1228:. The Spartan General Brasidas summed up the difference in approach to naval warfare between the Spartans and the Athenians: "Athenians relied on speed and maneuverability on the open seas to ram at will clumsier ships; in contrast, a Peloponnesian armada might win only when it fought near land in calm and confined waters, had the greater number of ships in a local theater, and if its better-trained marines on deck and hoplites on shore could turn a sea battle into a contest of infantry." In addition, compared to the high-finesse of the Athenian navy (superior oarsmen who could outflank and ram enemy triremes from the side), the Spartans (as well as their allies and other enemies of Athens) would focus mainly on ramming Athenian triremes head on. It would be these tactics, in combination with those outlined by Brasidas, that led to the defeat of the Athenian fleet at the Second Battle of Syracuse during the
1381:
1322:. The maximum practical number of oar banks a ship could have was three. So the number in the type name did not refer to the banks of oars any more (as for biremes and triremes), but to the number of rowers per vertical section, with several men on each oar. The reason for this development was the increasing use of armour on the bows of warships against ramming attacks, which again required heavier ships for a successful attack. This increased the number of rowers per ship, and also made it possible to use less well-trained personnel for moving these new ships. This change was accompanied by an increased reliance on tactics like
6707:
6573:
5732:
5665:
5534:
4917:
4519:
902:
668:
591:(ὑποζώματα) was to allow bending of the hull when faced with up to 90 kN of force. The calculations of forces that could have been absorbed by the ship are arguable because there is not enough evidence to confirm the exact process of jointing used in ancient times. In a modern reconstruction of the ship, a polysulphide sealant was used to compare to the caulking that evidence suggests was used; however this is also contentious because there is simply not enough evidence to authentically reproduce the triereis seams.
696:
the triereis onto the shores because there simply was no time to anchor a ship during war and gaining control of enemy shores was crucial in the advancement of an invading army. (Petersen) The joints of the ship required finding wood that was capable of absorbing water but was not completely dried out to the point where no water absorption could occur. There would be gaps between the planks of the hull when the ship was new, but, once submerged, the planks would absorb the water and expand, thus forming a watertight hull.
1460:
the available internal dimensions. However, since modern humans are on average approximately 6 cm (2 inches) taller than
Ancient Greeks (and the same relative dimensions can be presumed for oarsmen and other athletes), the construction of a craft which followed the precise dimensions of the ancient vessel led to cramped rowing conditions and consequent restrictions on the modern crew's ability to propel the vessel with full efficiency, which perhaps explains why the ancient speed records stand unbroken.
1290:
540:
720:
signaled by the wooden statue of a deity located above the bronze ram on the front of the ship. In the case of Athens, since most of the fleet's triremes were paid for by wealthy citizens, there was a natural sense of competition among the patricians to create the "most impressive" trireme, both to intimidate the enemy and to attract the best oarsmen. Of all military expenditure, triremes were the most labor- and (in terms of men and money) investment-intensive.
324:
587:
the lowest possible position where the
Thalamian tholes were just above the waterline which retained the ship's resistance to waves and the possible rollover. If the center of gravity were placed any higher, the additional beams needed to restore stability would have resulted in the exclusion of the Thalamian the holes due to the reduced hull space. The purpose of the area just below the center of gravity and the waterline known as the
216:
36:
583:(θρανίτης), the Greek words for the oarsmen in, respectively the lowest, middle, and uppermost files of the triereis. The holes were pins that acted as fulcrums to the oars that allowed them to move. The center of gravity of the ship is low because of the overlapping formation of the files that allow the ports to remain closer to the ships walls. A lower center of gravity would provide adequate stability.
571:
highly effective for the trireme. The ports would house the oarsmen with a minimal waste of space. There would be three files of oarsmen on each side tightly but workably packed by placing each man outboard of, and in height overlapping, the one below, provided that thalamian tholes were set inboard and their ports enlarged to allow oar movement. Thalamian, zygian, and thranite are the
English terms for
1128:) were fitted to the prows of warships, and were used to rupture the hull of the enemy ship. The preferred method of attack was to come in from astern, with the aim not of creating a single hole, but of rupturing as big a length of the enemy vessel as possible. The speed necessary for a successful impact depended on the angle of attack; the greater the angle, the lesser the speed required. At 60 degrees, 4
712:
548:
1394:
595:
to be pulled from the water during the night. The use of lightwoods meant that the ship could be carried ashore by as few as 140 men. Beaching the ships at night, however, would leave the troops vulnerable to surprise attacks. While well-maintained triremes would last up to 25 years, during the
Peloponnesian War, Athens had to build nearly 20 triremes a year to maintain their fleet of 300.
444:
436:
765:: a maximum speed of 8 knots and a steady speed of 4 knots could be maintained, with half the crew resting at a time. Given the imperfect nature of the reconstructed ship, as well as the fact that it was manned by totally untrained modern men and women, it is reasonable to suggest that ancient triremes, expertly built and navigated by trained men, would attain higher speeds.
1174:
893:), in charge of the rowers on each side of the ship. What constituted these sailors' experience was a combination of superior rowing skill (physical stamina and/or consistency in hitting with a full stroke) and previous battle experience. The sailors were likely in their thirties and forties. In addition, there were ten sailors handling the masts and the sails.
1021:), due to the design of the ship, were unable to see the water and therefore, rowed blindly, therefore coordinating the rowing required great skill and practice. It is not known exactly how this was done, but there are literary and visual references to the use of gestures and pipe playing to convey orders to rowers. In the sea trials of the reconstruction
407:("long ships"). In any case, by the early 5th century, the trireme was becoming the dominant warship type of the eastern Mediterranean, with minor differences between the "Greek" and "Phoenician" types, as literary references and depictions of the ships on coins make clear. The first large-scale naval battle where triremes participated was the
1086:. Grappling hooks would be used both as a weapon and for towing damaged ships (ally or enemy) back to shore. When the triremes were alongside each other, marines would either spear the enemy or jump across and cut the enemy down with their swords. As the presence of too many heavily armed hoplites on deck tended to destabilize the ship, the
1350:. The difference to the classical 5th century Athenian ships was that they were armoured against ramming and carried significantly more marines. Lightened versions of the trireme and smaller vessels were often used as auxiliaries, and still performed quite effectively against the heavier ships, thanks to their greater manoeuvrability.
1257:, depicting prisoners bound and thrown into the sea being pushed and prodded under water with poles and spears, shows that enemy treatment of captured sailors in the Peloponnesian War was often brutal. Being speared amid the wreckage of destroyed ships was likely a common cause of death for sailors in the Peloponnesian War.
594:
Triremes required a great deal of upkeep in order to stay afloat, as references to the replacement of ropes, sails, rudders, oars and masts in the middle of campaigns suggest. They also would become waterlogged if left in the sea for too long. In order to prevent this from happening, ships would have
586:
The trireme was constructed to maximize all traits of the ship to the point where if any changes were made the design would be compromised. Speed was maximized to the point where any less weight would have resulted in considerable losses to the ship's integrity. The center of gravity was placed at
1459:
The builders of the reconstruction project concluded that it effectively proved what had previously been in doubt, i.e., that
Athenian triremes were arranged with the crew positioned in a staggered arrangement on three levels with one person per oar. This architecture would have made optimum use of
1252:
If the men did not drown, they might be taken prisoner by the enemy. In the
Peloponnesian War, "Sometimes captured crews were brought ashore and either cut down or maimed – often grotesquely, by cutting off the right hand or thumb to guarantee that they could never row again." The image found on an
1240:
Once a naval battle was under way, for the men involved, there were numerous ways for them to meet their end. Drowning was perhaps the most common way for a crew member to perish. Once a trireme had been rammed, the ensuing panic that engulfed the men trapped below deck no doubt extended the amount
768:
The distance a trireme could cover in a given day depended much on the weather. On a good day, the oarsmen, rowing for 6–8 hours, could propel the ship between 80–100 kilometres (50–62 mi). There were rare instances, however, when experienced crews and new ships were able to cover nearly twice
622:
was therefore an essential part of the hulls of these ships; they were unable to fight, or even to go to sea at all, without it. Just as it used to be the practice to disarm modern warships by removing the breech-blocks from the guns, so, in classical times, disarmament commissioners used to disarm
1264:
battles on land. Sometimes the battles raging at sea were watched by thousands of spectators on shore. Along with this greater spectacle, came greater consequences for the outcome of any given battle. Whereas the average percentage of fatalities from a land battle were between 10 and 15%, in a sea
1164:
On the deck of a typical trireme in the
Peloponnesian War there were 4 or 5 archers and 10 or so marines. These few troops were peripherally effective in an offensive sense, but critical in providing defense for the oarsmen. Should the crew of another trireme board, the marines were all that stood
719:
Once the triremes were seaworthy, it is argued that they were highly decorated with, "eyes, nameplates, painted figureheads, and various ornaments". These decorations were used both to show the wealth of the patrician and to make the ship frightening to the enemy. The home port of each trireme was
699:
Problems would occur, for example, when shipbuilders would use green wood for the hull; when green timber is allowed to dry, it loses moisture, which causes cracks in the wood that could cause catastrophic damage to the ship. The sailyards and masts were preferably made from fir, because fir trees
695:
Another very strong type of timber is oak; this was primarily used for the hulls of triereis, to withstand the force of hauling ashore. Other ships would usually have their hulls made of pine, because they would usually come ashore via a port or with the use of an anchor. It was necessary to ride
1223:
and fortified port of
Piraeus), they were going to have to do something about Athens superior naval force. Once Sparta gained Persia as an ally, they had the funds necessary to construct the new naval fleets necessary to combat the Athenians. Sparta was able to build fleet after fleet, eventually
1132:
was enough to penetrate the hull, while it increased to 8 knots at 30 degrees. If the target for some reason was in motion in the direction of the attacker, even less speed was required, and especially if the hit came amidships. The
Athenians especially became masters in the art of ramming, using
570:
The arrangement and number of oarsmen is the first deciding factor in the size of the ship. For a ship to travel at high speeds would require a high oar-gearing, which is the ratio between the outboard length of an oar and the inboard length; it is this arrangement of the oars which is unique and
566:
Based on all archeological evidence, the design of the trireme most likely pushed the technological limits of the ancient world. After gathering the proper timbers and materials it was time to consider the fundamentals of the trireme design. These fundamentals included accommodations, propulsion,
1081:
and that the
Persian ships carried a similar number. This reflects the different practices between the Athenians and other, less professional navies. Whereas the Athenians relied on speed and maneuverability, where their highly trained crews had the advantage, other states favored boarding, in a
1361:
was developed. By Imperial times, Rome controlled the entirety of the Mediterranean and thus the need to maintain a powerful navy was minimal, as the only enemy they would be facing is pirates. As a result, the fleet was relatively small and had mostly political influence, controlling the grain
1120:
was widespread, especially in later centuries, but its inherent technical limitations meant that it could not play a decisive role in combat. The method for boarding was to brush alongside the enemy ship, with oars drawn in, in order to break the enemy's oars and render the ship immobile (which
691:
The materials from which the trireme was constructed were an important aspect of its design. The three principal timbers included fir, pine, and cedar. Primarily the choice in timber depended on where the construction took place. For example, in Syria and Phoenicia, triereis were made of cedar,
494:
was formed under the aegis of Athens. Gradually, the predominance of Athens turned the League effectively into an Athenian Empire. The source and foundation of Athens' power was her strong fleet, composed of over 200 triremes. It not only secured control of the Aegean Sea and the loyalty of her
805:
The trireme was designed for day-long journeys, with no capacity to stay at sea overnight, or to carry the provisions needed to sustain its crew overnight. Each crewman required 2 gallons (7.6 l) of fresh drinking water to stay hydrated each day, but it is unknown quite how this was stored and
797:
During the Peloponnesian War, there were a few variations to the typical crew layout of a trireme. One was a drastically reduced number of oarsmen, so as to use the ship as a troop transport. The thranites would row from the top benches while the rest of the space, below, would be filled with
495:
allies, but also safeguarded the trade routes and the grain shipments from the Black Sea, which fed the city's burgeoning population. In addition, as it provided permanent employment for the city's poorer citizens, the fleet played an important role in maintaining and promoting the radical
1165:
between the enemy troops and the slaughter of the men below. It has also been recorded that if a battle were to take place in the calmer water of a harbor, oarsmen would join the offensive and throw stones (from a stockpile aboard) to aid the marines in harassing/attacking other ships.
