Blitzkrieg - Knowledge

29: 175: 3997:) was not ready for blitzkrieg at the start of the war. A blitzkrieg method called for a young, highly skilled mechanized army. In 1939–1940, 45 percent of the army was 40 years old and 50 percent of the soldiers had only a few weeks' training. The German Army, contrary to the blitzkrieg legend, was not fully motorized and had only 120,000 vehicles, compared to the 300,000 of the French Army. The British also had an "enviable" contingent of motorized forces. Thus, "the image of the German 'Blitzkrieg' army is a figment of propaganda imagination". During the First World War, the German army used 1.4 million horses for transport and in the Second World War 2.7 million horses. Only ten percent of the army was motorized in 1940. 2964: 3584: 2342: 2756: 3043:(deep penetrations by armor, large encirclements, and combined arms attacks) were largely dependent upon terrain and weather conditions. Wherever the ability for rapid movement across "tank country" was not possible, armored penetrations often were avoided or resulted in failure. The terrain would ideally be flat, firm, unobstructed by natural barriers or fortifications, and interspersed with roads and railways. If it were instead hilly, wooded, marshy, or urban, armor would be vulnerable to infantry in close-quarters combat and unable to break out at full speed. Additionally, units could be halted by mud ( 2554: 3061: 4406: 3359: 12182: 3923:

organizing its economy to fight only a short war. Therefore, focus was given to the development of armament in depth for a long war, instead of armament in breadth for a short war. Hitler claimed that relying on surprise alone was "criminal" and that "we have to prepare for a long war along with surprise attack". During the winter of 1939–1940, Hitler demobilized many troops from the army to return as skilled workers to factories because the war would be decided by production, not a quick "Panzer operation".

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on the timetable of artillery and infantry co-operation are, as a result, even slighter today than they were in the last war." He continued, "We believe that by attacking with tanks we can achieve a higher rate of movement than has been hitherto obtainable, and—what is perhaps even more important—that we can keep moving once a breakthrough has been made". Guderian additionally required for tactical radios to be widely used to facilitate coordination and command by having one installed in all tanks.

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produce their full effect until the other weapons on whose support they must inevitably rely were brought up to their standard of speed and of cross-country performance. In such formation of all arms, the tanks must play primary role, the other weapons being subordinated to the requirements of the armor. It would be wrong to include tanks in infantry divisions; what was needed were armored divisions which would include all the supporting arms needed to allow the tanks to fight with full effect.

2630:("Towards the Professional Army"). Like von Seeckt, de Gaulle concluded that France could no longer maintain the huge armies of conscripts and reservists that had fought the First World War, and he sought to use tanks, mechanized forces and aircraft to allow a smaller number of highly trained soldiers to have greater impact in battle. His views endeared him little to the French high command, but, according to historian Henrik Bering, were studied with great interest by 4091:

1936, published a number of theoretical pieces on future developments in air warfare. Nearly all discussed the use of strategic airpower, some emphasising that aspect of air warfare to the exclusion of others. One author commented that European military powers were increasingly making the bomber force the heart of their airpower. The manoeuvrability and technical capability of the next generation of bombers would be 'as unstoppable as the flight of a shell.

4618:– tanks, fast-moving infantry, and aircraft flying low to keep the German gunners' heads down. Three hundred tanks (Renault) and eighteen divisions, two of them American, struck in open cornfield, entirely by surprise, and went five miles forward. With the whole of the German force in the Marne salient threatened by a cut-off, Ludendorff pulled back from it, back to Chemin des Dames. By 4 August the French had taken 30,000 prisoners and 600 guns. 3136: 3838:

Naveh described it as an "ad hoc solution" to operational dangers, thrown together at the last moment. Overy disagreed with the idea that Hitler and the Nazi regime ever intended a blitzkrieg war because the once-popular belief that the Nazi state organized its economy to carry out its grand strategy in short campaigns was false. Hitler had intended for a rapid unlimited war to occur much later than 1939, but Germany's aggressive

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second and third rate divisions". In 2003, John Mosier wrote that while the French soldiers in 1940 were better trained than German soldiers, as were the Americans later and that the German Army was the least mechanized of the major armies, its leadership cadres were larger and better and that the high standard of leadership was the main reason for the successes of the German army in World War II, as it had been in World War I.

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concentrated attack formations, aerial reconnaissance, aerial resupply of fast moving formations and close air support at the point of attack. The Allied air forces had no close air support aircraft, training or doctrine. The Allies flew 434 French and 160 British sorties a day but methods of attacking ground targets had yet to be developed and so Allied aircraft caused negligible damage. Against the Allies' 600 sorties, the

2214:, even disputed the idea that it was a military concept. Kielmansegg asserted that what many regarded as blitzkrieg was nothing more than "ad hoc solutions that simply popped out of the prevailing situation". Kurt Student described it as ideas that "naturally emerged from the existing circumstances" as a response to operational challenges. The Wehrmacht never officially adopted it as a concept or doctrine. 3675:, make no mention of blitzkrieg in their accounts. In 2000, Niklas Zetterling and Anders Frankson characterised only the southern pincer of the German offensive as a "classical blitzkrieg attack". Pier Battistelli wrote that the operational planning marked a change in German offensive thinking away from blitzkrieg and that more priority was given to brute force and fire power than to speed and maneuver. 3225:, or permitting enemy or "shoulders" of a penetration, was essential to channelling the enemy attack; artillery, properly employed at the shoulders, could take a heavy toll on attackers. Allied forces in 1940 lacked the experience to develop those strategies successfully, which resulted in the French armistice with heavy losses, but those strategies characterized later Allied operations. 2222:

traditional German military principles, methods and doctrines of the 19th century with the military technology of the interwar period. Modern historians use the term casually as a generic description for the style of maneuver warfare practiced by Germany during the early part of World War II, rather than as an explanation. According to Frieser, in the context of the thinking of

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quickly and because Hitler was insistent on the very rapid creation of a numerically large force. It is also significant that Germany's position in the centre of Europe to a large extent obviated the need to make a clear distinction between bombers suitable only for "tactical" purposes and those necessary for strategic purposes in the early stages of a likely future war.

3611:(VVS, Soviet Air Force) by simultaneous attacks on airfields, allowing the Luftwaffe to achieve total air supremacy over all the battlefields within the first week. On the ground, four German panzer groups outflanked and encircled disorganized Red Army units, and the marching infantry completed the encirclements and defeated the trapped forces. In late July, after 3970:

to best prepare the economy for total war. Once war had begun, Hitler urged his economic experts to abandon caution and expend all available resources on the war effort, but the expansion plans only gradually gained momentum in 1941. Tooze wrote that the huge armament plans in the pre-war period did not indicate any clear-sighted blitzkrieg economy or strategy.

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fighting which he called delaying defence". This is a crude caricature of a highly competent general who authored Army Regulation 300 (Troop Leadership) in 1933, the primary tactical manual of the German Army in World War II, and under whose direction the first three panzer divisions were created in 1935, the largest such force in the world of the time.

3236:, which resulted in the destruction of Army Group Center. German attempts to weather the storm and fight out of encirclements failed because of the Soviets' ability to continue to feed armored units into the attack, maintain the mobility and strength of the offensive and arrive in force deep in the rear areas faster than the Germans could regroup. 3390:

breakdown of morale were not made the ultimate aim of the... German ground and air forces, and were only incidental by-products of the traditional maneuvers of rapid encirclement and of the supporting activities of the flying artillery of the Luftwaffe, both of which had as their purpose the physical destruction of the enemy troops. Such was the

3893:"played on the myth of German technological superiority and industrial dominance" and adds that German successes, particularly that of its Panzer divisions were "instead predicated on the poor preparation and morale of Germany's enemies". Hanson also reports that at a Munich public address in November 1941, Hitler had "disowned" the concept of 3048:

areas that had been considered natural obstacles, as occurred during the Battle of France in which the main German offensive went through the Ardennes. Since the French thought that the Ardennes unsuitable for massive troop movement, particularly for tanks, the area was left with only light defences, which were quickly overrun by the

3461:, a lightly defended sector that the French planned to reinforce if necessary before the Germans could bring up heavy and siege artillery. There was no time for the French to send such reinforcement, as the Germans did not wait for siege artillery but reached the Meuse and achieved a breakthrough at the 4644:

The historian H.P. Willmott wrote, "Many examples of the experiences and losses suffered by German formations moving up to the front are well known. Panzer Lehr, for instance, on 7 June alone lost 84 half-tracks, prime movers and self propelled guns, 40 fuel bowsers, 90 soft-skinned vehicles and five

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Guderian's leadership was supported, fostered and institutionalized by his supporters in the Reichswehr General Staff system, which worked the Army to greater and greater levels of capability through massive and systematic Movement Warfare war games in the 1930s. Guderian's book incorporated the work

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Guderian argued that the tank would be the decisive weapon of the next war. "If the tanks succeed, then victory follows", he wrote. In an article addressed to critics of tank warfare, he wrote that "until our critics can produce some new and better method of making a successful land attack other than

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Guderian expressed a hearty contempt for General Ludwig Beck, chief of the General Staff from 1935 to 1938, whom he characterized as hostile to ideas of modern mechanised warfare: "He was a paralysing element wherever he appeared.... ignificantly of his way of thought was his much-boosted method of

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After Germany's military reforms of the Guderian emerged as a strong proponent of mechanized forces. Within the Inspectorate of Transport Troops, Guderian and colleagues performed theoretical and field exercise work. Guderian met with opposition from some in the General Staff, who were distrustful of

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Nearly all lectures concerned the strategic uses of airpower; virtually none discussed tactical co-operation with the Army. Similarly in the military journals, emphasis centred on 'strategic' bombing. The prestigious Militärwissenschaftliche Rundschau, the War Ministry's journal, which was founded in

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Half of the German divisions available in 1940 were combat ready, but they were less well-equipped than the British and French or the Imperial German Army of 1914. In the spring of 1940, the German army was semi-modern in which a small number of well-equipped and "elite" divisions were offset by many

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Adam Tooze wrote that the German economy was being prepared for a long war. The expenditure for the war was extensive and put the economy under severe strain. The German leadership were concerned less with how to balance the civilian economy and the needs of civilian consumption but to figure out how

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In the 1960s, Alan Milward developed a theory of blitzkrieg economics: Germany could not fight a long war and chose to avoid comprehensive rearmament and armed in breadth to win quick victories. Milward described an economy positioned between a full war economy and a peacetime economy. The purpose of

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The Germans did not achieve surprise and could not outflank or break through into enemy rear areas during the operation. Several historians assert that Operation Citadel was planned and intended to be a blitzkrieg operation. Many of the German participants who wrote about the operation after the war,

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intercepts. In the following months, the Red Army constructed deep defensive belts along the paths of the planned German attack. The Soviets made a concerted effort to disguise their knowledge of German plans and the extent of their own defensive preparations, and the German commanders still hoped to

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Case Yellow surprised everyone by overcoming the Allies' 4,000 armored vehicles, many of which were better than their German equivalents in armor and gunpower. The French and British frequently used their tanks in the dispersed role of infantry support, rather than by concentrating force at the point

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The influence of air forces over forces on the ground changed significantly over the course of the Second World War. Early German successes were conducted when Allied aircraft could not make a significant impact on the battlefield. In May 1940, there was near parity in numbers of aircraft between the

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of 1919–1920. Those concepts would guide the Red Army doctrine throughout the Second World War. Realising the limitations of infantry and cavalry, Tukhachevsky advocated mechanized formations and the large-scale industrialisation that they required. Robert Watt (2008) wrote that blitzkrieg has little

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in which the commander expressed his goals to subordinates and gave them discretion in how to achieve them. The governing principle was "the higher the authority, the more general the orders were"; it was the responsibility of the lower echelons to fill in the details. Implementation of higher orders

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was used in reference to German efforts to win a quick victory in the First World War but was not associated with the use of armored, mechanized or air forces. It argued that Germany must develop self-sufficiency in food because it might again prove impossible to deal a swift knockout to its enemies,

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Many of the German participants of Operation Citadel made no mention of blitzkrieg in their characterisation of the operation. Several German officers and commanders involved in the operation wrote their account of the battle after the war, and some of these postwar accounts were collected by the US

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Addressing the faster rate at which defenders could reinforce an area than attackers could penetrate it during the First World War, Guderian wrote that "since reserve forces will now be motorized, the building up of new defensive fronts is easier than it used to be; the chances of an offensive based

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The vital industries and transportation centers that would be targeted for shutdown were valid military targets. Civilians were not to be targeted directly, but the breakdown of production would affect their morale and will to fight. German legal scholars of the 1930s carefully worked out guidelines

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The truth is that our classic conception of the conduct of war has come up against a new conception. At the basis of this... there is not only the massive use of heavy armoured divisions or cooperation between them and airplanes, but the creation of disorder in the enemy's rear by means of parachute

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along the Eastern Front regularly slowed both sides) or extreme snow. Operation Barbarossa helped confirm that armor effectiveness and the requisite aerial support depended on weather and terrain. The disadvantages of terrain could be nullified if surprise was achieved over the enemy by an attack in

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were not supposed to become decisively engaged with enemy front line units to the right and the left of the breakthrough area. Units pouring through the hole were to drive upon set objectives behind the enemy front line. During the Second World War, German Panzer forces used their motorized mobility

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The British methods induced "strategic paralysis" among the Ottomans and led to their rapid and complete collapse. In an advance of 65 miles (105 km), captures were estimated to be "at least 25,000 prisoners and 260 guns". Liddell Hart considered that important aspects of the operation had been

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Delegation of authority to local commanders increased the tempo of operations, which had great influence on the success of German armies in the early war period. Seeckt, who believed in the Prussian tradition of mobility, developed the German army into a mobile force and advocated technical advances

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is obscure. It was never used in the title of a military doctrine or handbook of the German Army or Air Force, and no "coherent doctrine" or "unifying concept of blitzkrieg" existed; German High Command mostly referred to the group of tactics as "Bewegungskrieg" (Maneuver Warfare). The term seems to

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By Guderian's account, he single-handedly created the German tactical and operational methodology. Between 1922 and 1928 Guderian wrote a number of articles concerning military movement. As the ideas of making use of the combustible engine in a protected encasement to bring mobility back to warfare

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Living standards were not high in the late 1930s. Consumption of consumer goods had fallen from 71 percent in 1928 to 59 percent in 1938. The demands of the war economy reduced the amount of spending in non-military sectors to satisfy the demand for the armed forces. On 9 September, Göring, as Head

3941:. The construction and the training of motorized forces and a full mobilization of the rail networks would not begin until 1943 and 1944, respectively. Hitler needed to avoid war until these projects were complete but his misjudgements in 1939 forced Germany into war before rearmament was complete. 3877:

in any precise sense, and almost never used it outside of quotations. It simply meant a rapid and decisive victory (lightning war)... The Germans didn't invent anything new in the interwar period, but rather used new technologies like tanks and air and radio-controlled command to restore an old way

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Most academic historians regard the notion of blitzkrieg as military doctrine to be a myth. Shimon Naveh wrote, "The striking feature of the blitzkrieg concept is the complete absence of a coherent theory which should have served as the general cognitive basis for the actual conduct of operations".

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The Germans had not used paratroopry attacks in France and made only one large drop in the Netherlands to capture three bridges; some small glider-landings were conducted in Belgium to take bottlenecks on routes of advance before the arrival of the main force (the most renowned being the landing on

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wrote, "Whilst Western accounts of the September campaign have stressed the shock value of the panzer and Stuka attacks, they have tended to underestimate the punishing effect of German artillery on Polish units. Mobile and available in significant quantity, artillery shattered as many units as any

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Guderian believed that developments in technology were required to support the theory, especially by equipping armored divisions, tanks foremost, with wireless communications. Guderian insisted in 1933 to the high command that every tank in the German armored force must be equipped with a radio. At

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methodology during the first half of the Second World War that is often hailed as a new method of warfare. The word, meaning "lightning war" or "lightning attack" in its strategic sense describes a series of quick and decisive short battles to deliver a knockout blow to an enemy state before it can

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was a result of his influence. By manipulation and contrivance, Liddell Hart distorted the actual circumstances of the blitzkrieg formation, and he obscured its origins. By his indoctrinated idealization of an ostentatious concept, he reinforced the myth of blitzkrieg. Imposing retrospectively his

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Other historians wrote that blitzkrieg was an operational doctrine of the German armed forces and a strategic concept on which the leadership of Nazi Germany based its strategic and economic planning. Military planners and bureaucrats in the war economy appear rarely, if ever, to have employed the

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The Germans conquered large areas of the Soviet Union, but their failure to destroy the Red Army before the winter of 1941-1942 was a strategic failure and made German tactical superiority and territorial gains irrelevant. The Red Army had survived enormous losses and regrouped with new formations

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summarized blitzkrieg as the result of German commanders using the latest technology in the most advantageous way according to traditional military principles and employing "the right units in the right place at the right time". Modern historians now understand blitzkrieg as the combination of the

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Overy wrote that blitzkrieg as a "coherent military and economic concept has proven a difficult strategy to defend in light of the evidence". Milward's theory was contrary to Hitler's and German planners' intentions. The Germans, aware of the errors of the First World War, rejected the concept of

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ended at the Eastern Front once the German forces had given up Stalingrad, after they faced hundreds of new T-34 tanks, when the Luftwaffe became unable to assure air dominance, and after the stalemate at Kursk. To that end, Hanson concludes that German military success was not accompanied by the

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in December 1944. Launched in poor weather against a thinly-held Allied sector, it achieved surprise and initial success as Allied air-power was grounded due to cloud cover. Determined defense by American troops in places throughout the Ardennes, the lack of good roads and German supply shortages

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since the German and the Russian Armies fought a war of maneuver over thousands of miles, which gave the German leadership unique experience that was unavailable to the trench-bound Western Allies. Studies of operations in the East led to the conclusion that small and coordinated forces possessed

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point out that the Germans had always had a marked preference for short decisive campaigns but were unable to achieve short-order victories in First World War conditions. The transformation from the stalemate of the First World War into tremendous initial operational and strategic success in the

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for massive independent tank operations, which he claimed were subsequently studied by the German military. It is variously argued that Fuller's wartime plans and post-war writings were inspirations or that his readership was low and German experiences during the war received more attention. The

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have often been associated with the development of blitzkrieg, but that is a matter of controversy. In recent years historians have uncovered that Liddell Hart distorted and falsified facts to make it appear as if his ideas has been adopted. After the war Liddell Hart imposed his own perceptions

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and can be defeated by a determined foe who is willing and able to sacrifice territory for time in which to regroup and rearm, as the Soviets did on the Eastern Front, as opposed to, for example, the Dutch, who had no territory to sacrifice. Tank and vehicle production was a constant problem for

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Allied air superiority became a significant hindrance to German operations during the later years of the war. By June 1944, the Western Allies had the complete control of the air over the battlefield, and their fighter-bomber aircraft were very effective at attacking ground forces. On D-Day, the

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found Liddell Hart's original letters to Guderian in the latter's papers. Liddell Hart requested Guderian to give him credit for "impressing him" with his ideas of armored warfare. When Liddell Hart was questioned about this in 1968 and the discrepancy between the English and German editions of

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The Luftwaffe ended up with an air force consisting mainly of relatively short-range aircraft, but that does not prove that the German air force was solely interested in "tactical" bombing. It happened because the German aircraft industry lacked the experience to build a long-range bomber fleet

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claimed that the German economy achieved greater armaments output not because of diversions of capacity from civilian to military industry but by streamlining of the economy. Overy pointed out some 23 percent of German output was military by 1939. Between 1937 and 1939, 70 percent of investment

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Blitzkrieg is vulnerable to an enemy that is robust enough to weather the shock of the attack and does not panic at the idea of enemy formations in its rear area. That is especially true if the attacking formation lacks the reserve to keep funnelling forces into the spearhead or the mobility to

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In this year, 1929, I became convinced that tanks working on their own or in conjunction with infantry could never achieve decisive importance. My historical studies, the exercises carried out in England and our own experience with mock-ups had persuaded me that the tanks would never be able to

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for what type of bombing was permissible under international law. While direct attacks against civilians were ruled out as "terror bombing", the concept of the attacking the vital war industries – and probable heavy civilian casualties and breakdown of civilian morale – was ruled as acceptable.

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and the role that his unit was to fill in that concept. The method of execution was then a matter for the discretion of the subordinate commander. The staff burden was reduced at the top and spread among tiers of command with knowledge about their situation. Delegation and the encouragement of

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in the late 1970s and by Williamson Murray in the mid-1980s. That Nazi Germany went to war on the basis of "blitzkrieg economics" was criticized by Richard Overy in the 1980s, and George Raudzens described the contradictory senses in which historians have used the word. The notion of a German

3722:(June 1944), the Germans began a counter-offensive to overwhelm the landing force with armored attacks, but they failed because of a lack of co-ordination and to Allied superiority in anti-tank defense and in the air. The most notable attempt to use deep-penetration operations in Normandy was 3531:

The French armies were much reduced in strength and the confidence of their commanders shaken. With much of their own armor and heavy equipment lost in Northern France, they lacked the means to fight a mobile war. The Germans followed their initial success with Operation Red, a triple-pronged

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Fuller and Liddell Hart were "outsiders". Liddell Hart was unable to serve as a soldier after 1916 after being gassed on the Somme, and Fuller's abrasive personality resulted in his premature retirement in 1933. Their views had limited impact in the British army; the War Office permitted the

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Throughout the Polish Campaign, the employment of the mechanised units revealed the idea that they were intended solely to ease the advance and to support the activities of the infantry.... Thus, any strategic exploitation of the armoured idea was still-born. The paralysis of command and the

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J. P. Harris wrote that most Luftwaffe leaders from Goering through the general staff believed, as did their counterparts in Britain and the United States, that strategic bombing was the chief mission of the air force and that given such a role, the Luftwaffe would win the next war and that

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had been developed to support Germany's ground forces, had liaison officers with the mobile formations and operated a higher number of sorties per aircraft. In addition, the Germans' air parity or superiority allowed the unencumbered movement of ground forces, their unhindered assembly into

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The British Army took lessons from the successful infantry and artillery offensives on the Western Front in late 1918. To obtain the best co-operation between all arms, emphasis was placed on detailed planning, rigid control and adherence to orders. Mechanization of the army, as part of a

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Heinz Guderian is widely regarded as being highly influential in developing the military methods of warfare used by Germany's tank men at the start of the Second World War. That style of warfare brought the maneuver back to the fore and placed an emphasis on the offensive. Along with the

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and the XIX Panzer Corps encircled the Maginot Line. The French, hard pressed to organise any sort of counter-attack, were continually ordered to form new defensive lines and found that German forces had already bypassed them and moved on. An armored counter-attack, organized by Colonel

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The Wehrmacht used available models of tanks, Stuka dive-bombers and concentrated forces in the Polish campaign, but the majority of the fighting involved conventional infantry and artillery warfare, and most Luftwaffe action was independent of the ground campaign. Matthew Cooper wrote:

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It was Rommel who created the new archetype of Blitzkrieg by leading his division far ahead of flanking divisions. MacGregor and Williamson remark that Rommel's version of blitzkrieg displayed a significantly better understanding of combined-arms warfare than that of Guderian. General

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in common with Soviet deep battle. In 2002, H. P. Willmott had noted that deep battle contained two important differences from blitzkrieg by being a doctrine of total war, not of limited operations, and rejecting decisive battle in favour of several large simultaneous offensives.

