Military history - Knowledge

5035:. Roberts emphasized the introduction of muskets that could not be aimed at small targets, but could be very effective when fired in volleys by three ranks of infantry soldiers, with one firing while the other two ranks reloaded. All three ranks march forward to demolish the enemy. The infantry now had the firepower that had been reserved to the artillery, and had mobility that could rapidly advance in the battlefield, which the artillery lacked. The infantry thereby surpassed the artillery in tactical maneuvering on the battlefield. Roberts linked these advances with larger historical consequences, arguing that innovations in tactics, drill and doctrine by the Dutch and Swedes 1560–1660 led to a need for more and better trained troops and thus for permanent forces (standing armies). Armies grew much larger and more expensive. These changes in turn had major political consequences in the level of administrative support and the supply of money, men and provisions, producing new financial demands and the creation of new governmental institutions. "Thus, argued Roberts, the modern art of war made possible—and necessary—the creation of the modern state". In the 1990s the concept was modified and extended by 3873: 5011: 4884: 4368: 4792: 3603: 149: 3497: 3571: 2122: 2558: 3799: 3594:, a Ming Chinese General that provided the original treatise, disseminated to Koreans, that aided in this venture. In these manuals, Qi "...gave detailed instructions in the use of small group tactics, psychological warfare, and other 'modern' techniques." Qi emphasized repetitive drilling, dividing men into smaller groups, separating the strong from weak. Qi's ethos was one of synthesizing smaller groups, trained in various tactical formations, into larger companies, battalions and armies. By doing this they could "operate as eyes, hands, and feet..." aiding to overall unit cohesion. 3476:(1363–1404) is credited with creating the most effective artillery power in Europe in the late fourteenth century, effectively creating the Burgundian estate. Philip's development of a large artillery army made the small country a reputable force against larger empires such as England and France. Philip had achieved this by establishing a large scale artillery manufacturing economy in Burgundy. Philip used his new cache of artillery to help the French capture an English-held fortress of Odruik. The artillery used to take Odruik used cannonballs measuring to about 450 pounds. 2289:

their current political views are moderately correlated with their historiographical interpretations. A clear position on the left-right continuum regarding capitalism was apparent in most cases. All groups agreed with the proposition, "historically, Americans have tended to view questions of their national security in terms of such extremes as good vs. evil." Though the Socialists were split, the other groups agreed that "miscalculation and/or misunderstanding of the situation" had caused U.S. interventionism." Kimball reports that:

3073: 4208: 5039:, who argued that developments in fortification and siege warfare caused the revolution. The concept of a military revolution based upon technology has given way to models based more on a slow evolution in which technology plays a minor role to organization, command and control, logistics and in general non-material improvements. The revolutionary nature of these changes was only visible after a long evolution that handed Europe a predominant place in warfare, a place that the industrial revolution would confirm. 3567:(1537–1598) made a failed invasion of Korea, which lasted six years, eventually pushed back by the Koreans with the aid of Ming China. Japan, using overwhelming firepower, had many early victories on the Korean peninsulas. Though the Koreans had similar manpower, "the curtain of arrows thrown up by defenders was wiped out by gunfire." After the Japanese were finally pushed back in 1598, sweeping military reforms took place in Korea, largely based on updating and implementing the volley technique with firearms. 2274:, for instance. Researching Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, for example, have presented unique challenges to historians due to records that were destroyed to protect classified military information, among other reasons. Historians use their knowledge of government regulation and military organization, and employing a targeted and systematic research strategy to piece together war histories. Despite these limits, wars are some of the most studied and detailed periods of human history. 4581: 2932: 3536: 13418: 9634: 13382: 12714: 10347: 8765: 2326: 8775: 13407: 4084: 24: 3458:

present-day materials, to determine the effectiveness of the weapon. The Gunpowder Research Group, who designed the recreation, found that at high elevations, the Loshult could fire as far as 1300 meters. Though inaccurate, missing targets further than 200 meters, the Loshult could fire a range of projectiles such as arrows and shot. It was determined that the Loshult could be effectively fired at ranks of soldiers and structures.

5061: 3426: 13394: 12725: 5197: 4466:). While Roman armies suffered several major losses, their large population and ability (and will) to replace battlefield casualties, their training, organization, tactical and technical superiority enabled Rome to stay a predominant military force for several centuries, utilizing well trained and maneuverable armies to routinely overcome the much larger "tribal" armies of their foes (see Battles of 3081: 3093: 2804: 3856:, designed to be sturdy, tended to last longer than other artifacts, and thus a great deal of surviving artifacts recovered tend to fall in this category as they are more likely to survive. Weapons and armor were also mass-produced to a scale that makes them quite plentiful throughout history, and thus more likely to be found in archaeological digs. 2404:

commemorate". Yet as Andrew Whitmarsh notes, "museums frequently portray a sanitised version of warfare." The actual bomber that dropped the atomic bomb on Japan became the focus of an angry national controversy with veterans attacking curators and historians when the Smithsonian Institution planned to put its fuselage on public display in 1995. The

3532:, the technique known as "volleying" or countermarch drills were implemented. Volley fire is an organized implementation of firearms, where infantry are structured in ranks. The ranks will alternate between loading and firing positions, allowing more consistent rates of fire and preventing enemies from taking over a position while members reload. 2915:. They were primitive forts surrounded by ditches filled with water. Forts were then built out of mud bricks, stones, wood, and other available materials. Romans used rectangular fortresses built out of wood and stone. As long as there have been fortifications, there have been contraptions to break in, dating back to the times of 3895:

evolved and empires grew, the increased need for order and efficiency lead to an increase in the number of records and writings. Officials and armies would have good reason for keeping detailed records and accounts involving any and all things concerning a matter such as warfare that, in the words of

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In Japan, at the same time during the sixteenth-century, this military evolution was also taking hold. These changes included a universal adoption of firearms, tactical developments for effective use, logistical restructuring within the military itself, and "the emergence of centralized and political

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network based at Michigan State University. H-War has six coeditors, and an academic advisory board that sets policy. It sponsors daily moderated discussions of current topics, announcements of new publications and conferences, and reports on developments at conferences. The H-Net family of lists has

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Korea also seemed to be adapting the volley technique, earlier than even the Japanese. "Koreans seem to have employed some kind of volley principle with guns by 1447, when the Korean King Sejong the Great instructed his gunners to shoot their 'fire barrels' in squads of five, taking turns firing and

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Curators debate how or whether the goal of providing diverse representations of war, in terms of positive and negative aspects of warfare. War is seldom presented as a good thing, but soldiers are heavily praised. David Lowenthal has observed that in today's museums, "nothing seems too horrendous to

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studied the influence of a historian's political position on current events on interpretive disagreement regarding the causes of 20th century wars. He surveyed the ideological preferences of 109 active diplomatic historians in the United States as well as 54 active military historians. He finds that

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As guns and artillery became more advanced and prevalent, so to did the tactics by which they were implemented. According to Historian Michael Roberts "...a military revolution began with the broad adoption of firearms and artillery by late sixteenth-century European armies." Infantry with firearms

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Written works from the Cabinet des Titres of the Imperial Library of Paris has found evidence of canons in France in 1338. The works illustrate canons being used on-board ships at the Rouen during that time. "...an iron Fire-arm, which was provided with forty-eight bolts, made of iron and freather;

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notes "all the long preparations and tentative experiments were made in China, and everything came to Islam and the West fully fledged, whether it was the fire lance or the explosive bomb, the rocket or the metal-barrel handgun and bombard." By the 1320s Europe had guns, but scholars state that the

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argued the Chinese were able to destroy buildings and walls using such devices. Such experimentation was not present in Western Europe, where the combination of saltpeter, sulfur and charcoal were used exclusively for explosives and as a propellant in firearms. What the Chinese often referred to as

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would recognize the combat that our soldiers and Marines have waged in the alleys of Somalia and Iraq. The uniforms evolve, bronze gives way to titanium, arrows may be replaced by laser-guided bombs, but the heart of the matter is still killing your enemies until any survivors surrender and do your

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The Military Revolution is a conceptual schema for explaining the transformation of European military strategy, tactics and technology in the early modern period. The argument is that dramatic advances in technology, government finance, and public administration transformed and modernized European

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The successors of Caesar—Octavian and Mark Anthony—also fought a civil war with Caesar's assassins (Senators Brutus, Cassius, etc.). Octavian and Mark Anthony eventually fought another civil war between themselves to determine the sole ruler of Rome. Octavian emerged victorious and Rome was turned

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is the history of militaries: their conquests, their movements, and their technological innovations. There are many reasons for this. Kingdoms and empires, the central units of control in the ancient world, could only be maintained through military force. Due to limited agricultural ability, there

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as early as the 4th century, at first as experiments for life force and metal transmutation, and later experiments as pyrotechnics and incendiaries. By the 10th century, the developments in gunpowder led to many new weapons that were improved over time. The Chinese used incendiary devices based on

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One military historian, Jeremy Black, outlined problems 21st-century military historians face as an inheritance of their predecessors: Eurocentricity, a technological bias, a focus on leading military powers and dominant military systems, the separation of land from sea and recently air conflicts,

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In recent decades University level courses in military history remain popular; often they use films to humanize the combat experience. For example, Eugene P. A. Scleh, history professor at the University of Maine, has explored the advantages and problems of teaching a course of "Modern War and Its

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writings pertaining to the Trojan War, or even personal writings. Indeed, the earliest stories center on warfare, as war was both a common and dramatic aspect of life; the witnessing of a major battle involving many thousands of soldiers would be quite a spectacle, even today, and thus considered

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was able to surmise the approximate size of these cannons by comparing receipts for both the firearms and the corresponding amounts of gunpowder purchased. The receipts show a transaction for "25 Livres for 5 canons." Brackenbury was able to deduce, when comparing the costs of the cannons and the

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People interested in military history from all periods of time, and all subtopics, are increasingly turning to the Internet for many more resources than are typically available in nearby libraries. Since 1993, one of the most popular sites, with over 4000 members (subscriptions are free) has been

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Military museums specialize in military histories; they are often organized from a national point of view, where a museum in a particular country will have displays organized around conflicts in which that country has taken part. They typically take a broad view of warfare's role in the nation's

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This branch of our discipline flourishes in an intellectual ghetto. The 144 books in question fall into two distinct classes: works aimed at a popular readership, written by journalists and men of letters outside academic circles, and professional work nearly always produced within the military

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Historical evidence shows that Oda Nobunaga implemented his volley technique successfully in 1575, twenty years before evidence of such a technique is shown in Europe. The first indications of the countermarch technique in Europe was by Lord William Louis of Nassau (1538–1574) in the mid-1590s.

