Condor Legion - Knowledge

1275: 388: 1032:; 422 sorties by the legion (with around 70 aircraft operational) had a considerable effect. The rest of the battle saw a series of artillery attacks or air strikes, followed by a Nationalist ground advance. Tensions in Czechoslovakia and a pilot shortage in Germany led to the return of 250 pilots from the legion, about half of whom were bomber crews. Although trained Spaniards made up some of the shortfall, Volkmann complained to central command in Berlin and was recalled in September. During the 113-day battle, 10 legion aircraft were lost (some by accident) and 14 were badly damaged. The legion claimed about 100 Republican aircraft, one-third of those lost; five aircrew were killed, and six captured. Aid from Germany temporarily halted in mid-September. Germany and Nationalist Spain settled the issue of German interests in Spanish mines. 502: 848: 310: 962: 76: 51: 94: 46: 164: 176: 803:. A joint Italian-German general staff had been set up in January 1937 to advise Franco on war planning. The defeat of a significant Italian force and growing Soviet superiority in tanks and aircraft led the Germans to support a plan to abandon the offensive on Madrid and concentrate a series of attacks on weaker Republican-controlled areas. Some concluded that motorised troops were less effective than they had been thought, and the inadequacy of the Italians as a fighting force had become apparent to the Germans. 1420: 1017:. Hitler's words to his colleagues belied a change in attitude about the war in Germany; a quick victory was undesirable, and a continuation of the war would be preferable. German policy was to prevent a Republican defeat. Casualties were beginning to mount for the Legion and – combined with a resurgence in Republican air activity – the Nationalist advance stalled, perhaps because of the reluctance of German commanders to supply reinforcements in light of the emerging 1352: 1547: 1610: 1774: 1751: 1673: 1569: 190: 1721: 1651: 1695: 795:, which began with a Nationalist offensive on 6 February 1937. It included German-supplied ground forces, including two batteries of machine guns, a tank division, and the Condor Legion's anti-aircraft guns. Bombing by Republican and Nationalist aircraft, including Ju 52s from the Legion, created a stalemate and demonstrated the inadequacy of Legion aircraft when faced with superior Soviet-made fighters. Von Thoma requested 1591: 1629: 1296:

they called themselves at the time, the competent Revolutionary Government in Spain. The decisive factor was, first of all, to get his troops over to Spain. The Führer thought the matter over. I urged him to give support under all circumstances, firstly, in order to prevent the further spread of communism in that theater and, secondly, to test my young Luftwaffe at this opportunity in this or that technical respect.

3470: 607:, creating a state friendly to Germany to disrupt Britain and France, and creating possibilities for economic expansion. Although the Nationalist offensive on Madrid was abandoned in March 1937, a series of attacks on weaker Republican-controlled areas was supported by the Condor Legion. Despite prolonging the Civil War, it helped distract the other Western powers from Hitler's ambitions in 749:, German and Italian aircraft began bombing raids on the city. The Germans were keen to observe the effects of bombing and the deliberate burning of civilian sites on a city. Offensives involving German aircraft, and the bombings, were unsuccessful. Growing Republican air superiority became increasingly apparent, particularly the strength of the Soviet 831:. Durango had no anti-aircraft defence, and only a few other defences. According to the Basques, 250 civilians died there on 31 March (including a priest, nuns and the congregation at a church ceremony). The Germans, because of their air raids, were hated. The Basque ground forces were in full retreat towards 1432:

wrote an apology on behalf of the German people and state to survivors of the raid. Herzog said that he wanted to extend "a hand of friendship and reconciliation" on behalf of all German citizens. The sentiment was echoed by members of the German Parliament who, in 1998, legislated the removal of all

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although the Republican enquiry claimed its loss to have been caused by an internal explosion. Their submarines' return marked the official end of Operation Ursula. However, further submarines seem to have been sent in mid-1937, but details of the operation are not known (although six are believed to

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When the Civil War broke out in Spain, Franco sent a call for help to Germany and asked for support, particularly in the air. One should not forget that Franco with his troops was stationed in Africa and that he could not get the troops across, as the fleet was in the hands of the Communists, or, as

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when Málaga proved unsuitable. In June, operations began to be expanded to allow attacks on all Republican ports as long as British ships were not present. There were 10 ships attacked in the second half of 1937, but the Norwegian torpedoes that were used proved ineffective, and strafing or bombing

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on 21 October. A large amount of ammunition was used by the Legion, including a million machine gun rounds and 2,500 tonnes of bombs. Germany immediately began to ship its industrial production back to Spain. Sperrle argued repeatedly with Faupel against HISMA's monopoly, and Faupel was replaced by

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on Republican armoured vehicles and, later, defensive positions. Despite Nationalist fears, Republican aircraft were ineffective compared with German aircraft; the Messerschmitt Bf 109 was superior to the I-15 and I-16 models used by Republican forces. The legion lost eight aircraft, but claimed 18

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Many army leaders were hesitant to become involved in the conflict, and resisted a call from the Italian government for a transfer of ground troops to Spain. Luftwaffe involvement was not restricted, and it is commonly thought that its involvement in the Spanish Civil War was a proving ground for

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The organisation and the recruitment of German volunteers was also kept secret. The first contingent (86 men) left Germany on 1 August 1936. Unaware of their destination, they were accompanied by six biplane fighters, anti-aircraft guns and about 100 tons of other supplies. Many believed that the

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One military innovation thought to have resulted from the conflict is the technical development of the Messerschmitt Bf 109. The V3 to V6 types entered service in Spain from operational trials around January 1937. They were joined by type C aircraft in spring 1938, with type Es first deployed in

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In addition to combat experience, it is thought that strategic initiatives were first tested during Luftwaffe involvement in the Spanish Civil War. Legion commander in Spain Wolfram von Richthofen became a Field Marshal during World War II and served in high Luftwaffe positions, specialising in

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his chief of staff. That reinforcement may have been the most important intervention by a foreign side in the war, enabling a counterattack after the Battle of the Ebro. The legion primarily took part in operations against the remaining Republican air force in January and February 1939, with

1484:) campaign medal began to be awarded by the German authorities in seven classes on 14 April 1939. The clandestine nature of German activities in Spain meant that no awards were made until April 1939, at the end of German involvement in the conflict. The Spanish Cross complemented the 871:

bridge outside Guernica was the true target. The nature of the operation, however (including its formation and armaments), undermines the credibility of these explanations. Guernica was a clear target of the Condor Legion, rather than the Nationalists. The 11 July offensive against

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made it clear that the German position of neutrality in the war and the signing of a non-intervention pact were meaningless, and German forces were actively participating in combat. Steer's report was syndicated worldwide, generating widespread shock, outrage and fear.

