2616:, a broader account of ancient weaponry is taken into account through the investigation of European weapons. Oakeshott believes that at some point between 1500 and 100 BC that the sword developed from the knife in both Minoan Crete and Celtic Britain and strongly resembles the rapiers. During the Bronze Age in the same general region, several other swords were developed: the Hallstatt first appeared during this Age but did not become widely used until the Iron Age, the Carps Tongues, and the Rhone Valley swords. The Hallstatt swords gained prominence during the Iron Age and were a long sword with a rather curious point that was one of three shapes: rounded, a square shape, or similar to a fishtail, and were the preferred weapon for use in a chariot. The Carps Tongues blade were also rather large swords with the edges running parallel for two-thirds of the blade before narrowing to the usually point. The last sword is that of the Rhone Valley and is generally considered more of small sword or an overly large dagger with each hilt uniquely cast in bronze. The pommel of this type of dagger has the ends drawn out into two thin points that curve in towards the blade. Along with Hallstatt swords, there were found to be spears, similar to the spearheads found in Mycenae they were quite large at fifteen inches and having a hollow socket however they were unique in that they had a small collar of bronze near where they attached to the shaft.
4100:
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3554:
2605:, the rapier-like swords found within Mycenean tombs tended to be brittle due to their length and slim designs. During the Bronze Age, two new types of swords made a debut: the horned and cruciform varieties. The horned sword was named after the horn-like appearance of the handguard and was the preferred weapon for cutting strikes. The cruciform sword was derived from the Minoan dagger's flanged hilt and rounded handguards set at right angles. Spears continued to remain the preferred means for thrusting attacks, but the Palace Period saw the addition of a socketed base to the weapon. This new period also saw a shift in the role of the bow and arrow from hunting implements to full-fledged weapons. As Greek civilization progressed, the need for weapons changed and by the Late Period of Mycenae, weapons had become shorter and more suited for use in work environments rather than battles.
2828:
2924:
55:
2625:
leaf-shaped, spoon-shaped and the parallel sword each ideal for thrusting and jabbing as opposed to a striking or cutting motion. The
Rajputs, Gurkhas, Nagas, and Coorg and Malabar each developed a weapon unique to themselves. The Rajputs wielded the khanda which is a broad and straight sword with a wider point. The Gurkhas had two swords that they preferred to use the kukri, a short sword that angled towards a wide tip, and the kora, their historical war sword which was around 60 centimeters with a single edge that was rather narrow near the handler and curving towards the front. The daos had a blade equal to two feet in length that had a wide and square-like tip and the handle was made of either wood or ivory, these were the weapons that came to popularity for the Nagas. The
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battle axe. The spearmen were supported by archers carrying a composite bow and arrows with arrowheads made of flint or copper. No armour was used during the 3rd and early 2nd millennium BC. As the dynasties expanded and grew upon the last that fell to gain new territory and control new people for the empire of Egypt. One of the ways the dynasties were different were the new technologies used in the later dynasties against the enemy. One example is the armies of
Ramesses' II faced off against the Hittites in the Battle of Qadesh. Both armies have cavalry units supporting their infantry and scouts to get updates on the movements. These advances differ from two groups attacking head-on for control of an area and facing losses on both sides
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would be the advantages of ramming tactics. Developments and innovations of the Greek
Trireme evolved over time, especially in respect to ramming tactics. Naval architects during this time saw fit to bring about full effectiveness and damaging power to these ships. By doing this, the amount of manpower would stay consistent, i.e., keeping the same amount of rowing power but shortening the length of the ship to condense the ramming power while keeping speed and agility consistent. This new ideology of warfare and naval tactics would prove to be prudent to the overall military applications of the Trireme, and soon would become the principal combative strategy of the Greek navy and other navies alike.
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Egyptian riverboats. They reconfigured the size of the ship and added heavy trees for longitudinal support of the hull on the open sea. The warships constructed in this way contributed to that victory. The relief painting shows in great detail how fighting was conducted in a naval battle. It shows
Egyptian warships with over twenty rows of oarsmen along with infantry troops and archers fighting in apparent hand-to-hand combat with the opposing naval force. This raises a question to the theory that there was no actual naval weaponry developed at this time but rather a reliance upon maneuvering tactics and strategy in order to engage with infantry troops.
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designed to protect the neck and shoulders. Armor was not just limited to human soldiers but extended to their horses and elephants as well. The horse armor was made up of mail and plates or lamellae which covered the neck, chest, and hindquarters underneath which was some form of padding to keep it in place while a faceplate protected the animal's face. The elephants, used as a battering ram or to break and trample enemy lines, were also donned in armor for battle. The elephant's head was covered by a steel mask and covered half of the trunk while the throat and sides were protected by lamellae armor while the tusks were tipped with sharp metal.
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3612:
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3398:
2334:
2804:, the Egyptian military changed from levy troops into a firm organization of professional soldiers. Conquests of foreign territories, like Nubia, required a permanent force to be garrisoned abroad. The Egyptians were mostly used to slowly defeating a much weaker enemy, town-by-town until beaten into submission. The preferred tactic was to subdue a weaker city or kingdom one at a time resulting in the surrender of each fraction until complete domination was achieved. The encounter with other powerful Near Eastern kingdoms like
4156:, throwing the whole weight of their bodies into the blow like hewers of wood or men digging with mattocks, and again they would deliver crosswise blows aimed at no target as if they intended to cut to pieces the entire bodies of their adversaries, protective armour and all". Such descriptions have been challenged by contemporary historians. Caesar himself describes the Gauls as forming phalanxes (likely similar to the medieval shieldwall) and testudos in battle, and using spears as their main weapon, as opposed to swords.
3608:) and Greek siege technology was not up to the task of breaching these fortifications by force, most land battles were pitched ones fought on flat-open ground. This was because of the limited period of service Greek soldiers could offer before they needed to return to their farms; hence, a decisive battle was needed to settle matters at hand. To draw out a city's defenders, its fields would be threatened with destruction, threatening the defenders with starvation in the winter if they did not surrender or accept battle.
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transport. While these ships were built for maximum efficiency, there is room for debate about the conditions and space aboard the ship itself. It is estimated that out of the 200 man crew, around 170 of those men would have been oarsmen with respective positions below deck. These oarsmen below deck would sit on thwarts and kept their personal storage items beneath them, reassuring the theory that these ships would be very crowded with little room for anything other than operational functions.
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2473:. Waiting an enemy out until their army had to disband due to the beginning of the harvest season or running out of payment for mercenaries presented an enemy with a similar choice. The exceptional conflicts of the ancient world were when these rules of warfare were violated. The Spartan and Athenian refusal to accept surrender after many years of war and near bankruptcy in the Peloponnesian War is one such exceptional example, as is the Roman refusal to surrender after the
2893:. Its form of warfare was based on massed infantry in light armor to pin the enemy force whilst cavalry dealt the killing blow. Cavalry was used in huge numbers but it is not known whether they were heavily armored or not. Most Greek sources claim the Persians wore no armor, but we do have an example from Herodotus which claims that an unhorsed cavalry Officer wore a gold cuirass under his red robes. Chariots were used in the early days but during the later days of the
2609:
formed into a new and unique branch of the military that was different from the hoplite. These warriors were armed with a huge pike weapon called a sarissa as well as the army being equipped with slings, which used almond-shaped bronze bullets that were engraved with either Philip's or his generals' name. For siege warfare, the
Macedonians used an arrow-firing catapult. For armor, they were equipped with a metal helmet, greaves, and a shield covered with bronze.
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4218:, often formed along family or village lines. Leaders of unusual personal magnetism could gather more soldiers for longer periods, but there was no systematic method of gathering and training men, so the death of a charismatic leader could mean the destruction of an army. Armies also often consisted of more than 50 percent noncombatants, as displaced people would travel with large groups of soldiers, the elderly, women, and children.
2290:, this is disputed, with scholars pointing out that chariots were vulnerable and fragile, and required a level terrain while tanks are all-terrain vehicles; thus chariots were unsuitable for use like modern tanks as a physical shock force. The chief advantage of the chariot was the tactical mobility they provided to bowmen. Tightly packed infantry was the formation of choice, in order for ancient generals to maintain
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infantry either charging to cause penetration of the enemy line or hold their own. These forces would ideally be combined, thus presenting the opponent with a dilemma: group the forces and leave them vulnerable to ranged, or spread them out and make them vulnerable to shock. This balance would eventually change as technology allowed for chariots, cavalry, and artillery to play an active role on the field.
2252:
their greater speed and power made chariots even more efficient. The major limitation of the use of chariots was terrain; while very mobile on flat, hard, open ground, it was very difficult to traverse more difficult terrain, such as rough ground, even sparse trees or bushes, small ravines or streams, or marsh. In such terrain, chariots were less maneuverable than common foot soldiers, and later cavalry.
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2431:"He proceeded with his journey and at the same time made all the necessary preparations for action, at the outset leaving his main sails behind as if he was expecting an engagement. In addition, even if there was a following wind he used his small sails little, but progressed by oar . Thus he both improved the fitness of his men and achieved a higher speed for his ships".
2382:
earlier records of the practice of sea battles as early as 2550 BC under the
Egyptian pharaoh Sahue, who reportedly used transport vessels to escort his armies to foreign shores. There is even further evidence from earlier sources that illustrate seafaring and military action around the Nile Delta during the early dynastic period in Egypt, following into the reign of
3447:, the first Emperor in the history of China to be successful in the unification of different warring states. Light infantry acting as shock troops lead the army, followed by heavy infantry as the main body of the army. Wide usage of cavalry and chariots behind the heavy infantry also gave the Qin army an edge in battles against the other warring states.
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Greek design was not only its efficient ramming capability but also its ability to travel long distances at fair speeds. One account from the
Athenian soldier and historian Xenophon describes the voyage of the Athenian fleet commander Iphicrates through unfriendly waters and the strategy he used combined with the sheer sailing power of the Trireme.
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strike out on their own. With only limited-range weapons, naval galleys would often attempt to ram their opponents with their reinforced bow to cause damage or sink the enemy warships which often caused the two ships to become joined, and initiated a boarding battle. Only occasionally was a decisive naval battle fought, such as the
3454:, in which great social and political change was accompanied by the end of the system of chariot warfare and the adoption of mass infantry armies. Cavalry was also introduced from the northern frontier, despite the cultural challenge it posed for robe-wearing Chinese men. Chinese river valley civilizations would adopt nomadic "
2820:, made it necessary for the Egyptians to conduct campaigns far from home. The next leap forwards came in the Late Period (712–332 BC), when mounted troops and weapons made of iron came into use. After the conquest by Alexander the Great, Egypt was heavily Hellenized and the main military force became the infantry
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fashion, pulling their oars through what is called a top wale or some sort of oar-port; while the men in the lower rows would sit in the ships' hold also rowing through lower oar-ports. It is also said that each oar throughout the ship would be made in length proportionate to the physique of an average Greek man.
3496:, was a curved blade fixed to the end of a pole several feet long. This was known as a 'woman's spear' because samurai girls were taught to use it from an early age. A device called the kumade, which resembled a long-handled garden rake, was used to catch the clothing or helmet of enemy horsemen and unseat them.
3488:
exploits were spoken of in
Japanese war tales as the "Way of the Horse and Bow." Horse and bow combined was a battlefield advantage to the early samurai. A bunch of arrows made of mainly wood with poison-tipped points was worn on a warrior's right side so he could quickly knock and release an arrow mid-gallop.
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As far as had been seen from the royal propaganda of the time, the king or the crown prince personally headed the
Egyptian troops into battle. The army could number tens of thousands of soldiers, so the smaller battalions consisting of 250 men, led by an officer, may have been the key of command. The
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This shows that generals had to find new tactics to incorporate parts of their army that wouldn't work in the siege, as shown with the chariots on patrol duty and ensuring the army was safe from a flank attack from the enemy army. This strategy ensures that all forces are used and contributing to the
2642:
it is read that the wrastrana, a breastplate, has been in use since prehistoric times though the most popular is the char-aina meaning four mirrors is a coat of mail overlaid with four elaborately designed plates. The helmets consisted of a sliding nose guard with a piece of chainmail hanging from it
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Forcing the enemy to submit generally consisted of defeating their army in the field. Once the enemy force was routed, the threat of siege, civilian deaths, and the like often forced the enemy to the bargaining table. However, this goal could be accomplished by other means. Burning enemy fields would
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The Greek
Trireme, soon after its appearance in the Aegean, would become the standard warship throughout the Mediterranean as sovereign states such as Egypt and even the Persian Empire would adopt the design of these ships and apply them to their own military applications. One major attraction of the
2298:
Thus any force facing chariots was in a tactical dilemma, making chariots indispensable to armies of those times. But they were complicated equipment that required specialized craftsmen to maintain them. This made chariots expensive to own. When chariots were owned by individuals within a society, it
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during the battle as well as for mutual protection. But a force of chariots could stand off at long range and rain arrows down on the infantrymen's heads. Because of their speed, any attempts to charge the chariots could be easily evaded. If, on the other hand, an infantry unit spread out to minimize
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Ancient siege warfare varied from each civilization and how each city was defended differently and had to approach with different tactics. One way to ensure an army used all its troops in its siege is shown when its explained how a chariot can be used in a siege, saying that, "During the sieges, the
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on each side, but also combined land-sea operations. Ships in the ancient world could operate only on the relatively quiet waters of seas and rivers; the oceans were off-limits. Navies were almost always used as auxiliaries to land forces, often essential to bringing them supplies. They would rarely
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over the 'Sea-Peoples' in the Nile river delta in the early twelfth century BC. These 'Sea-Peoples' were originally believed to be of Philistine and Phoenician descent, while there is speculation that there could be some Greek influence in their seafaring. Even before this relief painting, there are
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and models of ships which were made across the Aegean. Ships were used for civilian transport and trade, as well as for military purposes. They were propelled by both rowing and sailing, but since the Mediterranean is known for its inconsistent weather patterns, rowing was probably the primary means
4335:
King Alexander the III of Macedonia throughout his entire reign from 336 to 321 B.C embarked on a campaign of conquest of the Persian Empire. Starting from modern-day Western Turkey Alexander the Great conquered the entirety of Egypt, the Middle East, Iran and parts of India and Central Asia. Never
4241:
in 9 AD, the Roman Empire made no further concentrated attempts at conquering Germania beyond the Rhine. Prolonged warfare against the Romans accustomed the Germanic tribes to improved tactics such as the use of reserves, military discipline and centralised command. Germanic tribes would eventually
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The Roman navy was traditionally considered less important, although it remained vital for the transportation of supplies and troops, also during the great purge of pirates from the Mediterranean sea by Pompey the Great in the 1st century BC. Most of Rome's battles occurred on land, especially when
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The first Egyptian soldiers carried a simple armament consisting of a spear with a copper spearhead and a large wooden shield covered by leather hides. A stone mace was also carried in the Archaic period, though later this weapon was probably only in ceremonial use, and was replaced with the bronze
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blade, these are equipped with sword breaking bars and both the shape and size would depend on whether the bearer was cavalry or an infantryman. A curved sword such as the talwar or shamsheer was ideal for a cutting motion delivered from horseback. There were three early iron sword types being the
2480:
A more personal goal in war was simple profit. This profit was often monetary, as was the case with the raiding culture of the Gallic tribes. But the profit could be political, as great leaders in war were often rewarded with government office after their success. These strategies often contradict
3487:
Horses and bows were very important in Japan and were used in warfare from very early times, as shown in statues and artifacts found in tombs of early chieftains. Samurai eventually became very skilled in using the horse. Because their main weapon at this time was the bow and arrow, early samurai
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valley itself, ships and barges were important military elements. Ships were vital for providing supplies for the troops. The Nile river had no fords so barges had to be used for river crossings. Dominating the river often proved necessary for prosecuting sieges, like the Egyptian conquest of the
2435:
This primary source account can be interpreted as functional and efficient use of the Greek trireme. Maximizing its speed through rugged and unfriendly seas while also utilizing specific military strategy in order to ensure the most prudent and effective outcome was what led to the success of the
4125:. While epic literature depicts this as more of a sport focused on raids and hunting rather than organised territorial conquest, the historical record is more of tribes using warfare to exert political control and harass rivals, for economic advantage, and in some instances to conquer territory.