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died in 1451, Mehmed once again became Sultan. He turned his attention to claiming the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. Mehmed, like Philip, started mass-producing cannons by enticing craftsmen to his cause with money and freedom. For 55 days, Constantinople was bombarded with artillery fire,

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The discipline of military history is dynamic, changing with development as much of the subject area as the societies and organisations that make use of it. The dynamic nature of the discipline of military history is largely due to the rapid change of military forces, and the art and science of

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According to Peter Fraser Purton, the best evidence of the earliest gun in Europe is the Loshult gun, dated to the fourteenth century. Discovered in 1861, the Loshult was made of bronze measured 11.8 inches in length. A replica of the Loshult was created, using similar gunpowder compounds with

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An illustration of a "pot-shaped gun" found in the Holkham Hall Milemete manuscript dated to 1326 shows earliest advent of firearms in European history. The illustration shows an arrow, set in the pot-shaped gun pointed directly at a structure. Archaeological evidence of such "gun arrows" were

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is the study of the history and method of the discipline of history or the study of a specialised topic. In this case, military history with an eye to gaining an accurate assessment of conflicts using all available sources. For this reason military history is periodised, creating overlaying

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boundaries of study and analysis in which descriptions of battles by leaders may be unreliable due to the inclination to minimize mention of failure and exaggerate success. Military historians use Historiographical analysis in an effort to allow an unbiased, contemporary view of records.

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exact time and method of migration from China remains a mystery. Evidence of firearms is found in Iran and Central Asia in the late fourteenth century. It was not until roughly 1442 that guns were referenced in India. Reliable references to guns in Russia begins around 1382.

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Professional historians normally focus on military affairs that had a major impact on the societies involved as well as the aftermath of conflicts, while amateur historians and hobbyists often take a larger interest in the details of battles, equipment and uniforms in use.

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seeks to not repeat past mistakes, and improve upon its current performance by instilling an ability in commanders to perceive historical parallels during a battle, so as to capitalize on the lessons learned from the past. When certifying military history instructors the

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New weapons development can dramatically alter the face of war, the cost of warfare, the preparations, and the training of soldiers and leaders. A rule of thumb is that if your enemy has a potentially war winning weapon, you have to either match it or neutralize it.

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This all brought an end to the dominance of armored cavalry on the battlefield. The simultaneous decline of the feudal system—and the absorption of the medieval city-states into larger states—allowed the creation of professional standing armies to replace the

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originated around 2000 BC. The chariot was an effective, fast weapon; while one man controlled the maneuvering of the chariot, a second bowman could shoot arrows at enemy soldiers. These became crucial to the maintenance of several governments, including the

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Since the 1940s, preparation for a major war has been based on technological arms races involving all sorts of new weapons systems, such as nuclear and biological, as well as computerized control systems, and the opening of new venues, such as seen in the

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Such items were also considered signs of prosperity or virtue, and thus were likely to be placed in tombs and monuments to prominent warriors. And writing, when it existed, was often used for kings to boast of military conquests or victories.

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World War II gave rise to even more technology. The worth of aircraft grew from mostly reconnaissance to strategic bombing and more. The worth of the aircraft carrier was proved in the battles between the United States and Japan like the

2247:. Its four issues a year include scholarly articles reviews of new books, and a bibliography of new publications and dissertations. The Society has 2300 members, holds an annual convention, and gives out prizes for the best scholarship. 3454:, "dated by relation to a historical event (a feud with the Archbishop of Trier in 1331–36 leading to a siege), seem to confirm again that this was at least one of the types of guns like the Milemete used in these very early examples." 2293:

Of historians in the field of diplomatic history, 7% are Socialist, 19% are Other, 53% are Liberal, 11% are None and 10% Conservative. Of military historians, 0% are Socialist, 8% are Other, 35% are Liberal, 18% are None and 40% are

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armies, tactics, and logistics. Since warfare was so central to the European state, the transformation had a major impact on modernizing government bureaucracies, taxation, and the national economy. The concept was introduced by

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establishment.... The study of military history in universities remains seriously underdeveloped. Indeed, lack of interest in and disdain for military history probably constitute one of the strangest prejudices of the profession.

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was often crucial to military success. Early navies used sailing ships without cannons; often the goal was to ram the enemy ships and cause them to sink. There was human oar power, often using slaves, built up to ramming speed.

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then erupted between the two Greek powers Athens and Sparta. Athens built a long wall to protect its inhabitants, but the wall helped to facilitate the spread of a plague that killed about 30,000 Athenians, including

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followers invented various siege weapons and siegecraft, including the Cloud Ladder (a four-wheeled, extendable ramp) to scale fortified walls during a siege of an enemy city. The warring states were first unified by

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could only see from high points on the ground, or from the mast of a ship. Now they could be high in the sky, signalling to troops on the ground. This made it much more difficult for troop movements to go unobserved.

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Robert J. Bunker and Pamela Ligouri Bunker, "The modern state in epochal transition: The significance of irregular warfare, state deconstruction, and the rise of new warfighting entities beyond neo-medievalism."

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Writing, when used by the common man, also tended to record such events, as major battles and conquests constituted major events that many would have considered worthy of recording either in an epic such as the

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Images" entirely through films. Students said they found the documentaries more valuable than the dramas. However, military historians are frustrated by their marginal status in major history departments.

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and Alexander the Great, invaded Persia and won several major victories, establishing Macedonia as a major power. However, following Alexander's death at an early age, the empire quickly fell apart.

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were proof of concept but impractical until further development. In World War I, the British and French held a crucial advantage due to their superiority in tanks; the Germans had only a few dozen A

2214:(RMA) which attempts to explain how warfare has been shaped by emerging technologies, such as gunpowder. It highlights the short outbursts of rapid change followed by periods of relative stability. 8105: 2309:

sponsored and published over 46,000 scholarly book reviews, thousands of which deal with books in military history broadly conceived. Knowledge itself has a very wide coverage of military history,

8190: 9989: 9629: 9145: 9424: 9369: 8909: 9384: 9364: 9336: 9293: 9192: 9188: 8735: 7406: 3442: 10029: 9303: 3136:. The first cannons were simply welded metal bars in the form of a cylinder, and the first cannonballs were made of stone. By 1346, at the Battle of Crécy, the cannon had been used; at the 9404: 9359: 8210: 5169:

A distinctive feature since 1945 is the absence of wars between major powers—indeed the near absence of any traditional wars between established countries. The major exceptions were the

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If these challenges were not sufficient for military historians, the limits of method are complicated by the lack of records, either destroyed or never recorded due to their value as a

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Kimball, Jeffrey. "The Influence of Ideology on Interpretive Disagreement: A Report on a Survey of Diplomatic, Military and Peace Historians on the Causes of 20th Century U. S. Wars",

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replaced cavalry. Empires adapted their strongholds to withstand artillery fire. Eventually drilling strategies and battlefield tactics were adapted for the evolution in firearms use.

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Jeffrey Kimball, "The Influence of Ideology on Interpretive Disagreement: A Report on a Survey of Diplomatic, Military and Peace Historians on the Causes of 20th Century U. S. Wars",

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At the start of the World Wars, various nations had developed weapons that were a surprise to their adversaries, leading to a need to learn from this, and alter how to combat them.

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The fire lance, the predecessor of the gun, was invented in China between the tenth and eleventh century. The barrel was originally designed out of bamboo shoots, later with metal.

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militaries were forever changed. This invention coupled with technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from

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were first used in warfare at the end of the 18th century. It was first introduced in Paris of 1783; the first balloon traveled over 5 miles (8 km). Previously military

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Robin D.S. Yates, "New Light on Ancient Chinese Military Texts: Notes on Their Nature and Evolution, and the Development of Military Specialization in Warring States China."

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The concept of a military revolution in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries has received a mixed reception among historians. Noted military historians Michael Duffy and

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For settled agrarian civilizations, the infantry became the core of military action. The infantry started as opposing armed groups of soldiers underneath commanders. The

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had risen and conquered the Chen dynasty of the south. They invaded Vietnam (northern Vietnam had been in Chinese control since the Han dynasty), fighting the troops of

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during the end of the Republic. Caesar was also notable for his role in the civil war against the other member of the Triumvirate (Pompey) and against the Roman Senate.

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this in siege warfare against the Mongols starting in the mid 13th century. "Pots with wicks of flax or cotton were used, containing a combination of sulfur, saltpeter (

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Similar patterns of warfare existed in other parts of the world. In China around the 5th century armies moved from massed infantry to cavalry based forces, copying the

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exploded into the public consciousness in World War I but may have been used in earlier wars without as much human attention. The Germans used gas-filled shells at the

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of 1990–91. Instead actual fighting has largely been a matter of civil wars and insurgencies. The most recent example of a war between two nation states would be the

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on January 3, 1915. These were not lethal, however. In April 1915, the Germans developed a chlorine gas that was highly lethal, and used it to moderate effect at the

10092: 8889: 3741:, both nations attempted to launch human beings into space, to the moon and send satellites. Other technological advances were centered on intelligence (like the 9612: 3163:. Starting about 1500, clever but complicated firing mechanisms were invented to generate sparks to ignite the powder instead of a lit match, starting with the 2310: 12520: 5369: 3757:

was invented in 1955. This meant submarines no longer needed to surface as often, and could run more quietly. They evolved into underwater missile platforms.