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considerable success. After participating in parades in Barcelona and elsewhere and minor duties over Madrid, it was dissolved. The men returned on 26 May, the best aircraft were returned to Germany, and the rest of the equipment was bought by the new Spanish regime.

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said that in focusing after World War II on lessons learned by the Germans from the conflict in Spain, the value of the lessons was exaggerated. Galland believed that the wrong conclusions were drawn by the German High Command, particularly regarding the Luftwaffe:

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The Legion took a short break from active duty to receive new aircraft (including Bf 109Es, He 111Es and Js, and Hs 126As), which brought its strength to 96 aircraft — about one-fifth of the Nationalist force. Richthofen returned to Spain in overall command, with

815:. It was largely a Nationalist and Italian offensive, supported by a consistently re-equipping Condor Legion. The terrain was favourable, with planes coming over a range of mountains to the south which masked their entrance. Sperrle remained in Salamanca; 627:

of the German Foreign Office suggested that it was a matter of graceful withdrawal, and Göring said that Germany would never recognise a "red Spain". A joint Italian–German agreement said that the last shipments would be made no later than early February.

1204:. Identification marks were obscured, and the whole mission was kept secret. Difficulties in identifying legitimate targets and concerns about discovery limited their operations. During their return to Wilhelmshaven in December, the Republican submarine 1391:

were emphasised. Close air support for Nationalist troops, attack bombing of Republican troop concentrations, and strafing were features of the war. The legion worked to maximise the fighting ability of the Nationalist air force and troops, the Italian

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Whatever may have been the importance of the tests of German arms in the Spanish Civil War from tactical, technical and operational points of view, they did not provide the experience that was needed nor lead to the formulation of sound strategic

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Discussions about German objectives for intervention took place in January 1937. Germany was keen to avoid prompting a wider European war, which was a risk if it committed further resources to Spain. There was no consensus among German officials;

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aircraft. Warlimont appealed to Germany to increase its support. After Berlin's recognition of Franco's government on 30 September, German efforts in Spain were reorganised and expanded. The existing command structure was replaced with the

1113:. As naval activity declined, inland targets became more numerous, and night missions began. Activities in support of ground forces became the main focus of the unit until the end of hostilities. Both Wolff and Harlinghausen received the 910:, a Republican offensive designed to take the pressure off northern Spain where fighting was ongoing. The legion was sent from the north to reinforce a broken line. There were repeated raids by bombers and by fighters based in 1044:

The Condor Legion claimed to have destroyed 320 Republican planes with aircraft (shot down or bombed on the ground) and to have shot down another 52 with anti-aircraft guns. It claimed to have destroyed 60 ships, including

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Shame about the activities of the Condor Legion and its involvement in the bombing of Guernica have re-surfaced in Germany since its 1990s reunification. In 1997, the 60th anniversary of Operation Rügen, German President

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that day. Part of his report read, "Guernica was not a military objective ... The object of the bombardment was seemingly the demoralisation of the civil population and the destruction of the cradle of the Basque

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first saw active service in the Condor Legion against Soviet aircraft. The Stuka's first mission in Spain was in February 1938, and each aircraft played a major role early in World War II. The Germans realised that

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via the underwater detection system and fourteen infra-red ship surveillance stations (nine in Spain and five in Morocco), which later relayed shipping information to U-boats in the Mediterranean and threatening

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had been transported to mainland Spain from Morocco. Over that period, there was a transition from training and supply missions to overt combat. The operation commander, Alexander von Scheele, was replaced by

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tanks and 122 personnel were deployed in Spain. They were accompanied by 108 aircraft from July to October, divided between aircraft for the Nationalist faction and planes for German volunteers in Spain.

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The legion assembled for an address by Hitler on 6 June 1939 and for a parade as part of the 20 April 1939 celebrations of Hitler's 50th birthday. Its activities were commemorated in a special issue of

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Faupel advocated the creation of a single German unit of 15,000 to 30,000 men in November and December 1936, which he believed would be enough to turn the tide of the war toward the Nationalists.

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reported 1,654 dead and 889 wounded. Several explanations were given by the Nationalists, who blamed the attack on the Republicans, said that the attack was part of a prolonged offensive, or the

3544: 989:. Poor weather resulted in few flights, and the town fell to Republican forces on 6 January. Up to 100 sorties a day were launched during the Nationalist's counter-offensive through the 706:

group (the Flakabteilung 88); and the Nachrichtenabteilung 88 signals group. The anti-aircraft guns used by Flakabteilung 88 were the standard German anti-aircraft guns of the time: the

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support for a tank advance at one point. The use of He 51 and Ju 52s and the Legion's anti-aircraft guns in ground roles only partly mitigated the Nationalist defeat in the March

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The Condor Legion included ground-combat units. Panzer crews operating Panzer I light tanks were commanded by Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma. The Germans also tested small numbers of

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This is frequently misquoted along these lines: "The Spanish Civil War gave me an opportunity to put my young air force to the test, and a means for my men to gain experience".

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said that this would be insufficient, and larger measures could provoke Spanish wrath. New aircraft were sent to the Condor Legion between late 1936 and early 1937, including

1069:. Operating independently of the land-based division, it acted against enemy shipping, ports, coastal communications and occasionally inland targets such as bridges. It used 922:

The Nationalists again focused on capturing northern Spain. The latest models of German test aircraft faced an outdated Basque air force which had some Russian planes. Heavy

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and used for their machinations ... All the more clearly will Italy recognize the advisability of confronting the Western powers shoulder to shoulder with Germany.

3529: 1021:. Debates about the operation's rising cost to the Germans — then about 10 million Reichsmarks a month — continued unresolved. The Legion's materiel was exhausted. 699: 3554: 552: 3539: 3176: 3153: 1464:. The mausoleum's facade, removed at the request of the German embassy in Madrid, would be replaced with name plaques for the seven soldiers entombed there. 1126: 432: 944: 889:

who was covering the Spanish Civil War from inside the country, wrote the first full account. Steer's reporting set the tone for much of the subsequent

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In the years after the Spanish Civil War, Hitler gave several possible motives for German involvement. They included providing distraction from

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from the German mainland, and the Abwehr operation was a network of coastal listening stations overseeing a seabed detection system across the

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fighter, after many losses during the first twelve months of the war, was switched to a ground-attack role and later saw service as a trainer.

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Testimony of Göring, Trial of the Major War Criminals, International Military Tribunal, Nuremberg, 14 November – 1 October 1946, Volume IX.