4267:) (1934) gained a wide audience in the German Army. Another German theorist, Ernst Volckheim, wrote a huge amount on tank and combined arms tactics and was influential to German thinking on the use of armored formations, but his work was not acknowledged in Guderian's writings. 4658:

wrote, "Crediting our enemies with our own procedure we had imagined that they would not attempt the passage of the Meuse until after they had brought up ample artillery. The five or six days necessary for that would have easily given us time to reinforce our own dispositions"

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own perceptions of mobile warfare upon the shallow concept of blitzkrieg, he "created a theoretical imbroglio that has taken 40 years to unravel". Blitzkrieg was not an official doctrine, and historians in recent times have come to the conclusion that it did not exist as such:

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All Allied armies would later copy that innovation. During the Polish campaign, the performance of armored troops, under the influence of Guderian's ideas, won over a number of skeptics who had initially expressed doubt about armored warfare, such as von Rundstedt and Rommel.

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the extent to which Ottoman commanders were denied intelligence on the British preparations for the attack through British air superiority and air attacks on their headquarters and telephone exchanges, which paralyzed attempts to react to the rapidly-deteriorating situation.

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of 1918 and restored temporarily the war of movement once the Allied trench system had been overrun. The German armies pushed on towards Amiens and then Paris and came within 120 kilometres (75 mi) before supply deficiencies and Allied reinforcements halted the advance.

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What makes this story worth telling is the development of one idea: the blitzkrieg. The German Army had a greater grasp of the effects of technology on the battlefield, and went on to develop a new form of warfare by which its rivals when it came to the test were hopelessly

3232:, the Red Army used a combination of defence in great depth, extensive minefields and tenacious defense of breakthrough shoulders. In that way, they depleted German combat power even as German forces advanced. The reverse can be seen in the Russian summer offensive of 1944, 3488:

in northern France. Armored and motorized units under Guderian, Rommel and others advanced far beyond the marching and horse-drawn infantry divisions and far in excess of what Hitler and the German high command had expected or wished. When the Allies counter-attacked at

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It was the opposite of a doctrine. Blitzkrieg consisted of an avalanche of actions that were sorted out less by design and more by success. In hindsight—and with some help from Liddell Hart—this torrent of action was squeezed into something it never was: an operational

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flew some 300 sorties on 6 June. Though German fighter presence over Normandy increased over the next days and weeks, it never approached the numbers that the Allies commanded. Fighter-bomber attacks on German formations made movement during daylight almost impossible.

3642:. The Soviets again lost tremendous amounts of territory, only to counter-attack once more during winter. The German gains were ultimately limited because Hitler diverted forces from the attack on Stalingrad and drove towards the Caucasus oilfields simultaneously. The 3117:

Subsequently, shortages soon developed in food, fuel and ammunition and severely hampered the German defenders. German vehicle crews and even flak units experienced great difficulty moving during daylight. Indeed, the final German offensive operation in the west,

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had said, "Thank God for the French Army". The same French Army collapsed after barely two months of fighting. That was in shocking contrast to the four years of trench warfare on which French forces had engaged during the First World War. French Prime Minister

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that were published after 1918 held that only combined-arms operations could create enough fire power to enable mobility on a battlefield. That theory of war also emphasised consolidation and recommended caution against overconfidence and ruthless exploitation.

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Now came the riposte – a counter-attack from the forest of Villers-Cotterets . The French had developed a light and fast-moving tank. Two generals, Debeney on the British right, and Mangin, to his right, began the tactics that were to become famous in 1940 as

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adequate provisioning of its troops with food and materiel far from the source of supply, which contributed to its ultimate failures. Despite its later disappointments as German troops extended their lines at too great a distance, the very specter of armored

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caused delays. Allied forces deployed to the flanks of the German penetration, and as soon as the skies cleared, Allied aircraft returned to the battlefield. Allied counter-attacks soon forced back the Germans, who abandoned much equipment for lack of fuel.

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Guderian's memoirs, "he gave a conveniently unhelpful though strictly truthful reply. ('There is nothing about the matter in my file of correspondence with Guderian himself except... that I thanked him... for what he said in that additional paragraph'.)".

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The early 1950s literature transformed blitzkrieg into a historical military doctrine, which carried the signature of Liddell Hart and Guderian. The main evidence of Liddell Hart's deceit and "tendentious" report of history can be found in his letters to

2809:. During the Battle of France and against his staff advisor's advice, Hitler ordered that everything should be completed in a few weeks. Fortunately for the Germans, Rommel and Guderian disobeyed the General Staff's orders (particularly those of General 2436:, "storm troops") were to exploit weak spots to make gaps for larger infantry units to advance with heavier weapons, exploit the success and leave isolated strong points to the troops that were following up. Infiltration tactics were combined with short 3377:, a focus on envelopment to create pockets in broad-front annihilation. The German generals dispersed Panzer forces among the three German concentrations with little emphasis on independent use. They deployed tanks to create or destroy close pockets of 2801:(October–November 1917), while he was conducting a light-infantry operation, Rommel had perfected his maneuver-warfare principles, which were the very same ones that were applied during the blitzkrieg against France in 1940 and were repeated in the 3861:

reached similar conclusions to Overy and Naveh that the notions of blitzkrieg economy and strategy are myths. Frieser wrote that surviving German economists and General Staff officers denied that Germany went to war with a blitzkrieg strategy.

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provide infantry, artillery and supplies into the attack. If the defender can hold the shoulders of the breach, it has the opportunity to counter-attack into the flank of the attacker and potentially to cut it off the van, as what happened to

8738: 2248:

fully mobilize. Tactically, blitzkrieg is a coordinated military effort by tanks, motorized infantry, artillery and aircraft, to create an overwhelming local superiority in combat power, to defeat the opponent and break through its defences.

2660: 3370:

during the September 1939 invasion of Poland, the historians Matthew Cooper and J. P. Harris have written that German operations during the campaign were consistent with traditional methods. The Wehrmacht strategy was more in line with

2581:

included concentration, surprise and speed. Success depended on attacking only in terrain favouring the movement of large formations around the battlefield and tactical improvements in the British artillery and infantry attack. General

3848:

in the 1930s did not reflect a blitzkrieg method but the opposite. J. P. Harris wrote that the Wehrmacht never used the word, and it did not appear in German army or air force field manuals. The word was coined in September 1939 by a

3331:

concluded that the "city-busting" techniques were now part of the German way in war. The targets of the German aircraft were actually the rail lines and bridges, but lacking the ability to hit them with accuracy (only three or four

4165:

and motorized engineers but the force was disbanded in 1928 on the grounds that it had served its purpose. A new experimental brigade was intended for the next year and became a permanent formation in 1933, during the cuts of the

2994:

was a broadly based force with no constricting central doctrine other than its resources should be used generally to support national strategy. It was flexible and could carry out both operational-tactical, and strategic bombing.

4591:

Those two examples were: von Schwichow, 'Die Ernärungswirtschaft als Wehrproblem', Deutsche Wehr XVIII (39) (2 May 1935), pp. 257–260, and Oberleutnant D. Braun, 'Der strategische Uberfall', Militär-Wochenblatt XVIII (1938), pp.

2504:

was influenced by its analysis of pre-war German military thought, particularly infiltration tactics since at the end of the war, they had seen some breakthroughs on the Western Front and the maneuver warfare which dominated the

2381:". After the German failure in the Soviet Union in 1941, the use of the term began to be frowned upon in Nazi Germany, and Hitler then denied ever using the term and said in a speech in November 1941, "I have never used the word 3244:

Although effective in quick campaigns against Poland and France, mobile operations could not be sustained by Germany in later years. Strategies based on maneuver have the inherent danger of the attacking force overextending its

2781:

the start of World War II, only the German Army was thus prepared with all tanks being "radio-equipped". That proved critical in early tank battles in which German tank commanders exploited the organizational advantage over the

4561:, pp. 167–169). Regulation 16 denied "terror" operations against civilians, and it was not until 1942 when indiscriminate "terror" operations, in which terror and civilian casualties become the primary target, took place ( 4178:

It has been argued that blitzkrieg was not and that that the Germans did not invent something called blitzkrieg in the 1920s and 1930s. Rather, the German concept of wars of movement and concentrated force were seen in wars of

3682:

stated that blitzkrieg was at Kursk for the first time defeated in summer, and the opposing Soviet forces mounted a successful counter-offensive. The Battle of Kursk ended with two Soviet counter-offensives and the revival of

4202:

At the outbreak of war, the German army had no radically new theory of war. The operational thinking of the German army had not changed significantly since the First World War or since the late 19th century. J. P. Harris and

3615:(commanded by Guderian) captured the watersheds of the Dvina and Dnieper rivers near Smolensk, the panzers had to defend the encirclement, because the marching infantry divisions remained hundreds of kilometers to the west. 3646:

became overstretched. Although it won operationally, it could not inflict a decisive defeat as the durability of the Soviet Union's manpower, resources, industrial base and aid from the Western Allies began to take effect.

3010:

missions to medium-range interdiction, to strategic strikes to close support duties, depending on the need of the ground forces. In fact, far from it being a specialist panzer spearhead arm, less than 15 percent of the

4552:

Nothing appeared in Luftwaffe 'doctrine' stipulating "terror" as a major operational factor. The method of "terror", was denied to German aerial operations (and strategic bombing methods) by the Luftwaffe field manual

3212:

made probing attacks on the German flank and pushed into the rear of the advancing armored columns at times. That may have been a reason for Hitler to call a halt to the German advance. Those attacks combined with

4153:

German view of themselves as the losers of the war may be linked to the senior and experienced officers' undertaking a thorough review in studying and rewriting of all of their Army doctrine and training manuals.

3957:

was to rearm Germany for total war. Hitler's correspondence with his economists also reveals that his intent was to wage war in 1943–1945, when the resources of central Europe had been absorbed into Nazi Germany.

3926:

In the 1930s, Hitler had ordered rearmament programs that cannot be considered limited. In November 1937, he had indicated that most of the armament projects would be completed by 1943–1945. The rearmament of the

3026:, known as "pervitin," use is believed to have played a role in the speed of Germany's initial Blitzkrieg since military success with combined arms demanded long hours of continuous operations with minimal rest. 2338:). He did not go into detail about tactics or suggest that the German armed forces had evolved a radically new operational method. His book offered scant clues as to how German lightning victories might be won. 92:; with intent to break through the opponent's lines of defense, dislocate the defenders, unbalance the enemies by making it difficult to respond to the continuously changing front, and defeat them in a decisive 2315:) unless an exceptionally high degree of surprise could be achieved. The author vaguely suggested that a massive strategic air attack might hold out better prospects, but the topic was not explored in detail. 8089: 3308:. Guderian said that the tank deployment was "on too small a scale to allow accurate assessments to be made". (The true test of his "armored idea" would have to wait for the Second World War.) However, the 2737:, the German air force, was officially established in February 1935, and development began on ground-attack aircraft and doctrines. Hitler strongly supported the new strategy. He read Guderian's 1937 book 4074:'s theory of terror bombing. Terror bombing was deemed to be "counter-productive", increasing rather than destroying the enemy's will to resist. Such bombing campaigns were regarded as diversion from the 2349:

In English and other languages, the term had been used since the 1920s. The term was first used in the publications of Ferdinand Otto Miksche, first in the magazine "Army Quarterly", and in his 1941 book

7421:

Barbarossa Derailed: The Battle for Smolensk, 10 July – 10 September 1941: The German Advance to Smolensk, the Encirclement Battle and the First and Second Soviet Counter-Offensives, 10 July – 24 August

2306:

In the second article (1938), launching a swift strategic knockout was described as an attractive idea for Germany but difficult to achieve on land under modern conditions (especially against systems of

4407: 3101:

VIII flew 1,000 sorties in support of the crossing of the Meuse. The following day the Allies made repeated attempts to destroy the German pontoon bridges, but German fighter aircraft, ground fire and

8746: 3122:, was planned to take place during poor weather to minimise interference by Allied aircraft. Under those conditions, it was difficult for German commanders to employ the "armored idea", if at all. 2159:, the French made attempts to reform defensive lines along rivers but were frustrated when German forces arrived first and pressed on.The Germans successfully used blitzkrieg tactics in invading 2486:

to evaluate 57 issues of the war to revise German operational theories. By the time of the Second World War, their reports had led to doctrinal and training publications, including H. Dv. 487,

3966:, called for complete "employment" of living and fighting power of the national economy for the duration of the war. Overy presents that as evidence that a "blitzkrieg economy" did not exist. 3707:

and on the Eastern Front, relied on firepower to establish breakthroughs by fast-moving armored units. The artillery-based tactics were also decisive in Western Front operations after 1944's

2912:

to paralyze the opponent's ability to react. Fast-moving mobile forces seized the initiative, exploited weaknesses and acted before the opposing forces could respond. Central to that was the

3711:, and the British Commonwealth and American armies developed flexible and powerful systems for using artillery support. What the Soviets lacked in flexibility, they made up for in number of 2765:

Guderian summarized combined-arms tactics as the way to get the mobile and motorized armored divisions to work together and support each other to achieve decisive success. In his 1950 book,

2373:

The German popular press followed suit nine months later, after the Fall of France in 1940; thus, although the word had first been used in Germany, it was popularized by British journalism.

2362:, lightning war". After the invasion of Poland, the British press commonly used the term to describe German successes in that campaign. J. P. Harris called the term "a piece of journalistic 3873:

was not a doctrine, or an operational scheme, or even a tactical system. In fact, it simply doesn't exist, at least not in the way we usually think it does. The Germans never used the term

2366:– a buzz-word with which to label the spectacular early successes of the Germans in the Second World War". The word was later applied to the bombing of Britain, particularly London, hence " 8476:. A Paper Presented as the 20th Anniversary Distinguished Lecture at the Strom Thurmond Institute of Government and Public Affairs. no ISBN. Clemson, SC: Clemson University. Archived from 3599:(18 December 1940), was "to destroy the Russian forces deployed in the West and to prevent their escape into the wide-open spaces of Russia". The Red Army was to be destroyed west of the 4239:

developed in the German army, Guderian was a leading proponent of the formations that would be used for this purpose. He was later asked to write an explanatory book, which was titled

3607:

rivers, which were about 500 kilometres (310 mi) east of the Soviet border, to be followed by a mopping-up operation. The surprise attack resulted in the near annihilation of the

4672:

Some of the military historians who consider Operation Citadel, or at least the southern pincer, as envisioning a blitzkrieg attack or state it was intended as such are: Lloyd Clark (

4208:

Second World War was partly the employment of a relatively-small number of mechanized divisions, most importantly the Panzer divisions, and the support of an exceptionally powerful

4195:. The appearance of the aircraft and tank in the First World War, called an RMA, offered the German military a chance to get back to the traditional war of movement as practiced by 3512:

promised that the Luftwaffe would complete the destruction of the encircled armies, but aerial operations failed to prevent the evacuation of the majority of the Allied troops. In

2291:, found it in only two military articles from the 1930s. Both used the term to mean a swift strategic knockout, rather than a radically new military doctrine or approach to war. 7214:. Official History of the Great War Based on Official Documents by Direction of the Historical Section of the Committee of Imperial Defence. Vol. 2. Part II. London: HMSO. 8471: 3730:

and the destruction of German forces in Normandy. The Mortain counter-attack was defeated by the American 12th Army Group with little effect on its own offensive operations.

12223: 8631: 3269:

fighter aircraft continued, they could not fly because of lack of fuel. What fuel there was went to panzer divisions, and even then, they could not operate normally. Of the

3901:

operations were predicated on superior numbers, air support and were possible for only short periods of time without sufficient supply lines. For all intents and purposes,

3362:

In Poland, fast-moving armies encircled Polish forces (blue circles) but not by independent armored operations. Combined tank, artillery, infantry and air forces were used.

2590:

front line in co-operation with supporting artillery, augmented by the guns of two destroyers. Through constant pressure by infantry and cavalry, two Ottoman armies in the

2709:. The centers served to field-test aircraft and armored vehicles up to the battalion level and housed aerial- and armoured-warfare schools through which officers rotated. 3919:

the blitzkrieg economy was to allow the German people to enjoy high living standards in the event of hostilities and avoid the economic hardships of the First World War.

10753: 10498: 10106: 3587:

After 1941–1942, the Wehrmacht increasingly used armoured formations as a mobile reserve against Allied breakthroughs. The blue arrows depict armoured counter-attacks.

12104: 10122: 3658:, which Soviet troop heavily defended. Soviet defensive tactics had by now hugely improved, particularly in the use of artillery and air support. By April 1943, the 2843:

device (conceptual tool or thinking formula) that was used in the German Army from the nineteenth century to make decisions from tactics to strategy about priority.

10442: 10045: 10017: 9161: 3754:(RMA), but many writers and historians have concluded that the Germans did not invent a new form of warfare but applied new technologies to traditional ideas of 3703:

Allied armies began using combined-arms formations and deep-penetration strategies that Germany had used in the opening years of the war. Many Allied operations

2456:

The historian James Corum criticised the German leadership for failing to understand the technical advances of the First World War, conducting no studies of the

2725:

ignored the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. Within the Wehrmacht, which was established in 1935, the command for motorized armored forces was named the

12083: 10762: 10449: 9583: 4491:

of armoured and motorised formations with the aim of delivering a breakthrough, and exploiting it with speed to paralyse and encircle the enemy: David Glantz (

4136:. Liddell Hart, in letters to Guderian, "imposed his own fabricated version of blitzkrieg on the latter and compelled him to proclaim it as original formula". 2891:

into the progressive disorganisation of the opposing force and to create more opportunities to exploit that advantage even if the Germans were numerically and

28: 11065: 10428: 9737: 9362: 4247:

self-massacre, we shall continue to maintain our beliefs that tanks—properly employed, needless to say—are today the best means available for land attack".

3813:

in 1914, the German army concluded that decisive battles were no longer possible in the changed conditions of the twentieth century. Frieser wrote that the

10078: 10024: 9210: 10535: 10031: 9647: 3821:). It was only after the improvised plan for the Battle of France in 1940 was unexpectedly successful that the German General Staff came to believe that 3595:, the German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941, involved a number of breakthroughs and encirclements by motorized forces. Its goal, according to 2951:

attack on such pockets. It was there that most losses were inflicted upon the enemy, primarily through the mass capture of prisoners and weapons. During

8591:

Watt, Robert (2008). "Feeling the Full Force of a Four Point Offensive: Re-Interpreting The Red Army's 1944 Belorussian and L'vov-Przemyśl Operations".

9057: 4225:

the new weapons and who continued to view the infantry as the primary weapon of the army. Among them, Guderian claimed, was Chief of the General Staff

2875:, as did the support services, which meant that commanders always knew what was the most important and why. The German army was trained to support the 4229:(1935–1938), who he alleged was skeptical that armored forces could be decisive. That claim has been disputed by later historians. James Corum wrote: 3795:

in official documents. That the German army had a "blitzkrieg doctrine" was rejected in the late 1970s by Matthew Cooper. The concept of a blitzkrieg

10421: 9868: 9744: 2264:

in 1940, and instead, bombs sometimes had whistles attached. It is also common for historians and writers to include psychological warfare by using

9721: 9101: 4442:

Some of the historians that have addressed the misconception of the originality and formalisation of blitzkrieg in their works are: Shimon Naveh (

3817:(OKW), which was created in 1938 had intended to avoid the decisive battle concepts of its predecessors and planned for a long war of exhaustion ( 10158: 9470: 4746:

is the generic German word for army; the armies of the German states which existed before Nazi rule (1933–1945) are commonly referred to as: the

3402:

mission that was to characterize authentic armored blitzkrieg, and were almost always closely subordinated to the various mass infantry armies".

9977: 9279: 11976: 10769: 10732: 10709: 10230: 9152: 9122: 8845: 2927:

initiative aided implementation, and important decisions could be taken quickly and communicated verbally or with only brief written orders.

10484: 10862: 10718: 10702: 10674: 9922: 9129: 8907: 2706: 2565:

combined-arms theory of war, was considered a means to avoid mass casualties and the indecisive nature of offensives. The four editions of

11619: 10686: 10598: 10542: 10505: 9787: 2690: 2377:

referred to it as a word coined by the Allies: "as a result of the successes of our rapid campaigns our enemies ... coined the word

3398:

John Ellis wrote that "there is considerable justice in Matthew Cooper's assertion that the panzer divisions were not given the kind of

10591: 9323: 7639:. Publications of the Army Records Society. Vol. 22. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing Ltd for the Army Records Society. 3477: 3209: 2283: 2260:

dive bomber, to affect the morale of enemy forces. The devices were largely removed when the enemy became used to the noise after the

12097: 10725: 9115: 9073: 8917: 8477: 2986:, which would support the focal point of attack from the air. German successes are closely related to the extent to which the German 2916:(tempo). Through superior mobility and faster decision-making cycles, mobile forces could act faster than the forces opposing them. 11946: 9765: 9539: 9302: 9168: 8979: 4487:—including some who have written on its misconception—to describe several Wehrmacht military operations that were spearheaded by a 3109:

Allies flew 14,500 sorties over the battlefield area alone, not including sorties flown over Northwestern Europe. Against them the

1098: 8776:. Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918. Vol. VIII (11th ed.). Canberra, ACT: Australian War Memorial. 8661: 3437:

The German invasion of France, with subsidiary attacks on Belgium and the Netherlands, consisted of two phases, Operation Yellow (

2821:

submitted an official report in July 1940 which declared that Rommel had "explored new paths in the command of Panzer divisions".

2545:

that would lead to a qualitative improvement of its forces and better coordination between motorized infantry, tanks, and planes.

2416:(28 February 1833 – 4 January 1913), who advocated maneuver, mass and envelopment to create the conditions for a decisive battle ( 10841: 10638: 9675: 9175: 9087: 9023: 1525: 4775:

Guderian's remarks are from an unnamed article published in the National Union of German Officers, 15 October 1937 as quoted in

11044: 10556: 9406: 8944: 8593: 8836:(Thesis). Research survey (Combat Studies Institute). Fort Leavenworth/Washington: US Army Command and General Staff College. 3105:

flak batteries with the panzer forces destroyed 56 percent of the attacking Allied aircraft, and the bridges remained intact.

2226:

on mobile combined arms formations, blitzkrieg can be used as a synonym for modern maneuver warfare on the operational level.

11640: 11545: 11072: 10818: 10693: 9779: 9753: 9610: 9316: 9233: 8873: 8817: 8798: 8647: 8449: 8430: 8411: 8392: 8373: 8347: 8319: 8240: 8216: 8197: 8178: 8159: 8137: 8118: 8099: 8078: 8056: 8037: 8018: 7999: 7980: 7958: 7939: 7920: 7901: 7882: 7861: 7823: 7795: 7774: 7755: 7727: 7703: 7684: 7665: 7644: 7604: 7585: 7562: 7543: 7524: 7505: 7486: 7467: 7448: 7429: 7401: 7374: 7355: 7336: 7317: 7290: 7259: 7236: 7200: 7179: 7158: 7139: 7116: 7097: 7076: 7057: 7036: 7017: 6998: 6979: 6957: 6938: 6916: 6897: 6878: 6859: 6835: 6814: 6791: 6772: 4187:. The first European general to introduce rapid movement, concentrated power and integrated military effort was Swedish King 3052:. The Germans quickly advanced through the forest and knocked down the trees that the French had thought would impede them. 3002:

in 1939 to 1941. Paradoxically, that became its weakness. While Allied Air Forces were tied to the support of the Army, the

2528:, argued that there had been an excessive focus on encirclement and emphasised speed instead. Seeckt inspired a revision of 11873: 11280: 11166: 10331: 9798: 9794: 9772: 9376: 3596: 109:, aircraft and tank technologies matured and were combined with systematic application of the traditional German tactic of 8913:

Vardi, Gil-Li. The Enigma of German Operational Theory: the Evolution of Military Thought in Germany, 1919–1938 (PhD 2008)

11788: 11252: 10584: 10570: 9783: 3205: 2879:

even when risks had to be taken elsewhere to support the point of main effort and to attack with overwhelming firepower.