3708:
of the phalanx (there were usually eight ranks), helped hide maneuvers behind the phalanx from the view of the enemy. When held horizontal by the front ranks of the phalanx, enemies could be run through from far away. The hoplite type troops were not abandoned, but were no longer the core of the
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force in the known world. Although they are best known for the achievements of Alexander the Great, his father Philip II of Macedon created and designed the fighting force Alexander used in his conquests. Before this time and for centuries their military prowess was nowhere near that the sarissa
2908:
Persian tactics primarily had four stages involving archers, infantry and cavalry. The archers, who wielded longbows, would fire waves of arrows before the battle, attempting to cut the enemy numbers down prior battle. The cavalry would then attempt to run into the enemy and sever communications
2608:
Macedon was known more traditionally for having a strong cavalry rather than infantry. During Alexander's reign, the Sarissophori came into being and this was unique to Alexander's time in power. While the cavalry was more prominent, the Macedon infantry, made up of the poor and peasant classes,
2422:
What exactly these Greek triremes were capable of in battle is debated. There are various different accounts that lay down foundations of what equipment was used and how these ships engaged in combat. The main military applications of Greek Triremes, besides the transport of troops and supplies,
2402:
as a means of transport of armed men and supplies to areas of conflict across the seas. These ships were said to have consisted of two separate levels that could have held up to 60 men per level, all operating oars in unison to propel the ship. The upper level of oarsmen would sit in single-file
2251:
and donkeys, they allowed rapid traversing of the relatively flat lands of the Middle East. The chariots were light enough that they could easily be floated across rivers. Improvements in the ability to train horses soon allowed them to be used to pull chariots, possibly as early as 2100 BC, and
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produced sufficient agricultural surplus. This allowed full-time ruling elites and military commanders to emerge. While the bulk of military forces were still farmers, the society could portion off each year. Thus, organized armies developed for the first time. These new armies were able to help
3955:
The Romans were also noted for making use of auxiliary troops, non-Romans who served with the legions and filled roles that the traditional Roman military could not fill effectively, such as light skirmish troops and heavy cavalry. Later in the Empire, these auxiliary troops, along with foreign
2842:
These soldiers were paid with a plot of land for the provision of their families. After fulfillment of their service, the veterans were allowed retirement to these estates. Generals could become quite influential at the court, but unlike other feudal states, the Egyptian military was completely
2388:
Before that victory of Ramses III, the state of Egypt had no access to the kind of timber needed to build seafaring vessels and warships on a large scale. Instead of importing large quantities of timber to build warships, Egyptian naval architects and early engineers began to convert the common
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and China followed a similar pattern of using massed infantry armed with bows and spears. Infantry at this time was the dominant form of war, partially due to the camel saddle and the stirrup not being invented yet. The infantries at this time would be divided into ranged and shock, with shock
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palace reliefs of the 9th to 7th centuries BC display sieges of several Near Eastern cities. Though a simple battering ram had come into use in the previous millennium, the Assyrians improved siege warfare. The most common practice of siege warfare was, however, to lay siege and wait for the
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was a Greek historian in the fourth century BC who, through his accounts, said that these Triremes would consist of at least two-hundred men manning all positions. With these massive crews, these ships were able to work at maximum capacity and efficiency in regards to speed, navigation, and
3231:
sent their own ambassadors to his court. According to Megasthenes, Chandragupta Maurya built an army consisting of 30,000 cavalry, 10,000 war elephants, and 600,000 infantry, which was the largest army known in the ancient world. Ashoka went on to expand the Maurya Empire to almost all of
2619:
Within India's long history there are several different regimes that produced unique weapons. The list of weapons primarily used in India are the battle axe, the bow and arrow, spears, spike, barbed dart, the sword, iron club, javelin, iron arrow, and the scimitar. One sword type is the
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trireme across all kinds of empires and civilizations throughout the Mediterranean. The trireme would later become a vital piece of naval weaponry throughout the Persian Wars, for both the Greeks and the Persian Empire, as well as the base standard for the formation of the Roman Navy.
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between 113 BC and AD 596. The nature of these wars varied through time between Roman conquest, Germanic uprisings and later Germanic invasions in the Roman Empire that started in the late 2nd century. The series of conflicts which began in the 5th century, under the Western Roman
2855:
tactics involved a massive strike by archery followed by infantry and/or chariotry attacking the broken enemy lines. The enemies could, however, try to surprise the large Egyptian force with ambushes and by blocking the road as the Egyptian campaign records informs us.
5676:
The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 3, Part 2: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires and Other States of the Near East, from the Eighth to the Sixth Centuries BC (Hardcover) by John Boardman (Editor), I. E. S. Edwards (Editor), E. Sollberger (Editor), N. G. L. Hammond
5650:, 2004, p. 59, "... It is perhaps unlikely that by 500 cavalry played an important military role anywhere south of Thessaly, where cavalry traditionally dominated, but there can be little doubt that there were aristocratic cavalrymen on the battlefields in some ..."
2629:
was a single-edged blade also near two feet long but with no handle and wield by the Coorg and Malabar. In Southern India, the Borobudur and the Veragal, either shaped like a hook or a wavy design, were the swords in use. A rather unique weapon used in India is the
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describes the wars and battles among the feudal lords during the period. Warfare continued to be stylised and ceremonial even as it grew more violent and decisive. The concept of military hegemon (霸) and his "way of force" (霸道) came to dominate Chinese society.
2397:
Among the great innovations of naval warfare in the ancient world there are few that can surpass the Trireme style warship in terms of efficiency, strategy, and overall effectiveness. The first depiction of this 'longship' style vessel can be found in Homer's
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against the Macedonians, although Persia had been the nation hated the most by Greece for more than a century. The memory of the Persian invasion of Greece some 150 years ago was still alive, but the current politics for the Macedonians had put it aside.
4274:
that began 499 BC and lasted until 493 BC. The revolt begins because of Athens's offensive attack to the city of Sardis and massacring the Persian citizens by burning down the city. This revolt had a major role in starting the Greco-Persian
2259:
in the 2nd millennium BC. The typical chariot was worked by two men: one would be a bowman who would fire at enemy forces, while the other would control the vehicle. Over time, chariots were developed to carry up to five warriors. In China,
3125:, with his smaller army of 200 war elephants, 2,000 cavalry and 20,000 infantry, presented great difficulty for Alexander the Great's larger army of 4,000 cavalry and 50,000 infantry, though Porus was eventually defeated. At this time, the
3211:, to Chandragupta. Seleucus exchanged territory west of the Indus for 500 war elephants and offered his daughter to Chandragupta. In this matrimonial alliance, the enmity turned into friendship, and Seleucus' dispatched an ambassador,
2768:
was unified under one government. The main military concern for the nation was to keep enemies out. The arid plains and deserts surrounding Egypt were inhabited by nomadic tribes who occasionally tried to raid or settle in the fertile
4206:
and west of the Danube do not begin until quite late in the ancient period, so only the period after 100 BC can be examined. What is clear is that the Germanic idea of warfare was quite different from the pitched battles fought by
3491:
Although they weren't as important as the bow, swords of various sizes and types were also part of an early samurai's armory. They were mostly for close-quarters engagements. Many different kinds of spears were also used. One, the
3647:. This led to a warfare style in which both sides were forced to engage in repeated raids over several years without reaching a settlement. It also made sea battle a vital part of warfare. Greek naval battles were fought between
3863:
Having secured the bordering regions of Macedon, Philip assembled a large Macedonian army and marched deep into Thrace for a long conquering campaign. By 339 after defeating the Thracians in series of battles, most of
3499:
Common samurai archers had armor made of lamellae pieces laced together with colorful cords. The lightweight armor allowed for greater freedom of movement, faster speed, and reduced fatigue for horse and rider.
2637:
Armor in India can be found dating back to 500 BC and Vedic literature; there are several different types: leather and fabric, scale, brigandine, lamellar, mail, plate, and a combination of mail and plate. In
4340:
at the time. With an untimely death, his successors fought over the territories they had conquered. However, due to Alexander the Great Greek culture and technology spread into Asia for centuries to come.
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who successfully withstood the long and difficult sieges. But both Byzantium and Perinthus would have surely fallen had it not been for the help they received from the various Greek city-states, and the
4099:
2781:
to the south. Small garrisons could prevent minor incursions, but if a large force was detected a message was sent for the main army corps. Most Egyptian cities lacked city walls and other defenses.
3084:
describes Ayodhya in the following words: "The city abounded in warriors undefeated in battle, fearless and chinskilled in the use of arms, resembling lions guarding their mountain caves".
2847:), and later also Libyans and Sherdens in the New Kingdom. By the Persian period, Greek mercenaries entered service into the armies of the rebellious pharaohs. The Jewish mercenaries at
2681:
took place behind walls built of mud bricks, stone, wood or a combination of these materials depending on local availability. The earliest representations of siege warfare date to the
2239:
As states grew in size, the speed of mobilization became crucial because central power could not hold if rebellions could not be suppressed rapidly. The first solution to this was the
4022:
and crescent or round wicker shields. Missile weapons were favored but close combat weaponry was carried by the Thracians as well. These close combat weapons varied from the dreaded
3897:, and flexible, innovative formations and tactics. He advanced Greek style of combat, and was able to muster large bodies of men for long periods of time for his campaigns against
4225:, the Germanic tribes were remembered in Roman records as fierce combatants, whose main downfall was that they failed to unite successfully into one fighting force, under one
2465:
Ancient strategy focused broadly on the twin goals of convincing the enemy that continued war was more costly than submitting, and of making the most gain possible from war.
2086:, it can also be seen as ending of the growing role of mounted warriors needed to counter the ever-growing threat from the north in the 5th century and the beginning of the
2871:. Egypt had no navy to fight naval battles at sea before the Late Period. However, a battle involving ships took place at the Egyptian coast in the 12th century BC between
3176:, which covered various topics on ancient Indian warfare in great detail, including various techniques and strategies relating to war. These included the earliest uses of
4376:. According to some of these (Rock Edict XIII and Minor Rock Edict I), the Kalinga War prompted Ashoka, already a non-engaged Buddhist, to devote the rest of his life to
3952:
around 100 BC turned the army into a professional structure, still largely filled by citizens, but citizens who served continuously for 20 years before being discharged.
2730:
2694:
chariots, and mostly in the Neo-Assyrian armies, were surely employed to patrol and protect the flanks and the rear of the besiegers' lines and camp." (UF 41 p. 5).
2185:
which allowed for the mass production of metal weapons and thus the equipment of large standing armies. The first military power to profit from these innovations was the
5685:, p. xvi, "Very different from the Phoenicians were the Scythians and the Thracians who had no interest or skill in seafaring but excelled in raiding and horsemanship"
5667:. Amyntas had barely seized the throne in 394/3 when he found his kingdom under attack by a powerful Illyrian force, probably led by Bardylis, king of the Dardanii.
3716:
in battle with his reorganized Macedonian phalanx and utterly defeated them. The Illyrians fled in panic, leaving the majority of their 9,000-strong army dead. The
8248:
4030:
to spears and swords. Thracians shunned armor and greaves and fought as light as possible favoring mobility above all other traits and had excellent horsemen.
3919:
4426:– within the territories that formed modern China. By the end of the wars in 221 BC, Qin had unified most of the states and occupied some lands south of the
4242:
overwhelm and conquer the ancient world, giving rise to modern Europe and medieval warfare. For an analysis of Germanic tactics versus the Roman empire see
2824:. The ancient Egyptians were not great innovators in weapons technology, and most weapons technology innovation came from Western Asia and the Greek world.
2792:
people, who ruled Lower Egypt at the time. It was during this period the horse and chariot were introduced into Egypt. Other new technologies included the
5597:
In fact, most of the essential items of the "hoplite panoply" were known to Mycenaean Greece, including the metallic helmet and the single thrusting spear
2133:, Kenya, have been interpreted as evidence of inter-group conflict and warfare in antiquity, but this interpretation has been challenged. Early armies in
4849:
Stojanowski, Christopher M.; Seidel, Andrew C.; Fulginiti, Laura C.; Johnson, Kent M.; Buikstra, Jane E. (2016). "Contesting the massacre at Nataruk".
3207:
and controlled most of the territories conquered by Alexander the Great. Seleucus eventually lost his territories in Southern Asia, including southern
2690:
surrender of the enemies inside. Due to the problem of logistics, long-lasting sieges involving anything but a minor force could seldom be maintained.
4466:, due to their Phoenician ancestry). They determined that the Romans would control the Mediterranean Sea and led to the eventual rise of the greater
4243:
6411:
2905:, a 10,000 strong unit of professional soldiers armed with a spear, a sword and a bow. Archers also formed a major component of the Persian Army.
6601:
3191:
Chandragupta Maurya conquered the Magadha Empire and expanded to all of northern India, establishing the Maurya Empire, which extended from the
2909:
between generals and soldiers. Infantry would then proceed to attack the disoriented soldiers, subsequently weakened from the previous attacks.
2851:
served the Persian overlords of Egypt in the 5th century BC. Although, they might also have served the Egyptian pharaohs of the 6th century BC.
4794:
Lahr, M. Mirazón; Rivera, F.; Power, R. K.; Mounier, A.; Copsey, B.; Crivellaro, F.; Edung, J. E.; Fernandez, J. M. Maillo; Kiarie, C. (2016).
7315:
6846:
4214:
The purpose of these was generally not to gain territory, but rather to capture resources and secure prestige. These raids were conducted by
3885:
king himself, who now viewed the rise of Macedonia and its eastern expansion with concern. Ironically, the Greeks invited and sided with the
6068:
Warfare in the Classical World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Weapons, Warriors and Warfare in the Ancient Civilisations of Greece and Rome
2414:
Manned crews for these massive warships would have been quite impressive, but accounts vary in actual numbers of men from source to source.