700:
were naturally tall, and provided these parts in usually a single piece. Making durable rope consisted of using both papyrus and white flax; the idea to use such materials is suggested by evidence to have originated in Egypt. In addition, ropes began being made from a variety of
1208:(Gk. "half-circle"; literally, "moon-shaped (i.e. crescent-shaped) circle"), were defensive tactics to be employed against these manoeuvres. In all of these manoeuvres, the ability to accelerate faster, row faster, and turn more sharply than one's enemy was very important.
692:
because pine was not readily available. Pine is stronger and more resistant to decay, but it is heavy, unlike fir, which was used because it was lightweight. The frame and internal structure would consist of pine and fir for a compromise between durability and weight.
655:. With the Doric cubit of 0.49 m, this results in an overall ship length of just under 37 m. The height of the sheds' interior was established as 4.026 metres, leading to estimates that the height of the hull above the water surface was ca. 2.15 metres. Its
365:, but this reference is disputed by modern historians, and attributed to a confusion, since "triērēs" was by the 5th century used in the generic sense of "warship", regardless its type. The first definite reference to the use of triremes in naval combat dates to
769:
that distance (Thucydides mentions a trireme travelling 300 kilometres in one day). The commanders of the triremes also had to stay aware of the condition of their men. They had to keep their crews comfortably paced, so as not to exhaust them before battle.
1160:
to be carried aboard. During the 5th and 4th centuries, the trireme's strength was in its maneuverability and speed, not its armor or boarding force. That said, fleets less confident in their ability to ram were prone to load more marines onto their ships.
1333:
Triremes continued to be the mainstay of all smaller navies. While the Hellenistic kingdoms did develop the quinquereme and even larger ships, most navies of the Greek homeland and the smaller colonies could only afford triremes. They were used by the
979:, an outrigger which enabled the inclusion of the third row of oars without significant increase to the height and loss of stability of the ship. Greater demands were placed upon their strength and synchronization than on those of the other two rows.
1362:
supply and fighting pirates, who usually employed light biremes and liburnians. But instead of the successful liburnians of the Greek Civil War, it was again centred around light triremes, but still with many marines. Out of this type of ship, the
518:
In the subsequent Peloponnesian War, naval battles fought by triremes were crucial in the power balance between Athens and Sparta. Despite numerous land engagements, Athens was finally defeated through the destruction of her fleet during the
806:
distributed. This meant that all those aboard were dependent upon the land and peoples of wherever they landed each night for supplies. Sometimes this would entail traveling up to eighty kilometres in order to procure provisions. In the
789:
would be situated in the rear of the ship, and relay orders to the rest of the crew via the rowmaster. For the crew of Athenian triremes, the ships were an extension of their democratic beliefs. Rich and poor rowed alongside each other.
1241:
of time it took the men to escape. Inclement weather would greatly decrease the crew's odds of survival, leading to a situation like that off Cape Athos in 411 (12 of 10,000 men were saved). An estimated 40,000 Persians died in the
567:
weight and waterline, centre of gravity and stability, strength, and feasibility. All of these variables are dependent on one another; however a certain area may be more important than another depending on the purpose of the ship.
707:
The use of light woods meant that the ship could be carried ashore by as few as 140 men, but also that the hull soaked up water, which adversely affected its speed and maneuverability. But it was still faster than other warships.
818:). Cities visited, which suddenly found themselves needing to provide for large numbers of sailors, usually did not mind the extra business, though those in charge of the fleet had to be careful not to deplete them of resources.
244:, see below), are common in 8th century BC and later vases and pottery fragments, and it is at the end of that century that the first references to three-banked ships are found. Fragments from an 8th-century relief at the
679:
Construction of the trireme differed from modern practice. The construction of a trireme was expensive and required around 6,000 man-days of labour to complete. The ancient Mediterranean practice was to build the outer
950:
In the Athenian navy, the crews enjoyed long practice in peacetime, becoming skilled professionals and ensuring Athens' supremacy in naval warfare. The rowers were divided according to their positions in the ship into
935:, a typical Athenian trireme crew during the Peloponnesian War consisted of 80 citizens, 60 metics and 60 foreign hands. Indeed, in the few emergency cases where slaves were used to crew ships, these were deliberately
1435:
in 1988 achieved 9 knots (17 km/h or 10.5 mph). These results, achieved with inexperienced crew, suggest that the ancient writers were not exaggerating about straight-line performance. In addition,
848:
of ancient Athens; although it afforded great prestige, it constituted a great financial burden, so that in the 4th century, it was often shared by two citizens, and after 397 BC it was assigned to special boards.
901:
167:
does not appear until the Roman period. According to Morrison and Williams, "It must be assumed the term pentekontor covered the two-level type". As a ship, it was fast and agile and was the dominant
1090:
were normally seated, only rising to carry out any boarding action. The hoplites belonged to the middle social classes, so that they came immediately next to the trierarch in status aboard the ship.
865:, who was always an experienced seaman and was often the commander of the vessel. These experienced sailors were to be found on the upper levels of the triremes. Other officers were the bow lookout (
1200:(Gk., "Sailing out through") involved a concentrated charge so as to break a hole in the enemy line, allowing galleys to break through and then wheel to attack the enemy line from behind; and the
602:(undergirding), and carried two spares. They were possibly rigged fore and aft from end to end along the middle line of the hull just under the main beams and tensioned to 13.5 tonnes force. The
606:
were considered important and secret: their export from Athens was a capital offense. This cable would act as a stretched tendon straight down the middle of the hull, and would have prevented
751:
Classical sources indicate that the trireme was capable of sustained speeds of ca. 6 knots at relatively leisurely oaring. There is also a reference by Xenophon of a single day's voyage from
1440:
was able to execute a 180 degree turn in one minute and in an arc no wider than two and one half (2.5) ship-lengths. Additional sea trials took place in 1987, 1990, 1992 and 1994. In 2004
1005:
means "hold"). Their position was certainly the most uncomfortable, being underneath their colleagues and also exposed to the water entering through the oarholes, despite the use of the
647:
in the 1880s. These have provided us with a general outline of the Athenian trireme. The sheds were ca. 40 m long and just 6 m wide. These dimensions are corroborated by the evidence of
5512:
5213:
614:
would also have significantly braced the structure of the trireme against the stresses of ramming, giving it an important advantage in combat. According to material scientist
1422:(who with Welsh founded the Trireme Trust that initiated and managed the project), and informed by evidence from underwater archaeology, built an Athenian-style trireme,
463:, which possessed a formidable navy. In order to counter this, and possibly with an eye already at the mounting Persian preparations, in 483/2 BC the Athenian statesman
1156:
Unlike the naval warfare of other eras, boarding an enemy ship was not the primary offensive action of triremes. Triremes' small size allowed for a limited number of
610:. Additionally, hull plank butts would remain in compression in all but the most severe sea conditions, reducing working of joints and consequent leakage. The
1769:"Proceedings of 1st INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SHIP CONSTRUCTION IN ANTIQUITY PIRAEUS, 30 AUGUST - 1 SEPTEMBER 1985: THE TRIERES, ITS DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION"
4436:
794:
argues that this "served the larger civic interest of acculturating thousands as they worked together in cramped conditions and under dire circumstances."
1768:
5922:
5838:
1829:
802:. In another variation, the Athenians used 10 or so trireme for transporting horses. Such triremes had 60 oarsmen, and rest of the ship was for horses.
2690:
921:
but of free men. In the Athenian case in particular, service in ships was the integral part of the military service provided by the lower classes, the
5716:
2627:
6065:
5927:
5240:
5188:
1380:
1265:
battle, the forces engaged ran the risk of losing their entire fleet. The number of ships and men in battles was sometimes very high. At the
688:) were employed, fitted in the keel and stretched by means of windlasses. Hence the triremes were often called "girded" when in commission.
659:
was relatively shallow, about 1 metre, which, in addition to the relatively flat keel and low weight, allowed it to be beached easily.
840:), responsible for manning, fitting out and maintaining the ship for his liturgical year at least; the ship itself belonged to Athens. The
759:, which translates as an average speed of 7.37 knots. These figures seem to be corroborated by the tests conducted with the reconstructed
5932:
3993:
6475:
6455:
4391:
1219:' strategy of outlasting the Peloponnesians by remaining within the walls of Athens indefinitely (a strategy made possible by Athens'
6543:
5588:
6745:
5721:
1144:
In either case, the masts and railings of the ship were taken down prior to engagement to reduce the opportunities for opponents'
6131:
5625:
6465:
2683:
748:), with square sails, while steering was provided by two steering oars at the stern (one at the port side, one to starboard).
5992:
5711:
2368:
1617:
1453:
1027:, it was evident that this was a difficult problem to solve, given the amount of noise that a full rowing crew generated. In
963:. According to the excavated Naval Inventories, lists of ships' equipment compiled by the Athenian naval boards, there were:
1785:
1249:, six Athenian generals were executed for failing to rescue several hundred of their men clinging to wreckage in the water.
6413:
2649:
6760:
6460:
6364:
5603:
2640:
1567:
931:
and hired foreigners were also accepted. Although it has been argued that slaves formed part of the rowing crew in the
264:, and fitted with oars pivoted at two levels. They have been interpreted as two-decked warships, and also as triremes.