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On 26 April 2017, the 80th anniversary of the Guernica bombing, the Madrid City Council announced that it had dismantled the Condor Legion

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E and F types. Older aircraft were passed on to the Nationalists. By the end of 1936, about 7,000 Condor Legion personnel were in Spain.

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ran the government of Austria from 1933 to 1938, and had been allied with Mussolini. In 1934, the assassination of Austrian Chancellor

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soldiers who had been selected for Operation Condor were well-paid, and participation improved their chances for promotion in Germany.

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former Legion members' names from German military bases. The issue surfaced again in 2005 after media reports about the role of pilot

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and seven other ships, were given secret orders on 20 May 1939 and diverted from their regular pleasure-cruise schedule to arrive in

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Dozens of Messerschmitt Bf 109 fighters Heinkel He 111 medium bombers and, after December 1937, at least three Junkers Ju 87 Stuka

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The isolated area of Biscay, a predominantly-Basque region of northern Spain, was the most immediate target in what was called the

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to prevent interference from Republican ships while Franco transported troops to the Spanish mainland. By mid-October, the German

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A was used for the first time in the advance on Teruel, which was retaken on 22 February. The continued Nationalist offensive on

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was supported by Condor Legion ground units and extensive air operations, proving the legion's worth to the Nationalist cause.

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provided submarines in 24 October, also providing surface ships and co-ordinated movement of German supplies to Spain. German

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The role played by the Spanish conflict as regards Italy's relations with France and England could be similar to that of the

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were used in ground-attack roles rather than air-to-air combat. The Legion's air force initially attacked the towns of

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Contributions of the Legion Condor to the Wehrmacht's surgical care during World War II. (R.J. Defalque, A.J. Wright).

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in Spanish Morocco in December 1936, the focus shifted to attacks on shipping. It was again moved in February 1937 to

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by 200 Nationalist, German and Italian planes occurred far behind Basque lines in August 1937 and led to the fall of

796: 1005:, involved bombing raids and the legion's ground forces. The legion was switched to focus in the north, towards the 3171: 501: 1378: 1188:, involved a group of German U-boats active around Spain. It began on 20 November 1936, with the movement of the 463:). German involvement was hidden from the foreign and the economic ministries, and was funded with three million 428: 144: 3474: 3367: 1158: 2016:, which began to be awarded in 1942 for acts of gallantry on the Eastern Front to Spanish volunteers of the 977:

and began a week of strikes against Republican airfields. This move was halted by the Republican advance on

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The first English-language media reports of the destruction of Guernica appeared two days after the attack.

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from interfering in the war. However, the agreement was clearly broken by Germany. As a result, the German

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decided to support the Nationalists on 25 or 26 July, but was wary of provoking a wider European war. The

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was unsuccessful. Soviet air support for the Republicans was growing, particularly through the supply of

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replaced Holle in January as deputy, and was in actual command. Since the Basque air force was limited,

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had been attacked by an unidentified submarine, it was formally withdrawn from international patrols.

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troops to Spain. By 11 October (the mission's official end), 13,500 troops, 127 machine guns and 36

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said that Italy’s involvement in the Spanish Civil War kept it out of the Western powers' camp:

624: 584: 539: 19:"Legion Condor" redirects here. For the World War II German bomber wing with this nickname, see 3564: 2033:, and are available via Getty images. The legion's return to Germany and parade were filmed by 1846: 1177: 1117:. In total, eleven men were killed in action, and five others died due to accident or illness. 816: 514: 424: 1287:

troops in World War II. That view is supported by the testimony of Hermann Göring when he was

1166: 1332: 961: 800: 281: 1510:, the Luftwaffe's propaganda magazine, which was circulated in Spain and the United States. 3389: 1450: 1397: 1382: 1242: 1098: 949: 777: 711: 271: 24: 3323:, suggesting a winter exercise around the large island of Rügen on Germany's Baltic coast. 3192: 1871: 1257:, Germany. They arrived to crowds, parades and ceremonies celebrating their success, with 1049:

vessels. The legion lost 72 aircraft from hostile action, and another 160 from accidents.

8: 1973: 1246: 931: 420: 362: 50: 893:, noting clear German complicity in the action. Three small bomb cases stamped with the 863:. The number of casualties is controversial, with perhaps 200 or 300 people killed; the 407:. The first request for German aircraft was made on 22 July, for 10 transport aircraft. 163: 45: 1954: 1865: 1370: 1025: 651: 644: 20: 3122: 1081:

in October 1936. Missions started as reconnaissance, but after the move from Cadiz to

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on 27 June 1937, Hitler said that he supported Franco to gain control of Spanish ore.

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German military unit assisting Nationalist forces in the Spanish Civil War (1936–39)

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struck by the Spanish authorities to thank German volunteers for their service. An

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intelligence service, independent of the Condor Legion, was secretly involved in

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The Nationalists were supported by German and Italian units and material in the

2013: 1738: 1619: 1493: 1037: 839:, which was bombed on 26 April in one of the war's most controversial attacks. 828: 781: 773: 608: 293: 266: 238: 1185: 3503: 2017: 1820: 1815: 1760: 1734: 1473: 1442: 1401: 1388: 1374: 1340: 1317: 1201: 1163: 1074: 994: 785: 707: 703: 695: 691: 687: 663: 506: 486:'s troops to Spain. Germany's involvement grew in September to encompass the 416: 404: 298: 286: 261: 243: 233: 215: 119: 3454: 647:

had given rise to Italian military assistance to prevent a German invasion.

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German troops would train the Nationalists and not engage in active combat.

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medal was awarded to the legion as a whole, and added to its battle flag.

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was sunk; the Germans claimed that the sinking resulted a torpedo fired by

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It has been speculated that Hitler used the Spanish Civil War to distract

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Military units and formations of Nazi Germany in the Spanish Civil War

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German involvement in the Spanish Civil War § Maritime operations

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began the Spanish Civil War, the Nationalists requested support from

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Condor Legion memorial in Madrid's Cementerio de la Almudena in 2008

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Republican forces launched the last major offensive of the war, the

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In the two weeks after 27 July, German transport moved nearly 2,500

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and, with the support of German air transport, began the airlift of

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Hitler and Spain: The Nazi Role in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–1939

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guns to destroy Republican tanks, fortifications and aircraft with

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victories. German tactics improved after Brunete, particularly the

860: 836: 824: 735: 527: 1969: 1694: 1279: 1309: 1254: 1090: 1082: 1029: 864: 859:, waves of Ju 52 and He 111 planes bombed and strafed targets in 479: 157: 3233: 2055: 1590: 730:. Also operational were two armoured units under the command of 3469: 1977: 1628: 1597: 1339:. German involvement in Spain spurred development of the first 1222: 998: 978: 873: 832: 495: 225: 3545:

Foreign volunteers in the Spanish Civil War (National faction)

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Franco and the Condor Legion: The Spanish Civil War in the Air

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Exhibit recalls German destruction of Spanish town of Guernica

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It was cited in Western media after German forces left Spain.

