Ancient Rome - Knowledge

6410: 7345: 3164: 3867: 6179: 1188: 5154: 5913: 4926: 1844: 776: 695: 2946: 518: 6490: 1158: 5128: 1374: 1023: 4531: 1655: 4552: 5933: 4808: 5673: 2637: 3146: 5278:, and the state. Multiple remarriages were not uncommon. Fathers usually began seeking husbands for their daughters when these reached an age between twelve and fourteen, but most commoner-class women stayed single until their twenties, and in general seem to have been far more independent than wives of the elite. Divorce required the consent of one party, along with the return of any dowry. Both parents had power over their children during their minority and adulthood, but husbands had much less control over their wives. 3398: 2736: 995: 5007: 2077: 6520: 65: 6148:, which was dedicated to Minerva when it was rebuilt under Emperor Domitian's orders. Some of these, including the library at the Temple of Divus Augustus also served as archives. By the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the city of Rome had more than two dozen public libraries. Rome was not the only city to benefit from such institutions. As the Roman Empire spread, public libraries were established in other major cities and cultural centers including Ephesos, Athens, and 2471: 4049: 3155: 6803: 16247: 2255: 5434: 20958: 2602: 796: 1719:. The Julio-Claudians started the destruction of republican values, but on the other hand, they boosted Rome's status as the central power in the Mediterranean region. While Caligula and Nero are usually remembered in popular culture as dysfunctional emperors, Augustus and Claudius are remembered as successful in politics and the military. This dynasty instituted imperial tradition in Rome and frustrated any attempt to reestablish a Republic. 19024: 549: 2410: 4799:) appointed by the Emperor. These were no longer members of the Roman elite but men who came up through the ranks and had seen much practical soldiering. With increasing frequency, these men attempted (sometimes successfully) to usurp the positions of the Emperors. Decreased resources, increasing political chaos and civil war eventually left the Western Empire vulnerable to attack and takeover by neighbouring barbarian peoples. 6622: 3724: 3527: 6787:

felled between AD 40 and 60, coming from the Jura mountains in northeastern France and ending up more than 1,055 miles (1,700 km) away, in the foundations of a lavish portico that was part of a vast wealthy patrician villa, in Central Rome. It is suggested that timber, around 4 metres (13 ft) long, came up to Rome via the Tiber River on ships travelling across the Mediterranean Sea from the confluence of the

20947: 19017: 7359: 4489: 4895:(border troops) during this period, based at fortified river harbours along the Rhine and the Danube. That prominent generals commanded both armies and fleets suggests that naval forces were treated as auxiliaries to the army and not as an independent service. The details of command structure and fleet strengths during this period are not well known, although fleets were commanded by prefects. 1912:. As Gemellus was still a child, Caligula was chosen to rule the empire. He was a popular leader in the first half of his reign, but became a crude and insane tyrant in his years controlling government. The Praetorian Guard murdered Caligula four years after the death of Tiberius, and, with belated support from the senators, proclaimed his uncle 4006:, and the Senate was reduced to an advisory body appointed by the Emperor. The Empire did not inherit a set bureaucracy from the Republic, since the Republic did not have any permanent governmental structures apart from the Senate. The Emperor appointed assistants and advisers, but the state lacked many institutions, such as a centrally planned 4686:, combined cavalry and legionaries in a single formation. They could be stationed at garrisons or outposts and could fight on their own as balanced small forces or combine with similar units as a larger, legion-sized force. This increase in organizational flexibility helped ensure the long-term success of Roman military forces. The Emperor 1345:. To consolidate his own power, Sulla conducted a surprising and illegal action: he marched to Rome with his legions, killing all those who showed support to Marius's cause. In the following year, 87 BC, Marius, who had fled at Sulla's march, returned to Rome while Sulla was campaigning in Greece. He seized power along with the consul 2713:, as Caesar, but subsequently grew jealous and attempted to assassinate him. However, the Praetorian guard preferred Alexander, murdered Elagabalus, dragged his mutilated corpse through the streets of Rome, and threw it into the Tiber. Severus Alexander then succeeded him. Alexander waged war against many foes, including the revitalised 2107:(anglicised as Vespasian) took control of the empire and established a new dynasty. Under the Flavians, Rome continued its expansion, and the state remained secure. Under Trajan, the Roman Empire reached the peak of its territorial expansion. Rome's dominion now spanned 5.0 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles). 2890: 6607:, which had been purpose-built for chariot and horse-racing and, as Rome's largest public place, was also used for festivals and animal shows. It could seat around 150,000 people; The charioteers raced in teams, identified by their colours; some aficionados were members of extremely, even violently partisan circus factions. 4657:) who served for particular (often annual) campaigns, and who supplied his own equipment. After 200 BC, economic conditions in rural areas deteriorated as manpower needs increased, so that the property qualifications for compulsory service were gradually reduced. Beginning in the 3rd century BC, legionaries were paid a 5274:. By the late Republic, most married women retained lawful connection to their birth family, though any children from the marriage belonged to her husband's family. The mother or an elderly relative often raised both boys and girls. Roman moralists held that marriage and child-raising fulfilled a basic duty to family, 5828:

Like many ancient cultures, concepts of ethics and morality, while sharing some commonalities with modern society, differed greatly in several important ways. Because ancient civilisations like Rome were under constant threat of attack from marauding tribes, their culture was necessarily militaristic

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The Roman year originally had ten months from Martius (March) to December, with the winter period not included in the calendar. The first four months were named after gods (Martius, Aprilis, Maius, Junius) and the others were numbered (Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December).

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From Nerva to Marcus Aurelius, the empire achieved an unprecedented status. The powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. All the citizens enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth. The image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence.

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to be deployed rapidly, with predictable marching times between key points of the empire, no matter the season. These highways also had enormous economic significance, solidifying Rome's role as a trading crossroads—the origin of the saying "all roads lead to Rome". The Roman government maintained a

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combats. Gladiators had an exotic and inventive variety of arms and armour. They sometimes fought to the death, but more often to an adjudicated victory, usually in keeping with the mood of the watching crowd. Shows of exotic animals were popular in their own right; but sometimes animals were pitted

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conspired to have Caracalla assassinated by one of his soldiers during a pilgrimage to the Temple of the Moon in Carrhae, in 217 AD. Macrinus assumed power, but soon removed himself from Rome to the east and Antioch. His brief reign ended in 218, when the youngster Bassianus, high priest of the

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Unfortunately, the two longest ancient accounts of Roman Republican history, the area in which the problems are currently the most acute and the most widely discussed, the histories of Livy and of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, were composed 500 years (in very round numbers) later than the traditional

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The two longest ancient accounts of the Roman history, the histories of Livy and Dionysius of Halicarnassus, were composed 500 years later than the date for the founding of the republic and 200 years from the defeat of Hannibal. Although there has been a diversity of works on ancient Roman history,

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Ancient Rome's literary contributions are still recognized today and the works by ancient Roman authors were available in bookshops as well as in public and private libraries. Many scholars and statesmen of ancient Rome cultivated private libraries that were used both as demonstrations of knowledge

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of stones, which provided basic construction materials for the buildings of that period. In manufacturing, production was on a relatively small scale, and generally consisted of workshops and small factories that employed at most dozens of workers. However, some brick factories employed hundreds of

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Information suggests that by the time of the late Empire (350 AD), the Roman navy comprised several fleets including warships and merchant vessels for transportation and supply. Warships were oared sailing galleys with three to five banks of oarsmen. Fleet bases included such ports as Ravenna,

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Diocletian expelled the Persians who plundered Syria and conquered some barbarian tribes with Maximian. He adopted many behaviours of Eastern monarchs. Anyone in the presence of the emperor had now to prostrate himself—a common act in the East, but never practised in Rome before. Diocletian did not

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were popular pastimes. For the wealthy, dinner parties presented an opportunity for entertainment, sometimes featuring music, dancing, and poetry readings. The majority, less well-off, sometimes enjoyed similar parties through clubs or associations, but for most Romans, recreational dining usually

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regiments had become permanently established units of the Roman army, paid and equipped by the Empire, led by a Roman tribune and used just as Roman units were used. The Empire also used groups of barbarians to fight along with the legions as allies without integration into the field armies, under

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held the imperial dignity. Pertinax, a member of the senate who had been one of Marcus Aurelius's right-hand men, was the choice of Laetus, and he ruled vigorously and judiciously. Laetus soon became jealous and instigated Pertinax's murder by the Praetorian Guard, who then auctioned the empire to

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and marched to Rome. The Gauls looted and burned the city, then laid siege to the Capitoline Hill, where some Romans had barricaded themselves, for seven months. The Gauls then agreed to give the Romans peace in exchange for 1000 pounds of gold. According to later legend, the Roman supervising the

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for both skilled and unskilled work. Slaves are estimated to have constituted around 20% of the Roman Empire's population at this time and 40% in the city of Rome. Only in the Roman Empire, when the conquests stopped and the prices of slaves increased, did hired labour become more economical than

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After 1200 years of independence and nearly 700 years as a great power, the rule of Rome in the West ended. Various reasons for Rome's fall have been proposed ever since, including loss of Republicanism, moral decay, military tyranny, class war, slavery, economic stagnation, environmental change,

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The Romans also largely built using timber, causing a rapid decline of the woodlands surrounding Rome and in much of the Apennine Mountains due to the demand for wood for construction, shipbuilding and fire. The first evidence of long-distance wood trading come from the discovery of wood planks,

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over that child. Abandoned children were sometimes adopted; some would have been sold into slavery. Slavery was near-ubiquitous and almost universally accepted. In the early Republic, citizens in debt were allowed to sell their labour, and perhaps their sons, to their debtor in a limited form of

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The imperial city of Rome was the largest urban center in the empire, with a population variously estimated from 450,000 to close to one million. Around 20 per cent of the population under jurisdiction of ancient Rome (25–40%, depending on the standards used, in Roman Italy) lived in innumerable

6213:, and the Empire's enormous expansion, which exposed Romans to many new, provincial culinary habits and cooking techniques. In the beginning the differences between social classes were relatively small, but disparities evolved with the Empire's growth. Men and women drank wine with their meals. 5290:

tried to address this through state intervention, offering rewards to any woman who gave birth to three or more children, and penalising the childless. The latter was much resented, and the former had seemingly negligible results. Aristocratic women seem to have been increasingly disinclined to

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Roman citizen women held a restricted form of citizenship; they could not vote but were protected by law. They ran families, could own and run businesses, own and cultivate land, write their own wills, and plead in court on their own behalf, or on behalf of others, all under dispensation of the

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at the age of 16, and campaigned with the army from the age of 17. Educational practices were modified after the conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms in the 3rd century BC and the resulting Greek influence, although Roman educational practices were still much different from Greek ones. If their

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Most public libraries of this time were not built expressly for that purpose, instead sharing space in temples, baths, and other community buildings. In addition to serving as repositories for books, public libraries hosted orations by authors. These recitations served as social gatherings and

4650:). With the new organisation came a new orientation toward the offensive and a much more aggressive posture toward adjoining city-states. At nominal full strength, an early Republican legion included 3,600 to 4,800 heavy infantry, several hundred light infantry, and several hundred cavalrymen. 2933:

started the persecution and ordered the destruction of all the Christian churches and scripts and forbade Christian worship. Diocletian abdicated in 305 AD together with Maximian, thus, he was the first Roman emperor to resign. His reign ended the traditional form of imperial rule, the

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Public games and spectacles were sponsored by leading Romans who wished to advertise their generosity and court popular approval; in Rome or its provinces, this usually meant the emperor or his governors. Venues in Rome and the provinces were developed specifically for public games. Rome's

2590:" and replied by declaring their individual generals to be emperor. Lucius Septimius Severus Geta, the Pannonian commander, bribed the opposing forces, pardoned the Praetorian Guards and installed himself as emperor. He and his successors governed with the legions' support. The changes on 1297:. Marius then started his military reform: in his recruitment to fight Jugurtha, he levied the very poor (an innovation), and many landless men entered the army. Marius was elected for five consecutive consulships from 104 to 100 BC, as Rome needed a military leader to defeat the 4774:(depending on the highest office held before) to govern a foreign province. Under Augustus, whose most important political priority was to place the military under a permanent and unitary command, the Emperor was the legal commander of each legion but exercised that command through a 2665:

disliked him and were denigrating his character, Caracalla served a banquet for its notable citizens, after which his soldiers killed all the guests. From the security of the temple of Sarapis, he then directed an indiscriminate slaughter of Alexandria's people. In 212, he issued the

3933:), but no real legislative power; it was technically only an advisory council. However, as the Senators were individually very influential, it was difficult to accomplish anything against the collective will of the Senate. New senators were chosen from among the most accomplished 2523:

The Roman senate appeared to possess the sovereign authority, and devolved on the emperors all the executive powers of government. Gibbon declared the rule of these "Five Good Emperors" the golden era of the Empire. During this time, Rome reached its greatest territorial extent.

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had done. Between 290 and 330, half a dozen new capitals had been established by the members of the Tetrarchy, officially or not: Antioch, Nicomedia, Thessalonike, Sirmium, Milan, and Trier. Diocletian was also responsible for a significant Christian persecution. In 303 he and

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Marius died in 86 BC, due to age and poor health, just a few months after seizing power. Cinna exercised absolute power until his death in 84 BC. After returning from his Eastern campaigns, Sulla had a free path to reestablish his own power. In 83 BC he made his

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came to be the language spoken by the well-educated elite, as most of the literature studied by Romans was written in Greek. Most of the emperors were bilingual but had a preference for Latin in the public sphere for political reasons, a practice that first started during the

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were known for their durability and many segments of the Roman road system were still in use a thousand years after the fall of Rome. The construction of a vast and efficient travel network throughout the Empire dramatically increased Rome's power and influence. They allowed

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were made emperors. Caracalla had his brother, a youth, assassinated in his mother's arms, and may have murdered 20,000 of Geta's followers. Like his father, Caracalla was warlike. He continued Severus' policy and gained respect from the legions. Knowing that the citizens of

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who attempted to pass land reform legislation that would redistribute the major patrician landholdings among the plebeians. Both brothers were killed and the Senate passed reforms reversing the Gracchi brother's actions. This led to the growing divide of the plebeian groups

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and Christianity had begun to spread through the populace. Emperors were no longer men linked with nobility; they usually were born in lower-classes of distant parts of the Empire. These men rose to prominence through military ranks, and became emperors through civil wars.

6435:, a common garment during the era of Julius Caesar, was gradually abandoned by all social classes of the Empire. At the early 4th century, the toga had become just a garment worn by senators in Senate and ceremonial events. At the 4th century, the toga was replaced by the 2270:

Following Domitian's murder, the Senate rapidly appointed Nerva as Emperor. Nerva had noble ancestry, and he had served as an advisor to Nero and the Flavians. His rule restored many of the traditional liberties of Rome's upper classes, which Domitian had over-ridden. The

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in the ancient world, covering around 5 million square kilometres (1.9 million square miles) in AD 117, with an estimated 50 to 90 million inhabitants, roughly 20% of the world's population at the time. The Roman state evolved from an elective monarchy to a

1413:) that had supported populist approaches. Meanwhile, social and economic stresses continued to build; Rome had become a metropolis with a super-rich aristocracy, debt-ridden aspirants, and a large proletariat often of impoverished farmers. The latter groups supported the 459:. Ancient Roman civilisation has contributed to modern language, religion, society, technology, law, politics, government, warfare, art, literature, architecture, and engineering. Rome professionalised and expanded its military and created a system of government called 6116:

and displays of wealth and power. Private libraries were so commonly encountered that Vitruvius wrote about where libraries should be situated within a villa. In addition to numerous private libraries, the Roman Empire saw the establishment of early public libraries.

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and humanised the laws. His many building projects included aqueducts, baths, libraries and theatres; additionally, he travelled nearly every province in the Empire to review military and infrastructural conditions. Following Hadrian's death in 138 AD, his successor

5868:). Indeed, wearing a veil was a common expectation to preserve modesty. Sex outside of marriage was generally frowned upon for men and women and indeed was made illegal during the imperial period. Nevertheless, prostitution was an accepted and regulated practice. 5985:, though sometimes including depictions of mythological characters. The second style began during the early 1st century BC and attempted to depict realistically three-dimensional architectural features and landscapes. The third style occurred during the reign of 636:. The sons, sentenced to death, were rescued by a wolf and returned to restore the Alban king and found a city. After a dispute, Romulus killed Remus and became the city's sole founder. The area of his initial settlement on the Palatine Hill was later known as 5859:

Roman society had well-established and restrictive norms related to sexuality, though as with many societies, the lion's share of the responsibilities fell on women. Women were generally expected to be monogamous having only a single husband during their life

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for cavalry. Nominal strengths may have been 1,200 men for infantry regiments and 600 for cavalry, but actual troop levels could have been much lower—800 infantry and 400 cavalry. Many infantry and cavalry regiments operated in pairs under the command of a

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over matters that affected the family's well-being and reputation. Traditionally, such matters were regarded as outside the purview of the state and its magistrates; under the emperors, they were increasingly subject to state interference and legislation.

3590:, who could not. This became less important in the later Republic, as some plebeian families became wealthy and entered politics, and some patrician families fell economically. Anyone, patrician or plebeian, who could count a consul as his ancestor was a 2625:, a rich Arabian city. Severus killed his legate, who was gaining respect from the legions; and his soldiers fell victim to famine. After this disastrous campaign, he withdrew. Severus also intended to vanquish the whole of Britannia. To achieve this, he 315:, was assassinated in 480, when the title and notion of a separate Western Empire were abolished. Another suggested end date is the reorganization of the Italian peninsula and abolition of separate Western Roman administrative institutions under Emperor 3984:

could be appointed. Throughout the Republic, the administrative system was revised several times to comply with new demands. In the end, it proved inefficient for controlling the ever-expanding dominion of Rome, contributing to the establishment of the

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Once accepted into their birth family by their fathers, children were potential heirs. They could not be lawfully given away, or sold into slavery. If parents were unable to care for their child, or if its paternity was in doubt, they could resort to

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By the end of the Social War, Marius and Sulla were the premier military men in Rome and their partisans were in conflict, both sides jostling for power. In 88 BC, Sulla was elected for his first consulship and his first assignment was to defeat

5388:, the second king of Rome (716–673 BC), is said to have introduced the months of January and February, both also named after gods, beginning the 12-month calendar still in use today. In 44 BC, the month Quintilis was renamed to Julius (July) after 2996:, which granted liberty for Christians to profess their religion. Constantine was converted to Christianity, enforcing the Christian faith. He began the Christianization of the Empire and of Europe—a process concluded by the Catholic Church in the 5833:

a virtue, Roman society considered compassion a vice, a moral defect. Indeed, one of the primary purposes of the gladiatorial games was to inoculate Roman citizens from this weakness. Romans instead prized virtues such as courage and conviction

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The Byzantine Romans, however, managed to stop further Islamic expansion into their lands during the 8th century and, beginning in the 9th century, reclaimed parts of the conquered lands. In 1000 AD, the Eastern Empire was at its height:

1149:. The conquest of the Hellenistic kingdoms brought the Roman and Greek cultures in closer contact and the Roman elite, once rural, became cosmopolitan. At this time Rome was a consolidated empire—in the military view—and had no major enemies. 1847:

Extent of the Roman Empire under Augustus. The yellow legend represents the extent of the Republic in 31 BC, the shades of green represent gradually conquered territories under the reign of Augustus, and pink areas on the map represent

1486:. Pompey was murdered in Egypt in 48 BC. Caesar was now pre-eminent over Rome: in five years he held four consulships, two ordinary dictatorships, and two special dictatorships, one for perpetuity. He was murdered in 44 BC, on the 3633:, sometimes translated "knights"), originally those who could afford a warhorse, and who formed a powerful mercantile class. Several further classes, originally based on the military equipment their members could afford, followed, with the 4739:

Military leadership evolved over the course of the history of Rome. Under the monarchy, the hoplite armies were led by the kings. During the early and middle Roman Republic, military forces were under the command of one of the two elected

2463:. On becoming emperor, Antoninus made few initial changes, leaving intact as far as possible the arrangements instituted by his predecessor. Antoninus expanded Roman Britannia by invading what is now southern Scotland and building the 5380:(first day of each month, always in plural), the ides (13th or 15th of the month), and the nones (ninth day before the ides, inclusive, i.e. 5th or 7th of the month). Other days were counted backwards from the next one of these days. 3651:

shared some basic rights with their male counterparts, but were not fully regarded as citizens and were thus not allowed to vote or take part in politics. At the same time the limited rights of women were gradually expanded (due to

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forbade members of the Senate from engaging in commerce, so while the equestrians could theoretically join the Senate, they were severely restricted in political power. The Senate squabbled perpetually, repeatedly blocked important

1600:. The Second Triumvirate expired in 38 BC but was renewed for five more years. However, the relationship between Octavian and Antony had deteriorated, and Lepidus was forced to retire in 36 BC after betraying Octavian in 3055:

was made capital, in the 5th century. Constantine's administrative and monetary reforms, that reunited the Empire under one emperor, and rebuilt the city of Byzantium, as Constantinopolis Nova Roma, changed the high period of the

3759:, and public affairs. Young boys learned much about civic life by accompanying their fathers to religious and political functions, including the Senate for the sons of nobles. The sons of nobles were apprenticed to a prominent 5793:. Under the Empire, the Romans absorbed the mythologies of their conquered subjects, often leading to situations in which the temples and priests of traditional Italian deities existed side by side with those of foreign gods. 5282:

courts and the nominal supervision of a senior male relative. Throughout the late Republican and Imperial eras, a declining birthrate among the elite, and a corresponding increase among commoners was cause of concern for many

3637:, citizens who had no property other than their children, at the bottom. Before the reforms of Marius they were ineligible for military service and are often described as being just above freed slaves in wealth and prestige. 818:

By the end of the sixth century, Rome and many of its Italian neighbours entered a period of turbulence. Archaeological evidence implies some degree of large-scale warfare. According to tradition and later writers such as

2326:. Trajan is credited with the restoration of traditional privileges and rights of commoner and senatorial classes, which later Roman historians claim to have been eroded during Domitian's autocracy. Trajan fought three 1955:

there were independent, tough, resistant to tax collectors, and fought Paulinus as he battled his way across from east to west. It took him a long time to reach the north west coast, and in 60 AD he finally crossed the

5636:. Justinian would be the last emperor to use Latin in government and marks when Greek officially took over. The expansion of the Roman Empire spread Latin throughout Europe, and Vulgar Latin evolved into many distinct 5871:

Public demonstrations of death, violence, and brutality were used as a source of entertainment in Roman communities; however it was also a way to maintain social order, demonstrate power, and signify communal unity.

5864:), though this was much less regarded by the elite, especially under the empire. Women were expected to be modest in public avoiding any provocative appearance and to demonstrate absolute fidelity to their husbands ( 4786:) and served as provincial governor, while in a province with more than one legion, each legion was commanded by a legate and the legates were commanded by the provincial governor (also a legate but of higher rank). 4606:, the body of citizens organised politically), with three providing hoplites and two providing light infantry. The early Roman army was tactically limited and its stance during this period was essentially defensive. 722:

Evidence of Roman expansion is clear in the sixth century BC; by its end, Rome controlled a territory of some 780 square kilometres (300 square miles) with a population perhaps as high as 35,000. A palace, the

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Although Julius Caesar had intended to establish public libraries to further establish Rome as a great cultural center like Athens and Alexandria, he died before this was accomplished. Caesar's former lieutenant,

5616:, and eventually in pronunciation. Speakers of Latin could understand both until the 7th century when spoken Latin began to diverge so much that 'Classical' or 'Good Latin' had to be learned as a second language. 2691:

temple of the Sun at Emesa, and supposedly illegitimate son of Caracalla, was declared Emperor by the disaffected soldiers of Macrinus. He adopted the name of Antoninus but history has named him after his Sun god

380:. The settlement grew into the city and polity of Rome, and came to control its neighbours through a combination of treaties and military strength. It eventually controlled the Italian Peninsula, assimilating the 2437:

in Judea. This was the last large-scale Jewish revolt against the Romans, and was suppressed with massive repercussions in Judea. Hundreds of thousands of Jews were killed. Hadrian renamed the province of Judea

2794:. The population and the frontiers were abandoned, since the emperors were mostly concerned with defeating rivals and establishing their power. The economy also suffered: massive military expenditures from the 2529:, son of Marcus Aurelius, became emperor after his father's death. He is not counted as one of the Five Good Emperors, due to his direct kinship with the latter emperor; in addition, he was militarily passive. 1755:

was very peaceful, which led the people and the nobles of Rome to support Augustus, increasing his strength in political affairs. His generals were responsible for the field command, gaining such commanders as

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The extreme expressions of this power—the selling or killing of family members for moral or civil offences, including simple disobedience—were very rarely exercised, and were forbidden in the Imperial era. A

4869:, the quinquereme permitted the use of a mix of experienced and inexperienced crewmen (an advantage for a primarily land-based power), and its lesser manoeuvrability permitted the Romans to adopt and perfect 4883:, a rank equal to a centurion, who was usually not a citizen. Potter suggests that because the fleet was dominated by non-Romans, the navy was considered non-Roman and allowed to atrophy in times of peace. 7419: 4690:(253–268 AD) began a reorganisation that created the last military structure of the late Empire. Withdrawing some legionaries from the fixed bases on the border, Gallienus created mobile forces (the 3043:, only briefly interrupted the succession of Christian emperors. Constantinople served as a new capital for the Empire. In fact, Rome had lost its central importance since the Crisis of the Third Century— 1058:

and Messana were too close to the newly conquered Greek cities of Southern Italy and Carthage was now able to make an offensive through Roman territory; along with this, Rome could extend its domain over

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being enrolled in a single tribe. Voting was done in class order, from top down, and stopped as soon as most of the tribes had been reached, so the poorer classes were often unable to cast their votes.

3833:, who were elected from each of Rome's major tribes in turn. The exact nature of the king's power is uncertain. He may have held near-absolute power, or may have merely been the chief executive of the 11869:"The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume II: From Cicero to Hadrian: The Roman World from the Beginnings of Latin Literature to the Monumental and Private Libraries of the Empire" 9238: 6955:, government and many factors and aspects of western civilisation are all inherited from Roman advancements. The rediscovery of Roman culture revitalised Western civilisation, playing a role in the 2904:

In 284 AD, Diocletian was hailed as Imperator by the eastern army. Diocletian healed the empire from the crisis, by political and economic shifts. A new form of government was established: the

3459:, and formed the basis of similar codifications in continental Western Europe. Roman law continued, in a broader sense, to be applied throughout most of Europe until the end of the 17th century. 2230:

Titus became emperor in 79. He finished the Flavian Amphitheater, using war spoils from the First Jewish-Roman War, and hosted victory games that lasted for a hundred days. These games included

6441:(a garment similar to a poncho) as the everyday garment of the Romans, from the lower classes to the upper classes. Another garment that was popular among the Romans in the later years of the 2574:

the highest bidder, Didius Julianus, for 25,000 sesterces per man. The people of Rome were appalled and appealed to the frontier legions to save them. The legions of three frontier provinces—

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was organised under a strict system of priestly offices, which were held by men of senatorial rank. The College of Pontifices was uppermost body in this hierarchy, and its chief priest, the

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was the main warship on both sides of the Punic Wars and remained the mainstay of Roman naval forces until replaced by the time of Caesar Augustus by lighter and more manoeuvrable vessels.

2242:. He ruled for fifteen years, during which time he acquired a reputation for self-promotion as a living god. He constructed at least two temples in honour of Jupiter, the supreme deity in 715:

Literary and archaeological evidence is clear on there having been kings in Rome, attested in fragmentary 6th century BC texts. Long after the abolition of the Roman monarchy, a vestigial

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took on the religious responsibilities of the deposed kings. In the Roman Empire, deceased emperors who had ruled well were deified by their successors and the Senate. and the formalised

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coins in circulation throughout the Empire and beyond—some have even been discovered in India. Before the 3rd century BC, copper was traded by weight, measured in unmarked lumps, across

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as well as a series of mutually destructive wars against the Persian Sassanian Empire, the Byzantine Romans were threatened by the rise of Islam. Its followers rapidly brought about the

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disease, the decline of the Roman race, as well as the inevitable ebb and flow that all civilisations experience. The Eastern Empire survived for almost 1000 years after the fall of its

2633:. After many casualties in the army due to the terrain and the barbarians' ambushes, Severus himself went to the field. However, he became ill and died in 211 AD, at the age of 65. 2617:

killed. Severus attempted to revive totalitarianism and, addressing the Roman people and Senate, praised the severity and cruelty of Marius and Sulla, which worried the senators. When

719:

was retained to exercise the monarch's former priestly functions. The Romans believed that their monarchy was elective, with seven legendary kings who were largely unrelated by blood.

4858:

required that Rome build large fleets, and it did so largely with the assistance of and financing from allies. This reliance on allies continued to the end of the Roman Republic. The

4002:, or "first citizen", and the Senate gained legislative power and all legal authority previously held by the popular assemblies. However, the rule of the Emperors became increasingly 23504: 1266:

Violent gangs of the urban unemployed, controlled by rival Senators, intimidated the electorate through violence. The situation came to a head in the late 2nd century BC under the

1341:, whose intentions were to conquer the Eastern part of the Roman territories. However, Marius's partisans managed his installation to the military command, defying Sulla and the 3980:

were elected annually and had to share power with a colleague. For example, under normal conditions, the highest authority was held by two consuls. In an emergency, a temporary

2295:. Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius were part of Italic families settled in Roman colonies outside of Italy: the families of Trajan and Hadrian had settled in 3640:

Voting power in the Republic depended on class. Citizens were enrolled in voting "tribes", but the tribes of the richer classes had fewer members than the poorer ones, all the

1612:. Antony's affair with Cleopatra was seen as an act of treason, since she was queen of another country. Additionally, Antony adopted a lifestyle considered too extravagant and 6648:, which was not invented again until the 1930s. Many practical Roman innovations were adopted from earlier Greek designs. Advancements were often divided and based on craft. 6201:

Ancient Roman cuisine changed over the long duration of this ancient civilisation. Dietary habits were affected by the influence of Greek culture, the political changes from

1409:(the "best", who wanted to maintain exclusive aristocratic control). Sulla overthrew all populist leaders and his constitutional reforms removed powers (such as those of the 20994: 18672: 7389: 5228:(Boswell translates this as being "offered" up to care by the gods or strangers). If a deformed or sickly newborn was patently "unfit to live", killing it was a duty of the 3278:

even after the deposition of Romulus Augustus until his death in 480. Some historians consider him to be the last emperor of the Western Empire instead of Romulus Augustus.

3612:("new man") and ennobled his descendants. Patrician ancestry, however, still conferred considerable prestige, and many religious offices remained restricted to patricians. 1086:, causing panic among Rome's Italian allies. The best way found to defeat Hannibal's purpose of causing the Italians to abandon Rome was to delay the Carthaginians with a 5262:

over his adult sons with their own households. This could give rise to legal anomalies, such as adult sons also having the status of minors. No man could be considered a

10988: 4793:), the Augustan model was abandoned. Provincial governors were stripped of military authority, and command of the armies in a group of provinces was given to generals ( 13808: 9706:

Giessen Papyrus, 40, 7–9 "I grant to all the inhabitants of the Empire the Roman citizenship and no one remains outside a civitas, with the exception of the dediticii"

5413:, a 15-year period based on the announcement of the delivery of food and other goods to the government. Another way, less popular but more similar to present day, was 1743:. The senators lost their right to rule certain provinces, like Egypt, since the governor of that province was directly nominated by the emperor. The creation of the 1459:. Confident that Caesar could be stopped by legal means, Pompey's party tried to strip Caesar of his legions, a prelude to Caesar's trial, impoverishment, and exile. 4669:, Augustus reorganised Roman military forces, discharging soldiers and disbanding legions. He retained 28 legions, distributed through the provinces of the Empire. 6232:(native and imported from Africa and the eastern provinces), and a wide variety of vegetables, including carrots (of different colours, but not orange) as well as 3202:, a general who tried to reunite the Empire and repel barbarian invasion in the early years of the 5th century. The professional field army collapsed. In 410, the 1679:. That event is usually taken by historians as the beginning of Roman Empire. Officially, the government was republican, but Augustus assumed absolute powers. His 6074:(a type of water organ). Most religious rituals featured musical performances. Some music historians believe that music was used at almost all public ceremonies. 4609:

By the 3rd century BC, the Romans abandoned the hoplite formation in favour of a more flexible system in which smaller groups of 120 (or sometimes 60) men called

23403: 13525: 7252: 7189: 5800:

in the 1st century AD, Roman official policy towards Christianity was negative, and at some point, being a Christian could be punishable by death. Under Emperor

4517: 5247:, with consent and support of their owners, and still serve their owners' family and financial interests, as freedmen or freed women. This was the basis of the 756:—along with shared religious festivals, further indicate a shared culture. By the end of the 6th century, most of this area had become dominated by the Romans. 680: 16647: 13964: 8524: 6455:

very similar to those used by the Germanic peoples with whom they interacted in the final years of the Western Empire, also adopted trousers and hats like the

2234:, horse races and a sensational mock naval battle on the flooded grounds of the Colosseum. Titus died of fever in 81 AD, and was succeeded by his brother 6559:. In the countryside, pastimes for the wealthy also included fishing and hunting. The Romans also had several forms of ball playing, including one resembling 5997:

background. The fourth style, which began in the 1st century AD, depicted scenes from mythology, while retaining architectural details and abstract patterns.

1230:' expense; soldiers, who were mostly small-scale farmers, were away from home longer and could not maintain their land; and the increased reliance on foreign 7438:

The specific dates vary, depending on whether one follows Roman tradition, modern archaeology, or competing views of which particular events mark endpoints.

1289:

soon become a leader of the Republic, holding the first of his seven consulships (an unprecedented number) in 107 BC by arguing that his former patron

23393: 16890: 5977:

The first style of Roman painting was practised from the early 2nd century BC to the early- or mid-1st century BC. It was mainly composed of imitations of

3677:

and allowed their leading magistrates to become full Roman citizens. While there were varying degrees of Latin rights, the main division was between those

4682:

remained independent cohorts, and legionary troops often operated as groups of cohorts rather than as full legions. A new and versatile type of unit, the

13703: 13409: 8438:

The Encyclopædia britannica: a dictionary of arts, sciences, and general literature; the R.S. Peale reprint, with new maps and original American articles

12425: 2721:, who invaded Gaul. His losses generated dissatisfaction among his soldiers, and some of them murdered him during his Germanic campaign in 235 AD. 1768:

much respect from the populace and the legions. Augustus intended to extend the Roman Empire to the whole known world, and in his reign, Rome conquered

23268: 18780: 4744:

for the year. During the later Republic, members of the Roman Senatorial elite, as part of the normal sequence of elected public offices known as the

3250:

refused to meet the demands of the barbarian "allies" who now formed the army, and tried to expel them from Italy. Unhappy with this, their chieftain

1860:

The Julio-Claudians continued to rule Rome after Augustus' death and remained in power until the death of Nero in 68 AD. Influenced by his wife,

1074:

was the subsequent war reparations Carthage acquiesced to at the end of the First Punic War. The war began with the audacious invasion of Hispania by

20987: 16830: 2183:, and, lastly, Vespasian, who crushed Vitellius' forces and became emperor. He reconstructed many buildings which were uncompleted, like a statue of 11241:

by Winfred P. Lehmann and Jonathan Slocum. Linguistics Research Center. The University of Texas at Austin. 15 February 2007. Retrieved 1 April 2007.

8947: 3859:, which was an assembly of the priestly college that could assemble the people to bear witness to certain acts, hear proclamations, and declare the 16792: 6543:

The youth of Rome had several forms of athletic play and exercise. Play for boys was supposed to prepare them for active military service, such as

6451:, which was mostly worn by philosophers and scholars in general. Due to external influences, mainly from the Germanic peoples, the Romans adopted 5993:

of the second style in favour of simple ornamentation. A small architectural scene, landscape, or abstract design was placed in the center with a

5313:

Roman hours were counted ordinally from dawn to dawn. Thus, if sunrise was at 6 am, then 6 to 7 am was called the "first hour". Midday was called

1976:

and threw many of the sacred standing stones into the sea. While Paulinus and his troops were massacring druids in Mona, the tribes of modern-day

23489: 20017: 16885: 11273: 5266:, nor could he truly hold property under law, while his own father lived. During Rome's early history, married daughters came under the control ( 4665:). By the time of Augustus, the ideal of the citizen-soldier had been abandoned and the legions had become fully professional. At the end of the 3350:

and Armenia, and culture and trade flourished. However, soon after, this expansion was abruptly stopped in 1071 with the Byzantine defeat in the

2850:, the first Roman ruler to be captured by his enemies; it was a humiliating fact for the Romans. The crisis began to recede during the reigns of 1868:, as his heir. The Senate agreed with the succession, and granted to Tiberius the same titles and honours once granted to Augustus: the title of 1125:. All these wars resulted in Rome's first overseas conquests (Sicily, Hispania and Africa) and the rise of Rome as a significant imperial power. 2621:

invaded Roman territory, Severus successfully waged war against that country. Notwithstanding this military success, Severus failed in invading

23408: 16652: 10377: 10115: 5728:, at least concerning the gods, was made up not of written narratives, but rather of complex interrelations between gods and humans. Unlike in 1117:

began when Rome declared war against Carthage in 149 BC. Carthage resisted well at the first strike but could not withstand the attack of

656:

and a woman travelling with them, Roma, torched their ships to prevent them leaving again. They named the settlement after her. The Roman poet

6989:

and other books from obscure authors. Historians used their works for the lauding of Roman culture and customs, and to flatter their patrons.

4619:, totalling between 4,000 and 5,000 men. The early Republican legion consisted of five sections: the three lines of manipular heavy infantry ( 1066:

Carthage was a maritime power, and the Roman lack of ships and naval experience made the path to the victory a long and difficult one for the

23433: 20049: 13851: 6409: 4887:

Arles, Aquilea, Misenum and the mouth of the Somme River in the West and Alexandria and Rhodes in the East. Flotillas of small river craft (

3662:, gained property rights and even had more juridical rights than their husbands, but still no voting rights, and were absent from politics. 2695:, represented on Earth in the form of a large black stone. An incompetent and lascivious ruler, Elagabalus offended all but his favourites. 1455:, obtained immense wealth, respect in Rome and the loyalty of battle-hardened legions. He became a threat to Pompey and was loathed by many 1109:. However, Carthage, having paid the war indemnity, felt that its commitments and submission to Rome had ceased, a vision not shared by the 22778: 20980: 20680: 20032: 18359: 16862: 16707: 14393: 4854:

commanded a fleet of twenty ships used mainly to control piracy. This fleet was given up in 278 AD and replaced by allied forces. The

1751:

with a fixed size of 28 legions, ensured his total control over the army. Compared with the Second Triumvirate's epoch, Augustus' reign as

2386:(116), and issued coins that claimed Armenia and Mesopotamia were under the authority of the Roman people. In that same year, he captured 16867: 16807: 14435: 14423: 11234: 9205: 9162: 5059:

of copper, but weighed less. Thus, Roman money's utility as a unit of exchange consistently exceeded its intrinsic value as metal. After

4510: 4295: 4191: 2455:

built temples, theatres, and mausoleums, promoted the arts and sciences, and bestowed honours and financial rewards upon the teachers of

2016:

before her, committed suicide to avoid the disgrace of being paraded in triumph in Rome. Nero is widely known as the first persecutor of

678: 11745: 8687: 8274: 20644: 19574: 16910: 14482: 11771:"Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, BOOK XXXV. AN ACCOUNT OF PAINTINGS AND COLOURS., CHAP. 2. (2.)—THE HONOUR ATTACHED TO PORTRAITS" 9758: 5082:

connected military posts, where Roman markets were centered. These roads were designed for wheels. As a result, there was transport of

4107: 3945:), who could also remove a senator from his office if he was found "morally corrupt"; a charge that could include bribery or, as under 3536: 939:

weighing noticed that the Gauls were using false scales. The Romans then took up arms and defeated the Gauls. Their victorious general

748:, a common culture is attested to archaeologically. Attested to reciprocal rights of marriage and citizenship between Latin cities—the 2908:. The Empire was divided among four emperors, two in the West and two in the East. The first tetrarchs were Diocletian (in the East), 23348: 20778: 16396: 5173:

The basic units of Roman society were households and families. Groups of households connected through the male line formed a family (

4939:

Ancient Rome commanded a vast area of land, with tremendous natural and human resources. As such, Rome's economy remained focused on

1483: 6983:

many of them are lost. As a result of this loss, there are gaps in Roman history, which are filled by unreliable works, such as the

6885:

and carry waste into the Tiber. Some historians have speculated that lead pipes in the sewer and plumbing systems led to widespread

4615:

could manoeuvre more independently on the battlefield. Thirty maniples arranged in three lines with supporting troops constituted a

22622: 20685: 16978: 15808: 14398: 12337: 12233: 9778: 8517:; examples are a coin of 38 BC inscribed "Divi Iuli filius", and another of 31 BC bearing the inscription "Divi filius" ( 7457:

Goldsmith, Raymond W. (September 1984). "An Estimate of the Size And Structure of the National Product of the Early Roman Empire".