6470:
5860:
2676:
2593:
2570:
2547:
2510:
2486:
2420:
2349:
2330:
1811:
84:
6740:
6495:
6402:
5362:
2606:
732:), arranged in three rows, with one man per oar. Evidence for this is provided by Thucydides, who records that the
1196:, "sailing around") involved outflanking or encircling the enemy so as to attack them in the vulnerable rear; the
6770:
6750:
6222:
5573:
5198:
4340:
3986:
424:
4261:
6212:
5619:
5598:
1281:
lost 170 ships (costing some 400 talents), and the majority of the crews were either killed, captured or lost.
6513:
1755:"The 18th Jenkin Lecture, 1 October 2005: Some Engineering Concepts applied to Ancient Greek Trireme Warships"
1357:, but during the civil wars after Caesar's death the fleet was on the wrong side and a new warfare with light
947:
free to man his galleys, employing thus freedmen, but otherwise relied on citizens and foreigners as oarsmen.
6755:
6556:
6538:
6186:
5218:
3873:
2277:
1826:
1121:
disables the enemy ship from simply getting away), then to board the ship and engage in hand-to-hand combat.
598:
The Athenian trireme had two great cables of about 47 mm in diameter and twice the ship's length called
785:), who provided the ship's motive power, the deck crew headed by the trierarch and a marine detachment. The
6480:
6077:
5696:
5635:
5465:
5275:
3889:
6533:
5910:
5813:
5352:
5111:
811:
396:
1211:
Athens' strength in the Peloponnesian War came from its navy, whereas Sparta's came from its land-based
810:, the beached Athenian fleet was caught unawares on more than one occasion, while out looking for food (
145:, an ancient warship with a single row of 25 oars on each side (i.e., a single-banked boat), and of the
6389:
5652:
5495:
5367:
5257:
4015:
3979:
2613:
111:
6622:
6551:
6126:
5982:
5915:
5141:
5084:
3220:
2653:
468:
6043:
471:
to start the construction of 200 triremes, using the income of the newly discovered silver mines at
6765:
6663:
6383:
6168:
5875:
5402:
5397:
5203:
4934:
4484:
4137:
4002:
3924:
3583:
1449:
845:
6270:
1045:", both corresponding quite well to the sound and motion of the oar going through its full cycle.
303:
in the 2nd century, drawing on earlier works, explicitly attributes the invention of the trireme (
6612:
6485:
6141:
6089:
5792:
5583:
5490:
5377:
5012:
4363:
1640:
1318:, the light trireme was supplanted by larger warships in dominant navies, especially the pentere/
940:
6528:
4952:
1215:
army. As the war progressed however the Spartans came to realize that if they were to undermine
6730:
6650:
6518:
6163:
5972:
5967:
5897:
5787:
5630:
5502:
5235:
4665:
4616:
4559:
4504:
4358:
3187:
2496:
1415:
150:
3782:
6641:
6523:
6197:
6173:
6028:
5507:
5392:
5290:
5265:
4857:
4736:
4690:
4621:
4586:
3392:
3286:
1740:
1274:
1270:
1225:
815:
524:
300:
4822:
4330:
643:, which was the main war harbour of ancient Athens, were first carried out by Dragatsis and
479:, where both sides suffered great casualties. However, the decisive naval clash occurred at
6617:
6490:
6430:
6283:
6217:
6060:
6048:
5892:
5701:
5460:
5455:
5357:
5317:
5121:
5017:
5007:
5000:
4554:
3939:
2457:
2387:
2289:
1411:
1254:
1099:
476:
5647:
175:
from the 7th to the 4th centuries BC, after which it was largely superseded by the larger
8:
6679:
6607:
6435:
6425:
6396:
6264:
6097:
6038:
5608:
5517:
5417:
5407:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5327:
5322:
5307:
5302:
5223:
5079:
4957:
4902:
4827:
4251:
4215:
3960:
3894:
3532:
3362:
1754:
1419:
1308:
1266:
1246:
1229:
932:
791:
607:
520:
342:. Found in 1852, it is one of the main pictorial testaments to the layout of the trireme.
2461:
2391:
2293:
644:
419:
cities were defeated by the Persian fleet, composed of squadrons from their Phoenician,
283:
in the late 8th century BC, and the Corinthian Ameinocles built four such ships for the
275:, and the exact time it developed into the foremost ancient fighting ship. According to
6376:
6033:
5833:
5818:
5613:
5568:
5563:
5412:
4962:
4574:
3620:
3573:
3017:
2962:
2536:
2500:
2469:
2399:
1424:
1398:
1385:
1375:
1315:
1289:
1023:
761:
496:
452:
403:, the majority of the Greek navies consisted of (probably two-tiered) penteconters and
328:
142:
41:
2582:
2301:
1556:
667:
6296:
5957:
5905:
5887:
5828:
5450:
5387:
5382:
5312:
5208:
5168:
5163:
5146:
5116:
4782:
4726:
4720:
4569:
4546:
4368:
4298:
4256:
3797:
3568:
3491:
2589:
2566:
2559:
2543:
2538:
Ships and Sea-Power Before the Great Persian War: The Ancestry of the Ancient Trireme
2506:
2482:
2416:
2409:
2364:
2345:
2326:
1807:
1613:
1612:(1995): "Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World", Johns Hopkins University Press,
1563:
1323:
1242:
1157:
1105:
1058:
836:
807:
681:
480:
388:
192:
119:
2784:
2668:
6735:
6602:
6337:
6053:
5797:
5706:
5427:
5422:
5230:
5173:
5156:
5126:
5057:
4832:
4611:
4489:
4416:
4236:
4112:
3588:
3537:
3461:
3446:
2858:
2759:
2728:
2723:
2635:
2465:
2395:
2297:
1339:
1294:
1269:
for example, 263 ships were involved, making for a total of 55,000 men, and at the
1185:
944:
756:
504:
487:
55:
27:
20:
6289:
6158:
2524:
503:
in world history. Aside from Athens, other major naval powers of the era included
6018:
5372:
5332:
5270:
4373:
4308:
4162:
3868:
3848:
3843:
3731:
3661:
3301:
3145:
3087:
3062:
2987:
1833:
1414:(an author, Suffolk banker, writer and trireme enthusiast), advised by historian
1277:, the city-state of Athens lost what was left of its navy: the once 'invincible'
1083:
733:
512:
288:
280:
6070:
684:
first, and the ribs afterwards. To secure and add strength to the hull, cables (
459:
Athens was at that time embroiled in a conflict with the neighbouring island of
6324:
6258:
6013:
5772:
5640:
5445:
5440:
5151:
5104:
5022:
4967:
4695:
4601:
4564:
4411:
4273:
4107:
3914:
3812:
3792:
3641:
3240:
3162:
3105:
2873:
2863:
2754:
1145:
1078:
408:
268:
188:
127:
93:
2479:
The Athenian Trireme: The History and construction of an ancient Greek warship
1353:
With the rise of Rome the biggest fleet of quinqueremes temporarily ruled the
311:
the possibility remains that the earliest three-banked warships originated in
6724:
6672:
6357:
6317:
6303:
5962:
5777:
5552:
5099:
5094:
5067:
4995:
4892:
4426:
4348:
4097:
4077:
4040:
3817:
3802:
3741:
3721:
3610:
3431:
3421:
3367:
2853:
2318:
1609:
1445:
1354:
1278:
1193:
672:
500:
491:
412:
350:
253:
172:
101:
6310:
4633:
2502:
The Age of the Galley: Mediterranean Oared Vessels Since Pre-Classical Times
2190:
John Coates, "The Naval Architecture and Oar Systems of Ancient Galleys" in
671:
The mortise and tenon joint method of hull construction employed in ancient
202:
with three files of oarsmen per side are sometimes referred to as triremes.
6418:
6108:
6102:
6008:
6003:
5942:
5823:
5178:
5052:
5027:
4979:
4972:
4897:
4812:
4448:
4383:
4241:
4179:
4102:
4060:
3909:
3787:
3746:
3696:
3600:
3542:
3502:
3347:
3327:
3074:
3047:
2820:
2794:
1301:
1028:
918:
656:
560:
552:
539:
464:
400:
184:
131:
6343:
141:, manned with one man per oar. The early trireme was a development of the
39:
Fleet of triremes made up of photographs of the modern full-sized replica
19:
This article is about ancient warships. For the venture capital firm, see
6657:
6240:
6179:
5998:
5952:
5937:
5865:
5593:
5072:
4877:
4772:
4579:
4315:
4246:
4152:
4070:
4055:
3929:
3904:
3822:
3716:
3671:
3666:
3615:
3547:
3507:
3451:
3235:
3225:
3210:
3167:
3157:
3140:
3125:
3012:
2992:
2888:
2833:
2749:
2718:
1799:
1474:
1319:
1134:
1129:
615:
180:
123:
6695:
4752:
2450:
International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration
323:
6192:
6023:
5882:
5870:
5782:
5691:
5280:
5032:
4700:
4675:
4654:
4596:
4458:
4431:
4147:
4027:
3807:
3756:
3625:
3552:
3522:
3372:
3311:
3306:
3250:
3215:
3177:
3052:
3002:
2843:
2809:
2804:
2769:
2733:
2602:
2520:
2448:
Morrison, John S. (1974). "Greek naval tactics in the 5th century BC".
1220:
380:
276:
241:
176:
5947:
3676:
2378:
Foley, Vernon; Soedel, Werner (April 1981). "Ancient oared warships".