3364:
4254:
4148:
said that their "manner of fighting, being in large measure that of wild beasts and frenzied, was an erratic procedure, quite lacking in
3293:
reigned 970–85. Inscriptions tell that at least from his time, Chola warriors wore waist coats of armour. Hence, one regiment was called
3589:
Infantry did almost all of the fighting in Greek battles. The Greeks did not have any notable cavalry tradition except the Thessalians.
3553:
2685:, c. 3000 BC, while the first siege equipment is known from Egyptian tomb reliefs of the 24th century BC showing wheeled siege ladders.
8320:
6112:
6080:
3893:
Much greater would be the conquests of his son, Alexander the Great, who would add to the phalanx a powerful cavalry, led by his elite
2099:
4005:
and include other tribes under his rule. However, their power was weakened by bitter rivalries and jealousy. The army was composed by
2827:
6606:
5012:
4985:
5523:
8257:
7935:
4759:
4084:
3689:
However, prior to the improvements made by Philip II of Macedon armies fought in the traditional manner of the Greeks; that of the
978:
2955:
began to emerge around 1000 BC, 500 years after the end of the Kingdom of Kerma. The first period of the kingdom's history, the '
2717:
2311:). Where chariots were publicly owned, they helped in the maintenance and establishment of a strong central government, e.g. the
1405:
4565:
confederated state located in modern day Mongolia from 133 BC to 89 AD. The final wars resulted in the final destruction of the
7291:
2939:, was one of the earliest urban centers in the Nile region Kerma culture was militaristic. This is attested by the many bronze
2078:
in 476 AD, the wars of the Eastern Roman Empire on its Southwestern Asian and North African borders, and the beginnings of the
3080:'s military as defensive rather than aggressive. The city, it says, was strongly fortified and was surrounded by a deep moat.
5809:
5773:
5590:
5485:
5345:
5055:
5022:
4995:
4968:
4938:
4569:
as a political entity in Siberia. China would temporally enjoy peace on its northern frontier before new peoples such as the
3507:
had seen a continual engagement in the Korean Peninsula until Japan finally withdrew, along with the remaining forces of the
6243:
3392:
2969:
were the most important force components throughout Kushite military history. Archaeology has also revealed the use of the
2923:
6085:
5405:
Ancient Nubia: Egypt's Rival in Africa. University of Pennsylvania, USA: University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology
8395:
6890:
6841:
5475:
3480:
1761:
54:
2295:
the damage from arrows, they would lose the benefit of mutual protection and the charioteers could easily overrun them.
8207:
6821:
6816:
6565:
6221:
5850:
3030:
and other associated texts contain references to warfare. The earliest allusions to a specific battle are those to the
1956:
1734:
349:
4112:
6060:
6049:
6030:
6011:
5992:
5977:
5962:
5947:
5927:
5912:
5898:
5883:
5868:
5834:
5719:
5682:
5664:
5647:
5548:
5437:
5412:
4928:
4557:
The Han–Xiongnu War, also known as the Sino-Xiongnu War, was a series of military battles fought between the Chinese
1410:
3184:. These techniques and strategies were employed by Chandragupta Maurya, who was a student of Chanakya, and later by
2935:
was the first Nubian kingdom to unify much of the region. The Classic Kerma Culture, named for its royal capital at
2788:
The major advance in weapons technology and warfare began around 1600 BC when the Egyptians fought and defeated the
8417:
2075:
1488:
5738:
3639:' command of the sea allowed the city to ignore the destruction of the Athenian crops by Sparta and her allies by
3251:
were the first rulers of the Indian subcontinent to maintain a navy and use it to expand their dominion overseas.
7337:
6233:
2369:
The first documented, physical evidence of a naval battle is found in a relief painting located in the temple of
2190:
1833:
1471:
1258:
103:
5800:
Wu, Shu-hui (2013). "Debates and Decision-Making: The Battle of the Altai Mountains (Jinweishan 金微山) in AD 91".
3068:–500 BC) are centered on conflicts and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry.
2443:
were the first to feature large-scale naval operations: not only sophisticated fleet engagements with dozens of
7256:
6701:
6154:
6105:
5761:
4238:
3420:
saw the creation of a feudal social order, resting militarily on a class of aristocratic chariot warriors (士).
2777:
built fortresses and outposts along the borders east and west of the Nile Delta, in the Eastern Desert, and in
2291:
1597:
6885:
5610:
6684:
3971:, a pivotal war between Rome and Carthage in the 3rd century BC, was largely a naval conflict. And the naval
2682:
2014:
1461:
8429:
8139:
7395:
6996:
6947:
6369:
6238:
4958:
4754:
4387:
4357:
4226:
3583:
3114:
1951:
655:
415:
8239:
8144:
7917:
7819:
7286:
7136:
6706:
6575:
6423:
4394:
Qin's wars of unification were a series of military campaigns launched in the late 3rd century BC by the
4328:
3717:
3561:
3356:
3344:
2319:
in 1274 BC, which was probably the largest chariot battle ever fought, involving perhaps 5,000 chariots.
2125:, the same weapons that had been developed in prehistoric times for hunting. The findings at the site of
1961:
1148:
950:
821:
359:
8350:
8325:
6778:
6689:
6660:
5827:
Fighting Techniques of the Ancient World (3000 B.C. to 500 A.D.): Equipment, Combat Skills, and Tactics
4145:
3544:
2415:
2271:
1425:
20:
7990:
7498:
7375:
6836:
6826:
6804:
6672:
6618:
6476:
6433:
6098:
3933:
3825:
3467:
3011:
2918:
2759:
2755:
2261:
2046:
and ancient warfare is more organization oriented than technology oriented. The development of first
1535:
1043:
392:
266:
120:
5985:
Greek Fire, Poison Arrows & Scorpion Bombs: Biological and Chemical Warfare in the Ancient World
3848:
in two parts, but it did not attempt to take it because it was strongly guarded by a joint force of
3137:
India had an army of 6000 war elephants, 80,000 cavalry, 200,000 infantry and 8,000 armed chariots.
8477:
8273:
8164:
8119:
7879:
7762:
7153:
7126:
7106:
6988:
6880:
6868:
6863:
3915:
3424:
3416:
have revealed extensive examples of chariots and bronze weapons. The overthrow of the Shang by the
3220:
2884:
2721:
1986:
1853:
1400:
1093:
911:
759:
8410:
8096:
6580:
6349:
6255:
5407:. University Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. pp. 1–112.
4068:
3857:
3660:
3268:
3031:
2601:
The Ancient Greeks left behind many examples of their weapons through their burial practices. In
2533:
2481:
modern common sense as they conflict with what would be best for the states involved in the war.
2150:
1939:
1921:
1677:
1236:
1158:
1103:
701:
364:
2255:
The chariot was so powerful for transportation and warfare that it became the key weapon in the
8385:
7767:
7620:
7303:
7251:
7238:
7121:
7072:
7045:
6853:
6648:
6493:
6339:
6194:
5047:
4538:
4189:
4137:
3964:
the Empire was at its height and all the land around the Mediterranean was controlled by Rome.
3155:
2079:
1806:
1781:
1503:
1415:
1288:
1163:
764:
741:
187:
86:
3611:
3586:, while military production and logistics were supervised directly from the palatial centers.
8291:
7902:
7869:
7777:
7610:
7405:
7158:
7033:
6596:
6359:
5501:
4774:
4719:
3557:
3548:
3451:
3402:
2370:
1395:
1328:
1281:
935:
898:
861:
779:
731:
615:
425:
233:
142:
6055:
Van Creveld, Martin. "Technology and War: From 2000 B.C. to the Present". Free Press: 1991.
3836:
he defeated his enemies and by 352, he was firmly in control of this region. The Macedonian
3412:
was a Bronze Age society based on chariot armies. An archaeological study of Shang sites at
2634:, which is similar to a knuckle duster and was used to slit the opponent's throat or belly.
8282:
8000:
7727:
7663:
7615:
7555:
7483:
7013:
6738:
6518:
6164:
5938:
4807:
4603:
4403:
4399:
4308:
4002:
3956:
mercenaries, became the core of the Roman military. By the late Empire, tribes such as the
3783:
3744:
3670:
3604:
Despite the fact that most Greek cities were well fortified (with the notable exception of
2801:
2312:
1786:
1688:
1545:
1540:
1358:
1323:
1058:
878:
736:
672:
526:
496:
93:
5762:
Nara Shiruku Rōdo-haku Kinen Kokusai Kōryū Zaidan; Shiruku Rōdo-gaku Kenkyū Sentā (2007).
4458:
descendant). They are known as the "Punic" Wars because Rome's name for Carthaginians was
8:
8457:
7892:
7849:
7744:
7530:
7520:
7468:
7370:
7360:
7310:
7281:
6655:
6276:
6271:
6159:
6041:
4550:
4185:
3678:
3674:
3297:. Paluvettaraiyar Maravan Kandanar served as a general under Uttama and his predecessor,
3163:
3110:
2897:
they were surpassed by horsemen. During the Persian Empire's height, they even possessed
2739:
2735:
2342:
2186:
2091:
2043:
1637:
1622:
1498:
1385:
1363:
1338:
1298:
1208:
1018:
923:
873:
640:
630:
595:
387:
377:
147:
71:
5360:"The Kingdom of Kush: An African Centre on the Periphery of the Bronze Age World System"
4811:
4589:
The Germanic Wars is a name given to a large series of military engagements between the
4152:. Thus, at one moment they would raise their swords aloft and smite after the manner of
3651:– long and speedy rowing ships which engaged the enemy by ramming and boarding actions.
8159:
7975:
7887:
7854:
7720:
7695:
7595:
7580:
7565:
7525:
7493:
7365:
7216:
7175:
6964:
6406:
6199:
5379:
5159:
5151:
5040:
4909:
4874:
4831:
4652:
4599:
4506:
4337:
4280:
4215:
3944:
was the world's first professional army. It had its origins in the citizen army of the
3664:
3339:, the Pandyas and the Chalukyas of the Deccan. During the next three years, he subdued
3219:. As a result of this treaty, the Maurya Empire was recognized as a great power by the
3200:
3017:
2440:
2182:
1971:
1826:
1746:
1667:
1612:
1587:
1508:
1454:
1420:
1351:
1268:
1178:
1083:
1028:
918:
883:
836:
711:
682:
635:
573:
548:
382:
196:
115:
5106:
The Ancient Mariners: Seafarers and Sea Fighters of the Mediterranean in Ancient Times
4795:
4108:
4067:. Dacia was conquered and transformed into a Roman province in 106 after a long, hard
4001:
into a formidable local power in the 4th century BC. He managed to become king of the
3924:
2997:. At its peak, the kingdom of Kush stretched all the way from Nubia to the Near East.
2698:
battle effort and helping gain victory for them and all pulling their weight as well.
8390:
8300:
7980:
7955:
7950:
7945:
7940:
7927:
7859:
7829:
7809:
7458:
7400:
7223:
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6976:
6952:
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6897:
6613:
6570:
6513:
6438:
6204:
6056:
6045:
6026:
6022:
6007:
6003:
5988:
5973:
5958:
5943:
5923:
5908:
5894:
5879:
5864:
5846:
5830:
5805:
5769:
5715:
5678:
5660:
5643:
5586:
5544:
5481:
5433:
5408:
5383:
5341:
5163:
5051:
5018:
4991:
4964:
4934:
4913:
4878:
4866:
4823:
4764:
4647:
4642:
4514:
4296:
4271:
4104:
3898:
3894:
3882:
3821:
3704:, a spear which was 4–6 meters in length. The sarissa, when held upright by the rear
3644:
3632:
3397:
3151:
3102:
2902:
2894:
2821:
2678:
2333:
2256:
2007:
1916:
1863:
1766:
1756:
1751:
1721:
1704:
1699:
1672:
1617:
1318:
1308:
1303:
1293:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1173:
1143:
1033:
1003:
998:
988:
983:
973:
888:
841:
811:
650:
443:
420:
354:
8109:
5768:. Nara International Foundation Commemorating the Silk Road Exposition. p. 23.
3315:, and a part of Sri Lanka. In the 14th year of his reign (998–999) he conquered the
1976:
8230:
8198:
8134:
8114:
7960:
7912:
7814:
7799:
7754:
7710:
7705:
7678:
7540:
7510:
7478:
7448:
7438:
7196:
7131:
6983:
6925:
6799:
6753:
6743:
6623:
6555:
6535:
6228:
6149:
6144:
5659:
Borza, Eugene N. In the Shadow of Olympus: The Emergence of Macedon, 1990, p. 180,
5371:
5143:
4901:
4858:
4835:
4815:
4796:"Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya"
4769:
4729:
4594:
4542:
4529:
began in 92 BC; wars began under the late Republic, and continued through the
4483:
4373:
4195:
4149:
4013:
3988:
3972:
3705:
3572:
3512:
3348:
3252:
3122:
2901:
from North Africa and distant India. The elite of the Persian Army were the famous
2725:
2490:
2474:
2316:
2198:
2142:
2035:
1981:
1946:
1878:
1771:
1709:
1602:
1530:
1523:
1380:
1313:
1263:
1253:
1128:
1048:
1008:
993:
960:
945:
816:
801:
754:
662:
620:
563:
558:
516:
339:
316:
223:
152:
81:
64:
4892:
Kuznetsov, P.F. (2006). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe".
8405:
8400:
8071:
8066:
7985:
7965:
7794:
7715:
7700:
7646:
7605:
7211:
7143:
6937:
6453:
6391:
6381:
6354:
6319:
5763:
5580:
5134:
Stieglitz, Robert R. (1984). "Long-Distance Seafaring in the Ancient Near East".
4534:
4522:
4501:
resulted in the destruction of Carthage and was fought between 149 BC and 146 BC.