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were sometimes deployed for fighting in ancient warfare. They were first used in India and later adopted by the Persians. War elephants were also used in the

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were the first military forces in history. This warrior statuette demonstrates that military culture was an important part of historical societies, c.480 BC,

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While successfully dealing with foreign opponents, Rome experienced numerous civil wars, notably the power struggles of Roman generals such as Marius and

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gained fame. In 1911 an aircraft took off from a warship for the first time. Landings on a cruiser were another matter. This led to the development of an

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Illustration of an "eruptor", a proto-cannon, capable of firing cast-iron bombs filled with gunpowder, from the 14th century Ming dynasty book Huolongjing

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deemphasizes rote detail memorization and focuses on themes and context in relation to current and future conflict, using the motto "Past is Prologue."

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explores the moral dimensions of warfare, and to better limit the destructive reality caused by war, seeks to establish a doctrine of military ethics.

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were a major component of many ancient armies, notably those of the Persians, Scythians, Egyptians, Nubians, Indians, Chinese, Koreans and Japanese.

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is the oldest evidence of a large scale battle in Europe. More than 4,000 warriors fought in a battle on the site in the 13th century BC.

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were invented by General Franco in the Spanish Civil War, directing the Nationalists to use them against Soviet tanks in the assault on Toledo. The

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In terms of the history profession in major countries, military history is an orphan, despite its enormous popularity with the general public.

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Empire. After the decline of central imperial authority, the Han dynasty collapsed into an era of civil war and continuous warfare during the

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and Rome started with an advantage to Carthage because of their naval experience. A Roman fleet was built in 261 BC, with the addition of the

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As weapons—particularly small arms—became easier to use, countries began to abandon a complete reliance on professional soldiers in favor of

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Over the course of the 18th–19th centuries all military arms and services underwent significant developments that included a more mobile

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worthy both of being recorded in song and art, but also in realistic histories, as well as being a central element in a fictional work.

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HM Iftekhar Jaim, and Jasmine Jaim, "The Decisive Nature of the Indian War Rocket in the Anglo-Mysore Wars of the Eighteenth Century."

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culture. Their pacifism left the Moriori unable to defend themselves when the islands were invaded by mainland Māori in the 1830s.

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V tanks, as well as 170 captured tanks. The British and French both had several hundred each. The French tanks included the 13 ton

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were used. Ships were filled with flammable materials, set on fire, and sent to enemy lines. This tactic was successfully used by

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was used in industrial warfare, the objective being to prevent the opposing nation to engage in war. Napoleon was the innovator.

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gunpowder apportioned, that they each iron cannon weighed approximately 25 lbs, while the brass cannons weighed roughly 22 lbs.

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After defeating Carthage the Romans went on to become the Mediterranean's dominant power, successfully campaigning in Greece, (

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conquered most of Eurasia. They took over China, Persia, Turkestan, and Russia. After Kublai Khan took power and created the

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from the 12th century also became important in the Middle Ages. It helped to give the English a large early advantage in the

2400:. The U.S. Army and the state National Guards operate 98 military history museums across the United States and three abroad. 60: 7195:

Chambers, John Whiteclay. "‘All Quiet on the Western Front’ (1930): the antiwar film and the image of the First World War."

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Reid, Brian Holden, and Joseph G. Dawson III, eds., "Special Issue: The Vistas of American Military History, 1800–1898",

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In Japan, the Medieval warfare period is considered by many to have stretched into the 19th century. In Africa along the

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Raphael, Kate (2009). "Mongol Siege Warfare on the Banks of the Euphrates and the Question of Gunpowder (1260–1312)".

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performed the first controlled, powered, heavier-than-air flight; it went 39 meters (120 ft). In 1907, the first

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Researchers have been unable to determine the sizes of these cannons and others, outside the artifacts recovered. Sir

9727: 9693: 9678: 8267: 8251: 7986: 7970: 7944: 7804: 7799: 5281: 5276: 3381: 3255:, it could cruise at a depth of 15 feet (5 m). However, the first military submarine was constructed in 1885 by 2338: 2281:

organization, tactical and strategic ideas, leadership, and national support of the militaries of different nations.

1504: 107: 41: 9781: 7334:

Lee, Wayne E. "Mind and Matter – Cultural Analysis in American Military History: A Look at the State of the Field",

6922:

The Shortest History of War: From Hunter-Gatherers to Nuclear Superpowers – A Retelling for Our Times

5755:

Barton C. Hacker, "Military institutions, weapons, and social change: Toward a new history of military technology."

4831:, the divisions of the empire ceased to cooperate with each other, and the Mongol Empire was only nominally united. 4227:

The Han defeated and drove the Xiongnus west, securing the city-states along the silk route that continued into the

13398: 12689: 10350: 10066: 9742: 9705: 9578: 9449: 9059: 8614: 7549: 5486: 5256: 5182: 2377: 1582: 9903: 9849: 9710: 7439:

Noe, Kenneth W., George C. Rable and Carol Reardon. "Battle Histories: Reflections on Civil War Military Studies"

7325: 7284: 7264: 6766: 6704: 5699: 5459: 4772:, and collapsed due to political fragmentation of powerful regional military governors (jiedushi). The innovative 3488:

throwing cannonballs as large as 800 lbs at its walls. On May 29, 1453, Constantinople fell into Ottoman control.

74: 13334: 11609: 10505: 9809: 9791: 9624: 9283: 9064: 8539: 8534: 8429: 8185: 7894: 7572: 7308: 5772: 3362: 3058:

are excellent examples of how to destroy an enemy using a longbow. It dominated battlefields for over a century.

1927: 1565: 1352: 197: 13422: 7229:

Gill, John H. "From Great Captains to Common Grognards: research opportunities in Napoleonic military history."

5780: 13291: 12945: 12786: 11528: 10973: 10426: 10377: 10247: 10195: 10168: 9930: 9527: 8934: 8869: 8659: 8634: 8449: 8439: 7829: 7814: 7734: 7699: 7369: 7017: 4910: 2889:, in the 8th century AD, invented a ship propelled by oars with a dragon decorating the prow, hence called the 2518: 2223: 2211: 2182: 1691: 45: 11157: 12898: 12754: 10956: 9766: 9658: 9532: 9253: 8745: 8619: 8499: 8283: 5992: 5093: 4796: 4145:, in which several states continued to fight with each other over territory. Philosopher-strategists such as 2162:

The essential subjects of military history study are the causes of war, the social and cultural foundations,

2108: 1555: 56: 10102: 13239: 13149: 12701: 12411: 11667: 11268: 11219: 10641: 10510: 9999: 9099: 8924: 8899: 8639: 8594: 8564: 8464: 8244: 8010: 7963: 7854: 6604: 5860: 5251: 4274:. After being ruled by the Seleucid dynasty, the Persian Empire was subsequently ruled by the Parthian and 4107: 2781: 2623: 2499: 2384:, the "D-Day Paratroopers Historical Center" (Normandy) for WWII airborne, or more generalist, such as the 2240: 2129: 2045: 749: 509: 9859: 6615: 4988:

to the rifle that replaced the musket, and virtual replacement of all types of cavalry with the universal

3202:, and would later be used by the Chinese, Russians, Greeks, and several other countries in naval battles. 12791: 12511: 12416: 12189: 12091: 11558: 11408: 10978: 10847: 10695: 10076: 10044: 9994: 9802: 9752: 9643: 9239: 9223: 9084: 9054: 9024: 9004: 8969: 8914: 8834: 8664: 8579: 8559: 8434: 8308: 8070: 7904: 7859: 7809: 7784: 7779: 7774: 7764: 7759: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7724: 7704: 7694: 7689: 7560: 7350: 7188: 7152: 5292: 5286: 5271: 5036: 5028: 3781: 3237: 2505: 2369: 2357: 2285: 2055: 1242: 1044: 915: 453: 9520: 7584:

Wolters, Timothy S. "Harvey A. DeWeerd and the Dawn of Academic Military History in the United States."

7276:

Karsten, Peter. "The 'New' American Military History: A Map of the Territory, Explored and Unexplored",

7217: 2735:, and other various steppe people were especially fearsome with this tactic. By the 3rd–4th century AD, 12622: 12597: 11050: 10961: 10932: 10225: 9958: 9732: 9089: 8839: 8820: 8804: 8709: 8644: 8609: 8524: 8514: 8474: 8454: 8293: 8075: 8020: 7929: 7899: 7889: 7879: 7869: 7864: 7849: 7844: 7769: 7754: 7729: 7668: 5266: 5261: 5170: 4945: 4600: 4372: 4062:

are centered on conflicts and refer to military formations, theories of warfare and esoteric weaponry.