6484: 4083: 4031: 3374:. The conquest of Constantinople in 1204 fragmented what remained of the Empire into successor states; the ultimate victor was the 1574: 738:

to the regal period as well. Rome also started to extend its control over its Latin neighbours. While later Roman stories like the

11608:

from Timeline of Art History. Department of Greek and Roman Art, The Metropolitan Museum of Art. 2004–10. Retrieved 22 April 2007.

2446:

which separated Roman Britannia and the tribes of modern-day Scotland. Hadrian promoted culture, especially the Greek. He forbade

22262: 21345: 20250: 18615: 18507: 18368: 17503: 16845: 15770: 14408: 11053:, p. 207; Jás Elsner (2007). "The Changing Nature of Roman Art and the Art Historical Problem of Style", in Eva R. Hoffman (ed), 9547: 8510: 4249: 3623:, according to property. The wealthiest were the Senatorial class, who dominated politics and command of the army. Next came the 2626: 1070:. Despite this, after more than 20 years of war, Rome defeated Carthage and a peace treaty was signed. Among the reasons for the 989: 13814: 12062: 8174: 8163: 3824: 2130:

following the Jewish uprising of 66 AD. The Second Temple was completely demolished, after which Titus' soldiers proclaimed him

1524:. Upon its formation, 130–300 senators were executed, and their property was confiscated, due to their supposed support for the 1101:

More than a half century after these events, Carthage was left humiliated and the Republic's focus was now directed towards the

23494: 22710: 19462: 18773: 18662: 18376: 15715: 14403: 14137: 10996: 9090: 5663: 4503: 4169: 3247: 2111: 12695: 11746:"Vitruvius Pollio, The Ten Books on Architecture, BOOK VI, CHAPTER IV: THE PROPER EXPOSURES OF THE DIFFERENT ROOMS, section 1" 11025:), dated 3rd century AD; Beckwith, John, Early Christian and Byzantine Art, Penguin History of Art (now Yale), 2nd edn. 1979, 10553: 10462: 10294: 10196: 9999: 9379: 8876: 8841:

A compendium of universal history. Ancient and modern, by the author of 'Two thousand questions on the Old and New Testaments'

8540: 5243:, but this was abolished in the middle Republic. Freedom was considered a natural and proper state for citizens; slaves could 674: 23288: 20928: 20091: 18297: 18165: 16900: 15685: 14510: 14037: 13664: 13568: 13546: 13375: 13347: 13316: 13294: 13268: 13206: 13165: 13142: 13120: 13101: 13060: 13039: 12992: 12973: 12951: 12929: 12908: 12889: 12860: 12812: 12772: 12753: 12716: 12679: 12602: 12537: 12512: 12298: 12072: 11955: 11888: 11632: 11571: 11544: 11517: 11487: 11294: 11252: 11220: 11179: 11083: 11062: 10948: 10921: 10853: 10441: 10416: 10285: 10258: 9727: 9517: 8733: 8080: 7800: 7780: 7760: 7529: 7501: 6846: 5816:

in 313, and quickly became dominant. All religions except Christianity were prohibited in 391 AD by an edict of Emperor

3693:("without vote"; could not take part in Roman politics). Most of Rome's Italian allies were given full citizenship after the 1121:, who entirely destroyed the city, enslaved all the citizens and gained control of that region, which became the province of 396:

culture, and then became the dominant power in the Mediterranean region and parts of Europe. At its height it controlled the

18330:

Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper

12254: 11121: 11105: 9685: 8986: 8193:

The History of Warfare: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the History of Warfare from the Ancient World to the American Civil War

6666:

constituted a large part of Rome's technological superiority and legacy, and contributed to the construction of hundreds of

6108:

telling the early military history of Rome. As the Republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and

4696:

or field armies) and stationed them behind and at some distance from the borders as a strategic reserve. The border troops (

3745:

In the early Republic, there were no public schools, so boys were taught to read and write by their parents, or by educated

21647: 21365: 20725: 20000: 19808: 17510: 15775: 15650: 14803: 10370: 9128: 7404: 3755:, usually of Greek origin. The primary aim of education during this period was to train young men in agriculture, warfare, 3619:

originally based on military service became more important. Membership of these classes was determined periodically by the

2036:

in modern-day Spain revolted. Deserted by the Praetorian Guards and condemned to death by the senate, Nero killed himself.

1290: 10580: 9360: 8384: 8053:

by William Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. Published by John Murray, London, 1875. Website, 8 December 2006. Retrieved 24 March 2007.

6717:, Rome borrowed heavily from Greece in adhering to strict, formulaic building designs and proportions. Aside from two new 3805:). Education at this level prepared students for legal careers, and required that the students memorise the laws of Rome. 3425:, temples, and other buildings similar to Rome's. The average life expectancy in the Middle Empire was about 26–28 years. 3378:. After the recapture of Constantinople by Imperial forces, the Empire was little more than a Greek state confined to the 3306:. But within a few years of Justinian's death, Eastern Roman (Byzantine) possessions in Italy were greatly reduced by the 22160: 21903: 21851: 20054: 19917: 18701: 18133: 14356: 11436: 9338: 7580: 6173: 5360:

The ancient Roman week originally had eight days, which were identified by letters A to H, with the eighth day being the

4874: 4702:) stationed at fixed bases continued to be the first line of defence. The basic units of the field army were regimental; 3462:

The major divisions of the law of ancient Rome, as contained within the Justinian and Theodosian law codes, consisted of

2025: 1322: 10598: 9833: 8755: 8720: 8701: 8046: 1549:, the son of the deified. In the same year, Octavian and Antony defeated both Caesar's assassins and the leaders of the 676: 22042: 21713: 20773: 20358: 19985: 19818: 19579: 18923: 16850: 16835: 16664: 14027: 9851: 9736: 8811:

The Protestant Theological and Ecclesiastical Encyclopedia: Being a Condensed Translation of Herzog's Real Encyclopedia

8559: 8338: 8029: 5808:

reached its peak. However, it became an officially supported religion in the Roman state under Diocletian's successor,

5790: 3780:, and often of Greek origin) taught them basic reading, writing, arithmetic, and sometimes Greek, until the age of 11. 3539:, Italy, an Etrusco-Roman bronze statue depicting Aule Metele (Latin: Aulus Metellus), an Etruscan man wearing a Roman 3494:("Law of nations") was the body of common laws that applied to foreigners, and their dealings with Roman citizens. The 3354:. The aftermath of this battle sent the empire into a protracted period of decline. Two decades of internal strife and 3335: 1680: 1517: 1385:. After pressing a little way inland against fierce opposition and losing ships in a storm, he retired back across the 847: 201: 12202: 11146:

by Richard Saller. The University of Chicago Library Digital Collections: Fathom Archive. 2001. Visited 14 April 2007.

10965: 9532: 8133: 6771:, possibly the first complete treatise on architecture in history. In the late 1st century BC, Rome also began to use 4780:(legate) he appointed from the Senatorial elite. In a province with a single legion, the legate commanded the legion ( 3163: 2095:

were the second dynasty to rule Rome. By 68 AD, the year of Nero's death, there was no chance of a return to the

913:(centuriate assembly), which voted on matters of war and peace and elected men to the most important offices, and the 23453: 22154: 21762: 20005: 19980: 19823: 18766: 16943: 16797: 16732: 15695: 14455: 14022: 14017: 13993: 13844: 13085: 12654: 12404: 11038: 11030: 10703: 10666: 10074: 9861: 9215: 9182: 9138: 9104: 9066: 8951: 7551: 4057: 3818: 3764:

parents could afford it, boys and some girls at the age of 7 were sent to a private school outside the home called a

1512:, whom Caesar adopted through his will, arrived in Rome. Octavian (historians regard Octavius as Octavian due to the 1436: 1091: 610: 12619: 12372: 10093: 10086: 8518: 6156:

allowed those who may not be literate to be entertained by poetry, epics, philosophical treatises, and other works.

5476:. Throughout the territory under the control of ancient Rome, residential architecture ranged from modest houses to 2140:

claims that 1,100,000 people were killed during the siege, of whom a majority were Jewish. 97,000 were captured and

1504:

Caesar's assassination caused political and social turmoil in Rome; the city was ruled by his friend and colleague,

1054:. After the Carthaginian intercession, Messana asked Rome to expel the Carthaginians. Rome entered this war because 677: 23499: 23283: 22644: 21003: 20377: 19658: 19544: 18748: 18736: 18352: 16895: 16812: 16700: 15710: 14383: 14032: 13959: 12421: 8120: 5667: 5523: 4653:

Until the late Republican period, the typical legionary was a property-owning citizen farmer from a rural area (an

4395: 4073: 4023: 3331: 3075: 3069: 2966: 1397:

In the mid-1st century BC, Roman politics were restless. Political divisions in Rome split into one of two groups,

1390: 1167: 346: 286: 11094:

Boswell, John Eastburn, "Expositio and Oblatio: The Abandonment of Children and the Ancient and Medieval Family",

10583:. Latin ExCET Preparation. Texas Classical Association, by Ginny Lindzey, September 1998. Retrieved 27 March 2007. 10225: 6012:

periods, ornate hair and bearding, with deep cutting and drilling, became popular. Advancements were also made in

3866: 1900:

Tiberius died (or was killed) in 37 AD. The male line of the Julio-Claudians was limited to Tiberius' nephew

675: 23383: 23318: 22363: 22172: 20501: 20413: 20260: 20255: 20086: 19954: 18099: 18082: 17909: 17897: 16915: 16840: 16458: 13976: 13909: 13774: 12556: 11770: 8997: 8480: 7897:, the Latin word for king, appears in two fragmentary sixth-century texts, one an inscription from the shrine of 7330: 6132:, Domitian, and Trajan also founded or expanded public libraries in Rome during their reigns. These included the 4666: 4151: 2988:

assumed the empire as a tetrarch in 306. He conducted many wars against the other tetrarchs. Firstly he defeated

1209: 1094:. Hannibal's invasion lasted over 16 years, ravaging Italy, but ultimately Carthage was defeated in the decisive 839: 809: 256: 10100: 8327: 1882:. However, Tiberius was not an enthusiast for political affairs: after agreement with the Senate, he retired to 22574: 22148: 22052: 21996: 21154: 20449: 20037: 19514: 18070: 17862: 17824: 17784: 17751: 14730: 14655: 14413: 10166:

by Ralph W. Mathisen and Geoffrey S. Nathan. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 26 August 1997. Retrieved 22 March 2007.

9353: 8774: 7235: 6748: 6714: 5901: 4265: 4226: 4177: 3367: 2367: 1793: 1350: 1310: 19:

This article is about the history of Roman civilisation in antiquity. For the history of the city of Rome, see

10107: 9881: 6834:, and established a system of horse relays allowing a dispatch to travel up to 80 km (50 mi) a day. 6759:

as the chief Roman building material and allowed many daring architectural forms. Also in the 1st century BC,

6597:

against human beings, either armed professionals or unarmed criminals who had been condemned to public death.

6383:

grew larger in size and included a wider range of foods. Thus, it gradually shifted to the evening, while the

6104:

was, from its start, influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest extant works are of historical

2866:(271–275), who reconquered both the Gallic and Palmyrene Empires. The crisis was overcome during the reign of 22727: 22037: 21971: 21770: 21502: 21425: 21276: 20700: 20531: 20418: 19949: 19944: 18406: 18285: 18111: 17938: 17904: 17868: 17757: 15226: 13824: 11494:

Gladatorial games were popular because the Romans actually believed that compassion was a vice and a weakness

9573: 5373: 4564: 4560: 4534: 4381: 4314: 4102: 3121:(379–395), gave even more force to the Christian faith, and after his death, the Empire was divided into the 2425:

Trajan's successor Hadrian withdrew all the troops stationed in Parthia, Armenia and Mesopotamia (modern-day

2371: 1830:, and the month of August is named after him. Augustus brought a peaceful and thriving era to Rome, known as 1187: 397: 24: 11972: 10330: 10023: 9968: 9935: 6178: 5472:

complete with libraries and shops, and fountains with fresh drinking water supplied by hundreds of miles of

23338: 23323: 23218: 20459: 20398: 20383: 20235: 20096: 19549: 17926: 16971: 16857: 15801: 15066: 14670: 14122: 13837: 12279:

Ancient Roman laws protected against a person corrupting slaves to obtain secrets about the master's arts.

11014: 7372: 7070: 5775: 5106:. Transport by sea was around 60 times cheaper than by land, so the volume for such trips was much larger. 5090:

in the 2nd century BC. During that period, a trading vessel took less than a month to complete a trip from

4816: 3578:) at the top. Free citizens were subdivided by class. The broadest, and earliest, division was between the 3521: 3517: 2778:

was the first ruler of that time, governing for just three years. Others ruled just for a few months, like

2383: 1534: 11327: 9678: 9663: 9648: 9473: 9458: 9443: 9411: 8222: 6303:

However, some foods now considered characteristic of modern Italian cuisine were not used. In particular,

22744: 22255: 22166: 22118: 21809: 21296: 20803: 20521: 20367: 20149: 20059: 19959: 19845: 19813: 19498: 19422: 18869: 18731: 18345: 18007: 17686: 17152: 16802: 16693: 15765: 15690: 15449: 14505: 14388: 13934: 11914:"The Roman forum: its history and its monuments / Ch. Huelsen ; translated by Jesse Benedict Carter" 10844:

Saddington, D.B. (2011) . "Classes: the Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets". In Erdkamp, Paul (ed.).

7536:

he most likely estimate for the reign of Marcus Aurelius is somewhere between seventy and eighty million.

6890: 6000:

Portrait sculpture used youthful and classical proportions, evolving later into a mixture of realism and

4011: 3315: 2730: 2595: 2442:", after one of Judea's most hated enemies. He constructed fortifications and walls, like the celebrated 1852:; areas under Roman control shown here were subject to change even during Augustus' reign, especially in 1628:", and to Antony's and Cleopatra's children the regal titles to the newly conquered Eastern territories, 1305:, who were threatening Rome. After Marius's retirement, Rome had a brief peace, during which the Italian 13798: 5113:, similar in its degree of capitalistic practices to 17th century Netherlands and 18th century England. 3074:

In the late 4th and 5th centuries the Western Empire entered a critical stage which terminated with the

1353:, achieving his seventh consulship. Marius and Cinna revenged their partisans by conducting a massacre. 554:

Modern reconstruction of the marshy conditions of early Rome, along with a conjectural placement of the

311:

in 476 is the most commonly cited end date for the Western Roman Empire, the last Western Roman emperor

22615: 22338: 22112: 22106: 22057: 22047: 21477: 21462: 21325: 20858: 20486: 20306: 20213: 20186: 20121: 19995: 19529: 19455: 19429: 18317: 18273: 18251: 18202: 18089: 17880: 17649: 16991: 16905: 16329: 16303: 15725: 15389: 15281: 15051: 14823: 14645: 14553: 14418: 14361: 11925: 11009:. For a description of scholarly research on the Brescia Medallion, see Daniel Thomas Howells (2015). " 10744:, pp. 249–250 Mackay points out that the number of legions grew to 30 by 125 AD and 33 during the 8609: 7076: 6902: 6663: 6137: 6054:(probably an elongated J-shaped instrument), were used in ceremonial capacities. Music was used in the 5465: 5203:, "father's power") over wives, sons, daughters, and slaves of the household, and the family's wealth. 4200: 3319: 3210:. During the 5th century, the Western Empire experienced a significant reduction of its territory. The 2272: 2115: 1969: 1785: 1673:

In 27 BC and at the age of 36, Octavian was the sole Roman leader. In that year, he took the name

835: 645: 528: 482: 11010: 5291:

childbearing; it carried a high risk of mortality to mothers, and a deal of inconvenience thereafter.

1389:

to Gaul from what was a reconnaissance in force, only to return the following year for a more serious

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Studies in the Humanities 4 (Northwestern University Press, 1938), p. 128. In the collections of the

11913: 11822:"Tiberius and the Libraries: Public Book Collections and Library Buildings in the Early Roman Empire" 10123: 8468: 7382: 7223: 6683: 6659: 5805: 5531: 5461: 5407:

who ruled each year. Another way, introduced in the late 3rd century AD, was counting years from the

5368:, first introduced from the East during the early Empire, was officially adopted during the reign of 5248: 5232:. A citizen father who exposed a healthy freeborn child was not punished, but automatically lost his 5153: 3718: 3694: 3275: 2815: 2550: 2168: 2100: 2043:

were being established throughout the Mediterranean, Italy maintained a special status which made it

1925: 13788: 11013:" London: the British Museum (Arts and Humanities Research Council), p. 7. Accessed 2 October 2016. 10790: 10724: 10638: 9813: 9509: 9503: 5376:

after celestial bodies from at least the 1st century AD. Roman months had three important days: the

4982:

Industrial and manufacturing activities were small. The largest such activities were the mining and

4762:. Following the end of a term as praetor or consul, a Senator might be appointed by the Senate as a 2213:

wrote their works during Vespasian's reign. Vespasian was Josephus' sponsor and Pliny dedicated his

1361:

and began a time of terror: thousands of nobles, knights and senators were executed. Sulla held two

930:

and through Etruria. On 16 July 390 BC, a Gallic army under the leadership of tribal chieftain

23484: 23363: 23091: 22853: 22813: 22803: 22751: 22130: 21482: 21335: 21271: 20903: 20893: 20873: 20843: 20798: 20496: 20338: 20270: 20240: 20220: 20101: 19777: 19742: 19539: 18716: 18682: 18635: 18386: 18234: 18187: 17734: 17381: 16578: 16557: 16547: 15954: 15817: 15346: 15256: 14765: 14745: 14740: 14725: 14678: 14618: 14573: 14375: 13818: 12290: 7620:, a time of prayer originally at 3 pm but later at midday, so "noon" became synonymous with midday. 7229: 7025: 6936: 6920: 6640:

Ancient Rome boasted impressive technological feats, using many advancements that were lost in the

6616: 6536: 6404: 6145: 6027: 5749: 5725: 5649: 5535: 5515: 5180: 4925: 4410: 4065: 4027: 3934: 3844: 3579: 3323: 3295: 3036: 2243: 1944: 1916:

as the new emperor. Claudius was not as authoritarian as Tiberius and Caligula. Claudius conquered

1843: 1757: 1513: 931: 900: 873: 181: 12827:

The beginnings of Rome: Italy and Rome from the Bronze Age to the Punic Wars (c. 1000–264 BC)

11041:, pp. 338–340; Grig, Lucy, "Portraits, Pontiffs and the Christianization of Fourth-Century Rome", 6592:

was built in 70 AD under the Roman emperor Vespasian and opened in 80 AD to host other events and

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increasingly cheap and plentiful, and by the late Republic, the economy was largely dependent on

4940: 4611: 3920:). Likewise, candidates for public positions had to run for election by the people. However, the 3756: 3440: 3327: 3032: 2838:, retaining Britannia and Gaul. These countries separated from Rome after the capture of emperor 2677: 2667: 2546: 2351: 2327: 2141: 2024:, rumoured to have been started by the emperor himself. A conspiracy against Nero in 65 AD under 1659: 1617: 1585: 1443:("three men"). Caesar's daughter died in childbirth in 54 BC, and in 53 BC, Crassus invaded 1428: 1414: 1248:

created new economic opportunities for the wealthy, forming a new class of merchants, called the

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The Software IP Detective's Handbook: : Measurement, Comparison, and Infringement Detection

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with a combined length of 450 km (280 mi). The Romans also made major advancements in

5912: 2670:, giving full Roman citizenship to all free men living in the Empire, with the exception of the 1321:. At one point both consuls were killed; Marius was appointed to command the army together with 640:("Square Rome"). The story dates at least to the third century, and the later Roman antiquarian 23313: 23303: 22892: 22823: 22808: 22289: 22248: 22178: 22124: 22072: 22062: 21898: 21841: 21512: 20481: 20469: 20245: 20230: 19922: 19564: 19062: 18726: 18598: 18497: 18312: 18291: 18197: 16987: 16933: 16390: 15760: 15750: 15700: 15680: 15494: 15469: 15434: 15316: 15041: 14688: 14450: 13981: 11022: 8627: 7672:(1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.". 7399: 7394: 7285: 7267: 7194: 6838: 6814:), a road connecting the city of Rome to the southern parts of Italy, remains usable even today 6780: 6710: 6489: 6338:

Butcher's meat such as beef was an uncommon luxury. The most popular meat was pork, especially

5917: 5122: 4277: 4126: 3950: 3386: 3347: 3238:

was abandoned by the central government, and the Empire suffered further from the invasions of

2806:

broke out in 250 and killed a huge portion of the population. In 260 AD, the provinces of

2657: 2164: 2136:

in honour of the victory. Jerusalem was sacked and much of the population killed or dispersed.

2127: 1894: 1696: 1621: 1558: 1432: 1346: 1326: 1193: 970:

in 281 BC, but this effort failed as well. The Romans secured their conquests by founding

940: 775: 648:, says that Prince Aeneas led a group of Trojans on a sea voyage to found a new Troy after the 641: 12502: 12382: 11380: 11231: 10911: 10615: 10563: 10477: 10366: 10304: 10206: 10141: 10009: 8863: 8844: 8825: 8795: 8743: 8453: 8436: 8358: 3362:

to send a call for help to the Western European kingdoms in 1095. The West responded with the

517: 23479: 23423: 23398: 23328: 23011: 22739: 22512: 22470: 22440: 22142: 21986: 21938: 21924: 21752: 21492: 21405: 21355: 21034: 21017: 20788: 20715: 20695: 20609: 20558: 20316: 20296: 20106: 19700: 19668: 19554: 19534: 19448: 18711: 18625: 18603: 18593: 18490: 18480: 18438: 18416: 18246: 18241: 18217: 18212: 18128: 17965: 17953: 17724: 17349: 16609: 16506: 16162: 16081: 15829: 15730: 15660: 15484: 15236: 15036: 15031: 14828: 14735: 14660: 14623: 14608: 14583: 14563: 14465: 13650: 12846: 12741: 12737: 12492: 12450:

The development of western civilization: a study in ethical, economic and political evolution

12217: 11371: 11131: 11115: 11018: 10248: 8814: 8646: 7295: 6998: 6734: 6447: 6182:

A boy with a platter of fruits and what may be a bucket of crabs, in a kitchen with fish and

6169: 6165: 6141: 6019: 5990: 5889: 5369: 4972: 4376: 4112: 3648: 3083: 3079: 1929: 1418: 1373: 1318: 971: 951: 805: 698: 441: 12919: 12282: 11169: 9796: 9746: 8292: 8148: 7519: 3847:. In addition to the authority of the King, there were three administrative assemblies: the 3682: 3421:, a very high rate of urbanisation by pre-industrial standards. Most of those centers had a 1470:

was a brilliant victory for Caesar and in this and other campaigns, he destroyed all of the

23418: 23173: 23086: 23064: 22987: 22983: 22912: 22828: 22773: 22768: 22591: 22435: 22324: 22190: 22067: 22006: 21991: 21914: 21878: 21834: 21824: 21602: 21574: 21380: 21224: 21122: 21066: 20639: 20454: 20343: 20321: 19975: 19873: 19757: 19625: 18583: 18485: 18475: 18401: 18229: 18177: 18037: 18012: 17977: 17892: 17806: 17656: 17487: 16604: 16488: 16442: 16232: 16076: 15849: 15740: 15705: 15394: 15261: 15161: 15086: 14951: 14914: 14290: 13954: 13707: 13455: 13413: 9398: 9276: 9092:

Libreria Universitaria Hoepli, Lezioni di filologia, Giuseppe Billanovich e Roberto Pesce:

9015:

by Herbert W. Benario. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 10 November 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2007.

8672: 7350: 7206: 7170: 7004:

In the Empire, the biographies of famous men and early emperors flourished, examples being

6977: 6960: 6442: 6121: 5629: 5514:. These areas, often built by upper class property owners to rent, were often centred upon 5400: 5353: 5308: 4995: 4835: 4366: 4308: 3887: 3559: 3452: 3383: 3283: 3130: 3122: 3106: 3040: 2519:, a pandemic that killed nearly five million people through the Empire in 165–180 AD. 1761: 1675: 1589: 1554: 1463: 1410: 1358: 1231: 1157: 1051: 855: 851: 786: 705: 350: 93: 15384: 13821:

providing free resources including lectures, discussion questions, assignments, and exams.

12353: 10434:

Rotocalchi di pietra. Segni e disegni dei tempi sui monumenti trionfali dell'Impero romano

9624: 8264: 5193:, came to dominate political life. Families were headed by their oldest male citizen, the 5127: 5087: 4530: 3976:

were funded by the office-holder. To prevent any citizen from gaining too much power, new

1516:) tried to align himself with the Caesarian faction. In 43 BC, along with Antony and 8: 23443: 23308: 23178: 22968: 22897: 22654: 22627: 22610: 22598: 22420: 22376: 22212: 21943: 21846: 21829: 21819: 21674: 21597: 21420: 21415: 21350: 21250: 21160: 20923: 20913: 20868: 20634: 20599: 20594: 20311: 19932: 19868: 19788: 18160: 18145: 18123: 18058: 18047: 18002: 17948: 17438: 17376: 17339: 16757: 16642: 16448: 16334: 16308: 16167: 16016: 16006: 15969: 15670: 15519: 15321: 15191: 15141: 14460: 14057: 13259: 13031: 12474: 12283: 9984:

by Hans A. Pohlsander. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 8 January 2004. Retrieved 20 March 2007.

8191:

Bennett, Matthew; Dawson, Doyne; Field, Ron; Hawthornwaite, Philip; Loades, Mike (2016).

7364: 7290: 7181: 7134: 6633: 6331:. The Romans knew of rice, but it was very rarely available to them. There were also few 5709: 5681: 5581: 5445: 5438: 4493: 4217: 3992:

In the early Empire, the pretense of a republican form of government was maintained. The

3783:

Beginning at age 12, students went to secondary schools, where the teacher (now called a

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placed the city's foundation to 753 BC. Another legend, recorded by Greek historian

448: 13711: 13417: 13246: 13218:"Was there a Roman linguistic imperialism during the Republic and the early Principate?" 12045:

The Labors of the Months in Antique and Mediaeval Art to the End of the Twelfth Century,

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who settled in the peninsula. In the east, partially due to the weakening effect of the

2201:. Vespasian started the construction of the Flavian Amphitheater, commonly known as the 23163: 23079: 23069: 22902: 22865: 22795: 22734: 22717: 22671: 22581: 22495: 22309: 22136: 22032: 22027: 22022: 22001: 21966: 21961: 21919: 21883: 21742: 21637: 21559: 21532: 21472: 21375: 21360: 21198: 21178: 20898: 20883: 20863: 20720: 20661: 20614: 20536: 20393: 20363: 20353: 20328: 20301: 20208: 20201: 20137: 19893: 19888: 19605: 18897: 18879: 18843: 18815: 18564: 18396: 18207: 18150: 18094: 18076: 18065: 18027: 17997: 17875: 17593: 17497: 17247: 17216: 17209: 16925: 16737: 16716: 16521: 16147: 16111: 16071: 16046: 15949: 15929: 15869: 15786: 15720: 15444: 15251: 15106: 15046: 14966: 14909: 14773: 14009: 13988: 13731: 13556: 13534: 13434: 13395: 12961: 12939: 12026: 11849: 11727: 11046: 9912:

by Ralph W. Mathisen. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 17 March 1997. Retrieved 20 March 2007.

8507: 7898: 7697: 7470: 7313: 7112: 7090: 7006: 6932: 6706: 6687: 6649: 6603:

was extremely popular among all classes. In Rome, these races were usually held at the

6467:(a type of military clothing) was used only by the Emperor of Rome (since the reign of 6354:

and oak grub farming. Some fish were greatly esteemed and fetched high prices, such as

6328: 6055: 5740: 5697: 5633: 5056: 5011: 4462: 3957:

were made automatic members of the Senate, though most of his reforms did not survive.

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was used in ancient Rome, and often used in tax collection, Rome had a very developed

1654: 1381:, 55 BC: Caesar with 100 ships and two legions made an opposed landing, probably near 23293: 23195: 23183: 23168: 23148: 23059: 23006: 22978: 22960: 22763: 22639: 22632: 22445: 22393: 22371: 22299: 21981: 21976: 21909: 21868: 21862: 21703: 21622: 21617: 21612: 21607: 21410: 21390: 21340: 21330: 21311: 20848: 20838: 20710: 20624: 20589: 20516: 20506: 20284: 20154: 20068: 19898: 19878: 19852: 19840: 19635: 19630: 19615: 19610: 19595: 19238: 19194: 19078: 19052: 18915: 18577: 18569: 18559: 18465: 18172: 18118: 17959: 17857: 17832: 17681: 17543: 17279: 17264: 17142: 17110: 16774: 16659: 16619: 16273: 16227: 16101: 16091: 16041: 15914: 15894: 15889: 15874: 15354: 15206: 14961: 14921: 14899: 14107: 13735: 13723: 13694: 13660: 13654: 13564: 13542: 13439: 13400: 13371: 13343: 13336: 13312: 13290: 13264: 13233: 13202: 13161: 13138: 13116: 13097: 13081: 13056: 13050: 13035: 13015: 12988: 12969: 12947: 12925: 12904: 12885: 12856: 12850: 12842: 12830: 12808: 12801: 12768: 12749: 12712: 12675: 12650: 12598: 12533: 12508: 12400: 12294: 12068: 12018: 11951: 11884: 11853: 11841: 11719: 11628: 11567: 11540: 11513: 11483: 11290: 11216: 11175: 11079: 11058: 11034: 11026: 10944: 10917: 10849: 10699: 10662: 10437: 10412: 10319:

by Catherine Holmes. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 1 April 2003. Retrieved 22 March 2007.

10281: 10254: 10070: 9996:

by Ralph W. Mathisen. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 2 June 1999. Retrieved 21 March 2007.

9723: 9513: 9211: 9178: 9134: 9100: 9062: 8366: 8345:

by Richard Hooker. Washington State University. 6 June 1999. Retrieved 22 March 2007.

8076: 8069: 8064: 7796: 7776: 7756: 7731: 7689: 7557: 7547: 7525: 7497: 7258: 6842: 6645: 6560: 6125: 5932: 5700:(blond figure) standing behind the wheel, manning it, with Ixion already tied to it. 5637: 5597: 5453: 5364:

or market day, a kind of weekend when farmers sold their produce on the streets. The

5300: 5103: 4904: 4807: 4469: 4335: 4324: 3727: 3698: 3548: 3508:

encompassed natural law, the body of laws that were considered common to all beings.

3504:) were the people who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens and foreigners. 3447:

promulgated in 449 BC and to the codification of law issued by order of Emperor

3102: 3020:

and renamed it Nova Roma ("New Rome"); but the city soon gained the informal name of

2855: 2851: 2803: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2710: 2579: 2570: 2467:. He also continued Hadrian's policy of humanising the laws. He died in 161 AD. 2443: 2434: 2414: 2339: 2219:

to Titus, son of Vespasian. Vespasian sent legions to defend the eastern frontier in

2009: 1905: 1448: 1440: 1213: 1146: 1118: 967: 782: 629: 532: 456: 377: 260: 189: 23438: 12460:

An Essay on Western Civilization in Its Economic Aspects: Mediaeval and modern times

11605: 8601: 5672: 4551: 3709:, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves. 2674:, people who had become subject to Rome through surrender in war, and freed slaves. 2636: 2374:

and deposed the king of Armenia. In 115 he took the Northern Mesopotamian cities of

1584:

The Triumvirate divided the Empire among the triumvirs: Lepidus was given charge of

23054: 23044: 22870: 22818: 22722: 22586: 22475: 22425: 22403: 22398: 22329: 22198: 21780: 21775: 21698: 21632: 21627: 21497: 21467: 21435: 21291: 21236: 21215: 21193: 20972: 20918: 20740: 20690: 20671: 20666: 20619: 20526: 20464: 20444: 20432: 20388: 20191: 20171: 20159: 20022: 19903: 19620: 19483: 19475: 19189: 19128: 19057: 18677: 18588: 18512: 18453: 18302: 18279: 18182: 18155: 18140: 18106: 18032: 17992: 17982: 17707: 17634: 17604: 17467: 17422: 17417: 17289: 16767: 16752: 16747: 16552: 16283: 16202: 16142: 16001: 15979: 15964: 15419: 15379: 15311: 15246: 15171: 15166: 14938: 14861: 14808: 14603: 14598: 14487: 14346: 14295: 14255: 14225: 14220: 14215: 14205: 14127: 14074: 14067: 14052: 14047: 13971: 13899: 13793: 13715: 13611: 13578: 13472: 13429: 13421: 13254: 13225: 13192: 13184: 13154: 13027: 13004: 12048: 12010: 11921: 11876: 11833: 11299: 9490:

Emperors of Rome: The Story of Imperial Rome from Julius Caesar to the Last Emperor

7721: 7681: 7466: 7409: 7128: 7053: 6985: 6944: 6928: 6916: 6740:, Rome had relatively few architectural innovations until the end of the Republic. 6421: 6187: 6101: 6060: 5943: 5885: 5754: 5693: 5689: 5589: 5561: 5503: 5030: 4920: 4850:

than the Roman army. Prior to the middle of the 3rd century BC, officials known as

4782: 4602: 4446: 4435: 4350: 4069: 3856: 3852: 3792: 3788: 3624: 3555: 3456: 3375: 3173: 3098: 3091: 2819: 2807: 2740: 2718: 2705: 2562: 2554: 2504: 2439: 2300: 1744: 1740: 1633: 1479: 1249: 1106: 1071: 1055: 1039: 843: 507: 478: 243: 197: 102: 19990: 12165:

Artman, John:"Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit", page 26, Good Apple, 1991.

11422:

by David Woods. De Imperatoribus Romanis. 2 February 1999. Retrieved 4 April 2007.

11260: 10376:

by Glenn R. Storey. HighBeam Research. 1 December 1997. Retrieved 22 April 2007.;

7592:(1993). "Population Growth and Technological Change: One Million B.C. to 1990" in 7511: 3145: 734:; the Romans attributed the creation of their first popular organisations and the 23428: 23368: 23253: 23101: 23096: 23074: 22994: 22948: 22705: 22659: 22557: 22534: 22517: 22490: 22275: 21721: 21689: 21684: 21664: 21527: 21487: 21457: 21440: 21400: 21385: 21370: 21301: 21286: 21203: 21183: 21056: 20828: 20818: 20813: 20808: 20705: 20629: 20491: 20010: 19908: 19793: 19693: 19600: 19143: 19088: 18946: 18789: 18694: 18532: 18470: 18458: 18448: 17943: 17933: 17842: 17629: 17537: 17525: 17519: 17371: 17192: 17162: 17105: 17085: 16762: 16674: 16669: 16588: 16583: 16436: 16404: 16288: 15821: 15514: 15326: 15306: 15266: 15201: 15151: 15146: 15021: 14971: 14879: 14713: 14693: 14613: 14062: 13887: 13719: 13590: 13322: 13304: 12866: 12778: 12592: 12458: 12448: 12315: 12187: 11622: 11561: 11534: 11507: 11477: 11457: 11238: 11143: 10938: 10745: 10275: 9717: 9053: 8528: 8514: 8414: 8388: 8342: 8178: 8167: 7790: 7770: 7750: 7617: 7584: 7576:

an average of figures from different sources as listed at the US Census Bureau's

7565: 7240: 7202: 7085: 7059: 6830: 6766: 6722: 6718: 6221: 6217: 6009: 5971: 5893: 5786: 5729: 5717: 5653: 5601: 5593: 5415: 5393: 5339:("ninth (hour)"), which referred to 3 pm in ancient Rome. The Romans had clocks ( 5225: 5167: 5051: 5046: 4870: 4839: 4539: 4440: 4418: 4361: 3917: 3481: 3405:, the political, economic, cultural, and religious center of the city during the 3397: 3087: 2889: 2795: 2775: 2614: 2566: 2558: 2516: 2508: 2490: 2292: 2210: 2198: 2149: 2145: 2092: 2085: 2046: 2040: 1769: 1605: 1475: 1386: 1338: 1309:("allies" in Latin) requested Roman citizenship and voting rights. The reformist 1201: 1138: 1114: 1043: 915: 602: 524: 486: 230: 20: 21579: 13634:

Social struggles in Archaic Rome: New perspectives on the conflict of the orders

13176: 12177:

Artman, John::"Ancient Rome- Independent Learning Unit", p. 26, Good Apple,1991.

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and not rivalled again until the 19th and 20th centuries. An example of this is

5829:

with martial skills being a prized attribute. Whereas modern societies consider

5732:, the gods were not personified, but were vaguely defined sacred spirits called 3480:("Citizen Law") was the body of common laws that applied to Roman citizens. The 2709:

give many accounts of his notorious extravagance. Elagabalus adopted his cousin

2594:

and military expenditures were the root of the financial crisis that marked the

1972:

and massacred the druids: men, women and children, destroyed the shrine and the

1792:. Under Augustus' reign, Roman literature grew steadily in what is known as the 23458: 23378: 23333: 23273: 23238: 23030: 22943: 22848: 22756: 22547: 22381: 22304: 22204: 22100: 22094: 21694: 21669: 21542: 21537: 21522: 21517: 21452: 21447: 21430: 21395: 21188: 21166: 21110: 21049: 20961: 20908: 20878: 20823: 20730: 20604: 20551: 20511: 20181: 20176: 20027: 19927: 19883: 19835: 19783: 19737: 19705: 19663: 19640: 19316: 18828: 18641: 18544: 18517: 17837: 17801: 17746: 17639: 17562: 17460: 17454: 17386: 17366: 17120: 17080: 16822: 16526: 16415: 16278: 15996: 15569: 15211: 14946: 14894: 14866: 14813: 14798: 14778: 14593: 14568: 14525: 14515: 14341: 14315: 14245: 14230: 14195: 14155: 13916: 13692:

Wade, Lizzie (8 November 2019). "Immigrants from the Middle East shaped Rome".