4498:
4476:
4312:
4304:
4118:
3968:
3809:
3524:
3372:
3204:
2960:
2952:
2890:
2571:
2170:
2111:
1791:
1776:
1694:
1650:
1592:
1248:
1243:
1133:
1123:
1038:
1013:
955:
796:
726:
716:
568:
553:
476:
448:
248:
228:
5272:
The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship
5257:
The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship
5242:
The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship
5227:
The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship
5212:
The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship
5194:
The Athenian Trireme: The History and Reconstruction of an Ancient Greek Warship
3948:, which was staffed by citizens serving mandatory duty for Rome. The reforms of
2843:
controlled by the king. Foreign mercenaries were also recruited; first Nubians (
8380:
8355:
8221:
8149:
8046:
8005:
7995:
7970:
7907:
7864:
7732:
7673:
7668:
7641:
7570:
7545:
7488:
7344:
7244:
7003:
6811:
6545:
6364:
6314:
5091:
Essays and Reflections: Naval Warfare in the Ancient World: Myths and Realities
5076:
Essays and Reflections: Naval Warfare in the Ancient World: Myths and Realities
4526:
4349:
4288:
4181:
4094:
4080:
4060:
4051:
were part of the greater Thracian family of peoples. They established a highly
4034:
3945:
3886:
3776:
3571:
of classical Greek antiquity, were already known during the Late Bronze Age by
3437:
3304:
3159:
2835:
2662:
2621:
2547:
2470:
2449:
2232:
2158:
2130:
2059:
2039:
1966:
1714:
1138:
1098:
1076:
1063:
1053:
1023:
940:
893:
696:
687:
578:
531:
511:
501:
471:
438:
326:
283:
238:
110:
43:
5375:
4960:
The end of the Bronze Age: changes in warfare and the catastrophe ca. 1200 B.C
4905:
4513:
The Roman–Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between states of the
3782:
In 356 the Macedonian army advanced further eastward and captured the town of
8471:
8360:
8129:
7839:
7804:
7690:
7683:
7651:
7600:
7575:
7550:
7332:
7298:
7204:
7067:
7040:
7021:
6733:
6540:
6376:
6216:
6189:
4739:
4709:
4582:
4427:
4259:
4177:
3787:
3624:
3504:
3444:
3409:
3298:
3196:
3181:
3167:
2986:
2974:
2932:
2898:
2765:
2670:
2591:
2567:
2358:
2328:
2300:
2265:
2206:
2174:
2146:
2118:
1813:
1801:
1657:
1577:
1493:
1476:
1333:
1188:
1168:
851:
846:
826:
806:
721:
692:
667:
543:
521:
506:
481:
321:
243:
206:
201:
98:
4336:
losing a battle Alexander expanded the boundaries of the known world to the
4164:
8446:
8189:
8061:
8036:
7739:
7658:
7233:
7101:
7091:
7052:
7028:
6773:
6498:
6396:
5933:
4954:
4870:
4827:
4698:
4688:
4659:
4590:
4530:
4518:
4467:
4407:
4230:
4222:
4169:
3949:
3929:
3568:
3528:
3417:
3308:
3290:
3172:
3126:
3098:
3034:
in which extensive use of chariots between inter-tribal wars was found in
2872:
2793:
2657:
2626:
2543:
2406:
2287:
2095:
2087:
2000:
1926:
1906:
1901:
1796:
1741:
1375:
1370:
1193:
1108:
856:
590:
491:
288:
192:
8365:
8041:
7824:
7630:
7560:
7261:
7008:
6728:
6523:
6466:
6401:
6386:
6309:
4734:
4558:
4431:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4395:
4345:
4090:
4052:
3841:
3772:
3640:
3516:
3280:
3276:
3260:
3216:
3212:
3208:
3192:
3130:
3090:
3057:
2848:
2831:
2817:
2587:
2275:
2244:
2194:
2178:
2055:
1911:
1662:
1627:
1466:
1153:
1118:
831:
774:
677:
461:
182:
177:
5861:
With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World.
4862:
4819:
4291:
and the Persian Empire that began around 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC.
4233:
were ambushed and destroyed by an alliance of Germanic tribes headed by
3450:
Warfare became more intense, ruthless and much more decisive during the
2927:
Daggers of bone and copper, 1750-1450 BCE, Kerma, British Museum EA55442
8081:
7897:
7322:
6763:
6638:
6633:
5155:
5038:
Aaron Ralby (2013). "Battle of Kadesh, c. 1274 BCE: Clash of Empires".
4683:
4678:
4439:
4423:
4316:
3941:
3752:
3443:
Formations of the army can be clearly seen from the Terracotta Army of
3233:
3134:
3118:
3106:
2378:
2350:
2338:
2223:
2047:
1868:
1838:
1560:
929:
8375:
4055:
society and, during the periods when the tribes were united under one
3101:
is in the Mahabharatha. From India, war elephants were brought to the
8051:
8024:
7515:
7453:
7170:
6959:
6873:
6858:
6696:
6530:
6488:
6299:
5452:
Jim Hamm. 2000. The Traditional Bowyer's Bible, Volume 3, pp. 138-152
4705:
4664:
4455:
4023:
3994:
3957:
3877:
3873:
3849:
3791:
3756:
3728:
3713:
3312:
3284:
3272:
3256:
3177:
3035:
2982:
2774:
2666:
2631:
2383:
2346:
2308:
2228:
2154:
2107:
2071:
1858:
1682:
1632:
1582:
1572:
1567:
1432:
1223:
1218:
1183:
625:
311:
278:
167:
5147:
3535:
became a powerful political force, thus starting the feudal period.
3520:
8370:
8031:
7585:
7433:
6971:
6748:
6679:
6471:
6324:
6282:
6139:
6121:
6090:
6038:
Lost Battles: Reconstructing The Great Clashes of the Ancient World
5359:
4724:
4714:
4627:
4617:
4602:, led (along with internal strife) to the ultimate downfall of the
4487:
4451:
4430:. The territories conquered by Qin served as the foundation of the
4361:
4234:
4199:
4019:
3976:
3833:
3795:
3682:
3648:
3598:
3593:, Greek infantry, fought with a long spear and a large shield, the
3590:
3493:
3380:
3324:
3241:
3140:
3051:
2990:
2970:
2809:
2583:
2362:
2162:
1873:
1848:
1481:
1113:
1088:
706:
261:
135:
5642:
Cavalry Operations in the Ancient Greek World by Robert E. Gaebel,
5541:
The Kingdom of Kush: Handbook of the Napatan-Meroitic Civilization
3582:–1100 BC). Mycenaean Greek society invested in the development of
3351:. Rajendra later completed the conquest of Sri Lanka, crossed the
2161:. The main division within the ancient period is at the beginning
7782:
7772:
7590:
7535:
7228:
7191:
7114:
7096:
7079:
7062:
6713:
6667:
6508:
6481:
6334:
6329:
6304:
6174:
5123:. Buckinghamshire, U.K.: Shire Publications, Ltd. pp. 59–60.
4848:
4693:
4673:
4637:
4632:
4622:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4056:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4006:
3998:
3764:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3721:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3620:
3616:
3532:
3433:
3376:
3328:
3307:
began his military career with the conquest of the Cheras in the
3264:
3077:
3069:
3039:
3021:
2966:
2940:
2813:
2805:
2686:
2551:
2444:
2240:
2218:
2166:
2126:
1883:
1843:
1607:
1441:
1437:
784:
769:
645:
306:
301:
271:
210:
172:
8086:
8015:
7834:
7789:
7443:
7428:
6920:
6560:
6443:
6184:
6179:
4381:
4377:
4369:
4353:
4141:
4129:
4064:
3869:
3865:
3853:
3845:
3803:
3799:
3763:, a promise he didn't keep. The city fell back in the hands of
3748:
3636:
3605:
3508:
3413:
3360:
3352:
3340:
3320:
3316:
3248:
3185:
2963:', when the royal cemeteries relocated to Meroë around 300 BC.
2956:
2948:
2868:
2864:
2844:
2797:
2789:
2743:
2539:
2202:
2067:
2051:
1390:
791:
608:
344:
4287:
The Greco-Persian Wars were a series of conflicts between the
4168:
Roman bronze figurine depicting a Germanic man adorned with a
3560:
are worn by the warriors depicted in the fresco fragment from
3472:
2361:
in the third millennium BC, from evidence of paintings in the
8345:
7844:
7385:
7380:
6718:
6643:
5181:. Buckinghamshire, U.K.: Shire Publications, Ltd. p. 62.
4365:
4267:
4244:
tactical problems in facing the Gauls and the Germanic tribes
4203:
4122:
3768:
3760:
3594:
3476:
3455:
3336:
3332:
3228:
3224:
3046:
3026:
2994:
2977:
were deployed in Kushite siege warfare; for instance, during
2944:
2936:
2889:
Ancient Persia first emerged as a major military power under
2778:
2652:
2595:
2579:
2563:
2559:
2374:
2357:
Naval warfare in the ancient world can be traced back to the
2304:
2145:. The characteristic properties of medieval warfare, notably
2134:
2122:
2103:
2083:
866:
402:
397:
5214:. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. pp. 31–32.
4987:
Wheeled vehicles and ridden animals in the ancient Near East
4323:. The war lasted 27 years, with a brief truce in the middle.
3436:
created a book that still applies to today's modern armies,
3401:
Museum reconstruction of charioteers in full armor from the
3105:
where they were used in several campaigns. The Persian king
2299:
tended to give rise to a warrior class of specialists and a
6831:
6294:
6289:
4545:
empires shortly after the end of the last war between them.
4491:
4479:
was primarily a naval war fought between 264 BC and 241 BC.
4447:
4211:
and Greece. Instead, the Germanic tribes focused on raids.
4208:
4153:
4133:
4027:
3837:
3368:
3311:. He captured the Pandya ruler Amara Bhujanga, the town of
3240:. Ashoka eventually gave up on warfare after converting to
3237:
2978:
2859:
2770:
2555:
2283:
2248:
2106:, the ancient period is considered to end with the rise of
162:
157:
5446:
4446:
The Punic Wars were a series of three wars fought between
4372:. Ashoka's response to the Kalinga War is recorded in the
3511:
Kingdom. Several battles occurred in these periods as the
7423:
7415:
6125:
5585:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 36.
5244:. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. p. 131.
5229:. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. p. 107.
4963:(new ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 221.
2575:
2063:
states grow in size and become increasingly centralized.
2031:
35:
5765:
Opening up the Silk Road: the Han and the Eurasian world
5340:
Macedonian Warrior Alexander's elite infantryman, p. 41,
5274:. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. p. 97.
5259:. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. p. 30.
5196:. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press. p. 25.
4266:
The Ionian Revolt was a series of conflicts between the
5707:
2054:, allowed warfare to change dramatically. Beginning in
5432:. Oxon: Routledge. pp. 2, 75, 112, 114–117, 120.
4793:
4303:
The Peloponnesian War was begun in 431 BC between the
4128:
The Celts were described by classical writers such as
3920:
Roman infantry tactics, strategy and battle formations
2985:
in the 8th century BC. Other Kushite weapons included
2738:
relief of attack on an enemy town during the reign of
4983:
4521:: the Parthian and the Sassanid. Battles between the
4380:(non-violence) and to Dhamma-Vijaya (victory through
3868:
was firmly in Macedonian hands save the most eastern
3832:
Philip next marched against his southern enemies. In
3779:, which would enable him to finance his future wars.
3681:
were regarded as the most complete well co-ordinated
3088:
describes various military techniques, including the
5455:
5269:
5254:
5239:
5224:
5209:
5191:
3113:(331 BC) fought against Alexander the Great. In the
5618:
Polemos: Warfare in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum)
5270:Morrison, J.S.; Coates, J.F.; Rankov, N.B. (2000).
5255:Morrison, J.S.; Coates, J.F.; Rankov, N.B. (2000).
5240:Morrison, J.S.; Coates, J.F.; Rankov, N.B. (2000).
5225:Morrison, J.S.; Coates, J.F.; Rankov, N.B. (2000).
5210:Morrison, J.S.; Coates, J.F.; Rankov, N.B. (2000).
5192:Morrison, J.S.; Coates, J.F.; Rankov, N.B. (2000).
3097:The world's first recorded military application of
2282:Although chariots have been compared to modern-day
5039:
4172:engaged in prayer. (Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris)
2452:in which a Persian navy destroyed the Greek navy.
2094:, the ancient period ends with the decline of the
5611:"Mycenaean Militarism from a Textual Perspective"
2286:in the role they played on the battlefield, i.e.
2074:, the end of antiquity is often equated with the
8469:
5582:Men of Bronze: Hoplite Warfare in Ancient Greece
3747:'s rule. In 357 BC Philip broke the treaty with
2495:Effective tactics varied greatly, depending on:
2117:Early ancient armies continued to primarily use
5755:
4144:as fighting like "wild beasts", and as hordes.
4059:(82–44 BC, 86–106) posed a major threat to the
2469:force the choice of surrendering or fighting a
2341:bireme depicted in a relief from the Temple of
2181:), and the development of an industry based on
2141:No clear line can be drawn between ancient and
5357:
3631:This pattern of warfare was broken during the
3236:, along with much of Afghanistan and parts of
2542:with light javelin or similar projectile, the
6106:
5970:Prehistoric Warfare in the American Southwest
5578:
5480:. Vol. 1. American Univ in Cairo Press.
5108:. New York: Brett-Macmillan, Ltd. p. 27.
5014:Cavalry operations in the ancient Greek world
2640:Arms and Armour: Traditional Weapons of India
2008:
6019:Imperial Chinese Armies : 200 BC–589 AD
5579:Kagan, Donald; Viggiano, Gregory F. (2013).
5543:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 132–133, 153–184.
5402:
5325:Arms and Armour Traditional Weapons of India
5017:. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 40.
3794:, and which Philip renamed after himself to
3724:and conquered the southern Illyrian tribes.
3295:Niyayam-Uttama-Chola-tterinda-andalakattalar
5037:
4255:Medo-Babylonian war against Assyrian Empire
3259:. In the early 10th century the Chola king
6113:
6099:
5733:
5731:
5566:The Asian Elephant: Ecology and Management
5563:
4348:(265–264 BC) was a war fought between the
4121:appears to have been a regular feature of
3735:'s policy became increasingly aggressive.
3383:from the west and Pandyas from the south.
3109:employed about 50 Indian elephants in the
2193:extent of centralized control, the first "
2015:
2001:
5307:. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell Press.
5302:
5287:
5133:
5093:. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. p. 439.
5078:. Taylor & Francis, Ltd. p. 438.
4891:
4494:and was fought between 218 BC and 202 BC.
2034:that was conducted from the beginning of
16:War through the end of the ancient period
7936:List of military strategies and concepts
4760:History of physical training and fitness
4364:located on the coast of the present-day
4163:
4098:
4085:Warfare in the ancient Iberian Peninsula
3923:
3808:
3610:
3552:
3523:was completely under the control of the
3471:
3458:" for their cavalry units and soldiers.
3396:
2922:
2826:
2729:
2656:
2538:Ancient weapons included the spear, the
2405:
2332:
2270:
2222:
979:List of military strategies and concepts
5825:Anglim, Simon, and Phyllis G. Jestice.
5728:
5608:
5427:
5322:
5292:. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
5088:
5073:
5031:
4248:
4018:The Thracians fought as peltasts using
3967:But there were notable exceptions. The
3739:was already forcefully integrated into
2718:Military history of the Assyrian Empire
2410:reconstruction of ancient Greek Trireme
2268:, allowing them to unify a great area.
2098:(6th century) and the beginning of the
8470:
5743:
5473:
5103:
5010:
4984:Littauer, M.A.; J. H. Crouwel (1979).
3771:. Then he secured possession over the
3759:in exchange for the fortified town of
3623:(right), fighting each other. Ancient
3379:. The Cholas were brought down by the
3283:defeated and killed Parantaka I's son
2455:
6094:
6086:War in ancient Greece: a bibliography
6070:. University of Oklahoma Press: 1999.
5903:Gichon, Mordechai, and Chaim Herzog.
5840:
5714:. Caroll & Graf. pp. 60–63.
5538:
5461:
5336:
5334:
5318:
5316:
5314:
5283:
5281:
5205:
5203:
4953:
4926:
3960:were bribed to serve as mercenaries.
3798:. The Macedonian eastern border with
3515:succession gained importance. By the
2278:bronze models of cavalry and chariots
2247:from around 1800 BC. First pulled by
8452:
6120:
6066:Warry, John Gibson, and John Warry.