3626: 2147:, and its impact on the societies, cultures and economies thereof, as well as the resulting changes to 1519: 10181: 7449:

Porch, Douglas. "Writing History in the 'End of History' Era: Reflections on Historians and the GWOT"

2669:

from their neighbors which made them extremely successful in the field of battle. The kingdoms of the

2121: 13449: 13444: 13053: 12781: 12262: 11770: 11647: 11108: 11098: 11076: 10944: 10890: 10748: 10705: 10370: 9308: 8974: 8904: 8629: 8584: 8519: 8494: 8484: 8469: 8060: 7939: 7884: 7819: 7789: 7684: 7610:– from Michigan State University Department of History, H-Net Humanities & Social Sciences Online 7393: 7317:

Kohn, Richard H. "The Social History of the American Soldier: A Review and Prospectus for Research",

7100:

Middle East Conflicts from Ancient Egypt to the 21st Century: An Encyclopedia and Document Collection

5538:

http://www.historyassociates.com/blog/historical-research-blog/researching-iraq-and-afghanistan-wars/

4666:

began rapidly expanding throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and Central Asia, initially led by

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in East Asia also adopted infantry combat, a transition from chariot warfare from centuries earlier.

2263:

the focus on state-to-state conflict, a lack of focus on political "tasking" in how forces are used.

1629: 1137: 486: 360: 214: 7709: 6202: 3737:

which comprised the making of atomic bombs, hydrogen bombs, and more advanced nuclear bombs. In the

3570: 2181:

As an applied field, military history has been studied at academies and service schools because the

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P.R.S. Moorey, "The emergence of the light, horse‐drawn chariot in the Near‐East c. 2000–1500 BC."

5592: 5226: 5089: 5043: 4734: 4625:. The Middle East and North Africa used similar, if often more advanced, technologies than Europe. 4376: 2451: 2389: 2373: 2187: 2080: 1947: 1494: 1187: 1005: 853: 6165: 5660: 5629:

Richard Jensen, "Military history on the electronic frontier: Knowledge fights the War of 1812."

3563:

called the First Great East Asian War, when Japan was trying to take control and subjugate Korea.

2859:

helped to build up a stronger Greek navy, composed of 310 ships, and defeated the Persians at the

2557: 2392:. For the Italian alpine wall one can find the most popular museum of bunkers in the small museum 13417: 13196: 13084: 12979: 12682: 12368: 10852: 10621: 10527: 10176: 5940: 4555: 4486: 4467: 4044: 2666: 2195: 2152: 2033: 2015: 1771: 1330: 1252: 1197: 795: 458: 34: 9551: 9515: 7512: 6967: 4505:. The battle was one of the worst defeats suffered by the Roman Republic in its entire history. 3155:

was ignited by a lit match or hot coal held in the other hand. In the mid-15th century came the

2609:

Some of the military unit types and technologies which were developed in the ancient world are:

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Jeremy Black, "A Military Revolution? A 1660–1792 Perspective", pp. 95–115; and Michael Duffy,

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were relatively few areas that could support large communities, therefore fighting was common.

3699: 3683: 3622: 3420: 1900: 1875: 1597: 1509: 1382: 1257: 858: 835: 281: 180: 7502:

The Military Revolution Debate: Readings On The Military Transformation Of Early Modern Europe

6672:

The Military Revolution Debate: Readings on the Military Transformation of Early Modern Europe

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The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict from 1500 to 2000

3479:

Large artillery was a major contributing factor to the fall of Constantinople at the hands of

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Mary Aiken Littauer, "The military use of the chariot in the Aegean in the Late Bronze Age."

5534:

Documenting Shock and Awe: Researching Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom

5413: 5216: 4981: 4588: 4350: 4263: 4251: 4142: 3300:

Organizational changes resulting in better training and intercommunication, made the concept

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Some of the military unit types and technologies which were used in the medieval period are:

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against the Romans. One of the most important military transactions of the ancient world was

2670: 2456: 2203: 2199: 1489: 1422: 1375: 1029: 992: 955: 873: 825: 709: 519: 327: 236: 9943: 7007:

The complete soldier: military books and military culture in early Stuart England, 1603-1645

6670:

Jeremy Black, "A Military Revolution? A 1660-1792 Perspective", in Clifford J. Rogers, ed.,

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also one pound of saltpetre and half a pound of sulphur to make the powder propel arrows."

3159:, allowing the gun to be aimed and fired while held steady with both hands, as used in the 3067: 2744: 2595: 1880: 1782: 1639: 1634: 1452: 1417: 1152: 972: 830: 766: 620: 590: 187: 7052:

The Age of Wars of Religion, 1000–1650: An Encyclopedia of Global Warfare and Civilization

6490:

Aircraft carriers: a graphic history of carrier aviation and its influence on world events

2878:

that allowed Roman soldiers to board enemy ships. The bridge would prove effective at the

2239:

Academic historians concerned with military topics have their own scholarly organization,

8: 13356: 13350: 13276: 13191: 13136: 13011: 12876: 12822: 12729: 12164: 12121: 12016: 11802: 11792: 11740: 11642: 11632: 11582: 11553: 10927: 10548: 10543: 10431: 9819: 8719: 8392: 8349: 7874: 7339: 5955: 5887: 5064: 5005: 4956: 4604: 4471: 4357: 4111: 4099: 3908: 3881: 3877: 3827: 3771: 3583: 3540: 3273: 3176: 3137: 3055: 2793: 2748: 2697: 2686: 2478: 2385: 2330: 2278: 1731: 1716: 1592: 1479: 1457: 1432: 1392: 1302: 1112: 1017: 967: 734: 724: 689: 481: 471: 241: 165: 10141: 9556: 7421:

Ways of War: American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty-First Century

7417:

Ways of War: American Military History from the Colonial Era to the Twenty-First Century

7066:

A Global History of Pre-Modern Warfare: Before the Rise of the West, 10,000 BCE–1500 CE.

6574:"Recently Deciphered 4,500-Year-Old Pillar Shows First Known Record of a Border Dispute" 6109:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

5634: 4655:

was firmly implanted, and there existed many landlords in Europe. Landlords often owned

3434: 3208:

were invented in the 17th century, though they were not used in great numbers until the

2356:, among others. A military museum may be dedicated to a particular or area, such as the 13301: 12866: 12431: 12247: 12159: 12126: 11992: 11967: 11867: 11852: 11837: 11797: 11765: 11637: 11488: 11447: 11236: 10678: 10471: 9864: 9648: 7507:

Sharman, Jason C. "Myths of military revolution: European expansion and Eurocentrism."

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Grimsley, Mark. "Why Military History Sucks", Nov. 1996, War Historian.org, online at

5678:

Andrew Whitmarsh, "'We Will Remember Them': Memory and Commemoration in War Museums."

5659:

R. Cody Phillips,, "The Guide to US Army Museums" (Center for Military History, 2005)

4584: 3798: 3051: 2693:, the well-trained Syracusan cavalry became crucial to the success of the Syracusans. 13271: 13266: 13254: 13249: 13121: 13111: 13031: 12974: 12918: 12662: 12572: 12252: 12227: 12222: 12217: 12212: 12199: 12131: 12101: 12081: 11730: 11672: 11495: 11356: 11248: 11224: 11214: 11169: 10885: 10842: 10785: 10710: 10476: 10016: 8774: 7538: 7531:

Schleh, Eugene P. "All Quiet on the Western Front: A History Teacher's Reappraisal."

7461: 7348:

Lynn, John A. "Rally Once Again: The Embattled Future of Academic Military History",

7167: 7124: 6905: 6889: 6884: 6864: 6456: 6432: 6384: 6308: 6112: 6071: 5797: 5714: 5475: 5451:

John A. Lynn, "Rally Once Again: The Embattled Future of Academic Military History",

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employed Medieval tactics and weapons well after they had been supplanted in Europe.

4637: 4494: 4333: 4326: 4314: 4239: 3916: 3754: 3746: 3734: 3719: 3679: 3610: 3466: 3397: 3385: 3358: 3354: 3252: 3241: 3114: 3085: 2860: 2771: 2709: 2654: 2494: 2483: 2101: 2010: 1957: 1860: 1850: 1845: 1815: 1798: 1793: 1766: 1711: 1412: 1402: 1397: 1387: 1307: 1297: 1292: 1267: 1237: 1127: 1097: 1092: 1082: 1077: 1067: 982: 935: 905: 744: 537: 514: 448: 12381: 8236: 7955: 7471:

Reid, Brian Holden. "American Military History: the Need for Comparative Analysis."

5163: 3365:, in 1844, was able to develop a better rocket. The new rocket no longer needed the 3132:

were first used in Europe in the early 14th century, and played a vital role in the

3072: 3034:

were often used by combatants. Egyptians shot arrows from chariots effectively. The

2700:

effectively deployed his cavalry forces to secure victories. In battles such as the

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Military and religious life in the Middle Ages and at the period of the Renaissance

6453:

A Dragon's Head and a Serpent's Tail: Ming China and the First Great East Asian War

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wrote various manuscripts on ancient warfare (as well as international diplomacy).

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were first used in the First World War. The French were the first to introduce the

3408: 3346: 3328: 3217: 3152: 2789: 2705: 2701: 2570: 2365: 2345: 2171: 2075: 2040: 1972: 1865: 1803: 1696: 1624: 1617: 1474: 1407: 1357: 1347: 1222: 1142: 1102: 1087: 1054: 1039: 910: 895: 848: 756: 714: 657: 652: 610: 433: 410: 317: 246: 175: 7238: 7145: 4941:

and mercenaries that had been the standard military component of the Middle Ages.

4752:, the Sui collapsed and was followed by the Tang dynasty, who fought with various 3990:

was the center of several prehistoric conquests. Mesopotamia was conquered by the

2344:

history. They typically include displays of weapons and other military equipment,

2163: 13296: 13063: 13058: 12871: 12677: 12672: 12343: 12338: 12257: 12237: 12066: 11987: 11972: 11918: 11877: 11745: 11483: 11415: 11209: 10725: 10663: 10653: 10626: 10591: 10316: 9890: 9566: 7676: 7579: 7553: 7519: 7458:

Soldiers and Scholars: The U.S. Army and the Uses of Military History, 1865–1920.