1881: 174: 44: 2482:(Troop Office) and was disguised as an administrative body. Committees of veteran staff officers were formed within the 11997: 11866: 11744: 11322: 11037: 10988: 10746: 10301: 9553: 9392: 9240: 9094: 3715:, guns and mortars. The Germans never achieved the kind of fire concentrations that their enemies were achieving 1944. 2189: 2155:

forest region, the general Allies' unreadiness, and their inability to match the pace of the German attack. During the

2076: 1854: 469: 2151:

was extensively used in Western media. Blitzkrieg operations capitalised on surprise penetrations such as that of the

12248: 12113: 10995: 10967: 10784: 10366: 10085: 10052: 8298: 8279: 8250: 7842: 4387: 4079: 3312:

also provided volunteers to Spain to test both tactics and aircraft in combat, including the first combat use of the

3183: 2922:

was a fast and flexible method of command. Rather than receiving an explicit order, a commander would be told of his

1530: 9268: 3165: 2813:) and forged ahead making quicker progress than anyone had expected, on the way "inventing the idea of Blitzkrieg". 2444:, the attacks relied on speed and surprise, rather than on weight of numbers. The tactics met with great success in 12150: 11308: 11245: 10380: 10216: 9339: 7458:

Grossman, David A. (1993). "Maneuver Warfare in the Light Infantry-The Rommel Model". In Hooker, Richard D. (ed.).

1608: 9893: 3853:

newspaper reporter. Harris also found no evidence that German military thinking developed a blitzkrieg mentality.

3327:, which had a tremendous psychological effect on the populations of Europe. The results were exaggerated, and the 11674: 11515: 11504: 11340: 11099: 11058: 10951: 10889: 10276: 9546: 9415: 9383: 4628: 3826: 2990:

could control the air war in early campaigns in Western and Central Europe and in the Soviet Union. However, the

1953: 1591: 1378: 223: 10063: 9631: 12060: 12032: 11910: 11703: 10940: 10391: 10317: 10113: 9484: 9203: 9108: 8993: 3751: 3161: 1717: 7637:

Allenby in Palestine The Middle East Correspondence of Field Marshal Viscount Allenby June 1917 – October 1919

3691:

by using combined-arms tactics for armor, infantry and air power in a coordinated strategic assault, known as

2963: 12233: 12120: 12053: 12004: 11935: 11760: 11266: 11217: 10981: 10974: 10577: 10338: 10129: 9182: 4158: 4105: 3770: 2134: 1581: 4082:

were tactical missions in support of military operations and were not intended as strategic terror attacks.

12194: 12090: 11465: 11426: 10345: 10180: 10165: 10092: 10071: 9889: 9567: 9353: 9346: 9330: 9041: 9000: 8972: 2955:, huge encirclements in 1941 produced nearly 3.5 million Soviet prisoners, along with masses of equipment. 2810: 2574: 2409: 2211: 2071: 775: 535: 137:

to describe that form of armored warfare. The term had appeared in 1935, in the German military periodical

3910:

forces initially proved victorious against the Polish, Dutch, Belgian and French Armies early in the war.

12157: 11481: 11433: 11051: 11023: 10876: 10491: 10470: 9991: 9654: 9560: 9050: 4747: 4199:. The so-called "blitzkrieg campaigns" of 1939 to around 1942 were well within that operational context. 3806:

blitzkrieg concept or doctrine survives in popular history and many historians still support the thesis.

3299: 3157: 2506: 2385:, because it is a very silly word". In early January 1942, Hitler dismissed it as "Italian phraseology". 2081: 1268: 1070: 941: 479: 20: 4221:

shockingly-rapid collapse in the armies that opposed it, that came to be branded as blitzkrieg warfare.

3294:

tanks that functioned as a training cadre for Spain's Nationalists. The Luftwaffe deployed squadrons of

3290:(1936–1939). Armor commitment consisted of Panzer Battalion 88, a force built around three companies of 2863:. None of those forms is sufficient to describe the universal importance of the term and the concept of 12228: 11955: 11451: 11370: 11315: 11203: 11159: 10809: 10435: 10359: 10261: 10138: 10010: 10003: 9963: 9936: 9668: 9601: 9196: 9007: 8937: 8066: 3814: 3381:

and to seize operational-depth terrain in support of the largely-unmotorized infantry, which followed.

2334:. Sternberg wrote that Germany was not prepared economically for a long war but might win a quick war ( 1545: 8902: 7088:

Deist, Wilhhelm (2003). "War Preparations in Nazi Germany". In Roger Chickering; Stig Förster (eds.).

12238: 11857: 11774: 11559: 11419: 11391: 11224: 11129: 10919: 10352: 9426: 9080: 8492:

Erickson, Edward J. (2001b). "Ordered to Die: A History of the Ottoman Army in the First World War".

4532: 3449:). Yellow opened with a feint conducted against the Netherlands and Belgium by two armored corps and 3416: 2802: 2755: 2341: 1655: 1163: 512: 386: 240: 9624: 4574:

As far as the Ju 87 is concerned, it is thought the sirens were suggested to the Junkers company by

3825:

was still feasible. German thinking reverted to the possibility of a quick and decisive war for the

12253: 12243: 11596: 11573: 10825: 10626: 10619: 10283: 9943: 9915: 9908: 9295: 8828: 8230: 7805: 7169: 4400: 4256: 4109: 3993: 3712: 3198: 3146: 3119: 2578: 2558: 2106: 1973: 1520: 1213: 1031: 879: 9640: 9617: 2281:

have been rarely used in the German military press before 1939, and recent research at the German

12018: 11962: 11832: 11692: 11377: 11030: 10926: 10832: 10400: 10268: 10238: 10202: 10187: 10059: 9951: 9929: 9875: 9861: 9843: 9507: 9288: 9016: 8965: 4761: 4655: 4059: 3983: 3150: 2599: 2449: 2059: 2041: 1797: 1356: 1278: 1223: 821: 484: 7270: 4078:

main operations; destruction of the enemy armed forces. The bombings of Guernica, Rotterdam and

3662:

had learned of German intentions through intelligence supplied by front-line reconnaissance and

2619: 2541:

remained within limits that were determined by the training doctrine of an elite officer corps.

2147:

German maneuver operations were successful in the campaigns of 1939–1941, and by 1940, the term

11710: 11603: 11405: 11356: 11259: 11152: 11122: 10905: 10793: 10519: 10310: 9901: 9882: 9852: 9399: 9369: 4325: 4184: 3937:

rearmament program was to have matured in 1942, with a force capable of strategic bombing with

3704: 3490: 3462: 3328: 2782: 2330:

political economist and refugee from Nazi Germany, published in 1938 in Paris and in London as

1926: 1901: 1623: 1535: 1408: 1283: 884: 861: 307: 206: 99: 8680:(June 2011). "Military History at the Operational Level: An Interview with Robert M. Citino". 7874:

The Blitzkrieg Myth: How Hitler and the Allies Misread the Strategic Realities of World War II

7277:. Advances in Military Geosciences. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 99–114. 3250:

Germany. Indeed, late in the war, many panzer "divisions" had no more than a few dozen tanks.

12201: 11924: 11767: 11663: 11633: 11589: 11329: 11294: 11287: 11210: 11108: 10549: 10526: 10373: 9984: 9521: 9261: 9247: 8930: 2923: 2739: 2718: 2674: 2437: 2413: 2358:

magazine termed the German military action as a "war of quick penetration and obliteration –

1515: 1448: 1401: 1055: 1018: 981: 899: 851: 735: 545: 353: 262: 9819: 7010:

On the German Art of War—Truppenführung: German Army Manual for Unit Command in World War II

12025: 11880: 11531: 11488: 11458: 11384: 11194: 11173: 10099: 9576: 9254: 4306: 4192: 3774: 3663: 3592: 2952: 2919: 2767: 2651: 2473: 2465: 2399: 1906: 1808: 1665: 1660: 1478: 1443: 1178: 998: 856: 792: 646: 616: 213: 40: 4627:

58 percent of prisoners died through neglect, starvation, or other causes associated with

4022:

in which civilians were attacked to break the will or aid the collapse of an enemy by the

2577:, operations involved some aspects of what would later be called blitzkrieg. The decisive 2441: 8: 12143: 11917: 11795: 11751: 11273: 10407: 10173: 9700: 9530: 9514: 9463: 8908:

Sinesi, Michael. Patrick. Modern Bewegungskrieg: German Battle Doctrine, 1920–1940 (2001)

8830:

Toward Combined Arms Warfare: A Survey of 20th-Century Tactics, Doctrine and Organization

4488: 4299: 4145: 3886: 3734: 3688: 3583: 3373: 3324: 3233: 2798: 2622:

in 1918. However, French doctrine in the interwar years became defence-oriented. Colonel

2461: 2405: 1757: 1742: 1618: 1505: 1483: 1458: 1418: 1328: 1138: 1043: 993: 760: 750: 715: 507: 497: 267: 191: 77: 65: 36: 8517:

Fanning, William Jr. (April 1997). "The Origin of the term "Blitzkrieg": Another View".

7128:

Hitler. Reden und Proklamationen 1932–1945. Kommentiert von einem deutschen Zeitgenossen

2553: 12136: 11969: 11894: 11848: 11818: 11726: 11566: 11231: 11115: 11009: 10960: 10898: 10654: 10605: 10414: 10038: 9693: 9491: 8903:

Armstrong, G. P. The Controversy over Tanks in the British Army 1919 to 1933 (PhD 1976)

8697: 8618: 8579: 8542: 7872: 7737: 7713: 7296: 6803: 4451: 4129: 4042:

leadership rejected the concept of terror bombing in favour of battlefield support and

3854: 3708: 3684: 3672: 3353: 3073: 2647: 2626:

advocated concentration of armor and airplanes. His opinions appeared in his 1934 book

2268:

to spread rumours and lies among the civilian population in the theatre of operations.

2244: 2218: 2091: 1946: 1866: 1787: 1732: 1707: 1628: 1574: 1540: 1471: 1388: 1298: 1203: 1148: 1038: 1003: 956: 831: 802: 755: 693: 668: 502: 316: 235: 130: 73: 8311:

When Men Lost Faith in Reason: Reflections on War and Society in the Twentieth Century

12127: 12011: 11901: 11841: 11802: 11735: 11717: 11683: 11626: 11580: 11524: 11349: 11087: 11079: 11016: 10869: 10463: 9995: 9456: 9435: 9145: 8869: 8837: 8813: 8794: 8777: 8701: 8653: 8643: 8622: 8610: 8583: 8571: 8534: 8505: 8497: 8445: 8426: 8407: 8388: 8369: 8343: 8315: 8294: 8275: 8258: 8236: 8212: 8193: 8174: 8155: 8133: 8114: 8095: 8074: 8052: 8033: 8014: 7995: 7976: 7954: 7935: 7916: 7897: 7878: 7857: 7838: 7819: 7791: 7785: 7770: 7751: 7723: 7717: 7699: 7680: 7661: 7640: 7623: 7616: 7600: 7581: 7558: 7539: 7520: 7501: 7482: 7463: 7444: 7425: 7407: 7397: 7380: 7370: 7351: 7332: 7313: 7300: 7286: 7255: 7232: 7215: 7196: 7190: 7175: 7154: 7135: 7112: 7093: 7072: 7053: 7047: 7032: 7013: 6994: 6975: 6953: 6934: 6912: 6893: 6874: 6855: 6849: 6831: 6810: 6787: 6768: 4188: 3723: 3719: 3624: 3608: 3553: 3546: 3420: 3287: 3273:

tanks lost against the US Army, nearly half of them were abandoned for lack of fuel.

3262: 2975: 2936: 2694: 2623: 2445: 2127: 2036: 1983: 1886: 1876: 1871: 1841: 1824: 1819: 1792: 1737: 1438: 1428: 1423: 1413: 1333: 1323: 1318: 1293: 1263: 1153: 1123: 1118: 1108: 1103: 1093: 1008: 961: 931: 770: 563: 540: 474: 116: 89: 7655: 3950: 3949:

capital went into the rubber, synthetic fuel, aircraft and shipbuilding industries.

3630:

In the summer of 1942, Germany launched another offensive and this time focusing on

3509: 2496: 2252:

as used by Germany had considerable psychological or "terror" elements, such as the

2096: 12046: 12039: 11983: 11647: 11412: 11398: 11301: 11238: 11189: 11002: 10855: 10802: 10612: 10563: 10477: 9707: 9684: 9217: 8884: 8718:"How Methamphetamine Became a Key Part of Nazi Military Strategy (January 7, 2020)" 8689: 8602: 8563: 8526: 7809: 7278: 6967: 4602: 4349: 4287: 4204: 4196: 4113:

after the event by claiming that the mobile tank warfare has been practiced by the

3863: 3620: 3612: 3537: 3513: 3494: 3424: 3295: 3222: 2655: 2595: 2265: 2261: 2240: 2156: 2101: 2066: 1998: 1891: 1829: 1722: 1650: 1643: 1500: 1433: 1383: 1373: 1248: 1168: 1128: 1113: 1080: 1065: 936: 921: 874: 782: 740: 683: 678: 636: 459: 436: 343: 272: 201: 184: 69: 9226: 8771: 4314:, Soviet Red Army Military Doctrine from the 1930s often confused with blitzkrieg. 2614:

Norman Stone detects early blitzkrieg operations in offensives by French Generals

12069: 11781: 11696: 11654: 11552: 11495: 11363: 11145: 11136: 10665: 10247: 10223: 9477: 8773:

The Australian Flying Corps in the Western and Eastern Theatres of War, 1914–1918

8677: 8337: 8309: 8147: 7741: 4282: 4137: 4031: 3810: 3692: 3600: 3572: 3469: 3454: 3253:

As the end of the war approached, Germany also experienced critical shortages in

3229: 3221:

would become the major basis for responding to blitzkrieg attacks in the future.

3218: 3023: 3007: 2643: 2525: 2323: 1911: 1896: 1814: 1770: 1712: 1368: 1363: 1253: 1243: 1158: 1133: 1075: 916: 846: 836: 688: 673: 596: 568: 368: 348: 196: 106: 12181: 8717: 8314:. Studies in Military History and International Affairs. Westport, CN: Praeger. 7282: 7229:

Raising Churchill's Army: The British Army and the War Against Germany 1919–1945

3523: 3429: 2867:. Every unit in the army, from the company to the supreme command, decided on a 2472:

to a maximum of 100,000 men, which prevented the deployment of mass armies. The

12076: 11612: 11538: 9590: 9449: 8567: 7578:

Monologues in the Fuhrer's Headquarters 1941–1944. The Records of Heinrich Heim

6825: 4504: 4483:

These are some of the many notable historians that have casually used the term

4276: 4019: 3954: 3839: 3767: 3727: 3341: 3214: 3065: 3044: 2913: 2759: 2631: 2615: 2587: 2583: 2536: 2530: 2513: 2427: 2374: 2363: 2223: 2086: 1834: 1258: 1218: 1196: 1183: 1173: 1143: 1060: 1013: 816: 807: 698: 651: 631: 621: 591: 558: 446: 403: 358: 230: 163: 8606: 8091:

The Collapse of the Third Republic: An Inquiry into the Fall of France in 1940

7555:

Chauvel of the Light Horse – A Biography of General Sir Harry Chauvel GCMG KCB

7348:

To the gates of Stalingrad: Soviet-German Combat Operations, April–August 1942

7212:

Military Operations Egypt & Palestine from June 1917 to the End of the War

6674: 3842:

forced the state into war before it was ready. The planning of Hitler and the

2943:

earlier and bypassed by the fast-moving armored and motorized spearheads. The

12217: 11887: 9812: 9661: 9500: 8889: 8882:

Raudzens, George. "Blitzkrieg Ambiguities: Doubtful Usage of a Famous Word."

8841: 8781: 8657: 8614: 8575: 8538: 8501: 7968: 7536:

Men, Ideas and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903–1939

7384: 7219: 7090:

The Shadows of Total War: Europe, East Asia, and the United States, 1919–1939

6845: 4292: 4243:(1937) in which he explained the theories of the tank men and defended them. 4071: 3802: 3533: 3403: 3333: 3304: 2983: 2968: 2806: 2308: 2257: 1933: 1921: 1777: 1697: 1613: 1596: 1453: 1308: 1288: 971: 966: 946: 926: 841: 812: 787: 663: 641: 626: 601: 441: 363: 326: 321: 218: 61: 48: 8791:

Blitzkrieg-Legende: Der Westfeldzug 1940 Operationen des Zweiten Weltkrieges

8632:"Advancing Backwards: The Demodernization of the German Army in World War 2" 8509: 8262: 7574:

Monologe im Fuhrerhauptquartier 1941–1944. Die Aufzeichnungen Heinrich Heims

7411: 4144:

During the First World War, Fuller had been a staff officer attached to the

3208:(Major-General Charles de Gaulle) and elements of the 1st Army Tank Brigade 12186: 11990: 10290: 10195: 9826: 9189: 8953: 8467: 5041: 4463: 4133: 4043: 3945: 3938: 3929: 3679: 3639: 3558: 3481: 3006:

deployed its resources in a more general operational way. It switched from

2818: 2722: 2686: 2500:(1933–1934), containing standard procedures for combined-arms warfare. The 2432: 2312: 2207: 2203: 2175: 2120: 2046: 2026: 2021: 1916: 1861: 1495: 1490: 1313: 1228: 976: 710: 611: 408: 312: 120: 8693: 3737:(Operation Wacht am Rhein), was an offensive launched towards the port of 11825: 11811: 11473: 10149: 9970: 9955: 9309: 7132:

Speeches and Proclamations 1932–1945. Commentary by a Contemporary German

4311: 4226: 4011: 3485: 3450: 3378: 3246: 2979: 2935:

The last part of an offensive operation was the destruction of unsubdued

2907:

Having achieved a breakthrough of the enemy's line, units comprising the

2744: 2727: 2670: 2457: 2164: 2031: 1782: 1747: 1586: 1273: 1238: 951: 894: 797: 581: 302: 297: 85: 8444:. Cass Series on the Soviet (Russian) Study of War. London: Frank Cass. 7627: 3695:, which led to an advance of 600 kilometres (370 mi) in six weeks. 3508:, which the Royal Navy had started using to evacuate the Allied forces. 11180: 10933: 10912: 9805: 9138: 8546: 8226: 7767:

Why Germany Nearly Won: A New History of the Second World War in Europe

7498:

The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won

6926: 5337: 4752: 4575: 4318: 3858: 3631: 3591:

Use of armored forces was crucial for both sides on the Eastern Front.

3498: 3286:

German volunteers first used armor in live field-conditions during the

3258: 2948: 2478: 2469: 2423: 1988: 1958: 1680: 7932:

In Pursuit of Military Excellence: The Evolution of Operational Theory

7595:

Holmes, Richard; Strachan, Hew; Bellamy, Chris; Bicheno, Hugh (2001).

3060: 2174:

Despite being common in German and English-language journalism during

11443: 10848: 10645: 10456: 10254: 10209: 8253:(1968) . "The Palestine Campaigns". In Sheppard, Eric William (ed.). 8232:

The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy

4209: 4162: 4149: 3844: 3797: 3687:. In the summer of 1944, the Red Army destroyed Army Group Centre in 3473: 3439: 2840: 2747:, he remarked, "That is what I want – and that is what I will have". 2733: 2426:

developed tactics to restore maneuver on the battlefield. Specialist

2367: 2185: 1978: 1802: 1752: 1702: 1692: 1687: 1552: 1343: 1338: 1303: 745: 431: 398: 287: 81: 9730: 8530: 8473:

The Soviet-German War 1941–1945: Myths and Realities: A Survey Essay

6972:

The German Way of War: From the Thirty Years' War to the Third Reich

3135: 2524:

expanded and improved infiltration tactics. The commander in chief,

9714: 9442: 7029:

The Roots of Blitzkrieg: Hans von Seeckt and German Military Reform

4034:

in 1940, it was commonly assumed that terror bombing was a part of

3635: 3627:

and for the first time in the war seized the strategic initiative.

3504:

Hitler halted his armored and motorized forces outside the port of

3458: 3445: 3291: 3072:

rockets, posed a threat to German armour and motor vehicles during

2892: 2666: 2295: 2294:

The first article (1935) dealt primarily with supplies of food and

2152: 1993: 1968: 1601: 1233: 1208: 826: 381: 255: 6135: 6111: 5291: 5289: 8918:

Spiegel Online: The Nazi Death Machine, Hitler's Drugged Soldiers

8404:

The Great Crusade: A new complete history of the Second World War

8211:. Wordsworth Military Library. Ware, Herts: Wordsworth Editions. 7254:]. trans. J. T. Greenwood. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 7195:(3rd Frank Cass, London ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. 6602: 6539: 5577: 4648: 4180: 4056: 3738: 3623:(October 1941 to January 1942), the Red Army defeated the German 3604: 3505: 3270: 2940: 2702: 2327: 2288: 2188:

as an official military term except for propaganda. According to

2160: 2003: 1963: 1727: 1561: 1557: 904: 889: 765: 426: 421: 391: 330: 292: 143:("German Defence"), in connection to quick or lightning warfare. 119:): deep penetrations and the bypassing of enemy strong points to 8912: 8366:

Battling the Elements: Weather and Terrain in the Conduct of War

7396:. Modern war studies. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 7369:. Modern war studies. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 7192:

The Soviet High Command: a Military-political History, 1918–1941

7031:. Modern War Studies. Lawrence, KN: University Press of Kansas. 2464:

the lowest priority during the war. After Germany's defeat, the

2404:

In 1914, German strategic thinking derived from the writings of

2196:

himself called the term Blitzkrieg 'A completely idiotic word' (

10324: 8922: 8866:

General James Longstreet: The Confederacy's Most Modern General

8130:

Fighting the Somme: German Challenges, Dilemmas & Solutions

7837:(reprint ed.). Military Library Research Service Limited. 6479: 5286: 4703: 4621: 3659: 2895:

inferior in general. In the 1930s, Guderian summarized that as

2887:, whether attacking or defending, to turn local success at the 2594:

Hills were kept off-balance and virtually encircled during the

2318:

A third relatively early use of the term in German occurred in

2193: 2168: 1510: 911: 728: 464: 7992:

Makers of Modern Strategy: From Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age

7271:"Fort Eben-Emael: Geographic Pivot of the Western Front, 1940" 6991:

The German Army, 1933–1945: Its Political and Military Failure

6041: 6039: 6037: 6035: 5541: 5274: 5238: 4917: 4915: 4692:, pp. 63, 78, 149, 269, 272, 280), Hedley Paul Willmott ( 4438: 4436: 4376: 10512: 8554:

Harris, John Paul (November 1995). "The Myth of Blitzkrieg".