6017:Peers, Chris J., and Michael Perry.
5176:
5118:
5069:
5067:
4541:, which devastated the Sassanid and
4321:The History of The Peloponnesian War
3393:Military history of China (pre-1911)
2800:and improved bronze casting. In the
2706:
2303:(an example of which can be seen in
8396:Idealism in international relations
4319:, an Athenian general, in his work
3975:established the Roman empire under
3755:which promised to surrender to the
3481:National Museum of Japanese History
3255:defeated the Pallavas and captured
3199:. In 305 BC, Chandragupta defeated
2951:burials found in their graves. The
13:
6000:Ancient Chinese Armies 1500–200 BC
5972:. University of Utah Press: 1999.
5957:. Indiana University Press: 1999.
5799:
5749:
5358:Hafsaas-Tsakos, Henriette (2009).
5331:
5311:
5278:
5200:
3904:
3654:
2243:, which was initially used in the
14:
8489:
6074:
5064:
3567:In general, most features of the
3538:
3331:and Eastern Mysore, Tadigaipadi,
2742:, 743–720 BC, from his palace at
2377:, Egypt. It shows the victory of
2264:became the central weapon of the
8451:
8441:
8440:
5708:Ellis, Peter Berresford (1998).
5502:"Siege warfare in ancient Egypt"
4933:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 438.
3790:) which was in the hands of the
2764:Throughout most of its history,
2322:
53:
5802:Debating War in Chinese History
5701:
5688:
5670:
5653:
5636:
5602:
5572:
5557:
5532:
5525:The Literature Of Ancient Egypt
5516:
5494:
5467:
5421:
5396:
5364:Norwegian Archaeological Review
5351:
5296:
5263:
5248:
5233:
5218:
5185:
5170:
5127:
5112:
5097:
5082:
4470:across Europe, Asia and Africa.
4113:Archaeological Museum of Kraków
3909:
3840:advanced as far as the pass of
3045:The two great ancient epics of
2562:; hand-to-hand weapons such as
2523:Armament (quantity and quality)
5004:
4977:
4947:
4920:
4885:
4842:
4787:
4239:Battle of the Teutoburg Forest
4043:tribes, located on modern-day
2711:
2392:
2315:. Chariot usage peaked in the
1:
5922:. Thames & Hudson: 2003.
5891:The Great Armies of Antiquity
5845:. Egypt Exploration Society.
5843:Qasr Ibrim: The Ballana Phase
5819:
5698:p. 259 Excerpts from Book XIV
5568:. Cambridge University Press.
5528:(in Arabic). pp. 374 ff.
5290:Arms and Armour of the Greeks
4780:
4610:
4221:Though often defeated by the
3936:, Rome, Italy, 2nd century AD
3814:
3802:was now secured at the river
3700:soldiers in the phalanx with
3576:
3144:
3062:
2701:
2683:Protodynastic Period of Egypt
2665:in the 13th century BC, from
2603:Arms and Armour of the Greeks
2169:(resulting in the decline of
5893:. Praeger Publishing: 2002.
5694:Dionysius of Halicarnassus,
5179:Egyptian Warfare and Weapons
5121:Egyptian Warfare and Weapons
4755:Ancient Mediterranean piracy
4315:. The war was documented by
3343:and the northern kingdom of
3150:–275 BC) was a professor of
3115:Battle of the Hydaspes River
2517:Individual battle experience
2197:" to extend over the entire
7:
7918:Operational manoeuvre group
4930:A Companion to Ancient Egyp
4748:
4329:Wars of Alexander the Great
4159:
4009:with a variety of weapons.
3461:
2460:
2212:
1472:Military–industrial complex
951:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
8494:
8351:Peace and conflict studies
8240:Infantry fighting vehicles
6779:Front; Russian land forces
6081:Evolution of Sling Weapons
5863:Praeger Publishing: 2001.
5841:Adams, William Y. (2013).
5793:
5305:The Archaeology of Weapons
5136:The Biblical Archaeologist
5011:Gaebel, Robert E. (2004).
4311:which included Sparta and
4194:Historical records of the
4175:
4088:
4078:
4032:
4011:
3986:
3982:
3913:
3658:
3597:. Light infantry (psiloi)
3545:Military history of Greece
3542:
3527:clan. Near the end of the
3465:
3390:
3215:, to the Mauryan court at
3009:
2916:
2882:
2834:on his chariot during the
2753:
2715:
2650:
2614:The Archaeology of Weapons
2531:
2527:
2488:
2484:
2416:Herodotus of Halicarnassus
2326:
2216:
21:Ancient Warfare (magazine)
18:
8438:
8406:International cooperation
8338:
8313:
8180:
8173:
8095:
8014:
7926:
7878:
7753:
7629:
7414:
7376:Combat information center
7353:
7274:
7184:
6913:
6906:
6837:Infantry fighting vehicle
6787:
6619:Unified combatant command
6589:
6452:
6264:
6132:
5907:. Greenhill Books: 2002.
5878:. Greenhill Books: 1998.
5376:10.1080/00293650902978590
5323:Jaiwant, Paul E. (2004).
5303:Oakeshott, Ewart (1960).
5042:Atlas of Military History
4906:10.1017/s0003598x00094096
4537:. They were ended by the
4388:Qin's wars of unification
4074:
3934:Column of Marcus Aurelius
3826:Nile mosaic of Palestrina
3601:, served as skirmishers.
3468:Military history of Japan
3408:Ancient China during the
3347:with the help of his son
3012:Military history of India
2959:', was succeeded by the '
2919:Military of ancient Nubia
2878:
2760:Military of ancient Egypt
2756:Military history of Egypt
2646:
2165:with the introduction of
2157:were first introduced in
2102:from the 8th century. In
2042:. The difference between
1536:Loss-of-strength gradient
393:Combat information center
8321:Lists of wars by country
7763:List of military tactics
6881:Self-propelled artillery
6769:Special units by nation:
6212:Protocols and structure:
5987:. Overlook Press: 2003.
5403:O'Connor, David (1993).
5288:Snodgrass, A.M. (1967).
3916:Military History of Rome
3727:After the defeat of the
3425:Spring and Autumn period
3386:
3365:a great naval expedition
3005:
2912:
2885:Military history of Iran
2749:
2722:Military history of Iraq
2114:in the 12–13th century.
1854:Military science fiction
1339:Technology and equipment
760:List of military tactics
8418:International relations
8411:Crimes against humanity
7058:Other infantry weapons:
6774:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy
6345:Functional specialties:
5920:The Complete Roman Army
5428:Edwards, David (2004).
5104:Casson, Lionel (1959).
4927:Lloyd, Alan B. (2010).
3824:, Egypt; detail of the
3661:Ancient Macedonian army
3643:into the city from the
3584:military infrastructure
3367:that occupied parts of
3269:Maravarman Rajasimha II
3032:Battle of the Ten Kings
3000:
2875:and seafaring raiders.
2534:List of ancient weapons
2082:in the 7th century. In
1922:Wartime sexual violence
1678:Full-spectrum dominance
1489:Supply-chain management
8386:Conscientious objector
6494:Special reconnaissance
6234:Awards and decorations
5876:Greece and Rome at War
5539:Török, László (1998).
5474:Dodson, Aidan (1996).
5089:Lazenby, J.F. (1987).
5074:Lazenby, J.F. (1987).
4190:Migration period spear
4173:
4115:
3937:
3829:
3628:
3564:
3484:
3479:wooden armor replica.
3405:
3156:Takshashila University
2928:
2839:
2746:
2674:
2433:
2411:
2354:
2279:
2236:
2100:Muslim conquests there
1834:Awards and decorations
1807:Peace through strength
1782:Low-intensity conflict
1416:Conscientious objector
1289:Area of responsibility
19:For the magazine, see
7406:Torpedo Data Computer
7396:Ship gun fire-control
5955:Ancient Siege Warfare
5918:Goldsworthy, Adrian.
5829:. Dunne Books: 2003.
5609:Palaima, Tom (1999).
5046:. Parragon. pp.
4990:. Brill. p. 98.
4775:Siege (Roman history)
4573:took the role of the
4539:Arab Muslim invasions
4176:Further information:
4167:
4102:
4089:Further information:
3997:turned part of south
3927:
3813:Hellenistic soldiers
3812:
3712:In 358 BC he met the
3614:
3556:
3549:Ancient Greek warfare
3475:
3452:Warring States period
3427:, warfare increased.
3403:Warring States period
3400:
3355:, and marched across
3170:. Chanakya wrote the
3166:, the founder of the
2926:
2830:
2733:
2677:Siege warfare of the
2660:
2429:
2409:
2336:
2274:
2226:
426:Torpedo data computer
416:Ship gun fire-control
8267:Specific modern wars
8215:Vehicles and weapons
8140:Military occupations
6739:Carrier strike group
5953:Kern, Paul Bentley.
5939:A History of Warfare
5905:Battles of the Bible
5889:Gabriel, Richard A.
5859:Bradford, Alfred S.
5737:Tacitus, The Annals
5711:The Celts: A History
5477:Monarchs of the nile
4604:Western Roman Empire
4543:Byzantine East Roman
4309:Peloponnesian League
4249:Notable ancient wars
4107:, third century BC,
3696:Philip provided his
3671:Philip II of Macedon
2511:Positional advantage
2313:New Egyptian Kingdom
1952:Military occupations
1787:Military engineering
1689:Unrestricted Warfare
1546:Force multiplication
444:Military manoeuvrers
8430:Peace organizations
7893:Operations research
7371:Director (military)
7361:Fire-control system
6272:Command and control
6042:Hambledon Continuum
5968:Leblanc, Steven A.
5564:R. Sukumar (1993).
5327:. Roli and Janssen.
4863:10.1038/nature19778
4820:10.1038/nature16477
4812:2016Natur.529..394L
4583:Roman-Germanic Wars
4517:and two successive
4490:'s crossing of the
4186:Anglo-Saxon warfare
4109:La Tène period
4103:Celtic costumes in
3932:marching, from the
3675:Alexander the Great
3669:During the time of
3619:(left) and Persian
3558:Boar's tusk helmets
3223:, and the kings of
3164:Chandragupta Maurya
3111:Battle of Gaugamela
2740:Tiglath-Pileser III
2554:such as the spear,
2456:Tactics and weapons
2292:command and control
2189:, which achieved a
2187:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1638:Penal military unit
1623:Rules of engagement
1299:Command and control
924:Operations research
388:Director (military)
378:Fire-control system
148:Command and control
29:Part of a series on
7888:Military operation
7855:Tactical objective
7366:Fire-control radar
7282:Military equipment
7224:Anti-ship missiles
6576:Electronic-warfare
6439:Military maneuvers
6424:Combat occupations
6200:Commanding officer
6160:Occupational roles
5177:Shaw, Ian (1991).
5119:Shaw, Ian (1991).
4653:Macedonian phalanx
4507:Roman-Persian Wars
4398:against the other
4281:Greco-Persian Wars
4229:. After the three
4174:
4116:
3993:The Illyrian king
3938:
3872:coastal cities of
3830:
3665:Hellenistic armies
3629:
3565:
3485:
3406:
3201:Seleucus I Nicator
3117:, the Indian king
3024:1500–500 BC), the
2929:
2840:
2773:river valley. The
2747:
2675:
2412:
2355:
2343:Fortuna Primigenia
2280:
2237:
2201:(Mesopotamia, the
2183:ferrous metallurgy
2038:to the end of the
1747:Counter-insurgency
1668:Command of the sea
1613:Jewish laws on war
1588:Geneva Conventions
1124:Divide and conquer
919:Military operation
884:Tactical objective
383:Fire-control radar
360:Electronic-warfare
8465:
8464:
8391:Anti-war movement
8334:
8333:
8326:Conflicts by time
7951:Counter-offensive
7941:Military campaign
7860:Target saturation
7810:Counterinsurgency
7459:International law
7401:Gun data computer
7270:
7269:
6607:Armies by country
6571:Close air support
6536:Aircraft carriers
6205:Executive officer
6023:Osprey Publishing
6004:Osprey Publishing
5983:Mayor, Adrienne.
5942:. Vintage: 1993.
5874:Connolly, Peter.
5811:978-90-04-22372-1
5804:. Leiden: Brill.
5775:978-4-916071-61-3
5696:Roman Antiquities
5592:978-1-4008-4630-6
5487:978-97-74-24600-5
5346:978-1-84176-950-9
5057:978-1-4723-0963-1
5024:978-0-8061-3444-4
4997:978-90-04-05953-5
4970:978-0-691-02591-9
4940:978-1-4051-5598-4
4765:Horses in warfare
4515:Greco-Roman world
4356:and the state of
4297:Peloponnesian War
4289:Greek City-States
4105:Przeworsk culture
3930:Roman legionaries
3822:Ptolemaic Kingdom
3767:after an intense
3686:phalanx offered.
3633:Peloponnesian War
3627:, 5th century BC.
3221:Hellenistic World
3152:political science
2903:Persian Immortals
2707:Ancient Near East
2679:ancient Near East
2594:were used during
2520:Individual morale
2257:Ancient Near East
2025:
2024:
1917:Horses in warfare
1864:Anti-war movement
1767:Gunboat diplomacy
1757:Disaster response
1705:Philosophy of war
1700:Principles of war
1673:Deterrence theory
1618:Right of conquest
1541:Lanchester's laws
1309:Principles of war
999:Counter-offensive
984:Military campaign
889:Target saturation
812:Counterinsurgency
421:Gun data computer
355:Close air support
317:Aircraft carriers
8485:
8455:
8454:
8444:
8443:
8421:
8304:
8295:
8286:
8277:
8261:
8252:
8243:
8234:
8225:
8211:
8202:
8193:
8178:
8177:
8120:Military tactics
7961:Defence in depth
7815:Defeat in detail
7511:Armoured warfare
7449:Military science
7239:Close-in weapons
6911:
6910:
6822:Wheeled vehicles
6817:Tracked vehicles
6614:Chain of command
6277:Defense ministry
6115:
6108:
6101:
6092:
6091:
5998:Peers, Chris J.
5856:
5815:
5787:
5786:
5784:
5782:
5759:
5753:
5747:
5741:
5735:
5726:
5725:
5705:
5699:
5692:
5686:
5674:
5668:
5657:
5651:
5640:
5634:
5633:
5631:
5629:
5615:
5606:
5600:
5599:
5576:
5570:
5569:
5561:
5555:
5554:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5509:
5498:
5492:
5491:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5425:
5419:
5418:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5355:
5349:
5338:
5329:
5328:
5320:
5309:
5308:
5300:
5294:
5293:
5285:
5276:
5275:
5267:
5261:
5260:
5252:
5246:
5245:
5237:
5231:
5230:
5222:
5216:
5215:
5207:
5198:
5197:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5131:
5125:
5124:
5116:
5110:
5109:
5101:
5095:
5094:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5071:
5062:
5061:
5045:
5035:
5029:
5028:
5008:
5002:
5001:
4981:
4975:
4974:
4951:
4945:
4944:
4924:
4918:
4917:
4889:
4883:
4882:
4857:(7630): E8–E10.
