Ambulance - Knowledge

887: 338: 2248: 948: 864: 1794: 717: 1214:. Unrestrained occupants, particularly those riding in the patient-care compartment, are particularly vulnerable. When compared to civilian vehicles of similar size, one study found that on a per-accident basis, ambulance collisions tend to involve more people, and result in more injuries. An 11-year retrospective study concluded in 2001 found that although most fatal ambulance crashes in the United States occurred during emergency runs, they typically occurred on improved, straight, dry roads, during clear weather. Furthermore, paramedics are also at risk in ambulances while helping patients, as 27 paramedics died during ambulance trips in the US between 1991 and 2006. 313: 780: 2065: 818: 925: 1153:, which offers an alternative to KKK-A-1822F. The Commission on Accreditation of Ambulance Services (CAAS) has published its Ground Vehicle Standard for Ambulances v2.0, effective July 2019. This standard is similar to the KKK-A-1822F and NFPA 1917–2019 specifications. The decision on which of the current (3) standards to require is left up to each individual state legislature or EMS director. Some states have no specific requirement, while others specify which standard is acceptable. Others, yet, allow the end user to decide which standard to comply to. 992: 758: 150: 1810: 1894:– Some services employ staff with no medical qualification (or just basic first aid training) whose job is to simply drive the vehicle. In some emergency ambulance contexts this term is a pejorative towards personnel with higher medical training, as it implies they perform no function other than driving, although it may be acceptable for patient transport or community operations. Ambulance drivers may also have training in using the radio and knowing where medical supplies are stored in the ambulance. 1436: 906: 736: 2008:– Physician Assistants are found predominately in English-speaking countries and may also be known as physician associates in some countries. PA's mirror the practice of a physician and are capable of providing the range of medical skills a physician provides. They generally work in collaboration with a physician, although in an ambulance environment this may not be possible. Instead, advanced directives or electronic communication is available to PA's to consult with physicians when required. 1223: 1753: 1094:, depending on the preference of the operator and the availability of different options. Colder regions often use gasoline-powered engines, as diesels can be difficult to start when they are cold. Warmer regions may favor diesel engines, as they are more efficient and more durable. Diesel power is sometimes chosen due to safety concerns, after a series of fires involving gasoline-powered ambulances during the 1980s. These fires were ultimately attributed in part to gasoline's higher 1673:, which are usually brighter than incandescent lights. Each of these can be programmed to flash singly or in groups, and can be programmed to flash in patterns (such as a left -> right pattern for use when the ambulance is parked on the left hand side of the road, indicating to other road users that they should move to the right (away from the ambulance)). Incandescent and LED lights may also be programmed to burn steadily, without flashing, which is required in some provinces. 1427: 131: 1541: 1456: 802: 370: 513:– A typical general-purpose ambulance is based on either the chassis of a van ("vanbulance") or a light-duty truck. This chassis is then modified to the designs and specifications of the purchaser. Vans may either retain their original body and be upfitted inside, or may be based on a chassis without the original body with a modular box body fitted instead. Those based on pickup trucks almost always have modular bodies. Those vehicles intended for especially 842: 1749:, which can alert people and vehicles to the presence of an ambulance before they can be seen. The first audible warnings were mechanical bells, mounted to either the front or roof of the ambulance. Most modern ambulances are now fitted with electronic sirens, producing a range of different noises which ambulance operators can use to attract more attention to themselves, particularly when proceeding through an intersection or in heavy traffic. 2034: 2128: 2046: 32: 5169: 1646: 1235: 1447: 1418: 1114: 972: 1692:. Additional white lights may be placed strategically around the vehicle to illuminate the area around it when it is dark, almost always at the rear for loading and unloading stretchers and often at the sides as well. In areas very far North or South where there are times of year with long periods of darkness, additional driving lights at the front are often fitted as well to increase visibility for the driver. 5181: 704:– Fire services (especially in North America) often train firefighters to respond to medical emergencies and most apparatuses carry at least basic medical supplies. By design, most apparatuses cannot transport patients unless they can sit in the cab. However, some fire trucks may be designed to have a large ambulance compartment behind the front of the cab, where the driver and officer's seats are located. 5517: 1178: 1916:– Members of a frontline ambulance that drive the vehicles under both emergency and non-emergency conditions to incidents. Their role is to assist the clinician that they are working with, either a Technician or Paramedic, in their duties, whether that be drawing up drugs, setting up fluids (but not attaching), doing basic observations or performing 12 lead ECG assessments. 1294:– Some ambulances are now being fitted with video cameras used to record activity either inside or outside the vehicle. They may also be fitted with sound recording facilities. This can be used as a form of protection from violence against ambulance crews, or in some cases (dependent on local laws) to prove or disprove cases where a member of the crew stands accused of 1285:(or MDTs), which are connected wirelessly to a central computer, usually at the control center. These terminals can function instead of or alongside the two-way radio and can be used to pass details of jobs to the crew, and can log the time the crew was mobile to a patient, arrived, and left the scene, or fulfill any other computer-based function. 1842:– Transport by ambulance is paid for by the patient themselves, or through their insurance company. This may be at the point of care (i.e. payment or guarantee must be made before treatment or transport), although this may be an issue with critically injured patients, unable to provide such details, or via a system of billing later on. 1400:('give way'), or be permitted to break the speed limit. Generally, the priority of the response to the call will be assigned by the dispatcher, but the priority of the return will be decided by the ambulance crew based on the severity of the patient's illness or injury. Patients in significant danger to life and limb (as determined by 1785:

national emergency broadcast systems, but short-range units on emergency vehicles can prove an effective means of alerting traffic to their presence. It is, however, unlikely that this system could replace audible warnings, as it is unable to alert pedestrians, those not using a compatible radio or even have it turned off.

435:– A special type of patient transport ambulance is provided by a charity for the purpose of taking sick children or adults on trips or vacations away from hospitals, hospices, or care homes where they are in long-term care. Examples include the United Kingdom's "Jumbulance" project. These are usually based on a bus. 1696:

are common places to mount emergency lights. A certain balance must be made when deciding on the number and location of lights: too few and the ambulance may not be noticed easily, too many and it becomes a massive distraction for other road users more than it is already, increasing the risk of local accidents.

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provider. Alternately, it may be adapted into a storage and transport vehicle for crime scene identification equipment, a command post at community events, or support vehicle, such as a logistics unit. Others are refurbished and resold, or may just have their emergency equipment removed to be sold to

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society. Use by any other person, organization or agency is in breach of international law. The protective symbols are designed to indicate to all people (especially combatants in the case of war) that the vehicle is neutral and is not to be fired upon, hence giving protection to the medics and their

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chassis-cab with a custom rear compartment that is often referred to as a "box" or "module", primarily used for Advanced Life Support (ALS) or Mobile Intensive Care Unit (MICU), as well as rescue work. Type II is based on a commercial heavy-duty van with few modifications except for a raised roof and

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Many regions have prescribed standards which ambulances should, or must, meet in order to be used for their role. These standards may have different levels which reflect the type of patient which the ambulance is expected to transport (for instance specifying a different standard for routine patient

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There are differing levels of qualification that the ambulance crew may hold, from holding no formal qualification to having a fully qualified doctor on board. Most ambulance services require at least two crew members to be on every ambulance (one to drive, and one to attend the patient). It may be

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tank. Its rear door enables the evacuation of critically wounded soldiers. Israel did not remove the Merkava's weaponry, claiming that weapons were more effective protection than emblems since Palestinian militants would disregard any symbols of protection and fire at ambulances anyway. For use as

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transmitter, set to RDS code 31, which interrupts the radio of all cars within range, in the manner of a traffic broadcast, but in such a way that the user of the receiving radio is unable to opt-out of the message (as with traffic broadcasts). This feature is built into every RDS radio for use in

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In order to increase safety, it is best practice to have 360° coverage with the active warnings, improving the chance of the vehicle being seen from all sides. In some countries, such as the United States, this may be mandatory. The roof, front grille, sides and rear of the body, and front fenders

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The active visual warnings are usually in the form of flashing lights. These flash in order to attract the attention of other road users as the ambulance approaches, or to provide warning to motorists approaching a stopped ambulance in a dangerous position on the road. Common colours for ambulance

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a secondary air conditioning unit for the rear of the vehicle, primarily used for Basic Life Support (BLS) and transfer of patients, though they are occasionally also used for ALS and rescue. Type III is a van chassis-cab with a custom-made rear compartment, used for ALS and rescue. Type IV is for

975: 979: 977: 973: 1376:) are also used, though they are subject to some of the same limitations as more traditional over-the-road ambulances. The level of care provided by these ambulances varies between merely providing transport to a medical clinic to providing on-scene and continuing care during transport. 1379:

The design of intermediate technology ambulances must take into account not only the operation and maintenance of the ambulance, but its construction as well. The robustness of the design becomes more important, as does the nature of the skills required to properly operate the vehicle.