7427: 7410: 7376: 7329: 7312: 7288: 7271: 7224: 7174: 7131: 7024: 6974: 6915: 6770: 6708: 6643: 6622: 6424: 6287: 6172: 6139: 6016: 5996: 5878: 5784: 5721: 5703: 5667: 5618: 5599: 5580: 5544: 5490: 5463: 5097: 4973: 4965: 4847: 4800: 4722: 4706: 4520: 4490: 4435: 4431: 4396: 4342: 4275: 4267: 4243: 4212: 4115: 3995: 3819: 3793: 3653: 3642: 3501: 3473: 3393: 3377: 3294: 3263: 3213: 3109: 2879: 2875: 2867: 2834: 2767: 2740: 2724: 2690: 2267: 2207: 2175: 1885: 1870: 1788: 1744: 1686: 1342: 1337: 1227: 1217: 1132: 1107: 1049: 890: 820: 810: 662: 647: 570: 542: 342: 322: 170: 7624: 5611: 4839: 4748:, who had cavalry mounted on elephants. After decades of economic turmoil and a 13411: 13259: 13171: 13166: 12923: 12844: 12839: 12770: 12652: 12627: 12493: 12421: 12318: 12277: 12267: 12242: 12179: 12136: 12004: 11945: 11940: 11913: 11842: 11817: 11760: 11616: 11516: 11275: 11083: 10817: 10636: 10586: 10200: 9828: 9824: 9475: 7526:

Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies

5337:"Military History Instructor Course (MHIC) | US Army Combined Arms Center" 5300: 5202: 5125: 5032: 4918: 4914: 4851: 4757: 4753: 4714: 4633: 4498: 4424: 4232: 4207: 4122:

and unify Northern India. Most of Southern Asia was unified under his grandson

3920: 3803: 3750: 3575: 3338: 3269: 3233: 3195: 3122: 3031: 2752: 2650: 2613: 2255: 2060: 1808: 1232: 1192: 1170: 1157: 1147: 1117: 1034: 987: 790: 781: 672: 625: 605: 595: 565: 532: 420: 377: 332: 204: 137: 9208: 7368:(Routledge, 2001), 948 pp; detailed guide to the historiography of 500 topics 6411:

Stavros, Matthew (October 2013). "Military Revolution in Early Modern Japan".

6132: 6055: 5573: 4820: 4816: 2897:

invented ships with watertight bulkhead compartments while the 2nd century BC

13438: 13362: 13318: 13281: 13211: 13186: 13096: 12994: 12940: 12935: 12632: 12401: 12111: 12076: 11962: 11955: 11923: 11872: 11847: 11822: 11604: 11570: 11476: 11339: 11312: 11293: 11005: 10812: 10648: 10488: 10461: 10190: 8789: 8768: 7637: 6893: 6104: 5825: 5246: 5241: 5154:. Many of the technologies commonly seen on main battle tanks today, such as 4922: 4769: 4730: 4641: 4451: 4400: 4170: 4134: 4119: 3904: 3892: 3742: 3638: 3618: 3560: 3505: 3320: 3301: 3277: 3191: 3097: 2971: 2940: 2920: 2904: 2814: 2759: 2736: 2657:. The Macedonians and Hellenistic states would adopt phalanx formations with 2599: 2144: 1907: 1895: 1751: 1671: 1587: 1570: 1427: 1282: 1262: 945: 940: 920: 900: 815: 786: 761: 637: 615: 600: 575: 415: 337: 300: 295: 192: 6364: 6347: 4580: 2931: 2416:

The documentation of military history begins with the confrontation between

13161: 13101: 12849: 12807: 12718: 12461: 12333: 12308: 12011: 11930: 11505: 11373: 11363: 11324: 11300: 11045: 10770: 10668: 8384: 7186:

Chambers II, John Whiteclay. "The New Military History: Myth and Reality",

7157: 6986: 6897: 5147: 5113: 5071: 4948:, was the first African commander to use gunpowder on the continent in the 4930: 4906: 4891: 4866: 4828: 4812: 4773: 4733:

centuries later, until the Arab Empire eventually came to an end after the

4718: 4698:

then took over the Arab Empire, though the Umayyads remained in control of

4559: 4459: 4318: 4279: 4189: 4138: 4077: 4068: 3972: 3606: 3543:

in 1575. Key to Oda success during the battle was the deployment of 10,000

3535: 3529: 3027: 2976: 2916: 2894: 2856: 2777: 2720: 2603: 2550: 2094: 2020: 2000: 1995: 1890: 1835: 1469: 1464: 1287: 1202: 950: 684: 585: 382: 286: 9441: 7434:

The Past as Prologue: The Importance of History to the Military Profession

7071:

De Salazar, Gonzalo, "War, Peace and Civilization" , (Madrid: MAEC, 2016).

4305:. The Greeks successfully stopped two Persian invasions, the first at the 4173:

after a series of military conquests, creating the first empire in China.

3776:

Prehistoric warfare refers to war that occurred between societies without

13313: 13201: 13126: 13043: 12962: 12955: 12812: 12637: 12313: 12096: 11902: 11832: 11533: 11280: 11000: 10795: 10738: 10673: 10658: 10581: 9571: 8778: 6991: 5691:

Otto Mayr, "The 'Enola Gay' Fiasco: History, Politics, and the Museum."

5211: 5143: 5135:

involving the United States, the Soviet Union, and more recently, China.

4843: 4834:

In New Zealand, prior to European discovery, oral histories, legends and

4824: 4741: 4726: 4691: 4546:, and other barbaric groups invaded Rome, which continued to suffer from 4524: 4181: 4177: 4127: 4052: 3987: 3960: 3715: 3703: 3579: 3509: 3451: 3389: 3350: 3323:

introduced the bayonet to the French army. They were used heavily in the

3256: 3225: 3205: 3148: 3144: 3039: 2961: 2898: 2763: 2397: 2381: 2005: 1756: 1721: 1560: 1247: 1212: 925: 868: 771: 555: 276: 271: 7546: 7093:

Weapons and Warfare: From Ancient and Medieval Times to the 21st Century

6854:

Timelines of War: A Chronology of Warfare from 100,000 BC to the Present

6829:

Archer, I. John R. Ferris, Holger H. Herwig, and Timothy H. E. Travers.

6063: 5483: 5400:

The Past Before Us: Contemporary Historical Writing in the United States

4527:

in the east and controlled Northern Africa and Central Europe up to the

4423:

invaded Carthage, Hannibal was forced to follow and was defeated at the

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The Great War in History Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present

7494: 7322: 7281: 7074:

De Salazar, Gonzalo, "Crime and Armed Conflict" , (Madrid: MAEC, 2018).

6763: 6701: 5964: 5834: 5696: 5501:

John Whiteclay Chambers, "The new military history: myth and reality."

5456: 5132: 5046:

have strongly criticised it as misleading, exaggerated and simplistic.

4777: 4699: 4551: 4463: 4392: 4294: 4259: 4103: 3944: 3738: 3707: 3665: 3657: 3591: 3525:

and institutional relationships indicative of the early modern order."

3229: 3199: 3164: 2956: 2662: 2566: 2465: 2437: 2349: 2325: 2271: 1962: 1932: 1654: 1023: 12647: 7305: 6747:

The first total war: Napoleon's Europe and the birth of modern warfare

6201:. California Center for Military History. May 18, 2006. Archived from 5989: 5895: 5777: 4984:

to open order formations and the transfer of emphasis from the use of

3216:

and Second World Wars. Air-deployed naval mines were used to mine the

13141: 13038: 12967: 12861: 12834: 12323: 12296: 11787: 11725: 11442: 11231: 11145: 11130: 10968: 10802: 10760: 10571: 10054: 6010:"A Crossbow Mechanism with Some Unique Features from Shandong, China" 5398:

William H McNeill, "Modern European History" in Michael Kammen, ed.,

5085: 5015: 4938: 4902: 4835: 4781: 4776:

followed next, inventing new weapons of war that employed the use of

4679: 4663: 4652: 4612: 4563: 4547: 4528: 4502: 4388: 4387:

Meanwhile, Rome was gaining power, following a rebellion against the

4192:, and proto-Vietnamese Nanyue. They also came into conflict with the 4146: 4083: 4073: 3999: 3305: 3248: 3187: 3172: 3156: 3118: 3105: 3021: 2986: 2951: 2908: 2728: 2562: 2461: 1952: 1776: 1726: 1676: 1666: 1661: 1526: 1317: 1312: 1277: 719: 405: 372: 261: 7119:

Barnett, Correlli, Shelford Bidwell, Brian Bond, and John Terraine.

6914:(1977), 1465 pp; comprehensive summary focused on wars and battles; 5906: 3126:

the "fire drug" arrived in Europe, fully fleshed out, as gunpowder.

23: 12642: 12303: 11857: 11705: 11243: 11020: 10951: 10743: 10596: 10554: 10411: 10393: 10362: 9472: 7607: 7604:

of the International Commission of Military History – from Brill.nl

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The Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present

6758:

John Bennett Walters, "General William T. Sherman and Total War."

5646:

Stephen Wood, "Too serious a business to be left to military men""

5178: 5159: 5151: 5060: 4989: 4985: 4926: 4785: 4674:. While their attempts to invade Europe by way of the Balkans were 4648: 4596: 4523:, the Romans had expanded to the Atlantic Ocean in the west and to 4516:

into an empire with a huge standing army of professional soldiers.

4439: 4408: 4346: 4338: 4322: 4216: 4063: 4058: 3976: 3948: 3730: 3544: 3513: 3484: 3290: 3221: 3168: 3160: 3035: 3001: 2995: 2912: 2871: 2838: 2785: 2638: 2628: 2541: 2487: 2473: 2464:(484–425 BC) who is often called the "father of history". Next was 2167: 2148: 2125: 1967: 1942: 1575: 1207: 1182: 800: 355: 229: 13406: 12739: 7045:

The Allure of Battle: A History of How Wars Have Been Won and Lost

6556:"Slaughter at the bridge: Uncovering a colossal Bronze Age battle" 5150:, armored warfare technology came to a head with the start of the 4857:

They proceeded to massacre the Moriori and enslave the survivors.