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Franco. Sperrle also returned to Germany, and was replaced by

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were dispatched to Spanish waters under the codename Ursula.

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Alpert, Michael (2019). "Off to Spain: The Germans arrive".

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This campaign medal is not to be confused with the Spanish

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on 27 September 1936. Ultimately, the initial phase of the

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and the German Raw Materials and Goods Purchasing Company (

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A December 1936 communiqué from German ambassador to Rome

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Orders, Decorations, Medals and Badges of the Third Reich

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By comparison, 14,000 Italians supported Franco's forces.

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that Mölders' name would be removed from the barracks at

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fighters were quickly becoming less effective than newer

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Overtly, the Kriegsmarine was partly used to enforce the

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concluded that Nationalist forces would need at least 20

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The Condor Legion marching during the Spanish Civil War

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German air crews supported the August-to-October 1936

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and from association with Luftwaffe Fighter Wing 74 (

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chief of staff. Scheele became a military attaché in

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Military units and formations disestablished in 1939

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Heinkel He 111 operational history#Spanish Civil War

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ground attacks. His units spearheaded offensives in

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preventing the spread of communism to Western Europe

1999:Details on the 1936-1939 operation can be found in 3525:German military personnel of the Spanish Civil War 3366: 3348:Littlejohn, David; Dodkins, Colonel C. M. (1968). 2253: 2061: 1414: 3530:Military units and formations established in 1936 3405:. Spearhead. Vol. 15. Ian Allan publishing. 3347: 3239: 1152:around Spain consisted of the pocket battleships 702:supplemented by the Aufklärungsgruppe See 88, an 365:was the Condor Legion's most infamous operation. 3501: 1261:and other high-ranking officials in attendance. 1229:and later played a part in the detection of the 3555:Aerial operations and battles involving Germany 3449:. Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky. 3540:Military units and formations of the Luftwaffe 3403:Condor Legion: The Wehrmacht's Training Ground 3396:(1st ed.). London: Eyre and Spottiswoode. 2616: 1343:service for evacuation of wounded combatants. 1184:Operation Ursula, named after the daughter of 1115:Spanish Cross in Gold with Swords and Diamonds 784:was added to the bomber fleet, along with the 675:The Condor Legion originally consisted of the 369:commanded the unit's aircraft formations, and 1948:George Steer was a special correspondent for 3432:. Westport, CT and London: Greenwood Press. 1278:A Condor Legion infantry-training school in 965:A Junkers Ju 87A with Condor Legion markings 639:; the authoritarian, Catholic and anti-Nazi 329:) was a unit of military personnel from the 3430:Hitler's Luftwaffe in the Spanish Civil War 2029:Colour images of the address were taken by 1907: 1905: 969:After the next major campaigns (Madrid and 383:German involvement in the Spanish Civil War 3482:"Aerial Warfare and the Spanish Civil War" 3352:. R. James Bender Publishing, California. 1880:, supported primarily by the Soviet Union. 1492:were issued. Legionnaires also received a 1488:, which was approved on 10 July 1939, and 780:; the latter was the most successful. The 761:described their armaments as "primitive". 2374:"Flakabteilung 88 (F/88) (Legion Condor)" 1355:A Condor Legion Bf 109 C-1, Jagdgruppe 88 3515:Expatriate military units and formations 3400: 3333:. Vol. 1. Arms & Armour Press. 3110: 3093: 3078: 3053: 3041: 3026: 3007: 2990: 2978: 2966: 2954: 2942: 2903: 2888: 2825: 2808: 2791: 2764: 2737: 2720: 2708: 2684: 2657: 2598: 2542: 2515: 2503: 2476: 2425: 2322: 2303: 2276: 2247: 2235: 2223: 2208: 2191: 2179: 2167: 2152: 2140: 2096: 2073: 1902: 1872:Fuerza Aérea Nacional (Arma de Aviación) 1418: 1350: 1273: 1089:, which was newly captured, and then to 960: 906:The Condor Legion also took part in the 846: 500: 461:Rohstoffe-und-Waren-Einkaufsgesellschaft 386: 376: 308: 3510:Anti-communist organizations in Germany 3444: 3427: 1798: 1001:from April to June 1937, including the 449:Companía Hispano-Marroquí de Transporte 431:to Spain. This mission became known as 3502: 3388: 3331:Uniforms and insignia of the Luftwaffe 3286: 2930: 2915: 2873: 2861: 2849: 2837: 2779: 2749: 2696: 2669: 2645: 2633: 2610: 2581: 2566: 2554: 2530: 2491: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2408: 2396: 2349: 2334: 2288: 2259: 2123: 2108: 1400:(Legionary Air Force). German air ace 1052: 670: 3328: 3271: 3213: 3194:Germany Army Drops Name of Nazi Pilot 1874:, the Spanish Nationalist air forces. 1513: 1346: 526:. In September, 86 tons of bombs, 40 3065:Gannes, Harry and Repard, Theodore. 