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to transport incurable patients by force. Ambulances were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish, and civilian variants were put into operation during the 1830s. Advances in technology throughout the 19th and 20th centuries led to modern self-powered ambulances.

1181: 1180: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1392:, as these emergencies create people who are likely to be in need of treatment. They are required to gain access to patients as quickly as possible, and in many countries, are given dispensation from obeying certain traffic laws. For instance, they may be able to treat a red 1888:(AED). First responders may be dispatched by the ambulance service, may be passers-by, or may be dispatched to the scene from other agencies, such as the police or fire departments. They may be on duty for another agency, or volunteers who are on-call during their free time. 1514:), chevrons (arrowheads – often pointed towards the front of the vehicle if on the side, or pointing vertically upwards on the rear) or stripes along the side (these were the first type of retro-reflective device introduced, as the original reflective material, invented by 1186: 259:) is counted as an ambulance. These vehicles are not usually (although there are exceptions) equipped with life-support equipment, and are usually crewed by staff with fewer qualifications than the crew of emergency ambulances. Conversely, EMS agencies may also have 1141:, which specifies minimum compliance levels across the build of ambulance, including crash resistance, equipment levels, and exterior marking. In the United States, standards for ambulance design have existed since 1976, where the standard is published by the 976: 620:– Usually used for emergency care, either in places inaccessible by road, or in areas where speed is of the essence, as they are able to travel significantly faster than a road ambulance. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at 1341:– Ambulances are often fitted with a separate air conditioning system to serve the working area from that which serves the cab. This helps to maintain an appropriate temperature for any patients being treated but may also feature additional features such as 1764:

The speakers for modern sirens can be integral to the lightbar, or they may be hidden in or flush to the grill to reduce noise inside the ambulance that may interfere with patient care and radio communications. Ambulances can additionally be fitted with

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to lend medical assistance in high casualty situations such as wars or natural disasters. These hospital ships fulfill the criteria of an ambulance (transporting the sick or injured), although the capabilities of a hospital ship are more on par with a

2124:, on the assumption that they may have to use a weapon. The laws of war do allow non-combatant military personnel to carry individual weapons for protecting themselves and casualties. However, not all militaries exercise this right to their personnel. 886: 1198:, are required to operate in most weather conditions, including those during which civilian drivers often elect to stay off the road. Also, the ambulance crew's responsibilities to their patient often preclude their use of safety devices such as 384:

Ambulances can be grouped into types depending on whether or not they transport patients, and under what conditions. In some cases, ambulances may fulfill more than one function (such as combining emergency ambulance care with patient transport:

1183: 4685: 1253:– One of the most important pieces of equipment in modern emergency medical services as it allows for the issuing of jobs to the ambulance, and can allow the crew to pass information back to control or to the hospital (for example a priority 636:'), for patient transport over long distances (e.g. a re-patriation following an illness or injury in a foreign country), or transportation between distant hospitals. Helicopter and fixed-wing ambulances are discussed in greater detail at 2101:. In terms of equipment, military ambulances are barebones, often being nothing more than a box on wheels with racks to place manual stretchers, though for the operational conditions and level of care involved this is usually sufficient. 1351:– These are often placed in ambulances to record such information as speed, braking power and time, activation of active emergency warnings such as lights and sirens, as well as seat belt usage. These are often used in coordination with 1039:

to enable them to contact hospitals, either to notify the appropriate hospital of the ambulance's pending arrival, or, in cases where physicians do not form part of the ambulance's crew, to confer with a physician for medical oversight.

2681: 2120:; however, this does not always exempt medical personnel from coming under fire – accidental or deliberate. As a result, medics and other medical personnel attached to military ambulances are usually put through basic 2000:. ECPs are already qualified paramedics who have undergone further training, and are trained to prescribe medicines for longer-term care, such as antibiotics, as well as being trained in a range of additional diagnostic techniques. 570:– Used for response, but usually in pedestrian-only areas where large vehicles find access difficult. Like the motorcycle ambulance, a bicycle may be connected to a trailer for patient transport, most often in the developing world. 2020:, it is common for doctors to staff ambulances. On the other hand, this is rare in systems that rely heavily on paramedics or field nurses. In those cases, doctors may be present in specialist ambulance units – most notably the 280:" as meaning "to walk or move about" which is a reference to early medical care where patients were moved by lifting or wheeling. The word originally meant a moving hospital, which follows an army in its movements. Ambulances ( 947: 3814:

Hofman, Jan J.; Dzimadzi, Chris; Lungu, Kingsley; Ratsma, Esther Y.; Hussein, Julia (16 June 2008). "Motorcycle ambulances for referral of obstetric emergencies in rural Malawi: Do they reduce delay and what do they cost?".

3686: 1684:) by drilling a hole in the host light's reflector and inserting the emergency light. These hidden lights may not be apparent until they are activated. Additionally, some of the standard lights fitted to an ambulance (e.g. 1003:

Ambulance design must take into account local conditions and infrastructure. Maintained roads are necessary for road-going ambulances to arrive on scene and then transport the patient to a hospital, though in rugged areas

3455: 1368:. Ambulances can also be trailers, which are pulled by bicycles, motorcycles, tractors, or animals. Animal-powered ambulances can be particularly useful in regions that are subject to flooding. Motorcycles fitted with 5065: 1165:

patient transfer using smaller utility vehicles selected for maneuverability in special environments such as dense crowds at events; these are uncommon and are not subject to federal regulations in the United States.

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with a recumbent patient, but this often requires the removal of the front passenger seat, or the use of a particularly long car. This was often the case with early ambulances, which were converted (or even serving)

716: 487:. Tests from the time showed that an ambulance service with personnel specially trained in psychiatric treatment was highly effective, and reduced the use of force when treating patients in psychiatric crises. 1245:

In addition to the equipment directly used for the treatment of patients, ambulances may be fitted with a range of additional equipment which is used in order to facilitate patient care. This could include:

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serve the exclusive purpose of armored medical vehicles. Civilian based designs may be painted in appropriate colors, depending on the operational requirements (i.e. camouflage for field use, white for

4558:"Real Decreto 836/2012, de 25 de mayo, por el que se establecen las características técnicas, el equipamiento sanitario y la dotación de personal de los vehículos de transporte sanitario por carretera" 1711: 1404:) require urgent treatment by advanced medical personnel, and because of this need, emergency ambulances are often fitted with passive and active visual and/or audible warnings to alert road users. 1102:

would only sell vehicles for ambulance conversion if they are diesel-powered. Beginning in 2010, Ford will sell its ambulance chassis with a gasoline engine in order to meet emissions requirements.

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The move towards standardisation is now reaching countries without a history of prescriptive codes, such as India, which approved its first national standard for ambulance construction in 2013.

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heavily armored ground ambulance (HAGA) as treatment and evacuation vehicles, with contracts to incorporate the newly designed M2A0 armored medical evacuation vehicle (AMEV), a variant of the

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In the United States, the cost of an ambulance ride may be paid for from several sources, and this will depend on the local situation type of service being provided, by whom, and to whom.

727: 1307:– Ambulances can be fitted with a tail lift or ramp in order to facilitate loading a patient without having to undertake any lifting. This is especially important where the patient is 2097:

has a fleet of white ambulances, based on production trucks. Military helicopters have also served both as ad hoc and purpose-built air ambulances since they are extremely useful for

392:– The most common type of ambulance, which provides care to patients with an acute illness or injury. These can be road-going vans, boats, helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft (known as 2811: 1713: 1043:

Ambulances often have two stages of manufacturing. The first is frequently the manufacture of light or medium truck chassis-cabs or full-size vans (or in some places, cars) such as

4560:[Royal Decree 836/2012, of 25 May, which establishes the technical characteristics, the sanitary equipment and the staffing of the vehicles of sanitary transport by road]. 4381: 2911: 2785: 1522:) yellow or orange for maximum visual impact, though classic white or red are also common. Fire department-operated ambulances are often painted red to match the fire apparatuses. 5029: 3308: 3282: 3256: 2278:. Since Ontario laws require ambulances to be retired after just four and a half years in service, the City of Toronto decommissions and auctions around 28 ambulances each year. 1529:(or local language variant) spelled out in reverse on the front of the vehicle. This enables drivers of other vehicles to more easily identify an approaching ambulance in their 863: 527:

for rapid response or to transport patients who can sit, these are standard car models adapted to the requirements of the service using them. Some cars are capable of taking a