13188: 7669: 7589: 7577: 7489: 7276: 7180:

Interest in studying, and idealising, ancient Rome became prevalent during the

7145: 7101: 7042: 7012: 6952: 6948: 6940: 6886: 6872: 6863:, which were used for both hygienic and social purposes. Many Roman houses had 6744: 6699: 6675: 6629: 6604: 6600: 6414: 6347: 6206: 6133: 5951: 5813: 5782: 5745: 5620: 5585: 5577: 5473: 5457: 5385: 5365: 5304: 5195: 5184: 5145: 5140: 5110: 5038: 4916: 4908: 4746: 4455: 4425: 4386: 3981: 3946: 3899: 3895: 3883: 3746: 3658: 3616: 3406: 3371: 3355: 3215: 3021: 2993: 2962: 2958: 2799: 2774:

There were 26 emperors in a 49-year period, a signal of political instability.

2475: 2452: 2359: 2355: 2288: 2223:, extended the occupation in Britannia (modern-day England, Wales and southern 2096: 1952: 1861: 1840:. Augustus died in 14 AD, but the empire's glory continued after his era. 1625: 1601: 1365:

and one more consulship, which began the crisis and decline of Roman Republic.

1362: 1334: 1227: 1095: 1067: 963: 824: 765: 583: 452: 369: 358: 330: 159: 127: 75: 13217: 13080:

by T.J. Luce, 1998. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

7447:

There are several different estimates for the population of the Roman Empire.

5211:

had moral and legal duties towards all family members. Even the most despotic

4146: 23473: 23413: 23298: 23213: 23158: 23018: 22938: 22833: 22683: 22676: 22569: 22522: 22415: 22271: 21888: 21726: 21230: 21104: 21076: 20833: 20474: 20044: 19732: 19710: 19569: 19322: 19123: 18905: 18652: 18630: 18527: 18522: 18307: 18267: 17811: 17619: 17427: 16784: 16453: 16377: 16293: 16222: 16192: 16172: 16021: 15944: 15934: 15835: 15101: 15071: 14986: 14520: 14497: 14310: 14165: 14150: 14097: 13904: 13520: 13237: 12545:

date for the founding of the Republic, 200 years from the defeat of Hannibal.

12022: 11845: 11821: 11723: 11033:, p. 25; Boardman, John ed., The Oxford History of Classical Art, 1993, OUP, 10163: 10153: 9993: 8682: 8269: 7735: 7693: 7420:

List of archaeologically attested women from the ancient Mediterranean region

7247: 7218: 7185: 7048: 6990: 6912: 6877: 6355: 6351: 6202: 6191: 5966:, and other materials. Several examples of Roman painting have been found at 5959: 5809: 5565: 5491: 5389: 5042: 4976: 4912: 4769: 4763: 4430: 4402: 4330: 3993: 3830: 3444: 3422: 3235: 2985: 2973: 2950: 2831: 2744: 2735: 2609:, c. 199, Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla and Geta, whose face is erased 2606: 2575: 2464: 2418: 2312: 2193:("the deified Claudius"), both initiated by Nero. Buildings destroyed by the 2076: 1874: 1827: 1748: 1683:

brought about a two-century period colloquially referred to by Romans as the

1667: 1629: 1609: 1487: 1424: 689: 637: 625: 618: 614: 591: 555: 470: 354: 117: 22240: 13425: 13326: 12834: 12782: 10316: 9981: 9909: 9207:

Altri nomi e appellativi relazionati allo status dell'Italia in epoca romana

8335: 8298: 8033: 6519: 5315: 4725:. Field armies included regiments recruited from allied tribes and known as 3775: 2549:

and his wife Marcia in late 192 AD. The following year is known as the

1812:

developed a rich literature, and were close friends of Augustus. Along with

64: 23448: 23248: 23153: 22999: 22973: 22882: 22564: 22552: 22500: 22460: 22455: 22319: 21261: 21116: 20951: 20758: 20563: 20333: 19937: 19803: 19752: 19352: 19232: 19153: 18758: 18647: 18554: 18549: 18502: 18421: 18052: 17847: 17779: 17774: 17764: 17587: 17449: 17090: 16877: 16742: 16516: 16511: 16473: 16370: 15919: 15859: 15579: 15439: 14884: 14833: 14788: 14783: 14635: 14445: 14331: 14275: 14270: 14042: 13926: 13727: 13443: 12870: 11563:

Ancient Rome: From the Early Republic to the Assassination of Julius Caesar

10973: 8491: 7569: 7561: 7514:

estimates 65 (while mentioning several other estimates between 55 and 120).

7214: 6864: 6824: 6772: 6726: 6695: 6671: 6653: 6625: 6497: 6475:(also used by the Christian clergy) began to spread throughout the empire. 6463: 6456: 6417: 6210: 6186:, on the June panel from a 3rd-century mosaic depicting the months, in the 6038: 5817: 5771: 5657: 5605: 5484: 5404: 5099: 5068: 5006: 4991: 4741: 4692: 4616: 4537:, c. 122 BC; the altar shows two Roman infantrymen equipped with long 3986: 3949:, embracing one's wife in public. Later, under the reforms of the dictator 3938: 3921: 3871: 3848: 3666: 3653: 3620: 3599: 3410: 3299: 3271: 3118: 2920:(in the West). To adjust the economy, Diocletian made several tax reforms. 2537:: "(Rome has transformed) from a kingdom of gold to one of iron and rust." 2512: 2470: 2259: 2126:. The destruction of the city was the culmination of the Roman campaign in 1973: 1957: 1921: 1849: 1736: 1649: 1566: 1539: 1342: 1286: 1241: 1217: 1171: 1163: 1142: 1110: 1027: 896: 869: 859: 735: 701: 587: 559: 389: 362: 338: 312: 137: 84: 15924: 11880: 11419: 10177: 7726: 7709: 7494:

Contours of the World Economy, 1–2030 AD. Essays in Macro-Economic History

6802: 6032: 5970:, and from these art historians divide the history of Roman painting into 5399:

The Romans had several ways of tracking years. One widespread way was the

3490:) were the people who had jurisdiction over cases involving citizens. The 23388: 23136: 23131: 23123: 23108: 22933: 22838: 22649: 22485: 22450: 22430: 22410: 22388: 22353: 21814: 21679: 20853: 20793: 20763: 20116: 19747: 18956: 18861: 18823: 18610: 18539: 18426: 17916: 17791: 17741: 17666: 17240: 17187: 17130: 16268: 15374: 14996: 14818: 14708: 14102: 13451: 12822: 12631: 12627: 11198:, Oxford University Press: American Philological Association, 2004, p. 20 10655:

For a discussion of hoplite tactics and their sociocultural setting, see

10384:. Vol. 29, No. 2 (April 1934), pp. 101–116. Retrieved 22 April 2007. 9569: 9027:"The Glory of Italy and Rome's Universal Destiny in Strabo's Geographika" 9012: 7304: 7193:"began the modern study of Roman history in the English-speaking world". 7152: 6956: 6819: 6641: 6501: 6343: 6237: 6124:, took up the project and opened the first public library in Rome in the 6105: 6090: 5477: 5244: 5136: 5079: 5075: 4947:

changed the Italian landscape, and by the 1st century BC, vast grape and

4859: 4714: 4340: 4231: 3965: 3961: 3908: 3738: 3598:); a man who was the first of his family to hold the consulship, such as 3468: 3448: 3402: 3291: 3267: 3154: 2997: 2696: 2630: 2583: 2530: 2499: 2322:

Nerva abdicated and died in 98 AD, and was succeeded by the general

2254: 1989: 1977: 1937: 1879: 1613: 1545: 1526: 1505: 1492: 1452: 1263:

and refused to give the equestrian class a larger say in the government.

1260: 1254: 1245: 1102: 974:

in strategic areas, thereby establishing stable control over the region.

653: 606: 536: 490: 463: 421: 373: 19400: 16246: 12504:

The Shaping of Western Civilization: From Antiquity To the Enlightenment

11868: 11731: 11707: 11050: 9094:

Corpus Iuris Civilis, Italia non erat provincia, sed domina provinciarum

8278:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 850. 7792:

American Republicanism: Roman Ideology in the United States Constitution

7607:

Between 343 BC and 241 BC, the Roman army fought in every year but five.

6387:

was abandoned completely over the course of the years. The mid-day meal

4979:

was practised, but farm productivity was low, around 1 ton per hectare.

4600:

tactics. It was small and organised in five classes (in parallel to the

3924:

represented an oligarchic institution, which acted as an advisory body.

3801: 1886:

in 26 AD, and left control of the city of Rome in the hands of the

22919: 22907: 22877: 22843: 22783: 22465: 20111: 19720: 19002: 18979: 18443: 17972: 17887: 17852: 17817: 17729: 17644: 17404: 17397: 17344: 17324: 17269: 17234: 17227: 17172: 17137: 17000: 16478: 16385: 16152: 16137: 16127: 16056: 16036: 15599: 15539: 15504: 15296: 15231: 15221: 15116: 15001: 14889: 14472: 14440: 14185: 14112: 13944: 13939: 13755: 13743: 12030: 11998: 11837: 11011:

A Catalogue of the Late Antique Gold Glass in the British Museum (PDF).

8691:. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 912. 8582: 8323: 7701: 7414: 6850: 6807: 6667: 6568: 6425: 6312: 6285: 5994: 5830: 5801: 5705: 5625: 5613: 5163: 5132: 5095: 4956: 4944: 4855: 4847: 4824: 4790: 4789:

During the later stages of the Imperial period (beginning perhaps with

4673: 4587: 4576: 4544: 4371: 4136: 4092: 4039: 4035: 3977: 3929: 3760: 3608: 3531: 3379: 3117:

were never expelled from the Empire nor assimilated. The next emperor,

3044: 3013: 2935: 2898: 2867: 2811: 2783: 2692: 2662: 2601: 2460: 2430: 2338:. He undertook an ambitious public building program in Rome, including 2220: 2053: 2017: 2001: 1997: 1832: 1765: 1684: 1382: 1236: 999: 983: 649: 633: 540: 16986: 13829: 13197: 12257:. Encyclopedia Romana. University of Chicago. Retrieved 19 April 2007. 11462:. Vol. 1 (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill/Dushkin. 2002. p. 68. 9607: 5433: 5419:, which counted years from the mythical foundation of Rome in 753 BC. 3916:

traditionally could only be passed by a vote of the Popular assembly (

3766: 3016:. To celebrate his victories and Christianity's relevance, he rebuilt 1729:) gathered almost all the republican powers under his official title, 1226:

Foreign dominance led to internal strife. Senators became rich at the

872:, which was initially an advisory council of the ranking nobility, or 23353: 23190: 22925: 22887: 22480: 22294: 21081: 19226: 19169: 18833: 18337: 17719: 17671: 17581: 17568: 17355: 17284: 17257: 17252: 17221: 17167: 17115: 17050: 17045: 16938: 16685: 16624: 16212: 16106: 15629: 15624: 15584: 15509: 15479: 15459: 15336: 15276: 15186: 15136: 15131: 15056: 15016: 14904: 14874: 14683: 14558: 14351: 14235: 14210: 14089: 10233: 9334: 8605: 7107: 7016:. Other major works of Imperial times were that of Livy and Tacitus. 6924: 6868: 6760: 6752: 6691: 6593: 6589: 6564: 6548: 6493: 6324: 6265: 6129: 6070: 6026:, and played an important part in many aspects of Roman life. In the 6005: 5925: 5881: 5738:. Romans also believed that every person, place or thing had its own 5573: 5527: 5449: 5408: 5083: 4968: 4931: 4820: 4727: 4698: 4687: 4627: 4356: 4003: 3903: 3855:, which could endorse and ratify laws suggested by the King; and the 3751: 3702: 3674: 3583: 3434: 3227: 3219: 3177: 3094: 3017: 2989: 2905: 2879: 2791: 2779: 2767: 2653: 2641: 2587: 2534: 2429:), abandoning Trajan's conquests. Hadrian's army crushed a revolt in 2399: 2391: 2231: 2202: 2180: 2132: 2119: 2104: 2081: 2013: 2005: 1993: 1773: 1439:. He formed them into a new informal alliance including himself, the 1405: 1399: 1280: 1276: 1197: 1087: 927: 751: 709: 438: 393: 316: 19023: 13685:

Public office in early Rome: Ritual procedure and political practice

13396:"Ancient Rome: A genetic crossroads of Europe and the Mediterranean" 12014: 7708:

Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D (December 2006).

7685: 7197:

was a founder of the examination of ancient Roman history and wrote

5838:), a sense of duty to one's people, moderation and avoiding excess ( 5704:

sits at Mercury's feet; a Roman fresco from the eastern wall of the

5619:

While Latin remained the main written language of the Roman Empire,

5251:, one of the most important features of Rome's economy and society. 3338:. In the west, Slavic populations penetrated deep into the Balkans. 2409: 23343: 23039: 22860: 22688: 22603: 22542: 22505: 21799: 21281: 21086: 21029: 20768: 20753: 20748: 20649: 19683: 19678: 19347: 19273: 19108: 18984: 18974: 18964: 18938: 18887: 18851: 17987: 17769: 17661: 17614: 17574: 17556: 17476: 17411: 17391: 17361: 17334: 17329: 17314: 17304: 17274: 17182: 17177: 17125: 17100: 17095: 17060: 17025: 17020: 17015: 17010: 16531: 16468: 16409: 16313: 16132: 16086: 16061: 15991: 15899: 15884: 15879: 15854: 15589: 15574: 15564: 15549: 15464: 15454: 15424: 15414: 15409: 15399: 15301: 15216: 15096: 15081: 15011: 14991: 14981: 14976: 14956: 14755: 14336: 14300: 14190: 14117: 13949: 11589: 11587: 11585: 11583: 10277:

Before the Normans: Southern Italy in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries

9593: 8265:"Punic Wars § The Interval between the First and Second Wars" 7161: 7140: 7096: 7036: 7020: 6906: 6581: 6572: 6472: 6468: 6375:, the main meal of the day, and at nightfall a light supper called 6316: 6308: 6297: 6253: 6245: 6078: 6001: 5986: 5685: 5568:

relies little on word order, conveying meaning through a system of

5553: 5361: 5287: 5143:

on the medallion may indicate either the name of the artist or the

5071:

value was an estimated one-third greater than its intrinsic value.

5064: 4752: 4736:

overall command of a Roman general, but led by their own officers.

3998: 3954: 3879: 3860: 3839: 3796: 3591: 3567: 3544: 3363: 3343: 3307: 3199: 3126: 3009: 3005: 2969: 2939: 2930: 2925: 2913: 2909: 2863: 2843: 2835: 2787: 2755: 2700: 2687: 2526: 2456: 2387: 2375: 2316: 2315:(Hispania Baetica). The Nerva-Antonine dynasty came to an end with 2235: 2224: 2206: 2189: 2156: 2137: 1961: 1913: 1909: 1901: 1865: 1853: 1813: 1789: 1781: 1731: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1663: 1593: 1509: 1431:, who had financed much of his earlier career, and Crassus' rival, 1302: 1294: 1179: 1079: 1075: 1031: 955: 926:, who now extended their power in the Italian peninsula beyond the 884: 864: 568:

Archaeological evidence of settlement around Rome starts to emerge

413: 273: 13229: 11211:, Cornell University Press, 1986, pp. 30, 40–41.; Galinsky, Karl, 9026: 6792: 6788: 6751:

in the late 3rd century BC. It was a powerful cement derived from

5962:, though Roman literature includes mentions of paintings on wood, 5444:

Life in ancient Rome revolved around the city of Rome, located on

5091: 4010:. Some historians have cited this as a significant reason for the 3455:). Roman law as preserved in Justinian's codes continued into the 2379: 2304: 23258: 23113: 23025: 21061: 21022: 19715: 19440: 19394: 19363: 19310: 19290: 19174: 19103: 19083: 19047: 17921: 17624: 17531: 17444: 17299: 17075: 16187: 16177: 16096: 16066: 16051: 16011: 15909: 15609: 15604: 15594: 15559: 15554: 15544: 15489: 15474: 15291: 15286: 15271: 15241: 15196: 15176: 15156: 15111: 14843: 14698: 14477: 14285: 14280: 14170: 8263: 7123: 7031: 6859: 6854: 6679: 6621: 6544: 6437: 6339: 6320: 6304: 6293: 6277: 6241: 6109: 6086: 6082: 6044: 5982: 5967: 5938: 5921: 5767: 5713: 5701: 5609: 5519: 5507: 5469: 5377: 5344: 4999: 4967:

in North Africa provided a continuous supply of grains. In turn,

4964: 4879: 4866: 4776: 4758: 4676:, the tactical organisation of the Army continued to evolve. The 4658: 4646: 4640: 4633: 4621: 4597: 4592: 4121: 3973: 3731: 3723: 3629: 3526: 3255: 3251: 3211: 3052: 2827: 2823: 2618: 2479: 2447: 2395: 2363: 2335: 2331: 2296: 2284: 1981: 1890: 1444: 1271: 1267: 1134: 1047: 959: 892: 880: 795: 548: 405: 163: 19016: 13811:

resources for students from the Courtenay Middle School Library.

12338:"Muddy Find Shows How Foreign Timber Helped Build Ancient Rome." 11660: 11580: 10469: 10467: 10465: 5538:, whose assistance they sought and whose interests they upheld. 4955:

farmers, who were unable to match the imported grain price. The

2680:

points to the edict as a fundamental turning point, after which

2052:("ruler of the provinces"), and – especially in relation to the 1038:

In the 3rd century BC Rome faced a new and formidable opponent:

16:

Roman civilisation from the 8th century BC to the 5th century AD

23278: 21569: 20408: 19386: 19375: 19369: 19304: 19279: 19260: 19249: 19213: 19184: 19179: 19148: 19133: 19032: 18994: 17693: 17550: 17432: 17204: 17070: 16614: 16356: 16350: 16263: 16197: 16182: 16157: 15939: 15864: 15619: 15499: 15429: 15369: 15364: 15331: 15091: 15076: 15026: 15006: 14428: 14305: 14200: 13504:

Roman historical myths: The regal period in Augustan literature

13247:"The Attitude of the Roman Emperors towards Language Practices" 11559: 10801: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10518: 10516: 10514: 9130:

Italy: the absolute center of the Republic and the Roman Empire

8676: 8416:

Twenty-six Centuries of Agrarian Reform: A Comparative Analysis

8190: 6776: 6756: 6577: 6556: 6552: 6528: 6524: 6505: 6362:, and "elaborate means were invented to assure its freshness". 6332: 6273: 6269: 6257: 6233: 6216:

The ancient Roman diet included many items that are staples of

6195: 6149: 6050: 6013: 5978: 5955: 5852: 5759: 5511: 5448:. The city had a vast number of monumental structures like the 5034: 5022: 4983: 4952: 4812: 4568: 4211: 4007: 3969: 3875: 3734: 3603: 3239: 3181: 3110: 3001: 2894: 2847: 2714: 2323: 2280: 2263: 2239: 2184: 1936:, son of Agrippina and her former husband, since Claudius' son 1818: 1801: 1797: 1777: 1298: 1200:, who ultimately marched on Rome twice, established himself as 1175: 1060: 888: 745: 740: 667: 662: 657: 594:

dating to the middle of the 8th century BC. Starting from

474: 425: 417: 409: 381: 13676:

Early Rome and Latium: Economy and society c. 1000–500 BC

11149: 6369:

was served at dawn. At mid-day to early afternoon, Romans ate

3825:

History of citizenship § Roman conceptions of citizenship

3669:, an intermediary level between full citizens and foreigners ( 3417:

urban centers, with population of 10,000 and more and several

3262:, son of Orestes. This event of 476, usually marks the end of 3198:

The situation became more critical in 408, after the death of

2924:

use a disguised form of Republic, as the other emperors since

2684:

was "effectively a new state masquerading under an old name".

2099:, and so a new emperor had to arise. After the turmoil in the 1240:

reduced the availability of paid work. Income from war booty,

744:

asserted that all Latins descended from the titular character

673: 23243: 23233: 23228: 22700: 22695: 21547: 21071: 21044: 19688: 19471: 19341: 19333: 19268: 19243: 19138: 19118: 19093: 18969: 18928: 17294: 17065: 17055: 17035: 16483: 16207: 16031: 15986: 15974: 15959: 15904: 15404: 15126: 14853: 14145: 13077: 11873:

The History of the Library in Western Civilization, Volume II

11057:, 11–18. Oxford, Malden & Carlton: Blackwell Publishing. 10910:

Sabin, Philip; van Wees, Hans; Whitby, Michael, eds. (2007).

10751: 10219: 10217: 10215: 8009: 7985: 7902: 6882: 6841:

to supply water to cities and industrial sites and to aid in

6779:

took the Empire by storm after samples were retrieved during

6580:.Children entertained themselves with toys and such games as 6452: 6289: 6229: 6225: 6183: 5963: 5763: 5734: 5677: 5569: 5557: 5547: 5506:

classes lived in the city center, packed into apartments, or

5499: 5487: 5392:

and in 8 BC, Sextilis was renamed to Augustus (August) after

5239: 4960: 4948: 4721: 4556: 3587: 3287: 3231: 3114: 2954: 2859: 2622: 2403: 2276: 2246:. He was murdered following a plot within his own household. 2172: 2123: 2033: 1985: 1965: 1948: 1917: 1883: 1826:. Augustus continued the changes to the calendar promoted by 923: 904: 802: 724: 401: 385: 174: 11796:"Library - Ancient Rome, Collections, Archives | Britannica" 11672: 11382:

The Encyclopedia Americana: A Library of Universal Knowledge

10848:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 201–217 (Plate 12.2 on p. 204). 10511: 10184: 5215:

was expected to consult senior members of his household and

3047:

was the western capital from 286 to 330, until the reign of

1313:

supported their legal process but was assassinated, and the

943:

remarked "With iron, not with gold, Rome buys her freedom."

609:. By the sixth century BC, the Romans were constructing the 455:, and their similar cultures and societies are known as the 23373: 21039: 20196: 19673: 19357: 19298: 19113: 17040: 17030: 16364: 16217: 15614: 15181: 15121: 14703: 14079: 13641:

Rosenstein, Nathan S.; Morstein-Marx, Robert, eds. (2006).

13069: 12316:"Roman Concrete: The Ascent, Summit, and Decline of an Art" 11648: 10659:

The Western Way of War: Infantry Battle in Classical Greece

10450: 8809:

Johann Jakob Herzog; John Henry Augustus Bomberger (1858).

7915: 7913: 7911: 7065: 6994: 6796: 6737: 6730: 6432: 6371: 6359: 6281: 6261: 6249: 5797: 5189: 5175: 5159: 5060: 5026: 4929:

Workers at a cloth-processing shop, in a painting from the

3834: 3540: 3382:

coast. The Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire collapsed when

3243: 3223: 2591: 2483: 2426: 2402:, he withdrew due to health issues, and in 117, he died of 2176: 2160: 1933: 1823: 1805: 1716: 1597: 1378: 1083: 820: 632:, offspring of Mars and a princess of the mythical city of 342: 155: 54: 13156:

Of Arms and Men: A History of War, Weapons, and Aggression

12123:

Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy

12089:

Art, Culture, and Cuisine: Ancient and Medieval Gastronomy

11708:""Public Libraries" in Ancient Rome: Ideology and Reality" 11479:

Look Back to Get Ahead: Life Lessons from History's Heroes

11389: 10813: 10768: 10766: 10675: 10586: 10212: 9952:

Gibbon, Edward (1906). "Chapter XX". In Bury, J.B. (ed.).

8394: 8140: 8138: 8136: 8089: 7845: 5632:), Latin was never able to replace Greek, a legacy of the 4994:

and paid labour. However, foreign wars and conquests made

1588:, Antony, the eastern provinces, and Octavian remained in 1042:, the other major power in the Western Mediterranean. The 950:

the other peoples on the Italian peninsula, including the

16026: 14175: 12128: 12105:

Around the Roman Table: Food and Feasting in Ancient Rome

11684: 10508:

by Steven Kreis. 11 October 2006. Retrieved 2 April 2007.

10353:

by Korkut Ozgen. Theottomans.org. Retrieved 3 April 2007.

9915: 7997: 6845:. By the third century, the city of Rome was supplied by 6702:, remain as testaments to Roman engineering and culture. 6323:) only appeared in Europe following the discovery of the 5628:. In the eastern part of the Roman Empire (and later the 4794: 2482:, which still contains the largest unreinforced concrete 922:

In the 4th century BC, Rome had come under attack by the

919:(tribal assembly), which elected less important offices. 846:

and various representative assemblies was established. A

23505:

States and territories disestablished in the 5th century

15816: 12884:. Vol. III: Caesar and Christ. Simon and Schuster. 12173: 12171: 11475: 11385:. Encyclopedia Americana Corporation. 1919. p. 644. 11315: 10891: 10543: 10541: 7973: 7961: 7949: 7937: 7925: 7908: 7857: 7809: 7616:

Later in Christian liturgy, "noon" came to describe the

4756:(often posted as deputies to field commanders), then as 2739:

The Roman Empire suffered internal schisms, forming the

868:, or military command. The consuls had to work with the 23358: 13640: 13616:

Patricians and plebeians: The origin of the Roman state

13526:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

13309:

The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World

11464:... where compassion was regarded as a moral defect ... 11373:

The history of the decline and fall of the Roman Empire

11351: 10763: 10698:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 245–249. 10696:

As the Romans Did: A Sourcebook in Roman Social History

10338:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

10045:"Un dittico imperiale: Oriente e Occidente dopo il 395" 10031:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

9976:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

9954:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

9821:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

9612:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

8434: 8391:

by Jona Lendering. Livius.org. Retrieved 24 March 2007.

8181:

by Jona Lendering. Livius.org. Retrieved 21 March 2007.

7833: 7821: 7253:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

7190:

The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire

7149:(a series of biographies of famous Roman and Greek men) 6379:. With the increased importation of foreign foods, the 6342:. Fish was more common than meat, with a sophisticated 5608:, which significantly differed from Classical Latin in 4990:

The economy of the early Republic was largely based on

4543:

and a cavalryman with his horse. All are shown wearing

3799:

school (where the teacher, usually Greek, was called a

3439:

The roots of the legal principles and practices of the

2818:

separated from the rest of the Roman state to form the

2330:, winning territories roughly equivalent to modern-day 2275:

from 96 AD to 192 AD included the "five good emperors"

2238:. As emperor, Domitian showed the characteristics of a 2171:, in 69 AD, four emperors were enthroned in turn: 501: 13760:

Projecting the Past: Ancient Rome, Cinema, and History

12209: 12207: 12205: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10601: 10506:

Lecture 13: A Brief Social History of the Roman Empire

9329: 9327: 8974:

Making Europe: The Story of the West, Volume I to 1790

6064:, and in these settings is known to have featured the 5086:

between Roman regions, but increased with the rise of

2754:: the Roman state was plagued by civil wars, external 2227:) and reformed the tax system. He died in 79 AD. 1816:, he sponsored patriotic poems, such as Virgil's epic 1604:. By the end of the Triumvirate, Antony was living in 1499: 493:, as well as more grandiose monuments and facilities. 372:

settlement, traditionally dated to 753 BC, beside the

341:

civilisation from the founding of the Italian city of

13602:

Kraus, Christina Shuttleworth; Woodman, A.J. (1997).

13394:

Antonio, Margaret L.; et al. (8 November 2019).

12168: 12161: 12159: 12157: 11948:

Public Libraries and Literary Culture in Ancient Rome

10787:

Power and Process Under the Republican 'Constitution'

10538: 9305: 9303: 8934:

In the Name of Rome: The Men Who Won the Roman Empire

8455:

A history of Rome, to the establishment of the empire

6093:

suggest that the Romans had a sex-saturated culture.

3008:

during 306–308. In 324 he defeated another tetrarch,

2613:

Severus was enthroned after invading Rome and having

1293:

was not able to defeat and capture the Numidian king

862:, who together exercised executive authority such as 660:

recounted this legend in his classical epic poem the

601:, the Romans started to drain the valley between the 365:(27 BC–476 AD) until the fall of the western empire. 21002: 13303: 13251:

Social Factors in the Latinization of the Roman West

13177:"Language Policies in the Roman Republic and Empire" 12446: 10880: 10878: 9630: 8451: 8075:. Translated by Luce, T.J. Oxford World's Classics. 7450: 7340: 6993:

wrote his own accounts of his military campaigns in

6775:

soon after its invention in Syria about 50 BC.

3851:, which acted as an advisory body for the King; the 1864:, Augustus appointed her son from another marriage, 1581:

involved were executed, although Lucius was spared.

19955:

Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia

13704:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

13410:

American Association for the Advancement of Science

13361:. translated by David Macrae. Editions Minerva S.A. 11401: 11055:

Late Antique and Medieval Art of the Medieval World

10909: 9324: 8789: 6893:; however, lead content would have been minimised. 6853:. Romans were particularly famous for their public 5199:(father of the family), who held lawful authority ( 3927:

In the Republic, the Senate held actual authority (

3912:, which literally translates to "public business". 3843:) was likely absolute. He was also the head of the 3701:was extended to all free-born men in the Empire by 3582:, who could trace their ancestry to one of the 100 3063: 1924:; his most important deed was the beginning of the 1520:, Caesar's best friend, he legally established the 1368: 469:, the inspiration for modern republics such as the 404:, Southern Europe, and most of Western Europe, the 13335: 13153: 13003: 12800: 12792:A History of Rome Down to the Reign of Constantine 12456: 12154: 11532: 10273: 9300: 8482:Plutarch, Life of Caesar. Retrieved 1 October 2011 8068: 3012:, and controlled all the empire, as it was before 1050:asked for Carthage's help in their conflicts with 13486:Ancient Rome: The archaeology of the eternal city 12064:Cuisine and Culture: A History of Food and People 11599: 11430: 11428: 11215:, Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. 130–132, 10875: 9899:Epitome: From Diocletian to the death of Galerius 8857: 8049:by George Long, M.A. Appearing on pp. 723–724 of 7166:History of the Roman Empire since Marcus Aurelius 5989:(27 BC – 14 AD), and rejected the 5954:influences, and surviving examples are primarily 5596:, an artificial and highly stylised and polished 4873:using a troop of about 40 marines in lieu of the 2750:A disastrous scenario emerged after the death of 1940:had not reached manhood upon his father's death. 899:. The magistracies were originally restricted to 23471: 13253:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford Academic: 258–285. 12841: 12320:Transactions of the Nebraska Academy of Sciences 11505: 10913:The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare 10559: 10473: 10362: 10300: 10202: 10137: 10005: 9024: 8922:. Amberley Publishing Limited. 2014. p. 27. 8739: 8354: 7707: 6971: 3902:resulted in an unusual mixture of democracy and 3290:during the Middle Ages. During the 6th century, 2493:, known as the Philosopher, was the last of the 1735:, and diminished the political influence of the 1421:quickly arrested and executed the main leaders. 22188: 12966:The Fall of Carthage: The Punic Wars 265–146 BC 12270:, University of California Press, 1986, p. 216. 12117: 12115: 12113: 12099: 12097: 9045: 6709:, which is grouped with Greek traditions into " 2980: 2533:identifies his reign as the beginning of Roman 2152:. Many fled to areas around the Mediterranean. 1640:. Now Egypt was conquered by the Roman Empire. 485:feats, such as the empire-wide construction of 13457:Dio's Rome, Volume V., Books 61–76 (AD 54–211) 13393: 13094:Ancient Rome: A Military and Political History 12500: 12228: 12226: 11621:Grout, Donald Jay; Palisca, Claude V. (1988). 11512:. Hackett Publishing Company. pp. 21–28. 11425: 11213:Augustan Culture: An Interpretive Introduction 10501: 10499: 8624:The International Standard Bible Encyclopaedia 8430: 8428: 8426: 8377: 8375: 7752:A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution 7521:Marcus Aurelius: Warrior, Philosopher, Emperor 6042:were used to give various commands, while the 5762:took care of the cults of various gods, while 3964:, and collected taxes through the practice of 2724: 2545:Commodus was killed by a conspiracy involving 1703:. The emperors of this dynasty were Augustus, 1632:. Octavian annihilated Egyptian forces in the 1427:reconciled the two most powerful men in Rome: 1403:(who hoped for the support of the people) and 858:. The most important magistrates were the two 22270: 22256: 20988: 19456: 18774: 18353: 16972: 16701: 15802: 13845: 13483: 13151: 12921:The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic 12125:, University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 187. 12107:, University of Chicago Press (2005), p. 209. 12091:, University of Chicago Press (2001), p. 188. 11616: 11614: 11539:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 3–20. 11369: 10380:by Whitney J. Oates. Originally published in 9702: 9700: 9272: 9175:Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History 9031:Historiae Mundi. Studies in Universal History 8906:Brief History: Brief History of Great Britain 8419:. University of California Press. p. 34. 8336:Rome: The Conquest of the Hellenistic Empires 8032:. Washington State University. Archived from 7772:Democratization in the South: The Jagged Wave 7710:"East-West Orientation of Historical Empires" 7496:. Oxford University Press. pp. 51, 120. 6743:In the 1st century BC, Romans started to use 6713:". Although there were many differences from 5179:), based on blood ties, a common ancestry or 4511: 3837:. In military matters, the king's authority ( 3795:. At the age of 16, some students went on to 2114:undertaken during the Flavian period was the 1951:, where he encountered stiff resistance. The 903:, but were later opened to common people, or 834:, when the last of the seven kings of Rome, 21391:Patria del Friuli (Patriarchate of Aquileia) 18788: 18737:Wars of the fall of the Western Roman Empire 13601: 13484:Coulston, J. C.; Dodge, Hazel, eds. (2000). 13333: 13287:The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Rome 13245:Rochette, Bruno (2023). Mullen, Alex (ed.). 13020:The New Roman Empire: A History of Byzantium 12877: 12736: 12507:. University of Toronto Press. p. 203. 12490: 12110: 12094: 11867:Staikos, Konstantinos Sp (25 October 2021), 11678: 11666: 11654: 11620: 11593: 11333: 11209:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives 11171:The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives 11155: 10966:"A Market Economy in the Early Roman Empire" 10532: 10456: 10190: 9921: 9807: 9805: 9564: 9562: 9508:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. 2005. p. 9210:(in Italian). Bloomsbury. 20 November 2013. 8586: 8400: 8095: 8015: 7768: 6496:combat was strictly a spectator sport. This 5875: 5109:Some economists consider the Roman Empire a 4590:influenced by Greek civilisation, a citizen 3547:; the statue features an inscription in the 1747:and his reforms in the military, creating a 907:. Republican voting assemblies included the 158:(and others during the late Empire, notably 13555: 13533: 13519: 13450: 12985:Cities of Vesuvius: Pompeii and Herculaneum 12960: 12938: 12223: 11434: 10916:. Cambridge University Press. p. 231. 10807: 10757: 10681: 10496: 10164:Romulus Augustulus (475–476 AD) – Two Views 9627:from UNRV History. Retrieved 12 March 2007. 9088: 8423: 8372: 8205: 8051:A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities 7892: 7775:. Manchester University Press. p. 11. 7749:Furet, François; Ozouf, Mona, eds. (1989). 7642:"ancient Rome | Facts, Maps, & History" 6764: 6391:became a light meal to hold one over until 6311:(aubergine) were introduced later from the 6096: 5335:) stem. The English word "noon" comes from 4834:; exhibited in the Pius-Clementine Museum ( 4707: 4677: 3665:Allied foreign cities were often given the 2497:. He was a stoic philosopher and wrote the 2398:). After defeating a Parthian revolt and a 2063: 2057: 2044: 1565:. The Second Triumvirate was marked by the 1435:(anglicised as Pompey), to whom he married 1090:war of attrition, a strategy propounded by 998:Territorial changes over the course of the 749: 461: 52: 22263: 22249: 20995: 20981: 19463: 19449: 18781: 18767: 18360: 18346: 16979: 16965: 16708: 16694: 15809: 15795: 13852: 13838: 13488:. Oxford University School of Archaeology. 13477:Rome and environs: An archaeological guide 13307:; Saller, Richard P.; Morris, Ian (2007). 12762: 12413: 11611: 11376:. printed for J.J. Tourneisen. p. 91. 10972:. Economy History Services. Archived from 10843: 10628: 10626: 10624: 10246: 10116:"The Germanic Invasions of Western Europe" 9697: 9505:The Encyclopedia of Christianity, Volume 4 8838: 8783: 8602:The Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC – 68 AD) 8587:Langley, Andrew; Souza, de Philip (1996). 8262:Caspari, Maximilian Otto Bismarck (1911). 7979: 7967: 7955: 7943: 7931: 7919: 7888: 7863: 7851: 7839: 7827: 7815: 7748: 6818:With solid foundations and good drainage, 4518: 4504: 3673:), which gave their citizens rights under 3537:National Archaeological Museum of Florence 1822:and historiographical works like those of 1643: 1616:for a Roman statesman. Following Antony's 1466:River and invaded Rome in 49 BC. The 1166:, a general who dramatically reformed the 879:Other magistrates of the Republic include 353:in the 5th century AD. It encompasses the 319:during the latter half of the 6th century. 63: 13513:Dionysius and the history of Archaic Rome 13433: 13258: 13196: 13014: 12767:(2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. 12763:Boatwright, Mary T.; et al. (2012). 12611: 12268:Roman circuses: arenas for chariot racing 12060: 11337: 11194:Frier, Bruce W., and McGinn, Thomas A.J. 10936: 10576: 10574: 10572: 10154:"Roman Emperors – DIR Romulus Augustulus" 9802: 9559: 9433:. Infobase Publishing. 2006. p. 406. 9257: 8520:Auguste vu par lui-même et par les autres 7755:. Harvard University Press. p. 793. 7725: 7668: 7481:Bevölkerung der griechisch-römischen Welt 6531:, showing women playing sports, from the 6319:peppers, and maize (the modern source of 3968:. Government positions such as quaestor, 3906:. The word republic comes from the Latin 3863:and holiday schedule for the next month. 3186:The Sack of Rome by the Barbarians in 410 3086:, Rome lost decisive battles against the 3031:, who under the influence of his adviser 2873: 2515:, died in 169 AD, probably from the 2370:without consulting Rome, Trajan declared 2249: 1690: 1630:war between Octavian and Antony broke out 1573:: after a revolt led by Antony's brother 605:and Palatine Hills, where today sits the 412:, and much of the Middle East, including 13825:Gallery of the Ancient Art: Ancient Rome 13649: 13631: 13610: 13589: 13583:The archaeology of early Rome and Latium 13577: 13492: 13471: 13244: 13215: 13174: 13110: 12575: 11996: 11560:Mathew Dillon and Lynda Garland (2005). 11509:Daily Life in Ancient Rome: A Sourcebook 11437:"Bread and Circuses in Rome and America" 11357: 11345: 11341: 11321: 11309: 11305: 11289:, English translation 2000, pp. 109–114 10870:I Santuari del Lazio in età repubblicana 10778: 10592: 10175: 9785:. Boise State University. Archived from 9239:"Antico appellativo dell'Italia romana: 9160: 9126: 9051: 8908:. Infobase Publishing. 2009. p. 34. 8612:. October 2000. Retrieved 18 March 2007. 8249:New historical atlas and general history 8003: 7901:, and the other a potsherd found in the 7578:Historical Estimates of World Population 6801: 6620: 6518: 6488: 6485:History of physical training and fitness 6408: 6177: 5958:used to adorn the walls and ceilings of 5931: 5911: 5671: 5483:In the capital city of Rome, there were 5432: 5319:and it is from this word that the terms 5152: 5126: 5005: 4924: 4806: 4586:) was, like those of other contemporary 4550: 4529: 4032:Structural history of the Roman military 3865: 3722: 3525: 3396: 2944: 2912:(in the West), and two junior emperors, 2888: 2734: 2635: 2600: 2469: 2408: 2253: 2075: 1842: 1653: 1451:; the Triumvirate disintegrated. Caesar 1372: 1021: 1007: Roman possessions and close allies 993: 693: 575:. Large-scale organisation appears only 21346:Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca 18802:With correspondence to modern geography 18508:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 13859: 13682: 13001: 12821: 12280: 12003:Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome 11866: 11819: 11553: 11250: 11174:. Cornell University Press. p. 7. 11023:the Egyptian dialect of the inscription 10834:, pp. 295–296 Also chapters 23–24. 10784: 10693: 10621: 10406: 9792: 9779:"Crisis of the Third Century (235–285)" 9742: 9568: 8640: 8498:. 5 July 2004. Retrieved 21 March 2007. 8288: 8261: 8144: 7991: 7788: 7542:McEvedy, Colin; Jones, Richard (1978). 7001:in part to impress his contemporaries. 6500:shows combatants and referee, from the 6478: 6136:in Trajan's Forum and libraries in the 3137:, both of which were Theodosius' sons. 2766:. The old Roman values had fallen, and 1417:—a resounding failure since the consul 1046:began in 264 BC, when the city of 990:Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula 842:and a system based on annually elected 613:on the Capitoline and expanding to the 69:Territories of the Roman civilisation: 23490:8th-century BC establishments in Italy 23472: 18367: 16715: 13622: 13368:World Mythology: The Illustrated Guide 13365: 13356: 13284: 13091: 13048: 12944:The Roman Army at War: 100 BC – AD 200 12917: 12807:. The Johns Hopkins University Press. 12798: 12669: 12527: 12378: 12313: 12213: 12138:, John Wiley & Sons (2009), p. 93. 11970: 11908: 11906: 11701: 11699: 11407: 11395: 11207:Rawson, Beryl, "The Roman Family", in 11167: 11127: 11111: 10885: 10831: 10819: 10796: 10741: 10730: 10718: 10656: 10644: 10632: 10611: 10569: 10547: 10328: 10223: 10176:Mathisen, Ralph A. (8 February 1998). 10021: 9966: 9951: 9933: 9879: 9811: 9605: 9309: 8671: 8296: 8062: 8027: 7769:Luckham, Robin; White, Gordon (1996). 6346:and large-scale industries devoted to 5823: 5758:, was the head of the state religion. 5664:Constantine the Great and Christianity 5157:A funerary relief with members of the 3574:) above them, and free-born citizens ( 3334:. In the following century, the Arabs 2503:. He defeated barbarian tribes in the 2028:failed, but in 68 AD the armies under 1638:Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide 1210:attempting to restore the prerogatives 307: Whilst the deposition of Emperor 22244: 20976: 19444: 18762: 18341: 16960: 16689: 15790: 13833: 13742: 13673: 13510: 13129: 12982: 12898: 12644: 12617: 12590: 12580:. Harmondsworth: Penguin. p. 24. 12394: 12141: 11690: 11566:. Taylor & Francis. p. 382. 11459:Annual Editions: Western Civilization 11045:, Vol. 72, (2004), pp. 203–230, 10963: 10897: 10772: 10436:(in Italian). Jaca Book. p. 59. 10431: 10253:. James Clarke & Co. p. 26. 9776: 9715: 9333: 9321:Josephus, The Wars of the Jews VI.9.3 8363:Fall of the Roman Republic, 133–27 BC 8246: 8209: 8040: 6828:system of way stations, known as the 6632:built in c. 19 BC. It is a 6085:, paintings, and sculptures found in 6048:(possibly a trumpet or horn) and the 6016:, usually depicting Roman victories. 3586:at the founding of the city, and the 3286:and became the most stable Christian 3270:. The Roman noble and former emperor 3254:defeated and killed Orestes, invaded 2798:caused a devaluation of Roman coins. 2197:were rebuilt, and he revitalised the 2054:first centuries of imperial stability 1928:. Claudius was poisoned by his wife, 789:, one of the founders of the Republic 785:, a bust traditionally identified as 527:, now illustrating the legend that a 304: 20001:Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy 18616:Julius Caesar's invasions of Britain 13754: 13691: 12878:Durant, Will; Durant, Ariel (1944). 12789: 12706: 12530:Ancient History: Evidence and Models 12336:Choi, Charles Q. (4 December 2019). 11945: 11074:Parkin, Tim, & Pomeroy, Arthur, 11043:Papers of the British School at Rome 10943:. J. Paul Getty Museum. p. 11. 10491:Society and Politics in Ancient Rome 10280:. University of Pennsylvania Press. 9636: 9283:"Augustus Caesar and the Pax Romana" 9127:Bleicken, Jochen (15 October 2015). 9033:. London: Duckworth. pp. 87–101 8626:. Howard-Severance Company. p. 8412: 8322: 8223:"Cassius Dio – Fragments of Book 11" 7664: 7662: 7405:List of Roman civil wars and revolts 6424:in Rome, c. 410 AD, depicting Saint 6224:discussed more than 30 varieties of 5789:became increasingly associated with 5696:stands and gestures. On the left is 5403:, which identified years by the two 5102:, spanning the entire length of the 4975:were Italy's main exports. Two-tier 3176:on Roman Empire between AD 100–500. 2652:Upon the death of Severus, his sons 1291:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Numidicus 502:Early Italy and the founding of Rome 287:Collapse of the Western Roman Empire 13501: 12794:(2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. 12624:Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi) 11903: 11826:Libraries & the Cultural Record 11705: 11696: 11076:Roman Social History, a Sourcebook, 8950:. 27 September 2016. Archived from 8813:. Lindsay & Blakiston. p. 8645:. The Boston book company. p. 8621: 6705:The Romans were renowned for their 6174:Food and dining in the Roman Empire 5468:, marketplaces, functional sewers, 5309:Roman consul § Consular dating 3870:Representation of a sitting of the 3554:Roman society is largely viewed as 2586:—resented being excluded from the " 1500:Octavian and the Second Triumvirate 1317:revolted against the Romans in the 801:Italy in 400 BC, just prior to the 617:located between the Capitoline and 447:Ancient Rome is often grouped into 13: 19470: 18924:Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium 16245: 13386: 13260:10.1093/oso/9780198887294.003.0012 13032:10.1093/oso/9780197549322.001.0001 12901:Warfare in Roman Europe AD 350–425 12765:The Romans: From Village to Empire 12453:. The University of Chicago Press. 11482:. Arcade Publishing. p. 174. 9840:The Lives of the Thirty Pretenders 9590:Past pandemics that ravaged Europe 9412:"Cassius Dio — Epitome of Book 68" 8895:Claudius By Barbara Levick. p. 77. 8111:, from which the pound is derived. 7594:The Quarterly Journal of Economics 7483:(in German). Duncker. p. 507. 7471:10.1111/j.1475-4991.1984.tb00552.x 7451:Scheidel, Saller & Morris 2007 6911:Ancient Rome is the progenitor of 6795:rivers in what is now the city of 6365:Traditionally, a breakfast called 6030:, musical instruments such as the 5842:), forgiveness and understanding ( 3705:in 212, with the exception of the 3511: 3336:captured southern Italy and Sicily 3294:reconquered the Italian peninsula 3274:continued to rule as emperor from 2540: 2311:), and that of Marcus Aurelius in 2262:reached its greatest extent under 2071: 1145:became the dominant people of the 652:. They landed on the banks of the 14: 23521: 23454:Western European and Others Group 22155:United Provinces of Central Italy 13768: 13643:A companion to the Roman Republic 13627:. University of California Press. 13595:Rome and the unification of Italy 13515:. University of California Press. 13497:. University of California Press. 13479:. University of California Press. 13334:Ward-Perkins, John Bryan (1994). 13181:A Companion to the Latin Language 12497:. C. Scribner's Sons. p. 85. 12419: 11476:Jackson, Michael Anthony (2004). 11232:Latin Online: Series Introduction 10989:"Masterpieces. Desiderius' Cross" 10111:History of the Later Roman Empire 10104:History of the Later Roman Empire 10097:History of the Later Roman Empire 10090:History of the Later Roman Empire 9280: 9057:Rome and the Unification of Italy 9052:Keaveney, Arthur (January 1987). 9025:A. Fear; P. Liddel, eds. (2010). 8641:Sherman, Charles Phineas (1917). 8604:. by the Department of Greek and 8329:History of the Later Roman Empire 7714:Journal of World-Systems Research 7659: 7544:Atlas of world population history 7453:, p. 2 estimates 60 million. 7263:History of the Later Roman Empire 6966: 5584:, which was in turn based on the 5294: 3819:History of the Roman Constitution 3656:) and women reached freedom from 3358:invasions ultimately led Emperor 3078:. Under the last emperors of the 2163:and fought as a commander in the 1092:Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus 704:of dancer and musicians from the 670:is destined to found a new Troy. 611:Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus 21004:List of historic states of Italy 20957: 20956: 20945: 19022: 19015: 18749:Military history of ancient Rome 13597:(2nd ed.). Bristol Phoenix. 13495:A critical history of early Rome 12918:Flower, Harriet I., ed. (2004). 12746:Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome 12700: 12688: 12663: 12638: 12584: 12569: 12550: 12521: 12484: 12440: 12428:from the original on 26 May 2012 12397:Roman Aqueducts and Water Supply 12388: 12346: 12330: 12307: 12273: 12260: 12248: 12180: 12081: 12054: 12037: 11990: 11973:"Libraries in the Ancient World" 11964: 11939: 11860: 11813: 11788: 11763: 11738: 11526: 11499: 11469: 11450: 11413: 11363: 11279: 11267: 11244: 11225: 11201: 11188: 11161: 11137: 11088: 11068: 10980: 10957: 10930: 10903: 10862: 10837: 10825: 10735: 10712: 10687: 10649: 10493:, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2009, p. 41 10483: 10425: 10400: 10387: 10356: 10344: 10322: 10310: 10267: 10240: 10169: 10146: 10080: 10059: 10037: 10015: 9987: 9960: 9945: 9927: 9903: 9891: 9873: 9845: 9827: 9770: 9752: 9709: 9672: 9657: 9642: 9618: 9492:. Hachette UK. 2014. p. 64. 9431:Encyclopedia of European Peoples 9173:. In A. Fear; P. Liddel (eds.). 9161:Morcillo, Martha García (2010). 8936:. Hachette UK. 2010. p. 30. 8591:. Candle Wick Press. p. 14. 8435:William Harrison De Puy (1893). 7875:Mellor, Ronald and McGee Marni, 7610: 7601: 7390:Regions in Greco-Roman antiquity 7357: 7343: 6837:The Romans constructed numerous 5668:State church of the Roman Empire 5522:. These people, provided with a 5510:, which were almost like modern 5074:Horses were expensive and other 4487: 4047: 4024:Military history of ancient Rome 3882:, from a 19th-century fresco by 3162: 3153: 3144: 3076:fall of the Western Roman Empire 3070:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 3064:Fall of the Western Roman Empire 2421:in Scotland and Northern England 1369:Caesar and the First Triumvirate 1186: 1156: 1128: 794: 774: 547: 516: 22137:Provisional Government of Milan 20686:Orders, decorations, and medals 18732:Civil wars of the Third Century 13687:. University of Michigan Press. 13632:Raaflaub, Kurt A., ed. (2004). 13113:Chronicle of the Roman Republic 13092:Mackay, Christopher S. (2004). 12594:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 12591:Beard, Mary (20 October 2015). 12360:. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc 11950:. University of Chicago Press. 11536:Sexual Morality in Ancient Rome 11276:. p. 2. Retrieved 2 April 2007. 11251:Calvert, J.B. (8 August 1999). 10374:The population of ancient Rome. 10224:Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). 9783:History of Western Civilization 9719:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 9716:Beard, Mary (20 October 2015). 9599: 9583: 9541: 9526: 9496: 9482: 9467: 9452: 9437: 9423: 9404: 9392: 9373: 9347: 9315: 9266: 9231: 9198: 9154: 9120: 9082: 9018: 9006: 8980: 8966: 8940: 8926: 8912: 8898: 8889: 8870: 8851: 8832: 8802: 8768: 8749: 8714: 8695: 8665: 8653: 8634: 8615: 8595: 8572: 8553: 8534: 8501: 8485: 8474: 8471:. BBC. Retrieved 21 March 2007. 8462: 8445: 8406: 8348: 8316: 8297:Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). 8282: 8255: 8240: 8215: 8199: 8184: 8154: 8114: 8101: 8056: 8028:Hooker, Richard (6 June 1999). 8021: 7882: 7869: 7331:SPQR: A History of Ancient Rome 7201:, tracing the period until the 6471:, the first emperor) while the 6128:. Emperors Augustus, Tiberius, 5928:dated to the mid-1st century BC 5778:became increasingly prominent. 5692:sits on her throne. Behind her 5343:), which included giant public 5078:were slower. Mass trade on the 4935:of Veranius Hypsaeus in Pompeii 3105:, against the Persians and the 2802:came at this time as well. The 2167:. Following the turmoil of the 2008:respectively) before they were 1988:. The rebels sacked and burned 1724: 582:, with the first graves in the 21336:City of Fiume and its District 13674:Smith, Christopher J. (1996). 13311:. Cambridge University Press. 13096:. Cambridge University Press. 12924:. Cambridge University Press. 12729: 12630:Public Library. Archived from 12314:Winter, Thomas Nelson (1979). 11506:Harvey, Brian K., ed. (2016). 11196:A Casebook on Roman Family Law 10069:New York: Thomas Dunne Books. 9089:Billanovich, Giuseppe (2008). 7742: 7634: 7441: 7432: 7318:Caesar: The Life of a Colossus 7300:The History of the Roman World 7236:Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum 6881:, was used to drain the local 6690:. Many monuments, such as the 5902:Art collection in ancient Rome 5149:who is absent in the portrait. 4815:depicted in a relief from the 3366:, eventually resulting in the 3330:, and soon presented a direct 2992:in 312. In 313, he issued the 2155:Vespasian was a general under 2062:("governor of the world") and 1964:), the last stronghold of the 1960:to the sacred island of Mona ( 1794:Golden Age of Latin Literature 1727: 27 BC – AD 14 876:, but grew in size and power. 1: 23495:5th-century disestablishments 21771:County of Apulia and Calabria 21277:Campagna e Marittima Province 13359:Life in Rome in Ancient Times 12803:Everyday Life in Ancient Rome 12447:Jacob Dorsey Forrest (1906). 11999:"The Roman Library at Timgad" 11144:Family Values in Ancient Rome 11065:, p. 17, Figure 1.3 on p. 18. 10884:This paragraph is based upon 10846:A Companion to the Roman Army 10694:Shelton, Jo-Ann, ed. (1998). 10661:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 10657:Hanson, Victor Davis (1989). 10411:. Profile Books. p. 32. 10122:. August 1996. Archived from 9765:The Life of Alexander Severus 9722:. Profile. pp. 529–530. 9340:The Twelve Caesars: Vespasian 9241:Italia Omnium Terrarum Parens 9099:(in Italian). Roberto Pesce. 8643:Roman law in the modern world 8508:Coins of the Emperor Augustus 8452:Henry George Liddell (1855). 8063:Livius, Titus (Livy) (1998). 7789:Sellers, Mortimer N. (1994). 7627: 7010:of Suetonius, and Plutarch's 6972:Primary and secondary sources 6733:, which was derived from the 6610: 6509: 6350:. The Romans also engaged in 5766:were trusted with taking the 5744:, or divine soul. During the 5600:from the 1st century BC, the 5187:, some powerful families, or 4828: 4802: 4750:, would have served first as 4638:, a force of light infantry ( 4580: 4535:Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus 4382:Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes 3829:Initially, Rome was ruled by 3808: 3730:fresco of a young man with a 3685:and able to take part in the 3222:claimed the southern part of 2942:) and started the Tetrarchy. 2884: 2303:), that of Antoninus Pius in 1980:staged a revolt led by queen 1577:, more than 300 senators and 1349:and killed the other consul, 977: 934:, defeated the Romans at the 828: 728: 595: 576: 569: 345:in the 8th century BC to the 25:Ancient Rome (disambiguation) 14424:Frontiers and fortifications 13799:Resources in other libraries 13720:10.1126/science.366.6466.673 13115:. Thames & Hudson, Ltd. 13074:The Rise of Rome, Books 1–5, 12578:Caesar: The Conquest of Gaul 12494:History of modern philosophy 12134:Maguelonne Toussaint-Samat, 10560:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10474:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10363:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10301:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10203:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10178:"Roman Emperors – DIR Nepos" 10138:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 10006:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 9401:. Retrieved 29 October 2011. 8790:John Charles Tarver (1902). 8740:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 8355:Duiker & Spielvogel 2001 8247:Labberton, Robert Henlopen. 7879:p. 15 (Cited 15 March 2009). 7479:Beloch, Karl Julius (1886). 7373:Outline of classical studies 7221:period popular at the time. 5592:consists almost entirely of 4877:. Ships were commanded by a 4817:Temple of Fortuna Primigenia 4296:Frontiers and fortifications 3770:, where a teacher (called a 3712: 3681:("with vote"; enrolled in a 3522:Status in Roman legal system 3518:Social class in ancient Rome 2981:Constantine and Christianity 2957:, Germany (then part of the 2478:, built during the reign of 2413:Map showing the location of 2313:Colonia Claritas Iulia Ucubi 1932:in 54 AD. His heir was 1662:, 1st century AD, depicting 966:colony, enlisted the aid of 628:, attributing their city to 624:The Romans themselves had a 586:'s necropolis, along with a 437:and then to an increasingly 428:. That empire was among the 7: 22173:Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia 22167:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 22119:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 21297:Duchy of Parma and Piacenza 20726:Water supply and sanitation 20150:Italian geographical region 20018:Monarchy and the World Wars 19960:Kingdom of the Two Sicilies 19846:War of the Sicilian Vespers 19499:Timeline of Italian history 19423:UNESCO World Heritage Sites 18870:Ulpia Traiana Sarmizegetusa 14483:Decorations and punishments 13659:(5th ed.). Routledge. 13618:. Cornell University Press. 13338:Roman Imperial Architecture 13160:. Oxford University Press. 13010:. David McKay Company, Inc. 12946:. Oxford University Press. 12903:. Oxford University Press. 12855:(3rd ed.). Wadsworth. 12748:. Oxford University Press. 12711:. Oxford University Press. 12597:. Profile. pp. 15–16. 12532:. ACLS History. p. 9. 12457:William Cunningham (1900). 12234:"Daily Life: Entertainment" 12151:, JHU Press (1988), p. 148. 11997:Pfeiffer, Homer F. (1931). 11820:Houston, George W. (2008). 11533:Langlands, Rebecca (2006). 10785:Brennan, Correy T. (2004). 10719:Oakley, Stephen P. (2004). 10274:Kreutz, Barbara M. (1996). 10230:Washington State University 8824:. M. Bailey. 1881. p. 8585:. Retrieved 12 March 2007; 8303:Washington State University 8071:The Rise of Rome, Books 1–5 7524:. Random House. p. 3. 7459:Review of Income and Wealth 7336: 6535:, Italy, Roman province of 5950:Roman painting styles show 5643: 5541: 4951:estates had supplanted the 4108:Decorations and punishments 4017: 4012:decline of the Roman Empire 3697:of 91–88 BC, and full 3535:, c. 100 BC, from the 2731:Crisis of the Third Century 2725:Crisis of the Third Century 2596:Crisis of the Third Century 1462:To avoid this fate, Caesar 1174:to handle invasions of the 1170:and was repeatedly elected 1141:in the 2nd century BC, the 954:. The last threat to Roman 759: 272:• Octavian proclaimed 10: 23526: 22113:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 22107:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 21508:Prince-Bishopric of Trento 21478:Duchy of Modena and Reggio 21463:Duchy of Massa and Carrara 20645:Inventions and discoveries 20055:Fall of the Fascist regime 20038:Fourth War of Independence 19996:Expedition of the Thousand 19986:Second War of Independence 19430:Legacy of the Roman Empire 18252:Constantine XI Palaiologos 18203:Andronikos III Palaiologos 18090:Nikephoros III Botaneiates 16304:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 16243: 15390:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 13965:historiography of the fall 13750:. Oxford University Press. 13678:. Oxford University Press. 13636:(2nd ed.). Blackwell. 13606:. Oxford University Press. 13561:Caesar: Life of a Colossus 13506:. Oxford University Press. 13189:10.1002/9781444343397.ch30 13152:O'Connell, Robert (1989). 13135:Carthage Must be Destroyed 11977:World History Encyclopedia 11624:A history of western music 11274:Classical Latin Supplement 11096:American Historical Review 10868:Coarelli, Filippo (1987), 9982:Constantine I (306–337 AD) 8948:"Gaius Suetonius Paulinus" 8858:Sir William Smith (1890). 8610:Metropolitan Museum of Art 8369:. Retrieved 24 March 2007. 8107:These are literally Roman 8030:"Rome: The Roman Republic" 7077:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 6975: 6903:Legacy of the Roman Empire 6900: 6614: 6482: 6402: 6398: 6315:, and tomatoes, potatoes, 6163: 6159: 6138:Temple of Apollo Palatinus 6058:between fights and in the 5905: 5879: 5812:, with the signing of the 5661: 5647: 5545: 5426: 5422: 5298: 5249:client-patron relationship 5135:portrait of a family from 5120: 5063:began debasing the silver 5055:) had a face value of one 4902: 4898: 4021: 3960:The Republic had no fixed 3822: 3812: 3716: 3515: 3432: 3392: 3113:(364–378); the victorious 3067: 2972:built during the reign of 2877: 2728: 2440:Provincia Syria Palaestina 2382:, organised a province of 2319:, son of Marcus Aurelius. 2305:Colonia Agusta Nemausensis 1647: 1533:In 42 BC, the Senate 1279:) and equestrian classes ( 1244:in the new provinces, and 987: 981: 763: 687: 683: 666:, where the Trojan prince 646:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 505: 496: 55:Senatus Populusque Romanus 18: 23224:Anglo-Portuguese Alliance 23204: 23122: 22959: 22794: 22665:Standard Average European 22533: 22362: 22282: 22225:Free Territory of Trieste 22085: 22015: 21954: 21937: 21861: 21798: 21761: 21743:Principality of Benevento 21735: 21712: 21657: 21646: 21588: 21558: 21310: 21260: 21214: 21145: 21132: 21095: 21010: 20941: 20739: 20585: 20576: 20440: 20431: 20419:Security and intelligence 20292: 20283: 20145: 20136: 20079: 20006:Third War of Independence 19981:First War of Independence 19968: 19861: 19770: 19651: 19588: 19507: 19491: 19482: 19418: 19385: 19332: 19289: 19259: 19212: 19203: 19162: 19071: 19040: 19031: 19013: 18993: 18955: 18937: 18914: 18896: 18878: 18860: 18842: 18814: 18807: 18800: 18745: 18690:Roman conquest of Britain 18661: 18375: 18328: 18260: 18225:Andronikos IV Palaiologos 18193:Andronikos II Palaiologos 18018:Constantine IX Monomachos 17706: 17603: 17486: 17313: 17151: 16999: 16924: 16876: 16821: 16783: 16723: 16635: 16597: 16571: 16540: 16499: 16427: 16343: 16322: 16299:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 16256: 16120: 15845: 15828: 15771:External wars and battles 15638: 15532: 15345: 14937: 14930: 14852: 14764: 14669: 14544: 14496: 14374: 14324: 14263: 14254: 14136: 14088: 14008: 13925: 13895: 13886: 13868: 13794:Resources in your library 13683:Stewart, Roberta (1998). 13563:. Yale University Press. 13557:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 13535:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 13342:. Yale University Press. 13111:Matyszak, Philip (2003). 13002:Haywood, Richard (1971). 12962:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 12940:Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith 12881:The Story of Civilization 12674:. Yale University Press. 12424:. University of Chicago. 12422:"Lead Poisoning and Rome" 12289:. Prentice Hall. p. 12067:. John Wiley & Sons. 12061:Civitello, Linda (2011). 11420:Theodosius I (379–395 AD) 10397:(Cambridge, 1996) 174–183 10395:Metropolis and Hinterland 8794:. A. Constable. pp. 8469:Julius Caesar (100–44 BC) 8441:. Werner Co. p. 760. 7795:. NYU Press. p. 90. 7383:Timeline of Roman history 6896: 6461:. At the Late Empire the 6358:raised in the fishery at 5876:Art, music and literature 5806:persecution of Christians 5116: 3719:Education in ancient Rome 3109:cost the life of emperor 3024:("City of Constantine"). 3000:. He was defeated by the 2897:depicting the profile of 2551:Year of the Five Emperors 2390:and the Parthian capital 2169:Year of the Four Emperors 2105:Titus Flavius Vespasianus 2101:Year of the Four Emperors 2068:("parent of all lands"). 1897:(from 31 to 37 AD). 1377:Landing of the Romans in 477:. It achieved impressive 368:Ancient Rome began as an 300: 296: 283: 270: 253: 240: 236: 226: 180: 170: 151: 110: 62: 48: 43: 34: 23364:Lancaster House Treaties 22854:Christian existentialism 22814:Ancient Roman philosophy 22804:Ancient Greek philosophy 22131:Italian United Provinces 21483:Principality of Piombino 21272:Patrimony of Saint Peter 20097:Istrian–Dalmatian exodus 20092:Institutional referendum 18188:Michael VIII Palaiologos 16558:Rape of the Sabine Women 13819:University of Notre Dame 13817:OpenCourseWare from the 13656:From the Gracchi to Nero 13216:Rochette, Bruno (2018). 13175:Rochette, Bruno (2011). 12670:Levick, Barbara (1993). 12343:. Retrieved 22 May 2020. 11679:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11667:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11655:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11594:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11334:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11156:Adkins & Adkins 1998 11078:Routledge, 2007, p. 72. 