2048:
A. J. Graham, "Thucydides 7.13.2 and the Crews of Athenian Triremes",
6202:
6115:
5131:
5089:
5062:
4872:
4817:
4801:
4659:
4499:
4453:
4378:
4353:
4320:
4174:
4117:
4092:
3863:
3858:
3691:
3605:
3595:
3527:
3387:
3115:
2972:
2937:
2903:
1327:
1117:
1070:
1066:
1033:
827:
786:
781:) of the ship was about 200. These were divided into the 170 rowers (
752:
648:
373:
346:
312:
272:
219:
3971:
2083:
Rachel L. Sargent, "The Use of Slaves by the Athenians in Warfare",
2022:
Rachel L. Sargent, "The Use of Slaves by the Athenians in Warfare",
834:). He was a wealthy Athenian citizen (usually from the class of the
163:), a warship with two banks of oars, of Phoenician origin. The word
6350:
4852:
4847:
4715:
4670:
4591:
4479:
4474:
4443:
4200:
4157:
4122:
4087:
4035:
3736:
3726:
3512:
3497:
3482:
3477:
3426:
3342:
3260:
3245:
3195:
3095:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
2878:
2789:
2774:
2764:
2135:
1654:
1343:
1335:
1304:
1216:
1113:
1062:
1057:), usually 10–20, were carried aboard for boarding actions. At the
936:
799:
354:
292:
4797:
2912:
2663:
1082:
situation that closely mirrored the one that developed during the
486:
After Salamis and another Greek victory over the Persian fleet at
215:
6635:
6082:
5578:
5470:
4867:
4837:
4792:
4777:
4762:
4757:
4710:
4680:
4403:
4210:
4205:
4082:
4045:
3751:
3701:
3681:
3578:
3487:
3456:
3436:
3382:
3377:
3352:
3337:
3291:
3281:
3205:
3022:
2977:
2967:
2947:
2932:
2917:
2848:
2704:
2700:
2650:
History and archeology of the ship - lecture notes - 26. Triremes
1469:
1407:
1358:
1297:
1261:
1212:
1109:
701:
640:
556:
472:
443:
362:
261:
249:
245:
168:
267:
Modern scholarship is divided on the provenance of the trireme,
35:
6686:
6331:
6152:
5136:
5042:
4887:
4842:
4787:
4747:
4731:
4705:
4649:
4494:
4421:
4325:
4293:
4283:
4231:
4132:
4065:
3944:
3919:
3777:
3711:
3706:
3517:
3441:
3332:
3296:
3255:
3200:
3150:
3130:
3120:
2982:
2952:
2922:
2828:
2799:
2779:
1479:
1363:
928:
923:
652:
528:
460:
399:). Thucydides meanwhile clearly states that in the time of the
377:
233:
199:
146:
115:
2658:
1448:
from the port of Keratsini to the main port of Piraeus as the
711:
73:
5047:
5037:
4882:
4862:
4807:
4767:
4741:
4685:
4184:
3899:
3853:
3827:
3686:
3405:
3357:
3265:
3230:
3172:
3100:
3057:
2997:
2927:
2883:
2868:
2477:
Morrison, John S.; Coates, John F.; Rankov, N. Boris (2000).
2061:
Ruschenbusch, Eberhard, "Zur Besatzung athenischer Trieren“,
2035:
Ruschenbusch, Eberhard, "Zur Besatzung athenischer Trieren“,
1638:
Anthony J. Papalas (1997): "The Development of the Trireme",
1393:
1074:
906:
547:
508:
420:
416:
392:
384:
308:
284:
257:
158:
105:
651:, whereby the individual space allotted to each rower was 2
4644:
4303:
4288:
4268:
4169:
4050:
3934:
3761:
3110:
3007:
2957:
2942:
2893:
2838:
2361:
Ancient Greek Warship, 500-322 BC (New Vanguard Series 132)
1347:
358:
118:
that was used by the ancient maritime civilizations of the
67:
1168:
1104:
In the ancient world, naval combat relied on two methods:
939:, usually before being employed. For instance, the tyrant
435:
4278:
1540:. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–230.
1326:, missile skirmishes and using warships as platforms for
1284:
1173:
138:
1786:"SHIPS & WAYS OF OTHER DAYS, BY E. KEBLE CHATTERTON"
1273:
more than 300 ships and 60,000 seamen were involved. In
483:, where Xerxes' invasion fleet was decisively defeated.
467:
used his political skills and influence to persuade the
2438:
889:) who gave the rowers' rhythm and two superintendents (
2259:
2257:
2202:
2200:
2168:
2166:
1836:, from the Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum of Mainz
1804:
Structures, or why things don't fall through the floor
728:
The ship's primary propulsion came from the 170 oars (
4535:
2698:
2050:
Transactions of the American Philological Association
740:) and oarloop". The ship also had two masts, a main (
85:
2476:
2026:, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul., 1927), pp. 264–279 (266–268)
1260:
Naval battles were far more of a spectacle than the
222:
warship with two rows of oars, relief from Nineveh,
137:
The trireme derives its name from its three rows of
70:
64:
61:
26:"Trieres" redirects here. For the beetle genus, see
2377:
2254:
2197:
2163:
2111:
475:. The first clash with the Persian navy was at the
76:
58:
2652:, from the Centre for Maritime Archaeology of the
2629:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities (1890)
2581:
2558:
2535:
2408:
1555:
917:In the ancient navies, crews were composed not of
499:. Athenian maritime power is the first example of
1402:, a reconstruction of an ancient Athenian trireme
1389:, a reconstruction of an ancient Athenian trireme
1009:, a leather sleeve through which the oar emerged.
6722:
2495:
2126:Morrison, Coats & Rankov (2000), pp. 248–250
2087:, Vol. 22, No. 3 (Jul., 1927), pp. 264–279 (277)
1926:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265-246 BC
1188:of triremes employed a variety of tactics. The
913:, projecting from the deck, is clearly visible.
826:In Athens, the ship's captain was known as the
361:, for service in the Mediterranean, and in the
1452:entered its final stages in the run-up to the
723:
279:, the trireme was introduced to Greece by the
3987:
2684:
2641:Hellenic Navy web page for the reconstructed
2432:A History of Seafaring in the Classical World
2039:, Vol. 28 (1979), pp. 106–110 (106 & 110)
1061:, each Athenian ship was recorded to have 14
2481:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2325:(2nd ed.). Princeton University Press.
1884:
1882:
1714:
1712:
1181:formation would have looked like from above.
318:
191:maritime empire and its downfall during the
2439:Morrison, John S.; Williams, R. T. (1968).
2313:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
2095:
2093:
1037:two different rowing chants can be found: "
905:Depiction of the position and angle of the
6529:Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle
6476:International Congress of Maritime Museums
6456:Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology
5748:
3994:
3980:
2691:
2677:
1600:See index in Morrison (2004) for examples.
986:in the middle row, named after the beams (
6589:
6544:National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology
2342:Ships and Seamanship in the Ancient World
2280:(April 1989). "The trireme sails again".
1879:
1709:
1562:. London: Constable and Company Limited.
1515:from τρι- (tri-) "three" + ἐρέτης "rower"
1013:Most of the rowers (108 of the 170 – the
415:, where the combined fleets of the Greek
287:. This was interpreted by later writers,
2533:
2447:
2090:
2052:, Vol. 122 (1992), pp. 257–270 (258–262)
1735:
1733:
1721:
1392:
1379:
1288:
1172:
736:oarsmen carried "each his oar, cushion (
710:
666:
546:
538:
490:, the Ionian cities were freed, and the
442:
434:
387:was able to contribute 40 triremes to a
322:
214:
34:
6514:Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology
2611:"Age of the Trireme", special issue of
1444:was used ceremonially to transport the
1169:Naval strategy in the Peloponnesian War
16:Ancient vessel with three banks of oars
6723:
6466:European Association of Archaeologists
2429:
2406:
2358:
2339:
2317:
2308:
2276:
1798:
1792:
1535:
1285:Changes of engagement and construction
1245:. In the Peloponnesian War, after the
1177:A schematic view of what the circular
975:means "deck"). They rowed through the
639:, νεώσοικοι) at the harbour of Zea in
183:. Triremes played a vital role in the
6588:
5747:
5722:Pompey's campaign against the pirates
5680:
5550:
5549:
4932:
4534:
4013:
4001:
3975:
2672:
2579:
2556:
1730:
1644:, Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 259–271 (259f.)
1553:
1549:
1547:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1454:2004 Summer Olympics opening ceremony
1307:(r. 293–296 AD), depicting a trireme
1224:destroying the Athenian fleet at the
704:grass in the later third century BC.
2519:
559:showing a trireme vessel during the
6461:Archaeological Institute of America
2065:, Vol. 28 (1979), pp. 106–110 (110)
430:
357:(610–595 BC) built triremes on the
13:
2470:10.1111/j.1095-9270.1974.tb00854.x
2400:10.1038/scientificamerican0481-148
2344:. Johns Hopkins University Press.
1544:
1518:
1151:
900:
861:) was headed by the helmsman, the
110:, literally "three-rower") was an
100:, "with three banks of oars"; cf.
14:
6782:
6471:Institute of Nautical Archaeology
5861:Coastal defence and fortification
5236:Roman circumnavigation of Britain
4536:Navigation, and ports and harbors
2621:
2588:. Constable and Company Limited.
2505:. London: Conway Maritime Press.
2499:; Gardiner, Robert, eds. (1995).
2302:10.1038/scientificamerican0489-96
1827:Piraeus: Cantharus, Zea, Munichia
1431:Crewed by 170 volunteer oarsmen,
1369:
6705:
6571:
6496:Society for American Archaeology
5730:
5663:
5532:
4915:
4517:
2607:History of the Peloponnesian War
2565:. University of Oklahoma Press.
2004:A War Like No Other, pp. 238–239
1906:The Age of the Galley, pp. 58–59
1688:The Age of the Galley, pp. 45–46
232:Depictions of two-banked ships (
54:
6746:Naval history of ancient Greece
5928:Phoenician discovery of America
2245:
2236:
2227:
2218:
2209:
2184:
2175:
2154:
2145:
2129:
2120:
2102:
2077:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2029:
2016:
2007:
1998:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1918:
1909:
1900:
1891:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1839:
1820:
1778:
1761:
1747:
1700:
1691:
1682:
1673:
1660:
1647:
1632:
662:
635:Excavations of the ship sheds (
327:The Lenormant Relief, from the
5620:Periplus of the Erythraean Sea
2561:Warfare in the Classical World
1623:
1603:
1594:
1591:Morrison and Williams 1968:155
1585:
1576:
1509:
1492:
1406:In 1985–1987 a shipbuilder in
909:in a trireme. The form of the
307:, "three-banked ship") to the
1:
6539:Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa
5214:Phoenician maritime expansion
2529:. Cambridge University Press.
2443:. Cambridge University Press.
2441:Greek Oared Ships: 900–322 BC
2270:
1235:
1053:A varying number of marines (
630:
366:
336:
331:, depicting the rowers of an
295:, to mean that triremes were
223:
6481:Nautical Archaeology Society
3890:Bristol Channel pilot cutter
2534:Wallinga, Herman T. (1993).
1915:The Age of the Galley, p. 58
1338:Empires and sea powers like
1077:had 40 hoplites on board at
852:
821:
159:
106:
7:
6534:Museum of Ancient Seafaring
5911:Temple of Poseidon, Sounion
5717:Kidnapping of Julius Caesar
5574:Indus–Mesopotamia relations
4933:
4014:
1463:
1112:. Artillery in the form of
1069:mercenaries) on board, but
857:The deck and command crew (
724:Propulsion and capabilities
10:
6787:
6761:Naval warfare of antiquity
6390:Phoenician Ship Expedition
5681:
5231:Pytheas' voyage to Britain
5224:Circumnavigation of Africa
2407:Hanson, Victor D. (2005).