3693: 2116:, military ambulances are often unarmed. It is a generally accepted practice in most countries to classify the personnel attached to military vehicles marked as ambulances as 686:, which can be towed behind a self-propelled vehicle, can be used as an ambulance. This permits flexibility in areas with minimal access to vehicles, such as on small islands. 5082: 1900:– This role has different levels of training across the world, but these staff are usually only required to perform patient transport duties (which can include stretcher or 3517: 3335: 779: 1548:, Australia with warped Battenburg markings, the Maltese Cross, and additional fluorescent reflective stripes to aid in visibility. Also visible are its emergency lights. 1904:

cases), rather than acute care. Dependent on provider, they may be trained in first aid or extended skills such as use of an AED, oxygen therapy and other lifesaving or

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Ambulances may also carry an emblem (either as part of the passive warning markings or not), such as a Red Cross, Red Crescent or Red Crystal (collective known as the

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Military ambulances have historically included vehicles based on civilian designs and at times also included armored, but unarmed, vehicle ambulances based upon

1988:. Dependent on jurisdiction, the title "paramedic" can be a protected title, and use of it without the relevant qualification may result in criminal prosecution. 2637: 1712: 672:

may be used to provide medical care as a mobile treatment facility or transport patients to better care in more accessible areas. These are generally called

3179: 1854:– Hospitals may provide the ambulance transport free of charge, on the condition that patients use the hospital's services (which they may have to pay for). 443:– A special type of patient transport ambulance designed for extremely obese patients equipped with the appropriate tools to move and manage these patients. 5213: 5069: 3896: 3870: 1075:, where the modifications are started from scratch and built on to the vehicle, or using a modular system, where a pre-built 'box' is put on to the empty 1836:– The full or the majority of the cost of transport by ambulance is borne by the local, regional, or national government (through their normal taxation). 4733: 1257:

message to alert the hospital of the impending arrival of a critical patient.) More recently many services worldwide have moved from traditional analog

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designs, which reflects light from car headlights or torches. Popular patterns include 'checker board' (alternate coloured squares, sometimes called '

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In the United Kingdom, the National Health Service has set a target for all ambulances to be fully electric as part of the Net Zero campaign by 2045.

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Passive visual warnings are usually part of the design of the vehicle, and involve the use of high contrast patterns. Older ambulances (and those in

1478: 1474: 1329:– In addition to normal working lighting, ambulances can be fitted with special lighting (often blue or red) which is used when the patient becomes 1145:

and known as KKK-A-1822. This standard has been revised several times, and is currently in version 'F' change notice #13, known as KKK-A-1822F. The

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Becker LR, Zaloshnja E, Levick N, Li G, Miller TR (November 2003). "Relative risk of injury and death in ambulances and other emergency vehicles".

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audible warnings to augment the effectiveness of the siren system, or may be fitted with extremely loud two-tone air horns as their primary siren.

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Kahn CA, Pirrallo RG, Kuhn EM (July 2001). "Characteristics of fatal ambulance crashes in the United States: an 11-year retrospective analysis".

2024:. Alternatively, in some systems, such as Albuquerque, NM and Pittsburgh, PA, physicians are available to respond to serious cases via a fly car. 578:– Used for response off-road, especially at events or in remote areas. ATVs can be modified to carry a stretcher, and are used for tasks such as 4053: 3127: 3055: 2837: 2695: 1585: 604:– In some cases, buses can be used to transport multiple casualties, either for the purposes of taking patients on journeys, in the context of 554:– In urban areas, these may be used for rapid response in an emergency as they can travel through heavy traffic much faster than a car or van. 4960: 3153: 1908:

skills. They may provide emergency cover when other units are not available, or when accompanied by a fully qualified technician or paramedic.

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operate one state and one territory ambulance service, and all of Australia's other ambulance services use variations on a red Maltese cross.

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ambulance may be crewed by one paramedic and one technician, or in countries like Australia advanced life support registered paramedics.

1848:– Transport by ambulance may be provided free of charge to patients by a charity, although donations may be sought for services received. 1150: 3312: 3286: 3260: 3076: 1518:, only came in tape form). In addition to retro-reflective markings, some services now have the vehicles painted in a bright (sometimes 598:– Used for rapid response at events or on campuses. These function similarly to ATVs, with less rough terrain capability and less noise. 4385: 3770: 3718: 3525: 2682:"Tilpassede biler og ansatte med spesiell kompetanse: Slik har egne ambulanser for psykisk syke blitt en suksess i Bergen og Stavanger" 2539: 1649:

An ambulance in Denmark with roof-integrated LED lights, plus side-view mirror, grill and front fend-off lights, and fog lamps wig-wags

4811: 4607: 4437: 3997: 2885: 1948:– In some systems, nurses are the primary providers of advanced-level care on ambulances, often in place of paramedics. This includes 2274:

City Council operates a "Caravan of Hope" project to give retired Toronto ambulances a second life by donating them to the people of

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In parts of the world that lack a high level of infrastructure, ambulances are designed to meet local conditions, being built using

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In the United States and Canada, there are four types of ambulances: Type I, Type II, Type III, and Type IV. Type I is based on a

1928:, spinal immobilization, bleeding control, splinting of suspected fractures, assisting the patient with certain medications, and 337: 3339: 2247: 4093: 3007: 1134: 300:

of 1870 and in the Serbo-Turkish war of 1876 even though the wagons were first referred to as ambulances about 1854 during the

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or in special flush-mount designs (as seen on the Danish ambulance to the right), or may be hidden in a host light (such as a

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Ray AF, Kupas DF (October–December 2005). "Comparison of crashes involving ambulances with those of similar-sized vehicles".

2413: 1688:, tail lamps) may be programmed to flash. Flashing headlights (typically the high beams, flashed alternately) are known as a 409:– A vehicle, which has the job of transporting patients to, from or between places of medical treatment, such as hospital or 5033: 2955: 1654:

warning beacons are blue, red, amber, and white (clear). However the colours may vary by country and sometimes by operator.

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the case that only the attendant need be qualified, and the driver might have no medical training. In some locations, an

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half-track were pressed into service as ad hoc ambulances, and in more recent times purpose-built AFVs such as the U.S.

96: 4228: 3959: 4459: 4359: 4027: 1560:, and all countries signatory to it agree to restrict their use to either (1) Military Ambulances or (2) the national 68: 4986: 3892: 3866: 1793: 1757: 115: 4193: 1972:– This is a high level of medical training and usually involves key skills not permissible for technicians, such as 4281: 2645: 2583: 2085: 1885: 916: 4711: 1880:– A person who arrives first at the scene of an incident, and whose job is to provide early critical care such as 425:

chassis, that can evacuate and transport a large number of patients. They are usually used in emergencies such as

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in comparison to diesel fuel. The type of engine may be determined by the manufacturer: in the past two decades,

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Emergency lights may simply be mounted directly on the body, or may be housed in special fittings, such as in a

608:, or to deal with specific problems such as drunken patients in town centers. They are sometimes referred to as 4291: 3660: 2165: 1596: 53: 4115: 2216: 1881: 1592: 1388:

Emergency ambulances are highly likely to be involved in hazardous situations, including incidents such as a

749: 594: 374: 4494: 4167: 2667: 2268:. They may also have a perfectly serviceable body or vehicle (or both) separated from the other and reused. 312: 5286: 5276: 4789: 3131: 2297: 2223:, these ships can display a prominent Red Cross or Red Crescent to confer protection under the appropriate 1920: 82: 2981: 5474: 5392: 5364: 5354: 5349: 5281: 5253: 5185: 2292: 2204: 2173: 2090: 1992: 1640: 1068: 897: 832: 767: 764: 260: 240: 2728: 5507: 5222: 5030:"Report No. 6 of the Community and Health Services, §2: Donation of Decommissioned Ambulances for 2011" 4585: 4244: 3212: 2260: 2073: 1718: 1634: 1534: 1083: 958: 244: 189: 139: 49: 20: 3949: 64: 5261: 4333: 4049: 3059: 2841: 2699: 2064: 1876: 1818: 1802: 1060: 632:– These can be used for either acute emergency care in remote areas (such as in Australia, with the ' 204:, and transport patients to hospital or other definitive care. Most ambulances use a design based on 3975: 3105: 2168:

armored personnel carriers and regular up-armored ambulances are not sufficiently protected against

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sets, which can be monitored externally, to more secure digital systems, such as those working on a

285: 5332: 5271: 4956: 3157: 2109: 2094: 2058: 1912: 1553: 793: 332: 3033: 1577:, but this does not have recognition beyond Israeli borders, where they must use the Red Crystal. 1658: 1607:

to identify their ambulances. This is especially important in countries such as Australia, where

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There are several technologies in use to achieve the flashing effect. These include flashing a

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with ambulance features in order to allow rescue operations to take place under heavy fire in

1502:) are more likely to have their pattern painted on, whereas modern ambulances generally carry 5243: 3234: 3080: 2142: 1865: 284:

in Spanish) were first used for emergency transport in 1487 by the Spanish forces during the

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service for non-emergency situations. Scheduling is a major factor in their effective use.