1236: 1120: 791:German forces also operated in the 772:dive bombers and prototypes of the 538:, and the successful relief of the 13: 3560:Expeditionary units and formations 3420: 3069:. Victor Gollancz Ltd. London 1936 973:), the Condor Legion was moved to 919:use of tanks by the Nationalists. 901: 806: 445:Spanish-Moroccan Transport Company 353:. The legion developed methods of 14: 3576: 3463: 1264: 1175:. After the Germans claimed that 474:The volunteers were stationed at 357:that were used widely during the 3550:Germany–Spain military relations 3468: 1778: 1772: 1755: 1749: 1725: 1719: 1699: 1693: 1677: 1671: 1655: 1649: 1633: 1627: 1614: 1608: 1589: 1585: 1567: 1563: 1545: 1541: 587:to Franco's government, General 188: 174: 162: 92: 74: 49: 44: 23:. For the 1939 German film, see 3245: 3207: 3186: 3165: 3147: 3127: 3116: 3059: 2366: 2355: 2023: 2006: 1993: 1984: 1962: 1942: 1933: 1917: 1415:Commemoration and re-evaluation 718:. Overall command was given to 145:Wolfram Freiherr von Richthofen 1323: 575:renamed it the Condor Legion ( 373:commanded the ground element. 1: 3240:Littlejohn & Dodkins 1968 2044: 1976:. Bodden's aim was to gather 698:fighters; the reconnaissance 594: 536:Nationalist advance on Madrid 423:pilots, to carry the Spanish 56:Standard of the Condor Legion 3428:Proctor, Raymond L. (1983). 3368:Schüler-Springorum, Stefanie 3214:Jones, Sam (26 April 2017). 3204:dewelle.de January 28, 2005. 3135:Available via Avalon Project 2049: 1878:Spanish Republican Air Force 1375:France and the Low Countries 1057:The Maritime Reconnaissance 7: 3445:Whealey, Robert L. (1989). 1868:, nicknamed "Legion Condor" 1859: 1269: 1077:, which began operating at 842: 391:Condor Legion He 111E, 1939 10: 3581: 3280: 3179:February 10, 2007, at the 3140:December 31, 2006, at the 1363: 1133:Non-Intervention Agreement 1124: 1094:targets was used instead. 694:, with three squadrons of 380: 18: 3493:by Walter A. Musciano at 3293:. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2001:The History of Anesthesia 1791: 1714: 1602: 1526: 1523: 1520: 1467: 1462:Cementerio de la Almudena 1216: 1063:Aufklärungsstaffel See 88 413:Reich Air Travel Ministry 292: 280: 252: 224: 201: 196: 182: 170: 155: 150: 130: 125: 115: 105: 87: 69: 61: 42: 37: 32: 3374:(in German). Schöningh. 3329:Davis, Brian L. (1999). 1895: 1853:Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma 1486:Condor Legion Tank Badge 851:Ruins of Guernica (1937) 757:aircraft, but historian 732:Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma 686:with three squadrons of 371:Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma 141:Wilhelm Ritter von Thoma 3313:Unternehmen Feuerzauber 3123:Wilhelm Gustloff Museum 2062:Schüler-Springorum 2010 1360:December of that year. 1333:anti-aircraft artillery 1047:Spanish Republican Navy 938:ended with the fall of 766:Hans-Heinrich Dieckhoff 635:from Hitler's plans to 563:) and the Iron Legion ( 395:After the 17 July 1936 3486:centennialofflight.net 3401:Westwell, Ian (2004). 2623:The legacy of Guernica 1847:Wolfram von Richthofen 1481: 1424: 1412: 1396:, and pilots from the 1356: 1298: 1283: 1062: 966: 930:after the 1 September 852: 817:Wolfram von Richthofen 668: 580: 568: 560: 510: 509:plane in Crete in 1943 460: 448: 440: 397:military coup in Spain 392: 345:which served with the 326: 314: 65:July 1936 – March 1939 3477:at Wikimedia Commons 3394:The Spanish Civil War 2362:www.ngfl-cymru.org.uk 1422: 1407: 1354: 1293: 1289:on trial in Nuremberg 1277: 1245:fleet, including the 1213:have been involved). 964: 895:German imperial eagle 850: 801:Battle of Guadalajara 656: 504: 390: 377:Military aid to Spain 312: 3484:by Pamela Feltus at 1799:Notable participants 1559:General de división 1498:al Merito En Campaña 1451:Neuburg an der Donau 1398:Aviazione Legionaria 1383:Operation Barbarossa 1099:Martin Harlinghausen 1073:, starting with the 835:through the town of 778:Messerschmitt Bf 109 700:Aufklärungsgruppe 88 641:Vaterländische Front 625:Ernst von Weizsäcker 583:). The first German 540:Siege of the Alcázar 433:Operation Magic Fire 272:Messerschmitt Bf 109 25:Legion Condor (film) 3183:CNN April 25, 2000. 2752:, pp. 468–469. 2672:, pp. 420–421. 2613:, pp. 403–404. 2569:, pp. 401–402. 2399:, pp. 316–317. 2378:www.axishistory.com 2111:, pp. 231–232. 1974:Strait of Gibraltar 1581:General de brigada 1247:MV Wilhelm Gustloff 1053:Maritime operations 1019:Czechoslovak crisis 671:Military operations 660:Abyssinian conflict 613:offensive on Biscay 363:bombing of Guernica 347:Nationalist faction 3200:2009-05-06 at the 1955:The New York Times 1866:Kampfgeschwader 53 1514:Ranks and insignia 1425: 1357: 1347:Technical advances 1284: 1026:Battle of the Ebro 1003:Battle of Belchite 967: 924:aerial bombardment 853: 652:Ulrich von Hassell 645:Engelbert Dollfuss 511: 393: 315: 21:Kampfgeschwader 53 3495:TheHistoryNet.com 3473:Media related to 3372:Krieg und Fliegen 3321:Winterübung Rügen 3274:, pp. 58–64. 2993:, pp. 47–48. 2945:, pp. 44–45. 2794:, pp. 38–39. 2711:, pp. 33–34. 2660:, pp. 32–33. 2506:, pp. 25–26. 2250:, pp. 22–23. 2238:, pp. 21–22. 