2242:Hanson (2006), pp. 247–248
2224:Hanson (2006), pp. 246–247
1946:Thucydides VI.8, VIII.29.2
1373:
1097:
1093:
1048:
497:Athenian form of democracy
210:
205:
198:Medieval and early modern
154:
25:
18:
6703:
6595:
6584:
6569:
6504:
6446:
6249:
6233:
5981:
5916:Samothrace temple complex
5851:
5806:
5765:
5758:
5754:
5743:
5728:
5687:
5676:
5661:
5559:
5545:
5530:
5483:
5436:
5289:
5256:
5249:
5187:
4988:
4945:
4941:
4928:
4913:
4632:
4545:
4541:
4530:
4515:
4467:
4402:
4339:
4224:
4193:
4026:
4022:
4009:
3953:
3882:
3836:
3770:
3654:
3634:
3561:
3470:
3414:
3320:
3274:
3186:
3086:
3071:
2902:
2818:
2742:
2711:
2654:University of Southampton
896:
623:triremes by removing the
534:
450:, illustration from book
319:Early use and development
5204:Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul
3584:Iron-hulled sailing ship
2309:Coates, John F. (2000).
2108:Fields (2007), pp. 13–14
2013:Fields (2007), pp. 14–15
1582:Casson (1995), pp. 57–58
1536:Coates, John F. (2000).
1485:
1450:2004 Olympic Torch Relay
1204:(Gk., "circle") and the
744:) and a small foremast (
543:Model of a Greek trireme
252:depicting the fleets of
6741:Ships of ancient Greece
6486:RPM Nautical Foundation
6223:Surviving ancient ships
6142:Marsala Punic shipwreck
3393:Square-rigged caravel (
2636:E. J. de Meester's page
2363:. Osprey Publications.
2340:Casson, Lionel (1995).
1065:and 4 archers (usually
943:once set all slaves of
941:Dionysius I of Syracuse
772:
236:), with or without the
6771:Transport in Phoenicia
6751:Navy of ancient Athens
6519:Giza Solar boat museum
5973:Underwater exploration
5968:Underwater archaeology
5933:Pre-Columbian theories
5788:John Sinclair Morrison
5749:Research and education
5199:Austronesian Expansion
1832:30 August 2007 at the
1403:
1390:
1311:
1182:
914:
877:), the quartermaster (
777:The total complement (
716:
676:
563:
544:
523:, and finally, at the
456:
440:
343:
229:
187:, the creation of the
97:
45:
6590:Legend and literature
6548:Viking ship museums:
6524:Grand Egyptian Museum
6284:Austronesian replicas
6259:Heyerdahl expeditions
6169:Caligula's Giant Ship
6029:Dover Bronze Age Boat
4691:Berenice Troglodytica
3925:Pinnace (ship's boat)
3287:Chinese treasure ship
2631:, entry on "Warships"
2580:Welsh, Frank (1988).
2263:Hanson (2006), p. 264
2251:Hanson (2006), p. 248
2233:Hanson (2006), p. 246
2215:Hanson (2006), p. 255
2206:Hanson (2006), p. 242
2192:The Age of the Galley
2172:Hanson (2006), p. 254
2117:Hanson (2006), p. 240
2074:Casson (1991), p. 188
1995:Hanson (2006), p. 259
1986:Hanson (2006), p. 258
1977:Hanson (2006), p. 257
1968:Hanson (2006), p. 252
1937:Hanson (2006), p. 261
1928:, Cassell 2003, p. 98
1888:Hanson (2006), p. 239
1867:Hanson (2006), p. 262
1718:Hanson (2006), p. 260
1668:Bibliotheca historica
1554:Welsh, Frank (1988).
1396:
1383:
1292:
1275:Battle of Aegospotami
1271:Battle of Aegospotami
1226:Battle of Aegospotami
1176:
904:
816:Battle of Aegospotami
714:
670:
550:
542:
525:Battle of Aegospotami
446:
438:
372:, when, according to
326:
301:Clement of Alexandria
218:
38:
6756:Navy of ancient Rome
6491:Sea Research Society
5893:Maritime archaeology
5702:Ameinias the Phocian
5697:Mediterranean piracy
3940:Thames sailing barge
3771:Recreational vessels
2584:Building the Trireme
2557:Warry, John (2004).
2430:Meijer, Fik (1986).
2359:Fields, Nic (2007).
2323:The Ancient Mariners
2311:The Athenian Trireme
2181:Fields (2007), p. 15
2160:Herodotus, VII.184.2
2099:Fields (2007), p. 13
1924:Adrian Goldsworthy,
1727:Fields (2007), p. 10
1641:The Mariner's Mirror
1558:Building the Trireme
1538:The Athenian Trireme
1418:and naval architect
1100:Oared vessel tactics
1001:in the lowest row, (
990:) on which they sat.
477:Battle of Artemisium
5584:Maritime Jade Route
4737:Kaveri Poompattinam
3961:Nautical operations
3895:Floating restaurant
3783:Ljungström sailboat
3363:Full-rigged pinnace
2659:Merchant ships page
2462:1974IJNAr...3...21M
2411:A War Like No Other
2392:1981SciAm.244d.148F
2380:Scientific American
2294:1989SciAm.260d..96C
2282:Scientific American
2085:Classical Philology
2024:Classical Philology
1897:Thucydides, II.93.2
1876:Fields (2007), p. 9
1858:Fields (2007), p. 8
1706:Thucydides I.14.1–3
1655:Thucydides I.13.2–5
1293:Coin minted by the
1267:Battle of Arginusae
1247:Battle of Arginusae
1230:Sicilian Expedition
933:Sicilian Expedition
881:), the shipwright (
792:Victor Davis Hanson
521:Sicilian Expedition
6132:Bajo de la Campana
5834:Peter Throckmorton
5819:Jean-Yves Empereur
5793:William L. Rodgers
5614:Maritime Silk Road
3078:and other vessels
3072:Naval and merchant
2151:Herodotus, VI.15.2
1629:Morrison 1995: 146
1404:
1391:
1376:Olympias (trireme)
1316:Hellenistic period
1312:
1253:early-5th-century
1183:
1073:narrates that the
915:
873:), the boatswain (
837:pentakosiomedimnoi
812:Battle of Syracuse
717:
715:Bronze trireme ram
677:
564:
545:
527:, at the hands of
457:
453:Nordisk familjebok
441:
397:Battle of Pelusium
370: 525 BC
349:mentions that the
344:
340: 410 BC
335:Athenian trireme,
329:Athenian Acropolis
230:
227: 700 BC
46:
6718:
6717:
6714:
6713:
6580:
6579:
6567:
6566:
6187:Madrague de Giens
5906:Temple of Isthmia
5902:Maritime temples
5888:Marine navigation
5847:
5846:
5839:Shelley Wachsmann
5829:J. Richard Steffy
5739:
5738:
5672:
5671:
5541:
5540:
5528:
5527:
5479:
5478:
5209:Ocean exploration
4924:
4923:
4911:
4910:
4570:Rutter (nautical)
4526:
4525:
4513:
4512:
4369:Mortise and tenon
4003:Ancient seafaring
3969:
3968:
3798:Sailing hydrofoil
3650:
3649:
3569:Blackwall frigate
3492:Baltimore Clipper
2664:The Trireme Trust
2497:Morrison, John S.
2434:. Croom and Helm.
2370:978-1-84603-074-1
1806:. Pelican Books.
1697:Herodotus, III.44
1679:Stromata, I 16.36
1618:978-0-8018-5130-8
1243:Battle of Salamis
1059:Battle of Salamis
808:Peloponnesian War
469:Athenian assembly
193:Peloponnesian War
122:, especially the
120:Mediterranean Sea
6778:
6709:
6708:
6603:Ark of bulrushes
6586:
6585:
6575:
6574:
6213:Oldest surviving
5923:Nusantao network
5798:Chester G. Starr
5763:
5762:
5756:
5755:
5745:
5744:
5734:
5733:
5707:Cilician pirates
5678:
5677:
5667:
5666:
5604:Sa Huynh-Kalanay
5599:Iron Age Britain
5547:
5546:
5536:
5535:
5254:
5253:
4943:
4942:
4930:
4929:
4919:
4918:
4833:Ptolemais Theron
4543:
4542:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4520:
4113:Single-outrigger
4024:
4023:
4011:
4010:
3996:
3989:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3538:Ship of the line
3462:Ship of the line
3084:
3083:
3080:(by origin date)
2859:Full-rigged ship
2760:Fore-and-aft rig
2729:Age of Discovery
2724:Maritime history
2693:
2686:
2679:
2670:
2669:
2599:
2587:
2576:
2564:
2553:
2541:
2530:
2516:
2492:
2473:
2444:
2435:
2426:
2415:. Random House.
2414:
2403:
2374:
2355:
2336:
2314:
2305:
2264:
2261:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2216:
2213:
2207:
2204:
2195:
2188:
2182:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2161:
2158:
2152:
2149:
2143:
2142:Themistocles XIV
2133:
2127:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2109:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2088:
2081:
2075:
2072:
2066:
2059:
2053:
2046:
2040:
2033:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2011:
2005:
2002:
1996:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1978:
1975:
1969:
1966:
1960:
1953:
1947:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1889:
1886:
1877:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1859:
1856:
1850:
1843:
1837:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1782:
1776:
1775:
1773:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1751:
1745:
1737:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1695:
1689:
1686:
1680:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1651:
1645:
1636:
1630:
1627:
1621:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1592:
1589:
1583:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1561:
1551:
1542:
1541:
1533:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1496:
1295:Romano-Britannic
1206:mēnoeidēs kyklos
971:in the top row (
757:Heraclea Pontica
645:Wilhelm Dörpfeld
531:and her allies.
431:The Persian Wars
371:
368:
341:
338:
260:show ships with
228:
225:
162:
156:
109:
88:
83:
82:
79:
78:
75:
72:
69:
66:
63:
60:
28:Trieres (beetle)
21:Trireme Partners
6786:
6785:
6781:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6775:
6766:Achaemenid navy
6721:
6720:
6719:
6710:
6706:
6701:
6591:
6576:
6572:
6563:
6506:
6500:
6448:
6447:Institutes and
6442:
6397:Viking replicas
6338:Balangay Voyage
6251:
6245:
6229:
5984:
5977:
5853:
5843:
5802:
5750:
5735:
5731:
5726:
5683:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5555:
5537:
5533:
5524:
5475:
5432:
5285:
5245:
5190:
5183:
4984:
4937:
4920:
4916:
4907:
4783:Mueang Phra Rot
4637:
4628:
4537:
4522:
4518:
4509:
4463:
4437:Triangular sail
4398:
4335:
4309:Sail components
4220:
4189:
4163:Tessarakonteres
4018:
4005:
4000:
3970:
3965:
3949:
3878:
3832:
3766:
3655:Fishing vessels
3646:
3630:
3557:
3466:
3410:
3316:
3270:
3182:
3146:Tessarakonteres
3079:
3077:
3073:
3067:
2988:Outrigger canoe
2898:
2814:
2738:
2707:
2697:
2624:
2614:Ancient Warfare
2596:
2573:
2550:
2513:
2489:
2423:
2371:
2352:
2333:
2278:Coates, John F.