2131: 2021: 1997: 1781: 1689: 1662: 1499: 1373: 1282: 1277: 1020: 954: 789: 472: 449:– A special ambulance used to collect the bodies of people who have died to preserve their 225: 213: 8: 5537: 5494: 5301: 3495: 2618: 2514: 2004: 1981: 1973: 1924:– technicians are usually able to perform a wide range of emergency care skills, such as 1507: 1490: 1064: 824: 771: 658:

vessels may fit the description of an ambulance as they are used to transport a casualty.

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vehicles for conveying the wounded off the field of battle were called ambulance wagons.

5142: 4637: 3011: 1996:– This position is designed to bridge the link between ambulance care and the care of a 517:

or require a large amount of equipment to be carried may be based on medium-duty trucks.

5484: 5412: 5238: 5014: 4934: 4557: 4238: 3848: 3642: 3599: 2496: 2472: 2457: 2326: 2157: 1746: 1608: 1312: 1195: 1099: 1056: 848: 693: 289: 201: 89: 4863: 4259: 4223:. The Canadian Red Cross. Guelph, ON: The StayWell Health Company. 2008. p. 359. 3552: 991: 5489: 5469: 5453: 5443: 5384: 4892: 4539: 4534: 4517: 4287: 4224: 3955: 3840: 3832: 3634: 3591: 3556: 3404: 3370: 3180:"The United States Air Force lists an LPG-powered ambulance on a 2001 vehicle roster" 2863: 2533: 2500: 2461: 2334: 2287: 2251:

Retired ambulances may find reuse in less-demanding emergency services, such as this

2236: 2227:. However, this designation has not always protected hospital ships from enemy fire. 2224: 2121: 1773: 1734: 1557: 878: 828: 683: 651: 605: 555: 404: 252: 236: 185: 4089: 3852: 3646: 3603: 149: 5379: 5306: 4912: 4529: 3824: 3626: 3583: 3548: 2149: 1944: 1570: 1530: 1337: 1330: 1005: 939: 870: 458: 184:

is provided to the patient during the transport. Ambulances are used to respond to

2929: 2421: 5521: 5479: 5422: 5407: 5369: 5088: 5053: 4886: 2959: 2633: 2452: 2038: 1545: 1511: 931: 912: 808: 786: 647: 579: 540:. Some operators use modular-body transport ambulances based on the chassis of a 537: 450: 410: 353: 229: 197: 173: 4759: 3154:"The Royal Air Force Motor Sports Association utilizes an LPG-powered ambulance" 2444:

With An Ambulance Personal Experiences And Adventures With Both Armies 1870–1871

1932:. Some countries split this term into levels (such as in the US, where there is 1809: 3828: 2307: 2177: 1985: 1929: 1925: 1503: 1130:

transport than high dependency), or may base standards on the size of vehicle.

935: 673: 293: 162: 3923:

Implementation Guidelines for the Canadian ED Triage & Acuity Scale (CTAS)

3687:"Motorola and Tetra Ireland Consortium Deliver National Public Safety Network" 3630: 3587: 3473: 3456:"Index of Federal Specifications, Standards, and Commercial Item Descriptions" 5531: 5339: 5191: 4407: 3836: 3374: 2252: 2211: 2160:

gunmen killed two soldiers who were providing aid for a Palestinian woman in

2153: 2117: 1666: 1618: 1604: 1574: 1486: 1393: 1222: 1072: 1044: 1032: 1013: 893: 874: 650:, especially in island areas or in areas with a large number of canals. Some 637: 621: 609: 545: 462: 454: 417: 393: 377: 320: 248: 217: 135: 4463: 1752: 276: 5448: 5402: 5266: 5233: 4543: 4355: 4023: 3951:

Above the fray: The Red Cross and the making of the humanitarian NGO sector

3844: 3638: 3595: 3560: 2077: 2054: 1798: 1670: 1614: 1581: 1565: 1519: 1470: 1435: 1389: 1342: 1316: 1311:

or specialty care transports that require large, bulky equipment such as a

1203: 1036: 742: 509: 345: 341: 209: 181: 5066:"Media Release: York Region donates ambulance to Haitian recovery efforts" 4982: 3408: 2338: 1540: 536:, as these were some of the few vehicles able to accept a human body in a 130: 4197: 3395:

Vogt F (1976). "Equipment: Federal Specification, Ambulance KKK-A-1822".

2275: 2220: 2156:. The modifications were made following a failed rescue attempt in which 2105: 2081: 1953: 1622: 1295: 1157: 1087: 1024: 700: 413:

center, for non-urgent care. These can be vans, buses, or other vehicles.

301: 4608:"UK Health Care Professionals Council advice on use of protected titles" 3807: 2587: 1426: 496:

Ambulances can be based on many types of vehicle although emergency and

5344: 4707: 4584:. Paramedic Association of Canada. 2001. pp. 96–97. Archived from 2302: 2050: 1905: 1901: 1822: 1455: 1397: 1211: 1207: 1202:. Research has shown that ambulances are more likely to be involved in 1028: 616: 500:

conditions may lead to other vehicles serving as makeshift ambulances:

369: 4518:"A new profession in the pre-hospital care field: the ambulance nurse" 4145: 5417: 5296: 3664: 3283:"2006 Ford F-Series Super Duty Chassis Cab Ambulance: Specifications" 2169: 2127: 2033: 2012: 1968: 1777: 1584:

is widely used, and was originally designed and governed by the U.S.

1569:

casualties, although this has not always been adhered to. In Israel,

1561: 1533:. Ambulances may display the name of their owner or operator, and an 1302: 1239: 1199: 1071:, and interior fittings. This is done by one of two methods – either 855: 655: 588: 528: 397: 193: 16:

Vehicle equipped for transporting and care for ill and wounded people

2045: 1805:, a privately-funded service operating in parts of the United States 288:

by the Catholic Monarchs against the Emirate of Granada. During the

31: 5427: 4888:

Aeromedical Evacuation: Management of Acute and Stabilized Patients

4119: 4075: 2259:

When an ambulance is retired, it may be donated or sold to another

1977: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1645: 1369: 1234: 1138: 746: 728:

District of Columbia Fire and Emergency Medical Services Department

723: 497: 317: 177: 2264:

private businesses or individuals, who then can use them as small

664:– In remote or hard-to-reach areas that are accessed primarily by 475:. The idea was first tested as "Psykebilen" ("The Psych ambo") in 5168: 4171: 2271: 2196: 2180: 2146: 2098: 1964:. Nurses may also work on ambulances for critical care transport. 1949: 1766: 1113: 1076: 996: 665: 559: 541: 524: 169: 165: 1976:(and with it the ability to administer a range of drugs such as 1446: 1417: 5180: 3474:"Ambulances – Type I, Type II, Type III and Type IV Ambulances" 2985: 2184:

ground ambulances and treatment & evacuation vehicles, the

2113: 1957: 1401: 1254: 1226:

Interior of a mobile intensive care unit (MICU) ambulance from

1122: 1065:

incomplete, having no body or interior behind the driver's seat

1052: 1048: 852: 533: 484: 480: 476: 324: 221: 143: 4026:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 28 December 2015. 1741:

In addition to visual warnings, ambulances can be fitted with

4786:"UK Army information on basic training for medical personnel" 3925:. Canadian Association of Emergency Physician. Archived from 2200: 2193: 2161: 1961: 1320: 1308: 1270: 984: 669: 461:

deploying one such ambulance with a $ 1.5 million three-year

271: 5068:. Community and Health Services, York Region. Archived from 3208: 2914:. London Ambulance Service. 18 December 2008. Archived from 483:

in 2005, and was soon adopted by other cities in Norway and

3106:"New technology closes gap between accident victims and ER" 2812:"Square-Mile cycle paramedics become the new City-Slickers" 2698:. South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust. Archived from 2189: 1323:

which are designed to pull heavy patients into the vehicle.

1290: 1227: 1118: 1086:, which can be powered by any conventional fuel, including 1009: 357: 4760:"International Committee of the Red Cross policy on usage" 3363:"Net zero ambulances could cost NHS half a billion pounds" 3079:. Emergency Ambulance.com. 16 January 2003. Archived from 2984:. Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia. Archived from 1012:

must be available and service facilities are necessary to

3813: 1352: 1266: 1262: 1258: 422: 205: 3538: 1591:

Ambulance services with historical origins such as the

1515: 2840:. Design for Development. 20 July 2005. Archived from 2696:"South Central Ambulance Service NHS Trust – About Us" 5505: 4891:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 55. 4885:

Hurd, William W.; Jernigan, John G. (18 April 2006).