1925:de:Wilhelm Faupel 1842:Heinrich Trettner 1805:Oskar Dirlewanger 1796: 1795: 1644:Teniente coronel 1447:Jagdgeschwader 74 1237:Return to Germany 1144:stood guard over 1137:pocket battleship 945:Hellmuth Volkmann 908:Battle of Brunete 883:, a reporter for 797:Irish nationalist 601:German rearmament 585:chargé d'affaires 553:Winterübung Rügen 453:dummy corporation 355:strategic bombing 351:Spanish Civil War 304: 303: 110:Spanish Civil War 100:Nationalist Spain 3572: 3472: 3458: 3441: 3416: 3397: 3385: 3363: 3344: 3325: 3309: 3307: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3259: 3249: 3243: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3211: 3205: 3190: 3184: 3169: 3163: 3151: 3145: 3131: 3125: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3097: 3091: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3030: 3024: 3011: 3005: 2994: 2988: 2982: 2976: 2970: 2964: 2958: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2892: 2886: 2877: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2841: 2835: 2829: 2823: 2812: 2806: 2795: 2789: 2783: 2777: 2768: 2762: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2700: 2694: 2688: 2682: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2649: 2643: 2637: 2631: 2625: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2585: 2579: 2570: 2564: 2558: 2552: 2546: 2540: 2534: 2528: 2519: 2513: 2507: 2501: 2495: 2489: 2480: 2474: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2441: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2370: 2364: 2359: 2353: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2326: 2320: 2307: 2301: 2292: 2286: 2280: 2274: 2263: 2257: 2251: 2245: 2239: 2233: 2227: 2221: 2212: 2206: 2195: 2189: 2183: 2177: 2171: 2165: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2127: 2121: 2112: 2106: 2100: 2094: 2077: 2071: 2065: 2059: 2038: 2027: 2021: 2010: 2004: 1997: 1991: 1988: 1982: 1966: 1960: 1946: 1940: 1937: 1931: 1929: 1921: 1915: 1909: 1837:Hannes Trautloft 1776: 1763:, Unterfeldwebel 1753: 1723: 1697: 1675: 1653: 1631: 1612: 1593: 1571: 1549: 1518: 1517: 1389:Joint operations 1233:invasion fleet. 1227:Operation Bodden 1121:Other operations 1109:, Barcelona and 1067:Karl Heinz Wolff 953: 934:. The battle in 821:fighter aircraft 813:War in the North 793:Battle of Jarama 747:Francisco Franco 743:Battle of Madrid 690:bombers and the 685: 633:Benito Mussolini 561:Eiserne Rationen 524:Walter Warlimont 484:Francisco Franco 476:Tablada Airfield 359:Second World War 192: 178: 171:Fuselage roundel 166: 98: 96: 95: 80: 78: 77: 54: 53: 48: 30: 29: 3580: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3570: 3569: 3500: 3499: 3466: 3461: 3423: 3421:Further reading 3413: 3382: 3360: 3341: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3283: 3278: 3270: 3266: 3257: 3255: 3251: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3212: 3208: 3202:Wayback Machine 3191: 3187: 3181:Wayback Machine 3170: 3166: 3162:. May 22, 1939. 3152: 3148: 3142:Wayback Machine 3132: 3128: 3121: 3117: 3109: 3100: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3067:Spain in Revolt 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3033: 3025: 3014: 3006: 2997: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2973: 2965: 2961: 2953: 2949: 2941: 2937: 2929: 2922: 2914: 2910: 2902: 2895: 2887: 2880: 2872: 2868: 2860: 2856: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2832: 2824: 2815: 2807: 2798: 2790: 2786: 2778: 2771: 2763: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2727: 2719: 2715: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2683: 2676: 2668: 2664: 2656: 2652: 2644: 2640: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2617: 2609: 2605: 2597: 2588: 2580: 2573: 2565: 2561: 2553: 2549: 2541: 2537: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2502: 2498: 2490: 2483: 2475: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2436: 2432: 2424: 2415: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2382: 2380: 2372: 2371: 2367: 2360: 2356: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2329: 2321: 2310: 2302: 2295: 2287: 2283: 2275: 2266: 2258: 2254: 2246: 2242: 2234: 2230: 2222: 2215: 2207: 2198: 2190: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2166: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2130: 2122: 2115: 2107: 2103: 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3340:978-1854094988 3339: 3326: 3300:978-1786725639 3299: 3282: 3279: 3277: 3276: 3264: 3244: 3242:, p. 111. 3232: 3206: 3185: 3164: 3146: 3126: 3115: 3098: 3083: 3071: 3058: 3046: 3031: 3012: 2995: 2983: 2971: 2959: 2947: 2935: 2933:, p. 566. 2920: 2918:, p. 553. 2908: 2893: 2878: 2876:, p. 541. 2866: 2864:, p. 487. 2854: 2852:, p. 510. 2842: 2840:, p. 502. 2830: 2813: 2796: 2784: 2782:, p. 471. 2769: 2754: 2742: 2725: 2713: 2701: 2699:, p. 462. 2689: 2674: 2662: 2650: 2648:, p. 420. 2638: 2636:, p. 419. 2626: 2615: 2603: 2586: 2584:, p. 403. 2571: 2559: 2557:, p. 388. 2547: 2535: 2533:, p. 376. 2520: 2508: 2496: 2494:, p. 337. 2481: 2466: 2464:, p. 334. 2454: 2452:, p. 317. 2442: 2440:, p. 329. 2430: 2413: 2411:, p. 322. 2401: 2389: 2365: 2354: 2352:, p. 341. 2339: 2337:, p. 459. 2327: 2308: 2293: 2291:, p. 333. 2281: 2264: 2252: 2240: 2228: 2213: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2157: 2145: 2128: 2126:, p. 230. 2113: 2101: 2078: 2066: 2064:, p. 109. 2053: 2051: 2048: 2046: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2022: 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782:Heinkel He 111 774:Heinkel He 112 677:Kampfgruppe 88 672: 669: 664:Western powers 609:Central Europe 596: 593: 589:Wilhelm Faupel 573:Hermann Göring 569:Eiserne Legion 515:Army of Africa 425:Army of Africa 417:Junkers Ju 52s 381:Main article: 378: 375: 305: 302: 301: 296: 290: 289: 284: 282:Reconnaissance 278: 277: 275: 274: 269: 267:Heinkel He 112 264: 258: 256: 250: 249: 247: 246: 241: 239:Heinkel He 111 236: 230: 228: 222: 221: 219: 218: 213: 207: 205: 199: 198: 197:Aircraft flown 194: 193: 186: 180: 179: 172: 168: 167: 160: 153: 152: 148: 147: 134: 128: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 89: 85: 84: 71: 67: 66: 63: 59: 58: 55: 40: 39: 35: 34: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3577: 3566: 3565:Condor Legion 3563: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3553: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3536: 3533: 3531: 3528: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3516: 3513: 3511: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3487: 3483: 3480: 3479: 3478: 3476: 3475:Legion Condor 3471: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3426: 3425: 3414: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3342: 3336: 3332: 3327: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3302: 3296: 3292: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3273: 3268: 3254: 3248: 3241: 3236: 3221: 3217: 3210: 3203: 3199: 3196: 3195: 3189: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3174: 3168: 3161: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3143: 3139: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3119: 3113:, p. 60. 