4846:
4840:
4839:
4806:(7586): 394–98.
4791:
4770:Women in warfare
4643:Persian Immortal
4600:Emperor Honorius
4535:Sassanid empires
4484:Second Punic War
4450:and the city of
4400:six major states
4374:Edicts of Ashoka
4216:irregular troops
4150:military science
4123:Celtic societies
4014:Thracian warfare
3989:Illyrian warfare
3973:Battle of Actium
3928:Relief scene of
3819:
3816:
3581:
3578:
3573:Mycenaean Greeks
3349:Rajendra Chola I
3253:Vijayalaya Chola
3203:, who ruled the
3158:, and later the
3149:
3146:
3129:further east in
3067:
3064:
2812:, and later the
2734:Siege engine in
2726:Warfare in Sumer
2491:Military tactics
2475:Battle of Cannae
2317:Battle of Kadesh
2227:Relief of early
2199:Fertile Crescent
2143:medieval warfare
2080:Muslim conquests
2036:recorded history
2017:
2010:
2003:
1772:Humanitarian aid
1710:Security dilemma
1531:Power projection
1314:Economy of force
1294:Chain of command
1009:Defence in depth
994:Commerce raiding
817:Defeat in detail
153:Defense ministry
57:
48:
47:
38:
26:
25:
8493:
8492:
8488:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8482:
8478:Ancient warfare
8468:
8467:
8466:
8461:
8434:
8415:
8401:Humanitarianism
8330:
8309:
8298:
8289:
8280:
8274:Napoleonic Wars
8271:
8255:
8249:Modern warships
8246:
8237:
8228:
8219:
8205:
8196:
8187:
8174:Other namespace
8169:
8091:
8010:
7922:
7874:
7840:Rapid dominance
7749:
7625:
7410:
7349:
7266:
7212:Naval artillery
7192:Guided missiles
7180:
6902:
6783:
6585:
6448:
6444:Combat training
6392:Security forces
6382:Military police
6320:Airborne forces
6260:
6128:
6119:
6077:
6036:Sabin, Philip.
5853:
5822:
5812:
5796:
5791:
5790:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5760:
5756:
5748:
5744:
5736:
5729:
5722:
5706:
5702:
5693:
5689:
5675:
5671:
5658:
5654:
5641:
5637:
5627:
5625:
5613:
5607:
5603:
5593:
5577:
5573:
5562:
5558:
5551:
5537:
5533:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5507:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5488:
5472:
5468:
5460:
5456:
5451:
5447:
5440:
5430:The Nubian Past
5426:
5422:
5415:
5401:
5397:
5388:
5386:
5356:
5352:
5339:
5332:
5321:
5312:
5301:
5297:
5286:
5279:
5268:
5264:
5253:
5249:
5238:
5234:
5223:
5219:
5208:
5201:
5190:
5186:
5175:
5171:
5148:10.2307/3209914
5132:
5128:
5117:
5113:
5102:
5098:
5087:
5083:
5072:
5065:
5058:
5036:
5032:
5025:
5009:
5005:
4998:
4982:
4978:
4971:
4952:
4948:
4941:
4925:
4921:
4900:(309): 638–45.
4890:
4886:
4847:
4843:
4792:
4788:
4783:
4751:
4746:
4613:
4595:Germanic tribes
4551:Han–Xiongnu War
4523:Parthian Empire
4519:Iranian empires
4499:Third Punic War
4477:First Punic War
4305:Athenian Empire
4251:
4196:Germanic tribes
4192:
4162:
4097:
4087:
4079:Main articles:
4077:
4061:Roman provinces
4037:
4016:
3991:
3985:
3969:First Punic War
3922:
3914:Main articles:
3912:
3907:
3905:Iron Age Europe
3817:
3718:Macedonian army
3667:
3659:Main articles:
3657:
3655:Hellenistic Era
3579:
3569:hoplite panoply
3551:
3543:Main articles:
3541:
3470:
3464:
3395:
3389:
3205:Seleucid Empire
3147:
3121:, who ruled in
3065:
3014:
3008:
3003:
2981:'s invasion of
2961:Meroitic period
2953:Kingdom of Kush
2921:
2915:
2891:Cyrus the Great
2887:
2881:
2762:
2754:Main articles:
2752:
2728:
2716:Main articles:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2655:
2649:
2546:and arrow, the
2536:
2530:
2499:The army's size
2493:
2487:
2463:
2458:
2395:
2366:of propulsion.
2331:
2325:
2221:
2215:
2191:hitherto unseen
2171:chariot warfare
2112:Kamakura period
2028:Ancient warfare
2021:
1992:
1991:
1942:
1932:
1931:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1829:
1819:
1818:
1792:Multilateralism
1777:Law enforcement
1737:
1727:
1726:
1695:Just war theory
1653:
1643:
1642:
1593:Geneva Protocol
1563:
1553:
1552:
1526:
1516:
1515:
1457:
1447:
1446:
1354:
1344:
1343:
1284:
1274:
1273:
1239:
1229:
1228:
1159:Network-centric
1079:
1069:
1068:
976:
966:
965:
914:
904:
903:
852:Rapid dominance
757:
747:
746:
702:Electromagnetic
611:
601:
600:
587:
540:
488:
464:
454:
453:
449:Combat training
430:
407:
373:Combat systems:
369:
331:
327:Auxiliary ships
293:
253:
249:Military police
215:
138:
128:
127:
67:
41:
40:
39:
34:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8491:
8481:
8480:
8463:
8462:
8439:
8436:
8435:
8433:
8432:
8427:
8422:
8413:
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8388:
8383:
8381:Global studies
8378:
8373:
8368:
8363:
8358:
8356:Peace movement
8353:
8348:
8342:
8340:
8336:
8335:
8332:
8331:
8329:
8328:
8323:
8317:
8315:
8311:
8310:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8305:
8296:
8287:
8278:
8264:
8263:
8262:
8253:
8244:
8235:
8226:
8212:
8203:
8194:
8184:
8182:
8175:
8171:
8170:
8168:
8167:
8162:
8157:
8155:Related lists:
8152:
8147:
8142:
8137:
8132:
8127:
8125:History lists:
8122:
8117:
8112:
8107:
8105:Military lists
8101:
8099:
8093:
8092:
8090:
8089:
8084:
8079:
8074:
8072:Defense policy
8069:
8067:Defense budget
8064:
8059:
8057:Public policy:
8054:
8049:
8047:United Nations
8044:
8039:
8034:
8029:
8020:
8018:
8012:
8011:
8009:
8008:
8006:Scorched earth
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7963:
7958:
7953:
7948:
7943:
7938:
7932:
7930:
7924:
7923:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7908:Deep operation
7905:
7900:
7895:
7890:
7884:
7882:
7876:
7875:
7873:
7872:
7867:
7862:
7857:
7852:
7847:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7827:
7822:
7817:
7812:
7807:
7802:
7797:
7792:
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7786:
7785:
7780:
7770:
7765:
7759:
7757:
7751:
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7747:
7742:
7737:
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7713:
7708:
7703:
7698:
7688:
7687:
7686:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7666:
7656:
7655:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7635:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7624:
7623:
7621:Unconventional
7618:
7613:
7608:
7603:
7598:
7593:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7571:Disinformation
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7502:
7501:
7496:
7486:
7481:
7479:Post-classical
7476:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7420:
7418:
7412:
7411:
7409:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7368:
7363:
7357:
7355:
7354:Combat systems
7351:
7350:
7348:
7347:
7345:Field hospital
7342:
7341:
7340:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7319:
7318:
7308:
7307:
7306:
7296:
7295:
7294:
7289:
7278:
7276:
7272:
7271:
7268:
7267:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7226:
7221:
7220:
7219:
7209:
7201:
7200:
7199:
7188:
7186:
7182:
7181:
7179:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7162:
7161:
7156:
7151:
7141:
7140:
7139:
7134:
7129:
7124:
7122:Shoulder-fired
7111:
7110:
7109:
7099:
7094:
7089:
7088:
7087:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7049:
7048:
7038:
7037:
7036:
7026:
7022:Service rifles
7018:
7017:
7016:
7006:
7001:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6969:
6968:
6967:
6957:
6956:
6955:
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6945:
6935:
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6915:
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6904:
6903:
6901:
6900:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6888:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6861:
6856:
6851:
6850:
6849:
6844:
6839:
6834:
6824:
6819:
6814:
6809:
6808:
6807:
6797:
6791:
6789:
6785:
6784:
6782:
6781:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6710:
6709:
6704:
6694:
6693:
6692:
6687:
6677:
6676:
6675:
6665:
6664:
6663:
6653:
6652:
6651:
6641:
6636:
6631:
6626:
6621:
6616:
6611:
6610:
6609:
6604:
6593:
6591:
6587:
6586:
6584:
6583:
6581:Reconnaissance
6578:
6573:
6568:
6563:
6558:
6553:
6548:
6546:Auxiliary ship
6543:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6527:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6485:
6484:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6458:
6456:
6450:
6449:
6447:
6446:
6441:
6436:
6434:Basic training
6431:
6426:
6421:
6416:
6415:
6414:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6365:Reconnaissance
6362:
6357:
6352:
6350:Communications
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6315:Special forces
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6279:
6274:
6268:
6266:
6262:
6261:
6259:
6258:
6253:
6248:
6247:
6246:
6241:
6231:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6214:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6172:
6167:
6162:
6157:
6152:
6147:
6142:
6136:
6134:
6130:
6129:
6118:
6117:
6110:
6103:
6095:
6089:
6088:
6083:
6076:
6075:External links
6073:
6072:
6071:
6064:
6053:
6034:
6015:
5996:
5981:
5966:
5951:
5931:
5916:
5901:
5887:
5872:
5857:
5852:978-0856982163
5851:
5838:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5810:
5795:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5774:
5754:
5742:
5727:
5720:
5700:
5687:
5677:(Editor),1992,
5669:
5652:
5635:
5601:
5591:
5571:
5556:
5549:
5531:
5515:
5493:
5486:
5466:
5464:, p. 138.
5454:
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5420:
5413:
5395:
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5310:
5295:
5277:
5262:
5247:
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5199:
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5169:
5126:
5111:
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5081:
5063:
5056:
5030:
5023:
5003:
4996:
4976:
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4939:
4919:
4884:
4841:
4785:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4744:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4703:
4702:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4667:
4657:
4656:
4655:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4607:
4586:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4554:
4553:
4547:
4546:
4527:Roman Republic
4510:
4509:
4503:
4502:
4495:
4486:is famous for
4480:
4472:
4471:
4443:
4442:
4436:
4435:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4350:Mauryan Empire
4342:
4341:
4332:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4300:
4299:
4293:
4292:
4284:
4283:
4277:
4276:
4272:Persian Empire
4263:
4262:
4257:
4250:
4247:
4182:Gothic warfare
4161:
4158:
4119:Tribal warfare
4095:Gaelic warfare
4081:Celtic warfare
4076:
4073:
4035:Dacian warfare
4033:Main article:
4012:Main article:
3987:Main article:
3984:
3981:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3844:which divides
3777:Mount Pangaeus
3656:
3653:
3641:shipping grain
3540:
3539:Ancient Greece
3537:
3466:Main article:
3463:
3460:
3438:The Art of War
3391:Main article:
3388:
3385:
3363:. He sent out
3305:Rajaraja Chola
3287:in about 949.
3188:(304–232 BC).