4562:, western Rome collapsed and was eventually conquered in 476. The 4317:, a naval battle where the Greek ships were deployed by orders of 4072:

contains a detailed study on ancient warfare, including topics on

3830:

was one of the first wars in recorded history, fought between the

3349:

were successfully used militarily in India against the British by

3038:

was developed around 500 BC in China, and was used heavily in the

12888: 12054: 12044: 11862: 11807: 11500: 11463: 11386: 11368: 11351: 11334: 10985: 10939: 10780: 10753: 10606: 10601: 10576: 10446: 7121:

Old Battles and New Defences: Can We Learn from Military History?

6696:

Geoffrey Parker, "The Military Revolution, 1560–1660 – A Myth?"

5858:

Jeffrey Rop, "Reconsidering the Origin of the Scythed Chariot."

5812:

The encyclopedia of military history: from 3500 BC to the present

4858: 4765: 4695: 4608: 4228: 4193: 4150: 4088: 4011: 4003: 3968: 3940: 3928: 3912: 3897: 3865: 3843: 3404: 3316: 3312: 3043: 3011: 3006: 2936: 2886: 2852: 2823: 2808: 2732: 2694: 2682: 2676: 2658: 2643: 2633: 2618: 2590: 2574: 1977: 1937: 1701: 1535: 1531: 878: 863: 739: 400: 395: 365: 304: 266: 5415:

A Guide to British Military History: The Subject and the Sources

3425: 2497:(100–44 BC) enable a comparative approach for campaigns such as 12358: 12287: 12106: 12061: 11715: 11700: 11192: 10832: 10715: 10456: 10451: 7619: 6952:(3rd ed. 2006) 704 pp; very useful summary across world history 4808: 4745: 4710: 4656: 4619: 4302: 4298: 4290: 4201: 4165: 4161: 4123: 3952: 3924: 3885: 3849: 3835: 3430: 3180: 3129: 3016: 2991: 2981: 2890: 2842: 2833:

In 1210 BC, the first recorded naval battle was fought between

2819: 2537: 2529: 2469: 1484: 885: 702: 438: 7014:

Waging War: Conflict, Culture, and Innovation in World History

4020:

began growing as an ancient power, but eventually fell to the

12617: 12116: 11657: 11652: 10990: 10915: 7343: 7179:

Bucholz, Arden. "Hans Delbruck and Modern Military History."

6238:

Balloons at War: Gasbags, Flying Bombs & Cold War Secrets

4761: 4629: 4622: 4543: 4509: 4395:, the Romans defeated the neighboring power of Carthage. The 4380: 4255: 4247: 4092: 4091:(right) and Persian warrior depicted fighting, on an ancient 4025: 4021: 4017: 3991: 3853: 3831: 3807: 3695: 3373: 3080: 2827: 2533: 2446: 2441: 2433: 2417: 2305: 960: 496: 491: 6030:

Gunpowder, explosives and the state: a technological history

3179:, which was simple and reliable, becoming standard with the 2393: 11103: 10566: 10561: 7599: 7202:

Charters, David A., Marc Milner, and J. Brent Wilson. eds.

6685:

The Military Revolution in Early Modern Europe, a Revision,

5139: 4717:

stopped short a Muslim invasion. The Abassids defeated the

4447: 4412: 4197: 4185: 4157: 4033: 4007: 3839: 3630: 2966: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2217: 256: 251: 7485:

Riseman, Noah. "The Rise of Indigenous Military History."

5110:

strategic bombing of enemy cities and industrial factories

3726:

in 1945, quickly and controversially ending World War II.

3403:

In the later part of the 19th century, the self-propelled

3092: 2803: 2174:

used, and how these changed over time. On the other hand,

12930: 11695: 11687: 10397: 6794:

Alex Roland, "Was the Nuclear Arms Race Deterministic?."

4539: 3361:. Rockets were generally inaccurate at that time, though 3311:

Bayonets also became of wide usage to infantry soldiers.

3186:

At the beginning of the 16th century, the first European

2140: 129: 9596: 4130:, though the empire collapsed not long after his reign. 3050:, even though the English were eventually defeated. The 4501:(legionary battle standards) were taken as trophies to 3811: 2855:

were involved in more complicated sea-land operations.

7388:

Moyar, Mark. "The Current State of Military History",

6981:

The Price of Admiralty: The Evolution of Naval Warfare

3880:

relief of attack on an enemy town during the reign of

3625:

in 1902. Then in 1918, the British produced the first

2901:

invented rudders and sculled oars for their warships.

2436:. Other prominent records in military history are the 2396:

at Olang / Kronplatz in the heard of the dolomites of

8266: 7985: 7608:

H-WAR, daily discussion group for military historians

7558:

Spiller, Roger. "Military History and its Fictions."

7453:

2006 70(4): 1065–1079. on war on terror, 2001–present

7136:

Beaumont, Joan. "Australian military historiography"

5438:

Eugene P. A. Scleh, "Teaching History Through Film",

3903:

Notable militaries in the ancient world included the

3304:

possible, allowing the use of infantry, cavalry, and

2250: 10030:

Awareness in Nazi Germany and German-occupied Europe

7432:

Murray, Williamson and Richard Hart Sinnreich, eds.

7212:"Military Histories Old and New: A Reintroduction", 6781:

Mark E. Neely Jr, "Was the Civil War a Total War?."

5362:"Becoming a Military History Instructor in the Army" 5192: 4550:

and other internal strifes. Despite the attempts of

3400:

first arrived at the beginning of the 20th century.

3372:

In the 1860s there were a series of advancements in

2770:

was later invented in India and soon adopted by the

2352:, and exhibits on civilian life during wartime, and 2198:

that had taken place during the period known as the

7489:(2014) 12#12 pp. 901–911. cover 20th century. 7398:Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich, eds. 7216:Vol. 112, no. 4 (October 2007), pp. 1070–1090 7036:Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich, eds. 3327:, and continued to be used in modern wars like the 3280:then improved the submarine design by creating the 2716:, the importance of the cavalry would be repeated. 48:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 9990:Massacres of Poles in Volhynia and Eastern Galicia 9848: 7251:A Guide to the Sources of British Military History 6734:Perilous Glory: The Rise of Western Military Power 3664:became important in World War I, in which several 7629: 6929:World military leaders: a biographical dictionary 6861:The Oxford Companion to American Military History 5082:and the major parties during the two World Wars. 3641:, with a 75 mm gun, and the British had the 2270:. Scholars still do not know the exact nature of 13436: 7197:Historical journal of film, radio and television 7150:Black, Jeremy. "Determinisms and Other Issues", 7031:Battle: A Cultural History of Combat and Culture 6721:The Military Revolution and the State, 1500–1800 6659:The Military Revolution and the State, 1500–1800 4929:was later adopted by European armies during the 4842:warriors were held in high esteem. One group of 4784:(see section below) against enemies such as the 3380:was designed in 1860 by a company bought out by 2723:, who had the ability to shoot on horseback—the 9238: 7404:The Routledge History of Global War and Society 7400:The Routledge History of Global War and Society 7038:The Routledge History of Global War and Society 6406: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6305:A History of the Late Medieval Siege, 1200–1500 5810:Richard Ernest Dupuy, and Trevor Nevitt Dupuy, 5411: 4345:, the Athenian navy was decisively defeated by 2194:managing them, as well as the frenetic pace of 8819: 7667: 7601:International Bibliography of Military History 7524:Schleh, Eugene P. "Books About Film and War." 7415:Muehlbauer, Matthew S., and David J. Ulbrich. 5478:, "Teetering on the Brink of Respectability." 4952:, that lasted for fourteen years (1529–1543). 3760: 2528:changes, only its superficial manifestations. 12755: 10378: 9457: 9224: 8805: 8400: 8252: 7971: 7653: 6529:The Nuclear Arms Race: Technology and Society 6477:Tank: the progress of a monstrous war machine 5907:Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund (1998). 4587:(1346) between the English and French in the 2602:and the nation states of the early to middle 2102: 8414: 8373:South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 7541:"Teetering on the Brink of Respectability." 7261:Palgrave Advances in Modern Military History 7204:Military History and the Military Profession 7113: 6586: 6397: 6335:. Woolwich: The Royal Artillery Institution. 5142:technology. While tanks were present in the 4850:, where they developed the largely pacifist 4607:, changing military tactics and the role of 2849:, the navy became of increasing importance. 9471: 7509:European Journal of International Relations 6330: 5517: 4913:), the technology later spread west to the 4110:. The same region was soon re conquered by 3806:with depictions of war and peace, from the 3414: 3345:At the end of the 18th century, iron-cased 2653:and early Romans used rigid, heavily armed 2320: 12762: 12748: 10385: 10371: 9464: 9450: 9231: 9217: 8812: 8798: 8407: 8393: 8259: 8245: 7978: 7964: 7660: 7646: 6871:The Reader's Companion to Military History 6869:Cowley, Robert, and Geoffrey Parker, eds. 5953:H. T. Wallinga, "The Trireme and History" 5680:Journal of Conservation and Museum Studies 4838:include many stories of battles and wars. 4531:. However, Aurelius marked the end of the 4427:, ending the role of Carthage as a power. 4415:. He famously won the encirclement at the 2512: 2109: 2095: 10093:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7107:Encyclopedia of American Military History 6875:Complete text online free of 1996 edition 6378: 6363: 6264:The Age of Firearms: a pictorial history. 3660:flew, but it wasn't practical for usage. 3578:weaponry (cannons and muskets wielded by 3429:The first Western image of a battle with 2863:, ending the Persian invasion of Greece. 2830:. The Greeks later advanced these ships. 2166:, the logistics, leadership, technology, 108:Learn how and when to remove this message 12208:List of military strategies and concepts 7620:Military History Encyclopedia on the Web 7338:, 93 (March 2007), 1116–1142. Fulltext: 6957:Encyclopedia of War and American Society 6936:The Oxford Companion to Military History 6879:Dear, I. C. B., and M. R. D. Foot, eds. 6852:Brownstone, David, and Irene M. Franck. 5744:New Glory: Expanding America's Supremacy 5316:History of physical training and fitness 5108:were examples. On the largest scale the 5059: 5009: 4882: 4790: 4579: 4366: 4206: 4102:invaded Northwestern India and defeated 4082: 3871: 3797: 3672:with a decent unobstructed flight deck. 3601: 3569: 3534: 3495: 3491: 3424: 3384:, which made new and improved versions. 3236:used naval mines extensively during the 3121:, oil, resin, ground charcoal and wax." 3091: 3079: 3071: 2930: 2911:were used to protect inhabitants in the 2802: 2739:became widely adopted by the Parthians, 2689:, led by Athens in an attempt to subdue 2556: 2324: 2218:Popular versus academic military history 2120: 1073:List of military strategies and concepts 7359:Liddell Hart and the Weight of History. 7259:Hughes, Matthew, and W. Philpott, eds. 6845:Warfare in the Western World, 1882–1975 6838:Warfare in the Western World, 1775–1882 6410: 6345: 6103: 6041: 5938:John S. Morrison, "The Greek Trireme." 5322: 5166:, would be developed during this time. 5138:Modern war also saw the improvement of 4976:, the transition from use of battalion 4861:culture also developed in the isolated 4434:decisive victory over Macedonia at the 4141:had risen and collapsed. This led to a 4028:, Assyrians, Persians, Greeks, Romans, 3846:region lasted for several generations. 3842:. The border conflict over the fertile 13437: 7460:U. Press of Kansas 1990. 270 pp. 6910:Dupuy, R. Ernest and Trevor N. Dupuy. 6904:(2 vol 1996), comprehensive textbook; 6616:"Moriori – The impact of new arrivals" 6446: 6444: 6442: 6302: 6099: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6081: 5975:Moerbeek, Martijn (January 21, 1998). 5959:Vol. 43, Fasc. 1/2, 1990 pp. 132–149. 5847:Hippeis: the cavalry of Ancient Greece 4999: 4535:, and Rome quickly fell into decline. 4341:. After a disastrous campaign against 3765: 3597: 3388:arrived in the mid-19th century also. 2315:Knowledge:WikiProject Military history 12743: 10366: 9445: 9212: 8793: 8388: 8240: 7959: 7641: 7628: 6553: 6527:Paul P. Craig and John A. Jungerman, 6450: 6326: 6324: 6298: 6296: 5876:, "The African elephant in warfare." 5049: 4955:The period spanning between the 1648 4493:in the east. In a decisive battle at 4411:'s invasion of Italy by crossing the 3108:evolving slowly from formulations by 2923:is often necessary to capture forts. 2468:whose impartiality, despite being an 2210:. An important recent concept is the 13393: 12724: 10392: 6044:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 5888:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093538 4872: 4497:Romans were defeated and the golden 4114:after defeating the Macedonians and 3411:was the world's first torpedo boat. 2408:led to cancellation of the exhibit. 46:adding citations to reliable sources 17: 12769: 12668:Idealism in international relations 10035:Functionalism–intentionalism debate 7987:Military history of North America 7480:American Nineteenth Century History 6943:The Art of War in the Western World 6683:Jacob, F. & Visoni-Alonzo, G., 6594:General Surena; The Hero of Carrhae 6439: 6078: 4599:came into use some time during the 4569: 4156:The Warring States era philosopher 4010:were the first nation to introduce 3151:, were held in one hand, while the 2411: 2298: 13: 8268:Military history of South America 7616:– from AmericanHistoryProjects.com 7366:Reader's Guide to Military History 7086:Encyclopedia of military biography 6822: 6626:Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand 6321: 6293: 6131:Calvert, J.B. (February 19, 2006) 5715:"Herodotus: The father of history" 4799:forces over the Muscovites at the 4221:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 4211:Lifelike soldier statues from the 4204:, and other steppe civilizations. 3787: 3698:was independently invented by the 3392:arrived in the late 19th century. 3143:The first infantry firearms, from 2251:Historiography of military history 14: 13466: 7593: 6995:(London: Bickers & Son, 1870) 5282:Military history of South America 5277:Military history of North America 5119: 4725:, but were later defeated by the 4325:, and the land engagement of the 4309:, where the Persians were led by 4118:. He also went on to conquer the 3884:, 743–720 BC, from his palace at 3724:dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki 3582:) was the deciding factor of the 2685:became an important tool. In the 2339:Category:Military and war museums 13416: 13405: 13392: 13381: 13380: 12723: 12713: 12712: 10346: 10345: 10187:Palestinian expulsion and flight 9120:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 8890:Democratic Republic of the Congo 8773: 8764: 8763: 8101:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 7614:Web Sources for Military History 7567:Winter, Jay, and Antoine Prost. 7156:, 68 (Oct. 2004), 1217–1232. in 7079:The Oxford History of Modern War 6881:Oxford Companion to World War II 6736:(2011) pp. 219–264 on 1815–1914. 6542:The Cold War: A Military History 6455:. University of Oklahoma Press. 6225:Bayonets: An Illustrated History 5257:Military history of ancient Rome 5195: 5183:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 4905:weapons were first developed in 4039:The earliest recorded battle in 3559:This was on display during what 3212:. They were used heavily in the 2907:are important in warfare. Early 2882:, resulting in a Roman victory. 2665:would later adopt more flexible 147: 22: 13335:List of social science journals 10050:Pope Pius XII and the Holocaust 9985:Soviets and the Warsaw Uprising 9792:Causes of the Armenian genocide 6804: 6788: 6775: 6752: 6739: 6726: 6713: 6690: 6677: 6664: 6651: 6630: 6609: 6598: 6566: 6554:Curry, Andrew (24 March 2016). 6547: 6534: 6521: 6508: 6495: 6482: 6469: 6372: 6339: 6269: 6256: 6243: 6230: 6217: 6191: 6178: 6158: 6145: 6125: 6035: 6022: 6002: 5982: 5977:"The battle of Salamis, 480 BC" 5969: 5947: 5932: 5921:from the original on 2021-06-23 5900: 5867: 5852: 5839: 5817: 5804: 5789: 5773:American Journal of Archaeology 5764: 5749: 5736: 5727: 5708: 5685: 5672: 5653: 5640: 5631:The Journal of Military History 5623: 5604: 5585: 5562: 5549: 5526: 5508: 5503:The Journal of Military History 5343:from the original on 2016-04-22 4566:continued to prosper, however. 