2786:"Two-wheeled medics cover more ground in the capital" 1319:. There may also be equipment linked to this such as 1067:) and turns it into an ambulance by adding bodywork, 1063:) modifies the vehicle (which is sometimes purchased 692:– More traditional form of transport, mostly seen in 4985:. World War One Document Archive. 30 October 2000 . 3817:

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics

3257:"2006 Ford E-Series Cutaway Chassis: Specifications" 2564: 4957:"US Navy Military Sealift Command – Hospital Ships" 4610:. Health care Professionals council. Archived from 3954:. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press. pp. 55–56. 3518:"Ministry gives its nod to national ambulance code" 3361:Searles, Michael; Donnelly, Laura (15 March 2024). 2614:"N.Y. Planning Special Ambulance To Recover Organs" 2471:. Annotated by McLaughlin, G. Harry. Archived from 56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5010:"Medicaid Ride Program For Disabled Is Criticized" 4864:"Technical data on armament of M113 APC Ambulance" 3895:. Province of Ontario. pp. Section 128.0.13. 3424:"Ambulance Vehicle Design Specifications Revision" 3309:"2006 Ford E-Series Van Ambulance: Specifications" 2912:"Ambulance crews prepare for party night pressure" 2255:former ambulance that has become a logistics unit. 1238:Four stages of deployment on an inboard ambulance 1027:equipment, which itself often relies on an intact 5007: 3415: 3077:"Handheld radios for Emergency Ambulance Service" 1031:. Similarly, modern ambulances are equipped with 5529: 4286:. Woburn, MA: Butterworth-Heineman. p. 73. 3616: 2725:"News Reference to Motorcycle Trailer Ambulance" 4310:. Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care 4260:"Emergency warning device – patent application" 3360: 961:; note the "PARAMEDIC" text near the rear wheel 5221: 5101:"Orangeville Police inherit retired ambulance" 4814:. Defense Update. 27 July 2006. Archived from 4636:. South West Ambulance Service. Archived from 4634:"Definition of an Emergency Care Practitioner" 2242: 1586:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 1573:, the Red Cross member organization use a red 5207: 3429:. Nebraska EMS/Trauma Program. Archived from 2578: 2576: 2456: 1780:. The ambulance is fitted with a short range 1617:operated ambulances may display the Cross of 4884: 4762:. International committee of the Red Cross. 4484: 4194:"St. Florian – Patron Saint of Firefighters" 4052:. International Committee of the Red Cross. 3610: 3567: 3532: 2108:demand ambulances be marked with one of the 4332:. American Medical Response. Archived from 3336:"Ford to Offer Gasoline Ambulances in 2010" 1464:Various symbols for identifying ambulances: 1380:Cost-effectiveness can be a high priority. 1082:Modern ambulances are typically powered by 316:Early car-based ambulances, such this 1948 5214: 5200: 3661:"New Ambulance Design Protects Paramedics" 3156:. RAFMSA. 24 November 2005. Archived from 2982:"Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia" 2573: 2348: 2346: 2199:medical evacuation vehicle (MEV), and the 1871:Common ambulance crew qualifications are: 1407: 1383: 1359: 1019:Methods of summoning (e.g. telephone) and 966: 562:can make these patient transporting units. 4533: 4515: 3333: 3237:. Center for Auto Safety. 9 November 2002 3100: 3098: 3071: 3069: 3058:. Isle of Sark Government. Archived from 2748: 2746: 2719: 2717: 2586:. Jumbulance Travel Trust. Archived from 1760:responding through traffic in New Zealand 1628: 1525:Another passive marking form is the word 1206:resulting in injury or death than either 1079:of the ambulance, and then finished off. 471:– A special ambulance dedicated to treat 116:Learn how and when to remove this message 4581:National Occupational Competency Profile 4487:"EMS in the Netherlands: A Dutch Treat?" 4000:. The Canadian Red Cross. Archived from 3978:. National Highway Safety Administration 3573: 3056:"General Information – Medical Services" 3010:. Heathrow air ambulance. Archived from 2668:"Psykiatrisk Ambulansetjeneste i Bergen" 2607: 2605: 2558: 2246: 2126: 2063: 2044: 2032: 1808: 1792: 1751: 1709: 1644: 1539: 1233: 1221: 1176: 1112: 990: 970: 811:operated by the London Ambulance Service 421:– A large ambulance, usually based on a 368: 336: 311: 296:were still called ambulances during the 148: 129: 4983:"The sinking of HMHS Llandovery Castle" 2888:. Diversified Golf Cars. Archived from 2754:"Motorcycle Trailer-Ambulance Brochure" 2632: 2466:"Our Adventures During the War of 1870" 2378:. How products are made. Archived from 2343: 2313: 1772:A recent development is the use of the 1737:such as ambulances in several countries 708: 352:The history of the ambulance begins in 5530: 5008:Raymond Hernandez (10 November 1996). 4949: 4684:. London Air Ambulance. Archived from 4660:"EMS Physician Scene Response Program" 4279: 4142:"Ambulance Service of New South Wales" 3394: 3095: 3066: 2974: 2743: 2714: 2538:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( 1984:and other skills such as performing a 1556:). These are symbols laid down by the 1149:has also published a design standard, 1135:European Committee for Standardization 396:), or even converted vehicles such as 5292:Advanced emergency medical technician 5195: 4812:"LIC Modeled Merkava Mk-3 Baz / Mk 4" 4491:Journal of Emergency Medical Services 4460:"US Government Careers advice on EMT" 4440:from the original on 25 November 2009 4362:from the original on 25 November 2009 4056:from the original on 22 November 2009 3947: 3899:from the original on 22 November 2009 3873:from the original on 22 November 2009 2611: 2602: 2504:Service in Servia Under the Red Cross 2333:. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. 1008:or all-terrain vehicles can be used. 153:An NHS ambulance in south-west London 4959:. US Navy Military Sealift Command. 4168:"South Australian Ambulance Service" 4090:"About Queensland Ambulance Service" 3763: 3421: 2176:, it was decided to use the heavily 1147:National Fire Protection Association 1059:. The second manufacturer (known as 896:plane air ambulance operated by the 235:Ambulances are generally considered 200:, carry equipment for administering 54:adding citations to reliable sources 25: 4714:from the original on 6 October 2009 3773:. Ross and Bonnyman. Archived from 3235:"Ford Ambulance/Van Fuel-Fed Fires" 3130:. Demers Ambulances. Archived from 1699: 364: 13: 4838:"Three dead in fresh Gaza clashes" 3182:. 13 November 2001. Archived from 2864:"Information on Quadtech EMS quad" 2759:. IT Transport LTD. Archived from 2376:"How Products Are Made: Ambulance" 2093:, etc.). For example, the British 1281:– Some ambulances are fitted with 1190:A video on ambulance crash testing 14: 5549: 5161: 4989:from the original on 14 July 2007 4963:from the original on 29 June 2007 4740:from the original on 17 June 2007 4356:"Yorkshire Air Ambulance Charity" 4308:"OHIP:Ambulance Services Billing" 3869:. 2009. pp. Section 144.20. 3745:"CCTV to protect ambulance staff" 3034:"Islanders to get Ambulance Boat" 2956:"Highways Agency – Air Ambulance" 212:, though others take the form of 192:(EMS), and can rapidly transport 5515: 5179: 5167: 5131: 5119: 5093: 5058: 5022: 5001: 4975: 4766:from the original on 6 July 2007 4682:"London Air Ambulance Crew List" 4535:10.1111/j.1362-1017.2005.00129.x 4485:Wulterkens D (6 December 2005). 4414:from the original on 29 May 2007 4096:from the original on 6 July 2007 4076:"Order of Malta Charity Ireland" 4030:from the original on 1 July 2017 3215:from the original on 30 May 2007 3008:"Heathrow Air Ambulance Service" 2210:Some navies operate ocean-going 2188:currently employs the M113, the 2086:M1133 medical evacuation vehicle 1886:automated external defibrillator 1454: 1445: 1434: 1425: 1416: 946: 923: 917:Norwegian Society for Sea Rescue 904: 885: 862: 840: 816: 800: 778: 756: 734: 726:truck ambulance operated by the 715: 646:– Boats can be used to serve as 491: 263:that cannot transport patients. 30: 4923: 4905: 4878: 4856: 4830: 4804: 4778: 4752: 4726: 4700: 4674: 4652: 4626: 4600: 4572: 4550: 4509: 4478: 4452: 4434:"Ambulance Care Assistant Role" 4426: 4400: 4374: 4348: 4322: 4300: 4273: 4252: 4212: 4196:. stflorian.net. Archived from 4186: 4160: 4134: 4108: 4082: 4068: 4050:"The Geneva Convention of 1949" 4042: 4016: 3990: 3968: 3941: 3911: 3885: 3859: 3789: 3737: 3711: 3679: 3653: 3510: 3484: 3466: 3448: 3388: 3354: 3327: 3301: 3275: 3249: 3227: 3201: 3172: 3146: 3120: 3048: 3026: 3000: 2948: 2922: 2904: 2878: 2856: 2830: 2804: 2778: 2688: 2674: 2660: 2626: 2442:The memoirs of Charles E. Ryan 2354:"Essex Ambulance Response Cars" 2028: 1143:General Services Administration 253:non-emergency patient transport 41:needs additional citations for 4788:. British Army. Archived from 4734:"M.A.S.H. medevac helicopters" 4283:The Broadcaster's Guide to RDS 2546: 2490: 2436: 2406: 2394: 2368: 2320: 2207:(formerly known as the ATTV). 