3182:assassinations
3160:prime minister
3103:Persian Empire
3010:Main article:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2917:Main article:
2914:
2911:
2895:Persian Empire
2883:Main article:
2880:
2877:
2836:siege of Dapur
2751:
2748:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2663:siege of Dapur
2651:Main article:
2648:
2645:
2592:battering rams
2532:Main article:
2529:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2515:
2512:
2509:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2489:Main article:
2486:
2483:
2471:pitched battle
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2450:Battle of Lade
2394:
2391:
2327:Main article:
2324:
2321:
2233:Standard of Ur
2217:Main article:
2214:
2211:
2159:Late Antiquity
2090:in 618 AD. In
2040:ancient period
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2005:
1997:
1994:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1957:Military terms
1954:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1887:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1715:Tripwire force
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1564:
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1551:
1550:
1549:
1548:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1518:
1517:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1506:
1501:
1491:
1486:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1469:
1464:
1458:
1453:
1452:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1444:
1435:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1418:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1355:
1350:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1285:
1280:
1279:
1276:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1237:Administrative
1235:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1164:New generation
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1141:
1139:Fleet in being
1136:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1080:
1077:Grand strategy
1075:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1064:Scorched earth
1061:
1056:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1001:
996:
991:
986:
977:
972:
971:
968:
967:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
941:Deep operation
938:
933:
926:
921:
915:
910:
909:
906:
905:
902:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
870:
869:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
819:
814:
809:
804:
799:
794:
789:
788:
787:
782:
777:
767:
758:
753:
752:
749:
748:
745:
744:
742:Unconventional
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
704:
699:
690:
688:Disinformation
685:
680:
675:
670:
665:
660:
659:
658:
653:
643:
638:
633:
628:
623:
618:
612:
607:
606:
603:
602:
599:
598:
593:
586:
585:
584:
583:
582:
581:
571:
566:
561:
556:
551:
539:
538:
537:
536:
535:
534:
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
487:
486:
485:
484:
479:
474:
465:
460:
459:
456:
455:
452:
451:
446:
441:
439:Basic training
436:
429:
428:
423:
418:
413:
406:
405:
400:
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
368:
367:
365:Reconnaissance
362:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
330:
329:
324:
319:
314:
309:
304:
299:
292:
291:
286:
284:Special forces
281:
276:
275:
274:
264:
259:
252:
251:
246:
241:
239:Reconnaissance
236:
231:
226:
221:
214:
213:
204:
199:
190:
185:
180:
175:
170:
165:
160:
155:
150:
145:
139:
134:
133:
130:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
118:
108:
107:
106:
101:
91:
90:
89:
82:Post-classical
79:
74:
68:
63:
62:
59:
58:
50:
49:
31:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8490:
8479:
8476:
8475:
8473:
8460:
8459:
8449:
8448:
8437:
8431:
8428:
8426:
8423:
8419:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8387:
8384:
8382:
8379:
8377:
8374:
8372:
8369:
8367:
8364:
8362:
8361:Peace process
8359:
8357:
8354:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8337:
8327:
8324:
8322:
8319:
8318:
8316:
8312:
8302:
8297:
8293:
8288:
8284:
8279:
8275:
8270:
8269:
8268:
8265:
8259:
8254:
8250:
8245:
8241:
8236:
8232:
8227:
8223:
8218:
8217:
8216:
8213:
8209:
8204:
8200:
8195:
8191:
8186:
8185:
8183:
8179:
8176:
8172:
8166:
8163:
8161:
8158:
8156:
8153:
8151:
8148:
8146:
8143:
8141:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8102:
8100:
8098:
8094:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8053:
8050:
8048:
8045:
8043:
8040:
8038:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8028:
8026:
8022:
8021:
8019:
8017:
8013:
8007:
8004:
8002:
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7962:
7959:
7957:
7954:
7952:
7949:
7947:
7944:
7942:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7933:
7931:
7929:
7925:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7903:Expeditionary
7901:
7899:
7896:
7894:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7885:
7883:
7881:
7877:
7871:
7868:
7866:
7863:
7861:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7816:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7806:
7805:Counterattack
7803:
7801:
7798:
7796:
7793:
7791:
7788:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7775:
7774:
7771:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7761:
7760:
7758:
7756:
7752:
7746:
7743:
7741:
7738:
7734:
7731:
7730:
7729:
7726:
7722:
7719:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7692:
7689:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7662:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7653:
7650:
7648:
7645:
7643:
7640:
7639:
7637:
7636:
7634:
7632:
7628:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7614:
7612:
7611:Psychological
7609:
7607:
7604:
7602:
7599:
7597:
7594:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7551:Combined arms
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7512:
7509:
7507:
7504:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7491:
7490:
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7475:
7472:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7421:
7419:
7417:
7413:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7372:
7369:
7367:
7364:
7362:
7359:
7358:
7356:
7352:
7346:
7343:
7339:
7336:
7335:
7334:
7333:Military base
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7305:
7302:
7301:
7300:
7297:
7293:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7284:
7283:
7280:
7279:
7277:
7273:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7248:
7246:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7234:Depth charges
7232:
7230:
7227:
7225:
7222:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7206:
7202:
7198:
7195:
7194:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7183:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7160:
7157:
7155:
7152:
7150:
7147:
7146:
7145:
7142:
7138:
7135:
7133:
7130:
7128:
7125:
7123:
7120:
7119:
7118:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7105:
7104:
7103:
7100:
7098:
7095:
7093:
7090:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7081:
7078:
7074:
7071:
7070:
7069:
7068:Anti-tank gun
7066:
7064:
7061:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7047:
7044:
7043:
7042:
7041:Assault rifle
7039:
7035:
7032:
7031:
7030:
7029:Battle rifles
7027:
7025:
7023:
7019:
7015:
7012:
7011:
7010:
7007:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6998:
6997:Infantry guns
6994:
6990:
6987:
6986:
6985:
6982:
6978:
6975:
6974:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6962:
6961:
6958:
6954:
6951:
6949:
6946:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6936:
6934:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6923:
6922:
6919:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6905:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6891:Anti-aircraft
6889:
6887:
6884:
6883:
6882:
6879:
6875:
6872:
6870:
6867:
6866:
6865:
6862:
6860:
6857:
6855:
6852:
6848:
6845:
6843:
6840:
6838:
6835:
6833:
6830:
6829:
6828:
6825:
6823:
6820:
6818:
6815:
6813:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6802:
6801:
6798:
6796:
6793:
6792:
6790:
6786:
6780:
6777:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6767:
6765:
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6730:
6727:
6725:
6722:
6720:
6717:
6715:
6712:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6670:
6669:
6666:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6654:
6650:
6647:
6646:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6635:
6632:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6624:General staff
6622:
6620:
6617:
6615:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6592:
6588:
6582:
6579:
6577:
6574:
6572:
6569:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6547:
6544:
6542:
6541:Landing craft
6539:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6522:
6520:
6517:
6515:
6512:
6511:
6510:
6507:
6505:
6502:
6500:
6497:
6495:
6492:
6490:
6487:
6483:
6480:
6479:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6459:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6445:
6442:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6413:
6410:
6409:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6311:
6308:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6284:
6280:
6278:
6275:
6273:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6263:
6257:
6254:
6252:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6236:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6223:
6220:
6219:
6218:
6215:
6213:
6210:
6209:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6190:Enlisted rank
6188:
6186:
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6166:
6163:
6161:
6158:
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6127:
6123:
6116:
6111:
6109:
6104:
6102:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6087:
6084:
6082:
6079:
6078:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6061:0-02-933153-6
6058:
6054:
6051:
6050:1-84725-187-0
6047:
6043:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6031:1-85532-514-4
6028:
6024:
6020:
6016:
6013:
6012:0-85045-942-7
6009:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5994:
5993:1-58567-348-X
5990:
5986:
5982:
5979:
5978:0-87480-581-3
5975:
5971:
5967:
5964:
5963:0-253-33546-9
5960:
5956:
5952:
5949:
5948:0-679-73082-6
5945:
5941:
5940:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5928:0-500-05124-0
5925:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5913:1-85367-477-X
5910:
5906:
5902:
5900:
5899:0-275-97809-5
5896:
5892:
5888:
5885:
5884:1-85367-303-X
5881:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5869:0-275-95259-2
5866:
5862:
5858:
5854:
5848:
5844:
5839:
5836:
5835:0-312-30932-5
5832:
5828:
5824:
5823:
5813:
5807:
5803:
5798:
5797:
5777:
5771:
5767:
5766:
5758:
5751:
5746:
5740:
5734:
5732:
5723:
5721:0-7867-1211-2
5717:
5713:
5710:
5704:
5697:
5691:
5684:
5683:0-521-22717-8
5680:
5673:
5666:
5665:0-691-00880-9
5662:
5656:
5649:
5648:0-8061-3444-5
5645:
5639:
5623:
5619:
5612:
5605:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5584:
5583:
5575:
5567:
5560:
5552:
5550:90-04-10448-8
5546:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5526:
5519:
5503:
5497:
5489:
5483:
5479:
5478:
5470:
5463:
5458:
5449:
5441:
5439:9780415369886
5435:
5431:
5424:
5416:
5414:09-24-17128-6
5410:
5406:
5399:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5369:
5365:
5361:
5354:
5347:
5343:
5337:
5335:
5326:
5319:
5317:
5315:
5306:
5299:
5291:
5284:
5282:
5273:
5266:
5258:
5251:
5243:
5236:
5228:
5221:
5213:
5206:
5204:
5195:
5188:
5180:
5173:
5165:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5142:(3): 136–37.
5141:
5137:
5130:
5122:
5115:
5107:
5100:
5092:
5085:
5077:
5070:
5068:
5059:
5053:
5049:
5044:
5043:
5034:
5026:
5020:
5016:
5015:
5007:
4999:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4980:
4972:
4966:
4962:
4961:
4956:
4955:Drews, Robert
4950:
4942:
4936:
4932:
4931:
4923:
4915:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4899:
4895:
4888:
4880:
4876:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4837:
4833:
4829:
4825:
4821:
4817:
4813:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4797:
4790:
4786:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4741:
4740:Battering ram
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4710:siege engines
4707:
4704:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4672:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4654:
4651:
4650:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4620:
4619:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4601:
4596:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4524:
4520:
4516:
4512:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4428:Yangtze River
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4386:
4383:
4379:
4375:
4371:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4351:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4334:
4333:
4330:
4327:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4301:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4278:
4273:
4269:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4260:Ionian Revolt
4258:
4256:
4253:
4252:
4246:
4245:
4240:
4236:
4232:
4231:Roman legions
4228:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4212:
4210:
4205:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4178:Germanic Wars
4171:
4166:
4157:
4155:
4151:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4124:
4120:
4114:
4110:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4050:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3970:
3965:
3961:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3947:
3943:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3917:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3861:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3827:
3823:
3818: 100 BC
3811:
3807:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3786:(near modern
3785:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3751:and attacked
3750:
3746:
3742:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3694:
3692:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3672:
3666:
3662:
3652:
3650:
3646:
3642:
3638:
3634:
3626:
3625:Nolan amphora
3622:
3618:
3613:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3587:
3585:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3546:
3536:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3505:Yamato period
3501:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3453:
3448:
3446:
3445:Qin Shi Huang
3441:
3439:
3435:
3430:
3426:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3410:Shang dynasty
3404:
3399:
3394:
3384:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3263:defeated the
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3226:
3222:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3197:Bay of Bengal
3194:
3189:
3187:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3174:
3169:
3168:Maurya Empire
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3142:
3138:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3099:war elephants
3095:
3093:
3092:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3013:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2987:War Elephants
2984:
2980:
2976:
2975:Siege engines
2972:
2968:
2964:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2933:Kerma culture
2925:
2920:
2910:
2906:
2904:
2900:
2899:war elephants
2896:
2892:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2861:
2856:
2852:
2850:
2846:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2786:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2766:ancient Egypt
2761:
2757:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2661:The Egyptian
2659:
2654:
2644:
2641:
2635:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2617:
2615:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2599:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2535:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2492:
2482:
2478:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2453:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2417:
2408:
2404:
2401:
2390:
2386:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2359:Mediterranean
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2329:Naval warfare
2323:Naval warfare
2320:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:feudal system
2296:
2293:
2289:
2288:shock attacks
2285:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2267:
2266:Shang dynasty
2263:
2258:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2234:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2175:naval warfare
2172:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2151:siege engines
2148:
2147:heavy cavalry
2144:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2115:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1893:
1892:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:Warrior caste
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1822:
1815:
1814:Show of force
1812:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1802:Peacebuilding
1800:
1799:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1739:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1658:Air supremacy
1656:
1655:
1652:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1598:Islamic rules
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1578:Court-martial
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1562:
1557:
1556:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1520:
1519:
1510:
1507:
1505:
1502:
1500:
1497:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1477:Arms industry
1475:
1474:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1459:
1456:
1451:
1450:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1417:
1414:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1394:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1277:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1094:Broken-backed
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1002:
1000:
997:
995:
992:
990:
987:
985:
982:
981:
980:
975:
970:
969:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
936:Expeditionary
934:
932:
931:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
916:
913:
908:
907:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
868:
865:
864:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
808:
807:Counterattack
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
793:
790:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
772:
771:
768:
766:
763:
762:
761:
756:
751:
750:
743:
740:
738:
735:
733:
732:Psychological
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
703:
700:
698:
694:
691:
689:
686:
684:
681:
679:
676:
674:
671:
669:
668:Combined arms
666:
664:
661:
657:
654:
652:
649:
648:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
622:
619:
617:
614:
613:
610:
605:
604:
597:
594:
592:
589:
588:
580:
577:
576:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
545:
542:
541:
533:
530:
529:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
507:Fortification
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
494:
493:
490:
489:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
469:
467:
466:
463:
458:
457:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
370:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
348:
346:
343:
341:
338:
336:
333:
332:
328:
325:
323:
322:Landing craft
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
294:
290:
287:
285:
282:
280:
277:
273:
270:
269:
268:
265:
263:
260:
258:
255:
254:
250:
247:
245:
242:
240:
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
216:
212:
208:
207:Standing army
205:
203:
200:
198:
194:
191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
174:
171:
169:
166:
164:
161:
159:
156:
154:
151:
149:
146:
144:
141:
140:
137:
132:
131:
122:
119:
117:
114:
113:
112:
109:
105:
102:
100:
99:pike and shot
97:
96:
95:
92:
88:
85:
84:
83:
80:
78:
75:
73:
70:
69:
66:
61:
60:
56:
52:
51:
45:
37:
33:
32:
28:
27:
22:
8456:
8445:
8424:
8420:}}
8416:{{
8303:}}
8299:{{
8294:}}
8292:World War II
8290:{{
8285:}}
8281:{{
8276:}}
8272:{{
8266:
8260:}}
8256:{{
8251:}}
8247:{{
8242:}}
8238:{{
8233:}}
8229:{{
8224:}}
8220:{{
8214:
8210:}}
8206:{{
8201:}}
8197:{{
8192:}}
8188:{{
8154:
8124:
8104:
8076:
8062:Conscription
8056:
8037:Peace treaty
8023:
7728:Subterranean
7616:Radiological
7556:Conventional
7505:
7484:Early modern
7473:
7463:
7390:
7327:
7243:
7203:
7165:
7148:
7113:
7102:Combat knife
7092:Flamethrower
7057:
7053:Sniper rifle
7020:
7009:Machine guns
6995:
6932:
6794:
6768:
6758:
6723:
6628:
6597:Organization
6550:
6504:Naval units:
6503:
6499:Signal corps
6461:
6429:Development:
6428:
6418:
6397:Border guard
6360:Intelligence
6344:
6283:Armed Forces
6281:
6250:
6211:
6169:
6067:
6037:
6018:
5999:
5984:
5969:
5954:
5937:
5934:Keegan, John
5919:
5904:
5890:
5875:
5860:
5842:
5826:
5801:
5779:. Retrieved
5764:
5757:
5745:
5712:
5709:
5703:
5695:
5690:
5672:
5655:
5638:
5626:. Retrieved
5621:
5617:
5604:
5596:
5581:
5574:
5565:
5559:
5540:
5534:
5524:
5518:
5506:. Retrieved
5504:. Tour Egypt
5496:
5476:
5469:
5457:
5448:
5429:
5423:
5404:
5398:
5387:. Retrieved
5370:(1): 50–70.