2273:
2268:
2267:
2262:
2255:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2219:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2185:
2180:
2176:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2155:
2150:
2146:
2134:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2107:
2103:
2098:
2091:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2069:
2060:
2056:
2047:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1999:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1910:
1905:
1901:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1880:
1875:
1871:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1853:
1847:De architectura
1844:
1840:
1834:Wayback Machine
1825:
1821:
1814:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1753:
1752:
1748:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1692:
1687:
1683:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1652:
1648:
1637:
1633:
1628:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1590:
1586:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1552:
1545:
1534:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1466:
1378:
1372:
1287:
1238:
1171:
1154:
1152:On-board forces
1146:grappling hooks
1102:
1096:
1084:First Punic War
1051:
899:
879:pentēkontarchos
855:
844:was one of the
824:
775:
746:histos akateios
726:
665:
633:
537:
439:A Greek trireme
433:
369:
339:
321:
226:
213:
208:
92:; derived from
86:
57:
53:
31:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6784:
6774:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6716:
6715:
6712:
6711:
6704:
6702:
6700:
6699:
6692:
6691:
6690:
6683:
6676:
6669:
6661:
6654:
6647:
6639:
6629:
6628:
6627:
6626:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6605:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6582:
6581:
6578:
6577:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6559:
6554:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6508:
6502:
6501:
6499:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6468:
6463:
6458:
6452:
6450:
6444:
6443:
6441:
6440:
6439:
6438:
6433:
6428:
6423:
6416:
6408:
6407:
6406:
6394:
6393:
6392:
6387:
6380:
6372:Mediterranean
6370:
6369:
6368:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6340:
6335:
6328:
6325:Alingano Maisu
6321:
6314:
6307:
6300:
6293:
6281:
6280:
6279:
6268:
6255:
6253:
6247:
6246:
6244:
6243:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6230:
6228:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6220:
6215:
6207:
6206:
6205:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6183:
6176:
6174:De Meern ships
6171:
6166:
6161:
6156:
6146:
6145:
6144:
6136:
6135:
6134:
6129:
6121:
6120:
6119:
6112:
6105:
6100:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6085:
6075:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6058:
6057:
6056:
6051:
6046:
6044:Cape Gelidonya
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6011:
6006:
6001:
5989:
5987:
5979:
5978:
5976:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
5920:
5919:
5918:
5913:
5908:
5900:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5879:
5878:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5855:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5844:
5842:
5841:
5836:
5831:
5826:
5821:
5816:
5810:
5808:
5807:Archaeologists
5804:
5803:
5801:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5775:
5773:David Blackman
5769:
5767:
5760:
5752:
5751:
5741:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5729:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5712:Jewish pirates
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5674:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5662:
5660:
5658:
5657:
5656:
5655:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5543:
5542:
5539:
5538:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5522:
5521:
5520:
5510:
5505:
5500:
5499:
5498:
5487:
5485:
5481:
5480:
5477:
5476:
5474:
5473:
5468:
5463:
5458:
5453:
5448:
5443:
5437:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5398:Lake Trasimene
5395:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5299:Mediterranean:
5295:
5293:
5287:
5286:
5284:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5262:
5260:
5251:
5247:
5246:
5244:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5227:
5226:
5221:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5195:
5193:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5154:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5102:
5097:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5005:
5004:
5003:
4992:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4983:
4982:
4977:
4976:
4975:
4970:
4960:
4955:
4949:
4947:
4939:
4938:
4926:
4925:
4922:
4921:
4914:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4820:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4750:
4745:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4718:
4713:
4708:
4703:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4641:
4639:
4630:
4629:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4606:
4605:
4604:
4602:Maritime pilot
4599:
4589:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4572:
4567:
4565:Portolan chart
4562:
4557:
4551:
4549:
4539:
4538:
4528:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4414:
4408:
4406:
4400:
4399:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4394:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4345:
4343:
4337:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4312:
4311:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4264:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4203:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4138:Oared warships
4135:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4020:
4019:
4007:
4006:
3999:
3998:
3991:
3984:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3915:Norfolk wherry
3912:
3907:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3886:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3840:
3838:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3813:Trailer sailer
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3793:Pocket cruiser
3790:
3785:
3780:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
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3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3645:
3644:
3642:Montagu whaler
3638:
3636:
3632:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3592:
3591:
3581:
3576:
3571:
3565:
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3424:
3418:
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3412:
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3409:
3408:
3403:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3278:
3276:
3272:
3271:
3269:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3190:
3188:Post-classical
3184:
3183:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3165:
3160:
3155:
3154:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:Borobudur ship
3103:
3098:
3092:
3090:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3066:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
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3020:
3015:
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2955:
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2915:
2909:
2907:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2864:Jackass-barque
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2825:
2823:
2816:
2815:
2813:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2785:Ljungström rig
2782:
2777:
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2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
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2688:
2681:
2673:
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2647:
2638:
2633:
2623:
2622:External links
2620:
2619:
2618:
2609:
2600:
2594:
2577:
2571:
2554:
2548:
2542:. E.J. Brill.
2531:
2517:
2511:
2493:
2487:
2474:
2445:
2436:
2427:
2421:
2404:
2386:(4): 116–129.
2375:
2369:
2356:
2350:
2337:
2331:
2319:Casson, Lionel
2315:
2306:
2272:
2269:
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2253:
2244:
2235:
2226:
2217:
2208:
2196:
2183:
2174:
2162:
2153:
2144:
2140:Parallel Lives
2128:
2119:
2110:
2101:
2089:
2076:
2067:
2054:
2041:
2028:
2015:
2006:
1997:
1988:
1979:
1970:
1961:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1917:
1908:
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1878:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1838:
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1746:
1729:
1720:
1708:
1699:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1659:
1646:
1631:
1622:
1610:Casson, Lionel
1602:
1593:
1584:
1575:
1569:978-0094668805
1568:
1543:
1517:
1508:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1465:
1462:
1420:John F. Coates
1416:J. S. Morrison
1410:, financed by
1374:Main article:
1371:
1370:Reconstruction
1368:
1309:on the reverse
1286:
1283:
1237:
1234:
1170:
1167:
1153:
1150:
1095:
1092:
1050:
1047:
1011:
1010:
991:
980:
898:
895:
885:), the piper (
854:
851:
823:
820:
774:
771:
725:
722:
664:
661:
632:
629:
579:(ζύγιος), and
536:
533:
432:
429:
409:Battle of Lade
320:
317:
305:trikrotos naus
212:
209:
207:
204:
128:ancient Greeks
114:and a type of
112:ancient vessel
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6783:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6731:Ancient ships
6729:
6728:
6726:
6698:
6697:
6693:
6689:
6688:
6684:
6682:
6681:
6677:
6675:
6674:
6673:Metamorphoses
6670:
6668:
6666:
6665:The Histories
6662:
6660:
6659:
6655:
6653:
6652:
6648:
6646:
6644:
6643:The Histories
6640:
6638:
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6409:
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6399:
6398:
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6385:
6381:
6379:
6378:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6366:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6358:Marumaru Atua
6355:
6353:
6352:
6348:
6346:
6345:
6341:
6339:
6336:
6334:
6333:
6329:
6327:
6326:
6322:
6320:
6319:
6318:Samudra Raksa
6315:
6313:
6312:
6308:
6306:
6305:
6304:Te Au o Tonga
6301:
6299:
6298:
6294:
6292:
6291:
6287:
6286:
6285:
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6278:
6277:
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6189:
6188:
6184:
6182:
6181:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6167:
6165:
6164:Blackfriars I
6162:
6160:
6159:Arles Rhône 3
6157:
6155:
6154:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6140:
6139:
6137:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
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6122:
6118:
6117:
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6111:
6110:
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6000:
5997:
5996:
5994:
5991:
5990:
5988:
5986:
5980:
5974:
5971:
5969:
5966:
5964:
5963:Thalassocracy
5961:
5959:
5956:
5954:
5951:
5949:
5948:Shell middens
5946:
5944:
5941:
5939:
5936:
5934:
5931:
5929:
5926:
5924:
5921:
5917:
5914:
5912:
5909:
5907:
5904:
5903:
5901:
5899:
5898:Naval warfare
5896:
5894:
5891:
5889:
5886:
5884:
5881:
5877:
5874:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5867:
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5815:
5812:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5778:Lionel Casson
5776:
5774:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5764:
5761:
5757:
5753:
5746:
5742:
5723:
5720:
5718:
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5708:
5705:
5703:
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5675:
5654:
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5649:
5646:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5637:
5634:
5632:
5629:
5627:
5624:
5622:
5621:
5617:
5615:
5612:
5610:
5609:Incense trade
5607:
5605:
5602:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
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5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5561:
5558:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5519:
5516:
5515:
5514:
5513:South America
5511:
5509:
5506:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5482:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5462:
5461:Sailing ships
5459:
5457:
5456:Oared vessels
5454:
5452:
5449:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5429:
5426:
5424:
5421:
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5384:
5381:
5379:
5378:Cape Hermaeum
5376:
5374:
5371:
5369:
5366:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5296:
5294:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5261:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5248:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5192:
5189:Migration and
5186:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5149:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5106:
5103:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
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5078:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4997:
4996:Ancient Egypt
4994:
4993:
4991:
4989:Civilizations
4987:
4981:
4978:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4940:
4936:
4931:
4927:
4904:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4849:
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4829:
4826:
4824:
4821:
4819:
4816:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4803:
4799:
4796:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4707:
4704:
4702:
4699:
4697:
4694:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4635:
4631:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4607:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4550:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4533:
4529:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4405:
4401:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4364:Clinker built
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4349:Boat building
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4310:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4186:
4183:
4181:
4178:
4176:
4173:
4171:
4168:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4098:Navis lusoria
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3992:
3990:
3985:
3983:
3978:
3977:
3974:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3881:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:Special terms
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3803:Sailing yacht
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
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3769:
3763:
3760:
3758:
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3753:
3750:
3748:
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3740:
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3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
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3708:
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3700:
3698:
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3680:
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3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
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3643:
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3637:
3633:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3590:
3587:
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3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3440:
3438:
3435:
3433:
3432:East Indiaman
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:Bermuda sloop
3420:
3419:
3417:
3413:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
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3356:
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3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
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3331:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3323:
3319:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3277:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
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3237:
3234:
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3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3169:
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3085:
3082:
3076:
3075:sailing ships
3070:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
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2979:
2976:
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2817:
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2808:
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2798:
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2648:
2646:
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2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2626:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2601:
2597:
2595:9780094668805
2591:
2586:
2585:
2578:
2574:
2572:0-8061-2794-5
2568:
2563:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2549:90-04-09225-0
2545:
2540:
2539:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2526:Ancient Ships
2522:
2518:
2514:
2512:0-85177-554-3
2508:
2504:
2503:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2488:0-521-56419-0
2484:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2442:
2437:
2433:
2428:
2424:
2422:0-8129-6970-7
2418:
2413:
2412:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2366:
2362:
2357:
2353:
2351:0-8018-5130-0
2347:
2343:
2338:
2334:
2332:0-691-01477-9
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2274:
2260:
2258:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2221:
2212:
2203:
2201:
2193:
2187:
2178:
2169:
2167:
2157:
2148:
2141:
2137:
2132:
2123:
2114:
2105:
2096:
2094:
2086:
2080:
2071:
2064:
2058:
2051:
2045:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2010:
2001:
1992:
1983:
1974:
1965:
1958:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1927:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1894:
1885:
1883:
1873:
1864:
1855:
1848:
1842:
1835:
1831:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1813:0-306-81283-5
1809:
1805:
1801:
1800:Gordon, J. E.