2016:– In some systems such as the 1821:, a charity-funded service in 1597:Order of Malta Ambulance Corps 745:van ambulance operated by the 447:Rapid organ recovery ambulance 323:, were sometimes also used as 256: 1: 4408:"Role of the First Responder" 3976:"Star of Life DOT HS 808 721" 3893:"Ontario Highway Traffic Act" 3867:"Ontario Highway Traffic Act" 3553:10.1016/S0001-4575(02)00102-1 3524:. 7 June 2013. Archived from 2565:Katherine T. Barkley (1990). 2217:Mobile Army Surgical Hospital 2080:vehicles such as the Hanomag 1882:cardiopulmonary resuscitation 1133:For instance, in Europe, the 595:Neighborhood Electric Vehicle 375:New York City Fire Department 180:. Typically, out-of-hospital 5287:Emergency medical technician 5277:Emergency medical dispatcher 4410:. Resuscitation Council UK. 2414:"Civil War Ambulance Wagons" 2298:Emergency medical dispatcher 2230: 2174:improvised explosive devices 1921:Emergency medical technician 1217: 1108: 552:Motorcycle and motor scooter 261:nontransporting EMS vehicles 7: 5475:Critical emergency medicine 5393:Kendrick extrication device 5365:Nontransporting EMS vehicle 5355:Light horse field ambulance 5282:Emergency medical responder 4568:: 41589–41595. 8 June 2012. 3919:"CTAS Category Definitions" 3663:. WESH News. Archived from 2331:The Origin of Medical Terms 2281: 2243:Reuse of retired ambulances 2205:M2 Bradley fighting vehicle 2137:, a U.S. Navy hospital ship 2091:United Nations peacekeeping 2074:armoured personnel carriers 2041:in ambulance configuration. 1993:Emergency care practitioner 1641:Emergency vehicle equipment 1537:for the ambulance service. 1345:against airborne pathogens. 1084:internal combustion engines 1069:emergency vehicle equipment 1023:ambulances usually rely on 983:An ambulance responding in 959:Las Vegas Fire & Rescue 898:Royal Flying Doctor Service 768:nontransporting EMS vehicle 765:Volkswagen Transporter (T6) 10: 5556: 5223:Emergency medical services 5126:"Reconditioned ambulances" 4913:"1-22 Infantry tests ATTV" 4562:Boletín Oficial del Estado 3829:10.1016/j.ijgo.2008.04.001 3721:. Microbus. Archived from 3692:. Motorola. Archived from 2612:Stein, Rob (24 May 2008). 1858: 1719:Whelen Engineering Company 1703: 1638: 1635:Emergency vehicle lighting 1632: 1535:emergency telephone number 344:(then Princess) next to a 330: 307: 190:emergency medical services 21:Ambulance (disambiguation) 18: 5462: 5436: 5378: 5315: 5262:Certified first responder 5252: 5229: 3631:10.1080/10903120190939751 3588:10.1080/10903120500253813 2553:Oxford English Dictionary 2401:Oxford English Dictionary 2356:. Car Pages. 24 July 2004 2145:modified a number of its 1834:Government-funded service 1819:Wellington Free Ambulance 1803:American Medical Response 1172: 1061:second stage manufacturer 995:Truck-based ambulance in 5272:Emergency care assistant 4710:. Surrey Air Ambulance. 4522:Nursing in Critical Care 3108:. CNN News. 7 April 1999 2930:"Aboard the 'Booze Bus'" 2886:"EMS golf cart brochure" 2838:"Bike Ambulance Project" 2110:Emblems of the Red Cross 2095:Royal Army Medical Corps 2068:1917 Red Cross ambulance 1913:Emergency care assistant 1840:Privately-funded service 1788: 1733:tones, commonly used by 1204:motor vehicle collisions 794:London Ambulance Service 333:History of the ambulance 255:vehicle (also called an 5128:. Malleyindustries.com. 4116:"ACT Ambulance Service" 3948:Dromi, Shai M. (2020). 2584:"Questions and Answers" 2555:ambulance definition 2a 2112:not to mount offensive 1898:Non-emergency attendant 1852:Hospital-funded service 1706:Audible warning devices 1665:, flashing or rotating 1408:Passive visual warnings 1384:Appearance and markings 1366:intermediate technology 1360:Intermediate technology 1194:Ambulances, like other 1137:publishes the standard 1092:liquefied petroleum gas 967:Design and construction 682:– In some instances, a 473:psychiatric emergencies 427:mass casualty incidents 5172:Quotations related to 4708:"Surrey Air Ambulance" 4280:Wright, Scott (1997). 4243:: CS1 maint: others ( 3998:"The Red Cross Emblem" 3311:. Ford. Archived from 3285:. Ford. Archived from 3259:. Ford. Archived from 3036:. BBC. 10 October 2003 2403:ambulance definition 1 2256: 2186:United States military 2143:Israeli Defense Forces 2138: 2069: 2061: 2042: 1846:Charity-funded service 1826: 1817:ambulance operated by 1815:Mercedes-Benz Sprinter 1806: 1801:ambulance operated by 1761: 1738: 1650: 1629:Active visual warnings 1601:Malteser International 1549: 1390:road traffic collision 1242: 1231: 1191: 1126: 1000: 988: 582:in inaccessible areas. 381: 349: 328: 154: 146: 5244:Advanced life support 4221:Emergency Care Manual 3823:(2). Wiley: 191–197. 2727:. TNN. Archived from 2266:recreational vehicles 2250: 2130: 2067: 2048: 2036: 1866:advanced life support 1812: 1796: 1755: 1745:, sometimes known as 1716: 1648: 1543: 1374:motorcycle ambulances 1283:mobile data terminals 1237: 1225: 1189: 1116: 994: 982: 833:Pol'and'Rock Festival 469:Psychiatric ambulance 372: 340: 315: 152: 133: 5360:Motorcycle ambulance 5323:Air medical services 5188:at Wikimedia Commons 5087:7 April 2012 at the 5052:26 July 2013 at the 4937:on 16 September 2012 4792:on 17 September 2009 4382:"Ambulance Services" 4200:on 27 September 2007 3929:on 21 September 2010 3719:"MDT Market Sectors" 3699:on 16 September 2012 3083:on 27 September 2007 3062:on 17 February 2012. 2844:on 28 September 2007 2731:on 27 September 2007 2451:1 April 2016 at the 2314:References and notes 2057:emblazoned with the 1998:general practitioner 1500:developing countries 1278:Mobile data terminal 1014:maintain the vehicle 790:motorcycle ambulance 709:Vehicle type gallery 694:developing economies 174:treatment facilities 50:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 5495:Wilderness medicine 5302:Emergency physician 4497:on 17 February 2015 3667:on 14 November 2013 3422:Cole, Dean (2013). 3315:on 21 November 2018 3289:on 20 November 2018 3263:on 21 November 2018 3128:"Mystere – Chassis" 2619:The Washington Post 2569:. Exposition Press. 2458:Pearson, Emma Maria 2327:Skinner, Henry Alan 2235:Ambulettes provide 2219:. In line with the 2005:Physician assistant 1982:tracheal intubation 1491:Battenburg markings 1289:Evidence gathering 1037:cellular telephones 825:all-terrain vehicle 772:Emergency physician 629:Fixed-wing aircraft 575:All-terrain vehicle 523:– Used either as a 440:Bariatric ambulance 390:Emergency ambulance 298:Franco-Prussian War 186:medical emergencies 138:ambulance with its 5485:Emergency medicine 5413:Spinal precautions 5239:Basic life support 5145:on 21 October 2018 5015:The New York Times 4688:on 8 December 2009 4614:on 7 November 2018 4516:Suserud B (2005). 4388:on 25 October 2007 4004:on 11 January 2010 3619:Prehosp Emerg Care 3576:Prehosp Emerg Care 3498:on 4 November 2014 2936:. 17 December 2007 2648:on 23 January 2011 2497:Emma Maria Pearson 2462:McLaughlin, Louisa 2257: 2139: 2070: 2062: 2043: 1884:(CPR) or using an 1827: 1807: 1762: 1758:St. John Ambulance 1739: 1735:emergency vehicles 1651: 1609:St. John Ambulance 1554:Protective Symbols 1550: 1396:or stop sign as a 1313:neonatal incubator 1243: 1232: 1196:emergency vehicles 1192: 1127: 1001: 989: 750:Ministry of Health 382: 356:, with the use of 350: 329: 290:American Civil War 237:emergency vehicles 168:used to transport 163:medically-equipped 155: 147: 5503: 5502: 5490:Military medicine 5470:Aviation medicine 5454:Search and rescue 5444:Ambulance station 5184:Media related to 5139:"Supporting hope" 5107:on 1 January 2013 4898:978-0-387-22699-6 4588:on 5 October 2011 3771:"Ambulance Lifts" 2636:(27 March 2008). 