10993:Fondazione Brescia Musei 10937:Heseltine, John (2005). 10533:Adkins & Adkins 1998 10457:Adkins & Adkins 1998 10191:Durant & Durant 1944 9940:De Mortibus Persecutorum 9886:De Mortibus Persecutorum 9399:Titus Flavius Domitianus 8579:Augustus (63 BC – AD 14) 8496:De Imperatoribus Romanis 8492:Augustus (31 BC – 14 AD) 8401:Adkins & Adkins 1998 8096:Adkins & Adkins 1998 8016:Adkins & Adkins 1998 7425: 7230:Roman constitutional law 6783:'s campaigns in Greece. 6652:guarded technologies as 6617:Ancient Roman technology 6405:Clothing in ancient Rome 6146:Temple of Divus Augustus 6144:in the Roman Forum, the 6097:Literature and Libraries 6036:(a long trumpet) or the 5650:Religion in ancient Rome 5604:of the Roman Empire was 4943:and trade. Agricultural 4846:Less is known about the 4411:Claustra Alpium Iuliarum 4396:Danube–Iller–Rhine Limes 4066:Military of ancient Rome 4028:Military of ancient Rome 3996:was portrayed as only a 3890:, home to Italy's Senate 3451:around 530 AD (see 3445:Law of the Twelve Tables 3387:conquered Constantinople 3332:threat to Constantinople 3302:, and southern Hispania 2830:. In that same year the 1758:Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa 1681:reform of the government 1514:Roman naming conventions 1098:in October 202 BC. 23500:Classical civilizations 23142:Equality before the law 22349:Romano-Germanic culture 22219:Italian Social Republic 21894:Principality of Taranto 21786:Principality of Taranto 21748:Principality of Salerno 21503:Bishopric of Tarantasia 21326:Bishopric of Bressanone 21243:Duchy of the Pentapolis 20620:Emigration and diaspora 19829:Guelphs and Ghibellines 19814:the Sardinian Judicates 19425:; Proposed; in Danger 19219:Palestinian territories 18387:Roman conquest of Italy 18043:Eudokia Makrembolitissa 17677:Tiberius II Constantine 16563:Battle of Lacus Curtius 15766:Roman–Iranian relations 14241:Optimates and populares 13815:History of ancient Rome 13748:Rome: An Empire's Story 13539:The Complete Roman Army 13493:Forsythe, Gary (2005). 13426:10.1126/science.aay6826 13024:Oxford University Press 12983:Grant, Michael (2005). 12799:Casson, Lionel (1998). 12645:Grant, Michael (1987). 12576:Handford, S.A. (1951). 12501:Michael Burger (2008). 11926:2027/njp.32101076187390 11712:Libraries & Culture 10872:. NIS, Rome, pp. 35–84. 10635:The Roman Army and Navy 10336:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.). 10329:Gibbon, Edward (1906). 10029:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.). 10022:Gibbon, Edward (1906). 9974:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.). 9967:Gibbon, Edward (1906). 9910:Diocletian (284–305 AD) 9819:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.). 9812:Gibbon, Edward (1906). 9610:. In Bury, J.B. (ed.). 9606:Gibbon, Edward (1906). 9574:"Epitome of Book LXXII" 8688:Encyclopædia Britannica 8413:Tuma, Elias H. (1965). 8275:Encyclopædia Britannica 7877:The Ancient Roman World 7646:Encyclopædia Britannica 7583:13 October 2013 at the 7512:Roman Empire Population 7378:Outline of ancient Rome 6889:, which contributed to 6799:in present-day France. 6660:Roman civil engineering 6533:Villa Romana del Casale 5946:, Italy, circa 40–30 BC 5908:Ancient Rome (painting) 5898:Theatre of ancient Rome 5796:Beginning with Emperor 5429:Culture of ancient Rome 5166:, late 1st century BC, 5016:Apollodorus of Damascus 4827:), which was built 4494:Ancient Rome portal 3370:by participants of the 2547:Quintus Aemilius Laetus 2352:Apollodorus of Damascus 2034:Servius Sulpicius Galba 1947:, to invade modern-day 1943:Nero sent his general, 1893:(until 31 AD) and 1660:Augustus of Prima Porta 1644:Empire – the Principate 1618:Donations of Alexandria 1543:; Octavian thus became 1518:Marcus Aemilius Lepidus 1429:Marcus Licinius Crassus 1415:Catilinarian conspiracy 1105:kingdoms of Greece and 1026:The Roman siege of the 303: 202:constitutional republic 23304:Eastern European Group 22893:Continental philosophy 22824:Judeo-Christian ethics 22809:Hellenistic philosophy 22290:Cradle of civilization 22125:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 21899:Terra Sancti Benedicti 21803:(from the 9th century) 21513:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 20502:Science and technology 20450:Italian regions by GDP 20251:Marine protected areas 19923:Grand Duchy of Tuscany 18965:Aelia Augusta Aeclanum 18198:Michael IX Palaiologos 16934:Conflict of the Orders 16250: 15818:Ancient Roman religion 15776:Civil wars and revolts 15042:Sextus Pompeius Festus 14689:Conflict of the Orders 14048:Legislative assemblies 13511:Gabba, Emilio (1991). 13285:Scarre, Chris (1995). 12240:. 1998. Archived from 12149:The Ancient Roman City 11706:Dix, T. Keith (1994). 11370:Edward Gibbon (1787). 11312:, p. 114-115,118. 11168:Rawson, Beryl (1987). 10633:Potter, David (2004). 10407:Gawande, Atul (2014). 10378:The Population of Rome 10317:Basil II (AD 976–1025) 10226:"The Byzantine Empire" 10158:www.roman-emperors.org 10065:Lapham, Lewis (1997). 9554:Life of Antoninus Pius 9177:. London: Bloomsbury. 9169:Omnium Terrarum Parens 8299:"Rome: The Punic Wars" 7994:, pp. 215 et seq. 7893: 7674:Social Science History 7518:McLynn, Frank (2011). 7400:List of Roman emperors 7395:List of ancient Romans 7286:Barthold Georg Niebuhr 7195:Barthold Georg Niebuhr 6815: 6781:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 6765: 6755:, and soon supplanted 6711:Classical architecture 6637: 6540: 6516: 6428: 6218:modern Italian cooking 6198: 5947: 5929: 5918:Villa of the Mysteries 5721: 5534:among the upper class 5494:, from which the word 5441: 5170: 5150: 5123:Family in ancient Rome 5018: 4936: 4843: 4708: 4678: 4572: 4548: 3891: 3742: 3551: 3502:sg. Praetor Peregrinus 3457:Byzantine Roman Empire 3428: 3413: 3368:Sack of Constantinople 3316:conquest of the Levant 2977: 2901: 2874:Empire – The Tetrarchy 2747: 2649: 2610: 2487: 2422: 2273:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 2267: 2250:Nerva–Antonine dynasty 2165:First Jewish-Roman War 2088: 2065:omnium terrarum parens 2064: 2058: 2045: 1857: 1697:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1691:Julio-Claudian dynasty 1670: 1608:, ruled by his lover, 1559:Gaius Cassius Longinus 1447:and was killed in the 1433:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 1394: 1347:Lucius Cornelius Cinna 1327:Lucius Cornelius Sulla 1196:, leader of the rival 1078:, who marched through 1035: 1019: 750: 712: 642:Marcus Terentius Varro 462: 53: 23:. For other uses, see 23424:Three Seas Initiative 23399:Pacific Islands Forum 23264:British–Irish Council 23012:Greek Orthodox Church 22471:Industrial Revolution 22441:Scientific Revolution 22143:Republic of San Marco 21925:Crown Colony of Malta 21753:Principality of Capua 21493:Marquisate of Saluzzo 21356:County of Santa Fiora 21018:Etruscan civilization 20701:Public administration 19809:the Holy Roman Empire 18717:Domitian's Dacian War 18636:Liberators' civil war 18292:Thessalonian emperors 18286:Trapezuntine emperors 18247:John VIII Palaiologos 18242:Manuel II Palaiologos 18213:John VI Kantakouzenos 18129:Andronikos I Komnenos 17966:Constantine Lekapenos 16994:and empresses regnant 16249: 15485:Simplicius of Cilicia 15237:Quintus Curtius Rufus 14466:Siege in Ancient Rome 14075:Executive magistrates 13623:Potter, T.W. (1987). 13541:. Thames and Hudson. 13502:Fox, Matthew (1996). 13357:Werner, Paul (1978). 13049:Keegan, John (1993). 12707:Syme, Ronald (2002). 12528:Finley, M.I. (2008). 12491:Kuno Fischer (1887). 12479:Value of the classics 12281:Zeidman, Bob (2011). 11881:10.1163/9789004473508 11775:www.perseus.tufts.edu 11750:www.perseus.tufts.edu 11237:29 April 2015 at the 10964:Temin, Peter (2001). 10340:. Fred de Fau and Co. 10120:University of Calgary 10067:The End of the World. 10033:. Fred de Fau and Co. 9994:Honorius (395–423 AD) 9978:. Fred de Fau and Co. 9956:. Fred de Fau and Co. 9823:. Fred de Fau and Co. 9692:The Life of Caracalla 9614:. Fred de Fau and Co. 8862:. J. Murray. p. 8673:Pelham, Henry Francis 8527:19 March 2009 at the 8494:by Garrett G. Fagan. 8387:7 August 2014 at the 8227:penelope.uchicago.edu 8172:Pyrrhus of Epirus (3) 8166:14 April 2016 at the 8161:Pyrrhus of Epirus (2) 7727:10.5195/JWSR.2006.369 7546:. New York: Penguin. 7296:Howard Hayes Scullard 7243:, became milestones. 7211:The History of Romans 6805: 6747:widely. Concrete was 6624: 6522: 6492: 6420:from the basilica of 6412: 6181: 6170:Ancient Rome and wine 6166:Ancient Roman cuisine 6022:was largely based on 5935: 5915: 5890:Music of ancient Rome 5675: 5662:Further information: 5588:. Although surviving 5526:, and entertained by 5436: 5270:) of their husbands' 5156: 5141:The Greek inscription 5130: 5009: 4928: 4810: 4554: 4533: 4377:Neckar-Odenwald Limes 4192:Technological history 3869: 3835:Senate and the people 3823:Further information: 3726: 3649:Women in ancient Rome 3529: 3443:may be traced to the 3400: 3389:on 29 May 1453. 3266:and beginning of the 3190:Joseph-Noël Sylvestre 3084:Valentinianic dynasty 3080:Constantinian dynasty 3035:attempted to restore 2948: 2892: 2738: 2639: 2604: 2473: 2412: 2366:appointed a king for 2350:, with the architect 2257: 2116:siege and destruction 2110:The most significant 2079: 1930:Agrippina the Younger 1926:conquest of Britannia 1908:and his grand-nephew 1846: 1657: 1569:of many senators and 1419:Marcus Tullius Cicero 1376: 1025: 997: 697: 590:on the bottom of the 506:Further information: 442:military dictatorship 361:(509–27 BC), and the 205:(509 BC–476 AD, only 171:Common languages 23419:Special Relationship 22829:Christian philosophy 22774:Western Christianity 22436:Age of Enlightenment 22310:Hellenistic Kingdoms 21939:French Revolutionary 21879:State of the Presidi 21603:Republic of Florence 21575:Domini di Terraferma 21225:Exarchate of Ravenna 21123:Western Roman Empire 21067:Nuragic civilization 20929:World Heritage Sites 20384:Council of Ministers 20122:Coronavirus pandemic 19520:Currency and coinage 18722:Trajan's Dacian Wars 18407:Roman–Hernician wars 18230:John VII Palaiologos 18178:Theodore II Laskaris 18038:Constantine X Doukas 17978:Nikephoros II Phokas 16443:Interpretatio graeca 15495:Stephanus Byzantinus 15400:Eusebius of Caesaria 15262:Sidonius Apollinaris 14952:Ammianus Marcellinus 14291:Tribune of the plebs 13612:Mitchell, Richard E. 13366:Willis, Roy (2000). 13052:A History of Warfare 12899:Elton, Hugh (1996). 12709:The Roman Revolution 12395:Hodge, A.T. (1992). 12121:Phyllis Pray Bober, 12087:Phyllis Pray Bober, 11946:Boyd, C. E. (1915). 11257:University of Denver 11253:"The Latin Alphabet" 10748:period (200–235 AD). 10489:Frank Frost Abbott, 10432:Rossi, Lino (1981). 10250:Armies of Pestilence 10236:on 24 February 1999. 9868:The Life of Claudius 9858:The Life of Aurelian 9096:, Feltrinelli, p.363 8976:. 2013. p. 162. 8792:Tiberius, the tyrant 8177:3 March 2016 at the 7351:Civilizations portal 7309:The Roman Revolution 7171:Ammianus Marcellinus 6978:Roman historiography 6961:Age of Enlightenment 6913:Western civilisation 6664:military engineering 6479:Games and recreation 6443:Western Roman Empire 6228:, 40 kinds of pear, 6122:Gaius Asinius Pollio 5781:As contact with the 5630:Eastern Roman Empire 5524:free supply of grain 5351:) and water clocks ( 5088:Roman maritime trade 4836:Museo Pio-Clementino 4644:), and the cavalry ( 4367:Lower Germanic Limes 4266:Strategy and tactics 4201:Military engineering 4103:Unit types and ranks 3787:) taught them about 3453:Corpus Juris Civilis 3419:military settlements 3384:Mehmed the Conqueror 3131:Western Roman Empire 3123:Eastern Roman Empire 3107:Battle of Adrianople 3041:Hellenistic religion 2354:. He remodelled the 2232:gladiatorial combats 1762:Nero Claudius Drusus 1555:Marcus Junius Brutus 1482:, and Pompey's son, 1411:tribune of the plebs 1359:second march on Rome 1323:Lucius Julius Caesar 1311:Marcus Livius Drusus 1270:brothers, a pair of 1206:massacring opponents 1133:After defeating the 1052:Hiero II of Syracuse 856:separation of powers 706:Tomb of the Leopards 588:clay and timber wall 384:culture of southern 351:Western Roman Empire 103:Eastern Roman Empire 94:Western Roman Empire 23444:West Nordic Council 23309:Eastern Partnership 22898:Analytic philosophy 22599:Classical tradition 22421:Early modern period 22377:Classical antiquity 22372:European Bronze Age 22213:Free State of Fiume 22161:Kingdom of Sardinia 21904:Neapolitan Republic 21852:Kingdom of Sardinia 21847:Republic of Sassari 21675:Catepanate of Italy 21598:Republic of Cospaia 21421:Duchy of Montferrat 21416:March of Montferrat 21351:County of Guastalla 21251:Exarchate of Africa 20460:Automotive industry 20399:Metropolitan cities 19945:Early Modern period 19918:Kingdom of Sardinia 19869:Italian city-states 18621:Roman–Parthian Wars 18412:Roman–Volscian wars 18392:Roman–Etruscan Wars 18161:Theodore I Laskaris 18146:Alexios III Angelos 18124:Alexios II Komnenos 18048:Romanos IV Diogenes 18003:Romanos III Argyros 17949:Romanos I Lekapenos 16851:reforms of Augustus 16643:Classical mythology 16464:Theology of victory 16309:Kings of Alba Longa 15671:Distinguished women 15322:Velleius Paterculus 15162:Nicolaus Damascenus 15142:Marcellus Empiricus 14531:Republican currency 13712:2019Sci...366..673W 13418:2019Sci...366..708A 13224:(1/2018): 107–128. 13222:Lingue e Linguaggio 13055:. Alfred A. Knopf. 12847:Spielvogel, Jackson 12475:Andrew Fleming West 12354:"Roman road system" 12147:John E. Stambaugh, 12043:J. Carson Webster, 11693:, pp. 130–134. 11669:, pp. 349–350. 11596:, pp. 350–352. 11398:, pp. 166–168. 11308:, p. 263,268; 11017:(most likely by an 11015:gold glass portrait 10822:, pp. 245–252. 10810:, pp. 121–125. 10382:Classical Philology 10247:Bray, R.S. (2004). 9684:, LXXVIII, 22–23.; 8839:Compendium (1858). 8661:The Age of Augustus 8622:Orr, James (1915). 8513:25 May 2009 at the 8332:. MacMillan and Co. 8212:, pp. 175–176. 7365:Ancient Rome portal 7291:Michael Rostovtzeff 7182:Italian Renaissance 6634:World Heritage Site 6056:Roman amphitheatres 5824:Ethics and morality 5785:increased, the old 5710:House of the Vettii 5680:: in the center is 5530:, were enrolled as 5439:seven hills of Rome 4891:) were part of the 4865:As compared with a 4362:Lauter Valley Limes 3497:praetores peregrini 3488:sg. Praetor Urbanus 3352:Battle of Manzikert 3328:Arab–Byzantine wars 3320:conquest of Armenia 3312:Plague of Justinian 3296:from the Ostrogoths 3284:Western counterpart 3264:Classical antiquity 3208:Visigoths sack Rome 3099:Julian the Apostate 2918:Flavius Constantius 2764:economic depression 2758:, political chaos, 2010:crushed by Paulinus 1970:attacked the island 1699:was established by 1468:Battle of Pharsalus 1464:crossed the Rubicon 1425:Gaius Julius Caesar 1107:revolts in Hispania 1015:Carthaginian Empire 958:in Italy came when 936:Battle of the Allia 852:checks and balances 573: 1000 BC 539:'s imprisonment in 449:classical antiquity 444:during the Empire. 22903:Post-structuralism 22866:Christian humanism 22496:Universal suffrage 22043:Lucca and Piombino 21920:Malta Protectorate 21884:Duke of San Donato 21638:Republic of Ancona 21560:Republic of Venice 21473:Duchy of Mirandola 21361:Duchy of Guastalla 21199:Duchy of Tridentum 21179:Duchy of Benevento 21146:Barbarian kingdoms 20522:Telecommunications 19889:Maritime republics 19246:: Emmaus Nicopolis 19229:: Aelia Capitolina 19041:Of legion veterans 18898:Gallia Narbonensis 18880:Gallia Lugdunensis 18844:Britannia Inferior 18816:Britannia Superior 18727:Roman–Persian Wars 18626:Caesar's civil war 18498:Roman–Seleucid war 18397:Roman-Aequian wars 18369:Ancient Roman wars 18280:Britannic emperors 18274:Palmyrene emperors 18208:John V Palaiologos 18151:Alexios IV Angelos 18100:Constantine Doukas 18095:Alexios I Komnenos 18083:Constantine Doukas 18066:Michael VII Doukas 18028:Michael VI Bringas 17594:Romulus Augustulus 17217:Trebonianus Gallus 17210:Herennius Etruscus 16992:Byzantine emperors 16717:Roman Constitution 16251: 15445:Phlegon of Tralles 15252:Seneca the Younger 14726:Naming conventions 14456:Personal equipment 13989:Later Roman Empire 13016:Kaldellis, Anthony 12790:Cary, Max (1967). 12634:on 24 August 2014. 12618:Liukkonen, Petri. 12463:. University Press 11971:Cartwright, Mark. 11838:10.1353/lac.0.0032 11800:www.britannica.com 10999:on 19 October 2021 10900:, pp. 99–101. 10721:The Early Republic 9625:Five Good Emperors 9596:. 7 November 2005. 9592:by Verity Murphy. 9534:Historia Augusta, 9383:The Twelve Caesars 9364:The Twelve Caesars 9163:"The Roman Italy: 8990:The Twelve Caesars 8880:The Twelve Caesars 8759:The Twelve Caesars 8724:The Twelve Caesars 8705:The Twelve Caesars 8544:The Twelve Caesars 8341:1 May 2011 at the 8324:Bury, John Bagnell 8208:, pp. 25–26; 7314:Adrian Goldsworthy 7113:The Twelve Caesars 7091:Naturalis Historia 7043:Bellum Jugurthinum 7007:The Twelve Caesars 6816: 6715:Greek architecture 6638: 6576:meant patronising 6541: 6517: 6429: 6329:Columbian Exchange 6199: 5948: 5930: 5916:Frescoes from the 5722: 5634:Hellenistic period 5556:of the Romans was 5532:clients of patrons 5528:gladiatorial games 5442: 5171: 5151: 5019: 4937: 4844: 4731:. By 400 AD, 4684:cohortes equitatae 4603:comitia centuriata 4584: 500 BC 4573: 4549: 4463:Limes Tripolitanus 4084:Structural history 3892: 3815:Roman Constitution 3743: 3552: 3414: 3360:Alexios I Komnenos 3304:from the Visigoths 3204:Theodosian dynasty 3101:was killed in the 3097:: in 363, emperor 2978: 2916:(in the East) and 2902: 2748: 2668:Edict of Caracalla 2650: 2646:Capitoline Museums 2611: 2511:. His co-emperor, 2495:Five Good Emperors 2488: 2423: 2309:Gallia Narbonensis 2268: 2216:Naturalis Historia 2195:Great Fire of Rome 2187:and the temple of 2089: 2022:Great Fire of Rome 1945:Suetonius Paulinus 1888:praetorian prefect 1858: 1671: 1563:Battle of Philippi 1522:Second Triumvirate 1508:. Soon afterward, 1395: 1234:and the growth of 1194:L. Cornelius Sulla 1036: 1034:in Spain in 133 BC 1020: 910:comitia centuriata 832: 509 BC 732: 625 BC 727:, was constructed 713: 599: 650 BC 580: 800 BC 560:its fortifications 435:classical republic 357:(753–509 BC), the 309:Romulus Augustulus 213:absolute monarchy 23467: 23466: 23294:Council of Europe 23196:International law 23149:Constitutionalism 23007:Eastern Orthodoxy 22513:Post–Cold War era 22446:Age of Revolution 22300:Greco-Roman world 22238: 22237: 22234: 22233: 22081: 22080: 22048:Massa and Carrara 21933: 21932: 21910:Hospitaller Malta 21869:Kingdom of Naples 21863:Kingdom of Sicily 21794: 21793: 21704:Duchy of Sorrento 21623:Republic of Genoa 21618:Republic of Siena 21613:Republic of Massa 21608:Republic of Lucca 21341:County of Gorizia 21331:Corsican Republic 21312:Holy Roman Empire 20970: 20969: 20937: 20936: 20572: 20571: 20507:Southern question 20427: 20426: 20359:Political parties 20307:Foreign relations 20279: 20278: 20132: 20131: 19853:Kingdom of Naples 19841:Kingdom of Sicily 19438: 19437: 19414: 19413: 19410: 19409: 19239:Caesarea Maritima 19163:Possible colonies 19053:Caesarea Maritima 19011: 19010: 18970:Castra Taurinorum 18916:Germania Inferior 18756: 18755: 18712:Jewish–Roman wars 18584:Sulla's civil war 18578:Bellum Octavianum 18466:Illyro-Roman Wars 18439:Roman–Gallic wars 18417:Roman–Sabine wars 18335: 18334: 18173:John III Vatatzes 18119:Manuel I Komnenos 17858:Michael I Rangabe 17702: 17701: 17544:Petronius Maximus 17143:Severus Alexander 17111:Septimius Severus 16954: 16953: 16901:(post Diocletian) 16891:(post Diocletian) 16846:reforms of Caesar 16683: 16682: 16660:Etruscan religion 16274:Romulus and Remus 16257:Legendary figures 16241: 16240: 15890:Castor and Pollux 15784: 15783: 15746:Pontifices maximi 15528: 15527: 15385:Diogenes Laërtius 15207:Pliny the Younger 14962:Asconius Pedianus 14922:Romance languages 14794:Civil engineering 14536:Imperial currency 14409:Political control 14370: 14369: 14004: 14003: 13775:Library resources 13666:978-0-4150-2527-0 13579:Holloway, R. Ross 13570:978-0-3001-2689-1 13548:978-0-5000-5124-5 13473:Coarelli, Filippo 13377:978-1-8645-8089-1 13370:. Ken Fin Books. 13349:978-0-3000-5292-3 13318:978-0-5217-8053-7 13296:978-0-1405-1329-5 13289:. Penguin Books. 13270:978-0-1988-8729-4 13208:978-1-4051-8605-6 13167:978-0-1950-5359-3 13144:978-0-1410-1809-6 13122:978-0-5000-5121-4 13103:978-0-5218-0918-4 13062:978-0-3945-8801-8 13041:978-0-1975-4932-2 13006:The Ancient World 12994:978-1-8988-0045-3 12987:. Phoenix Press. 12975:978-0-3043-6642-2 12953:978-0-1981-5057-2 12931:978-0-5210-0390-2 12910:978-0-1981-5241-5 12891:978-1-5673-1023-8 12862:978-0-5345-7168-9 12814:978-0-8018-5992-2 12774:978-0-1997-3057-5 12755:978-0-1951-2332-6 12718:978-0-1928-0320-7 12681:978-0-3000-5831-4 12647:The World of Rome 12620:"Theodor Mommsen" 12604:978-1-8476-5441-0 12539:978-1-5974-0534-8 12514:978-1-5511-1432-3 12341:InsideScience.org 12300:978-0-1370-3533-5 12244:on 30 April 2007. 12136:A History of Food 12074:978-0-4704-0371-6 11957:978-1-1648-3397-0 11890:978-9-0044-7350-8 11634:978-0-3939-5627-6 11573:978-0-4152-2459-8 11546:978-0-5218-5943-1 11519:978-1-5851-0796-4 11489:978-1-5597-0727-5 11435:Astore, William. 11295:978-0-2710-2001-3 11221:978-0-6910-5890-0 11181:978-0-8014-9460-4 11158:, pp. 39–40. 11084:978-0-4154-2675-6 11063:978-1-4051-2071-5 11019:Alexandrian Greek 10970:Abstract Archives 10950:978-0-7112-2552-7 10923:978-0-5217-8274-6 10855:978-1-4051-2153-8 10775:, pp. 89–96. 10760:, pp. 36–37. 10595:, pp. 16–42. 10443:978-8-8164-0071-9 10418:978-1-8466-8582-8 10287:978-0-8122-1587-8 10260:978-0-2271-7240-7 10126:on 12 August 2013 9922:Ward-Perkins 1994 9897:Joannes Zonaras, 9729:978-1-8476-5441-0 9519:978-0-8028-2416-5 9287:The History Guide 9055:Arthur Keaveney: 8860:Abaeus-Dysponteus 8367:Purdue University 8082:978-0-1928-2296-3 8018:, pp. 41–42. 8006:, pp. 43–44. 7854:, pp. 31–32. 7802:978-0-8147-8005-3 7782:978-0-7190-4942-2 7762:978-0-6741-7728-4 7531:978-1-4464-4933-2 7503:978-0-1992-2721-1 7259:John Bagnall Bury 7199:The Roman History 7081:Roman Antiquities 6843:their agriculture 6646:insulated glazing 6458:pileus pannonicus 6126:Atrium Libertatis 6014:relief sculptures 5688:and on the right 5638:Romance languages 5598:literary language 5582:Etruscan alphabet 5580:was based on the 5498:derives. The low 5301:Roman timekeeping 5245:be lawfully freed 5003:slave ownership. 4905:Roman agriculture 4712:for infantry and 4528: 4527: 4479: 4478: 4470:Limes Mauretaniae 4325:Limes Britannicus 4286: 4285: 4250:Political history 4240: 4239: 4160: 4159: 3728:Roman portraiture 3699:Roman citizenship 3606:, was known as a 3566:) at the bottom, 3549:Etruscan language 3543:while engaged in 3324:conquest of Egypt 3230:was taken by the 3103:Battle of Samarra 2852:Claudius Gothicus 2822:, ruled by Queen 2804:Plague of Cyprian 2752:Alexander Severus 2711:Severus Alexander 2580:Pannonia Superior 2571:Septimius Severus 2435:Bar Kokhba revolt 2358:and extended the 2205:. The historians 2112:military campaign 2084:, founder of the 2012:. Boadicea, like 1906:Tiberius Gemellus 1622:gave to Cleopatra 1449:Battle of Carrhae 1441:First Triumvirate 1147:Mediterranean Sea 1119:Scipio Aemilianus 1017:and close allies 968:Pyrrhus of Epirus 948:gradually subdued 836:Tarquin the Proud 783:Capitoline Brutus 630:Romulus and Remus 533:Romulus and Remus 457:Greco-Roman world 378:Italian Peninsula 327: 326: 261:Tarquin the Proud 190:absolute monarchy 44:753 BC–476/480 AD 23517: 23339:EU Customs Union 22871:Secular humanism 22819:Christian ethics 22769:East–West Schism 22752:Physical culture 22476:Great Divergence 22426:Age of Discovery 22265: 22258: 22251: 22242: 22241: 22199:Kingdom of Italy 22186: 22185: 21952: 21951: 21781:County of Sicily 21776:County of Aversa 21699:Byzantine Sicily 21685:Theme of Lucania 21655: 21654: 21633:Republic of Pisa 21628:Republic of Noli 21498:Duchy of Spoleto 21468:Duchy of Merania 21366:Kingdom of Italy 21292:Duchy of Ferrara 21237:Duchy of Perugia 21216:Byzantine Empire 21194:Duchy of Spoleto 21161:Ostrogothic rule 21143: 21142: 21011:Pre-Roman period 20997: 20990: 20983: 20974: 20973: 20960: 20959: 20952:Italy portal 20949: 20948: 20889:National symbols 20583: 20582: 20438: 20437: 20290: 20289: 20143: 20142: 20023:Kingdom of Italy 19950:Napoleonic Italy 19489: 19488: 19465: 19458: 19451: 19442: 19441: 19210: 19209: 19190:Emmaus Nicopolis 19058:Aelia Capitolina 19038: 19037: 19026: 19019: 18812: 18811: 18783: 18776: 18769: 18760: 18759: 18678:Marcomannic Wars 18589:Mithridatic Wars 18513:Celtiberian Wars 18402:Roman–Latin wars 18362: 18355: 18348: 18339: 18338: 18183:John IV Laskaris 18156:Alexios V Doukas 18141:Isaac II Angelos 18107:John II Komnenos 18033:Isaac I Komnenos 17993:Constantine VIII 17983:John I Tzimiskes 17710:Byzantine Empire 17484: 17483: 16981: 16974: 16967: 16958: 16957: 16841:reforms of Sulla 16710: 16703: 16696: 16687: 16686: 16553:Founding of Rome 16323:Legendary beings 16284:Tullus Hostilius 16121:Abstract deities 15980:Lares Familiares 15843: 15842: 15811: 15804: 15797: 15788: 15787: 15736:Magistri equitum 15651:Cities and towns 15644: 15570:Constantinopolis 15380:Diodorus Siculus 15312:Valerius Maximus 15247:Seneca the Elder 15167:Nonius Marcellus 14935: 14934: 14488:Hippika gymnasia 14451:Infantry tactics 14357:Consular tribune 14347:Magister equitum 14296:Military tribune 14261: 14260: 14221:Pontifex maximus 14216:Princeps senatus 14206:Magister militum 13972:Byzantine Empire 13893: 13892: 13854: 13847: 13840: 13831: 13830: 13763: 13751: 13739: 13688: 13679: 13670: 13646: 13637: 13628: 13619: 13607: 13604:Latin historians 13598: 13591:Keaveney, Arthur 13586: 13574: 13552: 13530: 13516: 13507: 13498: 13489: 13480: 13468: 13466: 13464: 13454:(January 2004). 13447: 13437: 13381: 13362: 13353: 13341: 13330: 13305:Scheidel, Walter 13300: 13281: 13279: 13277: 13262: 13241: 13212: 13200: 13171: 13159: 13148: 13126: 13107: 13076:translated from 13066: 13045: 13011: 13009: 12998: 12979: 12957: 12935: 12914: 12895: 12874: 12838: 12818: 12806: 12795: 12786: 12759: 12723: 12722: 12704: 12698: 12692: 12686: 12685: 12667: 12661: 12660: 12642: 12636: 12635: 12615: 12609: 12608: 12588: 12582: 12581: 12573: 12567: 12554: 12548: 12547: 12525: 12519: 12518: 12498: 12488: 12482: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12454: 12444: 12438: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12417: 12411: 12410: 12392: 12386: 12376: 12370: 12369: 12367: 12365: 12350: 12344: 12334: 12328: 12327: 12311: 12305: 12304: 12288: 12277: 12271: 12264: 12258: 12252: 12246: 12245: 12230: 12221: 12211: 12200: 12199: 12197: 12195: 12184: 12178: 12175: 12166: 12163: 12152: 12145: 12139: 12132: 12126: 12119: 12108: 12101: 12092: 12085: 12079: 12078: 12058: 12052: 12049:Hermitage Museum 12041: 12035: 12034: 11994: 11988: 11987: 11985: 11983: 11968: 11962: 11961: 11943: 11937: 11936: 11934: 11932: 11910: 11901: 11900: 11899: 11897: 11864: 11858: 11857: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11806: 11792: 11786: 11785: 11783: 11781: 11767: 11761: 11760: 11758: 11756: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11703: 11694: 11688: 11682: 11676: 11670: 11664: 11658: 11652: 11646: 11645: 11643: 11641: 11618: 11609: 11603: 11597: 11591: 11578: 11577: 11557: 11551: 11550: 11530: 11524: 11523: 11503: 11497: 11496: 11473: 11467: 11466: 11454: 11448: 11447: 11445: 11443: 11432: 11423: 11417: 11411: 11405: 11399: 11393: 11387: 11386: 11377: 11367: 11361: 11355: 11349: 11331: 11325: 11319: 11313: 11303: 11297: 11283: 11277: 11271: 11265: 11264: 11263:on 3 April 2007. 11259:. 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Archived from 10984: 10978: 10977: 10976:on 15 June 2010. 10961: 10955: 10954: 10934: 10928: 10927: 10907: 10901: 10895: 10889: 10888:, pp. 76–78 10882: 10873: 10866: 10860: 10859: 10841: 10835: 10829: 10823: 10817: 10811: 10808:Goldsworthy 1996 10805: 10799: 10794: 10782: 10776: 10770: 10761: 10758:Goldsworthy 1996 10755: 10749: 10739: 10733: 10728: 10716: 10710: 10709: 10691: 10685: 10682:Goldsworthy 1996 10679: 10673: 10672: 10653: 10647: 10642: 10630: 10619: 10609: 10596: 10590: 10584: 10578: 10567: 10557: 10551: 10545: 10536: 10530: 10509: 10503: 10494: 10487: 10481: 10471: 10460: 10454: 10448: 10447: 10429: 10423: 10422: 10404: 10398: 10391: 10385: 10360: 10354: 10348: 10342: 10341: 10335: 10334:(Online version) 10326: 10320: 10314: 10308: 10298: 10292: 10291: 10271: 10265: 10264: 10244: 10238: 10237: 10232:. Archived from 10221: 10210: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10181: 10173: 10167: 10161: 10150: 10144: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10084: 10078: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10041: 10035: 10034: 10028: 10027:(Online version) 10019: 10013: 10003: 9997: 9991: 9985: 9979: 9973: 9972:(Online version) 9964: 9958: 9957: 9949: 9943: 9942: 9931: 9925: 9919: 9913: 9907: 9901: 9895: 9889: 9888: 9877: 9871: 9864:Historia Augusta 9854:Historia Augusta 9849: 9843: 9836:Historia Augusta 9831: 9825: 9824: 9818: 9817:(Online version) 9809: 9800: 9790: 9777:Skip Knox, E.L. 9774: 9768: 9761:Historia Augusta 9756: 9750: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9713: 9707: 9704: 9695: 9688:Historia Augusta 9676: 9670: 9661: 9655: 9646: 9640: 9634: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9615: 9603: 9597: 9587: 9581: 9580: 9566: 9557: 9550:Historia Augusta 9545: 9539: 9530: 9524: 9523: 9500: 9494: 9493: 9486: 9480: 9479:, LXVIII, 17–30. 9471: 9465: 9456: 9450: 9441: 9435: 9434: 9427: 9421: 9415: 9408: 9402: 9396: 9390: 9377: 9371: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9331: 9322: 9319: 9313: 9307: 9298: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9281:Kreis, Stephen. 9270: 9264: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9250: 9235: 9229: 9228: 9226: 9224: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9149: 9147: 9124: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9086: 9080: 9079: 9077: 9075: 9049: 9043: 9042: 9040: 9038: 9022: 9016: 9010: 9004: 8984: 8978: 8977: 8970: 8964: 8963: 8961: 8959: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8930: 8924: 8923: 8916: 8910: 8909: 8902: 8896: 8893: 8887: 8874: 8868: 8867: 8855: 8849: 8848: 8836: 8830: 8829: 8818: 8806: 8800: 8799: 8787: 8781: 8772: 8766: 8753: 8747: 8737: 8731: 8718: 8712: 8699: 8693: 8692: 8680: 8678:"Augustus" 8669: 8663: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8638: 8632: 8631: 8619: 8613: 8599: 8593: 8592: 8576: 8570: 8557: 8551: 8538: 8532: 8522:by Juliette Reid 8505: 8499: 8489: 8483: 8478: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8459: 8449: 8443: 8442: 8432: 8421: 8420: 8410: 8404: 8398: 8392: 8379: 8370: 8352: 8346: 8333: 8320: 8314: 8313: 8311: 8309: 8286: 8280: 8279: 8267: 8259: 8253: 8252: 8244: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8219: 8213: 8206:Goldsworthy 2006 8203: 8197: 8196: 8188: 8182: 8158: 8152: 8142: 8131: 8128:Life of Camillus 8118: 8112: 8105: 8099: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8074: 8060: 8054: 8044: 8038: 8037: 8025: 8019: 8013: 8007: 8001: 7995: 7989: 7983: 7977: 7971: 7965: 7959: 7953: 7947: 7941: 7935: 7929: 7923: 7917: 7906: 7896: 7886: 7880: 7873: 7867: 7861: 7855: 7849: 7843: 7837: 7831: 7825: 7819: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7786: 7766: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7729: 7705: 7666: 7657: 7656: 7654: 7652: 7638: 7621: 7614: 7608: 7605: 7599: 7596:108(3): 681–716. 7573: 7538: 7507: 7484: 7474: 7445: 7439: 7436: 7410:Byzantine Empire 7367: 7362: 7361: 7360: 7353: 7348: 7347: 7346: 7217:highlighted the 7118:De Vita Caesarum 7054:De Bello Gallico 7037:Bellum Catilinae 6986:Historia Augusta 6937:political system 6871:, and a complex 6770: 6539:, 4th century AD 6515:–3rd century AD. 6514: 6511: 6422:Santa Pudenziana 6188:Hermitage Museum 6102:Latin literature 5944:Villa Boscoreale 5936:Woman playing a 5886:Latin literature 5850:), and loyalty ( 5755:Pontifex Maximus 5590:Latin literature 5566:grammar of which 4921:Roman metallurgy 4871:boarding tactics 4852:duumviri navales 4833: 4830: 4783:legatus legionis 4711: 4681: 4585: 4582: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4492: 4491: 4490: 4351:Limes Germanicus 4301: 4300: 4278:Infantry tactics 4271: 4270: 4227:Triumphal arches 4197: 4196: 4178:Wars and battles 4170:Campaign history 4089: 4088: 4051: 4050: 4044: 4043: 3793:Roman literature 3761:political figure 3757:Roman traditions 3741:, 1st century AD 3483:praetores urbani 3376:Empire of Nicaea 3300:from the Vandals 3260:Romulus Augustus 3166: 3157: 3148: 2826:and centered on 2820:Palmyrene Empire 2808:Syria Palaestina 2741:Palmyrene Empire 2719:Germanic peoples 2706:Historia Augusta 2563:Pescennius Niger 2555:Helvius Pertinax 2505:Marcomannic Wars 2301:Hispania Baetica 2067: 2061: 2051: 1745:Praetorian Guard 1741:equestrian class 1739:by boosting the 1737:senatorial class 1728: 1726: 1634:Battle of Actium 1480:Cato the Younger 1190: 1160: 1139:Seleucid Empires 1072:Second Punic War 1012: 1006: 850:set a series of 833: 830: 827:was established 798: 787:L. Junius Brutus 778: 755: 733: 730: 600: 597: 581: 578: 574: 571: 556:early settlement 551: 520: 508:Founding of Rome 467: 320: 244:Founding of Rome 220: 210: 194: 144: 134: 124: 100: 91: 82: 73: 67: 58: 32: 31: 23525: 23524: 23520: 23519: 23518: 23516: 23515: 23514: 23485:Ancient history 23470: 23469: 23468: 23463: 23429:UKUSA Agreement 23369:Lublin Triangle 23254:Baltic Assembly 23206: 23200: 23118: 22955: 22790: 22660:Eurolinguistics 22529: 22518:Information age 22491:Interwar period 22358: 22278: 22269: 22239: 22230: 22184: 22087: 22086:Post-Napoleonic 22077: 22011: 21947: 21941: 21929: 21871: 21867: 21866:(1130–1816) and 21865: 21857: 21802: 21790: 21757: 21731: 21722:Emirate of Bari 21708: 21695:Theme of Sicily 21690:Duchy of Naples 21665:Duchy of Amalfi 21650: 21642: 21590: 21589:Other Republics 21584: 21562: 21554: 21548:County of Tenda 21528:County of Savoy 21488:Duchy of Reggio 21458:Duchy of Mantua 21386:March of Friuli 21318: 21316: 21314: 21306: 21302:Duchy of Urbino 21287:Duchy of Castro 21264: 21256: 21210: 21204:Duchy of Tuscia 21184:Duchy of Friuli 21147: 21138: 21136: 21134: 21128: 21107:(753 BC–509 BC) 21091: 21006: 21001: 20971: 20966: 20946: 20933: 20904:Public holidays 20735: 20681:Life expectancy 20568: 20423: 20339:Law enforcement 20275: 20128: 20075: 20064:Social Republic 20028:Colonial Empire 20011:Capture of Rome 19964: 19857: 19766: 19659:Ancient peoples 19647: 19584: 19545:Historic states 19503: 19478: 19469: 19439: 19434: 19406: 19381: 19372:: Philippopolis 19328: 19301:: Arca Caesarea 19285: 19255: 19217: 19205: 19199: 19158: 19067: 19027: 19021: 19020: 19007: 18989: 18951: 18947:Augusta Emerita 18933: 18910: 18892: 18874: 18856: 18838: 18803: 18796: 18787: 18757: 18752: 18741: 18707:Civil war of 69 18695:Boudican revolt 18664: 18657: 18533:Cantabrian Wars 18471:Macedonian Wars 18378: 18371: 18366: 18336: 18331: 18324: 18268:Gallic emperors 18256: 17944:Constantine VII 17725:Constantine III 17712: 17709: 17698: 17607: 17599: 17538:Valentinian III 17526:Constantius III 17520:Priscus Attalus 17504:Constantine III 17490: 17482: 17372:Valerius Valens 17317: 17309: 17155: 17147: 17106:Didius Julianus 17086:Marcus Aurelius 17003: 16995: 16985: 16955: 16950: 16920: 16872: 16817: 16779: 16719: 16714: 16684: 16679: 16675:Myth and ritual 16670:Greek mythology 16631: 16593: 16589:Pignora imperii 16584:Parabiago Plate 16567: 16536: 16495: 16429: 16423: 16405:Sibylline Books 16339: 16318: 16289:Servius Tullius 16252: 16237: 16116: 15832: 15824: 15815: 15785: 15780: 15642: 15640: 15634: 15524: 15360:Aëtius of Amida 15341: 15327:Verrius Flaccus 15307:Valerius Antias 15267:Silius Italicus 15202:Pliny the Elder 15147:Marcus Aurelius 15022:Cornelius Nepos 14972:Aurelius Victor 14926: 14848: 14760: 14694:Secessio plebis 14665: 14540: 14492: 14366: 14320: 14250: 14132: 14084: 14000: 13921: 13882: 13864: 13858: 13805: 13804: 13803: 13783: 13782: 13778: 13771: 13766: 13667: 13571: 13549: 13462: 13460: 13389: 13387:Further reading 13384: 13378: 13350: 13319: 13297: 13275: 13273: 13271: 13209: 13168: 13145: 13123: 13104: 13063: 13042: 12995: 12976: 12954: 12932: 12911: 12892: 12863: 12843:Duiker, William 12823:Cornell, Tim J. 12815: 12775: 12756: 12732: 12727: 12726: 12719: 12705: 12701: 12693: 12689: 12682: 12668: 12664: 12657: 12643: 12639: 12616: 12612: 12605: 12589: 12585: 12574: 12570: 12555: 12551: 12540: 12526: 12522: 12515: 12489: 12485: 12466: 12464: 12445: 12441: 12431: 12429: 12418: 12414: 12407: 12393: 12389: 12377: 12373: 12363: 12361: 12352: 12351: 12347: 12335: 12331: 12312: 12308: 12301: 12278: 12274: 12266:John Humphrey, 12265: 12261: 12253: 12249: 12232: 12231: 12224: 12212: 12203: 12193: 12191: 12186: 12185: 12181: 12176: 12169: 12164: 12155: 12146: 12142: 12133: 12129: 12120: 12111: 12102: 12095: 12086: 12082: 12075: 12059: 12055: 12042: 12038: 12015:10.2307/4238558 11995: 11991: 11981: 11979: 11969: 11965: 11958: 11944: 11940: 11930: 11928: 11912: 11911: 11904: 11895: 11893: 11891: 11865: 11861: 11818: 11814: 11804: 11802: 11794: 11793: 11789: 11779: 11777: 11769: 11768: 11764: 11754: 11752: 11744: 11743: 11739: 11704: 11697: 11689: 11685: 11677: 11673: 11665: 11661: 11653: 11649: 11639: 11637: 11635: 11619: 11612: 11604: 11600: 11592: 11581: 11574: 11558: 11554: 11547: 11531: 11527: 11520: 11504: 11500: 11490: 11474: 11470: 11456: 11455: 11451: 11441: 11439: 11433: 11426: 11418: 11414: 11406: 11402: 11394: 11390: 11379: 11368: 11364: 11356: 11352: 11344:, p. 562; 11340:, p. 289; 11336:, p. 203; 11332: 11328: 11324:, pp. 108. 