473:Napoleon 388:unified 350:Religion 10822:**also 10818:* also 10795:William 10775:Hanover 10720:Hanover 10641:William 10631:Charles 10541:Charles 10531:Charles 9835:Charles 9738:Symbols 9609:England 9117:Hanover 8974:History 8799:Mary II 8705:James V 8685:James I 8621:David I 8586:Macbeth 8518:Eochaid 8413:Henry V 8348:Matilda 8342:Stephen 8337:Henry I 8198:British 8192:, 8190:English 8061:Related 7860:America 7460:Augusta 7397:Hanover 7148:Ireland 7072:of the 7068:in the 7044:at the 6900:4866084 6891:1984936 6857:5323262 6848:1843211 6605:History 6261:2946866 5586:. 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Pitt 1556:arsenic 1526:Illness 1517:(baby). 1389:in the 1143:altered 1135:charter 717:Dowager 663:England 635:(later 552:Bristol 546:(later 516:Regency 475:at the 459:in the 451:in the 408:in the 406:Hanover 394:Ireland 382:Ireland 324:Hanover 206: 198: 194: 60:Elector 10621:Edward 10611:George 10591:George 10581:George 10561:George 10554:(1688) 10511:Edward 10491:Arthur 10471:Edward 9898:prince 9841:Edward 9829:Philip 9823:Alfred 9809:George 9573:Tories 9105:Stuart 8710:Mary I 8591:Lulach 8555:Amlaíb 8549:Cuilén 8539:Indulf 8465:Philip 8460:Mary I 8263:Eadwig 8258:Eadred 8121:(ship) 8048:(2008) 8038:(2004) 7838:(1831) 7830:(1809) 7814:(1773) 7795:(1809) 7785:(1798) 7775:(1762) 7532:Amelia 7524:Alfred 7508:Sophia 7414:(wife) 7404:Family 7251:Vacant 7119: 6963: 6939: 6898: 6888: 6855: 6845: 6783: 6764: 6758:175147 6756: 6723: 6693: 6660: 6588: 6549: 6529: 6519: 6475: 6441: 6419: 6393: 6372: 6349: 6328: 6305: 6259: 6228: 6206: 6162: 6111: 6044: 5975:Shaw, 5938: 5789: 5700:. 2021 5653: 5622: 5242: 5066: 5056: 5005: 4995: 4956: 4948: 4913: 4905: 4861:563552 4859: 4826: 4816: 4567: 4083:Baer, 3997: 3860: 3658:Quaker 2764:Notes 2381:); IV 2332:Argent 2269: 2117:Uranus 2039:Legacy 1883: 1726:, the 1536:guinea 1515:Amelia 1511:Sophia 1398:, the 1396:Canada 1351:armada 1183:(1854) 1078:, 1771 1029:, 1767 961:Canada 899:, 1762 841:as an 699:, 1754 633:Edward 596:, and 584:, and 554:), by 449:France 431:, and 340:Mother 330:Father 184:Spouse 169:Burial 115:Regent 45:, 1762 10551:James 10501:Henry 9687:Other 9619:Wales 9568:Whigs 9546:Peers 8611:Edgar 8511:Giric 8377:Louis 8284:Sweyn 7630:Reign 7526:(son) 7518:(son) 7494:(son) 7486:(son) 7478:(son) 7454:(son) 7438:(son) 7430:(son) 7422:(son) 7121:Died: 7114:Born: 6937:S2CID 6762:S2CID 6754:JSTOR 6721:JSTOR 6257:JSTOR 6133:[ 5977:p. ix 5964:p. 44 5406:. 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