6491: 6075: 6051: 5226: 3655: 3654:

conducted Operation Zitadelle (Citadel) against a salient at

2698: 2591: 986: 522: 517: 7594: 7557:. Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Melbourne University Press. 6123: 5047: 4825: 4823: 8152:

Race to the Swift: Thoughts on Twenty-First Century Warfare

6686: 6638: 6200: 6032: 6008: 5880: 5748: 5712: 5505: 5361: 5017: 4912: 4840: 4838: 4515:, pp. 61, 125, 167, 226, 274, 286, 288), Lloyd Clark ( 4433: 3541: 3254: 3069: 282: 277: 32: 8190:

The Phantom Army of Alamein: The Men Who Hoodwinked Rommel

7854:

Berlin at War: Life and Death in Hitler's Capital, 1939–45

7049:

The Luftwaffe: Creating the Operational Air War, 1918–1940

6722: 6698: 6563: 6503: 6467: 6455: 6416: 6332: 6236: 6188: 6159: 6099: 6063: 5998: 5996: 5994: 5916: 5868: 5856: 5724: 5673: 5625: 5601: 4951: 4477: 4030:

operations. After the bombing of Guernica in 1937 and the

3358: 2689:

to evade the Treaty of Versailles occupational agent, the

2476:

was abolished by the treaty but continued covertly as the

2239:

The traditional meaning of "blitzkrieg" is that of German

6710: 6590: 6433: 6431: 6260: 6248: 6224: 6212: 6178: 6176: 6174: 5565: 5373: 5106: 5094: 5005: 4963: 4902: 4900: 4898: 4820: 4379: 4361: 155: 8368:. London and Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 8051:(Second ed.). London: Simon & Schuster UK Ltd. 7517:

Red Phoenix Rising: The Soviet Air Force in World War II

6580: 6578: 5955: 5945: 5943: 5661: 5649: 5589: 5553: 5385: 5262: 5154: 5060: 5058: 5056: 4995: 4993: 4835: 4688:, pp. 63, 78, 149, 269, 272, 280), Jonathan House ( 3667:

achieve operational surprise when the attack commenced.

3501:

tanks, a brief panic ensued in the German High Command.

8291:

Nemesis of Power: The German Army in Politics 1918–1945

8049:

The Long Shadow:The Great War and the Twentieth Century

6662: 6626: 5991: 5892: 5844: 5690: 5688: 5529: 5517: 5421: 5409: 5349: 5313: 5301: 5250: 5130: 4980: 4978: 4927: 9584:

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany

8111:

Patton and Rommel: Men of War in the Twentieth Century

7329:

Operation Barbarossa: Hitler's Invasion of Russia 1941

7092:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. 6551: 6428: 6404: 6368: 6356: 6344: 6320: 6308: 6296: 6171: 5967: 5760: 5481: 5469: 5445: 5029: 4895: 4885: 4883: 4726:, pp. 97–144), Friedrich Wilhelm von Mellenthin ( 4666: 4161:

on 1 May 1927, composed of tanks, motorized infantry,

4132:, Heinz Guderian, and the relatives and associates of 2883:

allowed the German Army to achieve superiority at the

2646:

had used surprise and infiltration tactics during the

2490:("Command and Battle of the Combined Arms)", known as 2354:, in which he defined the concept. In September 1939, 6851:

The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

6734: 6614: 6575: 6527: 6443: 6392: 6380: 6147: 6087: 6020: 5940: 5904: 5820: 5808: 5784: 5772: 5736: 5613: 5493: 5457: 5433: 5397: 5325: 5214: 5142: 5053: 4990: 4939: 4810: 4808: 4388: 4370: 4367: 3897:

by calling it an "idiotic word". Further, successful

2685:

and the Red Army began a secret collaboration in the

129:(cauldron battle/battle of encirclement). During the 12224:

Words and phrases with no direct English translation

8385:

Hell in the Holy Land World War I in the Middle East

7367:

When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler

7248:

The Blitzkrieg Legend: The 1940 Campaign in the West

6650: 6284: 6272: 5979: 5928: 5796: 5685: 5118: 5082: 5070: 4975: 4856: 4373: 4364: 4358: 4355: 3733:

The last German offensive on the Western front, the

3561:, analyzed the collapse in a speech on 21 May 1940: 3015:

was intended for close support of the army in 1939.

2512:

On the Eastern Front, the war did not bog down into

7990:Paret, John; Craig, Gordon; Gilbert, Felix (1986). 7915:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 7896:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press. 7790:. New York: Thomas Dunne Books/St. Martin's Press. 6515: 5700: 5637: 5202: 5178: 5166: 4880: 4868: 4793: 4352: 3453:. Most of the German armored forces were placed in 2517:more combat power than large uncoordinated forces. 8439: 7615: 7443:. London/Stuttgart: Airlife Publishing/Motorbuch. 7331:. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: The History Press. 6802: 6117: 5190: 4805: 3779:Doctrine and Training in the German Army 1919–1939 3516:, some 330,000 French and British troops escaped. 3029: 2440:, which used massed artillery. Devised by Colonel 7989: 6608: 5832: 4710:Army. Some of these officers are: Theodor Busse ( 4447: 3549:, could not be sustained, and he had to retreat. 3410: 12215: 8154:. Future Warfare. Vol. I. London: Brassey. 7818:]. Old Saybrook, CT: Konecky & Konecky. 7312:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. 7069:Alchemist of War: The Life of Basil Liddell Hart 6931:Barbarossa: The Russian–German Conflict, 1941–45 4603:https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/sfz63329.html 3758:(maneuver warfare) to achieve decisive victory. 3532:offensive. The XV Panzer Corps attacked towards 2388: 8810:Achtung-Panzer: The Development of Tank Warfare 8387:. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. 8288: 7913:Military Adaptation in War: With Fear of Change 7891: 7109:Fall Gelb 1940: Panzer Breakthrough in the West 5547: 5244: 3484:and some of the best-equipped divisions of the 2534:(maneuver warfare) thinking and its associated 8496:(201). Westport Connecticut: Greenwood Press. 7894:The Dynamics of Military Revolution, 1300–2050 7572:Hitler, Adolf (1942). Jochmann, Werner (ed.). 7308:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (2004) . 7007: 6950:Kursk: The Greatest Battle: Eastern Front 1943 5232: 4645:tanks as it made its way from Le Mans to Caen. 4546: 4279:, blitzkrieg-like doctrine of US Army in 1980s 3619:far to the rear of the front line. During the 2971:dive-bomber was used in blitzkrieg operations. 2743:and upon observing armored field exercises at 8938: 8440:Zetterling, Niklas; Frankson, Anders (2000). 7392:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (1999). 7365:Glantz, David M.; House, Jonathan M. (1995). 7153:. London/New York: Arms and Armour/Sterling. 4568: 3953:had consistently stated that the task of the 3520:of attack, to create overwhelming firepower. 2128: 8868:(2nd ed.). Girard, IL: USA Publishing. 8741:[1890–1940: An Unorthodox Officer]. 8071:The Chief: Douglas Haig and the British Army 7892:Murray, Williamson; MacGregor, Knox (2001). 7712: 7350:. Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas. 7052:. Lawrence, KN: University Press of Kansas. 6974:. Lawrence, KN: University of Kansas Press. 5862: 5367: 5295: 4660: 4539:, pp. 558, 567) and Steven Mercatante ( 4419: 4413: 3981: 3809:Frieser wrote that after the failure of the 3777:produced an example of the popular view. In 3433:German advances during the Battle of Belgium 2417: 2345:Ju 87 Bs over Poland, September–October 1939 2197: 2179: 138: 124: 110: 93: 64:surprise attack using a rapid, overwhelming 8601:(4). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. 8420: 8030:The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler 7391: 7364: 7307: 6784:Panzer Divisions: The Eastern Front 1941–43 6781: 6129: 6105: 6081: 6057: 6045: 5850: 4689: 4685: 4632: 4512: 4508: 3933:was to have been completed in 1949 and the 3698: 3527:German advances during the Battle of France 3164:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 2557:British armoured car and motorcycle at the 16:Military strategy pioneered by Nazi Germany 8945: 8931: 8890:https://doi.org/10.1179/106980489790305551 8629: 7804: 7764: 7210:Falls, Cyril; Becke, A. F. (maps) (1930). 7209: 7151:Panzer, a Revolution in Warfare: 1939–1945 7134:]. Vol. II. Wiesbaden: R. Löwit. 7008:Condell, Bruce; Zabecki, David T. (2008). 6890:Patton, Montgomery, Rommel: Masters of War 5754: 5343: 4969: 4727: 4722:, pp. 65–96), Peter von der Groeben ( 4540: 4471: 4099: 4038:doctrine. During the interwar period, the 3878:of war that they still found to be valid, 3366:Although journalists popularized the term 3344:, resulting in heavy civilian casualties. 2637: 2488:Führung und Gefecht der verbundenen Waffen 2135: 2121: 8736: 8491: 8108: 8065: 7851: 6762: 5595: 5559: 5403: 5268: 4730:, pp. 212–234), Erich von Manstein ( 4677: 4578:to undermine the morale of enemy forces ( 3773:, Professor of the History of War at the 3578: 3265:and blockade. Although the production of 3204:During the Battle of France in 1940, the 3184:Learn how and when to remove this message 8807: 8739:"1890–1940: un officier non-conformiste" 8401: 8382: 8335: 8307: 8206: 8046: 7736: 7597:The Oxford Companion to Military History 7514: 7476: 7457: 7252:Blitzkrieg-legende: der westfeldzug 1940 7188: 6887: 6767:(repr. ed.). London: W. W. Norton. 6728: 5973: 5898: 5730: 5718: 5535: 5511: 5487: 5475: 5451: 5427: 5319: 5307: 4933: 4731: 4693: 4536: 4470:, pp. 137), and Steven Mercatante ( 4295:, the 21st century US military doctrine. 3582: 3522: 3428: 3357: 3059: 2962: 2824: 2754: 2552: 2340: 2234: 1099:List of military strategies and concepts 27: 8863: 8812:. London: Cassell Military Paperbacks. 8788: 8769: 8715: 8630:Winchester, Charles (20 January 2002). 8516: 8466: 8363: 8146: 8127: 8008: 7835:Blitzkrieg: The German Method 1939-1941 7832: 7580:] (1980 ed.). Hamburg: Knaus. 7533: 7268: 7245: 7148: 7125: 7066: 6906: 6800: 6692: 6680: 6668: 6644: 6632: 6497: 6437: 6410: 6362: 6278: 6254: 6206: 6002: 5922: 5886: 5874: 5778: 5766: 5742: 5679: 5667: 5655: 5643: 5631: 5607: 5583: 5571: 5463: 5439: 5160: 5136: 5124: 5035: 4984: 4957: 4945: 4906: 4889: 4829: 4799: 4760:under the Nazis was a component of the 4681: 4519:, pp. 22–27, 187), Antony Beevor ( 4500: 4455: 3745: 2797:According to David A. Grossman, by the 133:, Western journalists adopted the term 12216: 10792: 10770:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union 8594:The Journal of Slavic Military Studies 8553: 8249: 8187: 8132:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. 8087: 8027: 7948: 7910: 7870: 7783: 7693: 7674: 7653: 7634: 7571: 7495: 7438: 7418: 7345: 7326: 7226: 7071:. London.: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. 7012:. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. 6988: 6966: 6844: 6823: 6704: 6683:, pp. 197, 210–219, 220–221, 237. 6569: 6557: 6509: 6374: 6350: 6338: 6326: 6314: 6302: 6242: 6194: 6182: 6165: 6153: 6014: 5985: 5961: 5826: 5814: 5619: 5523: 5499: 5379: 5331: 5280: 5256: 5220: 5148: 5112: 5100: 5064: 5023: 5011: 4999: 4921: 4874: 4862: 4844: 4766:– the German Armed Forces (1935–1946). 4723: 4719: 4718:, pp. 29–64), Friedrich Fangohr ( 4715: 4711: 4697: 4680:, p. 342), Mary Kathryn Barbier ( 4579: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4496: 4492: 4467: 3552:Prior to the German offensive in May, 3276: 3039:The concepts associated with the term 2412:(26 October 1800 – 24 April 1891) and 11641:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign 11073:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 10719:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union 10675:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9780:Rape during the occupation of Germany 8926: 8826: 8793:(in German). München: R. Oldenbourg. 8676: 8421:Zaloga, Steven; Madej, W. V. (1985). 8272:Junkers Ju 87 Stukageschwader 1937–41 8225: 8168: 7994:. New York: Oxford University Press. 7967: 7929: 7613: 7167: 7106: 7087: 7045: 7026: 6947: 6925: 6868: 6805:Kursk: The Greatest Tank Battle, 1943 6740: 6716: 6656: 6620: 6596: 6584: 6545: 6533: 6521: 6485: 6473: 6461: 6449: 6422: 6398: 6386: 6290: 6266: 6230: 6218: 6141: 6093: 6069: 6026: 5949: 5934: 5910: 5838: 5802: 5706: 5694: 5391: 5208: 5196: 5184: 5172: 5088: 5076: 4814: 4737: 4673: 4562: 4558: 4516: 4459: 4443: 4399: 3992: 3493:by using the heavily armored British 3261:stocks as a result of Anglo-American 3094:on average flew 1,500 sorties a day. 2805:ground offensive against Iraq in the 2665:(1898–1976) and other members of the 10763:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union 9795:Rape during the liberation of France 8590: 8269: 7696:The Oxford Companion to World War II 7552: 5790: 5415: 5355: 3726:at Mortain, which only hastened the 3281: 3162:adding citations to reliable sources 3129: 2998:Flexibility was the strength of the 2785:that radio communication gave them. 2422:). During the war, officers such as 2284:Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt 2202:)". Some senior officers, including 8851:from the original on 9 October 2022 8293:. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. 8257:(4th ed.). London: Constable. 8255:A Short History of the British Army 7787:Manstein: Hitler's greatest general 7750:] (in German). München: Monch. 7698:. London: Oxford University Press. 7599:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 7231:. London: Oxford University Press. 3068:, especially when armed with eight 2586:used infantry to attack the strong 47:, June 1942, typifying fast-moving 13: 10989:German invasion of the Netherlands 9269:Weather events during World War II 8762: 8442:Kursk 1943: A Statistical Analysis 8289:Wheeler-Bennett, John W. (1980) . 8094:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 7973:War and Economy in the Third Reich 6993:. Chelsea, MI: Scarborough House. 4850: 4458:, pp. 28–32), Richard Overy ( 4014:wrote that it was a myth that the 3125: 3055: 2408:(1 June 1780 – 16 November 1831), 14: 12265: 11620:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan 8896: 8494:Contributions in Military Studies 7833:Miksche, Ferdinand Otto (2006) . 7424:. Vol. I. Solihull: Helion. 6909:Air Power in the Age of Total War 4676:, p. 187), Roger Moorhouse ( 4557:, Regulation 16, issued in 1935 ( 4446:, pp. 107–108), John Paret ( 3468:Panzer Group Kleist raced to the 2271: 12180: 8952: 6782:Battistelli, Pier Paolo (2013). 4769: 4734:, pp. 443–449), and others. 4348: 3540:attacked east of Paris, towards 3407:other branch of the Wehrmacht." 3134: 2978:was provided in the form of the 2438:hurricane artillery bombardments 2303:which would lead to a long war. 173: 7660:. New York: Viking Publishers. 7538:. Manchester University Press. 7419:Glantz, David (November 2010). 6873:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-Clio. 6750: 6609:Paret, Craig & Gilbert 1986 4714:, pp. 3–27), Erhard Raus ( 4684:, p. 10), David Glantz (; 4638: 4629:Nazi crimes against Soviet POWs 4607: 4595: 4585: 4448:Paret, Craig & Gilbert 1986 4257:Ludwig Ritter von Eimannsberger 3347: 3030:Limitations and countermeasures 2712: 11867:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945 9577:Territorial changes of Germany 9485:Indonesian National Revolution 8460: 8425:. New York: Hippocrene Books. 8402:Willmott, Hedley Paul (1990). 8171:World War One: A Short History 8032:. Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland. 7769:. Santa Barbara, CA: Praeger. 7719:History of the First World War 7519:. University Press of Kansas. 6801:Barbier, Mary Kathryn (2002). 6118:Zetterling & Frankson 2000 4696:, p. 300), Oscar Pinkus ( 4527:, p. 157), Mungo Melvin ( 4341: 3752:Revolution in Military Affairs 3411:Low Countries and France, 1940 3034: 2939:of resistance, which had been 2899:("Kick, don't spatter them!") 2829: 2256:, a noise-making siren on the 1: 11267:Japanese invasion of Thailand 11218:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran 10982:German invasion of Luxembourg 9363:Mediterranean and Middle East 8342:. New York: Blandford Press. 7618:To Lose a Battle: France 1940 7496:Hanson, Victor Davis (2017). 6827:Stalingrad: The Fateful Siege 5346:, pp. 470–1, 480–1, 485. 4786: 4555:The Conduct of Air Operations 4215: 4173: 4159:Experimental Mechanized Force 4106:John Frederick Charles Fuller 4064:The Conduct of the Aerial War 4062:compiled a doctrine known as 3750:Blitzkrieg had been called a 3718:After the Allied landings in 3457:, which attacked through the 3210:(British Expeditionary Force) 3018: 2930: 2389:Military evolution, 1919–1939 2229: 60:is a word used to describe a 11174:Invasion of the Soviet Union 10863:Occupation of Czechoslovakia 10181:Independent State of Croatia 8789:Frieser, Karl-Heinz (1995). 7953:. Cambridge: Da Capo Press. 7877:. New York: Harper Collins. 7269:Galgano, Francis A. (2020). 7246:Frieser, Karl-Heinz (2005). 7174:. New York: Viking Penguin. 6144:, pp. 599–600, 636–637. 4779:, pp. 39–46. Italics removed 4543:, pp. 65, 77, 91, 301). 4531:, pp. 46, 79–80, 199), 4303:, or "annihilation concept". 4004: 3913: 3239: 2958: 2811:Paul Ludwig Ewald von Kleist 2575:Sinai and Palestine campaign 2460:prior to the war and giving 2410:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder 2212:Johann Adolf von Kielmansegg 51:forces of classic blitzkrieg 7: 12158:End of World War II in Asia 11998:Western invasion of Germany 11505:Chinese famine of 1942–1943 11482:Second Battle of El Alamein 11052:Hundred Regiments Offensive 11024:Battle of the Mediterranean 10877:Italian invasion of Albania 9051:Air warfare of World War II 8827:House, Jonathan M. (1984). 8745:(in French). Archived from 8737:De Gaulle, Charles (2009). 8709: 8519:Journal of Military History 8485: 8383:Woodward, David R. (2006). 8364:Winters, Harold A. (2001). 7975:. Oxford University Press. 7911:Murray, Williamson (2011). 7765:Mercatante, Steven (2012). 7679:. New York: Penguin Books. 7534:Harris, John Paul (1995a). 7481:. New York: Da Capo Press. 7283:10.1007/978-3-030-32173-4_8 7273:. In Guth, Peter L. (ed.). 6854:. New York: Penguin Books. 6830:. New York: Penguin Books. 6548:, pp. 143–144, 146, 7. 5548:Murray & MacGregor 2001 4270: 4066:. This document, which the 3832: 3761: 2750: 2673:from the experience of the 2332:Germany and a Lightning War 1592:Military–industrial complex 1071:Operational manoeuvre group 21:Blitzkrieg (disambiguation) 10: 12270: 12084:Naval bombardment of Japan 11452:First Battle of El Alamein 11371:Battle of Christmas Island 11316:Japanese invasion of Burma 11080:Italian invasion of Greece 10996:German invasion of Belgium 10968:German invasion of Denmark 10941:1939–1940 Winter Offensive 10810:Second Italo-Ethiopian War 9074:Comparative military ranks 8568:10.1177/096834459500200306 8251:Wavell, Field Marshal Earl 8109:Showalter, Dennis (2006). 7126:Domarus, Max, ed. (1973). 6763:Alexander, Bevin (2002) . 5586:, pp. 89–90, 156–157. 5233:Condell & Zabecki 2008 4185:German Wars of Unification 3829:and Operation Barbarossa. 3815:Oberkommando der Wehrmacht 3414: 3351: 3336:saw action in Spain), the 2947:("cauldron battle") was a 2902: 2548: 2397: 2393: 2199:ein ganz blödsinniges Wort 80:formations; together with 18: 12173: 12005:Bratislava–Brno offensive 11945: 11936:Dutch famine of 1944–1945 11673: 11560:Allied invasion of Sicily 11514: 11420:Aleutian Islands campaign 11392:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign 11339: 11330:Greek famine of 1941–1944 11225:Second Battle of Changsha 11130:German invasion of Greece 11098: 10975:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang 10950: 10888: 10783: 10664: 10390: 10300: 10148: 9851: 9842: 9600: 9425: 9317:North and Central Pacific 9278: 9040: 9033: 8960: 8808:Guderian, Heinz (1999) . 8607:10.1080/13518040802497564 8173:. Penguin Books Limited. 7852:Moorhouse, Roger (2011). 7806:Mellenthin, Friedrich von 7622:. Boston: Little, Brown. 7500:. New York: Basic Books. 7477:Guderian, Heinz (2001) . 6488:, pp. 335, 338, 372. 4700:, p. 35) and others. 3417:Battle of the Netherlands 2792: 2609: 2567:Field Service Regulations 2322:(German War Strength) by 2320:Die Deutsche Kriegsstärke 1656:Loss-of-strength gradient 513:Combat information center 12249:German words and phrases 11597:Allied invasion of Italy 11574:Solomon Islands campaign 11323:Third Battle of Changsha 10920:First Battle of Changsha 10826:Second Sino-Japanese War 9766:German military brothels 9632:United States war crimes 8864:Knudsen, Harold (2011). 8423:The Polish Campaign 1939 8406:. New York: Free Press. 8336:Willmott, H. P. (1984). 8308:Willmott, H. P. (2002). 8088:Shirer, William (1969). 8047:Reynolds, David (2014). 8013:. New York: Jove Books. 7635:Hughes, Matthew (2004). 7614:Horne, Alistair (1969). 7462:. Novato, CA: Presidio. 7439:Griehl, Manfred (2001). 7189:Erickson, John (2001) . 7046:Corum, James S. (1997). 7027:Corum, James S. (1992). 6989:Cooper, Matthew (1997). 6888:Brighton, Terry (2008). 6755: 5283:, pp. 18–20, 22–24. 4334: 4330:, Battle of annihilation 4163:self-propelled artillery 4110:Basil Henry Liddell Hart 3699:Western Front, 1944–1945 3120:Operation Wacht am Rhein 3085:and the Allies, but the 2897:Klotzen, nicht kleckern! 2799:Twelfth Battle of Isonzo 2559:Battle of Megiddo (1918) 1974:Military science fiction 1459:Technology and equipment 880:List of military tactics 12019:Second Guangxi campaign 11874:Philippines (1944–1945) 11378:Battle of the Coral Sea 11281:Fall of the Philippines 10927:Battle of South Guangxi 10833:Battles of Khalkhin Gol 10239:Italian Social Republic 8770:Cutlack, F. M. (1941). 8716:Andreas, Peter (2020). 8207:Terraine, John (1998). 8073:. London: Aurum Press. 8011:A History of Blitzkrieg 8009:Perrett, Bryan (1983). 7949:Newton, Steven (2002). 7327:Glantz, David (2012) . 7149:Edwards, Roger (1989). 7107:Dildy, Douglas (2014). 6824:Beevor, Antony (1999). 6106:Glantz & House 2004 6082:Glantz & House 2004 6058:Glantz & House 2004 6046:Glantz & House 1995 5851:Zaloga & Madej 1985 4690:Glantz & House 2004 4686:Glantz & House 2004 4656:Alphonse Joseph Georges 4633:Glantz & House 1995 4513:Glantz & House 1995 4509:Glantz & House 1999 4322:(documentary TV series) 4100:Fuller and Liddell Hart 3980:Frieser wrote that the 3973: 3609:Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily 3472:, reached the coast at 3394:of the Polish campaign. 2847:has been translated as 2691:Inter-Allied Commission 2669:developed a concept of 2638:Russia and Soviet Union 2450:German spring offensive 2276:The origin of the term 2217:In 2005, the historian 2042:Wartime sexual violence 1798:Full-spectrum dominance 1609:Supply-chain management 11604:Armistice of Cassibile 11406:Battle of Dutch Harbor 11357:Battle of the Java Sea 11260:Attack on Pearl Harbor 11160:Syria–Lebanon campaign 11153:Battle of South Shanxi 11123:Invasion of Yugoslavia 10906:Battle of the Atlantic 10520:Korean Liberation Army 10233:(until September 1943) 10190:(until September 1944) 10168:(until September 1944) 8274:. Oxford, UK: Osprey. 8235:. London: Allen Lane. 8192:. London: Bloomsbury. 8169:Stone, Norman (2008). 8028:Pinkus, Oscar (2005). 7951:Kursk: The German View 7934:. London: Frank Cass. 7930:Naveh, Shimon (1997). 7784:Melvin, Mungo (2011). 7515:Hardesty, Von (2012). 7346:Glantz, David (2009). 7227:French, David (2000). 7067:Danchev, Alex (1998). 6907:Buckley, John (1998). 6869:Boyne, Walter (2002). 6765:How Great Generals Win 5344:Falls & Becke 1930 4420: 4414: 4236: 4125: 4104:The British theorists 4093: 4053: 3982: 3883: 3788: 3588: 3579:Eastern Front, 1941–44 3568: 3528: 3434: 3396: 3363: 3077: 2972: 2778: 2762: 2628:Vers l'Armée de métier 2561: 2418: 2346: 2198: 2184:was never used by the 2180: 1954:Awards and decorations 1927:Peace through strength 1902:Low-intensity conflict 1536:Conscientious objector 1409:Area of responsibility 139: 125: 111: 100:battle of annihilation 94: 52: 11768:Second Battle of Guam 11664:Bengal famine of 1943 11634:Second Battle of Kiev 11590:Battle of the Dnieper 11295:Battle of Wake Island 11167:East African campaign 11109:Battle of South Henan 10754:atrocities by Germans 10527:Korean Volunteer Army 9508:Occupation of Germany 9262:Music in World War II 8743:charles-de-gaulle.org 8694:10.1353/hsp.2011.0039 8682:Historically Speaking 8209:The Right of the Line 8188:Stroud, Rick (2013). 8113:. New York: Penguin. 7871:Mosier, John (2003). 7694:Keegan, John (2005). 7675:Keegan, John (1989). 7654:Keegan, John (1987). 6948:Clark, Lloyd (2012). 6911:. London: UCL Press. 6892:. New York: Penguin. 6500:, pp. 29–30, 33. 5026:, pp. 31, 64–65. 4511:, pp. 254, 269; 4462:, pp. 233–235), 4424:"war". Also known as 4401:[ˈblɪtskʁiːk] 4255:of theorists such as 4231: 4120: 4088: 4048: 3990:German pronunciation: 3964:Reich Defense Council 3868: 3783: 3705:in the Western Desert 3586: 3563: 3526: 3443:) and Operation Red ( 3432: 3387: 3361: 3206:4th Armoured Division 3063: 2966: 2825:Methods of operations 2773: 2758: 2719:Chancellor of Germany 2602:(Battle of Megiddo). 2556: 2414:Alfred von Schlieffen 2344: 2298:in wartime. The term 2235:Common interpretation 546:Torpedo data computer 536:Ship gun fire-control 31: 12234:Military terminology 12054:Surrender of Germany 11532:Battle of West Hubei 11489:Guadalcanal campaign 11459:Battle of Stalingrad 11385:Battle of Madagascar 10159:Albania protectorate 9946:(formerly Swaziland) 9655:Wehrmacht war crimes 9471:Expulsion of Germans 9255:Art and World War II 9153:British contribution 9102:Governments in exile 8642:(1). Osprey: 18–25. 8480:on 18 February 2015. 8128:Sheldon, J. (2017). 7677:The Second World War 7168:Ellis, John (1990). 6952:. London: Headline. 6476:, pp. 261, 265. 6464:, pp. 259, 263. 6425:, pp. 192, 195. 6072:, pp. 188, 190. 6017:, pp. 192, 197. 5245:Wheeler-Bennett 1980 4748:Imperial German Army 4523:, pp. 13, 148; 4327:Vernichtungsschlacht 4307:Mission-type tactics 3775:University of Oxford 3746:Post-war controversy 3593:Operation Barbarossa 3319:During the war, the 3158:improve this section 2953:Operation Barbarossa 2861:point of main effort 2652:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 2620:Marie-Eugène Debeney 2474:German General Staff 2466:Treaty of Versailles 2419:Vernichtungsschlacht 2400:Infiltration tactics 2072:Military occupations 1907:Military engineering 1809:Unrestricted Warfare 1666:Force multiplication 564:Military manoeuvrers 121:encircle and destroy 95:Vernichtungsschlacht 68:that may consist of 41:24th Panzer Division 19:For other uses, see 12144:Potsdam Declaration 12033:Italy (Spring 1945) 11796:Liberation of Paris 11253:Siege of Sevastopol 10271:(until August 1944) 10174:Wang Jingwei regime 9996:from September 1943 9956:from September 1944 9894:from September 1944 9754:Romanian war crimes 9745:Persecution of Jews 9731:Croatian war crimes 9701:Japanese war crimes 9515:Occupation of Japan 9464:First Indochina War 9176:Military production 9088:Declarations of war 8888:7.2 (1989): 77–94. 8270:Weal, John (1997). 7856:. London: Vintage. 7738:Manstein, Erich von 7714:Liddell Hart, B. H. 7657:The Mask of Command 7553:Hill, Alec (1978). 7394:The Battle of Kursk 7310:The Battle of Kursk 7275:Military Geoscience 6933:. New York: Quill. 6719:, pp. 140–141. 6707:, pp. 344–345. 6695:, pp. 326–328. 6647:, pp. 235–239. 6599:, pp. 108–109. 6572:, pp. 346–347. 6512:, pp. 284–288. 6341:, pp. 280–281. 6269:, pp. 371–373. 6245:, pp. 333–336. 6233:, pp. 233–235. 6221:, pp. 128–129. 6209:, pp. 349–350. 6197:, pp. 333–348. 6168:, pp. 632–633. 5889:, pp. 291–310. 5877:, pp. 145–182. 5721:, pp. 133–135. 5682:, pp. 137–144. 5634:, pp. 126–127. 5610:, pp. 344–346. 5514:, pp. 316–335. 5418:, pp. 677–678. 5394:, pp. 170–171. 5382:, pp. 181–183. 5358:, pp. 171–172. 5298:, pp. 435–438. 5115:, pp. 336–338. 5103:, pp. 338–339. 5014:, pp. 334–336. 4960:, pp. 329–330. 4847:, pp. 337–338. 4832:, pp. 283–287. 4565:, pp. 7, 143). 4489:dense concentration 4300:Vernichtungsgedanke 4265:Der Kampfwagenkrieg 3887:Victor Davis Hanson 3735:Battle of the Bulge 3689:Operation Bagration 3597:Führer Directive 21 3455:Panzer Group Kleist 3392:Vernichtungsgedanke 3374:Vernichtungsgedanke 3325:bombing of Guernica 3323:undertook the 1937 3298:, dive-bombers and 3277:Military operations 3234:Operation Bagration 3223:Deployment in depth 2697:and tests began at 2520:After the war, the 2406:Carl von Clausewitz 1758:Penal military unit 1743:Rules of engagement 1419:Command and control 1044:Operations research 508:Director (military) 498:Fire-control system 268:Command and control 149:Part of a series on 78:mechanized infantry 66:force concentration 37:mechanised infantry 12137:Surrender of Japan 11970:Battle of Iwo Jima 11819:Belgrade offensive 11232:Siege of Leningrad 11116:Battle of Shanggao 11045:British Somaliland 11010:Dunkirk evacuation 10961:Norwegian campaign 10899:Invasion of Poland 10726:Japanese prisoners 9694:Italian war crimes 9625:British war crimes 9540:Soviet occupations 9324:South-West Pacific 9211:Allied cooperation 9169:Military equipment 7441:Junker Ju 87 Stuka 7111:. Oxford: Osprey. 6809:. Zenith Imprint. 5925:, pp. 99–114. 5733:, pp. 89, 94. 5574:, pp. vi, 17. 