11320: 11316: 11304: 11300: 11285:József Herman, 11284: 11280: 11272: 11268: 11249: 11245: 11239:Wayback Machine 11230: 11226: 11206: 11202: 11193: 11189: 11182: 11166: 11162: 11154: 11150: 11142: 11138: 11126: 11122: 11110: 11106: 11093: 11089: 11073: 11069: 11002: 11000: 10987: 10985: 10981: 10962: 10958: 10951: 10935: 10931: 10924: 10908: 10904: 10896: 10892: 10883: 10876: 10867: 10863: 10856: 10842: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10818: 10814: 10806: 10802: 10783: 10779: 10771: 10764: 10756: 10752: 10740: 10736: 10717: 10713: 10706: 10692: 10688: 10680: 10676: 10669: 10654: 10650: 10631: 10622: 10610: 10599: 10591: 10587: 10581:Roman Education 10579: 10570: 10558: 10554: 10546: 10539: 10531: 10512: 10504: 10497: 10488: 10484: 10472: 10463: 10455: 10451: 10444: 10430: 10426: 10419: 10405: 10401: 10392: 10388: 10361: 10357: 10349: 10345: 10333: 10327: 10323: 10315: 10311: 10299: 10295: 10288: 10272: 10268: 10261: 10245: 10241: 10222: 10213: 10201: 10197: 10189: 10185: 10174: 10170: 10160:. 23 July 2022. 10152: 10151: 10147: 10129: 10127: 10114: 10085: 10081: 10064: 10060: 10050: 10048: 10043: 10042: 10038: 10026: 10020: 10016: 10004: 10000: 9992: 9988: 9971: 9965: 9961: 9950: 9946: 9932: 9928: 9920: 9916: 9908: 9904: 9896: 9892: 9878: 9874: 9850: 9846: 9832: 9828: 9816: 9810: 9803: 9775: 9771: 9757: 9753: 9741: 9737: 9730: 9714: 9710: 9705: 9698: 9677: 9673: 9662: 9658: 9647: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9623: 9619: 9604: 9600: 9588: 9584: 9567: 9560: 9546: 9542: 9536:Life of Hadrian 9531: 9527: 9520: 9502: 9501: 9497: 9488: 9487: 9483: 9472: 9468: 9457: 9453: 9442: 9438: 9429: 9428: 9424: 9416:; Cassius Dio, 9410: 9409: 9405: 9397: 9393: 9378: 9374: 9352: 9348: 9332: 9325: 9320: 9316: 9308: 9301: 9291: 9289: 9271: 9267: 9262: 9258: 9248: 9246: 9237: 9236: 9232: 9222: 9220: 9218: 9204: 9203: 9199: 9189: 9187: 9185: 9159: 9155: 9145: 9143: 9141: 9125: 9121: 9111: 9109: 9107: 9087: 9083: 9073: 9071: 9069: 9050: 9046: 9036: 9034: 9023: 9019: 9013:Nero (54–68 AD) 9011: 9007: 8985: 8981: 8972: 8971: 8967: 8957: 8955: 8954:on 13 July 2021 8946: 8945: 8941: 8932: 8931: 8927: 8920:England Invaded 8918: 8917: 8913: 8904: 8903: 8899: 8894: 8890: 8875: 8871: 8856: 8852: 8837: 8833: 8822:The Chautauquan 8820: 8807: 8803: 8788: 8784: 8773: 8769: 8754: 8750: 8738: 8734: 8719: 8715: 8700: 8696: 8670: 8666: 8658: 8654: 8639: 8635: 8620: 8616: 8600: 8596: 8589:The Roman Times 8577: 8573: 8558: 8554: 8539: 8535: 8529:Wayback Machine 8515:Wayback Machine 8506: 8502: 8490: 8486: 8479: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8450: 8446: 8433: 8424: 8411: 8407: 8399: 8395: 8389:Wayback Machine 8380: 8373: 8353: 8349: 8343:Wayback Machine 8321: 8317: 8307: 8305: 8287: 8283: 8260: 8256: 8245: 8241: 8231: 8229: 8221: 8220: 8216: 8204: 8200: 8189: 8185: 8179:Wayback Machine 8168:Wayback Machine 8159: 8155: 8143: 8134: 8119: 8115: 8106: 8102: 8094: 8090: 8083: 8061: 8057: 8045: 8041: 8036:on 14 May 2011. 8026: 8022: 8014: 8010: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7986: 7980:Boatwright 2012 7978: 7974: 7968:Boatwright 2012 7966: 7962: 7956:Boatwright 2012 7954: 7950: 7944:Boatwright 2012 7942: 7938: 7932:Boatwright 2012 7930: 7926: 7920:Boatwright 2012 7918: 7909: 7891:, p. 35. " 7889:Boatwright 2012 7887: 7883: 7874: 7870: 7864:Boatwright 2012 7862: 7858: 7852:Boatwright 2012 7850: 7846: 7840:Boatwright 2012 7838: 7834: 7828:Boatwright 2012 7826: 7822: 7816:Boatwright 2012 7814: 7810: 7803: 7783: 7763: 7747: 7743: 7706: 7686:10.2307/1170959 7670:Taagepera, Rein 7667: 7660: 7650: 7648: 7640: 7639: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7624: 7615: 7611: 7606: 7602: 7590:Kremer, Michael 7585:Wayback Machine 7554: 7541: 7532: 7517: 7504: 7490:Maddison, Angus 7488: 7478: 7456: 7446: 7442: 7437: 7433: 7428: 7363: 7358: 7356: 7349: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7272:The Roman World 7241:Theodor Mommsen 7224:History of Rome 7203:First Punic war 7186:Edward Gibbon's 7157:Historia Romana 7086:Pliny the Elder 7071:Ab urbe condita 7060:De Bello Civili 6997:and during the 6980: 6974: 6969: 6909: 6901:Main articles: 6899: 6869:indoor plumbing 6831:cursus publicus 6767:De architectura 6729:, and from the 6628:in France is a 6619: 6613: 6512: 6487: 6481: 6407: 6401: 6236:, garlic, some 6222:Pliny the Elder 6176: 6164:Main articles: 6162: 6142:Temple of Peace 6099: 5910: 5904: 5894:Roman sculpture 5880:Main articles: 5878: 5826: 5730:Greek mythology 5670: 5660: 5654:Roman mythology 5648:Main articles: 5646: 5602:spoken language 5594:Classical Latin 5562:Italic language 5550: 5544: 5490:on the elegant 5431: 5425: 5416:ab urbe condita 5401:consular dating 5394:Augustus Caesar 5374:named week days 5311: 5297: 5237:slavery called 5226:infant exposure 5201:patria potestas 5168:Vatican Museums 5125: 5119: 5045:. The original 5012:Trajan's Market 4923: 4903:Main articles: 4901: 4856:First Punic War 4840:Vatican Museums 4831: 4805: 4596:that practised 4583: 4524: 4488: 4486: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4447:Limes Sarmatiae 4441:Anastasian Wall 4419:Pannonian Limes 4298: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4268: 4258: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4242: 4241: 4236: 4222: 4194: 4184: 4183: 4182: 4172: 4162: 4161: 4156: 4131: 4117: 4086: 4076: 4048: 4042: 4022:Main articles: 4020: 3918:Comitia Tributa 3896:class struggles 3853:Comitia Curiata 3827: 3821: 3813:Main articles: 3811: 3721: 3715: 3687:comitia tributa 3524: 3516:Main articles: 3514: 3512:Class structure 3437: 3431: 3395: 3298:, North Africa 3242:, chief of the 3196: 3195: 3194: 3193: 3169: 3168: 3167: 3159: 3158: 3150: 3149: 3133:, commanded by 3088:Sasanian Empire 3072: 3066: 3037:Classical Roman 2983: 2976:(r. 306–337 AD) 2887: 2882: 2876: 2854:(268–270), who 2834:was created by 2776:Maximinus Thrax 2733: 2727: 2615:Didius Julianus 2567:Clodius Albinus 2559:Didius Julianus 2553:, during which 2543: 2541:Severan dynasty 2517:Antonine Plague 2509:Parthian Empire 2507:as well as the 2491:Marcus Aurelius 2348:Trajan's Column 2344:Trajan's Market 2293:Marcus Aurelius 2252: 2211:Pliny the Elder 2150:John of Giscala 2146:Simon bar Giora 2086:Flavian dynasty 2074: 2072:Flavian dynasty 2041:Roman provinces 2026:Calpurnius Piso 1968:. His soldiers 1904:, his grandson 1723: 1693: 1652: 1646: 1636:in 31 BC. 1606:Ptolemaic Egypt 1592:and controlled 1575:Lucius Antonius 1506:Marcus Antonius 1502: 1484:Gnaeus Pompeius 1476:Metellus Scipio 1387:English Channel 1371: 1351:Gnaeus Octavius 1224: 1223: 1222: 1221: 1220: 1191: 1183: 1182: 1161: 1131: 1115:Third Punic War 1082:to the Italian 1044:First Punic War 1018: 1010: 1008: 1004: 992: 986: 980: 916:comitia tributa 831: 816: 815: 814: 813: 812: 799: 791: 790: 779: 768: 762: 731: 692: 686: 681: 679: 598: 579: 572: 566: 565: 564: 563: 562: 552: 544: 543: 525:Capitoline Wolf 521: 510: 504: 499: 430:largest empires 420:, and parts of 323: 289: 276: 263: 246: 231:Ancient history 215:(27 BC–476 AD, 214: 204: 192: 147: 142: 140: 132: 130: 122: 120: 106: 105: 98: 96: 89: 87: 80: 78: 71: 39: 28: 21:History of Rome 17: 12: 11: 5: 23523: 23513: 23512: 23510:Former empires 23507: 23502: 23497: 23492: 23487: 23482: 23465: 23464: 23462: 23461: 23459:Westernization 23456: 23451: 23446: 23441: 23439:Visegrád Group 23436: 23431: 23426: 23421: 23416: 23411: 23406: 23401: 23396: 23391: 23386: 23381: 23379:Nordic Council 23376: 23371: 23366: 23361: 23356: 23351: 23346: 23341: 23336: 23331: 23326: 23321: 23316: 23311: 23306: 23301: 23296: 23291: 23286: 23281: 23276: 23274:Bucharest Nine 23271: 23266: 23261: 23256: 23251: 23246: 23241: 23239:Arctic Council 23236: 23231: 23226: 23221: 23216: 23210: 23208: 23202: 23201: 23199: 23198: 23193: 23188: 23187: 23186: 23181: 23176: 23171: 23166: 23161: 23151: 23146: 23145: 23144: 23134: 23128: 23126: 23120: 23119: 23117: 23116: 23111: 23106: 23105: 23104: 23099: 23094: 23089: 23084: 23083: 23082: 23077: 23072: 23067: 23057: 23052: 23047: 23037: 23036: 23035: 23034: 23033: 23023: 23022: 23021: 23016: 23015: 23014: 23004: 23003: 23002: 22992: 22991: 22990: 22965: 22963: 22957: 22956: 22954: 22953: 22952: 22951: 22941: 22936: 22931: 22930: 22929: 22917: 22916: 22915: 22905: 22900: 22895: 22890: 22885: 22880: 22875: 22874: 22873: 22868: 22858: 22857: 22856: 22849:Existentialism 22846: 22841: 22836: 22831: 22826: 22821: 22816: 22811: 22806: 22800: 22798: 22792: 22791: 22789: 22788: 22787: 22786: 22781: 22776: 22771: 22761: 22760: 22759: 22749: 22748: 22747: 22742: 22732: 22731: 22730: 22720: 22715: 22714: 22713: 22708: 22703: 22693: 22692: 22691: 22681: 22680: 22679: 22669: 22668: 22667: 22662: 22652: 22647: 22642: 22637: 22636: 22635: 22625: 22620: 22619: 22618: 22608: 22607: 22606: 22596: 22595: 22594: 22584: 22579: 22578: 22577: 22567: 22562: 22561: 22560: 22555: 22550: 22539: 22537: 22531: 22530: 22528: 22527: 22526: 22525: 22520: 22510: 22509: 22508: 22503: 22498: 22493: 22488: 22483: 22478: 22473: 22468: 22463: 22458: 22453: 22448: 22443: 22438: 22433: 22428: 22423: 22413: 22408: 22407: 22406: 22401: 22396: 22386: 22385: 22384: 22382:Late antiquity 22374: 22368: 22366: 22360: 22359: 22357: 22356: 22351: 22346: 22341: 22336: 22335: 22334: 22333: 22332: 22327: 22317: 22312: 22307: 22297: 22292: 22286: 22284: 22280: 22279: 22268: 22267: 22260: 22253: 22245: 22236: 22235: 22232: 22231: 22229: 22228: 22222: 22216: 22210: 22209: 22208: 22205:Italian Empire 22195: 22193: 22183: 22182: 22176: 22170: 22164: 22158: 22152: 22149:Roman Republic 22146: 22140: 22134: 22128: 22122: 22116: 22110: 22104: 22101:Duchy of Lucca 22098: 22095:Duchy of Genoa 22091: 22089: 22083: 22082: 22079: 22078: 22076: 22075: 22070: 22065: 22060: 22055: 22050: 22045: 22040: 22035: 22030: 22025: 22019: 22017: 22013: 22012: 22010: 22009: 22004: 21999: 21994: 21989: 21984: 21979: 21974: 21969: 21964: 21958: 21956: 21949: 21935: 21934: 21931: 21930: 21928: 21927: 21922: 21917: 21912: 21907: 21901: 21896: 21891: 21886: 21881: 21875: 21873: 21859: 21858: 21856: 21855: 21849: 21844: 21839: 21838: 21837: 21832: 21827: 21822: 21817: 21806: 21804: 21796: 21795: 21792: 21791: 21789: 21788: 21783: 21778: 21773: 21767: 21765: 21759: 21758: 21756: 21755: 21750: 21745: 21739: 21737: 21733: 21732: 21730: 21729: 21724: 21718: 21716: 21710: 21709: 21707: 21706: 21701: 21692: 21687: 21682: 21677: 21672: 21670:Duchy of Gaeta 21667: 21661: 21659: 21652: 21648:Southern Italy 21644: 21643: 21641: 21640: 21635: 21630: 21625: 21620: 21615: 21610: 21605: 21600: 21594: 21592: 21591:(c. 1000–1797) 21586: 21585: 21583: 21582: 21577: 21572: 21566: 21564: 21556: 21555: 21553: 21552: 21551: 21550: 21545: 21543:County of Nice 21540: 21538:Duchy of Aosta 21535: 21530: 21525: 21518:Savoyard state 21515: 21510: 21505: 21500: 21495: 21490: 21485: 21480: 21475: 21470: 21465: 21460: 21455: 21453:Duchy of Milan 21450: 21448:Duchy of Ivrea 21445: 21444: 21443: 21438: 21433: 21428: 21423: 21418: 21413: 21408: 21403: 21398: 21393: 21388: 21383: 21378: 21373: 21363: 21358: 21353: 21348: 21343: 21338: 21333: 21328: 21322: 21320: 21308: 21307: 21305: 21304: 21299: 21294: 21289: 21284: 21279: 21274: 21268: 21266: 21258: 21257: 21255: 21254: 21248: 21247: 21246: 21240: 21234: 21221: 21219: 21212: 21211: 21209: 21208: 21207: 21206: 21201: 21196: 21191: 21189:Duchy of Ivrea 21186: 21181: 21170: 21164: 21158: 21155:Odoacer's rule 21151: 21149: 21140: 21130: 21129: 21127: 21126: 21120: 21119:(27 BC–395 AD) 21114: 21113:(509 BC–27 BC) 21111:Roman Republic 21108: 21101: 21099: 21093: 21092: 21090: 21089: 21084: 21079: 21074: 21069: 21064: 21059: 21054: 21053: 21052: 21050:Cisalpine Gaul 21042: 21037: 21032: 21027: 21026: 21025: 21014: 21012: 21008: 21007: 21000: 20999: 20992: 20985: 20977: 20968: 20967: 20965: 20964: 20954: 20942: 20939: 20938: 20935: 20934: 20932: 20931: 20926: 20921: 20916: 20911: 20906: 20901: 20896: 20891: 20886: 20881: 20876: 20871: 20866: 20861: 20856: 20851: 20846: 20841: 20836: 20831: 20826: 20821: 20816: 20811: 20806: 20801: 20796: 20791: 20786: 20781: 20776: 20771: 20766: 20761: 20756: 20751: 20745: 20743: 20737: 20736: 20734: 20733: 20728: 20723: 20718: 20713: 20708: 20703: 20698: 20693: 20688: 20683: 20678: 20677: 20676: 20675: 20674: 20659: 20658: 20657: 20647: 20642: 20637: 20632: 20627: 20622: 20617: 20612: 20607: 20602: 20597: 20592: 20586: 20580: 20574: 20573: 20570: 20569: 20567: 20566: 20561: 20556: 20555: 20554: 20549: 20544: 20534: 20529: 20524: 20519: 20514: 20512:Stock exchange 20509: 20504: 20499: 20494: 20489: 20484: 20479: 20478: 20477: 20472: 20462: 20457: 20452: 20447: 20441: 20435: 20429: 20428: 20425: 20424: 20422: 20421: 20416: 20414:Municipalities 20411: 20406: 20401: 20396: 20391: 20386: 20381: 20374:Prime Minister 20371: 20361: 20356: 20351: 20346: 20341: 20336: 20331: 20326: 20325: 20324: 20314: 20309: 20304: 20299: 20293: 20287: 20281: 20280: 20277: 20276: 20274: 20273: 20268: 20263: 20261:Regional parks 20258: 20256:National parks 20253: 20248: 20243: 20238: 20233: 20228: 20223: 20218: 20217: 20216: 20206: 20205: 20204: 20199: 20194: 20184: 20179: 20174: 20169: 20168: 20167: 20165:Climate change 20157: 20152: 20146: 20140: 20134: 20133: 20130: 20129: 20127: 20126: 20125: 20124: 20119: 20114: 20109: 20104: 20099: 20094: 20083: 20081: 20077: 20076: 20074: 20073: 20072: 20071: 20066: 20057: 20052: 20047: 20042: 20041: 20040: 20030: 20025: 20015: 20014: 20013: 20008: 20003: 19998: 19993: 19988: 19983: 19972: 19970: 19966: 19965: 19963: 19962: 19957: 19952: 19947: 19942: 19941: 19940: 19930: 19928:Duchy of Savoy 19925: 19920: 19915: 19914: 19913: 19912: 19911: 19906: 19901: 19896: 19886: 19881: 19876: 19865: 19863: 19859: 19858: 19856: 19855: 19850: 19849: 19848: 19838: 19836:Lombard League 19833: 19832: 19831: 19826: 19821: 19816: 19811: 19806: 19801: 19796: 19791: 19786: 19774: 19772: 19768: 19767: 19765: 19764: 19763: 19762: 19761: 19760: 19758:Western Empire 19750: 19745: 19743:Roman conquest 19740: 19735: 19725: 19724: 19723: 19718: 19713: 19708: 19703: 19698: 19697: 19696: 19691: 19686: 19681: 19676: 19671: 19664:Italic peoples 19655: 19653: 19649: 19648: 19646: 19645: 19644: 19643: 19638: 19633: 19628: 19623: 19618: 19613: 19608: 19603: 19592: 19590: 19586: 19585: 19583: 19582: 19577: 19572: 19567: 19562: 19557: 19552: 19547: 19542: 19537: 19532: 19527: 19522: 19517: 19511: 19509: 19505: 19504: 19502: 19501: 19495: 19493: 19486: 19480: 19479: 19468: 19467: 19460: 19453: 19445: 19436: 19435: 19433: 19432: 19426: 19419: 19416: 19415: 19412: 19411: 19408: 19407: 19405: 19404: 19398: 19391: 19389: 19383: 19382: 19380: 19379: 19373: 19367: 19361: 19355: 19350: 19345: 19338: 19336: 19330: 19329: 19327: 19326: 19320: 19314: 19308: 19302: 19295: 19293: 19287: 19286: 19284: 19283: 19277: 19271: 19265: 19263: 19257: 19256: 19254: 19253: 19247: 19241: 19236: 19230: 19223: 19221: 19207: 19204:Locations with 19201: 19200: 19198: 19197: 19192: 19187: 19182: 19177: 19172: 19166: 19164: 19160: 19159: 19157: 19156: 19151: 19146: 19141: 19136: 19131: 19126: 19121: 19116: 19111: 19106: 19101: 19096: 19091: 19086: 19081: 19075: 19073: 19072:Of late Empire 19069: 19068: 19066: 19065: 19060: 19055: 19050: 19044: 19042: 19035: 19029: 19028: 19014: 19012: 19009: 19008: 19006: 19005: 18999: 18997: 18991: 18990: 18988: 18987: 18982: 18977: 18972: 18967: 18961: 18959: 18953: 18952: 18950: 18949: 18943: 18941: 18935: 18934: 18932: 18931: 18926: 18920: 18918: 18912: 18911: 18909: 18908: 18902: 18900: 18894: 18893: 18891: 18890: 18884: 18882: 18876: 18875: 18873: 18872: 18866: 18864: 18858: 18857: 18855: 18854: 18848: 18846: 18840: 18839: 18837: 18836: 18831: 18829:Lindum Colonia 18826: 18820: 18818: 18809: 18805: 18804: 18801: 18798: 18797: 18786: 18785: 18778: 18771: 18763: 18754: 18753: 18746: 18743: 18742: 18740: 18739: 18734: 18729: 18724: 18719: 18714: 18709: 18704: 18699: 18698: 18697: 18687: 18686: 18685: 18680: 18669: 18667: 18659: 18658: 18656: 18655: 18650: 18645: 18642:Bellum Siculum 18638: 18633: 18628: 18623: 18618: 18613: 18608: 18607: 18606: 18601: 18596: 18586: 18581: 18574: 18573: 18572: 18567: 18562: 18552: 18547: 18545:Jugurthine War 18542: 18537: 18536: 18535: 18530: 18525: 18520: 18518:Lusitanian War 18515: 18505: 18500: 18495: 18494: 18493: 18488: 18483: 18478: 18468: 18463: 18462: 18461: 18456: 18451: 18441: 18436: 18435: 18434: 18429: 18424: 18419: 18414: 18409: 18404: 18399: 18394: 18383: 18381: 18379:Roman Republic 18373: 18372: 18365: 18364: 18357: 18350: 18342: 18333: 18332: 18329: 18326: 18325: 18323: 18322: 18321: 18320: 18315: 18305: 18300: 18295: 18289: 18283: 18277: 18271: 18264: 18262: 18258: 18257: 18255: 18254: 18249: 18244: 18239: 18227: 18222: 18210: 18205: 18200: 18195: 18190: 18185: 18180: 18175: 18170: 18158: 18153: 18148: 18143: 18138: 18126: 18121: 18116: 18104: 18092: 18087: 18063: 18045: 18040: 18035: 18030: 18025: 18023:Theodora (III) 18020: 18015: 18010: 18005: 18000: 17995: 17990: 17985: 17980: 17975: 17970: 17946: 17941: 17936: 17931: 17919: 17914: 17902: 17890: 17885: 17873: 17855: 17850: 17845: 17840: 17838:Constantine VI 17835: 17830: 17814: 17809: 17804: 17802:Theodosius III 17799: 17794: 17789: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17747:Constantine IV 17744: 17739: 17727: 17722: 17716: 17714: 17704: 17703: 17700: 17699: 17697: 17696: 17691: 17679: 17674: 17669: 17664: 17659: 17654: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17622: 17617: 17611: 17609: 17605:Eastern Empire 17601: 17600: 17598: 17597: 17590: 17585: 17578: 17571: 17566: 17559: 17554: 17547: 17540: 17535: 17528: 17523: 17516: 17500: 17494: 17492: 17488:Western Empire 17481: 17480: 17473: 17461:Magnus Maximus 17457: 17455:Valentinian II 17452: 17447: 17442: 17435: 17430: 17425: 17420: 17415: 17408: 17401: 17394: 17389: 17387:Constantius II 17384: 17382:Constantine II 17379: 17374: 17369: 17364: 17359: 17352: 17347: 17342: 17337: 17332: 17327: 17321: 17319: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17307: 17302: 17297: 17292: 17287: 17282: 17277: 17272: 17267: 17262: 17250: 17245: 17237: 17232: 17214: 17202: 17190: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17170: 17165: 17159: 17157: 17149: 17148: 17146: 17145: 17140: 17135: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17088: 17083: 17081:Antoninus Pius 17078: 17073: 17068: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17048: 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17007: 17005: 17004:27 BC – AD 235 16997: 16996: 16984: 16983: 16976: 16969: 16961: 16952: 16951: 16949: 16948: 16947: 16946: 16936: 16930: 16928: 16922: 16921: 16919: 16918: 16913: 16908: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16882: 16880: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16870: 16865: 16860: 16855: 16854: 16853: 16848: 16843: 16833: 16827: 16825: 16823:Roman Republic 16819: 16818: 16816: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16789: 16787: 16781: 16780: 16778: 16777: 16772: 16771: 16770: 16765: 16760: 16755: 16745: 16740: 16735: 16729: 16727: 16721: 16720: 16713: 16712: 16705: 16698: 16690: 16681: 16680: 16678: 16677: 16672: 16667: 16662: 16657: 16656: 16655: 16645: 16639: 16637: 16633: 16632: 16630: 16629: 16628: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16607: 16601: 16599: 16595: 16594: 16592: 16591: 16586: 16581: 16575: 16573: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16565: 16560: 16555: 16550: 16544: 16542: 16538: 16537: 16535: 16534: 16529: 16527:Pythagoreanism 16524: 16522:Peripateticism 16519: 16514: 16509: 16503: 16501: 16497: 16496: 16494: 16493: 16492: 16491: 16486: 16481: 16471: 16466: 16461: 16456: 16451: 16446: 16439: 16433: 16431: 16425: 16424: 16422: 16421: 16420: 16419: 16416:The Golden Ass 16407: 16402: 16401: 16400: 16388: 16383: 16382: 16381: 16374: 16362: 16361: 16360: 16347: 16345: 16341: 16340: 16338: 16337: 16335:Barnacle goose 16332: 16326: 16324: 16320: 16319: 16317: 16316: 16311: 16306: 16301: 16296: 16291: 16286: 16281: 16279:Numa Pompilius 16276: 16271: 16266: 16260: 16258: 16254: 16253: 16244: 16242: 16239: 16238: 16236: 16235: 16230: 16225: 16220: 16215: 16210: 16205: 16200: 16195: 16190: 16185: 16180: 16175: 16170: 16165: 16160: 16155: 16150: 16145: 16140: 16135: 16130: 16124: 16122: 16118: 16117: 16115: 16114: 16109: 16104: 16099: 16094: 16089: 16084: 16079: 16074: 16069: 16064: 16059: 16054: 16049: 16044: 16039: 16034: 16029: 16024: 16019: 16014: 16009: 16004: 15999: 15994: 15989: 15984: 15983: 15982: 15972: 15967: 15962: 15957: 15952: 15947: 15942: 15937: 15932: 15927: 15922: 15917: 15912: 15907: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15887: 15882: 15877: 15872: 15867: 15862: 15857: 15852: 15846: 15840: 15826: 15825: 15814: 15813: 15806: 15799: 15791: 15782: 15781: 15779: 15778: 15773: 15768: 15763: 15758: 15753: 15748: 15743: 15738: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15718: 15713: 15708: 15703: 15698: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15647: 15645: 15636: 15635: 15633: 15632: 15627: 15622: 15617: 15612: 15607: 15602: 15597: 15592: 15587: 15582: 15577: 15572: 15567: 15562: 15557: 15552: 15547: 15542: 15536: 15534: 15530: 15529: 15526: 15525: 15523: 15522: 15517: 15512: 15507: 15502: 15497: 15492: 15487: 15482: 15477: 15472: 15467: 15462: 15457: 15452: 15447: 15442: 15437: 15432: 15427: 15422: 15417: 15412: 15407: 15402: 15397: 15392: 15387: 15382: 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15351: 15349: 15343: 15342: 15340: 15339: 15334: 15329: 15324: 15319: 15314: 15309: 15304: 15299: 15294: 15289: 15284: 15279: 15274: 15269: 15264: 15259: 15254: 15249: 15244: 15239: 15234: 15229: 15224: 15219: 15214: 15212:Pomponius Mela 15209: 15204: 15199: 15194: 15189: 15184: 15179: 15174: 15169: 15164: 15159: 15154: 15149: 15144: 15139: 15134: 15129: 15124: 15119: 15114: 15109: 15104: 15099: 15094: 15089: 15084: 15079: 15074: 15069: 15064: 15059: 15054: 15049: 15044: 15039: 15034: 15029: 15024: 15019: 15014: 15009: 15004: 14999: 14994: 14989: 14984: 14979: 14974: 14969: 14964: 14959: 14954: 14949: 14947:Aelius Donatus 14943: 14941: 14932: 14928: 14927: 14925: 14924: 14919: 14918: 14917: 14915:Ecclesiastical 14912: 14907: 14902: 14897: 14892: 14887: 14882: 14877: 14869: 14864: 14858: 14856: 14850: 14849: 14847: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14786: 14781: 14776: 14770: 14768: 14762: 14761: 14759: 14758: 14753: 14748: 14743: 14738: 14733: 14728: 14723: 14718: 14717: 14716: 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14675: 14673: 14667: 14666: 14664: 14663: 14658: 14656:Toys and games 14653: 14648: 14643: 14638: 14633: 14628: 14627: 14626: 14616: 14611: 14606: 14601: 14596: 14591: 14586: 14581: 14576: 14571: 14566: 14561: 14556: 14550: 14548: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14538: 14533: 14528: 14523: 14518: 14513: 14508: 14502: 14500: 14494: 14493: 14491: 14490: 14485: 14480: 14475: 14470: 14469: 14468: 14463: 14458: 14453: 14448: 14438: 14433: 14432: 14431: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14396: 14391: 14386: 14380: 14378: 14372: 14371: 14368: 14367: 14365: 14364: 14359: 14354: 14349: 14344: 14339: 14334: 14328: 14326: 14322: 14321: 14319: 14318: 14313: 14308: 14303: 14298: 14293: 14288: 14283: 14278: 14273: 14267: 14265: 14258: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14218: 14213: 14208: 14203: 14198: 14196:Vigintisexviri 14193: 14188: 14183: 14178: 14173: 14168: 14163: 14158: 14156:Cursus honorum 14153: 14148: 14142: 14140: 14134: 14133: 14131: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14094: 14092: 14086: 14085: 14083: 14082: 14077: 14072: 14071: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14045: 14040: 14035: 14030: 14025: 14020: 14014: 14012: 14006: 14005: 14002: 14001: 13999: 13998: 13997: 13996: 13986: 13985: 13984: 13979: 13969: 13968: 13967: 13962: 13955:Western Empire 13952: 13947: 13942: 13937: 13931: 13929: 13923: 13922: 13920: 13919: 13914: 13913: 13912: 13902: 13896: 13890: 13884: 13883: 13881: 13880: 13875: 13869: 13866: 13865: 13857: 13856: 13849: 13842: 13834: 13828: 13827: 13822: 13812: 13802: 13801: 13796: 13791: 13785: 13784: 13773: 13772: 13770: 13769:External links 13767: 13765: 13764: 13752: 13740: 13689: 13680: 13671: 13665: 13651:Scullard, H.H. 13647: 13638: 13629: 13620: 13608: 13599: 13587: 13575: 13569: 13553: 13547: 13531: 13521:Gibbon, Edward 13517: 13508: 13499: 13490: 13481: 13469: 13448: 13390: 13388: 13385: 13383: 13382: 13376: 13363: 13354: 13348: 13331: 13317: 13301: 13295: 13282: 13269: 13242: 13213: 13207: 13172: 13166: 13149: 13143: 13131:Miles, Richard 13127: 13121: 13108: 13102: 13089: 13067: 13061: 13046: 13040: 13012: 12999: 12993: 12980: 12974: 12958: 12952: 12936: 12930: 12915: 12909: 12896: 12890: 12875: 12861: 12839: 12819: 12813: 12796: 12787: 12773: 12760: 12754: 12742:Adkins, Roy A. 12738:Adkins, Lesley 12733: 12731: 12728: 12725: 12724: 12717: 12699: 12696:online edition 12687: 12680: 12662: 12655: 12637: 12610: 12603: 12583: 12568: 12564:Life of Marius 12560:Parallel Lives 12549: 12538: 12520: 12513: 12483: 12481:. 1917. p. 185 12439: 12420:Grout, James. 12412: 12405: 12387: 12371: 12358:Britannica.com 12345: 12329: 12306: 12299: 12272: 12259: 12255:Circus Maximus 12247: 12222: 12201: 12179: 12167: 12153: 12140: 12127: 12109: 12103:Patrick Faas, 12093: 12080: 12073: 12053: 12036: 11989: 11963: 11956: 11938: 11902: 11889: 11859: 11832:(3): 247–269. 11812: 11787: 11762: 11737: 11718:(3): 282–296. 11695: 11683: 11681:, p. 300. 11671: 11659: 11647: 11633: 11610: 11606:Roman Painting 11598: 11579: 11572: 11552: 11545: 11525: 11518: 11498: 11488: 11468: 11449: 11424: 11412: 11400: 11388: 11362: 11350: 11348:, p. 283. 11338:Kaldellis 2023 11326: 11314: 11298: 11278: 11266: 11243: 11224: 11200: 11187: 11180: 11160: 11148: 11136: 11120: 11104: 11087: 11067: 10979: 10956: 10949: 10929: 10922: 10902: 10890: 10874: 10861: 10854: 10836: 10824: 10812: 10800: 10777: 10762: 10750: 10734: 10711: 10704: 10686: 10674: 10667: 10648: 10620: 10597: 10585: 10568: 10552: 10537: 10535:, p. 211. 10510: 10495: 10482: 10461: 10449: 10442: 10424: 10417: 10399: 10386: 10355: 10343: 10321: 10309: 10293: 10286: 10266: 10259: 10239: 10211: 10195: 10193:, p. 670. 10183: 10168: 10145: 10079: 10058: 10036: 10024:"Chapter XXVI" 10014: 9998: 9986: 9969:"Chapter XVII" 9959: 9944: 9926: 9914: 9902: 9890: 9872: 9844: 9826: 9801: 9789:on 3 May 2007. 9769: 9751: 9735: 9728: 9708: 9696: 9671: 9669:, LXXVI, 9–12. 9656: 9641: 9639:, p. 704. 9629: 9617: 9598: 9582: 9558: 9540: 9525: 9518: 9495: 9481: 9466: 9451: 9436: 9422: 9403: 9391: 9372: 9346: 9323: 9314: 9299: 9273:O'Connell 1989 9265: 9256: 9230: 9216: 9197: 9183: 9153: 9139: 9133:. Penguin UK. 9119: 9105: 9081: 9067: 9061:. Croom Helm. 9044: 9017: 9005: 8979: 8965: 8939: 8925: 8911: 8897: 8888: 8869: 8850: 8831: 8801: 8782: 8767: 8748: 8732: 8713: 8694: 8683:Chisholm, Hugh 8664: 8652: 8633: 8614: 8594: 8571: 8567:Life of Antony 8563:Parallel Lives 8552: 8533: 8500: 8484: 8473: 8461: 8458:. p. 305. 8444: 8422: 8405: 8393: 8382:Eques (Knight) 8371: 8347: 8315: 8281: 8270:Chisholm, Hugh 8254: 8239: 8214: 8198: 8183: 8153: 8132: 8124:Parallel Lives 8113: 8100: 8088: 8081: 8055: 8039: 8020: 8008: 7996: 7984: 7972: 7960: 7948: 7936: 7924: 7907: 7881: 7868: 7856: 7844: 7832: 7820: 7818:, p. 519. 7808: 7801: 7781: 7761: 7741: 7658: 7632: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7609: 7600: 7598: 7597: 7587: 7574: 7552: 7539: 7530: 7515: 7509: 7502: 7486: 7476: 7454: 7440: 7430: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7422: 7417: 7412: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7386: 7385: 7380: 7369: 7368: 7354: 7338: 7335: 7334: 7333: 7324: 7311: 7302: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7277:Barbara Levick 7274: 7265: 7256: 7178: 7177: 7168: 7159: 7150: 7146:Parallel Lives 7138: 7121: 7105: 7102:The Jewish War 7094: 7083: 7074: 7063: 7046: 7029: 7013:Parallel Lives 6976:Main article: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6967:Historiography 6965: 6898: 6895: 6887:lead poisoning 6745:Roman concrete 6630:Roman aqueduct 6615:Main article: 6612: 6609: 6605:Circus Maximus 6601:Chariot racing 6480: 6477: 6415:Paleochristian 6400: 6397: 6348:oyster farming 6296:, olives, and 6161: 6158: 6134:Ulpian Library 6098: 6095: 6028:Roman military 5960:country villas 5877: 5874: 5825: 5822: 5814:Edict of Milan 5750:Roman religion 5746:Roman Republic 5726:Roman religion 5676:Punishment of 5645: 5642: 5586:Greek alphabet 5546:Main article: 5543: 5540: 5478:country villas 5470:bath complexes 5454:Trajan's Forum 5427:Main article: 5424: 5421: 5386:Numa Pompilius 5366:seven-day week 5305:Roman calendar 5296: 5295:Time and dates 5293: 5272:pater familias 5264:pater familias 5256:pater familias 5230:pater familias 5213:pater familias 5209:pater familias 5196:pater familias 5190:Gentes Maiores 5185:Roman Republic 5146:pater familias 5121:Main article: 5118: 5115: 5111:market economy 5039:precious metal 4917:Roman currency 4909:Roman commerce 4900: 4897: 4811:A Roman naval 4804: 4801: 4747:cursus honorum 4561:reconstruction 4526: 4525: 4523: 4522: 4515: 4508: 4500: 4497: 4496: 4483: 4482: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4456:Limes Arabicus 4451: 4450: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4426:Limes Alutanus 4422: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4406: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4389: 4387:Wetterau Limes 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4343: 4338: 4336:Hadrian's Wall 4333: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4317: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4293: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4281: 4280: 4274: 4269: 4264: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4248: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4223: 4221: 4220: 4215: 4207: 4204: 4203: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4186: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4174: 4173: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4163: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4154: 4149: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4130: 4129: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4099: 4096: 4095: 4087: 4082: 4081: 4078: 4077: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4053: 4052: 4019: 4016: 3947:Cato the Elder 3900:Roman Republic 3888:Palazzo Madama 3884:Cesare Maccari 3857:Comitia Calata 3845:state religion 3810: 3807: 3717:Main article: 3714: 3711: 3691:sine suffragio 3659:pater familias 3617:class division 3513: 3510: 3441:ancient Romans 3433:Main article: 3430: 3427: 3394: 3391: 3372:Fourth Crusade 3258:and dethroned 3171: 3170: 3161: 3160: 3152: 3151: 3143: 3142: 3141: 3140: 3139: 3068:Main article: 3065: 3062: 3022:Constantinople 2994:Edict of Milan 2982: 2979: 2963:Gallia Belgica 2959:Roman province 2886: 2883: 2878:Main article: 2875: 2872: 2862:invaders, and 2800:Hyperinflation 2729:Main article: 2726: 2723: 2542: 2539: 2476:Pantheon, Rome 2453:Antoninus Pius 2444:Hadrian's Wall 2415:Hadrian's Wall 2372:war on Parthia 2360:Circus Maximus 2340:Trajan's Forum 2289:Antoninus Pius 2266:in AD 117 2251: 2248: 2244:Roman religion 2190:Divus Claudius 2097:Roman Republic 2073: 2070: 1862:Livia Drusilla 1692: 1689: 1648:Main article: 1645: 1642: 1626:Queen of Kings 1624:the title of " 1501: 1498: 1453:conquered Gaul 1370: 1367: 1335:Mithridates VI 1198:optimate party 1192: 1185: 1184: 1168:Roman military 1162: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1152: 1151: 1130: 1127: 1096:Battle of Zama 1068:Roman Republic 1030:stronghold of 1009: 1003: 982:Main article: 979: 976: 972:Roman colonies 825:Roman Republic 800: 793: 792: 780: 773: 772: 771: 770: 769: 766:Roman Republic 764:Main article: 761: 758: 688:Main article: 685: 682: 672: 619:Aventine Hills 584:Esquiline Hill 553: 546: 545: 522: 515: 514: 513: 512: 511: 503: 500: 498: 495: 453:ancient Greece 451:together with 359:Roman Republic 331:historiography 325: 324: 322: 321: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 284: 281: 280: 277: 271: 268: 267: 264: 254: 251: 250: 247: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 228: 227:Historical era 224: 223: 222: 221: 211: 195: 184: 178: 177: 172: 168: 167: 160:Constantinople 153: 149: 148: 146: 145: 143:(27 BC–476 AD) 135: 125: 114: 112: 108: 107: 97: 88: 79: 76:Roman Republic 70: 68: 60: 59: 46: 45: 41: 40: 35: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 23522: 23511: 23508: 23506: 23503: 23501: 23498: 23496: 23493: 23491: 23488: 23486: 23483: 23481: 23478: 23477: 23475: 23460: 23457: 23455: 23452: 23450: 23447: 23445: 23442: 23440: 23437: 23435: 23432: 23430: 23427: 23425: 23422: 23420: 23417: 23415: 23412: 23410: 23407: 23405: 23404:PROSUR/PROSUL 23402: 23400: 23397: 23395: 23392: 23390: 23387: 23385: 23382: 23380: 23377: 23375: 23372: 23370: 23367: 23365: 23362: 23360: 23357: 23355: 23352: 23350: 23347: 23345: 23342: 23340: 23337: 23335: 23332: 23330: 23327: 23325: 23322: 23320: 23317: 23315: 23312: 23310: 23307: 23305: 23302: 23300: 23299:Craiova Group 23297: 23295: 23292: 23290: 23287: 23285: 23282: 23280: 23277: 23275: 23272: 23270: 23267: 23265: 23262: 23260: 23257: 23255: 23252: 23250: 23247: 23245: 23242: 23240: 23237: 23235: 23232: 23230: 23227: 23225: 23222: 23220: 23217: 23215: 23214:ABCANZ Armies 23212: 23211: 23209: 23203: 23197: 23194: 23192: 23189: 23185: 23182: 23180: 23177: 23175: 23172: 23170: 23167: 23165: 23162: 23160: 23157: 23156: 23155: 23152: 23150: 23147: 23143: 23140: 23139: 23138: 23135: 23133: 23130: 23129: 23127: 23125: 23121: 23115: 23112: 23110: 23107: 23103: 23100: 23098: 23095: 23093: 23090: 23088: 23085: 23081: 23078: 23076: 23073: 23071: 23068: 23066: 23063: 23062: 23061: 23058: 23056: 23053: 23051: 23048: 23046: 23043: 23042: 23041: 23038: 23032: 23029: 23028: 23027: 23024: 23020: 23019:Protestantism 23017: 23013: 23010: 23009: 23008: 23005: 23001: 22998: 22997: 22996: 22993: 22989: 22985: 22982: 22981: 22980: 22977: 22976: 22975: 22972: 22971: 22970: 22967: 22966: 22964: 22962: 22958: 22950: 22947: 22946: 22945: 22942: 22940: 22939:Sovereigntism 22937: 22935: 22932: 22928: 22927: 22923: 22922: 22921: 22918: 22914: 22911: 22910: 22909: 22906: 22904: 22901: 22899: 22896: 22894: 22891: 22889: 22886: 22884: 22881: 22879: 22876: 22872: 22869: 22867: 22864: 22863: 22862: 22859: 22855: 22852: 22851: 22850: 22847: 22845: 22842: 22840: 22837: 22835: 22834:Scholasticism 22832: 22830: 22827: 22825: 22822: 22820: 22817: 22815: 22812: 22810: 22807: 22805: 22802: 22801: 22799: 22797: 22793: 22785: 22782: 22780: 22777: 22775: 22772: 22770: 22767: 22766: 22765: 22762: 22758: 22755: 22754: 22753: 22750: 22746: 22743: 22741: 22738: 