1795:
1787:
1781:
1770:
1764:
1756:
1750:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1734:
1724:
1715:
1713:
1703:
1694:
1685:
1676:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1650:
1643:
1642:
1635:
1626:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1606:
1597:
1588:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1560:
1559:
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1548:
1539:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1512:
1505:
1501:
1495:
1491:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1446:Olympic Flame
1443:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1367:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1355:Mediterranean
1351:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1303:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1282:
1280:
1279:thalassocracy
1276:
1272:
1268:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1149:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1101:
1091:
1089:
1085:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
989:
985:
981:
978:
974:
970:
966:
965:
964:
962:
958:
954:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:
920:
919:galley slaves
912:
908:
903:
894:
892:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
850:
847:
843:
839:
838:
833:
829:
819:
817:
813:
809:
803:
801:
795:
793:
788:
784:
780:
770:
766:
764:
763:
758:
754:
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
721:
713:
709:
705:
703:
697:
693:
689:
687:
683:
674:
669:
660:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
628:
626:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
596:
592:
590:
584:
582:
578:
574:
568:
562:
558:
554:
549:
541:
532:
530:
526:
522:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
501:thalassocracy
498:
493:
492:Delian League
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
455:
454:
449:
445:
437:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
413:Ionian Revolt
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
379:
375:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
334:
330:
325:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
221:
217:
203:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
173:Mediterranean
170:
166:
161:
152:
151:Ancient Greek
148:
144:
140:
135:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
108:
103:
102:Ancient Greek
99:
95:
91:
90:
81:
51:
44:
43:
37:
33:
29:
22:
6694:
6685:
6678:
6671:
6664:
6656:
6651:On the Ocean
6649:
6642:
6634:
6631:Literature:
6419:
6401:
6382:
6375:
6365:Aotearoa One
6363:
6356:
6349:
6342:
6330:
6323:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6295:
6288:
6275:
6271:
6263:
6250:Experimental
6218:Museum ships
6185:
6178:
6151:
6123:Phoenician:
6114:
6109:Leontophoros
6107:
6071:Butuan boats
6066:Pontian boat
6004:Dufuna canoe
5943:Shipbuilding
5854:and theories
5824:Boris Rankov
5618:
5551:Economy and
5451:Incendiaries
5298:
5085:Indus Valley
5053:Tarumanagara
4980:Ubaid period
4898:Wadi al-Jarf
4813:Ostia Antica
4417:Fore-and-aft
4384:Shipbuilding
4359:Carvel built
4341:Construction
4299:Steering oar
4180:Sailing ship
4142:
4103:Obelisk ship
4061:Dugout canoe
3910:Norfolk punt
3788:Mast aft rig
3697:Herring buss
3621:West Country
3543:Sloop-of-war
3398:
3394:
3328:Crommesteven
3135:
2821:sailing rigs
2795:Mast aft rig
2743:Sailing rigs
2703:vessels and
2642:
2628:
2617:, 2/2 (2008)
2612:
2583:
2560:
2537:
2525:
2501:
2478:
2456:(1): 21–26.
2453:
2449:
2440:
2431:
2410:
2383:
2379:
2360:
2341:
2322:
2310:
2288:(4): 68–75.
2285:
2281:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2220:
2211:
2191:
2186:
2177:
2156:
2147:
2139:
2131:
2122:
2113:
2104:
2084:
2079:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2009:
2000:
1991:
1982:
1973:
1964:
1956:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1925:
1920:
1911:
1902:
1893:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1822:
1803:
1794:
1780:
1763:
1749:
1739:
1723:
1702:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1634:
1625:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1557:
1537:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1458:
1441:
1437:
1432:
1430:
1423:
1405:
1397:
1384:
1352:
1332:
1313:
1259:
1255:black-figure
1251:
1239:
1210:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1189:
1184:
1178:
1163:
1155:
1143:
1141:) triremes.
1138:
1125:
1123:
1103:
1087:
1054:
1052:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1029:Aristophanes
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
987:
983:
977:parexeiresia
976:
972:
968:
960:
956:
952:
949:
922:
916:
911:parexeiresia
910:
890:
886:
882:
878:
874:
870:
866:
862:
858:
856:
841:
835:
831:
825:
804:
796:
782:
778:
776:
767:
760:
750:
745:
742:histos megas
741:
737:
729:
727:
718:
706:
698:
694:
690:
685:
678:
663:Construction
636:
634:
624:
619:
611:
603:
599:
597:
593:
588:
585:
580:
576:
575:(θαλάμιος),
572:
569:
565:
561:Roman Empire
553:Roman mosaic
517:
485:
465:Themistocles
458:
451:
447:
404:
401:Persian Wars
391:invasion of
345:
332:
304:
299:in Corinth.
296:
266:
238:parexeiresia
237:
231:
197:
185:Persian Wars
181:quinqueremes
164:
136:
49:
47:
40:
32:
6658:Argonautica
6645:(Herodotus)
6608:Flood myths
6505:Museums and
6449:conferences
6414:Vital Alsar
6252:archaeology
6061:Austronesia
6054:Hjortspring
6049:Rochelongue
5999:Pesse canoe
5953:Ship burial
5938:Sea Peoples
5871:Lighthouses
5866:Grave goods
5814:George Bass
5594:Spice trade
5191:exploration
5013:Philippines
5008:Austronesia
5001:Old Kingdom
4878:Trincomalee
4828:Prosphorion
4773:Myos Hormos
4617:Micronesian
4608:By region:
4580:Lighthouses
4388:By region:
4153:Quinquereme
4078:Kunlun ship
4071:Penteconter
4056:Dragon boat
3905:Mersey flat
3883:Other types
3672:Barca-longa
3574:Down Easter
3211:Bomb vessel
3163:K'un-lun po
3141:Quadriremes
3126:Penteconter
3013:Quadrimaran
2834:Barquentine
2750:Bermuda rig
2719:Age of Sail
2521:Torr, Cecil
1845:Vitruvius,
1475:Penteconter
1412:Frank Welsh
1366:developed.
1320:quinquereme
1314:During the
927:, although
891:toicharchoi
842:triērarchia
832:triērarchos
616:J.E. Gordon
411:during the
405:ploia makrá
281:Corinthians
248:capital of
177:quadriremes
143:penteconter
124:Phoenicians
6725:Categories
6667:(Polybius)
6311:Hawaiʻiloa
6193:Nemi ships
6078:Black Sea
6024:Khufu ship
5985:and relics
5883:Marine art
5876:Alexandria
5783:Fik Meijer
5766:Historians
5653:Indo-Roman
5466:Greek navy
5368:Salamis II
5358:Hellespont
5318:Artemisium
5308:Nile Delta
5271:Achaemenid
5164:Achaemenid
5033:Langkasuka
5028:Micronesia
4946:Prehistory
4873:Sounagoura
4701:Chittagong
4676:Barbarikon
4655:Alexandria
4597:Pilot boat
4547:Navigation
4379:Sewn-plank
4374:Lashed-lug
4252:Figurehead
4225:Components
4194:Propulsion
4148:Quadrireme
4129:Polyremes
4108:Outriggers
3869:Treenailed
3849:Lashed lug
3844:Inflatable
3823:Windsurfer
3808:Sportsboat
3757:Well smack
3626:Windjammer
3553:Trincadour
3523:Padewakang
3373:Man-of-war
3312:Trabaccolo
3251:Malangbang
3053:Vaka katea
3003:Pentamaran
2844:Brigantine
2805:Square rig
2800:Pinisi rig
2780:Lateen rig
2770:Gunter rig
2734:Navigation
2603:Thucydides
2271:References
1955:Xenophon,
1670:, XIV.42.3
1666:Diodorus,
1502:"three" +
1346:and later
1236:Casualties
1221:Long Walls
1133:light, un-
1098:See also:
1019:thalamitai
995:thalamitai
961:thalamitai
863:kybernētēs
734:Corinthian
686:hypozōmata
631:Dimensions
625:hupozomata
612:hypozomata
604:hypozomata
600:hypozomata
589:hypozomata
427:subjects.
381:Polycrates
277:Thucydides
242:outriggers
220:Phoenician
6680:Geography
6618:Gilgamesh
6507:memorials
6431:Viracocha
6344:Faʻafaite
6297:Sarimanok
6203:Yassi Ada
6116:Syracusia
6039:Canaanite
6014:Moor Sand
5484:By region
5446:Grappling
5418:Naulochus
5408:Myonessus
5363:Echinades
5348:Arginusae
5343:Cynossema
5328:Naupactus
5323:Eurymedon
5157:Classical
5132:Phoenicia
5127:Mycenaean
5090:Tamilakam
5073:Polynesia
5063:Srivijaya
4858:Satingpra
4818:Palembang
4802:Cattigara
4744:(Kadaram)
4727:Jambukola
4721:Guangzhou
4662:(Podouke)
4660:Arikamedu
4622:Polynesia
4555:Celestial
4468:Armaments
4454:Spritsail
4412:Crab claw
4354:Careening
4321:Sternpost
4175:Reed boat
4118:Catamaran
4093:Multihull
3864:Tall ship
3692:Gableboat
3606:Leti leti
3596:Janggolan
3528:Post ship
3399:de armada
3388:Speronara
3116:Fire ship
3048:Va'a-tele
2973:Kora kora
2938:Catamaran
2904:Multihull
2810:Tanja rig
2755:Crab claw
2712:Overviews
2699:Types of
2194:, p. 133.