3112: 3111:Westwell 2004 3107: 3105: 3103: 3096:, p. 58. 3095: 3094:Westwell 2004 3090: 3088: 3081:, p. 57. 3080: 3079:Westwell 2004 3075: 3068: 3062: 3056:, p. 56. 3055: 3054:Westwell 2004 3050: 3044:, p. 51. 3043: 3042:Westwell 2004 3038: 3036: 3029:, p. 49. 3028: 3027:Westwell 2004 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3010:, p. 48. 3009: 3008:Westwell 2004 3004: 3002: 3000: 2992: 2991:Westwell 2004 2987: 2981:, p. 47. 2980: 2979:Westwell 2004 2975: 2969:, p. 46. 2968: 2967:Westwell 2004 2963: 2957:, p. 45. 2956: 2955:Westwell 2004 2951: 2944: 2943:Westwell 2004 2939: 2932: 2927: 2925: 2917: 2912: 2906:, p. 44. 2905: 2904:Westwell 2004 2900: 2898: 2891:, p. 41. 2890: 2889:Westwell 2004 2885: 2883: 2875: 2870: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2828:, p. 40. 2827: 2826:Westwell 2004 2822: 2820: 2818: 2811:, p. 39. 2810: 2809:Westwell 2004 2805: 2803: 2801: 2793: 2792:Westwell 2004 2788: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2767:, p. 38. 2766: 2765:Westwell 2004 2761: 2759: 2751: 2746: 2740:, p. 36. 2739: 2738:Westwell 2004 2734: 2732: 2730: 2723:, p. 35. 2722: 2721:Westwell 2004 2717: 2710: 2709:Westwell 2004 2705: 2698: 2693: 2687:, p. 33. 2686: 2685:Westwell 2004 2681: 2679: 2671: 2666: 2659: 2658:Westwell 2004 2654: 2647: 2642: 2635: 2630: 2624: 2619: 2612: 2607: 2601:, p. 31. 2600: 2599:Westwell 2004 2595: 2593: 2591: 2583: 2578: 2576: 2568: 2563: 2556: 2551: 2545:, p. 27. 2544: 2543:Westwell 2004 2539: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2518:, p. 26. 2517: 2516:Westwell 2004 2512: 2505: 2504:Westwell 2004 2500: 2493: 2488: 2486: 2479:, p. 25. 2478: 2477:Westwell 2004 2473: 2471: 2463: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2439: 2434: 2428:, p. 24. 2427: 2426:Westwell 2004 2422: 2420: 2418: 2410: 2405: 2398: 2393: 2379: 2375: 2369: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2346: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2325:, p. 30. 2324: 2323:Westwell 2004 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2306:, p. 29. 2305: 2304:Westwell 2004 2300: 2298: 2290: 2285: 2279:, p. 23. 2278: 2277:Westwell 2004 2273: 2271: 2269: 2261: 2256: 2249: 2248:Westwell 2004 2244: 2237: 2236:Westwell 2004 2232: 2226:, p. 21. 2225: 2224:Westwell 2004 2220: 2218: 2211:, p. 19. 2210: 2209:Westwell 2004 2205: 2203: 2201: 2194:, p. 18. 2193: 2192:Westwell 2004 2188: 2182:, p. 16. 2181: 2180:Westwell 2004 2176: 2170:, p. 15. 2169: 2168:Westwell 2004 2164: 2162: 2155:, p. 14. 2154: 2153:Westwell 2004 2149: 2143:, p. 13. 2142: 2141:Westwell 2004 2137: 2135: 2133: 2125: 2120: 2118: 2110: 2105: 2099:, p. 12. 2098: 2097:Westwell 2004 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2076:, p. 10. 2075: 2074:Westwell 2004 2070: 2063: 2058: 2054: 2036: 2032: 2026: 2019: 2018:Blue Division 2015: 2009: 2002: 1996: 1987: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1965: 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The 1315: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1297: 1292: 1290: 1281: 1276: 1262: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1234: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1202:Wilhelmshaven 1199: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1179: 1174: 1173:torpedo boats 1170: 1169: 1165: 1164:light cruiser 1161: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1118: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1095: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1075:Heinkel He 60 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1050: 1048: 1042: 1039: 1033: 1031: 1027: 1022: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 995:Junkers Ju 87 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 963: 959: 957: 951: 946: 941: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 913: 909: 899: 896: 892: 888: 887: 882: 877: 875: 870: 866: 862: 858: 849: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 804: 802: 798: 794: 789: 787: 786:Dornier Do 17 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712:3.7cm Flak 18 709: 708:8.8cm Flak 18 705: 704:anti-aircraft 701: 697: 696:Heinkel He 51 693: 692:Jagdgruppe 88 689: 683: 678: 667: 665: 661: 655: 653: 648: 646: 642: 638: 637:annex Austria 634: 629: 626: 620: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 592: 590: 586: 582: 581:Legion Condor 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 558: 554: 549: 545: 541: 537: 532: 529: 525: 520: 516: 508: 503: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 481: 477: 472: 468: 466: 462: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 406: 405:Fascist Italy 402: 398: 389: 384: 374: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 328: 327:Legion Condor 324: 320: 319:Condor Legion 311: 306:Military unit 300: 299:Junkers Ju 52 297: 295: 291: 288: 287:Heinkel He 70 285: 283: 279: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 