2501:Louisa McLaughlin 2288:Ambulance station 2237:patient transport 2225:Geneva Convention 2150:main battle tanks 2122:military training 2053:ambulance of the 1714: 1558:Geneva Convention 1531:rear view mirrors 1510:', named after a 1187: 980: 835:'s Medical Patrol 827:ambulance with a 809:paramedic bicycle 433:Charity ambulance 405:Patient transport 348:ambulance in 1945 239:authorized to be 126: 125: 118: 100: 5545: 5520: 5519: 5518: 5511: 5380:Casualty lifting 5307:Medical director 5216: 5209: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5183: 5171: 5155: 5154: 5152: 5150: 5141:. Archived from 5135: 5129: 5123: 5117: 5116: 5114: 5112: 5103:. Archived from 5097: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5077: 5062: 5056: 5045: 5043: 5041: 5032:. Archived from 5026: 5020: 5019: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4996: 4994: 4979: 4973: 4972: 4970: 4968: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4942: 4933:. Archived from 4927: 4921: 4920: 4917:1-22infantry.org 4909: 4903: 4902: 4882: 4876: 4875: 4873: 4871: 4860: 4854: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4756: 4750: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4678: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4656: 4650: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4630: 4624: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4604: 4598: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4537: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4504: 4502: 4493:. Archived from 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4462:. Archived from 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4430: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4419: 4404: 4398: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4384:. Archived from 4378: 4372: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4330:"Payment Policy" 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4304: 4298: 4297: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4256: 4250: 4248: 4242: 4234: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4190: 4184: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4170:. Archived from 4164: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4144:. Archived from 4138: 4132: 4131: 4129: 4127: 4118:. Archived from 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4046: 4040: 4039: 4037: 4035: 4020: 4014: 4013: 4011: 4009: 3994: 3988: 3987: 3985: 3983: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3880: 3878: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3811: 3805: 3804: 3803:on 13 July 2011. 3799:. Archived from 3797:"Press Releases" 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3725:on 27 March 2010 3715: 3709: 3708: 3706: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3657: 3651: 3650: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3571: 3565: 3564: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3528:on 20 June 2013. 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3494:. Archived from 3488: 3482: 3481: 3470: 3464: 3463: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3443: 3441: 3436:on 30 April 2015 3435: 3428: 3419: 3413: 3412: 3403:(3): 58, 60–64. 3392: 3386: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3358: 3352: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3342:on 16 April 2009 3338:. Archived from 3331: 3325: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3222: 3220: 3205: 3199: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3188: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3150: 3144: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3124: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3113: 3102: 3093: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3073: 3064: 3063: 3052: 3046: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3030: 3024: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2969: 2967: 2958:. Archived from 2952: 2946: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2926: 2920: 2919: 2918:on 3 March 2016. 2908: 2902: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2834: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2818:on 27 April 2011 2814:. Archived from 2808: 2802: 2801: 2799: 2797: 2792:on 27 April 2011 2788:. Archived from 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2765: 2758: 2750: 2741: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2721: 2712: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2692: 2686: 2685: 2684:. 20 March 2018. 2678: 2672: 2671: 2664: 2658: 2657: 2655: 2653: 2644:. Archived from 2634:Saletan, William 2630: 2624: 2623: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2597: 2595: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2537: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2519: 2513:. Archived from 2512: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2478:on 10 April 2008 2477: 2470: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2420:. Archived from 2418:civilwarhome.com 2410: 2404: 2398: 2392: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2382:on 25 March 2007 2372: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2350: 2341: 2324: 2078:Second World War 1945:Registered nurse 1938:EMT-Intermediate 1892:Ambulance driver 1743:audible warnings 1715: 1700:Audible warnings 1593:Order of St John 1571:Magen David Adom 1544:An ambulance in 1504:retro-reflective 1458: 1449: 1438: 1429: 1420: 1338:Air conditioning 1269:system, such as 1188: 1006:four-wheel drive 981: 950: 940:Russian Railways 927: 915:operated by the 908: 889: 871:Eurocopter EC145 866: 851:operated by the 844: 831:operated by the 820: 804: 792:operated by the 782: 760: 738: 719: 648:water ambulances 365:Functional types 245:emergency lights 198:first responders 140:emergency lights 121: 114: 110: 107: 101: 99: 58: 34: 26: 5555: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5546: 5544: 5543: 5542: 5528: 5527: 5526: 5516: 5514: 5506: 5504: 5499: 5480:Diving medicine 5458: 5432: 5423:Vacuum mattress 5408:Scoop stretcher 5382: 5374: 5370:Water ambulance 5350:Combination car 5311: 5248: 5225: 5220: 5164: 5159: 5158: 5148: 5146: 5137: 5136: 5132: 5124: 5120: 5110: 5108: 5099: 5098: 5094: 5089:Wayback Machine 5075: 5073: 5072:on 26 July 2013 5064: 5063: 5059: 5054:Wayback Machine 5039: 5037: 5036:on 26 July 2013 5028: 5027: 5023: 5006: 5002: 4992: 4990: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4966: 4964: 4955: 4954: 4950: 4940: 4938: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4911: 4910: 4906: 4899: 4883: 4879: 4869: 4867: 4862: 4861: 4857: 4847: 4845: 4836: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4818:on 27 June 2007 4810: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4793: 4784: 4783: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4753: 4743: 4741: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4706: 4705: 4701: 4691: 4689: 4680: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4663: 4658: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4641: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4617: 4615: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4591: 4589: 4578: 4577: 4573: 4556: 4555: 4551: 4514: 4510: 4500: 4498: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4417: 4415: 4406: 4405: 4401: 4391: 4389: 4380: 4379: 4375: 4365: 4363: 4354: 4353: 4349: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4306: 4305: 4301: 4294: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4258: 4257: 4253: 4236: 4235: 4231: 4218: 4217: 4213: 4203: 4201: 4192: 4191: 4187: 4177: 4175: 4174:on 25 June 2007 4166: 4165: 4161: 4151: 4149: 4140: 4139: 4135: 4125: 4123: 4122:on 30 June 2007 4114: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4074: 4073: 4069: 4059: 4057: 4048: 4047: 4043: 4033: 4031: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4005: 3996: 3995: 3991: 3981: 3979: 3974: 3973: 3969: 3962: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3902: 3900: 3891: 3890: 3886: 3876: 3874: 3865: 3864: 3860: 3812: 3808: 3795: 3794: 3790: 3780: 3778: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3754: 3752: 3743: 3742: 3738: 3728: 3726: 3717: 3716: 3712: 3702: 3700: 3696: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3615: 3611: 3572: 3568: 3541:Accid Anal Prev 3537: 3533: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3492:"Untitled Page" 3490: 3489: 3485: 3478:metronixinc.com 3472: 3471: 3467: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3439: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3420: 3416: 3393: 3389: 3379: 3377: 3359: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3334:James Philips. 