5048:Holmes et al. 2001 4452:Karl-Heinz Frieser 4130:Erich von Manstein 4070:adopted, rejected 4018:had a doctrine of 3855:Karl-Heinz Frieser 3801:was challenged by 3709:Operation Overlord 3673:Erich von Manstein 3650:In July 1943, the 3589: 3529: 3435: 3364: 3354:Invasion of Poland 3340:chose a method of 3300:transport aircraft 3199:Kampfgruppe Peiper 3078: 3074:Operation Overlord 2973: 2881:Schwerpunktbildung 2873:schwerpunktbildung 2865:Schwerpunktprinzip 2837:Schwerpunktprinzip 2763: 2648:Brusilov Offensive 2562: 2347: 2219:Karl-Heinz Frieser 1867:Counter-insurgency 1788:Command of the sea 1733:Jewish laws on war 1708:Geneva Conventions 1244:Divide and conquer 1039:Military operation 1004:Tactical objective 503:Fire-control radar 480:Electronic-warfare 131:invasion of Poland 123:enemy forces in a 53: 43:advancing through 12229:Military strategy 12211: 12210: 12169: 12168: 12012:Battle of Okinawa 11911:Burma (1944–1945) 11745:Mariana and Palau 11525:Tunisian campaign 11350:Fall of Singapore 11274:Fall of Hong Kong 11017:Battle of Britain 10870:Operation Himmler 10779: 10778: 10443:Dutch East Indies 10086:Southern Rhodesia 9838: 9837: 9738:Genocide of Serbs 9641:German war crimes 9618:Soviet war crimes 9611:Allied war crimes 9457:Division of Korea 9436:Chinese Civil War 9234:Strategic bombing 9146:Manhattan Project 8885:War & Society 8875:978-0-9826592-0-5 8819:978-0-304-35285-2 8800:978-3-486-56124-1 8649:978-1-84176-041-4 8451:978-0-7146-8103-0 8432:978-0-88254-994-1 8413:978-0-02-934715-7 8394:978-0-8131-2383-7 8375:978-0-80186-648-7 8349:978-0-7137-1446-3 8321:978-0-31307-009-9 8242:978-0-7139-9566-4 8218:978-1-85326-683-6 8199:978-1-40883-128-1 8180:978-0-14104-095-0 8161:978-1-85753-135-0 8139:978-1-47388-199-0 8120:978-0-42520-663-8 8101:978-0-671-20337-5 8080:978-1-84513-691-8 8058:978-0-85720-637-4 8039:978-0-7864-2054-4 8020:978-0-515-10234-5 8001:978-0-19-820097-0 7982:978-0-19-820599-9 7960:978-0-306-81150-0 7941:978-0-7146-4727-2 7922:978-1-13991-586-1 7903:978-0-52180-079-2 7884:978-0-06-000976-2 7863:978-0-09-955189-8 7825:978-1-56852-578-5 7797:978-0-312-56312-7 7776:978-0-313-39592-5 7757:978-3-7637-5051-1 7729:978-0-330-23354-5 7705:978-0-19-280666-6 7686:978-0-14-303573-2 7667:978-0-14-011406-5 7646:978-0-7509-3841-9 7606:978-0-19-866209-9 7587:978-3-8135-0796-6 7564:978-0-522-84146-6 7545:978-0-7190-4814-2 7526:978-0-7006-1828-6 7507:978-0-46506-698-8 7488:978-0-306-80689-6 7469:978-0-89141-499-5 7450:978-1-84037-198-7 7431:978-1-906033-72-9 7403:978-0-7006-0978-9 7376:978-0-7006-0717-4 7357:978-0-7006-1630-5 7338:978-0-7524-6070-3 7319:978-0-7006-1335-9 7292:978-3-030-32173-4 7261:978-1-59114-294-2 7238:978-0-19160-826-1 7202:978-0-7006-0836-2 7181:978-0-670-80773-4 7160:978-0-85368-932-4 7141:978-3-927068-00-1 7118:978-1-78200-644-2 7099:978-0-52181-236-8 7078:978-0-297-81621-8 7059:978-0-7006-0836-2 7038:978-0-7006-0541-5 7019:978-0-81173-552-0 7000:978-0-8128-8519-4 6981:978-0-7006-1624-4 6968:Citino, Robert M. 6959:978-0-7553-3639-5 6940:978-1-56865-712-7 6918:978-1-85728-589-5 6899:978-1-40011-497-9 6880:978-1-57607-345-2 6861:978-0-14-303765-1 6837:978-0-670-87095-0 6816:978-0-760312-54-4 6793:978-1-4728-0002-2 6774:978-0-393-32316-0 6731:, pp. 39–46. 6257:, pp. 25–27. 5863:Liddell Hart 1970 5793:, pp. 15–17. 5757:, pp. 18–25. 5670:, pp. 47–61. 5658:, pp. 89–96. 5526:, pp. 33–34. 5368:Liddell Hart 1970 5296:Liddell Hart 1970 5259:, pp. 17–18. 5163:, pp. 30–31. 4756:(1919–1935). The 4661:Liddell Hart 1970 4193:Thirty Years' War 4189:Gustavus Adolphus 4170:financial years. 4055:Corum continued: 3823:Vernichtungskrieg 3781:, O'Neill wrote: 3724:Operation Luttich 3625:Army Group Center 3554:Winston Churchill 3547:Charles de Gaulle 3421:Battle of Belgium 3288:Spanish Civil War 3282:Spanish Civil War 3263:strategic bombing 3201:in the Ardennes. 3194: 3193: 3186: 2976:Close air support 2924:superior's intent 2920:Directive control 2849:center of gravity 2740:Achtung – Panzer! 2675:Polish–Soviet War 2650:. Later, Marshal 2642:In 1916, General 2624:Charles de Gaulle 2596:Battles of Sharon 2579:Battle of Megiddo 2446:Operation Michael 2442:Georg Bruchmüller 2145: 2144: 2037:Horses in warfare 1984:Anti-war movement 1887:Gunboat diplomacy 1877:Disaster response 1825:Philosophy of war 1820:Principles of war 1793:Deterrence theory 1738:Right of conquest 1661:Lanchester's laws 1429:Principles of war 1119:Counter-offensive 1104:Military campaign 1009:Target saturation 932:Counterinsurgency 541:Gun data computer 475:Close air support 437:Aircraft carriers 90:close air support 12261: 12239:Armoured warfare 12204: 12197: 12190: 12187:World portal 12185: 12184: 12160: 12153: 12146: 12139: 12130: 12123: 12116: 12107: 12100: 12093: 12086: 12079: 12072: 12063: 12056: 12049: 12047:Prague offensive 12042: 12040:Battle of Berlin 12035: 12028: 12021: 12014: 12007: 12000: 11993: 11986: 11984:Vienna offensive 11979: 11972: 11965: 11963:Battle of Manila 11958: 11938: 11929: 11920: 11913: 11904: 11897: 11890: 11883: 11876: 11869: 11862: 11853: 11844: 11837: 11828: 11821: 11814: 11807: 11798: 11791: 11784: 11777: 11770: 11763: 11756: 11747: 11740: 11731: 11722: 11713: 11706: 11704:Korsun–Cherkassy 11699: 11688: 11666: 11657: 11650: 11643: 11636: 11629: 11622: 11615: 11606: 11599: 11592: 11585: 11576: 11569: 11562: 11555: 11548: 11546:Bombing of Gorky 11541: 11534: 11527: 11507: 11500: 11491: 11484: 11477: 11468: 11461: 11454: 11447: 11436: 11429: 11422: 11415: 11413:Battle of Midway 11408: 11401: 11399:Battle of Gazala 11394: 11387: 11380: 11373: 11366: 11359: 11352: 11332: 11325: 11318: 11311: 11309:Battle of Borneo 11304: 11302:Malayan campaign 11297: 11290: 11283: 11276: 11269: 11262: 11255: 11248: 11246:Bombing of Gorky 11241: 11239:Battle of Moscow 11234: 11227: 11220: 11213: 11206: 11199: 11183: 11176: 11169: 11162: 11155: 11148: 11139: 11132: 11125: 11118: 11111: 11091: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11061: 11054: 11047: 11040: 11033: 11026: 11019: 11012: 11005: 11003:Battle of France 10998: 10991: 10984: 10977: 10970: 10963: 10943: 10936: 10929: 10922: 10915: 10908: 10901: 10879: 10872: 10865: 10858: 10856:Munich Agreement 10851: 10844: 10835: 10828: 10821: 10812: 10805: 10790: 10789: 10772: 10765: 10756: 10749: 10742: 10741:Soviet prisoners 10735: 10728: 10721: 10712: 10705: 10696: 10689: 10682: 10681:German prisoners 10677: 10657: 10648: 10641: 10634: 10629: 10622: 10615: 10608: 10601: 10594: 10587: 10580: 10573: 10566: 10559: 10552: 10545: 10538: 10529: 10522: 10515: 10508: 10501: 10494: 10487: 10480: 10473: 10466: 10459: 10452: 10445: 10438: 10431: 10424: 10417: 10410: 10403: 10383: 10376: 10369: 10362: 10355: 10348: 10341: 10334: 10327: 10320: 10313: 10293: 10286: 10279: 10272: 10264: 10257: 10250: 10241: 10234: 10226: 10219: 10217:French Indochina 10212: 10205: 10198: 10191: 10183: 10176: 10169: 10161: 10141: 10132: 10125: 10116: 10109: 10102: 10095: 10088: 10081: 10074: 10067: 10064:from August 1944 10055: 10048: 10041: 10034: 10027: 10020: 10013: 10006: 9999: 9987: 9980: 9973: 9966: 9959: 9947: 9939: 9932: 9925: 9918: 9911: 9904: 9897: 9885: 9878: 9871: 9864: 9849: 9848: 9829: 9822: 9815: 9808: 9801: 9790: 9775: 9768: 9761: 9756: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9724: 9717: 9710: 9708:Nanjing Massacre 9703: 9696: 9687: 9685:Nuremberg trials 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9593: 9586: 9579: 9570: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9542: 9535: 9526: 9517: 9510: 9503: 9496: 9487: 9480: 9473: 9466: 9459: 9452: 9445: 9438: 9418: 9409: 9402: 9395: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9365: 9356: 9349: 9342: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9291: 9289:Asia and Pacific 9271: 9264: 9257: 9250: 9243: 9236: 9229: 9220: 9218:Mulberry harbour 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9178: 9171: 9164: 9155: 9148: 9141: 9132: 9125: 9118: 9111: 9104: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9076: 9069: 9060: 9053: 9038: 9037: 9026: 9019: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8989: 8982: 8975: 8968: 8947: 8940: 8933: 8924: 8923: 8879: 8860: 8858: 8856: 8850: 8835: 8823: 8804: 8785: 8758: 8756: 8754: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8705: 8673: 8671: 8669: 8660:. Archived from 8636:Military Journal 8626: 8587: 8550: 8513: 8481: 8455: 8436: 8417: 8398: 8379: 8360: 8358: 8356: 8332: 8330: 8328: 8304: 8285: 8266: 8246: 8222: 8203: 8184: 8165: 8148:Simpkin, Richard 8143: 8124: 8105: 8084: 8062: 8043: 8024: 8005: 7986: 7964: 7945: 7926: 7907: 7888: 7867: 7848: 7829: 7811:Panzerschlachten 7801: 7780: 7761: 7733: 7709: 7690: 7671: 7650: 7631: 7621: 7610: 7591: 7568: 7549: 7530: 7511: 7492: 7473: 7460:Maneuver Warfare 7454: 7435: 7415: 7388: 7361: 7342: 7323: 7304: 7265: 7242: 7223: 7206: 7185: 7164: 7145: 7122: 7103: 7082: 7063: 7042: 7023: 7004: 6985: 6963: 6944: 6922: 6903: 6884: 6865: 6841: 6820: 6808: 6797: 6778: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6720: 6714: 6708: 6702: 6696: 6690: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6630: 6624: 6618: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6588: 6582: 6573: 6567: 6561: 6555: 6549: 6543: 6537: 6531: 6525: 6519: 6513: 6507: 6501: 6495: 6489: 6483: 6477: 6471: 6465: 6459: 6453: 6447: 6441: 6435: 6426: 6420: 6414: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6294: 6288: 6282: 6276: 6270: 6264: 6258: 6252: 6246: 6240: 6234: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6210: 6204: 6198: 6192: 6186: 6180: 6169: 6163: 6157: 6151: 6145: 6139: 6133: 6132:, pp. 4, 6. 6130:Battistelli 2013 6127: 6121: 6115: 6109: 6103: 6097: 6091: 6085: 6084:, p. 63–65. 6079: 6073: 6067: 6061: 6060:, p. 63–64. 6055: 6049: 6043: 6030: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6006: 6000: 5989: 5983: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5964:, p. 30–31. 5959: 5953: 5947: 5938: 5932: 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5800: 5794: 5788: 5782: 5776: 5770: 5764: 5758: 5752: 5746: 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5716: 5710: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5683: 5677: 5671: 5665: 5659: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5629: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5605: 5599: 5593: 5587: 5581: 5575: 5569: 5563: 5557: 5551: 5545: 5539: 5533: 5527: 5521: 5515: 5509: 5503: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5473: 5467: 5461: 5455: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5431: 5425: 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5395: 5389: 5383: 5377: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5347: 5341: 5335: 5329: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5284: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5236: 5230: 5224: 5218: 5212: 5206: 5200: 5194: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5158: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5122: 5116: 5110: 5104: 5098: 5092: 5086: 5080: 5074: 5068: 5062: 5051: 5045: 5039: 5033: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5009: 5003: 4997: 4988: 4982: 4973: 4967: 4961: 4955: 4949: 4943: 4937: 4931: 4925: 4919: 4910: 4904: 4893: 4887: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4860: 4854: 4848: 4842: 4833: 4827: 4818: 4812: 4803: 4797: 4780: 4773: 4767: 4750:(1871–1918) and 4741: 4735: 4707: 4701: 4670: 4664: 4652: 4646: 4642: 4636: 4625: 4619: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4589: 4583: 4572: 4566: 4550: 4544: 4481: 4475: 4474:, pp. 4–5). 4450:, p. 587), 4440: 4431: 4423: 4418:"lightning" and 4417: 4411: 4410: 4409: 4403: 4398: 4391: 4386: 4385: 4382: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4345: 4288:Maneuver warfare 4283:Armoured warfare 4205:Robert M. Citino 4197:Moltke the Elder 4169: 4157:formation of an 3996: 3994:[ˈheːɐ̯] 3991: 3987: 3864:Robert M. Citino 3713:rocket launchers 3638:in the southern 3621:Battle of Moscow 3613:2nd Panzer Group 3538:XIV Panzer Corps 3514:Operation Dynamo 3476:and cut off the 3425:Battle of France 3189: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3169: 3138: 3130: 2664: 2656:Georgii Isserson 2494:(1921–1923) and 2421: 2266:fifth columnists 2262:Battle of France 2254:Jericho Trompete 2201: 2183: 2157:Battle of France 2137: 2130: 2123: 1892:Humanitarian aid 1830:Security dilemma 1651:Power projection 1434:Economy of force 1414:Chain of command 1129:Defence in depth 1114:Commerce raiding 937:Defeat in detail 273:Defense ministry 177: 168: 167: 158: 146: 145: 142: 128: 117:maneuver warfare 114: 97: 12269: 12268: 12264: 12263: 12262: 12260: 12259: 12258: 12254:Warfare by type 12244:Military theory 12214: 12213: 12212: 12207: 12200: 12193: 12179: 12177: 12165: 12156: 12149: 12142: 12135: 12126: 12119: 12112: 12103: 12098:Atomic bombings 12096: 12089: 12082: 12075: 12068: 12059: 12052: 12045: 12038: 12031: 12024: 12017: 12010: 12003: 11996: 11989: 11982: 11975: 11968: 11961: 11954: 11941: 11934: 11923: 11916: 11909: 11900: 11893: 11886: 11879: 11872: 11865: 11856: 11847: 11840: 11831: 11824: 11817: 11810: 11801: 11794: 11789:Eastern Romania 11787: 11782:Warsaw Uprising 11780: 11775:Tannenberg Line 11773: 11766: 11761:Western Ukraine 11759: 11750: 11743: 11734: 11725: 11716: 11709: 11702: 11691: 11682: 11669: 11662: 11653: 11646: 11639: 11632: 11625: 11618: 11611: 11602: 11595: 11588: 11579: 11572: 11565: 11558: 11553:Battle of Kursk 11551: 11544: 11537: 11530: 11523: 11510: 11503: 11494: 11487: 11480: 11471: 11464: 11457: 11450: 11441: 11432: 11425: 11418: 11411: 11404: 11397: 11390: 11383: 11376: 11369: 11364:St Nazaire Raid 11362: 11355: 11348: 11335: 11328: 11321: 11314: 11307: 11300: 11293: 11286: 11279: 11272: 11265: 11258: 11251: 11244: 11237: 11230: 11223: 11216: 11209: 11202: 11188: 11179: 11172: 11165: 11158: 11151: 11146:Anglo-Iraqi War 11144: 11137:Battle of Crete 11135: 11128: 11121: 11114: 11107: 11094: 11085: 11078: 11071: 11066:Eastern Romania 11064: 11057: 11050: 11043: 11036: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11008: 11001: 10994: 10987: 10980: 10973: 10966: 10959: 10946: 10939: 10932: 10925: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10897: 10884: 10875: 10868: 10861: 10854: 10847: 10840: 10831: 10824: 10817: 10808: 10801: 10775: 10768: 10761: 10752: 10745: 10740: 10731: 10724: 10717: 10708: 10701: 10692: 10685: 10680: 10673: 10660: 10653: 10644: 10637: 10632: 10627:Western Ukraine 10625: 10618: 10611: 10604: 10597: 10590: 10583: 10576: 10571:Northeast China 10569: 10562: 10555: 10548: 10541: 10534: 10525: 10518: 10511: 10504: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10476: 10469: 10462: 10455: 10448: 10441: 10434: 10427: 10420: 10413: 10406: 10399: 10386: 10379: 10372: 10365: 10358: 10351: 10344: 10337: 10330: 10323: 10316: 10309: 10296: 10289: 10282: 10277:Slovak Republic 10275: 10267: 10260: 10253: 10248:Empire of Japan 10246: 10237: 10229: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10194: 10186: 10179: 10172: 10164: 10157: 10144: 10137: 10128: 10121: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10091: 10084: 10077: 10070: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10002: 9990: 9983: 9976: 9969: 9962: 9950: 9942: 9935: 9928: 9921: 9914: 9907: 9900: 9888: 9881: 9874: 9867: 9860: 9834: 9825: 9818: 9811: 9804: 9793: 9778: 9771: 9764: 9760:Sexual violence 9759: 9752: 9743: 9736: 9729: 9720: 9713: 9706: 9699: 9692: 9683: 9674: 9667: 9660: 9653: 9646: 9639: 9630: 9623: 9616: 9609: 9596: 9589: 9582: 9575: 9566: 9559: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9529: 9520: 9513: 9506: 9499: 9490: 9483: 9478:Greek Civil War 9476: 9469: 9462: 9455: 9448: 9441: 9434: 9421: 9414: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9382: 9375: 9368: 9361: 9352: 9345: 9338: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9303:South-East Asia 9301: 9294: 9287: 9274: 9267: 9260: 9253: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9225: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9167: 9162:Military awards 9160: 9151: 9144: 9137: 9128: 9121: 9114: 9107: 9100: 9093: 9086: 9079: 9072: 9065: 9056: 9049: 9029: 9022: 9015: 9006: 8999: 8992: 8987: 8978: 8971: 8964: 8956: 8951: 8899: 8894: 8876: 8854: 8852: 8848: 8833: 8820: 8801: 8765: 8763:Further reading 8752: 8750: 8727: 8725: 8724:. Time USA, LLC 8712: 8667: 8665: 8664:on 5 April 2013 8650: 8531:10.2307/2953968 8488: 8463: 8458: 8452: 8433: 8414: 8395: 8376: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8301: 8282: 8243: 8219: 8200: 8181: 8162: 8140: 8121: 8102: 8081: 8059: 8040: 8021: 8002: 7983: 7961: 7942: 7923: 7904: 7885: 7864: 7845: 7826: 7798: 7777: 7758: 7743:Verlorene Siege 7730: 7722:. London: Pan. 7706: 7687: 7668: 7647: 7607: 7588: 7565: 7546: 7527: 7508: 7489: 7470: 7451: 7432: 7404: 7377: 7358: 7339: 7320: 7293: 7262: 7239: 7203: 7182: 7161: 7142: 7119: 7100: 7079: 7060: 7039: 7020: 7001: 6982: 6960: 6941: 6919: 6900: 6881: 6862: 6838: 6817: 6794: 6775: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6739: 6735: 6727: 6723: 6715: 6711: 6703: 6699: 6691: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6631: 6627: 6619: 6615: 6607: 6603: 6595: 6591: 6583: 6576: 6568: 6564: 6556: 6552: 6544: 6540: 6532: 6528: 6520: 6516: 6508: 6504: 6496: 6492: 6484: 6480: 6472: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6448: 6444: 6436: 6429: 6421: 6417: 6409: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6385: 6381: 6373: 6369: 6361: 6357: 6349: 6345: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6313: 6309: 6301: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6277: 6273: 6265: 6261: 6253: 6249: 6241: 6237: 6229: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6189: 6181: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6152: 6148: 6140: 6136: 6128: 6124: 6116: 6112: 6104: 6100: 6096:, pp. 207. 6092: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6056: 6052: 6044: 6033: 6029:, pp. 233. 6025: 6021: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5992: 5984: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5948: 5941: 5933: 5929: 5921: 5917: 5909: 5905: 5897: 5893: 5885: 5881: 5873: 5869: 5861: 5857: 5849: 5845: 5837: 5833: 5825: 5821: 5813: 5809: 5801: 5797: 5789: 5785: 5777: 5773: 5765: 5761: 5755:Winchester 2002 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5686: 5678: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5630: 5626: 5618: 5614: 5606: 5602: 5594: 5590: 5582: 5578: 5570: 5566: 5558: 5554: 5546: 5542: 5534: 5530: 5522: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5498: 5494: 5486: 5482: 5474: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5434: 5426: 5422: 5414: 5410: 5402: 5398: 5390: 5386: 5378: 5374: 5370:, pp. 435. 5366: 5362: 5354: 5350: 5342: 5338: 5330: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5306: 5302: 5294: 5287: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5255: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5235:, pp. 3–5. 5231: 5227: 5219: 5215: 5207: 5203: 5195: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5171: 5167: 5159: 5155: 5147: 5143: 5139:, p. 1776. 5135: 5131: 5123: 5119: 5111: 5107: 5099: 5095: 5087: 5083: 5075: 5071: 5063: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5034: 5030: 5022: 5018: 5010: 5006: 4998: 4991: 4983: 4976: 4972:, pp. 4–5. 4970:Mercatante 2012 4968: 4964: 4956: 4952: 4944: 4940: 4932: 4928: 4920: 4913: 4909:, pp. 4–5. 4905: 4896: 4888: 4881: 4873: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4851: 4843: 4836: 4828: 4821: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4783: 4774: 4770: 4742: 4738: 4728:Mellenthin 1956 4708: 4704: 4671: 4667: 4653: 4649: 4643: 4639: 4626: 4622: 4612: 4608: 4600: 4596: 4590: 4586: 4573: 4569: 4551: 4547: 4541:Mercatante 2012 4499:, p. 164; 4482: 4478: 4472:Mercatante 2012 4441: 4434: 4405: 4404: 4396: 4389: 4351: 4347: 4346: 4342: 4337: 4273: 4241:Achtung Panzer! 4218: 4176: 4168:1932/33–1934/35 4167: 4148:. He developed 4138:Kenneth Macksey 4102: 4032:Rotterdam Blitz 4009: 3989: 3978: 3944:After the war, 3916: 3880:Bewegungskrieg. 3835: 3827:Balkan campaign 3819:Ermattungskrieg 3811:Schlieffen Plan 3764: 3748: 3701: 3693:deep operations 3685:deep operations 3581: 3573:Fort Eben-Emael 3470:English Channel 3465:in three days. 3463:Battle of Sedan 3427: 3415:Main articles: 3413: 3356: 3350: 3284: 3279: 3242: 3230:Battle of Kursk 3219:hedgehog tactic 3190: 3179: 3173: 3170: 3155: 3139: 3128: 3126:Counter-tactics 3058: 3056:Air superiority 3037: 3032: 3024:Methamphetamine 3021: 3008:air superiority 2961: 2933: 2905: 2834: 2827: 2795: 2753: 2717:After becoming 2715: 2658: 2644:Alexei Brusilov 2640: 2612: 2551: 2526:Hans von Seeckt 2462:tank production 2402: 2396: 2391: 2324:Fritz Sternberg 2274: 2237: 2232: 2165:The Netherlands 2141: 2112: 2111: 2062: 2052: 2051: 2017: 2009: 2008: 1949: 1939: 1938: 1912:Multilateralism 1897:Law enforcement 1857: 1847: 1846: 1815:Just war theory 1773: 1763: 1762: 1713:Geneva Protocol 1683: 1673: 1672: 1646: 1636: 1635: 1577: 1567: 1566: 1474: 1464: 1463: 1404: 1394: 1393: 1359: 1349: 1348: 1279:Network-centric 1199: 1189: 1188: 1096: 1086: 1085: 1034: 1024: 1023: 972:Rapid dominance 877: 867: 866: 822:Electromagnetic 731: 721: 720: 707: 660: 608: 584: 574: 573: 569:Combat training 550: 527: 493:Combat systems: 489: 451: 447:Auxiliary ships 413: 373: 369:Military police 335: 258: 248: 247: 187: 161: 160: 159: 154: 107:interwar period 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 12267: 12257: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12236: 12231: 12226: 12209: 12208: 12206: 12205: 12198: 12191: 12174: 12171: 12170: 12167: 12166: 12164: 12163: 12162: 12161: 12154: 12147: 12133: 12132: 12131: 12117: 12114:South Sakhalin 12110: 12109: 12108: 12094: 12087: 12080: 12073: 12066: 12065: 12064: 12050: 12043: 12036: 12029: 12022: 12015: 12008: 12001: 11994: 11987: 11980: 11973: 11966: 11959: 11951: 11949: 11943: 11942: 11940: 11939: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11914: 11907: 11906: 11905: 11891: 11884: 11877: 11870: 11863: 11854: 11845: 11838: 11829: 11822: 11815: 11808: 11799: 11792: 11785: 11778: 11771: 11764: 11757: 11748: 11741: 11732: 11723: 11714: 11707: 11700: 11689: 11679: 11677: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11660: 11659: 11658: 11651: 11637: 11630: 11623: 11616: 11609: 11608: 11607: 11593: 11586: 11577: 11570: 11563: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11539:Battle of Attu 11535: 11528: 11520: 11518: 11512: 11511: 11509: 11508: 11501: 11492: 11485: 11478: 11469: 11462: 11455: 11448: 11439: 11438: 11437: 11430: 11416: 11409: 11402: 11395: 11388: 11381: 11374: 11367: 11360: 11353: 11345: 11343: 11337: 11336: 11334: 11333: 11326: 11319: 11312: 11305: 11298: 11291: 11288:Battle of Guam 11284: 11277: 11270: 11263: 11256: 11249: 11242: 11235: 11228: 11221: 11214: 11211:Battle of Kiev 11207: 11200: 11186: 11185: 11184: 11170: 11163: 11156: 11149: 11142: 11141: 11140: 11126: 11119: 11112: 11104: 11102: 11096: 11095: 11093: 11092: 11083: 11076: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11048: 11041: 11034: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11006: 10999: 10992: 10985: 10978: 10971: 10964: 10956: 10954: 10948: 10947: 10945: 10944: 10937: 10930: 10923: 10916: 10909: 10902: 10894: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10880: 10873: 10866: 10859: 10852: 10838: 10837: 10836: 10829: 10815: 10814: 10813: 10798: 10796: 10787: 10781: 10780: 10777: 10776: 10774: 10773: 10766: 10759: 10758: 10757: 10750: 10738: 10737: 10736: 10722: 10715: 10714: 10713: 10710:United Kingdom 10706: 10699: 10698: 10697: 10678: 10670: 10668: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10658: 10651: 10650: 10649: 10642: 10630: 10623: 10616: 10609: 10602: 10595: 10588: 10581: 10574: 10567: 10560: 10553: 10546: 10539: 10532: 10531: 10530: 10523: 10509: 10502: 10495: 10488: 10481: 10474: 10467: 10460: 10453: 10446: 10439: 10432: 10425: 10418: 10411: 10404: 10396: 10394: 10388: 10387: 10385: 10384: 10377: 10370: 10363: 10356: 10349: 10342: 10335: 10328: 10321: 10314: 10306: 10304: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10294: 10287: 10280: 10273: 10265: 10258: 10251: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10227: 10220: 10213: 10206: 10199: 10192: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10162: 10154: 10152: 10146: 10145: 10143: 10142: 10135: 10134: 10133: 10119: 10118: 10117: 10114:British Empire 10107:United Kingdom 10103: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10068: 10056: 10049: 10042: 10035: 10028: 10021: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9988: 9981: 9974: 9967: 9960: 9948: 9940: 9933: 9926: 9923:Czechoslovakia 9919: 9912: 9905: 9898: 9886: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9857: 9855: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9836: 9835: 9833: 9832: 9831: 9830: 9823: 9820:Rape of Manila 9816: 9809: 9802: 9791: 9776: 9769: 9757: 9750: 9749: 9748: 9741: 9727: 9726: 9725: 9718: 9711: 9697: 9690: 9689: 9688: 9681: 9680: 9679: 9672: 9658: 9651: 9637: 9636: 9635: 9628: 9621: 9606: 9604: 9598: 9597: 9595: 9594: 9591:United Nations 9587: 9580: 9573: 9572: 9571: 9564: 9557: 9550: 9536: 9527: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9488: 9481: 9474: 9467: 9460: 9453: 9450:Decolonization 9446: 9439: 9431: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9420: 9419: 9412: 9411: 9410: 9396: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9380: 9373: 9359: 9358: 9357: 9350: 9336: 9335: 9334: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9284: 9282: 9276: 9275: 9273: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9214: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9172: 9165: 9158: 9157: 9156: 9142: 9135: 9134: 9133: 9126: 9123:United Kingdom 9119: 9105: 9098: 9091: 9084: 9077: 9070: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9046: 9044: 9035: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9020: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9004: 8997: 8985: 8984: 8983: 8969: 8961: 8958: 8957: 8950: 8949: 8942: 8935: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8898: 8897:External links 8895: 8893: 8892: 8880: 8874: 8861: 8824: 8818: 8805: 8799: 8786: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8759: 8749:on 25 May 2015 8734: 8711: 8708: 8707: 8706: 8674: 8648: 8627: 8588: 8556:War in History 8551: 8525:(2): 283–302. 