1959:, I.5.3–7
1957:Hellenica
1620:, fig. 76
1328:artillery
1198:diekplous
1190:periplous
1186:Squadrons
1139:aphraktai
1118:catapults
1114:ballistas
1071:Herodotus
1034:The Frogs
999:thalamioi
969:thranitai
953:thranitai
875:keleustēs
859:hypēresia
853:Deck crew
846:liturgies
828:trierarch
822:Trierarch
787:trierarch
753:Byzantium
738:hypersion
649:Vitruvius
637:neōsoikoi
581:thranites
573:thalamios
374:Herodotus
347:Herodotus
313:Phoenicia
309:Sidonians
273:Phoenicia
6696:Tākitimu
6599:Legend:
6557:Roskilde
6436:Tangaroa
6377:Olympias
6351:Gaualofa
6290:Hōkūleʻa
6265:Kon-Tiki
6098:Ashkelon
6034:Uluburun
5993:Earliest
5759:Scholars
5641:shipping
5441:Boarding
5353:Mytilene
5338:Syracuse
5303:Alashiya
5266:Egyptian
5250:Military
5241:Timeline
5219:Sardinia
5142:Carthage
5058:Kalingga
5018:Sa Huỳnh
4953:Timeline
4903:Zanzibar
4853:Sarapion
4848:Rhacotis
4778:Martaban
4723:(Canton)
4716:Godavaya
4711:Giao Chỉ
4681:Barygaza
4671:Avalites
4592:Piloting
4480:Catapult
4475:Ballista
4449:Mast-aft
4262:Planking
4201:Paddling
4158:Hexareme
4123:Trimaran
4088:Longship
4036:Balangay
3818:Wharrams
3737:Sixareen
3732:Nordland
3727:Patorani
3513:Gundalow
3498:Gallivat
3483:Chialoup
3478:Bilander
3427:Corvette
3343:Galleass
3302:Lancaran
3261:Tongkang
3246:Longship
3196:Balinger
3096:Balangay
3043:Ungalawa
3038:Trimaran
3033:Tongiaki
3028:Tipairua
2879:Schooner
2775:Junk rig
2765:Gaff rig
2643:Olympias
2523:(1894).
2321:(1991).
2136:Plutarch
2063:Historia
2037:Historia
1830:Archived
1802:(1978).
1464:See also
1442:Olympias
1438:Olympias
1433:Olympias
1425:Olympias
1399:Olympias
1386:Olympias
1359:liburnas
1344:Carthage
1340:Syracuse
1336:Diadochi
1324:boarding
1305:Allectus
1217:Pericles
1106:boarding
1088:epibatai
1067:Scythian
1063:hoplites
1055:epibatai
1039:ryppapai
1024:Olympias
1003:thalamos
945:Syracuse
937:set free
883:naupēgos
871:prōratēs
800:hoplites
762:Olympias
620:hupozoma
505:Syracuse
425:Egyptian
355:Necho II
353:pharaoh
351:Egyptian
297:invented
293:Diodorus
246:Assyrian
189:Athenian
98:trirēmis
42:Olympias
6736:Galleys
6636:Odyssey
6613:Genesis
6410:Others
6209:Lists:
6198:Marausa
6148:Roman:
6138:Punic:
6103:Kyrenia
6094:Greek:
6090:Marsala
6083:Sinop D
5958:Tacking
5692:History
5579:Meluhha
5569:Fishing
5564:Whaling
5471:Ramming
5393:Aegates
5388:Drepana
5383:Ecnomus
5313:Salamis
5301:
5291:Battles
5169:Nabatea
5152:Archaic
5122:Nuragic
5112:Somalia
4963:Oceania
4958:Britain
4935:History
4868:Socotra
4838:Qandala
4823:Piraeus
4793:Muziris
4763:Madurai
4758:Manthai
4696:Canopus
4666:Arsinoe
4638:harbors
4587:History
4575:Coastal
4505:Sambuca
4490:Dolphin
4404:Rigging
4216:Poling
4206:Sailing
4143:Trireme
4083:Liburna
4046:Coracle
4016:Vessels
3954:Related
3752:Tartane
3702:Jangada
3682:Felucca
3677:Falkuša
3635:20th c.
3589:Warship
3579:Golekan
3562:19th c.
3488:Clipper
3471:18th c.
3457:Polacca
3437:Frigate
3415:17th c.
3383:Patache
3378:Manchua
3353:Flyboat
3338:Galleon
3321:16th c.
3292:Caravel
3282:Carrack
3275:15th c.
3241:Kondura
3206:Birlinn
3136:Trireme
3088:Ancient
3023:Tepukei
2978:Lakatoi
2968:Karakoa
2948:Guilalo
2933:Camakau
2918:Amatasi
2906:vessels
2874:Mistico
2849:Catboat
2790:Lug rig
2701:sailing
2645:trireme
2458:Bibcode
2388:Bibcode
2290:Bibcode
1788:. 1913.
1470:Warship
1408:Piraeus
1302:emperor
1298:usurper
1262:hoplite
1213:Hoplite
1158:marines
1110:ramming
1094:Tactics
1049:Marines
1041:" and "
1031:' play
1015:zygitai
984:zygitai
973:thranos
957:zygitai
887:aulētēs
867:prōreus
779:plērōma
702:esparto
673:vessels
657:draught
641:Piraeus
618:: "The
608:hogging
557:Tunisia
513:Corinth
481:Salamis
473:Laurion
448:Trireme
389:Persian
363:Red Sea
333:aphract
285:Samians
250:Nineveh
234:biremes
211:Origins
206:History
200:galleys
171:in the
169:warship
107:triērēs
50:trireme
6687:Aeneid
6403:Viking
6384:Regina
6153:Alkedo
6009:Abydos
5983:Wrecks
5852:Topics
5682:Piracy
5636:Greece
5496:Odisha
5428:Actium
5423:Mycale
5258:Navies
5147:Greece
5137:Olmecs
5105:Pandya
5080:Minoan
5043:Champa
5023:Lapita
4968:Remote
4888:Tyndis
4843:Quilon
4788:Muscat
4753:Lothal
4748:Korkai
4732:Jeddah
4706:Essina
4650:Adulis
4560:Charts
4495:Harpax
4485:Corvus
4459:Square
4427:Settee
4422:Lateen
4331:Tiller
4326:Strake
4294:Rudder
4284:Paddle
4232:Anchor
4211:Towing
4133:Bireme
4066:Galley
4041:Bangka
3945:Wherry
3920:Pausik
3778:Dinghy
3722:Mayang
3717:Masula
3712:Lugger
3707:Jukung
3611:Palari
3533:74-gun
3518:Lanong
3442:Galeas
3368:Lorcha
3333:Galiot
3297:Ghurab
3256:Shitik
3201:Benawa
3151:Dromon
3131:Bireme
3121:Galley
2983:Lanong
2953:Jukung
2923:Baurua
2854:Cutter
2829:Barque
2592:
2569:
2546:
2509:
2485:
2419:
2367:
2348:
2329:
1810:
1616:
1566:
1506:"oar".
1480:Bireme
1364:dromon
1202:kyklos
1179:kyklos
1135:decked
1126:embola
1124:Rams (
1075:Chiots
1043:o opop
1007:askōma
959:, and
929:metics
924:thētai
907:rowers
897:Rowers
783:eretai
653:cubits
577:zygios
535:Design
529:Sparta
488:Mycale
461:Aegina
423:, and
421:Carian
417:Ionian
378:tyrant
376:, the
269:Greece
165:dieres
160:diērēs
155:διήρης
147:bireme
132:Romans
116:galley
6623:Greek
6426:Abora
6420:Ivlia
6332:Saina
6276:Ra II
6234:Sites
6019:Dokos
5631:Egypt
5553:trade
5518:Rafts
5503:Japan
5491:India
5403:Chios
5373:Mylae
5333:Olpae
5281:Roman
5276:Greek
5174:Aksum
5100:Chera
5095:Chola
5068:Sunda
5048:Kutai
5038:Kedah
4883:Tulum
4863:Sidon
4808:Opone
4798:Óc Eo
4768:Malao
4742:Kedah
4686:Basra
4634:Ports
4612:Inuit
4432:Tanja
4392:Egypt
4242:Cabin
4185:Tomol
4028:Types
3900:Fusta
3854:Razee
3828:Yacht
3747:Smack
3742:Sgoth
3687:Fifie
3662:Bagan
3616:Tamar
3601:Lambo
3503:Garay
3406:Xebec
3395:round
3358:Fluyt
3348:Ghali
3266:Zabra
3231:Knarr
3173:Mtepe
3101:Boita
3058:Vinta
3018:Takia
2998:Paraw
2963:Kalia
2928:Bigiw
2913:ʻalia
2884:Sloop
2869:Ketch
1849:I.2.4
1772:(PDF)
1744:I.153
1504:rēmus
1498:from
1486:Notes
1130:knots
988:zygoi
730:kōpai
555:from
509:Corfu
393:Egypt
385:Samos
289:Pliny
258:Sidon
240:(the
94:Latin
89:-reem
6552:Oslo
6274:and
6180:Isis
6127:Gozo
5648:Rome
5626:Maya
5508:Rome
5413:Nile
5179:Rome
5117:Maya
4973:Near
4893:Tyre
4645:Aden
4444:Junk
4316:Stem
4304:Sail
4289:Rope
4274:Mast
4269:Keel
4257:Hull
4247:Deck
4170:Raft
4051:Dhow
3935:Scow
3930:Pram
3874:ULDB
3859:Sewn
3762:Yoal
3667:Bago
3548:Toop
3508:Grab
3452:Pink
3447:Koff
3236:Koch
3226:Jong
3221:Hulk
3168:Lepa
3158:Junk
3111:Dhow
3008:Proa
2993:Pahi
2958:Kaep
2943:Drua
2894:Yawl
2889:Snow
2839:Brig
2705:rigs
2590:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2507:ISBN
2483:ISBN
2417:ISBN
2365:ISBN
2346:ISBN
2327:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1614:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1500:tri-
1348:Rome
1116:and
1108:and
1079:Lade
1017:and
814:and
773:Crew
682:hull
511:and
359:Nile
291:and
262:rams
256:and
254:Tyre
179:and
139:oars
130:and
5589:Tin
4636:and
4500:Ram
4279:Oar
4237:Bow
3397:or
3307:Hoy
3216:Cog
3178:Uru
2819:By
2466:doi
2396:doi
2384:244
2298:doi
2286:261
1194:Gk.
997:or
993:54
982:54
967:62
869:or
755:to
627:."
383:of
271:or
87:TRY
6727::
6272:Ra
6241:H3
5995::
3063:Wa
2605:,
2464:.
2452:.
2394:.
2382:.
2296:.
2284:.
2256:^
2199:^
2165:^
2138:,
2092:^
1881:^
1741:IG
1732:^
1711:^
1546:^
1520:^
1456:.
1428:.
1342:,
1330:.
1232:.
1148:.
955:,
551:A
515:.
507:,
367:c.
337:c.
315:.
224:c.
195:.
157:,
153::
134:.
126:,
104::
96::
74:iː
68:aɪ
48:A
4804:)
4800:(
3995:e
3988:t
3981:v
3494:)
3490:(
3401:)
2692:e
2685:t
2678:v
2598:.
2575:.
2552:.
2515:.
2491:.
2472:.
2468::
2460::
2454:3
2425:.
2402:.
2398::
2390::
2373:.
2354:.
2335:.
2304:.
2300::
2292::
1816:.
1774:.
1757:.
1572:.
1300:-
1192:(
1137:(
830:(
675:.
395:(
149:(
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77:m
71:r
65:r
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59:ˈ
56:/
52:(
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