262:Heinkel He 51 260: 259: 257: 255: 251: 245: 244:Dornier Do 17 242: 240: 237: 235: 234:Junkers Ju 86 232: 231: 229: 227: 223: 217: 216:Junkers Ju 87 214: 212: 209: 208: 206: 204: 200: 195: 191: 187: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 159: 154: 149: 146: 142: 138: 135: 129: 124: 121: 120:Spanish Cross 118: 114: 111: 108: 104: 101: 90: 86: 83: 72: 68: 64: 60: 52: 47: 41: 38:Legion Condor 36: 33:Condor Legion 31: 26: 22: 3494: 3485: 3467: 3446: 3429: 3402: 3393: 3390:Thomas, Hugh 3371: 3349: 3330: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3311: 3306:21 September 3304:. Retrieved 3289: 3267: 3256:. Retrieved 3247: 3235: 3223:. Retrieved 3220:The Guardian 3219: 3209: 3193: 3188: 3172: 3167: 3157: 3149: 3129: 3118: 3074: 3066: 3061: 3049: 2986: 2974: 2962: 2950: 2938: 2911: 2869: 2857: 2845: 2833: 2787: 2745: 2716: 2704: 2692: 2665: 2653: 2641: 2629: 2618: 2606: 2562: 2550: 2538: 2511: 2499: 2457: 2445: 2433: 2404: 2392: 2381:. Retrieved 2377: 2368: 2357: 2330: 2284: 2255: 2243: 2231: 2187: 2175: 2148: 2104: 2069: 2057: 2025: 2008: 2000: 1995: 1986: 1964: 1953: 1949: 1944: 1935: 1919: 1831:Hugo Sperrle 1810:Rudolf Demme 1782: 1759: 1729: 1703: 1683:Oberleutnant 1681: 1659: 1637: 1618: 1596: 1576:Generalmajor 1574: 1552: 1524:German Rank 1505: 1502: 1497: 1482:Spanienkreuz 1471: 1455: 1439:Peter Struck 1430:Roman Herzog 1426: 1408: 1387: 1367: 1358: 1327: 1305:dive bombers 1302: 1299: 1294: 1285: 1240: 1220: 1209: 1205: 1195: 1189: 1183: 1176: 1167: 1157: 1153: 1140: 1130: 1096: 1061:88 (German: 1056: 1043: 1034: 1023: 993:Valley. The 981:and ensuing 968: 921: 916: 905: 884: 881:George Steer 878: 854: 810: 790: 763: 740: 738:tanks each. 734:, with four 720:Hugo Sperrle 674: 657: 649: 630: 621: 598: 533: 512: 492:Kriegsmarine 473: 469: 447:" (Spanish: 409:Adolf Hitler 401:Nazi Germany 394: 367:Hugo Sperrle 339:Nazi Germany 318: 316: 137:Hugo Sperrle 82:Nazi Germany 2931:Thomas 1961 2916:Thomas 1961 2874:Thomas 1961 2862:Thomas 1961 2850:Thomas 1961 2838:Thomas 1961 2780:Thomas 1961 2750:Thomas 1961 2697:Thomas 1961 2670:Thomas 1961 2646:Thomas 1961 2634:Thomas 1961 2611:Thomas 1961 2582:Thomas 1961 2567:Thomas 1961 2555:Thomas 1961 2531:Thomas 1961 2492:Thomas 1961 2462:Thomas 1961 2450:Thomas 1961 2438:Thomas 1961 2409:Thomas 1961 2397:Thomas 1961 2350:Thomas 1961 2335:Thomas 1961 2289:Thomas 1961 2260:Alpert 2019 2124:Thomas 1961 2109:Thomas 1961 2031:Hugo Jaeger 1928:(in German) 1889:Hugo Jaeger 1855:, commander 1849:, commander 1833:, commander 1666:Comandante 1529:equivalent 1490:cuff titles 1449:) based in 1337:direct fire 1324:Other units 1221:The German 1186:Karl Dönitz 1171:, and four 1154:Deutschland 1141:Deutschland 1071:floatplanes 1007:Segre River 948: [ 759:Hugh Thomas 716:2cm Flak 30 680: [ 465:Reichsmarks 441:Feuerzauber 419:, flown by 349:during the 116:Decorations 106:Engagements 3504:Categories 3272:Davis 1999 3258:2024-01-24 3154:"Farewell" 2383:2021-07-02 2045:References 987:Bronchales 595:Motivation 548:Polikarpov 519:field guns 421:Luft Hansa 133:commanders 126:Commanders 88:Allegiance 2050:Citations 2014:War Cross 1950:The Times 1912:Wehrmacht 1767:Sargento 1731:Feldwebel 1710:Teniente 1661:Hauptmann 1521:Insignia 1507:Der Adler 1458:mausoleum 1410:concepts. 1381:, and in 1314:monoplane 1111:Cartagena 1011:Benicarló 971:Barcelona 928:Santander 912:Salamanca 891:reportage 886:The Times 728:Salamanca 571:) before 488:Wehrmacht 451:, HISMA) 343:Wehrmacht 331:air force 294:Transport 184:Fin flash 3455:18351611 3392:(1961). 3370:(2010). 3225:26 April 3198:Archived 3177:Archived 3138:Archived 1981:convoys. 1860:See also 1792:Source: 1783:Legionär 1744:Alférez 1705:Leutnant 1688:Capitán 1603:Coronel 1377:and the 1270:Training 1194:and the 1103:Alicante 1015:Zaragoza 991:Alfambra 936:Asturias 917:en masse 869:Rentería 861:Guernica 843:Guernica 837:Guernica 825:Otxandio 736:Panzer I 617:Würzburg 528:Panzer I 151:Insignia 3438:9392338 3281:Sources 1527:Spanish 1460:at the 1379:Balkans 1364:Tactics 1310:biplane 1282:, Spain 1255:Hamburg 1178:Leipzig 1107:Almería 1091:Majorca 1083:Melilla 1059:Staffel 1030:Gandesa 865:Basques 829:Durango 722:, with 496:U-boats 480:Seville 254:Fighter 158:roundel 131:Notable 70:Country 3453: 3436: 3409: 3378: 3356: 3337: 3297: 1978:SIGINT 1959:race". 1598:Oberst 1534:Chest 1478:German 1468:Awards 1371:Poland 1223:Abwehr 1217:Abwehr 1162:, the 1087:Málaga 999:Aragon 983:battle 979:Teruel 932:battle 874:Bilbao 833:Bilbao 611:. The 577:German 565:German 557:German 457:German 437:German 361:. The 323:German 226:Bomber 203:Attack 97: 79: 62:Active 3317:Guido 1970:Rügen 1896:Notes 1787:Cabo 1639:Major 1537:Cuff 1280:Ávila 1210:U-34, 1200:from 1146:Ceuta 1079:Cadiz 975:Soria 952:] 940:Gijon 688:Ju 52 684:] 507:Ju 52 478:near 427:from 156:Wing 3451:OCLC 3434:OCLC 3407:ISBN 3376:ISBN 3354:ISBN 3335:ISBN 3308:2022 3295:ISBN 3227:2017 3159:Time 1923:See 1472:The 1251:Vigo 1241:The 1197:U-34 1191:U-33 1168:Köln 1156:and 827:and 776:and 755:I-16 753:and 714:and 403:and 335:army 333:and 317:The 2035:Ufa 1394:CTV 1243:KdF 1206:C-3 855:In 341:’s 337:of 3506:: 3310:. 3218:. 3156:. 3101:^ 3086:^ 3034:^ 3015:^ 2998:^ 2923:^ 2896:^ 2881:^ 2816:^ 2799:^ 2772:^ 2757:^ 2728:^ 2677:^ 2589:^ 2574:^ 2523:^ 2484:^ 2469:^ 2416:^ 2376:. 2342:^ 2311:^ 2296:^ 2267:^ 2216:^ 2199:^ 2160:^ 2131:^ 2116:^ 2081:^ 1904:^ 1779:— 1756:— 1737:, 1733:, 1726:— 1700:— 1678:— 1656:— 1634:— 1615:— 1586:— 1564:— 1542:— 1480:: 1385:. 1373:, 1105:, 950:de 710:, 682:de 603:, 579:: 567:: 559:: 505:A 467:. 459:: 439:: 325:: 3457:. 3440:. 3415:. 3384:. 3362:. 3343:. 3261:. 3229:. 3144:. 2386:. 2262:. 2037:. 2020:. 1930:. 1476:( 435:( 321:( 27:.

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