8514: 8487: 8484: 8483: 8482: 8462: 8459: 8457: 8456: 8450: 8437: 8431: 8418: 8412: 8399: 8393: 8380: 8374: 8361: 8348: 8333: 8320: 8305: 8299: 8286: 8280: 8267: 8247: 8241: 8223: 8217: 8204: 8198: 8185: 8179: 8166: 8160: 8144: 8138: 8125: 8119: 8106: 8100: 8085: 8079: 8063: 8057: 8044: 8038: 8025: 8019: 8006: 8000: 7987: 7981: 7969:Overy, Richard 7965: 7959: 7946: 7940: 7927: 7921: 7908: 7902: 7889: 7883: 7868: 7862: 7849: 7843: 7830: 7824: 7816:Panzer Battles 7802: 7796: 7781: 7775: 7762: 7756: 7748:Lost Victories 7734: 7728: 7710: 7704: 7691: 7685: 7672: 7666: 7651: 7645: 7632: 7611: 7605: 7592: 7586: 7569: 7563: 7550: 7544: 7531: 7525: 7512: 7506: 7493: 7487: 7474: 7468: 7455: 7449: 7436: 7430: 7416: 7402: 7389: 7375: 7362: 7356: 7343: 7337: 7324: 7318: 7305: 7291: 7266: 7260: 7243: 7237: 7224: 7207: 7201: 7186: 7180: 7165: 7159: 7146: 7140: 7123: 7117: 7104: 7098: 7084: 7083: 7077: 7064: 7058: 7043: 7037: 7024: 7018: 7005: 6999: 6986: 6980: 6964: 6958: 6945: 6939: 6923: 6917: 6904: 6898: 6885: 6879: 6866: 6860: 6846:Beevor, Antony 6842: 6836: 6821: 6815: 6798: 6792: 6779: 6773: 6759: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6746: 6745: 6743:, p. 139. 6733: 6721: 6709: 6697: 6685: 6673: 6671:, p. 244. 6661: 6649: 6637: 6635:, p. 239. 6625: 6623:, p. 109. 6613: 6611:, p. 585. 6601: 6589: 6587:, p. 108. 6574: 6562: 6560:, p. 346. 6550: 6538: 6536:, p. 240. 6526: 6514: 6502: 6490: 6478: 6466: 6454: 6452:, p. 195. 6442: 6427: 6415: 6403: 6401:, p. 207. 6391: 6389:, p. 260. 6379: 6377:, p. 348. 6367: 6355: 6353:, p. 382. 6343: 6331: 6329:, p. 280. 6319: 6317:, p. 260. 6307: 6305:, p. 363. 6295: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6247: 6235: 6223: 6211: 6199: 6187: 6185:, p. 311. 6170: 6158: 6146: 6134: 6122: 6120:, p. 137. 6110: 6098: 6086: 6074: 6062: 6050: 6048:, p. 167. 6031: 6019: 6007: 6005:, p. 351. 5990: 5978: 5966: 5954: 5952:, p. 487. 5939: 5927: 5915: 5913:, p. 717. 5903: 5891: 5879: 5867: 5855: 5843: 5831: 5829:, p. 176. 5819: 5817:, p. 339. 5807: 5805:, p. 200. 5795: 5783: 5771: 5769:, p. 145. 5759: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5711: 5699: 5697:, p. 233. 5684: 5672: 5660: 5648: 5636: 5624: 5622:, p. 265. 5612: 5600: 5598:, p. 227. 5596:Alexander 2002 5588: 5576: 5564: 5562:, p. 200. 5560:Showalter 2006 5552: 5550:, p. 172. 5540: 5538:, p. 247. 5528: 5516: 5504: 5502:, p. 129. 5492: 5480: 5468: 5456: 5444: 5432: 5430:, p. 116. 5420: 5408: 5404:De Gaulle 2009 5396: 5384: 5372: 5360: 5348: 5336: 5334:, p. 206. 5324: 5322:, p. 200. 5312: 5310:, p. 191. 5300: 5285: 5273: 5271:, p. 121. 5269:Sheffield 2011 5261: 5249: 5247:, p. 101. 5237: 5225: 5223:, p. 152. 5213: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5151:, p. 173. 5141: 5129: 5117: 5105: 5093: 5091:, p. 281. 5081: 5079:, p. 282. 5069: 5067:, p. 337. 5052: 5050:, p. 135. 5040: 5038:, p. 345. 5028: 5016: 5004: 5002:, p. 109. 4989: 4974: 4962: 4950: 4938: 4936:, p. 254. 4926: 4911: 4894: 4879: 4867: 4865:, p. 260. 4855: 4849: 4834: 4819: 4804: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4782: 4781: 4768: 4736: 4702: 4678:Moorhouse 2011 4665: 4663:, p. 73). 4647: 4637: 4635:, p. 57). 4620: 4606: 4594: 4584: 4582:, p. 31). 4567: 4545: 4505:Jonathan House 4495:, p. 14; 4476: 4432: 4427:Bewegungskrieg 4339: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4332: 4331: 4323: 4315: 4309: 4304: 4296: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4277:AirLand Battle 4272: 4269: 4259:, whose book, 4217: 4214: 4175: 4172: 4146:new tank corps 4101: 4098: 4020:terror bombing 4008: 4003: 3977: 3972: 3955:Four Year Plan 3951:Hermann Göring 3915: 3912: 3840:foreign policy 3834: 3831: 3771:Robert O'Neill 3763: 3760: 3756:Bewegungskrieg 3747: 3744: 3728:Falaise Pocket 3700: 3697: 3580: 3577: 3510:Hermann Göring 3412: 3409: 3352:Main article: 3349: 3346: 3342:carpet bombing 3329:Western Allies 3283: 3280: 3278: 3275: 3241: 3238: 3215:Maxime Weygand 3192: 3191: 3142: 3140: 3133: 3127: 3124: 3066:Hawker Typhoon 3057: 3054: 3036: 3033: 3031: 3028: 3020: 3017: 2960: 2957: 2945:Kesselschlacht 2932: 2929: 2914:decision cycle 2904: 2901: 2833: 2828: 2826: 2823: 2794: 2791: 2760:Heinz Guderian 2752: 2749: 2714: 2711: 2639: 2636: 2632:Heinz Guderian 2616:Charles Mangin 2611: 2608: 2584:Edmund Allenby 2550: 2547: 2537:Auftragstaktik 2531:Bewegungskrieg 2514:trench warfare 2497:Truppenführung 2428:light infantry 2398:Main article: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2375:Heinz Guderian 2364:sensationalism 2273: 2272:Origin of term 2270: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2224:Heinz Guderian 2190:David Reynolds 2143: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2132: 2125: 2117: 2114: 2113: 2110: 2109: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2089: 2084: 2079: 2077:Military terms 2074: 2069: 2063: 2058: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2034: 2029: 2024: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2007: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1950: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1936: 1931: 1930: 1929: 1924: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1858: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1837: 1835:Tripwire force 1827: 1822: 1817: 1812: 1805: 1800: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1780: 1774: 1769: 1768: 1765: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1735: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1684: 1679: 1678: 1675: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1669: 1668: 1658: 1653: 1647: 1642: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1626: 1621: 1611: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1599: 1589: 1584: 1578: 1573: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1555: 1550: 1549: 1548: 1538: 1533: 1528: 1523: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1487: 1486: 1475: 1470: 1469: 1466: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1456: 1451: 1446: 1441: 1436: 1431: 1426: 1421: 1416: 1411: 1405: 1400: 1399: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1391: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1371: 1366: 1360: 1357:Administrative 1355: 1354: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1284:New generation 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1259:Fleet in being 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1200: 1197:Grand strategy 1195: 1194: 1191: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1184:Scorched earth 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1106: 1097: 1092: 1091: 1088: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1078: 1073: 1068: 1063: 1061:Deep operation 1058: 1053: 1046: 1041: 1035: 1030: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1016: 1011: 1006: 1001: 996: 991: 990: 989: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 929: 924: 919: 914: 909: 908: 907: 902: 897: 887: 878: 873: 872: 869: 868: 865: 864: 862:Unconventional 859: 854: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 810: 808:Disinformation 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 779: 778: 773: 763: 758: 753: 748: 743: 738: 732: 727: 726: 723: 722: 719: 718: 713: 706: 705: 704: 703: 702: 701: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 659: 658: 657: 656: 655: 654: 644: 639: 634: 629: 624: 619: 607: 606: 605: 604: 599: 594: 585: 580: 579: 576: 575: 572: 571: 566: 561: 559:Basic training 556: 549: 548: 543: 538: 533: 526: 525: 520: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 488: 487: 485:Reconnaissance 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 450: 449: 444: 439: 434: 429: 424: 419: 412: 411: 406: 404:Special forces 401: 396: 395: 394: 384: 379: 372: 371: 366: 361: 359:Reconnaissance 356: 351: 346: 341: 334: 333: 324: 319: 310: 305: 300: 295: 290: 285: 280: 275: 270: 265: 259: 254: 253: 250: 249: 246: 245: 244: 243: 238: 228: 227: 226: 221: 211: 210: 209: 202:Post-classical 199: 194: 188: 183: 182: 179: 178: 170: 169: 151: 150: 126:Kesselschlacht 112:Bewegungskrieg 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12266: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12203: 12199: 12196: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12183: 12176: 12175: 12172: 12159: 12155: 12152: 12148: 12145: 12141: 12140: 12138: 12134: 12129: 12125: 12124: 12122: 12121:Kuril Islands 12118: 12115: 12111: 12106: 12102: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12088: 12085: 12081: 12078: 12074: 12071: 12067: 12062: 12058: 12057: 12055: 12051: 12048: 12044: 12041: 12037: 12034: 12030: 12027: 12023: 12020: 12016: 12013: 12009: 12006: 12002: 11999: 11995: 11992: 11988: 11985: 11981: 11978: 11974: 11971: 11967: 11964: 11960: 11957: 11953: 11952: 11950: 11948: 11944: 11937: 11933: 11928: 11927: 11922: 11921: 11919: 11915: 11912: 11908: 11903: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11892: 11889: 11888:Syrmian Front 11885: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11871: 11868: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11855: 11852: 11851: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11836: 11835: 11834:Market Garden 11830: 11827: 11823: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11809: 11806: 11805: 11800: 11797: 11793: 11790: 11786: 11783: 11779: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11765: 11762: 11758: 11755: 11754: 11749: 11746: 11742: 11739: 11738: 11733: 11730: 11729: 11724: 11721: 11720: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11701: 11698: 11694: 11693:Monte Cassino 11690: 11687: 11686: 11681: 11680: 11678: 11676: 11672: 11665: 11661: 11656: 11652: 11649: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11638: 11635: 11631: 11628: 11624: 11621: 11617: 11614: 11610: 11605: 11601: 11600: 11598: 11594: 11591: 11587: 11584: 11583: 11578: 11575: 11571: 11568: 11564: 11561: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11547: 11543: 11540: 11536: 11533: 11529: 11526: 11522: 11521: 11519: 11517: 11513: 11506: 11502: 11499: 11498: 11493: 11490: 11486: 11483: 11479: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11467: 11463: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11431: 11428: 11424: 11423: 11421: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11396: 11393: 11389: 11386: 11382: 11379: 11375: 11372: 11368: 11365: 11361: 11358: 11354: 11351: 11347: 11346: 11344: 11342: 11338: 11331: 11327: 11324: 11320: 11317: 11313: 11310: 11306: 11303: 11299: 11296: 11292: 11289: 11285: 11282: 11278: 11275: 11271: 11268: 11264: 11261: 11257: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11243: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11229: 11226: 11222: 11219: 11215: 11212: 11208: 11205: 11201: 11197: 11196: 11191: 11187: 11182: 11178: 11177: 11175: 11171: 11168: 11164: 11161: 11157: 11154: 11150: 11147: 11143: 11138: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11113: 11110: 11106: 11105: 11103: 11101: 11097: 11090: 11089: 11084: 11081: 11077: 11074: 11070: 11067: 11063: 11060: 11059:Baltic states 11056: 11053: 11049: 11046: 11042: 11039: 11035: 11032: 11028: 11025: 11021: 11018: 11014: 11011: 11007: 11004: 11000: 10997: 10993: 10990: 10986: 10983: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10965: 10962: 10958: 10957: 10955: 10953: 10949: 10942: 10938: 10935: 10931: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10917: 10914: 10910: 10907: 10903: 10900: 10896: 10895: 10893: 10891: 10887: 10878: 10874: 10871: 10867: 10864: 10860: 10857: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10845: 10843: 10839: 10834: 10830: 10827: 10823: 10822: 10820: 10816: 10811: 10807: 10806: 10804: 10800: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10791: 10788: 10786: 10782: 10771: 10767: 10764: 10760: 10755: 10751: 10748: 10744: 10743: 10739: 10734: 10730: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10720: 10716: 10711: 10707: 10704: 10703:United States 10700: 10695: 10691: 10690: 10688: 10684: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10667: 10663: 10656: 10652: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10639:Quốc dân Đảng 10636: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10624: 10621: 10617: 10614: 10610: 10607: 10603: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10561: 10558: 10554: 10551: 10547: 10544: 10540: 10537: 10533: 10528: 10524: 10521: 10517: 10516: 10514: 10510: 10507: 10503: 10500: 10496: 10493: 10489: 10486: 10482: 10479: 10475: 10472: 10468: 10465: 10461: 10458: 10454: 10451: 10447: 10444: 10440: 10437: 10433: 10430: 10426: 10423: 10419: 10416: 10412: 10409: 10405: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10393: 10389: 10382: 10378: 10375: 10371: 10368: 10364: 10361: 10357: 10354: 10350: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10339:Liechtenstein 10336: 10333: 10329: 10326: 10322: 10319: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10307: 10305: 10303: 10299: 10292: 10288: 10285: 10281: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10263: 10259: 10256: 10252: 10249: 10245: 10240: 10236: 10235: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10221: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10182: 10178: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10160: 10156: 10155: 10153: 10151: 10147: 10140: 10136: 10131: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10123:United States 10120: 10115: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10104: 10101: 10097: 10094: 10090: 10087: 10083: 10080: 10076: 10073: 10069: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10054: 10050: 10047: 10043: 10040: 10036: 10033: 10029: 10026: 10022: 10019: 10015: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9979: 9975: 9972: 9968: 9965: 9961: 9957: 9953: 9949: 9945: 9941: 9938: 9934: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9920: 9917: 9913: 9910: 9906: 9903: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9884: 9880: 9877: 9873: 9870: 9866: 9863: 9859: 9858: 9856: 9854: 9850: 9847: 9845: 9841: 9828: 9824: 9821: 9817: 9814: 9813:Comfort women 9810: 9807: 9803: 9800: 9797: / 9796: 9792: 9789: 9786: / 9785: 9782: / 9781: 9777: 9774: 9773:Camp brothels 9770: 9767: 9763: 9762: 9758: 9755: 9751: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9735: 9734: 9732: 9728: 9723: 9719: 9716: 9712: 9709: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9698: 9695: 9691: 9686: 9682: 9677: 9673: 9670: 9666: 9665: 9663: 9662:The Holocaust 9659: 9656: 9652: 9649: 9648:forced labour 9645: 9644: 9642: 9638: 9633: 9629: 9626: 9622: 9619: 9615: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9592: 9588: 9585: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9569: 9565: 9562: 9558: 9555: 9551: 9548: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9537: 9534: 9533: 9528: 9525: 9524: 9519: 9516: 9512: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9501:Marshall Plan 9498: 9495: 9494: 9489: 9486: 9482: 9479: 9475: 9472: 9468: 9465: 9461: 9458: 9454: 9451: 9447: 9444: 9440: 9437: 9433: 9432: 9430: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9413: 9408: 9404: 9403: 9401: 9397: 9394: 9390: 9385: 9381: 9378: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9366: 9364: 9360: 9355: 9354:Eastern Front 9351: 9348: 9347:Western Front 9344: 9343: 9341: 9337: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9292: 9290: 9286: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9277: 9270: 9266: 9263: 9259: 9256: 9252: 9249: 9245: 9242: 9241:Puppet states 9238: 9235: 9231: 9228: 9224: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9183:Naval history 9180: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9154: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9143: 9140: 9136: 9131: 9130:United States 9127: 9124: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9112: 9110: 9106: 9103: 9099: 9096: 9092: 9089: 9085: 9082: 9078: 9075: 9071: 9068: 9064: 9059: 9055: 9054: 9052: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9043: 9039: 9036: 9032: 9025: 9021: 9018: 9014: 9009: 9005: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8991: 8990: 8986: 8981: 8977: 8976: 8974: 8970: 8967: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8955: 8948: 8943: 8941: 8936: 8934: 8929: 8928: 8925: 8919: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8900: 8891: 8887: 8886: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8847: 8843: 8839: 8832: 8831: 8825: 8821: 8815: 8811: 8806: 8802: 8796: 8792: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8768: 8767: 8748: 8744: 8740: 8735: 8723: 8719: 8714: 8713: 8703: 8699: 8695: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8678:Yerxa, Donald 8675: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8633: 8628: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8608: 8604: 8600: 8596: 8595: 8589: 8585: 8581: 8577: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8552: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8520: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8503: 8499: 8495: 8490: 8489: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8468:Glantz, David 8465: 8464: 8453: 8447: 8443: 8438: 8434: 8428: 8424: 8419: 8415: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8381: 8377: 8371: 8367: 8362: 8351: 8345: 8341: 8340: 8334: 8323: 8317: 8313: 8312: 8306: 8302: 8300:0-333-06864-5 8296: 8292: 8287: 8283: 8281:1-85532-636-1 8277: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8214: 8210: 8205: 8201: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8176: 8172: 8167: 8163: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8131: 8126: 8122: 8116: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8093: 8092: 8086: 8082: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8067:Sheffield, G. 8064: 8060: 8054: 8050: 8045: 8041: 8035: 8031: 8026: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8007: 8003: 7997: 7993: 7988: 7984: 7978: 7974: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7956: 7952: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7933: 7928: 7924: 7918: 7914: 7909: 7905: 7899: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7880: 7876: 7875: 7869: 7865: 7859: 7855: 7850: 7846: 7844:9781905696147 7840: 7836: 7831: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7812: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7793: 7789: 7788: 7782: 7778: 7772: 7768: 7763: 7759: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7725: 7721: 7720: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7701: 7697: 7692: 7688: 7682: 7678: 7673: 7669: 7663: 7659: 7658: 7652: 7648: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7629: 7625: 7620: 7619: 7612: 7608: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7589: 7583: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7566: 7560: 7556: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7537: 7532: 7528: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7509: 7503: 7499: 7494: 7490: 7484: 7480: 7479:Panzer Leader 7475: 7471: 7465: 7461: 7456: 7452: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7417: 7413: 7409: 7405: 7399: 7395: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7359: 7353: 7349: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7311: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7288: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7272: 7267: 7263: 7257: 7253: 7249: 7244: 7240: 7234: 7230: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7213: 7208: 7204: 7198: 7194: 7193: 7187: 7183: 7177: 7173: 7172: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7152: 7147: 7143: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7114: 7110: 7105: 7101: 7095: 7091: 7086: 7085: 7080: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7061: 7055: 7051: 7050: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7030: 7025: 7021: 7015: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6996: 6992: 6987: 6983: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6955: 6951: 6946: 6942: 6936: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6895: 6891: 6886: 6882: 6876: 6872: 6867: 6863: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6822: 6818: 6812: 6807: 6806: 6799: 6795: 6789: 6785: 6780: 6776: 6770: 6766: 6761: 6760: 6742: 6737: 6730: 6729:Guderian 2001 6725: 6718: 6713: 6706: 6701: 6694: 6689: 6682: 6677: 6670: 6665: 6659:, p. 39. 6658: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6634: 6629: 6622: 6617: 6610: 6605: 6598: 6593: 6586: 6581: 6579: 6571: 6566: 6559: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6535: 6530: 6523: 6518: 6511: 6506: 6499: 6494: 6487: 6482: 6475: 6470: 6463: 6458: 6451: 6446: 6440:, p. 29. 6439: 6434: 6432: 6424: 6419: 6413:, p. 26. 6412: 6407: 6400: 6395: 6388: 6383: 6376: 6371: 6365:, p. 25. 6364: 6359: 6352: 6347: 6340: 6335: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6311: 6304: 6299: 6293:, p. 11. 6292: 6287: 6280: 6275: 6268: 6263: 6256: 6251: 6244: 6239: 6232: 6227: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6196: 6191: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6175: 6167: 6162: 6156:, p. 48. 6155: 6150: 6143: 6138: 6131: 6126: 6119: 6114: 6108:, p. 63. 6107: 6102: 6095: 6090: 6083: 6078: 6071: 6066: 6059: 6054: 6047: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6036: 6028: 6023: 6016: 6011: 6004: 5999: 5997: 5995: 5987: 5982: 5975: 5974:Hardesty 2012 5970: 5963: 5958: 5951: 5946: 5944: 5937:, p. 78. 5936: 5931: 5924: 5919: 5912: 5907: 5901:, p. 94. 5900: 5899:Guderian 2001 5895: 5888: 5883: 5876: 5871: 5865:, p. 73. 5864: 5859: 5852: 5847: 5840: 5835: 5828: 5823: 5816: 5811: 5804: 5799: 5792: 5787: 5781:, p. 25. 5780: 5775: 5768: 5763: 5756: 5751: 5745:, p. 34. 5744: 5739: 5732: 5731:Willmott 1984 5727: 5720: 5719:Terraine 1998 5715: 5709:, p. 36. 5708: 5703: 5696: 5691: 5689: 5681: 5676: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5628: 5621: 5616: 5609: 5604: 5597: 5592: 5585: 5580: 5573: 5568: 5561: 5556: 5549: 5544: 5537: 5536:Brighton 2008 5532: 5525: 5520: 5513: 5512:Grossman 1993 5508: 5501: 5496: 5490:, p. 20. 5489: 5488:Guderian 2001 5484: 5478:, p. 13. 5477: 5476:Guderian 2001 5472: 5466:, p. 24. 5465: 5460: 5454:, p. 46. 5453: 5452:Guderian 2001 5448: 5442:, p. 23. 5441: 5436: 5429: 5428:Willmott 2002 5424: 5417: 5412: 5405: 5400: 5393: 5388: 5381: 5376: 5369: 5364: 5357: 5352: 5345: 5340: 5333: 5328: 5321: 5320:Erickson 2001 5316: 5309: 5308:Woodward 2006 5304: 5297: 5292: 5290: 5282: 5277: 5270: 5265: 5258: 5253: 5246: 5241: 5234: 5229: 5222: 5217: 5211:, p. 30. 5210: 5205: 5198: 5193: 5187:, p. 37. 5186: 5181: 5175:, p. 23. 5174: 5169: 5162: 5157: 5150: 5145: 5138: 5133: 5126: 5121: 5114: 5109: 5102: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5078: 5073: 5066: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5049: 5044: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5020: 5013: 5008: 5001: 4996: 4994: 4986: 4981: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4959: 4954: 4948:, p. 34. 4947: 4942: 4935: 4934:Reynolds 2014 4930: 4923: 4918: 4916: 4908: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4891: 4886: 4884: 4877:, p. 54. 4876: 4871: 4864: 4859: 4853: 4846: 4841: 4839: 4831: 4826: 4824: 4817:, p. 22. 4816: 4811: 4809: 4801: 4796: 4792: 4778: 4777:Panzer Leader 4772: 4765: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4745: 4740: 4733: 4732:Manstein 1983 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4699: 4695: 4694:Willmott 1990 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4651: 4641: 4634: 4630: 4624: 4617: 4610: 4604: 4598: 4588: 4581: 4577: 4571: 4564: 4560: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4537:Erickson 2001 4534: 4533:John Erickson 4530: 4526: 4522: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4480: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4437: 4429: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4408: 4402: 4394: 4393: 4384: 4344: 4340: 4329: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4293:Shock and awe 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4274: 4268: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4242: 4235: 4230: 4228: 4222: 4213: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4171: 4164: 4160: 4154: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4097: 4092: 4087: 4083: 4081: 4077: 4073: 4072:Giulio Douhet 4069: 4065: 4061: 4060:Walther Wever 4058: 4052: 4047: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4007: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3986: 3985: 3976: 3971: 3967: 3965: 3959: 3956: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3940: 3939:heavy bombers 3936: 3932: 3931: 3924: 3920: 3911: 3909: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3882: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3841: 3830: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3816: 3812: 3807: 3804: 3803:Richard Overy 3800: 3799: 3794: 3787: 3782: 3780: 3776: 3772: 3769: 3759: 3757: 3753: 3743: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3674: 3668: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3648: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3628: 3626: 3622: 3616: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3585: 3576: 3575:in Belgium). 