3332: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3192: 3190: 3189:on 14 June 2007 3186: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3161: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3137: 3135: 3134:on 19 June 2007 3126: 3125: 3121: 3111: 3109: 3104: 3103: 3096: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3067: 3054: 3053: 3049: 3039: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3027: 3017: 3015: 3014:on 17 June 2007 3006: 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2988:on 12 June 2007 2980: 2979: 2975: 2965: 2963: 2954: 2953: 2949: 2939: 2937: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2910: 2909: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2892:on 5 April 2007 2884: 2883: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2847: 2845: 2836: 2835: 2831: 2821: 2819: 2810: 2809: 2805: 2795: 2793: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2766:on 14 June 2007 2763: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2744: 2734: 2732: 2723: 2722: 2715: 2705: 2703: 2702:on 3 March 2009 2694: 2693: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2675: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2651: 2649: 2631: 2627: 2610: 2603: 2593: 2591: 2582: 2581: 2574: 2563: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2531: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2510: 2508:"Archived copy" 2506: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2453:Wayback Machine 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2424:on 17 July 2017 2412: 2411: 2407: 2399: 2395: 2385: 2383: 2374: 2373: 2369: 2359: 2357: 2352: 2351: 2344: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2293:Combination car 2284: 2245: 2233: 2076:(APCs). In the 2039:RMMV Survivor R 2031: 1877:First responder 1861: 1791: 1710: 1708: 1702: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1546:New South Wales 1496: 1495: 1494: 1493: 1481: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1451: 1450: 1441: 1440: 1439: 1431: 1430: 1422: 1421: 1410: 1386: 1362: 1327:Trauma lighting 1220: 1177: 1175: 1111: 971: 969: 962: 951: 942: 932:Nikolay Pirogov 928: 919: 913:water ambulance 909: 900: 890: 881: 867: 858: 849:MAN Lion's City 845: 836: 821: 812: 805: 796: 787:Honda ST series 783: 774: 761: 752: 739: 730: 720: 711: 674:hospital trains 610:ambulance buses 606:major incidents 580:mountain rescue 538:supine position 494: 367: 335: 310: 294:Field hospitals 286:siege of Málaga 270:comes from the 122: 111: 105: 102: 59: 57: 47: 35: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5553: 5552: 5541: 5540: 5525: 5524: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5497: 5492: 5487: 5482: 5477: 5472: 5466: 5464: 5463:Related fields 5460: 5459: 5457: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5440: 5438: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5405: 5400: 5395: 5389: 5387: 5376: 5375: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5336: 5335: 5325: 5319: 5317: 5313: 5312: 5310: 5309: 5304: 5299: 5294: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5258: 5256: 5250: 5249: 5247: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5230: 5227: 5226: 5219: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5177: 5163: 5162:External links 5160: 5157: 5156: 5130: 5118: 5092: 5057: 5021: 5000: 4974: 4948: 4931:"Bradley AMEV" 4922: 4904: 4897: 4877: 4855: 4829: 4803: 4777: 4751: 4725: 4699: 4673: 4651: 4640:on 17 May 2007 4625: 4599: 4571: 4564:(in Spanish). 4549: 4528:(6): 269–271. 4508: 4477: 4466:on 7 June 2007 4451: 4425: 4399: 4373: 4347: 4336:on 5 July 2011 4321: 4299: 4292: 4272: 4251: 4230:978-1584804048 4229: 4211: 4185: 4159: 4148:on 7 June 2007 4133: 4107: 4081: 4067: 4041: 4015: 3989: 3967: 3961:978-0226680101 3960: 3940: 3910: 3884: 3858: 3806: 3788: 3777:on 1 July 2007 3762: 3751:. 26 July 2004 3736: 3710: 3678: 3652: 3625:(3): 261–269. 3609: 3582:(4): 412–415. 3566: 3547:(6): 941–948. 3531: 3509: 3483: 3465: 3447: 3414: 3397:Emerg Med Serv 3387: 3353: 3326: 3300: 3274: 3248: 3226: 3200: 3171: 3160:on 1 July 2007 3145: 3119: 3094: 3065: 3047: 3025: 2999: 2973: 2962:on 3 June 2009 2947: 2921: 2903: 2877: 2855: 2829: 2803: 2777: 2742: 2713: 2687: 2673: 2659: 2625: 2601: 2590:on 2 July 2007 2572: 2557: 2545: 2520:on 9 July 2008 2489: 2435: 2405: 2393: 2367: 2342: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2311: 2310: 2308:Rail ambulance 2305: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2283: 2280: 2244: 2241: 2232: 2229: 2212:hospital ships 2118:non-combatants 2030: 2027: 2026: 2025: 2022:air ambulances 2018:SAMU in France 2009: 2001: 1989: 1986:cricothyrotomy 1965: 1941: 1930:oxygen therapy 1926:defibrillation 1917: 1909: 1895: 1889: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1855: 1849: 1843: 1837: 1790: 1787: 1704:Main article: 1701: 1698: 1633:Main article: 1630: 1627: 1603:often use the 1463: 1462: 1453: 1452: 1444: 1443: 1442: 1433: 1432: 1424: 1423: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1385: 1382: 1361: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1349:Data recorders 1346: 1334: 1331:photosensitive 1324: 1299: 1286: 1274: 1219: 1216: 1174: 1171: 1110: 1107: 1090:, gasoline or 1033:two-way radios 968: 965: 964: 963: 955:Pierce Quantum 952: 945: 943: 936:hospital train 929: 922: 920: 910: 903: 901: 891: 884: 882: 868: 861: 859: 846: 839: 837: 822: 815: 813: 806: 799: 797: 784: 777: 775: 762: 755: 753: 740: 733: 731: 721: 714: 710: 707: 706: 705: 697: 690:Horse and cart 687: 677: 659: 641: 634:Flying Doctors 625: 613: 599: 584: 583: 571: 564: 563: 549: 518: 515:intensive care 493: 490: 489: 488: 466: 444: 436: 430: 414: 401: 394:air ambulances 366: 363: 331:Main article: 309: 306: 202:emergency care 124: 123: 38: 36: 29: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5551: 5550: 5539: 5536: 5535: 5533: 5523: 5513: 5512: 5509: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5481: 5478: 5476: 5473: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5465: 5461: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5441: 5439: 5435: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5381: 5377: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5363: 5361: 5358: 5356: 5353: 5351: 5348: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5340:Ambulance bus 5338: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5320: 5318: 5314: 5308: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5298: 5295: 5293: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5259: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5245: 5242: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5231: 5228: 5224: 5217: 5212: 5210: 5205: 5203: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5187: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5170: 5166: 5165: 5144: 5140: 5134: 5127: 5122: 5106: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5086: 5083: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5051: 5048: 5035: 5031: 5025: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5004: 4988: 4984: 4978: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4936: 4932: 4926: 4918: 4914: 4908: 4900: 4894: 4890: 4889: 4881: 4865: 4859: 4844:. 14 May 2004 4843: 4839: 4833: 4817: 4813: 4807: 4791: 4787: 4781: 4765: 4761: 4755: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4661: 4655: 4639: 4635: 4629: 4613: 4609: 4603: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4527: 4523: 4519: 4512: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4481: 4465: 4461: 4455: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4413: 4409: 4403: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4361: 4357: 4351: 4335: 4331: 4325: 4309: 4303: 4295: 4289: 4285: 4284: 4276: 4261: 4255: 4246: 4240: 4232: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4199: 4195: 4189: 4173: 4169: 4163: 4147: 4143: 4137: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4077: 4071: 4055: 4051: 4045: 4029: 4025: 4024:"The Emblems" 4019: 4003: 3999: 3993: 3977: 3971: 3963: 3957: 3953: 3952: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3898: 3894: 3888: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3810: 3802: 3798: 3792: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3695: 3688: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3613: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3562: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3535: 3527: 3523: 3522:The Statesman 3519: 3513: 3497: 3493: 3487: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3461: 3457: 3451: 3432: 3425: 3418: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3391: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3367:The Telegraph 3364: 3357: 3341: 3337: 3330: 3314: 3310: 3304: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3262: 3258: 3252: 3236: 3230: 3214: 3210: 3204: 3185: 3181: 3175: 3159: 3155: 3149: 3133: 3129: 3123: 3107: 3101: 3099: 3082: 3078: 3072: 3070: 3061: 3057: 3051: 3035: 3029: 3013: 3009: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2977: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2935: 2931: 2925: 2917: 2913: 2907: 2891: 2887: 2881: 2865: 2859: 2843: 2839: 2833: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2791: 2787: 2781: 2762: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2730: 2726: 2720: 2718: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2683: 2677: 2669: 2663: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2638:"Meat Wagons" 2635: 2629: 2621: 2620: 2615: 2608: 2606: 2589: 2585: 2579: 2577: 2568: 2567:The Ambulance 2561: 2554: 2549: 2541: 2535: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2502: 2498: 2493: 2474: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2439: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2409: 2402: 2397: 2381: 2377: 2371: 2355: 2349: 2347: 2340: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2306: 2304: 2301: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2267: 2262: 2254: 2253:Ford 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