22737: 22736: 22733: 22729: 22726: 22725: 22724: 22721: 22719: 22716: 22712: 22709: 22707: 22704: 22702: 22699: 22698: 22697: 22694: 22690: 22687: 22686: 22685: 22682: 22678: 22675: 22674: 22673: 22670: 22666: 22663: 22661: 22658: 22657: 22656: 22653: 22651: 22648: 22646: 22643: 22641: 22638: 22634: 22631: 22630: 22629: 22626: 22624: 22621: 22617: 22614: 22613: 22612: 22609: 22605: 22602: 22601: 22600: 22597: 22593: 22590: 22589: 22588: 22585: 22583: 22580: 22576: 22573: 22572: 22571: 22568: 22566: 22563: 22559: 22556: 22554: 22551: 22549: 22546: 22545: 22544: 22541: 22540: 22538: 22536: 22532: 22524: 22523:War on terror 22521: 22519: 22516: 22515: 22514: 22511: 22507: 22504: 22502: 22499: 22497: 22494: 22492: 22489: 22487: 22484: 22482: 22479: 22477: 22474: 22472: 22469: 22467: 22464: 22462: 22459: 22457: 22454: 22452: 22449: 22447: 22444: 22442: 22439: 22437: 22434: 22432: 22429: 22427: 22424: 22422: 22419: 22418: 22417: 22416:Modern period 22414: 22412: 22409: 22405: 22402: 22400: 22397: 22395: 22392: 22391: 22390: 22387: 22383: 22380: 22379: 22378: 22375: 22373: 22370: 22369: 22367: 22365: 22361: 22355: 22352: 22350: 22347: 22345: 22342: 22340: 22337: 22331: 22328: 22326: 22323: 22322: 22321: 22318: 22316: 22313: 22311: 22308: 22306: 22303: 22302: 22301: 22298: 22296: 22293: 22291: 22288: 22287: 22285: 22281: 22277: 22273: 22272:Western world 22266: 22261: 22259: 22254: 22252: 22247: 22246: 22243: 22226: 22223: 22220: 22217: 22214: 22211: 22206: 22203: 22202: 22200: 22197: 22196: 22194: 22192: 22187: 22180: 22177: 22174: 22171: 22168: 22165: 22162: 22159: 22156: 22153: 22150: 22147: 22144: 22141: 22138: 22135: 22132: 22129: 22126: 22123: 22120: 22117: 22114: 22111: 22108: 22105: 22102: 22099: 22096: 22093: 22092: 22090: 22084: 22074: 22071: 22069: 22066: 22064: 22061: 22059: 22056: 22054: 22051: 22049: 22046: 22044: 22041: 22039: 22036: 22034: 22031: 22029: 22026: 22024: 22021: 22020: 22018: 22014: 22008: 22005: 22003: 22000: 21998: 21995: 21993: 21990: 21988: 21985: 21983: 21980: 21978: 21975: 21973: 21970: 21968: 21965: 21963: 21960: 21959: 21957: 21953: 21950: 21945: 21940: 21936: 21926: 21923: 21921: 21918: 21916: 21913: 21911: 21908: 21905: 21902: 21900: 21897: 21895: 21892: 21890: 21889:Duchy of Sora 21887: 21885: 21882: 21880: 21877: 21876: 21874: 21870: 21864: 21860: 21853: 21850: 21848: 21845: 21843: 21840: 21836: 21833: 21831: 21828: 21826: 21823: 21821: 21818: 21816: 21813: 21812: 21811: 21808: 21807: 21805: 21801: 21797: 21787: 21784: 21782: 21779: 21777: 21774: 21772: 21769: 21768: 21766: 21764: 21760: 21754: 21751: 21749: 21746: 21744: 21741: 21740: 21738: 21734: 21728: 21727:Muslim Sicily 21725: 21723: 21720: 21719: 21717: 21715: 21711: 21705: 21702: 21700: 21696: 21693: 21691: 21688: 21686: 21683: 21681: 21678: 21676: 21673: 21671: 21668: 21666: 21663: 21662: 21660: 21656: 21653: 21649: 21645: 21639: 21636: 21634: 21631: 21629: 21626: 21624: 21621: 21619: 21616: 21614: 21611: 21609: 21606: 21604: 21601: 21599: 21596: 21595: 21593: 21587: 21581: 21578: 21576: 21573: 21571: 21568: 21567: 21565: 21561: 21557: 21549: 21546: 21544: 21541: 21539: 21536: 21534: 21531: 21529: 21526: 21524: 21521: 21520: 21519: 21516: 21514: 21511: 21509: 21506: 21504: 21501: 21499: 21496: 21494: 21491: 21489: 21486: 21484: 21481: 21479: 21476: 21474: 21471: 21469: 21466: 21464: 21461: 21459: 21456: 21454: 21451: 21449: 21446: 21442: 21439: 21437: 21434: 21432: 21429: 21427: 21424: 21422: 21419: 21417: 21414: 21412: 21409: 21407: 21404: 21402: 21399: 21397: 21394: 21392: 21389: 21387: 21384: 21382: 21379: 21377: 21374: 21372: 21369: 21368: 21367: 21364: 21362: 21359: 21357: 21354: 21352: 21349: 21347: 21344: 21342: 21339: 21337: 21334: 21332: 21329: 21327: 21324: 21323: 21321: 21313: 21309: 21303: 21300: 21298: 21295: 21293: 21290: 21288: 21285: 21283: 21280: 21278: 21275: 21273: 21270: 21269: 21267: 21263: 21259: 21252: 21249: 21244: 21241: 21238: 21235: 21232: 21231:Duchy of Rome 21229: 21228: 21226: 21223: 21222: 21220: 21217: 21213: 21205: 21202: 21200: 21197: 21195: 21192: 21190: 21187: 21185: 21182: 21180: 21177: 21176: 21174: 21171: 21168: 21165: 21162: 21159: 21156: 21153: 21152: 21150: 21144: 21141: 21131: 21124: 21121: 21118: 21115: 21112: 21109: 21106: 21105:Roman Kingdom 21103: 21102: 21100: 21098: 21094: 21088: 21085: 21083: 21080: 21078: 21077:Magna Graecia 21075: 21073: 21070: 21068: 21065: 21063: 21060: 21058: 21055: 21051: 21048: 21047: 21046: 21043: 21041: 21038: 21036: 21033: 21031: 21028: 21024: 21021: 21020: 21019: 21016: 21015: 21013: 21009: 21005: 20998: 20993: 20991: 20986: 20984: 20979: 20978: 20975: 20963: 20955: 20953: 20944: 20943: 20940: 20930: 20927: 20925: 20922: 20920: 20917: 20915: 20912: 20910: 20907: 20905: 20902: 20900: 20897: 20895: 20892: 20890: 20887: 20885: 20882: 20880: 20877: 20875: 20872: 20870: 20867: 20865: 20862: 20860: 20857: 20855: 20852: 20850: 20847: 20845: 20842: 20840: 20837: 20835: 20832: 20830: 20827: 20825: 20822: 20820: 20817: 20815: 20812: 20810: 20807: 20805: 20802: 20800: 20797: 20795: 20792: 20790: 20787: 20785: 20782: 20780: 20777: 20775: 20772: 20770: 20767: 20765: 20762: 20760: 20757: 20755: 20752: 20750: 20747: 20746: 20744: 20742: 20738: 20732: 20729: 20727: 20724: 20722: 20719: 20717: 20714: 20712: 20709: 20707: 20704: 20702: 20699: 20697: 20694: 20692: 20689: 20687: 20684: 20682: 20679: 20673: 20670: 20669: 20668: 20665: 20664: 20663: 20660: 20656: 20653: 20652: 20651: 20648: 20646: 20643: 20641: 20638: 20636: 20633: 20631: 20628: 20626: 20623: 20621: 20618: 20616: 20613: 20611: 20608: 20606: 20603: 20601: 20598: 20596: 20593: 20591: 20588: 20587: 20584: 20581: 20579: 20575: 20565: 20562: 20560: 20557: 20553: 20550: 20548: 20545: 20543: 20540: 20539: 20538: 20535: 20533: 20530: 20528: 20525: 20523: 20520: 20518: 20515: 20513: 20510: 20508: 20505: 20503: 20500: 20498: 20495: 20493: 20490: 20488: 20485: 20483: 20480: 20476: 20473: 20471: 20468: 20467: 20466: 20463: 20461: 20458: 20456: 20453: 20451: 20448: 20446: 20443: 20442: 20439: 20436: 20434: 20430: 20420: 20417: 20415: 20412: 20410: 20407: 20405: 20402: 20400: 20397: 20395: 20392: 20390: 20387: 20385: 20382: 20379: 20375: 20372: 20369: 20365: 20362: 20360: 20357: 20355: 20352: 20350: 20347: 20345: 20342: 20340: 20337: 20335: 20332: 20330: 20327: 20323: 20320: 20319: 20318: 20315: 20313: 20310: 20308: 20305: 20303: 20300: 20298: 20295: 20294: 20291: 20288: 20286: 20282: 20272: 20269: 20267: 20264: 20262: 20259: 20257: 20254: 20252: 20249: 20247: 20244: 20242: 20239: 20237: 20234: 20232: 20229: 20227: 20224: 20222: 20219: 20215: 20212: 20211: 20210: 20207: 20203: 20200: 20198: 20195: 20193: 20190: 20189: 20188: 20185: 20183: 20180: 20178: 20175: 20173: 20170: 20166: 20163: 20162: 20161: 20158: 20156: 20153: 20151: 20148: 20147: 20144: 20141: 20139: 20135: 20123: 20120: 20118: 20115: 20113: 20110: 20108: 20107:Years of Lead 20105: 20103: 20102:Economic Boom 20100: 20098: 20095: 20093: 20090: 20089: 20088: 20085: 20084: 20082: 20078: 20070: 20067: 20065: 20061: 20058: 20056: 20053: 20051: 20048: 20046: 20045:Fascist Italy 20043: 20039: 20036: 20035: 20034: 20031: 20029: 20026: 20024: 20021: 20020: 20019: 20016: 20012: 20009: 20007: 20004: 20002: 19999: 19997: 19994: 19992: 19991:Niçard exodus 19989: 19987: 19984: 19982: 19979: 19978: 19977: 19974: 19973: 19971: 19967: 19961: 19958: 19956: 19953: 19951: 19948: 19946: 19943: 19939: 19936: 19935: 19934: 19931: 19929: 19926: 19924: 19921: 19919: 19916: 19910: 19907: 19905: 19902: 19900: 19897: 19895: 19892: 19891: 19890: 19887: 19885: 19882: 19880: 19877: 19875: 19872: 19871: 19870: 19867: 19866: 19864: 19860: 19854: 19851: 19847: 19844: 19843: 19842: 19839: 19837: 19834: 19830: 19827: 19825: 19822: 19820: 19817: 19815: 19812: 19810: 19807: 19805: 19802: 19800: 19797: 19795: 19792: 19790: 19787: 19785: 19781: 19780: 19779: 19776: 19775: 19773: 19769: 19759: 19756: 19755: 19754: 19751: 19749: 19746: 19744: 19741: 19739: 19736: 19734: 19731: 19730: 19729: 19726: 19722: 19719: 19717: 19714: 19712: 19711:Magna Graecia 19709: 19707: 19704: 19702: 19699: 19695: 19692: 19690: 19687: 19685: 19682: 19680: 19677: 19675: 19672: 19670: 19667: 19666: 19665: 19662: 19661: 19660: 19657: 19656: 19654: 19650: 19642: 19639: 19637: 19634: 19632: 19629: 19627: 19624: 19622: 19619: 19617: 19614: 19612: 19609: 19607: 19604: 19602: 19599: 19598: 19597: 19594: 19593: 19591: 19587: 19581: 19578: 19576: 19573: 19571: 19568: 19566: 19563: 19561: 19558: 19556: 19553: 19551: 19548: 19546: 19543: 19541: 19538: 19536: 19533: 19531: 19528: 19526: 19523: 19521: 19518: 19516: 19513: 19512: 19510: 19506: 19500: 19497: 19496: 19494: 19490: 19487: 19485: 19481: 19477: 19473: 19466: 19461: 19459: 19454: 19452: 19447: 19446: 19443: 19431: 19427: 19424: 19421: 19420: 19417: 19402: 19399: 19396: 19393: 19392: 19390: 19388: 19384: 19377: 19374: 19371: 19368: 19365: 19362: 19359: 19356: 19354: 19351: 19349: 19346: 19343: 19340: 19339: 19337: 19335: 19331: 19324: 19321: 19318: 19315: 19312: 19309: 19306: 19303: 19300: 19297: 19296: 19294: 19292: 19288: 19281: 19278: 19275: 19272: 19270: 19267: 19266: 19264: 19262: 19258: 19251: 19248: 19245: 19242: 19240: 19237: 19234: 19231: 19228: 19225: 19224: 19222: 19220: 19215: 19211: 19208: 19202: 19196: 19193: 19191: 19188: 19186: 19183: 19181: 19178: 19176: 19173: 19171: 19168: 19167: 19165: 19161: 19155: 19152: 19150: 19149:Philippopolis 19147: 19145: 19142: 19140: 19137: 19135: 19132: 19130: 19127: 19125: 19122: 19120: 19117: 19115: 19114:Arca Caesarea 19112: 19110: 19107: 19105: 19102: 19100: 19097: 19095: 19092: 19090: 19087: 19085: 19082: 19080: 19077: 19076: 19074: 19070: 19064: 19061: 19059: 19056: 19054: 19051: 19049: 19046: 19045: 19043: 19039: 19036: 19034: 19030: 19025: 19018: 19004: 19001: 19000: 18998: 18996: 18992: 18986: 18983: 18981: 18978: 18976: 18973: 18971: 18968: 18966: 18963: 18962: 18960: 18958: 18954: 18948: 18945: 18944: 18942: 18940: 18936: 18930: 18927: 18925: 18922: 18921: 18919: 18917: 18913: 18907: 18906:Narbo Martius 18904: 18903: 18901: 18899: 18895: 18889: 18886: 18885: 18883: 18881: 18877: 18871: 18868: 18867: 18865: 18863: 18859: 18853: 18850: 18849: 18847: 18845: 18841: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18821: 18819: 18817: 18813: 18810: 18806: 18799: 18795: 18791: 18784: 18779: 18777: 18772: 18770: 18765: 18764: 18761: 18751: 18750: 18744: 18738: 18735: 18733: 18730: 18728: 18725: 18723: 18720: 18718: 18715: 18713: 18710: 18708: 18705: 18703: 18700: 18696: 18693: 18692: 18691: 18688: 18684: 18681: 18679: 18676: 18675: 18674: 18673:Germanic wars 18671: 18670: 18668: 18666: 18660: 18654: 18653:War of Actium 18651: 18649: 18646: 18644: 18643: 18639: 18637: 18634: 18632: 18631:War of Mutina 18629: 18627: 18624: 18622: 18619: 18617: 18614: 18612: 18609: 18605: 18602: 18600: 18597: 18595: 18592: 18591: 18590: 18587: 18585: 18582: 18580: 18579: 18575: 18571: 18568: 18566: 18563: 18561: 18558: 18557: 18556: 18553: 18551: 18548: 18546: 18543: 18541: 18538: 18534: 18531: 18529: 18528:Sertorian War 18526: 18524: 18523:Numantine War 18521: 18519: 18516: 18514: 18511: 18510: 18509: 18506: 18504: 18501: 18499: 18496: 18492: 18489: 18487: 18484: 18482: 18479: 18477: 18474: 18473: 18472: 18469: 18467: 18464: 18460: 18457: 18455: 18452: 18450: 18447: 18446: 18445: 18442: 18440: 18437: 18433: 18430: 18428: 18425: 18423: 18420: 18418: 18415: 18413: 18410: 18408: 18405: 18403: 18400: 18398: 18395: 18393: 18390: 18389: 18388: 18385: 18384: 18382: 18380: 18374: 18370: 18363: 18358: 18356: 18351: 18349: 18344: 18343: 18340: 18327: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18310: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18301: 18299: 18296: 18293: 18290: 18287: 18284: 18281: 18278: 18275: 18272: 18269: 18266: 18265: 18263: 18259: 18253: 18250: 18248: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18237: 18236: 18231: 18228: 18226: 18223: 18220: 18219: 18214: 18211: 18209: 18206: 18204: 18201: 18199: 18196: 18194: 18191: 18189: 18186: 18184: 18181: 18179: 18176: 18174: 18171: 18168: 18167: 18162: 18159: 18157: 18154: 18152: 18149: 18147: 18144: 18142: 18139: 18136: 18135: 18130: 18127: 18125: 18122: 18120: 18117: 18114: 18113: 18108: 18105: 18102: 18101: 18096: 18093: 18091: 18088: 18085: 18084: 18079: 18078: 18073: 18072: 18067: 18064: 18061: 18060: 18055: 18054: 18049: 18046: 18044: 18041: 18039: 18036: 18034: 18031: 18029: 18026: 18024: 18021: 18019: 18016: 18014: 18011: 18009: 18006: 18004: 18001: 17999: 17996: 17994: 17991: 17989: 17986: 17984: 17981: 17979: 17976: 17974: 17971: 17968: 17967: 17962: 17961: 17956: 17955: 17950: 17947: 17945: 17942: 17940: 17937: 17935: 17932: 17929: 17928: 17923: 17920: 17918: 17915: 17912: 17911: 17906: 17905:Theodora (II) 17903: 17900: 17899: 17894: 17891: 17889: 17886: 17883: 17882: 17877: 17874: 17871: 17870: 17865: 17864: 17859: 17856: 17854: 17851: 17849: 17846: 17844: 17841: 17839: 17836: 17834: 17831: 17828: 17827: 17826: 17820: 17819: 17815: 17813: 17812:Constantine V 17810: 17808: 17805: 17803: 17800: 17798: 17797:Anastasius II 17795: 17793: 17790: 17787: 17786: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17760: 17759: 17754: 17753: 17748: 17745: 17743: 17740: 17737: 17736: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17717: 17715: 17711: 17705: 17695: 17692: 17689: 17688: 17683: 17680: 17678: 17675: 17673: 17670: 17668: 17665: 17663: 17660: 17658: 17655: 17652: 17651: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17623: 17621: 17620:Theodosius II 17618: 17616: 17613: 17612: 17610: 17606: 17602: 17596: 17595: 17591: 17589: 17586: 17584: 17583: 17579: 17577: 17576: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17564: 17560: 17558: 17555: 17553: 17552: 17548: 17546: 17545: 17541: 17539: 17536: 17534: 17533: 17529: 17527: 17524: 17522: 17521: 17517: 17514: 17513: 17512: 17506: 17505: 17501: 17499: 17496: 17495: 17493: 17489: 17485: 17479: 17478: 17474: 17471: 17470: 17469: 17463: 17462: 17458: 17456: 17453: 17451: 17448: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17440: 17436: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17428:Valentinian I 17426: 17424: 17421: 17419: 17416: 17414: 17413: 17409: 17407: 17406: 17402: 17400: 17399: 17395: 17393: 17390: 17388: 17385: 17383: 17380: 17378: 17375: 17373: 17370: 17368: 17365: 17363: 17360: 17358: 17357: 17353: 17351: 17350:Constantine I 17348: 17346: 17343: 17341: 17340:Constantius I 17338: 17336: 17333: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17323: 17322: 17320: 17316: 17312: 17306: 17303: 17301: 17298: 17296: 17293: 17291: 17288: 17286: 17283: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17271: 17268: 17266: 17263: 17260: 17259: 17254: 17251: 17249: 17246: 17243: 17242: 17238: 17236: 17233: 17230: 17229: 17224: 17223: 17218: 17215: 17212: 17211: 17206: 17203: 17200: 17199: 17194: 17191: 17189: 17186: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17160: 17158: 17154: 17150: 17144: 17141: 17139: 17136: 17133: 17132: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17089: 17087: 17084: 17082: 17079: 17077: 17074: 17072: 17069: 17067: 17064: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17014: 17012: 17009: 17008: 17006: 17002: 16998: 16993: 16989: 16982: 16977: 16975: 16970: 16968: 16963: 16962: 16959: 16945: 16942: 16941: 16940: 16937: 16935: 16932: 16931: 16929: 16927: 16926:Miscellaneous 16923: 16917: 16914: 16912: 16909: 16907: 16904: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16883: 16881: 16879: 16875: 16869: 16866: 16864: 16861: 16859: 16856: 16852: 16849: 16847: 16844: 16842: 16839: 16838: 16837: 16834: 16832: 16829: 16828: 16826: 16824: 16820: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16791: 16790: 16788: 16786: 16785:Roman Kingdom 16782: 16776: 16773: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16750: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16728: 16726: 16722: 16718: 16711: 16706: 16704: 16699: 16697: 16692: 16691: 16688: 16676: 16673: 16671: 16668: 16666: 16663: 16661: 16658: 16654: 16651: 16650: 16649: 16646: 16644: 16641: 16640: 16638: 16634: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16618: 16616: 16613: 16612: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16602: 16600: 16596: 16590: 16587: 16585: 16582: 16580: 16577: 16576: 16574: 16570: 16564: 16561: 16559: 16556: 16554: 16551: 16549: 16546: 16545: 16543: 16539: 16533: 16530: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16504: 16502: 16498: 16490: 16487: 16485: 16482: 16480: 16477: 16476: 16475: 16472: 16470: 16467: 16465: 16462: 16460: 16457: 16455: 16452: 16450: 16449:Imperial cult 16447: 16445: 16444: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16434: 16432: 16430:and practices 16426: 16418: 16417: 16413: 16412: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16399: 16398: 16394: 16393: 16392: 16389: 16387: 16384: 16380: 16379: 16378:Metamorphoses 16375: 16373: 16372: 16368: 16367: 16366: 16363: 16359: 16358: 16354: 16353: 16352: 16349: 16348: 16346: 16342: 16336: 16333: 16331: 16328: 16327: 16325: 16321: 16315: 16312: 16310: 16307: 16305: 16302: 16300: 16297: 16295: 16294:Ancus Marcius 16292: 16290: 16287: 16285: 16282: 16280: 16277: 16275: 16272: 16270: 16267: 16265: 16262: 16261: 16259: 16255: 16248: 16234: 16231: 16229: 16226: 16224: 16223:Tranquillitas 16221: 16219: 16216: 16214: 16211: 16209: 16206: 16204: 16201: 16199: 16196: 16194: 16191: 16189: 16186: 16184: 16181: 16179: 16176: 16174: 16171: 16169: 16166: 16164: 16161: 16159: 16156: 16154: 16151: 16149: 16146: 16144: 16141: 16139: 16136: 16134: 16131: 16129: 16126: 16125: 16123: 16119: 16113: 16110: 16108: 16105: 16103: 16100: 16098: 16095: 16093: 16090: 16088: 16085: 16083: 16080: 16078: 16075: 16073: 16070: 16068: 16065: 16063: 16060: 16058: 16055: 16053: 16050: 16048: 16045: 16043: 16040: 16038: 16035: 16033: 16030: 16028: 16025: 16023: 16020: 16018: 16015: 16013: 16010: 16008: 16005: 16003: 16000: 15998: 15995: 15993: 15990: 15988: 15985: 15981: 15978: 15977: 15976: 15973: 15971: 15968: 15966: 15963: 15961: 15958: 15956: 15953: 15951: 15948: 15946: 15943: 15941: 15938: 15936: 15933: 15931: 15928: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15916: 15913: 15911: 15908: 15906: 15903: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15886: 15883: 15881: 15878: 15876: 15873: 15871: 15868: 15866: 15863: 15861: 15858: 15856: 15853: 15851: 15848: 15847: 15844: 15841: 15838: 15837: 15836:Dii Consentes 15831: 15827: 15823: 15819: 15812: 15807: 15805: 15800: 15798: 15793: 15792: 15789: 15777: 15774: 15772: 15769: 15767: 15764: 15762: 15759: 15757: 15754: 15752: 15749: 15747: 15744: 15742: 15739: 15737: 15734: 15732: 15729: 15727: 15724: 15722: 15719: 15717: 15714: 15712: 15709: 15707: 15704: 15702: 15699: 15697: 15694: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15648: 15646: 15637: 15631: 15628: 15626: 15623: 15621: 15618: 15616: 15613: 15611: 15608: 15606: 15603: 15601: 15598: 15596: 15593: 15591: 15588: 15586: 15583: 15581: 15578: 15576: 15573: 15571: 15568: 15566: 15563: 15561: 15558: 15556: 15553: 15551: 15548: 15546: 15543: 15541: 15538: 15537: 15535: 15531: 15521: 15518: 15516: 15513: 15511: 15508: 15506: 15503: 15501: 15498: 15496: 15493: 15491: 15488: 15486: 15483: 15481: 15478: 15476: 15473: 15471: 15468: 15466: 15463: 15461: 15458: 15456: 15453: 15451: 15448: 15446: 15443: 15441: 15438: 15436: 15433: 15431: 15428: 15426: 15423: 15421: 15418: 15416: 15413: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15348: 15344: 15338: 15335: 15333: 15330: 15328: 15325: 15323: 15320: 15318: 15315: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15303: 15300: 15298: 15295: 15293: 15290: 15288: 15285: 15283: 15280: 15278: 15275: 15273: 15270: 15268: 15265: 15263: 15260: 15258: 15255: 15253: 15250: 15248: 15245: 15243: 15240: 15238: 15235: 15233: 15230: 15228: 15225: 15223: 15220: 15218: 15215: 15213: 15210: 15208: 15205: 15203: 15200: 15198: 15195: 15193: 15190: 15188: 15185: 15183: 15180: 15178: 15175: 15173: 15170: 15168: 15165: 15163: 15160: 15158: 15155: 15153: 15150: 15148: 15145: 15143: 15140: 15138: 15135: 15133: 15130: 15128: 15125: 15123: 15120: 15118: 15115: 15113: 15110: 15108: 15105: 15103: 15102:Julius Paulus 15100: 15098: 15095: 15093: 15090: 15088: 15085: 15083: 15080: 15078: 15075: 15073: 15070: 15068: 15065: 15063: 15060: 15058: 15055: 15053: 15050: 15048: 15045: 15043: 15040: 15038: 15037:Fabius Pictor 15035: 15033: 15030: 15028: 15025: 15023: 15020: 15018: 15015: 15013: 15010: 15008: 15005: 15003: 15000: 14998: 14995: 14993: 14990: 14988: 14985: 14983: 14980: 14978: 14975: 14973: 14970: 14968: 14965: 14963: 14960: 14958: 14955: 14953: 14950: 14948: 14945: 14944: 14942: 14940: 14936: 14933: 14929: 14923: 14920: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14901: 14898: 14896: 14893: 14891: 14888: 14886: 14883: 14881: 14878: 14876: 14873: 14872: 14870: 14868: 14865: 14863: 14860: 14859: 14857: 14855: 14851: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14790: 14787: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14777: 14775: 14774:Amphitheatres 14772: 14771: 14769: 14767: 14763: 14757: 14754: 14752: 14749: 14747: 14744: 14742: 14739: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14727: 14724: 14722: 14719: 14715: 14712: 14711: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14676: 14674: 14672: 14668: 14662: 14659: 14657: 14654: 14652: 14649: 14647: 14644: 14642: 14639: 14637: 14634: 14632: 14629: 14625: 14622: 14621: 14620: 14617: 14615: 14612: 14610: 14607: 14605: 14602: 14600: 14597: 14595: 14592: 14590: 14587: 14585: 14582: 14580: 14577: 14575: 14572: 14570: 14567: 14565: 14562: 14560: 14557: 14555: 14552: 14551: 14549: 14547: 14543: 14537: 14534: 14532: 14529: 14527: 14524: 14522: 14519: 14517: 14514: 14512: 14511:Deforestation 14509: 14507: 14504: 14503: 14501: 14499: 14495: 14489: 14486: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14474: 14471: 14467: 14464: 14462: 14461:Siege engines 14459: 14457: 14454: 14452: 14449: 14447: 14444: 14443: 14442: 14439: 14437: 14434: 14430: 14427: 14426: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14394:Establishment 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14381: 14379: 14377: 14373: 14363: 14360: 14358: 14355: 14353: 14350: 14348: 14345: 14343: 14340: 14338: 14335: 14333: 14330: 14329: 14327: 14325:Extraordinary 14323: 14317: 14314: 14312: 14311:Promagistrate 14309: 14307: 14304: 14302: 14299: 14297: 14294: 14292: 14289: 14287: 14284: 14282: 14279: 14277: 14274: 14272: 14269: 14268: 14266: 14262: 14259: 14257: 14253: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14222: 14219: 14217: 14214: 14212: 14209: 14207: 14204: 14202: 14199: 14197: 14194: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14182: 14179: 14177: 14174: 14172: 14169: 14167: 14164: 14162: 14159: 14157: 14154: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14143: 14141: 14139: 14135: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14098:Twelve Tables 14096: 14095: 14093: 14091: 14087: 14081: 14078: 14076: 14073: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14054: 14051: 14050: 14049: 14046: 14044: 14041: 14039: 14036: 14034: 14031: 14029: 14026: 14024: 14021: 14019: 14016: 14015: 14013: 14011: 14007: 13995: 13992: 13991: 13990: 13987: 13983: 13980: 13978: 13975: 13974: 13973: 13970: 13966: 13963: 13961: 13958: 13957: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13946: 13943: 13941: 13938: 13936: 13933: 13932: 13930: 13928: 13924: 13918: 13915: 13911: 13908: 13907: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13897: 13894: 13891: 13889: 13885: 13879: 13876: 13874: 13871: 13870: 13867: 13862: 13855: 13850: 13848: 13843: 13841: 13836: 13835: 13832: 13826: 13823: 13820: 13816: 13813: 13810: 13807: 13806: 13800: 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13781: 13776: 13761: 13757: 13753: 13749: 13745: 13741: 13737: 13733: 13729: 13725: 13721: 13717: 13713: 13709: 13705: 13701: 13697: 13696: 13690: 13686: 13681: 13677: 13672: 13668: 13662: 13658: 13657: 13652: 13648: 13644: 13639: 13635: 13630: 13626: 13621: 13617: 13613: 13609: 13605: 13600: 13596: 13592: 13588: 13584: 13580: 13576: 13572: 13566: 13562: 13558: 13554: 13550: 13544: 13540: 13536: 13532: 13528: 13527: 13523:(1776–1789). 13522: 13518: 13514: 13509: 13505: 13500: 13496: 13491: 13487: 13482: 13478: 13474: 13470: 13459: 13458: 13453: 13449: 13445: 13441: 13436: 13431: 13427: 13423: 13419: 13415: 13411: 13407: 13403: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13391: 13379: 13373: 13369: 13364: 13360: 13355: 13351: 13345: 13340: 13339: 13332: 13328: 13324: 13320: 13314: 13310: 13306: 13302: 13298: 13292: 13288: 13283: 13272: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13252: 13248: 13243: 13239: 13235: 13231: 13230:10.1418/90426 13227: 13223: 13219: 13214: 13210: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13190: 13186: 13182: 13178: 13173: 13169: 13163: 13158: 13157: 13150: 13146: 13140: 13136: 13132: 13128: 13124: 13118: 13114: 13109: 13105: 13099: 13095: 13090: 13087: 13086:0-1928-2296-9 13083: 13079: 13075: 13071: 13068: 13064: 13058: 13054: 13053: 13047: 13043: 13037: 13033: 13029: 13025: 13021: 13017: 13013: 13008: 13007: 13000: 12996: 12990: 12986: 12981: 12977: 12971: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12949: 12945: 12941: 12937: 12933: 12927: 12923: 12922: 12916: 12912: 12906: 12902: 12897: 12893: 12887: 12883: 12882: 12876: 12872: 12868: 12864: 12858: 12854: 12853: 12852:World History 12848: 12844: 12840: 12836: 12832: 12829:. Routledge. 12828: 12824: 12820: 12816: 12810: 12805: 12804: 12797: 12793: 12788: 12784: 12780: 12776: 12770: 12766: 12761: 12757: 12751: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12735: 12734: 12720: 12714: 12710: 12703: 12697: 12691: 12683: 12677: 12673: 12666: 12658: 12656:9780452008496 12652: 12648: 12641: 12633: 12629: 12625: 12621: 12614: 12606: 12600: 12596: 12595: 12587: 12579: 12572: 12565: 12561: 12557: 12553: 12546: 12541: 12535: 12531: 12524: 12516: 12510: 12506: 12505: 12496: 12495: 12487: 12480: 12476: 12462: 12461: 12452: 12451: 12443: 12427: 12423: 12416: 12408: 12406:9780715621943 12402: 12399:. Duckworth. 12398: 12391: 12384: 12380: 12375: 12359: 12355: 12349: 12342: 12339: 12333: 12325: 12321: 12317: 12310: 12302: 12296: 12292: 12287: 12286: 12276: 12269: 12263: 12256: 12251: 12243: 12239: 12235: 12229: 12227: 12219: 12215: 12210: 12208: 12206: 12189: 12183: 12174: 12172: 12162: 12160: 12158: 12150: 12144: 12137: 12131: 12124: 12118: 12116: 12114: 12106: 12100: 12098: 12090: 12084: 12076: 12070: 12066: 12065: 12057: 12050: 12046: 12040: 12032: 12028: 12024: 12020: 12016: 12012: 12008: 12004: 12000: 11993: 11978: 11974: 11967: 11959: 11953: 11949: 11942: 11927: 11923: 11919: 11915: 11909: 11907: 11892: 11886: 11882: 11878: 11874: 11870: 11863: 11855: 11851: 11847: 11843: 11839: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11816: 11801: 11797: 11791: 11776: 11772: 11766: 11751: 11747: 11741: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11713: 11709: 11702: 11700: 11692: 11687: 11680: 11675: 11668: 11663: 11657:, p. 89. 11656: 11651: 11636: 11630: 11626: 11625: 11617: 11615: 11607: 11602: 11595: 11590: 11588: 11586: 11584: 11575: 11569: 11565: 11564: 11556: 11548: 11542: 11538: 11537: 11529: 11521: 11515: 11511: 11510: 11502: 11495: 11491: 11485: 11481: 11480: 11472: 11465: 11461: 11460: 11453: 11438: 11431: 11429: 11421: 11416: 11409: 11404: 11397: 11392: 11384: 11383: 11375: 11374: 11366: 11360:, p. 24. 11359: 11358:Matyszak 2003 11354: 11347: 11346:Rochette 2023 11343: 11342:Rochette 2011 11339: 11335: 11330: 11323: 11322:Rochette 2018 11318: 11311: 11310:Rochette 2018 11307: 11306:Rochette 2023 11302: 11296: 11292: 11288: 11282: 11275: 11270: 11262: 11258: 11254: 11247: 11240: 11236: 11233: 11228: 11222: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11204: 11197: 11191: 11183: 11177: 11173: 11172: 11164: 11157: 11152: 11145: 11140: 11133: 11129: 11124: 11117: 11113: 11108: 11102:, 1984, p. 12 11101: 11097: 11091: 11085: 11081: 11077: 11071: 11064: 11060: 11056: 11052: 11048: 11044: 11040: 11039:0-1981-4386-9 11036: 11032: 11031:0-1405-6033-5 11028: 11024: 11020: 11016: 11012: 10998: 10994: 10990: 10983: 10975: 10971: 10967: 10960: 10952: 10946: 10942: 10941: 10940:Roads to Rome 10933: 10925: 10919: 10915: 10914: 10906: 10899: 10894: 10887: 10881: 10879: 10871: 10865: 10857: 10851: 10847: 10840: 10833: 10828: 10821: 10816: 10809: 10804: 10798: 10792: 10788: 10781: 10774: 10769: 10767: 10759: 10754: 10747: 10743: 10738: 10732: 10726: 10722: 10715: 10707: 10705:0-1950-8974-X 10701: 10697: 10690: 10684:, p. 33. 10683: 10678: 10670: 10668:0-3945-7188-6 10664: 10660: 10652: 10646: 10640: 10636: 10629: 10627: 10625: 10617: 10613: 10608: 10606: 10604: 10602: 10594: 10593:Matyszak 2003 10589: 10582: 10577: 10575: 10573: 10565: 10561: 10556: 10550:, p. 31. 10549: 10544: 10542: 10534: 10529: 10527: 10525: 10523: 10521: 10519: 10517: 10515: 10507: 10502: 10500: 10492: 10486: 10479: 10475: 10470: 10468: 10466: 10459:, p. 46. 10458: 10453: 10445: 10439: 10435: 10428: 10420: 10414: 10410: 10403: 10396: 10390: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10373: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10352: 10347: 10339: 10332: 10331:"Chapter LXI" 10325: 10318: 10313: 10306: 10302: 10297: 10289: 10283: 10279: 10278: 10270: 10262: 10256: 10252: 10251: 10243: 10235: 10231: 10227: 10220: 10218: 10216: 10208: 10204: 10199: 10192: 10187: 10179: 10172: 10165: 10159: 10155: 10149: 10143: 10139: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10112: 10108: 10105: 10101: 10098: 10094: 10091: 10087: 10083: 10076: 10075:0-3122-5264-1 10072: 10068: 10062: 10046: 10040: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10007: 10002: 9995: 9990: 9983: 9977: 9970: 9963: 9955: 9948: 9941: 9937: 9930: 9923: 9918: 9911: 9906: 9900: 9894: 9887: 9883: 9876: 9869: 9865: 9862: 9859: 9855: 9852: 9848: 9842:, III et XXX. 9841: 9837: 9834: 9830: 9822: 9815: 9808: 9806: 9798: 9794: 9788: 9784: 9780: 9773: 9766: 9762: 9759: 9755: 9748: 9744: 9739: 9731: 9725: 9721: 9720: 9712: 9703: 9701: 9693: 9689: 9686: 9683: 9682:Roman History 9680:Cassius Dio, 9679: 9675: 9668: 9667:Roman History 9665:Cassius Dio, 9664: 9660: 9653: 9652:Roman History 9650:Cassius Dio, 9649: 9645: 9638: 9633: 9626: 9621: 9613: 9609: 9602: 9595: 9591: 9586: 9579: 9578:Roman History 9575: 9571: 9565: 9563: 9555: 9551: 9548: 9544: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9521: 9515: 9511: 9507: 9506: 9499: 9491: 9485: 9478: 9477:Roman History 9475:Cassius Dio, 9474: 9470: 9464:, LXVIII, 13. 9463: 9462:Roman History 9460:Cassius Dio, 9459: 9455: 9448: 9447:Roman History 9445:Cassius Dio, 9444: 9440: 9432: 9426: 9419: 9418:Roman History 9413: 9407: 9400: 9395: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9358: 9357:Roman History 9355:Cassius Dio, 9354: 9350: 9342: 9341: 9336: 9330: 9328: 9318: 9311: 9306: 9304: 9288: 9284: 9278: 9274: 9269: 9260: 9244: 9242: 9234: 9219: 9217:9781472519801 9213: 9209: 9208: 9201: 9186: 9184:9781472519801 9180: 9176: 9172: 9170: 9166: 9165:Rectrix Mundi 9157: 9142: 9140:9780241003909 9136: 9132: 9131: 9123: 9108: 9106:9788896543092 9102: 9098: 9097: 9093: 9085: 9070: 9068:9780709931218 9064: 9060: 9059: 9056: 9048: 9032: 9028: 9021: 9014: 9009: 9002: 8998: 8995: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8975: 8969: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8935: 8929: 8921: 8915: 8907: 8901: 8892: 8885: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8865: 8861: 8854: 8846: 8842: 8835: 8827: 8823: 8816: 8812: 8805: 8797: 8793: 8786: 8779: 8778:Roman History 8776:Cassius Dio, 8775: 8771: 8764: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8745: 8741: 8736: 8729: 8725: 8721: 8717: 8710: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8690: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8668: 8662: 8656: 8648: 8644: 8637: 8629: 8625: 8618: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8598: 8590: 8584: 8580: 8575: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8556: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8530: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8504: 8497: 8493: 8488: 8481: 8477: 8470: 8465: 8457: 8456: 8448: 8440: 8439: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8418: 8417: 8409: 8403:, p. 38. 8402: 8397: 8390: 8386: 8383: 8378: 8376: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8344: 8340: 8337: 8331: 8330: 8325: 8319: 8304: 8300: 8294: 8290: 8285: 8277: 8276: 8271: 8266: 8258: 8251:. p. 35. 8250: 8243: 8228: 8224: 8218: 8211: 8207: 8202: 8195:. p. 61. 8194: 8187: 8180: 8176: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8162: 8157: 8150: 8146: 8141: 8139: 8137: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8110: 8104: 8098:, p. 39. 8097: 8092: 8084: 8078: 8073: 8072: 8066: 8059: 8052: 8048: 8043: 8035: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8012: 8005: 8004:Matyszak 2003 8000: 7993: 7988: 7982:, p. 43. 7981: 7976: 7970:, p. 42. 7969: 7964: 7958:, p. 40. 7957: 7952: 7946:, p. 39. 7945: 7940: 7934:, p. 37. 7933: 7928: 7922:, p. 36. 7921: 7916: 7914: 7912: 7904: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7885: 7878: 7872: 7866:, p. 32. 7865: 7860: 7853: 7848: 7842:, p. 31. 7841: 7836: 7830:, p. 29. 7829: 7824: 7817: 7812: 7804: 7798: 7794: 7793: 7784: 7778: 7774: 7773: 7764: 7758: 7754: 7753: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7671: 7665: 7663: 7647: 7643: 7637: 7633: 7619: 7613: 7604: 7595: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7553:0-1405-1076-1 7549: 7545: 7540: 7537: 7533: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7516: 7513: 7510: 7508:estimates 48. 7505: 7499: 7495: 7491: 7487: 7485:estimates 54. 7482: 7477: 7475:estimates 55. 