3574: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3555: 3550: 3548: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3502: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3466: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3447: 3442: 3441: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3408: 3405: 3404:Steven Zaloga 3401: 3395: 3393: 3386: 3382: 3380: 3379:Polish forces 3376: 3375: 3369: 3360: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321:Condor Legion 3317: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3306: 3305:Condor Legion 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3248: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3200: 3188: 3185: 3177: 3174:December 2021 3167: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3148: 3143:This section 3141: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3123: 3121: 3115: 3112: 3106: 3104: 3100: 3095: 3093: 3088: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3067: 3062: 3053: 3051: 3046: 3042: 3027: 3025: 3016: 3014: 3009: 3005: 3001: 2996: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2984:medium bomber 2981: 2977: 2970: 2969:Ju 87 "Stuka" 2965: 2956: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2915: 2910: 2900: 2898: 2894: 2893:strategically 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2838: 2832: 2822: 2820: 2814: 2812: 2808: 2807:1991 Gulf War 2804: 2800: 2790: 2786: 2784: 2777: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2768:Panzer Leader 2761: 2757: 2748: 2746: 2742: 2741: 2736: 2735: 2731:in 1936. The 2730: 2729: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2707:Soviet Russia 2704: 2700: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2662: 2657: 2654:(1893–1937), 2653: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2607: 2603: 2601: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2568: 2560: 2555: 2546: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2518: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2507:Eastern Front 2503: 2499: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2401: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2371: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2321: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2309:fortification 2304: 2301: 2297: 2292: 2290: 2286: 2285: 2279: 2269: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2258:Junkers Ju 87 2255: 2251: 2246: 2242: 2227: 2225: 2220: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2138: 2133: 2131: 2126: 2124: 2119: 2118: 2116: 2115: 2108: 2105: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2095: 2093: 2090: 2088: 2085: 2083: 2080: 2078: 2075: 2073: 2070: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2056: 2055: 2048: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2035: 2033: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2023: 2020: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2005: 2002: 2000: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1990: 1987: 1985: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1975: 1972: 1970: 1967: 1965: 1964:Warrior caste 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1951: 1948: 1943: 1942: 1935: 1934:Show of force 1932: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1922:Peacebuilding 1920: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1850: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1828: 1826: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1778:Air supremacy 1776: 1775: 1772: 1767: 1766: 1759: 1756: 1754: 1751: 1749: 1746: 1744: 1741: 1739: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1729: 1726: 1724: 1721: 1719: 1718:Islamic rules 1716: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1701: 1699: 1698:Court-martial 1696: 1694: 1691: 1689: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1677: 1676: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1662: 1659: 1657: 1654: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1640: 1639: 1630: 1627: 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1610: 1607: 1603: 1600: 1598: 1597:Arms industry 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1583: 1580: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1570: 1563: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1544: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1537: 1534: 1532: 1529: 1527: 1524: 1522: 1519: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1497: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1485: 1482: 1481: 1480: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1468: 1467: 1460: 1457: 1455: 1452: 1450: 1447: 1445: 1442: 1440: 1437: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1422: 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1380: 1377: 1375: 1372: 1370: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1358: 1353: 1352: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1214:Broken-backed 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1201: 1198: 1193: 1192: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1101: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1089: 1082: 1079: 1077: 1074: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1062: 1059: 1057: 1056:Expeditionary 1054: 1052: 1051: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1027: 1020: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1005: 1002: 1000: 997: 995: 992: 988: 985: 984: 983: 980: 978: 975: 973: 970: 968: 965: 963: 960: 958: 955: 953: 950: 948: 945: 943: 940: 938: 935: 933: 930: 928: 927:Counterattack 925: 923: 920: 918: 915: 913: 910: 906: 903: 901: 898: 896: 893: 892: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 881: 876: 871: 870: 863: 860: 858: 855: 853: 852:Psychological 850: 848: 845: 843: 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 814: 811: 809: 806: 804: 801: 799: 796: 794: 791: 789: 788:Combined arms 786: 784: 781: 777: 774: 772: 769: 768: 767: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 752: 749: 747: 744: 742: 739: 737: 734: 733: 730: 725: 724: 717: 714: 712: 709: 708: 700: 697: 696: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 665: 662: 661: 653: 650: 649: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 633: 630: 628: 627:Fortification 625: 623: 620: 618: 615: 614: 613: 610: 609: 603: 600: 598: 595: 593: 590: 589: 587: 586: 583: 578: 577: 570: 567: 565: 562: 560: 557: 555: 552: 551: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 532: 529: 528: 524: 521: 519: 516: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 499: 496: 494: 491: 490: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 448: 445: 443: 442:Landing craft 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 428: 425: 423: 420: 418: 415: 414: 410: 407: 405: 402: 400: 397: 393: 390: 389: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 374: 370: 367: 365: 362: 360: 357: 355: 352: 350: 347: 345: 342: 340: 337: 336: 332: 328: 327:Standing army 325: 323: 320: 318: 314: 311: 309: 306: 304: 301: 299: 296: 294: 291: 289: 286: 284: 281: 279: 276: 274: 271: 269: 266: 264: 261: 260: 257: 252: 251: 242: 239: 237: 234: 233: 232: 229: 225: 222: 220: 219:pike and shot 217: 216: 215: 212: 208: 205: 204: 203: 200: 198: 195: 193: 190: 189: 186: 181: 180: 176: 172: 171: 165: 157: 153: 152: 148: 147: 144: 141: 140:Deutsche Wehr 136: 132: 127: 122: 118: 113: 108: 103: 101: 96: 91: 87: 83: 79: 75: 71: 67: 63: 62:combined arms 59: 58: 50: 49:combined arms 46: 42: 38: 34: 30: 26: 22: 12195:Bibliography 12178: 11991:Project Hula 11956:Vistula–Oder 11925: 11858: 11849: 11833: 11803: 11752: 11736: 11727: 11718: 11684: 11581: 11496: 11472: 11442: 11193: 11086: 11031:North Africa 10733:Soviet Union 10687:Soviet Union 10613:Soviet Union 10381:Vatican City 10291:Vichy France 10196:German Reich 10093:Soviet Union 10079:South Africa 10072:Sierra Leone 10025:Newfoundland 9844:Participants 9827:Marocchinate 9531: 9522: 9492: 9370:North Africa 9331:Indian Ocean 9190:Nazi plunder 9081:Cryptography 9066: 8954:World War II 8883: 8865: 8853:. Retrieved 8829: 8809: 8790: 8772: 8751:. Retrieved 8747:the original 8742: 8726:. Retrieved 8721: 8688:(3): 10–12. 8685: 8681: 8666:. Retrieved 8662:the original 8639: 8635: 8598: 8592: 8559: 8555: 8522: 8518: 8493: 8478:the original 8472: 8441: 8422: 8403: 8384: 8365: 8353:. Retrieved 8338: 8325:. Retrieved 8310: 8290: 8271: 8254: 8231: 8208: 8189: 8170: 8151: 8129: 8110: 8090: 8070: 8048: 8029: 8010: 7991: 7972: 7950: 7931: 7912: 7893: 7873: 7853: 7834: 7815: 7810: 7786: 7766: 7747: 7742: 7718: 7695: 7676: 7656: 7636: 7617: 7596: 7577: 7573: 7554: 7535: 7516: 7497: 7478: 7459: 7440: 7420: 7393: 7366: 7347: 7328: 7309: 7274: 7251: 7247: 7228: 7211: 7191: 7170: 7150: 7131: 7127: 7108: 7089: 7068: 7048: 7028: 7009: 6990: 6971: 6949: 6930: 6908: 6889: 6870: 6850: 6826: 6804: 6783: 6764: 6751:Bibliography 6736: 6724: 6712: 6700: 6693:Frieser 2005 6688: 6681:Harris 1995a 6676: 6669:Harris 1995a 6664: 6652: 6645:Danchev 1998 6640: 6633:Danchev 1998 6628: 6616: 6604: 6592: 6565: 6553: 6541: 6529: 6524:, p. 7. 6517: 6505: 6498:Frieser 2005 6493: 6481: 6469: 6457: 6445: 6438:Frieser 2005 6418: 6411:Frieser 2005 6406: 6394: 6382: 6370: 6363:Frieser 2005 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6310: 6298: 6286: 6279:Frieser 2005 6274: 6262: 6255:Frieser 2005 6250: 6238: 6226: 6214: 6207:Frieser 2005 6202: 6190: 6161: 6149: 6137: 6125: 6113: 6101: 6089: 6077: 6065: 6053: 6022: 6010: 6003:Frieser 2005 5988:, p. 7. 5981: 5976:, p. 9. 5969: 5957: 5930: 5923:Galgano 2020 5918: 5906: 5894: 5887:Frieser 2005 5882: 5875:Frieser 2005 5870: 5858: 5846: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5779:Edwards 1989 5774: 5767:Edwards 1989 5762: 5750: 5743:Simpkin 2000 5738: 5726: 5714: 5702: 5680:Frieser 2005 5675: 5668:Winters 2001 5663: 5656:Winters 2001 5651: 5644:Andreas 2020 5639: 5632:Buckley 1998 5627: 5615: 5608:Frieser 2005 5603: 5591: 5584:Frieser 2005 5579: 5572:Sheldon 2017 5567: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5519: 5507: 5495: 5483: 5471: 5464:Edwards 1989 5459: 5447: 5440:Edwards 1989 5435: 5423: 5411: 5399: 5387: 5375: 5363: 5351: 5339: 5327: 5315: 5303: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5204: 5199:, p. 7. 5192: 5180: 5168: 5161:Perrett 1983 5156: 5144: 5137:Domarus 1973 5132: 5127:, p. 5. 5125:Frieser 2005 5120: 5108: 5096: 5084: 5072: 5043: 5036:Frieser 2005 5031: 5019: 5007: 4987:, p. 7. 4985:Frieser 2005 4965: 4958:Frieser 2005 4953: 4946:Frieser 2005 4941: 4929: 4924:, ch. 29–31. 4907:Frieser 2005 4892:, p. 4. 4890:Frieser 2005 4870: 4858: 4852: 4830:Fanning 1997 4802:, p. 6. 4800:Frieser 2005 4795: 4776: 4771: 4762: 4757: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4705: 4682:Barbier 2002 4668: 4650: 4640: 4623: 4615: 4609: 4597: 4587: 4570: 4554: 4548: 4501:Glantz 2001b 4484: 4479: 4464:Mungo Melvin 4456:Frieser 2005 4426: 4425: 4343: 4326: 4317: 4298: 4264: 4261:The Tank War 4260: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4237: 4232: 4223: 4219: 4201: 4177: 4155: 4143: 4134:Erwin Rommel 4126: 4121: 4114: 4108:and Captain 4103: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4075: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4049: 4046:operations: 4044:interdiction 4039: 4035: 4027: 4023: 4015: 4010: 4005: 3999: 3979: 3974: 3968: 3963: 3960: 3946:Albert Speer 3943: 3934: 3930:Kriegsmarine 3928: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3894: 3890: 3889:states that 3884: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3869: 3850: 3843: 3836: 3822: 3818: 3808: 3796: 3792: 3789: 3784: 3778: 3765: 3755: 3749: 3732: 3717: 3702: 3680:David Glantz 3677: 3669: 3651: 3649: 3643: 3640:Soviet Union 3629: 3617: 3590: 3569: 3564: 3559:Paul Reynaud 3551: 3530: 3518: 3503: 3482:Belgian Army 3467: 3451:paratroopers 3444: 3438: 3436: 3399: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3383: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3348:Poland, 1939 3337: 3320: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3303: 3285: 3266: 3252: 3247:supply lines 3243: 3227: 3203: 3195: 3180: 3171: 3156:Please help 3144: 3116: 3110: 3107: 3102: 3099:Fliegerkorps 3098: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3049: 3040: 3038: 3022: 3012: 3003: 2999: 2997: 2991: 2987: 2974: 2944: 2934: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2896: 2888: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2836: 2835: 2830: 2819:Hermann Hoth 2815: 2796: 2787: 2779: 2774: 2771:, he wrote: 2766: 2764: 2738: 2732: 2726: 2723:Adolf Hitler 2716: 2713:Nazi Germany 2687:Soviet Union 2682: 2680: 2641: 2627: 2613: 2604: 2572: 2566: 2563: 2543: 2535: 2529: 2521: 2519: 2511: 2501: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2477: 2468:limited the 2455: 2433:Stosstruppen 2431: 2403: 2382: 2378: 2372: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2348: 2336:"Blitzkrieg" 2335: 2331: 2319: 2317: 2313:Maginot Line 2305: 2299: 2293: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2253: 2249: 2238: 2216: 2208:Franz Halder 2204:Kurt Student 2176:World War II 2173: 2148: 2146: 2047:Fifth column 2027:War resister 2022:Women in war 1917:Peacekeeping 1862:Arms control 1807: 1496:Mobilization 1491:Conscription 1449:Intelligence 1402:Organization 1049: 1048: 977:Encirclement 857:Radiological 793:Conventional 647:Subterranean 554:Development: 553: 530: 492: 454: 417:Naval units: 416: 409:Signal corps 376: 354:Intelligence 339:Specialties: 338: 263:Organization 214:Early modern 134: 104: 56: 55: 54: 25: 11926:Bodenplatte 11812:Gothic Line 11038:West Africa 10585:Philippines 10564:Netherlands 10429:Czech lands 10367:Switzerland 10311:Afghanistan 10262:Philippines 10130:Puerto Rico 10046:Philippines 10032:New Zealand 10018:Netherlands 9971:Free France 9722:Prosecution 9523:Osoaviakhim 9393:West Africa 9377:East Africa 9024:Conferences 8753:13 December 8728:23 February 8562:: 335–352. 8461:Conferences 8227:Tooze, Adam 7171:Brute Force 6927:Clark, Alan 6871:Air Warfare 6705:Harris 1995 6570:Harris 1995 6558:Harris 1995 6510:Mosier 2003 6375:Harris 1995 6351:Hanson 2017 6339:Hanson 2017 6327:Hanson 2017 6315:Hanson 2017 6303:Hanson 2017 6243:Harris 1995 6195:Harris 1995 6183:Citino 2005 6166:Keegan 2005 6154:Keegan 2005 6015:Glantz 2012 5986:Glantz 2012 5962:Glantz 2012 5827:Cooper 1997 5815:Harris 1995 5620:Keegan 1987 5524:Stroud 2013 5500:Murray 2011 5380:Hughes 2004 5332:Wavell 1968 5281:French 2000 5257:French 2000 5221:Citino 2005 5149:Hitler 1942 5113:Harris 1995 5101:Harris 1995 5065:Harris 1995 5024:Griehl 2001 5012:Harris 1995 5000:Keegan 2005 4922:Shirer 1969 4875:Keegan 1989 4863:Keegan 1987 4845:Harris 1995 4724:Newton 2002 4720:Newton 2002 4716:Newton 2002 4712:Newton 2002 4698:Pinkus 2005 4580:Griehl 2001 4529:Melvin 2011 4525:Beevor 2006 4521:Beevor 1999 4497:Glantz 2009 4493:Glantz 2010 4468:Melvin 2011 4312:Deep Battle 4227:Ludwig Beck 4191:during the 4076:Luftwaffe's 4012:James Corum 3786:outclassed. 3486:French Army 3097:On 13 May, 3035:Environment 2980:dive bomber 2909:Schwerpunkt 2889:Schwerpunkt 2885:Schwerpunkt 2877:Schwerpunkt 2869:Schwerpunkt 2857:focal point 2845:Schwerpunkt 2831:Schwerpunkt 2745:Kummersdorf 2728:Panzerwaffe 2671:deep battle 2659: [ 2573:During the 2458:machine gun 2326:, a Jewish 2245:operational 2178:, the word 2032:War studies 1855:Non-warfare 1783:Appeasement 1748:Martial law 1587:War economy 1526:Transgender 1479:Recruitment 1239:Containment 1124:Culminating 1032:Operational 952:Envelopment 895:Air assault 776:Air cavalry 736:Air defence 716:Information 617:Cold-region 582:Battlespace 531:Historical: 377:Land units: 303:Space force 298:Coast guard 231:Late modern 192:Prehistoric 105:During the 86:air assault 12218:Categories 12026:West Hunan 11859:Pointblank 11195:Silver Fox 11181:Summer War 10934:Winter War 10913:Phoney War 10694:Azerbaijan 10655:Yugoslavia 10550:Luxembourg 10392:Resistance 10139:Yugoslavia 10004:Luxembourg 9806:Sook Ching 9602:War crimes 9204:Technology 9197:Opposition 9139:Lend-Lease 9116:Australian 9109:Home front 9067:Blitzkrieg 9017:Casualties 9008:Commanders 8980:Operations 6786:. Osprey. 6741:Corum 1992 6717:Corum 1992 6657:Corum 1992 6621:Naveh 1997 6597:Naveh 1997 6585:Naveh 1997 6546:Corum 1997 6534:Corum 1997 6522:Corum 1997 6486:Tooze 2006 6474:Overy 1995 6462:Overy 1995 6450:Overy 1995 6423:Overy 1995 6399:Overy 1995 6387:Overy 1995 6291:Yerxa 2011 6267:Tooze 2006 6231:Overy 1995 6219:Naveh 1997 6142:Tooze 2006 6094:Clark 2012 6070:Clark 2012 6027:Clark 2012 5950:Tooze 2006 5935:Clark 1965 5911:Horne 1969 5839:Ellis 1990 5803:Corum 1997 5707:Dildy 2014 5695:Boyne 2002 5392:Stone 2008 5209:Corum 1997 5197:Corum 1992 5185:Corum 1997 5173:Corum 1992 5089:Deist 2003 5077:Deist 2003 4815:Clark 2012 4787:References 4753:Reichswehr 4674:Clark 2012 4616:Blitzkrieg 4592:1134–1136. 4576:Ernst Udet 4563:Corum 1997 4559:Corum 1992 4517:Clark 2012 4485:blitzkrieg 4460:Overy 1995 4444:Naveh 1997 4319:Battleplan 4174:Continuity 4028:blitzkrieg 3908:Blitzkrieg 3903:Blitzkrieg 3899:Blitzkrieg 3895:Blitzkrieg 3891:Blitzkrieg 3885:Historian 3875:Blitzkrieg 3871:Blitzkrieg 3859:Adam Tooze 3793:blitzkrieg 3671:including 3632:Stalingrad 3499:Matilda II 3368:Blitzkrieg 3259:ammunition 3041:blitzkrieg 3019:Stimulants 2949:concentric 2931:Mopping-up 2693:. In 1926 2683:Reichswehr 2522:Reichswehr 2502:Reichswehr 2484:Truppenamt 2479:Truppenamt 2470:Reichswehr 2424:Willy Rohr 2383:Blitzkrieg 2379:Blitzkrieg 2360:Blitzkrieg 2352:Blitzkrieg 2300:blitzkrieg 2278:blitzkrieg 2250:Blitzkrieg 2230:Definition 2181:Blitzkrieg 2149:blitzkrieg 2092:War crimes 2082:Operations 1989:Foot drill 1959:Battle cry 1872:deterrence 1531:Harassment 1506:Specialism 1329:Technology 1324:Succession 1269:Liberation 1204:Asymmetric 1139:Empty fort 1050:Blitzkrieg 1019:Withdrawal 982:Investment 761:Camouflage 756:Biological 694:Underwater 669:Amphibious 588:Aerospace 455:Air units: 432:Submarines 241:fourth-gen 236:industrial 224:napoleonic 135:blitzkrieg 57:Blitzkrieg 12091:Manchuria 11977:Indochina 11753:Bagration 11204:Lithuania 10849:Anschluss 10646:Viet Minh 10543:Lithuania 10485:Hong Kong 10255:Manchukuo 10210:Azad Hind 9869:Australia 9669:Aftermath 9532:Paperclip 9427:Aftermath 9227:Total war 9095:Diplomacy 9058:In Europe 8855:14 August 8842:784210725 8782:271462416 8702:162320393 8668:11 August 8658:1467-1379 8623:143413006 8615:1351-8046 8584:159933010 8576:0968-3445 8539:0899-3718 8502:0883-6884 8470:(2001b). 8339:June 1944 8150:(2000) . 7740:(1983) . 7385:468566904 7301:226639825 7220:256950972 5791:Weal 1997 5416:Watt 2008 5356:Hill 1978 4763:Wehrmacht 4210:air force 4150:Plan 1919 4115:Wehrmacht 4068:Luftwaffe 4040:Luftwaffe 4036:Luftwaffe 4024:Luftwaffe 4016:Luftwaffe 4006:Luftwaffe 3935:Luftwaffe 3914:Economics 3845:Wehrmacht 3798:Luftwaffe 3766:In 1965, 3678:In 1995, 3652:Wehrmacht 3644:Wehrmacht 3495:Matilda I 3474:Abbeville 3440:Fall Gelb 3400:strategic 3338:Luftwaffe 3310:Luftwaffe 3267:Luftwaffe 3240:Logistics 3145:does not 3111:Luftwaffe 3103:Luftwaffe 3092:Luftwaffe 3087:Luftwaffe 3083:Luftwaffe 3050:Wehrmacht 3013:Luftwaffe 3004:Luftwaffe 3000:Luftwaffe 2992:Luftwaffe 2988:Luftwaffe 2959:Air power 2941:enveloped 2841:heuristic 2803:Coalition 2734:Luftwaffe 2721:in 1933, 2705:, in the 2695:war games 2368:The Blitz 2311:like the 2186:Wehrmacht 1979:War novel 1882:Grey-zone 1842:War games 1803:Overmatch 1753:War crime 1703:Desertion 1693:Ceasefire 1688:Armistice 1575:Logistics 1553:Mercenary 1541:Volunteer 1472:Personnel 1444:Engineers 1389:Sociology 1344:World war 1339:Total war 1319:Strategic 1309:Religious 1294:Political 1289:Perpetual 1264:Irregular 1179:Offensive 1154:Defensive 1149:Deception 1109:Attrition 962:Guerrilla 957:Formation 900:Airbridge 832:Loitering 746:Artillery 399:Artillery 349:Engineers 317:Irregular 288:Air force 82:artillery 74:motorized 12202:Category 12151:document 12061:document 11918:Ardennes 11902:Budapest 11850:Crossbow 11728:Overlord 11567:Smolensk 10785:Timeline 10620:Slovakia 10606:Thailand 10457:Ethiopia 10422:Bulgaria 10346:Portugal 10284:Thailand 10166:Bulgaria 9944:Eswatini 9937:Ethiopia 9890:Bulgaria 9715:Unit 731 9676:Response 9493:Keelhaul 9443:Cold War 9416:Americas 9407:timeline 9400:Atlantic 9280:Theaters 8846:Archived 8710:Websites 8510:43481698 8486:Journals 8263:35621223 8229:(2006). 8069:(2011). 7971:(1995). 7808:(1956). 7716:(1970). 7412:41338011 6970:(2005). 6929:(1965). 6848:(2006). 4654:General 4271:See also 4216:Guderian 4183:and the 3866:argues: 3833:Doctrine 3762:Strategy 3720:Normandy 3636:Caucasus 3634:and the 3459:Ardennes 3446:Fall Rot 3296:fighters 3292:Panzer I 3076:in 1944. 2751:Guderian 2667:Red Army 2296:materiel 2241:tactical 2153:Ardennes 1994:War song 1969:War film 1602:Materiel 1521:Children 1501:Training 1439:Medicine 1424:Doctrine 1379:Training 1314:Resource 1299:Princely 1249:Economic 1234:Conquest 1229:Colonial 1224:Cold war 1209:Blockade 1094:Strategy 1066:Maneuver 827:Infantry 783:Chemical 637:Mountain 597:Airborne 460:Fighters 427:Warships 382:Infantry 308:Reserves 256:Military 12128:Shumshu 11895:Hungary 11842:Estonia 11826:Lapland 11804:Dragoon 11737:Neptune 11719:Ichi-Go 11685:Tempest 11627:Changde 11582:Cottage 11474:Jubilee 11190:Finland 11088:Compass 10794:Prelude 10747:Finland 10633:Vietnam 10599:Romania 10471:Germany 10450:Estonia 10436:Denmark 10415:Belgium 10408:Austria 10401:Albania 10332:Ireland 10318:Andorra 10302:Neutral 10269:Romania 10203:Hungary 10188:Finland 10060:Romania 9952:Finland 9930:Denmark 9876:Belgium 9862:Algeria 9568:Romania 9554:Hungary 9310:Pacific 9034:General 8988:Leaders 8973:Battles 8966:Outline 8547:2953968 8355:11 July 8327:11 July 4412:; from 4397:German: 4181:Prussia 4123:design. 4057:General 3962:of the 3768:Captain 3739:Antwerp 3605:Dnieper 3506:Dunkirk 3302:as the 3228:At the 3166:removed 3151:sources 3045:thawing 2937:pockets 2903:Pursuit 2853:crucial 2703:Lipetsk 2588:Ottoman 2549:Britain 2492:Das Fug 2394:Germany 2328:Marxist 2289:Potsdam 2161:Belgium 2107:Writers 2102:Weapons 2067:Battles 2016:Related 2004:Wargame 1999:Uniform 1947:Culture 1728:Perfidy 1723:Justice 1644:Science 1629:Outpost 1582:History 1562:Warrior 1558:Soldier 1546:foreign 1484:counter 1384:Service 1334:Theater 1274:Limited 1254:Endemic 1169:Nuclear 942:Foxhole 917:Cavalry 905:Airdrop 890:Airlift 875:Tactics 847:Nuclear 837:Missile 766:Cavalry 751:Barrage 729:Weapons 689:Surface 470:Command 465:Bombers 422:Frogman 392:Cavalry 364:Medical 331:Militia 313:Regular 293:Marines 207:castles 197:Ancient 185:History 164:outline 70:armored 45:Ukraine 39:of the 12105:Debate 12077:Taipei 12070:Borneo 11648:Tarawa 10842:Europe 10803:Africa 10592:Poland 10578:Norway 10557:Malaya 10536:Latvia 10478:Greece 10464:France 10360:Sweden 10325:Bhutan 10053:Poland 10039:Norway 10011:Mexico 9978:Greece 9964:France 9902:Canada 9883:Brazil 9853:Allies 9799:Serbia 9788:Poland 9561:Poland 9547:Baltic 9340:Europe 9042:Topics 8994:Allied 8872: 8840: 8816: 8797: 8780: 8700: 8656: 8646: 8621: 8613: 8582: 8574: 8545: 8537: 8508: 8500: 8448: 8429: 8410: 8391: 8372: 8346: 8318: 8297: 8278: 8261: 8239: 8215: 8196: 8177: 8158: 8136: 8117: 8098: 8077: 8055: 8036: 8017: 7998: 7979: 7957: 7938: 7919: 7900: 7881: 7860: 7841: 7822: 7794: 7773: 7754: 7726: 7702: 7683: 7664: 7643: 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8543:JSTOR 7814:[ 7746:[ 7576:[ 7297:S2CID 7250:[ 7130:[ 6756:Books 4601:See: 4421:Krieg 4415:Blitz 4390:BLITS 4335:Notes 3851:Times 3791:term 3664:Ultra 3656:Kursk 3601:Dvina 3534:Brest 3491:Arras 3314:Stuka 3271:Tiger 2699:Kazan 2663:] 2287:, at 2060:Lists 1516:Women 1454:Ranks 1374:Staff 1304:Proxy 1219:Class 1174:Naval 1159:Depth 994:Swarm 987:Siege 967:Naval 947:Drone 842:Music 817:Robot 813:Drone 798:Cyber 741:Armor 711:Cyber 684:Green 679:Brown 642:Urban 602:Space 523:Radar 518:Sonar 387:Armor 344:Staff 322:Ranks 33:Tanks 11947:1945 11675:1944 11516:1943 11444:Blue 11434:Attu 11341:1942 11100:1941 10952:1940 10890:1939 10819:Asia 10666:POWs 10506:Jews 10224:Iraq 10150:Axis 10100:Tuva 9916:Cuba 9001:Axis 8870:ISBN 8857:2015 8838:OCLC 8814:ISBN 8795:ISBN 8778:OCLC 8755:2009 8730:2022 8722:Time 8670:2015 8654:ISSN 8644:ISBN 8611:ISSN 8572:ISSN 8535:ISSN 8506:OCLC 8498:ISSN 8446:ISBN 8427:ISBN 8408:ISBN 8389:ISBN 8370:ISBN 8357:2013 8344:ISBN 8329:2013 8316:ISBN 8295:ISBN 8276:ISBN 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