5367:
5363:
5353:
5324:
5304:
5298:
5289:
5271:
5265:
5256:
5250:
5241:
5235:
5226:
5220:
5211:
5193:
5187:
5178:
5172:
5139:
5135:
5129:
5120:
5114:
5105:
5099:
5090:
5084:
5075:
5041:
5033:
5013:
5006:
4986:
4979:
4959:
4949:
4929:
4922:
4897:
4893:
4887:
4854:
4850:
4844:
4803:
4799:
4789:
4699:War elephant
4689:Horse archer
4593:and various
4468:Roman Empire
4463:
4459:
4320:
4220:
4213:
4202:east of the
4193:
4170:Suebian knot
4127:
4117:
4038:
4017:
3992:
3966:
3962:
3954:
3939:
3910:Roman Empire
3892:
3862:
3831:
3781:
3726:
3711:
3695:
3688:
3668:
3630:
3603:
3588:
3566:
3529:Heian period
3502:
3498:
3490:
3486:
3449:
3442:
3428:
3422:
3407:
3309:Kandalur War
3303:
3294:
3291:Uttama Chola
3289:
3271:and invaded
3246:
3190:
3173:Arthashastra
3171:
3139:
3127:Nanda Empire
3096:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3073:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3025:
3018:Vedic period
3015:
2965:
2930:
2907:
2888:
2873:Ramesses III
2857:
2853:
2841:
2794:sickle sword
2787:
2783:
2763:
2696:
2692:
2676:
2639:
2636:
2627:Ayudha katti
2618:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2602:
2600:
2588:siege towers
2537:
2494:
2479:
2467:
2464:
2441:Persian Wars
2438:
2434:
2430:
2425:
2421:
2413:
2399:
2396:
2387:
2371:Medinet Habu
2368:
2356:
2297:
2281:
2254:
2238:
2235:, c. 2500 BC
2153:such as the
2140:
2116:
2096:Gupta Empire
2088:Tang dynasty
2076:Fall of Rome
2065:
2027:
2026:
1927:Fifth column
1907:War resister
1902:Women in war
1797:Peacekeeping
1742:Arms control
1687:
1376:Mobilization
1371:Conscription
1329:Intelligence
1282:Organization
928:
857:Encirclement
737:Radiological
673:Conventional
527:Subterranean
434:Development:
433:
410:
372:
334:
297:Naval units:
296:
289:Signal corps
256:
234:Intelligence
219:Specialties:
218:
143:Organization
94:Early modern
76:
8425:Categories:
8366:Disarmament
8283:World War I
8042:Cooperation
7956:Culminating
7880:Operational
7825:Envelopment
7745:Information
7664:Cold-region
7631:Battlespace
7489:Late modern
7469:Prehistoric
7391:Historical:
7328:Facilities:
6854:Armored car
6729:Naval fleet
6467:Combat arms
6462:Land units:
6419:Categories:
6402:Coast guard
6387:Gendarmerie
6310:Space force
6251:Categories:
6165:Recruitment
4735:Siege tower
4360:, a feudal
4346:Kalinga War
4338:Greek World
4091:Gallic Wars
4053:militarized
3842:Thermopylae
3679:Macedonians
3580: 1600
3517:Nara period
3281:Krishna III
3277:Rashtrakuta
3261:Parantaka I
3217:Pataliputra
3213:Megasthenes
3209:Afghanistan
3193:Arabian Sea
3162:of emperor
3091:Chakravyuha
3086:Mahabharata
3066: 1000
3058:Mahabharata
3016:During the
2947:as well as
2858:Within the
2849:Elephantine
2832:Ramesses II
2818:Babylonians
2802:New Kingdom
2712:Mesopotamia
2514:Skill level
2508:The weather
2393:The trireme
2339:Roman naval
2276:Han dynasty
2245:Middle East
2195:world power
2179:Sea Peoples
2056:Mesopotamia
2050:, and then
2048:city-states
2044:prehistoric
1912:War studies
1735:Non-warfare
1663:Appeasement
1628:Martial law
1467:War economy
1406:Transgender
1359:Recruitment
1119:Containment
1004:Culminating
912:Operational
832:Envelopment
775:Air assault
656:Air cavalry
616:Air defence
596:Information
497:Cold-region
462:Battlespace
411:Historical:
257:Land units:
183:Space force
178:Coast guard
111:Late modern
72:Prehistoric
8314:Categories
8160:War crimes
8145:Operations
8082:Government
7898:Blitzkrieg
7870:Withdrawal
7721:Underwater
7696:Amphibious
7638:Aerospace
7581:Electronic
7531:Camouflage
7526:Biological
7499:fourth-gen
7494:industrial
7323:Body armor
7311:Camouflage
7292:By country
7137:By country
6948:By country
6933:Artillery:
6847:By country
6764:Combat box
6734:Task force
6702:By country
6685:By country
6639:Field army
6634:Army group
6602:By country
6551:Air units:
6531:Submarines
6412:By country
6239:By country
6155:Technology
5820:Literature
5781:2 February
5628:14 October
5462:Adams 2013
5389:2016-06-08
4781:References
4684:Clibanarii
4679:Cataphract
4611:Unit types
4559:Han empire
4456:Phoenician
4440:Punic Wars
4432:Qin Empire
4317:Thucydides
4154:wild boars
4003:Dardanians
3942:Roman army
3895:Companions
3775:of nearby
3773:gold mines
3753:Amphipolis
3698:Macedonian
3503:The early
3234:South Asia
3148: 350
3107:Darius III
3076:describes
2702:By culture
2566:, spears,
2502:Unit types
2379:Ramses III
2351:Palastrina
2229:war wagons
1972:War crimes
1962:Operations
1869:Foot drill
1839:Battle cry
1752:deterrence
1411:Harassment
1386:Specialism
1209:Technology
1204:Succession
1149:Liberation
1084:Asymmetric
1019:Empty fort
930:Blitzkrieg
899:Withdrawal
862:Investment
641:Camouflage
636:Biological
574:Underwater
549:Amphibious
468:Aerospace
335:Air units:
312:Submarines
121:fourth-gen
116:industrial
104:napoleonic
8181:Templates
8052:Mediation
8032:Alliances
8025:Diplomacy
8001:Offensive
7981:Defensive
7976:Deception
7946:Attrition
7830:Guerrilla
7778:Airbridge
7596:Loitering
7516:Artillery
7454:Diplomacy
7275:Equipment
7229:Torpedoes
7171:Land mine
7127:Anti-tank
6960:Field gun
6938:Artillery
6874:Gun truck
6859:Scout car
6697:Battalion
6590:Structure
6489:Artillery
6407:Logistics
6355:Engineers
6300:Air force
5384:154430884
5164:130072563
4914:162580424
4894:Antiquity
4879:205250945
4706:Artillery
4665:Legionary
4396:Qin state
4368:state of
4146:Dionysius
4138:Pausanias
4063:of Lower
4024:Rhomphaia
3995:Bardyllis
3958:Visigoths
3878:Perinthus
3874:Byzantium
3850:Athenians
3806:(Mesta).
3792:Thracians
3765:Macedonia
3757:Athenians
3729:Illyrians
3714:Illyrians
3693:phalanx.
3513:Emperor's
3429:Zuo zhuan
3313:Vizhinjam
3285:Rajaditya
3273:Sri Lanka
3257:Thanjavur
3178:espionage
3036:Mandala 7
2983:Ashmunein
2973:in Kush.
2814:Assyrians
2775:Egyptians
2667:Ramesseum
2584:Catapults
2400:The Iliad
2384:Ramses II
2347:Praeneste
2309:The Iliad
2155:trebuchet
2108:feudalism
2072:Near East
1859:War novel
1762:Grey-zone
1722:War games
1683:Overmatch
1633:War crime
1583:Desertion
1573:Ceasefire
1568:Armistice
1455:Logistics
1433:Mercenary
1421:Volunteer
1352:Personnel
1324:Engineers
1269:Sociology
1224:World war
1219:Total war
1199:Strategic
1189:Religious
1174:Political
1169:Perpetual
1144:Irregular
1059:Offensive
1034:Defensive
1029:Deception
989:Attrition
842:Guerrilla
837:Formation
780:Airbridge
712:Loitering
626:Artillery
279:Artillery
229:Engineers
197:Irregular
168:Air force
8472:Category
8447:Category
8371:Pacifism
8301:Cold War
8258:Aircraft
8077:Related:
7928:Strategy
7913:Maneuver
7850:Swarming
7679:Mountain
7647:Airborne
7586:Infantry
7541:Chemical
7506:By type:
7434:Strategy
7257:Missiles
7185:Sea/Air:
7154:Infantry
7115:Missiles
6972:Howitzer
6788:Vehicles
6754:Squadron
6749:Flotilla
6744:Division
6680:Regiment
6656:Division
6556:Fighters
6519:Littoral
6509:Warships
6472:Infantry
6454:Branches
6340:Reserves
6325:Commando
6229:Uniforms
6140:Military
6133:Concepts
6122:Military
6044:: 2007.
6025:: 1995.
6006:: 1990.
5624:: 367–78
4957:(1995).
4871:27882979
4828:26791728
4749:See also
4725:Ballista
4715:Catapult
4628:Slingman
4618:Infantry
4561:and the
4525:and the
4488:Hannibal
4452:Carthage
4362:republic
4307:and the
4270:and the
4235:Arminius
4200:Germania
4160:Germanic
4020:javelins
4007:peltasts
3977:Augustus
3946:Republic
3887:Persians
3858:Achaeans
3854:Spartans
3834:Thessaly
3796:Philippi
3784:Crenides
3720:invaded
3683:military
3649:triremes
3599:peltasts
3591:Hoplites
3562:Akrotiri
3494:naginata
3462:Japanese
3381:Hoysalas
3325:Nolambas
3242:Buddhism
3141:Chanakya
3131:northern
3082:Ramayana
3074:Ramayana
3052:Ramayana
2991:chariots
2971:crossbow
2867:capital
2810:Hittites
2736:Assyrian
2687:Assyrian
2632:Baghnakh
2552:polearms
2461:Strategy
2445:triremes
2363:Cyclades
2262:chariots
2213:Chariots
2163:Iron Age
2070:and the
1874:War song
1849:War film
1482:Materiel
1401:Children
1381:Training
1319:Medicine
1304:Doctrine
1259:Training
1194:Resource
1179:Princely
1129:Economic
1114:Conquest
1109:Colonial
1104:Cold war
1089:Blockade
974:Strategy
946:Maneuver
707:Infantry
663:Chemical
517:Mountain
477:Airborne
340:Fighters
307:Warships
262:Infantry
188:Reserves
136:Military
8458:Commons
8376:Détente
8339:Related
8231:Weapons
8199:Weapons
8165:Writers
8135:Battles
8115:Weapons
7820:Foxhole
7795:Cavalry
7783:Airdrop
7773:Airlift
7755:Tactics
7716:Surface
7606:Nuclear
7591:Lawfare
7536:Cavalry
7521:Barrage
7474:Ancient
7464:By era:
7439:Tactics
7416:Warfare
7097:Bayonet
7080:Grenade
7063:Bazooka
7004:Pistols
6953:Battery
6921:Weapons
6907:Weapons
6795:Ground:
6714:Platoon
6707:By type
6690:By type
6673:By type
6668:Brigade
6566:Command
6561:Bombers
6514:Surface
6482:Cavalry
6377:Medical
6335:Militia
6330:Frogman
6305:Marines
6244:Highest
6195:Officer
6175:Soldier
6150:History
6145:Service
5794:Sources
5750:Wu 2013
5156:3209914
4836:4462435
4808:Bibcode
4730:Scorpio
4694:Chariot
4674:Cavalry
4648:Phalanx
4638:Hoplite
4633:Peltast
4623:Archery
4575:Xiongnu
4571:Xianbei
4567:Xiongnu
4563:Xiongnu
4462:(older
4358:Kalinga
4313:Corinth
4237:at the
4227:command
4049:Moldova
4045:Romania
3999:Illyria
3983:Balkans
3883:Persian
3741:Macedon
3737:Paeonia
3733:Macedon
3722:Illyria
3702:sarissa
3691:hoplite
3635:, when
3621:warrior
3617:hoplite
3533:samurai
3434:Sun Tzu
3423:In the
3377:Sumatra
3357:Kalinga
3345:Kalinga
3329:Bellary
3299:Sundara
3265:Pandyan
3195:to the
3135:eastern
3078:Ayodhya
3070:Valmiki
3040:Rigveda
3038:of the
2957:Napatan
2941:daggers
2822:phalanx
2806:Mitanni
2796:, body
2560:javelin
2528:Weapons
2505:Terrain
2485:Tactics
2373:, near
2241:chariot
2231:on the
2219:Chariot
2167:cavalry
2131:Turkana
2127:Nataruk
2110:in the
2052:empires
1987:Writers
1982:Weapons
1947:Battles
1896:Related
1884:Wargame
1879:Uniform
1827:Culture
1608:Perfidy
1603:Justice
1524:Science
1509:Outpost
1462:History
1442:Warrior
1438:Soldier
1426:foreign
1364:counter
1264:Service
1214:Theater
1154:Limited
1134:Endemic
1049:Nuclear
822:Foxhole
797:Cavalry
785:Airdrop
770:Airlift
755:Tactics
727:Nuclear
717:Missile
646:Cavalry
631:Barrage
609:Weapons
569:Surface
350:Command
345:Bombers
302:Frogman
272:Cavalry
244:Medical
211:Militia
193:Regular
173:Marines
87:castles
77:Ancient
65:History
44:outline
8450:
8150:Sieges
8087:Nation
8016:Policy
7971:Mosaic
7966:Fabian
7865:Trench
7835:Morale
7800:Charge
7790:Battle
7768:Aerial
7733:Tunnel
7674:Jungle
7669:Desert
7566:Denial
7444:Combat
7429:Battle
7299:Helmet
7245:Aerial
7176:Shells
7166:Other:
7149:Lists:
7144:Mortar
6984:Rocket
6812:Combat
6800:Ground
6724:Naval:
6524:Patrol
6265:Forces
6185:Airman
6180:Sailor
6170:Roles:
6059:
6048:
6029:
6010:
5991:
5976:
5961:
5946:
5926:
5911:
5897:
5882:
5867:
5849:
5833:
5808:
5772:
5718:
5681:
5663:
5646:
5589:
5547:
5508:23 May
5484:
5436:
5411:
5382:
5344:
5162:
5154:
5054:
5021:
4994:
4967:
4937:
4912:
4877:
4869:
4851:Nature
4834:
4826:
4800:Nature
4720:Onager
4660:Legion
4591:Romans
4460:Punici
4382:Dhamma
4378:Ahimsa
4370:Odisha
4366:Indian
4354:Ashoka
4352:under
4223:Romans
4188:, and
4142:Florus
4140:, and
4130:Strabo
4075:Celtic
4065:Danube
4041:Dacian
4026:&
3950:Marius
3899:Persia
3866:Thrace
3856:, and
3846:Greece
3804:Nestus
3800:Thrace
3749:Athens
3745:Philip
3743:under
3709:army.
3677:, the
3645:Crimea
3637:Athens
3615:Greek
3606:Sparta
3525:Yamato
3521:Honshū
3509:Baekje
3414:Anyang
3375:, and
3373:Malaya
3361:Bengal
3353:Ganges
3341:Quilon
3323:, the
3321:Mysore
3317:Gangas
3279:ruler
3275:. The
3249:Cholas
3238:Persia
3186:Ashoka
3123:Punjab
2967:Bowmen
2949:archer
2945:swords
2879:Persia
2869:Avaris
2865:Hyksos
2845:Medjay
2808:, the
2798:armour
2790:Hyksos
2744:Nimrud
2724:, and
2671:Thebes
2647:Sieges
2596:sieges
2590:, and
2580:knives
2578:, and
2564:swords
2540:atlatl
2203:Levant
2173:), of
2123:spears
2068:Europe
2060:states
1967:Sieges
1651:Theory
1391:Morale
1249:Policy
1244:Branch
1024:Mosaic
1014:Fabian
961:Covert
894:Trench
879:Screen
802:Charge
792:Battle
765:Aerial
683:Denial
651:Horses
579:Seabed
532:Tunnel
512:Jungle
502:Desert
472:Aerial
8346:Peace
8222:Tanks
8208:Ranks
8097:Lists
7996:Naval
7986:Depth
7845:Siege
7740:Cyber
7711:Green
7706:Brown
7684:Urban
7652:Space
7601:Music
7576:Drone
7561:Cyber
7546:Class
7386:Radar
7381:Sonar
7338:Lists
7287:Lists
7262:Bombs
7205:Naval
7159:Heavy
6864:Truck
6842:Lists
6827:Armor
6719:Squad
6644:Corps
6629:Land:
6477:Armor
6256:Ranks
6217:Ranks
5752:, 71.
5614:(PDF)
5380:S2CID
5348:,2006
5160:S2CID
5152:JSTOR
5048:54–55
4910:S2CID
4875:S2CID
4832:S2CID
4531:Roman
4464:Poeni
4275:wars.
4268:Ionia
4204:Rhine
3870:Greek
3788:Drama
3769:siege
3761:Pydna
3706:ranks
3595:aspis
3477:Yayoi
3456:pants
3387:China
3337:Coorg
3333:Vengi
3267:king
3229:Syria
3225:Egypt
3119:Porus
3047:India
3027:Vedas
3006:India
2995:armor
2937:Kerma
2913:Nubia
2779:Nubia
2750:Egypt
2653:Siege
2622:katar
2572:maces
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