7472: 7468: 7464: 7460: 7455: 7452: 7449: 7448: 7444: 7435: 7431: 7421: 7418: 7416: 7413: 7411: 7408: 7406: 7403: 7401: 7398: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7381: 7379: 7376: 7375: 7374: 7371: 7370: 7366: 7355: 7352: 7341: 7332: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7322:How Rome fell 7319: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7301: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7268:Michael Grant 7266: 7264: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7254: 7249: 7248:Edward Gibbon 7246: 7245: 7244: 7242: 7238: 7237: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7225: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7205:. During the 7204: 7200: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7187: 7183: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7163: 7160: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7148: 7147: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7130: 7125: 7122: 7119: 7115: 7114: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7092: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7072: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7061: 7056: 7055: 7050: 7049:Julius Caesar 7047: 7045: 7044: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7030: 7028: 7027: 7026:The Histories 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7008: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6987: 6979: 6964: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6904: 6894: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6879: 6878:Cloaca Maxima 6874: 6870: 6866: 6865:flush toilets 6862: 6861: 6856: 6852: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6835: 6833: 6832: 6826: 6825:Roman legions 6821: 6813: 6809: 6804: 6800: 6798: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6774: 6769: 6768: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6732: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6708: 6703: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6655: 6654:trade secrets 6651: 6647: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6618: 6608: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6574: 6570: 6566: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6538: 6534: 6530: 6526: 6521: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6495: 6491: 6486: 6476: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6460: 6459: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6434: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6396: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6373: 6368: 6363: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6352:snail farming 6349: 6345: 6341: 6336: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6299: 6295: 6291: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6227: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6197: 6193: 6192:St Petersburg 6189: 6185: 6180: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6157: 6153: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6117: 6113: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6092: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6075: 6073: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6062: 6057: 6053: 6052: 6047: 6046: 6041: 6040: 6035: 6034: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6004:. During the 6003: 5998: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5975: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5953: 5945: 5941: 5940: 5934: 5927: 5926:Roman artwork 5923: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5869: 5867: 5863: 5857: 5855: 5854: 5849: 5846:), fairness ( 5845: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5821: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5810:Constantine I 5807: 5803: 5799: 5794: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5777: 5776:imperial cult 5773: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5742: 5737: 5736: 5731: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5683: 5679: 5674: 5669: 5665: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5635: 5631: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5615: 5611: 5607: 5603: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5587: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5549: 5539: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5521: 5517: 5513: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5492:Palatine Hill 5489: 5486: 5481: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5467: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5440: 5435: 5430: 5420: 5418: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5395: 5391: 5390:Julius Caesar 5387: 5381: 5379: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5334: 5333:post meridiem 5330: 5326: 5325:ante meridiem 5322: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5306: 5302: 5292: 5289: 5285: 5279: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5252: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5241: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5204: 5202: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5183:. During the 5182: 5178: 5177: 5169: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5155: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5114: 5112: 5107: 5105: 5104:Mediterranean 5101: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5048: 5044: 5043:central Italy 5040: 5036: 5032: 5029:system, with 5028: 5024: 5017: 5013: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4997: 4993: 4988: 4985: 4980: 4978: 4977:crop rotation 4974: 4970: 4966: 4963:, Sicily and 4962: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4934: 4933: 4927: 4922: 4918: 4914: 4913:Roman finance 4910: 4906: 4896: 4894: 4890: 4884: 4882: 4881: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4857: 4853: 4849: 4841: 4837: 4832: 120 BC 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4800: 4798: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4778: 4773: 4772: 4767: 4766: 4761: 4760: 4755: 4754: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4737: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4724: 4723: 4717: 4716: 4715:vexillationes 4710: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4695: 4694: 4689: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4651: 4649: 4648: 4643: 4642: 4637: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4624: 4623: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4607: 4605: 4604: 4599: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4536: 4532: 4521: 4516: 4514: 4509: 4507: 4502: 4501: 4499: 4498: 4495: 4485: 4484: 4472: 4471: 4467: 4465: 4464: 4460: 4458: 4457: 4453: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4436:Trajan's Wall 4434: 4432: 4431:Limes Moesiae 4429: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4412: 4408: 4407: 4404: 4403:Norican Limes 4401: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4393: 4388: 4385: 4383: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4354: 4353: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4331:Antonine Wall 4329: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4313: 4312: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4291: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4273: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4261: 4251: 4246: 4245: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4219: 4218:Siege engines 4216: 4214: 4213: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4187: 4179: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4166: 4165: 4153: 4150: 4148: 4145: 4144: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4134: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4120: 4119: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4079: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4059: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 4000: 3995: 3994:Roman Emperor 3990: 3988: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3925: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3889: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3873: 3868: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3816: 3806: 3804: 3803: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3781: 3779: 3778: 3777:magister ludi 3773: 3769: 3768: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3740: 3736: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3720: 3710: 3708: 3704: 3700: 3696: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3679:cum suffragio 3676: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3638: 3636: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3613: 3611: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3534: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3519: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3498: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3436: 3426: 3424: 3420: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3399: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3313: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3245: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3165: 3156: 3147: 3138: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3058:ancient world 3054: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3027:The reign of 3025: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3003: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2975: 2974:Constantine I 2971: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2952: 2951:Aula Palatina 2947: 2943: 2941: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2900: 2896: 2891: 2881: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2832:Gallic Empire 2829: 2825: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2772: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2746: 2745:Gallic Empire 2742: 2737: 2732: 2722: 2720: 2717:and also the 2716: 2712: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2659: 2655: 2647: 2643: 2638: 2634: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2608: 2607:Severan Tondo 2603: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2538: 2536: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2472: 2468: 2466: 2465:Antonine Wall 2462: 2458: 2454: 2449: 2445: 2441: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2420: 2419:Antonine Wall 2416: 2411: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2400:Jewish revolt 2397: 2394:(near modern 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2369: 2365: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2325: 2320: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2265: 2261: 2256: 2247: 2245: 2241: 2237: 2233: 2228: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2094: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2069: 2066: 2060: 2059:rectrix mundi 2055: 2050: 2048: 2042: 2037: 2035: 2031: 2030:Julius Vindex 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004:, London and 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1974:sacred groves 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1875:Pater patriae 1871: 1867: 1863: 1855: 1851: 1850:client states 1845: 1841: 1839: 1835: 1834: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1820: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1796:. Poets like 1795: 1791: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1750: 1749:standing army 1746: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1733: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1688: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1669: 1668:Roman emperor 1665: 1661: 1656: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1610:Cleopatra VII 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1582: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1567:proscriptions 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1542: 1541: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1528: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1489: 1488:Ides of March 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1458: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1407: 1402: 1401: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1366: 1364: 1363:dictatorships 1360: 1354: 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1330: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1257: 1256: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1233: 1229: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1159: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1129:Late Republic 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1062: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1016: 1001: 996: 991: 985: 975: 973: 969: 965: 961: 957: 953: 949: 944: 942: 937: 933: 929: 925: 920: 918: 917: 912: 911: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 877: 875: 871: 867: 866: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 826: 822: 811: 807: 804: 797: 788: 784: 777: 767: 757: 754: 753: 747: 743: 742: 737: 726: 720: 718: 711: 707: 703: 700: 696: 691: 690:Roman Kingdom 671: 669: 665: 664: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 638:Roma Quadrata 635: 631: 627: 626:founding myth 622: 620: 616: 615:Forum Boarium 612: 608: 604: 593: 592:Palatine Hill 589: 585: 561: 557: 550: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 519: 509: 494: 492: 488: 484: 483:architectural 480: 479:technological 476: 472: 471:United States 468: 466: 465: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 440: 436: 431: 427: 423: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 398:North African 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 371: 366: 364: 360: 356: 355:Roman Kingdom 352: 348: 344: 340: 336: 332: 318: 314: 310: 306: 302: 299: 295: 291: 288: 282: 278: 275: 269: 265: 262: 258: 252: 248: 245: 239: 235: 232: 229: 225: 218: 212: 208: 203: 199: 196: 191: 187: 186: 185: 183: 179: 176: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 154: 150: 139: 136: 129: 126: 119: 116: 115: 113: 109: 104: 95: 86: 77: 66: 61: 57: 56: 51: 47: 42: 38: 33: 30: 26: 22: 23480:Ancient Rome 23449:Western Bloc 23249:AUSCANNZUKUS 23205:Contemporary 23154:Human rights 23000:Latin Church 22974:Christianity 22924: 22883:Conservatism 22728:contemporary 22565:Architecture 22501:World War II 22461:Emancipation 22456:Abolitionism 22344:Romanization 22339:Roman legacy 22320:Roman Empire 22314: 22201:(1861–1946) 22179:Papal States 22007:Transpadania 21580:Stato da Màr 21262:Papal States 21173:Lombard rule 21137:Early Modern 21125:(395–476 AD) 21117:Roman Empire 21097:Ancient Rome 21096: 20789:Architecture 20759:Quattrocento 20716:Social class 20696:Prostitution 20610:Demographics 20532:Trade unions 20475:Central Bank 20317:Human rights 20297:Constitution 20080:Contemporary 20050:World War II 19938:Italian Wars 19862:Early modern 19804:Papal States 19782:Italy under 19728:Ancient Rome 19727: 19353:Dura-Europos 19313:: Heliopolis 19206:modern names 19154:Dura-Europos 18794:Ancient Rome 18793: 18747: 18702:Armenian War 18665:Roman Empire 18648:Perusine War 18640: 18576: 18555:Servile Wars 18550:Cimbrian War 18503:Galatian War 18422:Samnite Wars 18235:Andronikos V 18233: 18216: 18164: 18132: 18110: 18098: 18081: 18075: 18069: 18057: 18051: 17964: 17958: 17952: 17925: 17908: 17896: 17879: 17867: 17861: 17848:Nikephoros I 17823: 17822: 17816: 17783: 17780:Justinian II 17775:Tiberius III 17765:Justinian II 17756: 17750: 17733: 17685: 17657:Anastasius I 17648: 17592: 17588:Julius Nepos 17580: 17573: 17561: 17549: 17542: 17530: 17518: 17509: 17508: 17502: 17475: 17466: 17465: 17459: 17450:Theodosius I 17437: 17410: 17403: 17396: 17367:Maximinus II 17354: 17256: 17239: 17226: 17220: 17208: 17196: 17129: 17091:Lucius Verus 16896:Constitution 16878:Roman Empire 16836:Constitution 16798:Constitution 16738:Constitution 16725:Ancient Rome 16724: 16579:Gubernaculum 16548:Golden Bough 16517:Neoplatonism 16512:Epicureanism 16441: 16414: 16395: 16376: 16369: 16355: 15860:Anna Perenna 15834: 15716:Institutions 15580:Leptis Magna 15533:Major cities 15440:Philostratus 15227:Quadrigarius 15047:Rufus Festus 14910:Contemporary 14631:Romanization 14554:Architecture 14161:Collegiality 14010:Constitution 13861:Ancient Rome 13860: 13809:Ancient Rome 13789:Online books 13780:Ancient Rome 13779: 13762:. Routledge. 13759: 13747: 13699: 13693: 13684: 13675: 13655: 13645:. Blackwell. 13642: 13633: 13624: 13615: 13603: 13594: 13585:. Routledge. 13582: 13560: 13538: 13524: 13512: 13503: 13494: 13485: 13476: 13461:. Retrieved 13456: 13405: 13399: 13367: 13358: 13337: 13308: 13286: 13274:. Retrieved 13250: 13221: 13180: 13155: 13134: 13112: 13093: 13073: 13051: 13022:. New York: 13019: 13005: 12984: 12965: 12943: 12920: 12900: 12880: 12851: 12826: 12802: 12791: 12764: 12745: 12708: 12702: 12690: 12671: 12665: 12646: 12640: 12632:the original 12623: 12613: 12593: 12586: 12577: 12571: 12563: 12559: 12552: 12543: 12529: 12523: 12503: 12493: 12486: 12478: 12465:. Retrieved 12459: 12449: 12442: 12430:. Retrieved 12415: 12396: 12390: 12374: 12362:. Retrieved 12357: 12348: 12340: 12332: 12323: 12319: 12309: 12284: 12275: 12267: 12262: 12250: 12242:the original 12237: 12192:. 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17792:Philippicus 17742:Constans II 17667:Justinian I 17563:Severus III 17511:Constans II 17265:Claudius II 17241:Silbannacus 17188:Gordian III 17163:Maximinus I 17131:Diadumenian 16916:Magistrates 16868:Magistrates 16813:Magistrates 16775:Magistrates 16653:Persecution 16605:Gallo-Roman 16397:Res divinae 16269:Rhea Silvia 15711:Geographers 15395:Dioscorides 15375:Cassius Dio 14997:Cassiodorus 14900:Renaissance 14506:Agriculture 14478:Auxiliaries 14419:Engineering 14256:Magistrates 14108:Citizenship 14103:Mos maiorum 14038:Late Empire 13756:Wyke, Maria 13744:Woolf, Greg 13625:Roman Italy 13463:17 December 13452:Cassius Dio 13412:: 708–714. 13276:22 December 13183:: 549–563. 13137:. Penguin. 12968:. Phoenix. 12730:Works cited 12649:. Penguin. 12628:Kuusankoski 12379:Keegan 1993 12238:SPQR Online 12216:, pp. 12214:Casson 1998 12188:"Dalmatica" 12009:: 157–165. 11982:29 November 11931:29 November 11896:29 November 11805:29 November 11780:29 November 11755:29 November 11408:Willis 2000 11396:Willis 2000 11130:, pp. 11128:Casson 1998 11114:, pp. 11112:Casson 1998 10886:Potter 2004 10832:Mackay 2004 10820:Mackay 2004 10797:Flower 2004 10789:. pp. 10742:Mackay 2004 10731:Flower 2004 10645:Flower 2004 10637:. pp. 10614:, pp. 10612:Keegan 1993 10562:, pp. 10548:Werner 1978 10372:Abstract of 10008:, pp. 9814:"Chapter X" 9795:, pp. 9745:, pp. 9654:, LXXVI, 7. 9608:"Chapter I" 9570:Cassius Dio 9381:Suetonius, 9362:Suetonius, 9310:Scarre 1995 9249:20 November 9223:20 November 9190:20 November 9146:20 November 9112:20 November 9074:20 November 9037:20 November 8988:Suetonius, 8958:21 February 8878:Suetonius, 8780:, LVII, 12. 8757:Suetonius, 8722:Suetonius, 8703:Suetonius, 8542:Suetonius, 8357:, pp. 8291:, pp. 8232:6 September 8147:, pp. 8047:Magistratus 7651:5 September 7305:Ronald Syme 7153:Cassius Dio 6957:Renaissance 6820:Roman roads 6642:Middle Ages 6569:board games 6508:, Germany, 6344:aquaculture 6091:Herculaneum 6024:Greek music 6020:Roman music 5942:, from the 5772:sacred king 5720:(60–79 AD). 5552:The native 5502:and middle 5446:seven hills 5370:Constantine 5137:Roman Egypt 5084:commodities 5080:Roman roads 5057:Roman pound 5014:, built by 4860:quinquereme 4672:During the 4588:city-states 4341:Saxon Shore 3978:magistrates 3966:tax farming 3962:bureaucracy 3909:res publica 3785:grammaticus 3739:Herculaneum 3683:Roman tribe 3625:equestrians 3492:Jus gentium 3469:Jus gentium 3449:Justinian I 3403:Roman Forum 3326:during the 3268:Middle Ages 3125:, ruled by 2998:Middle Ages 2986:Constantine 2697:Cassius Dio 2631:Caledonians 2531:Cassius Dio 2500:Meditations 2384:Mesopotamia 2328:Dacian wars 1990:Camulodunum 1978:East Anglia 1938:Britannicus 1880:Civic Crown 1833:Pax Augusta 1614:Hellenistic 1551:Liberatores 1546:Divi filius 1527:Liberatores 1493:Liberatores 1255:lex Claudia 1250:equestrians 1246:tax farming 1103:Hellenistic 1028:Celtiberian 946:The Romans 844:magistrates 654:Tiber River 607:Roman Forum 464:res publica 422:Mesopotamia 374:River Tiber 133:(509–27 BC) 23474:Categories 23409:Rio Treaty 22920:Relativism 22878:Liberalism 22844:Empiricism 22796:Philosophy 22784:Secularism 22735:Philosophy 22672:Literature 22466:Capitalism 22058:Pontecorvo 22016:Monarchies 22002:Subalpinia 21967:Cispadania 21962:Cisalpinia 21944:Napoleonic 21651:(774–1139) 21563:(697–1797) 21265:(754–1870) 21227:(584–751) 21175:(568–774) 20924:Traditions 20914:Television 20899:Philosophy 20864:Literature 20804:Cathedrals 20774:Settecento 20635:Healthcare 20600:Corruption 20595:Censorship 20354:Parliament 20312:Government 20112:Maxi Trial 20060:Resistance 19789:Ostrogoths 19721:Messapians 19606:Villanovan 19596:Prehistory 19589:Prehistory 19428:See also: 19403:: Seleucia 19366:: Laodicea 19252:: Neronias 19099:Heliopolis 19003:Singidunum 18980:Mediolanum 18683:Gothic War 18444:Punic Wars 18432:Social War 18071:Andronikos 18059:Nikephoros 18008:Michael IV 17973:Romanos II 17893:Theophilos 17888:Michael II 17869:Staurakios 17853:Staurakios 17825:Nikephoros 17818:Artabasdos 17730:Heraclonas 17687:Theodosius 17645:Basiliscus 17405:Nepotianus 17398:Magnentius 17392:Constans I 17345:Severus II 17325:Diocletian 17270:Quintillus 17235:Aemilianus 17228:Volusianus 17173:Gordian II 17138:Elagabalus 17001:Principate 16944:Obligation 16911:Assemblies 16863:Assemblies 16808:Assemblies 16758:Centuriate 16748:Assemblies 16598:Variations 16500:Philosophy 16479:Capitolium 16386:Propertius 16153:Averruncus 16138:Aeternitas 16128:Abundantia 16057:Proserpina 15600:Mediolanum 15540:Alexandria 15505:Themistius 15470:Porphyrius 15297:Tertullian 15232:Quintilian 15222:Propertius 15117:Lactantius 15067:Fulgentius 15002:Censorinus 14824:Sanitation 14809:Metallurgy 14766:Technology 14731:Demography 14679:Patricians 14646:Spectacles 14604:Literature 14599:Hairstyles 14436:Technology 14186:Praefectus 14138:Government 14128:Litigation 14113:Auctoritas 14058:Centuriate 13945:Principate 13940:Pax Romana 13900:Foundation 13198:2268/35932 12566:, XI, 5–7. 12558:Plutarch, 12381:, p. 12326:: 137–143. 11918:HathiTrust 11691:Grant 2005 11627:. Norton. 10898:Elton 1996 10773:Elton 1996 10723:. p. 10476:, p. 10393:N.Morley, 10365:, p. 10303:, p. 10205:, p. 10140:, p. 10106:, 6, §3.; 10099:, 6, §4.; 10092:, 8, §2.; 9860:, XXXII.; 9275:, p. 9003:, XXXVIII. 8843:. p. 8742:, p. 8561:Plutarch, 8210:Miles 2011 8130:, XXIX, 2. 8122:Plutarch, 7720:(2): 222. 7628:References 7465:(3): 263. 7415:Roman army 7327:Mary Beard 7207:Napoleonic 7175:Res Gestae 6945:literature 6929:technology 6851:sanitation 6808:Appian Way 6611:Technology 6565:Dice games 6513: 2nd 6483:See also: 6426:Pudentiana 6403:See also: 6367:ientaculum 6313:Arab world 6286:green peas 6244:and other 5995:monochrome 5906:See also: 5831:compassion 5802:Diocletian 5791:Greek gods 5787:Roman gods 5706:triclinium 5626:punic wars 5614:vocabulary 5574:word stems 5536:patricians 5504:equestrian 5488:residences 5466:gymnasiums 5354:clepsydrae 5299:See also: 5254:In law, a 5133:gold glass 5096:Alexandria 4957:annexation 4945:free trade 4848:Roman navy 4825:Palastrina 4803:Roman navy 4791:Diocletian 4765:propraetor 4674:Principate 4663:stipendium 4577:Roman army 4575:The early 4545:chain mail 4372:Main Limes 4040:Roman navy 4036:Roman army 4004:autocratic 3935:patricians 3930:auctoritas 3914:Roman laws 3809:Government 3772:litterator 3695:Social War 3642:proletarii 3635:proletarii 3609:novus homo 3584:patriarchs 3580:patricians 3532:The Orator 3478:Jus civile 3464:Jus civile 3409:and later 3246:. General 3214:conquered 3095:barbarians 3045:Mediolanum 3014:Diocletian 2936:Principate 2899:Diocletian 2885:Diocletian 2868:Diocletian 2812:Asia Minor 2784:Gordian II 2693:Elagabalus 2678:Mary Beard 2663:Alexandria 2461:philosophy 2431:Mauretania 2221:Cappadocia 2018:Christians 2002:Colchester 1998:Verulamium 1878:, and the 1838:Pax Romana 1766:Germanicus 1722:Augustus ( 1685:Pax Romana 1537:Caesar as 1319:Social War 1237:latifundia 1214:Patricians 1135:Macedonian 1000:Punic Wars 988:See also: 984:Punic Wars 978:Punic Wars 962:, a major 901:patricians 874:patricians 650:Trojan War 634:Alba Longa 603:Capitoline 541:Alba Longa 439:autocratic 392:) and the 329:In modern 292:476/480 AD 182:Government 23354:Five Eyes 23349:EU–UK TCA 23191:Democracy 23080:Old Norse 22969:Abrahamic 22926:Peritrope 22908:Tolerance 22888:Socialism 22718:Mythology 22706:Classical 22655:Languages 22633:Astrology 22481:Modernism 22295:Old World 22033:Guastalla 22023:Benevento 21955:Republics 21810:Judicates 21658:Byzantine 21315:and other 21253:(585–698) 21245:(554–752) 21239:(554–752) 21233:(533–751) 21218:(584–751) 21169:(435–534) 21163:(493–553) 21157:(476–493) 21148:(476–774) 21082:Iapygians 20884:Mythology 20859:Libraries 20779:Ottocento 20721:Terrorism 20662:Languages 20615:Education 20537:Transport 20487:Companies 20394:Provinces 20364:President 20329:Judiciary 20302:Elections 20214:Volcanoes 20209:Volcanism 20202:Apennines 20187:Mountains 20155:Peninsula 20138:Geography 20069:Civil War 19794:Byzantium 19701:Etruscans 19636:Canegrate 19631:Golasecca 19616:Rinaldone 19611:Terramare 19601:Neolithic 19397:: Antioch 19378:: Palmyra 19307:: Berytus 19227:Jerusalem 19063:Ptolemais 18985:Placentia 18975:Florentia 18834:Londinium 18313:Classical 18298:Empresses 18282:(286–296) 18276:(267–273) 18270:(260–274) 18013:Michael V 17939:Alexander 17752:Heraclius 17720:Heraclius 17672:Justin II 17582:Glycerius 17569:Anthemius 17439:Procopius 17377:Martinian 17356:Maxentius 17285:Florianus 17258:Saloninus 17253:Gallienus 17222:Hostilian 17198:Philip II 17168:Gordian I 17116:Caracalla 17051:Vespasian 17046:Vitellius 16939:Roman law 16625:Mithraism 16610:Mysteries 16459:Palladium 16437:Festivals 16213:Securitas 16163:Concordia 16107:Vertumnus 15925:Dīs Pater 15822:mythology 15756:Quaestors 15686:Empresses 15676:Dynasties 15666:Dictators 15641:and other 15630:Volubilis 15625:Vindobona 15585:Londinium 15510:Theodoret 15480:Procopius 15460:Polyaenus 15435:Pausanias 15337:Vitruvius 15282:Symmachus 15277:Suetonius 15187:Petronius 15172:Obsequens 15137:Macrobius 15132:Lucretius 15057:Frontinus 15032:Eutropius 15017:Columella 14967:Augustine 14957:Appuleius 14905:Neo-Latin 14880:Classical 14871:Versions 14779:Aqueducts 14721:Patronage 14641:Sexuality 14614:Mythology 14589:Education 14579:Cosmetics 14404:Campaigns 14399:Structure 14352:Decemviri 14211:Imperator 13910:overthrow 13736:207965960 13327:16929915W 13238:1720-9331 12783:25033142M 12364:19 August 12194:12 August 12023:0065-6801 11875:, Brill, 11854:161471143 11846:2166-3033 11724:0894-8631 11442:11 August 11003:2 October 10351:Mehmet II 10051:12 August 9637:Cary 1967 9370:, VII, 3. 9359:, LXVI.; 9335:Suetonius 9263:Suetonius 8999:Tacitus, 8711:, XXI, 1. 8606:Roman Art 8583:bbc.co.uk 8065:"Book II" 7736:1076-156X 7694:0145-5532 7239:, all by 7219:Caesarean 7135:Histories 7108:Suetonius 6999:Civil War 6949:languages 6857:, called 6839:aqueducts 6812:Via Appia 6761:Vitruvius 6753:pozzolana 6723:composite 6692:Colosseum 6676:aqueducts 6590:Colisseum 6549:wrestling 6494:Gladiator 6325:New World 6266:asparagus 6260:, onion, 6248:(such as 6246:brassicas 6130:Vespasian 6071:hydraulis 5924:, Italy, 5882:Roman art 5866:pudicitia 5848:severitas 5844:clementia 5840:moderatio 5474:aqueducts 5460:. It had 5450:Colosseum 5372:. Romans 5341:horologia 5021:Although 4987:workers. 4984:quarrying 4969:olive oil 4932:fullonica 4893:limitanei 4838:) in the 4821:Praeneste 4771:proconsul 4733:foederati 4728:foederati 4699:limitanei 4688:Gallienus 4667:Civil War 4628:principes 4571:/ Germany 4357:Alb Limes 3955:quaestors 3904:oligarchy 3752:paedagogi 3749:, called 3713:Education 3707:dediticii 3703:Caracalla 3675:Roman law 3671:peregrini 3588:plebeians 3435:Roman law 3292:Justinian 3236:Britannia 3228:Gallaecia 3220:Visigoths 3180:entering 3178:Visigoths 3174:invasions 3033:Mardonius 3018:Byzantium 2990:Maxentius 2967:Christian 2906:Tetrarchy 2880:Tetrarchy 2844:Sassanids 2792:Hostilian 2780:Gordian I 2768:Mithraism 2760:pandemics 2756:invasions 2672:dediticii 2654:Caracalla 2644:from the 2642:Caracalla 2627:waged war 2576:Britannia 2535:decadence 2392:Ctesiphon 2203:Colosseum 2181:Vitellius 2133:imperator 2120:Jerusalem 2082:Vespasian 2014:Cleopatra 2006:St Albans 1994:Londinium 1786:Illyricum 1774:Aquitania 1770:Cantabria 1561:, in the 1474:leaders: 1472:optimates 1457:optimates 1406:optimates 1400:populares 1281:optimates 1277:populares 1228:provinces 1088:guerrilla 952:Etruscans 928:Po Valley 905:plebeians 885:quaestors 752:Jus Latii 710:Tarquinia 487:aqueducts 317:Justinian 257:Overthrow 200:diarchic 188:Elective 23414:Schengen 23344:Eurozone 23184:Property 23179:Religion 23070:Frankish 23060:Germanic 23040:Paganism 22961:Religion 22949:European 22861:Humanism 22764:Religion 22723:Painting 22689:Internet 22640:Folklore 22611:Clothing 22582:Calendar 22558:Cyrillic 22543:Alphabet 22506:Cold War 21992:Piedmont 21842:Oristano 21835:Logudoro 21825:Cagliari 21800:Sardinia 21533:Piedmont 21282:Holy See 21133:Medieval 21087:Picentes 21030:Samnites 20962:Category 20849:Internet 20839:Folklore 20769:Seicento 20754:Trecento 20749:Duecento 20711:Religion 20672:Regional 20650:Italians 20625:Gambling 20517:Taxation 20344:Military 20285:Politics 20087:Republic 19874:Florence 19799:Lombards 19738:Republic 19684:Samnites 19679:Picentes 19621:Apennine 19580:Railways 19560:Military 19508:By topic 19492:Overview 19476:articles 19401:Samandağ 19348:Damascus 19344:: Bostra 19282:: Gerasa 19276:: Gadara 19274:Umm Qais 19195:Neronias 19144:Neapolis 19109:Damascus 19089:Seleucia 19079:Laodicea 18939:Hispania 18888:Lugdunum 18852:Eboracum 18790:Colonies 18308:Usurpers 18303:Augustae 18261:See also 18166:Nicholas 17988:Basil II 17785:Tiberius 17770:Leontius 17758:Tiberius 17735:Tiberius 17713:610–1453 17708:Eastern/ 17662:Justin I 17615:Arcadius 17575:Olybrius 17557:Majorian 17498:Honorius 17477:Eugenius 17412:Vetranio 17362:Licinius 17335:Galerius 17330:Maximian 17315:Dominate 17305:Numerian 17275:Aurelian 17248:Valerian 17193:Philip I 17183:Balbinus 17178:Pupienus 17126:Macrinus 17101:Pertinax 17096:Commodus 17061:Domitian 17026:Claudius 17021:Caligula 17016:Tiberius 17011:Augustus 16768:Plebeian 16665:Glossary 16636:See also 16532:Stoicism 16507:Cynicism 16469:Pomerium 16428:Concepts 16410:Apuleius 16330:She-wolf 16314:Hersilia 16233:Victoria 16133:Aequitas 16087:Summanus 16077:Silvanus 16062:Quirinus 15992:Libertas 15955:Hercules 15900:Cloacina 15885:Carmenta 15880:Bona Dea 15855:Angerona 15850:Agenoria 15761:Tribunes 15751:Praetors 15701:Generals 15681:Emperors 15590:Lugdunum 15575:Eboracum 15565:Carthage 15550:Aquileia 15465:Polybius 15455:Plutarch 15425:Libanius 15415:Josephus 15410:Herodian 15302:Tibullus 15217:Priscian 15192:Phaedrus 15152:Manilius 15097:Jordanes 15082:Hydatius 15012:Claudian 14992:Catullus 14982:Boëthius 14977:Ausonius 14895:Medieval 14867:Alphabet 14839:Theatres 14814:Numerals 14799:Concrete 14789:Circuses 14756:Bagaudae 14746:Adoption 14741:Marriage 14714:Assembly 14619:Religion 14594:Folklore 14574:Clothing 14569:Calendar 14526:Currency 14516:Commerce 14414:Strategy 14376:Military 14362:Triumvir 14342:Dictator 14337:Interrex 14316:Governor 14301:Quaestor 14264:Ordinary 14246:Province 14236:Tetrarch 14226:Augustus 14191:Vicarius 14181:Officium 14118:Imperium 14068:Plebeian 14028:Republic 13950:Dominate 13917:Republic 13878:Timeline 13758:(1997). 13746:(2012). 13728:31699914 13702:(6466). 13653:(1982). 13614:(1990). 13593:(2005). 13581:(1994). 13559:(2008). 13537:(2003). 13475:(2007). 13444:31699931 13408:(6466). 13133:(2011). 13018:(2023). 12964:(2006). 12942:(1996). 12871:6786176M 12849:(2001). 12835:31515793 12825:(1995). 12744:(1998). 12672:Claudius 12426:Archived 11732:25542662 11235:Archived 11118:, 24–32. 11051:40311081 10130:22 March 9594:BBC News 9387:Domitian 9292:21 March 8996:, XVI.; 8884:Claudius 8765:, LXIII. 8763:Augustus 8728:Augustus 8709:Augustus 8675:(1911). 8548:Augustus 8525:Archived 8511:Archived 8385:Archived 8339:Archived 8326:(1889). 8308:22 March 8175:Archived 8164:Archived 7581:Archived 7570:4292284M 7492:(2007). 7337:See also 7281:Claudius 7162:Herodian 7141:Plutarch 7097:Josephus 7021:Polybius 6959:and the 6953:alphabet 6941:military 6921:religion 6907:Classics 6749:invented 6735:Etruscan 6700:Pantheon 6684:theatres 6650:Artisans 6582:leapfrog 6561:handball 6473:dalmatic 6469:Augustus 6445:was the 6389:prandium 6385:vesperna 6377:vesperna 6340:sausages 6335:fruits. 6327:and the 6317:capsicum 6309:eggplant 6298:cucumber 6294:cardoons 6278:parsnips 6270:radishes 6254:broccoli 6207:Republic 6083:brothels 6079:graffiti 6068:and the 6006:Antonine 6002:idealism 5987:Augustus 5956:frescoes 5768:auspices 5724:Archaic 5686:caduceus 5644:Religion 5578:alphabet 5554:language 5542:Language 5516:collegia 5500:plebeian 5485:imperial 5462:theatres 5458:Pantheon 5456:and the 5410:indictio 5362:nundinum 5345:sundials 5316:meridies 5288:Augustus 5260:potestas 5234:potestas 5181:adoption 5065:denarius 5010:View of 4753:quaestor 4704:legiones 4655:adsiduus 4612:maniples 4152:Admirals 4127:Generals 4058:a series 4056:Part of 4018:Military 3999:princeps 3982:dictator 3974:praefect 3880:Catilina 3878:attacks 3840:Imperium 3797:rhetoric 3568:freedmen 3545:rhetoric 3407:Republic 3364:Crusades 3348:Bulgaria 3344:Basil II 3322:and the 3308:Lombards 3276:Dalmatia 3206:saw the 3200:Stilicho 3135:Honorius 3129:and the 3127:Arcadius 3092:Germanic 3082:and the 3049:Honorius 3010:Licinius 3006:Alamanni 3004:and the 2970:basilica 2940:princeps 2931:Galerius 2926:Augustus 2914:Galerius 2910:Maximian 2893:A Roman 2864:Aurelian 2856:defeated 2840:Valerian 2836:Postumus 2788:Balbinus 2743:and the 2703:and the 2701:Herodian 2688:Macrinus 2640:Bust of 2588:donative 2527:Commodus 2457:rhetoric 2433:and the 2417:and the 2388:Seleucia 2356:Pantheon 2317:Commodus 2236:Domitian 2225:Scotland 2207:Josephus 2157:Claudius 2142:enslaved 2138:Josephus 2093:Flavians 2080:Bust of 1982:Boadicea 1962:Anglesey 1914:Claudius 1910:Caligula 1902:Claudius 1870:princeps 1866:Tiberius 1854:Germania 1814:Maecenas 1790:Pannonia 1782:Dalmatia 1753:princeps 1732:princeps 1713:Claudius 1709:Caligula 1705:Tiberius 1701:Augustus 1676:Augustus 1664:Augustus 1620:, which 1594:Hispania 1510:Octavius 1391:invasion 1303:Teutones 1301:and the 1295:Jugurtha 1272:tribunes 1202:dictator 1180:Teutones 1080:Hispania 1076:Hannibal 1056:Syracuse 1040:Carthage 1032:Numantia 960:Tarentum 956:hegemony 941:Camillus 893:praetors 881:tribunes 865:imperium 854:, and a 806:invasion 760:Republic 702:painting 699:Etruscan 531:suckled 529:she-wolf 414:Anatolia 394:Etruscan 347:collapse 274:Augustus 217:de facto 128:Republic 23259:Benelux 23164:Thought 23114:Atheism 23055:Finnish 23031:Culture 23026:Judaism 22988:Eastern 22984:Western 22979:Culture 22913:Paradox 22779:Decline 22740:Science 22616:History 22604:Studies 22587:Cuisine 22575:Periods 22535:Culture 22364:History 22330:Eastern 22325:Western 22276:culture 22073:Corsica 22063:Tuscany 22028:Etruria 21977:Liguria 21830:Gallura 21820:Arborea 21736:Lombard 21436:Tuscany 21426:Trieste 21062:Ligures 21023:Etruria 20919:Theatre 20894:Palaces 20874:Museums 20844:Gardens 20829:Fashion 20819:Cuisine 20799:Castles 20741:Culture 20691:Poverty 20667:Italian 20578:Society 20559:Welfare 20527:Tourism 20497:Exports 20465:Banking 20445:Economy 20433:Economy 20389:Regions 20271:Valleys 20241:Islands 20221:Beaches 20192:Prealps 20172:Geology 20160:Climate 19824:Normans 19784:Odoacer 19733:Kingdom 19716:Ligures 19652:Ancient 19626:Nuragic 19575:Postage 19550:Judaism 19540:Genetic 19530:Fashion 19525:Economy 19484:History 19395:Antakya 19364:Latakia 19360:: Emesa 19325:: Tyrus 19319:: Sidon 19311:Baalbek 19291:Lebanon 19216:and the 19175:Ascalon 19129:Sebaste 19104:Palmyra 19084:Antioch 19048:Berytus 18318:Eastern 18218:Matthew 18112:Alexios 17960:Stephen 17922:Basil I 17807:Leo III 17682:Maurice 17625:Marcian 17608:395–610 17532:Joannes 17491:395–480 17445:Gratian 17318:284–610 17300:Carinus 17280:Tacitus 17156:235–285 17076:Hadrian 16886:History 16831:History 16793:History 16753:Curiate 16733:History 16648:Decline 16572:Objects 16474:Temples 16454:Charity 16188:Laverna 16178:Fortuna 16168:Feronia 16097:Veritas 16067:Salacia 16052:Priapus 16037:Penates 16017:Neptune 16012:Minerva 16007:Mercury 15970:Jupiter 15910:Dea Dia 15875:Bellona 15830:Deities 15731:Legions 15691:Fiction 15661:Consuls 15656:Climate 15610:Ravenna 15605:Pompeii 15595:Lutetia 15560:Bononia 15555:Berytus 15545:Antioch 15520:Zosimus 15515:Zonaras 15490:Sozomen 15475:Priscus 15450:Photius 15292:Terence 15287:Tacitus 15272:Statius 15257:Servius 15242:Sallust 15197:Plautus 15177:Orosius 15157:Martial 15112:Juvenal 15087:Hyginus 15072:Gellius 14931:Writers 14862:History 14844:Thermae 14834:Temples 14784:Bridges 14751:Slavery 14699:Equites 14671:Society 14651:Theatre 14624:Deities 14584:Cuisine 14564:Bathing 14546:Culture 14521:Finance 14498:Economy 14389:Borders 14384:History 14286:Tribune 14281:Praetor 14171:Legatus 14166:Emperor 14053:Curiate 14023:Kingdom 14018:History 13994:History 13977:decline 13935:History 13905:Kingdom 13888:History 13873:Outline 13708:Bibcode 13706:: 673. 13695:Science 13435:7093155 13414:Bibcode 13401:Science 12432:22 July 12031:4238558 11021:due to 10746:Severan 10616:263–264 9936:"X–XVI" 9556:, V, 4. 9001:Annales 8886:, XVII. 8796:342–428 8685:(ed.). 8359:136–137 8272:(ed.). 7702:1170959 7562:4150954 7129:Annales 7124:Tacitus 7032:Sallust 6917:customs 6883:marshes 6860:thermae 6777:Mosaics 6672:bridges 6578:taverns 6545:jumping 6537:Sicilia 6527:girls" 6448:pallium 6438:paenula 6399:Fashion 6321:polenta 6305:spinach 6274:turnips 6242:cabbage 6203:Kingdom 6160:Cuisine 6110:tragedy 6087:Pompeii 6045:buccina 6010:Severan 5991:realism 5983:masonry 5968:Pompeii 5939:kithara 5922:Pompeii 5862:univira 5760:Flamens 5714:Pompeii 5708:in the 5702:Nephele 5682:Mercury 5610:grammar 5570:affixes 5520:taberna 5512:ghettos 5508:insulae 5423:Culture 5405:consuls 5378:calends 5349:solaria 5027:coinage 4965:Tunisia 4941:farming 4899:Economy 4889:classes 4880:navarch 4867:trireme 4777:legatus 4759:praetor 4742:consuls 4709:auxilia 4679:auxilia 4659:stipend 4647:equites 4641:velites 4634:triarii 4622:hastati 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