4489:took the offensive against the 4219:, which was meant to guard the 3733:, the main powers engaged in a 2378:The National World War I Museum 2317:and encourage readers to join. 2277:Military historians have often 2245:The Journal of Military History 33:needs additional citations for 13292:Science and technology studies 10322:Gunpowder and gun transmission 10196:Zionism as settler colonialism 9259:Federated States of Micronesia 8731:British Indian Ocean Territory 7392:(2007), 50: 225–240 online at 7214:The American Historical Review 7183:vol 55#3 (1993) pp. 517+. 7061:(Routledge, 2021); since 1793. 6859:Chambers, John Whiteclay, ed. 6381:World Monarchies and Dynasties 6111:. Princeton University Press. 5495: 5469: 5445: 5432: 5405: 5392: 5383: 5354: 5329: 5031:in the 1950s as he focused on 4917:, from where it spread to the 4911:Technology of the Song dynasty 4282:'s greatest rivals during the 4242:Persian Empire was founded by 4235:period in the 3rd century AD. 4184:, which expanded into Central 2926: 2585: 2519:History of military technology 2482:, recording the expedition of 2284:In the early 1980s, historian 2243:. Since 1937 it has published 2212:Revolution in Military Affairs 2164:military doctrine on each side 1: 7630:Military history by continent 7564:2006 70(4): 1081–1097. online 7297:17#3 (1984) pp. 355–384 7239:10.1080/07292473.2022.2021752 7146:10.1080/07292473.2023.2150485 6938:(2001) 1071 pp; online at OUP 6873:(2001) coverage by scholars. 6813:Small Wars & Insurgencies 6516:World War 2: New Technologies 6503:A history of chemical warfare 6303:Purton, Peter Fraser (2009). 6277:Torpedoes and Torpedo-vessels 5572:(May, 1984) 17#3 pp. 355–384 5418:. Pen and Sword. p. 24. 3369:, and had a higher accuracy. 2845:, which was defeated. In the 2432:) c. 2700 BC near the modern 9240:Military history of Oceania 8226:United States Virgin Islands 7140:42#1 (2023) pp. 99–121 6931:(Infobase Publishing, 2007). 6902:Warfare In The Western World 6425:10.1080/10371397.2013.831733 6307:. Boydell & Brewer Ltd. 5536:History Associations, 2015. 5252:Society for Military History 4686:, the Arabs expanded to the 4659:to protect their territory. 4485:In 54 BC the Roman triumvir 4321:and the Persians were under 4108:Battle of the Hydaspes River 3061: 2796:'s gift of 500 elephants to 2782:Battle of the Hydaspes River 2500:Commentarii de Bello Gallico 2241:Society for Military History 2130:Staatliche Antikensammlungen 7: 12190:Operational manoeuvre group 9954:German resistance to Nazism 9810:Persian famine of 1917–1919 8821:Military history of Africa 7586:Journal of Military History 7561:Journal of Military History 7543:Journal of American History 7473:Journal of American History 7451:Journal of Military History 7351:Journal of Military History 7336:Journal of American History 7189:Journal of Military History 7164:Rethinking Military History 7153:Journal of Military History 6760:Journal of Southern history 6605:s:Great Battles of Bulgaria 6505:(Palgrave Macmillan, 2005). 6331:Brackenbury, Henry (1865). 6175:. Accessed on May 18, 2006. 6019:. Accessed on May 17, 2006. 5480:Journal of American History 5453:Journal of Military History 5293:Journal of Military History 5287:Military history by country 5272:Military history of Oceania 5188: 4933:of the early 16th century. 4894:against Spain, painting by 3782:Tollense valley battlefield 3761:Periods of military history 3528:Tactically, beginning with 3183:by the early 17th century. 2506:Commentarii de Bello Civili 2370:Western Front (World War I) 2358:Imperial War Museum Duxford 2202:, and more recently in the 2153:international relationships 1566:Military–industrial complex 1045:Operational manoeuvre group 10: 13471: 12623:Peace and conflict studies 12512:Infantry fighting vehicles 11051:Front; Russian land forces 9959:Nazi foreign policy debate 7669:Military history of Europe 7588:(Jan 2021) 85#1 pp 95–133. 7443:53#3 2007. pp. 229+. 7354:, 61 (Oct. 1997), 777–789. 7321:, 86 (June 1981), 553–67. 7319:American Historical Review 7245:Why Military History Sucks 7059:Encyclopedia of modern war 6451:Swope, Kenneth M. (2013). 6199:"Early Underwater Warfare" 6142:. Accessed on May 18, 2006 5514:Morillo, Pevkovic, pp. 4–5 5267:Military history of Europe 5262:Military history of Africa 5171:Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 5164:advanced targeting systems 5123: 5053: 5003: 4946:Ahmad ibn Ibrihim al-Ghazi 4876: 4573: 4373:Great Ludovisi sarcophagus 4278:dynasties, which were the 3791: 3769: 3652:On December 17, 1903, the 3418: 3140:they would be used again. 3065: 2516: 2336: 2311:with over 180,000 articles 13376: 13343: 13327: 13074: 12800: 12777: 12710: 12678:International cooperation 12610: 12585: 12452: 12445: 12367: 12286: 12198: 12150: 12025: 11901: 11686: 11648:Combat information center 11625: 11546: 11456: 11185: 11178: 11109:Infantry fighting vehicle 11059: 10891:Unified combatant command 10861: 10724: 10536: 10404: 10340: 10309: 10273: 10167: 10121: 10107:Second Sino-Japanese War 10085: 10015: 9967: 9929: 9889: 9765: 9587: 9506: 9482: 9350: 9327: 9246: 9133: 9108: 8827: 8759: 8718: 8678: 8420: 8347: 8274: 8201:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 8119: 7993: 7918: 7675: 7635: 7482:, 7 (June 2006), 139–321. 7280:, 36 #3, (1984), 389–418 7192:, 55 (July 1991), 395–406 7114:Historiography and memory 6698:Journal of Modern History 6275:George Elliot Armstrong, 6056:10.1017/S1356186309009717 6028:Brenda J. Buchanan, ed., 5733:Farah, Karls, pp. 137–138 5482:(2007) 93(4): 1158–1160. 4375:depicts a battle between 4297:rose to power, including 4215:, discovered near modern 2493:The memoirs of the Roman 2196:technological development 1630:Loss-of-strength gradient 487:Combat information center 12593:Lists of wars by country 12035:List of military tactics 11153:Self-propelled artillery 11041:Special units by nation: 10484:Protocols and structure: 10025:Auschwitz bombing debate 9711:Indian Rebellion of 1857 9562:Late Bronze Age collapse 9496:List of military museums 9410:Northern Mariana Islands 8875:Central African Republic 8480:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8415:Military history of Asia 8221:Turks and Caicos Islands 7500:Rogers, Clifford J. ed. 7383:What is Military History 7364:Messenger, Charles, ed. 7102:(4 vol, ABC-CLIO, 2019). 7098:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. 7095:(2 vol, ABC-CLIO, 2020). 7077:Townshend, Charles, ed. 7005:Lawrence, D. R. (2009). 7000:African Military History 6831:World History of Warfare 6700:48#2 (1976) pp 195–214; 6379:Middleton, John (2004). 6333:Ancient Cannon in Europe 6186:The Submarine: A History 5914:. Routledge. p. 8. 5412:Ian F W Beckett (2016). 5227:List of military writers 5090:William Tecumseh Sherman 4750:failed invasion of Korea 4454:) and defeating several 4440:Lucius Licinius Lucullus 4313:, and the second at the 3818:Much of what we know of 3415:Early guns and artillery 2374:International Spy Museum 2321:Military and war museums 2304:H-WAR, sponsored by the 2188:Combat Studies Institute 1948:Military science fiction 1433:Technology and equipment 854:List of military tactics 12980:international relations 12690:International relations 12683:Crimes against humanity 11330:Other infantry weapons: 11046:Battle Fleet; U.S. Navy 10617:Functional specialties: 9975:Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact 9834:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 9375:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8741:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 7545:2007 93(4): 1158–1160. 7370:excerpt and text search 7091:Tucker, Spencer C., ed. 6762:14.4 (1948): 447–480. 6365:10.1111/1468-229X.12144 6346:Crombie, Laura (2016). 6166:The "Invincible" Armada 6133:"Cannons and Gunpowder" 6008:Selby, Stephen (2001). 5999:. Accessed May 16, 2006 5682:(2001) vol 7 pp. 11–15. 5455:61 (Oct. 1997), 777–89 5389:Cowley, Parker, p. xiii 4487:Marcus Licinius Crassus 4438:), in the Middle East ( 4266:went on to conquer the 4045:Battle of the Ten Kings 3971:Confederation, Ancient 3512:mercenaries armed with 2737:heavily armored cavalry 2513:Technological evolution 2360:for military aircraft, 2016:Wartime sexual violence 1772:Full-spectrum dominance 1583:Supply-chain management 13307:Quantum social science 12658:Conscientious objector 10766:Special reconnaissance 10506:Awards and decorations 10098:"Battle for Australia" 9980:Soviet offensive plans 9949:Broad vs. narrow front 9788:Late Ottoman genocides 8151:British Virgin Islands 7715:Bosnia and Herzegovina 7475:2007 93(4): 1154–1157. 7390:The Historical Journal 6798:51.2 (2010): 444–461. 6796:Technology and Culture 6153:A History of Artillery 5979:Accessed May 16, 2006. 5882:46.182 (1947): 42–49. 5776:76.2 (1972): 145–157. 5758:Technology and Culture 5695:39.3 (1998): 462–473. 5693:Technology and culture 5237:Military globalization 5067: 5023: 5014:Dutch forces storming 4898: 4804: 4670:, and later under the 4592: 4444:Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus 4384: 4224: 4096: 3888: 3815: 3684:Second Battle of Ypres 3614: 3587: 3548: 3517: 3438: 3421:History of the firearm 3308:in a coordinated way. 3104:There is evidence for 3101: 3089: 3077: 2944: 2893:. The 12th century AD 2811: 2578: 2555: 2524:The nature of warfare 2454:has been challenged), 2362:Deutsches Panzermuseum 2334: 2313:. Its editors sponsor 2133: 1928:Awards and decorations 1901:Peace through strength 1876:Low-intensity conflict 1510:Conscientious objector 1383:Area of responsibility 13344:Other categorizations 13197:International studies 13182:History of technology 13117:Communication studies 13000:public administration 11678:Torpedo Data Computer 11668:Ship gun fire-control 10327:Torsion mangonel myth 10259:Sri Lankan Civil War 9353:and other territories 9035:São Tomé and Príncipe 8895:Republic of the Congo 8091:Saint Kitts and Nevis 7571:(Cambridge UP, 2005) 7357:Mearsheimer, John J. 7199:14.4 (1994): 377–411. 6955:Karsten, Peter. ed., 6934:Holmes, Richard, ed. 6900:, and Mark Grimsley. 6883:(2005; 2nd ed. 2010) 6833:(2nd ed. 2008) 638 pp 6815:27.2 (2016): 325–344. 5990:"The Medieval Castle" 5864:62.2 (2013): 167–181. 5801:18.2 (1986): 196–215. 5761:35.4 (1994): 768–834. 5633:76.4 (2012): 523–556 5217:Ancient Greek warfare 5124:Further information: 5063: 5054:Further information: 5013: 4886: 4877:Further information: 4794: 4583: 4574:Further information: 4370: 4351:Battle of Aegospotami 4252:Neo-Babylonian Empire 4246:after conquering the 4210: 4180:was succeeded by the 4143:Warring States period 4086: 3875: 3801: 3792:Further information: 3770:Further information: 3718:was developed by the 3627:armored troop carrier 3605: 3573: 3538: 3499: 3492:Early firearm tactics 3428: 3419:Further information: 3251:was built in 1624 by 3095: 3083: 3075: 2934: 2806: 2762:developed the use of 2560: 2522: 2328: 2200:Industrial Revolution 2124: 520:Torpedo data computer 510:Ship gun fire-control 13177:Historical sociology 12539:Specific modern wars 12487:Vehicles and weapons 12412:Military occupations 11011:Carrier strike group 9944:"Blitzkrieg" concept 9815:Powder keg of Europe 9690:Franco-Prussian War 8655:United Arab Emirates 7511:24.3 (2018): 491513 6998:Lamphear, John, ed. 6906:online vol 1 to 1871 6253:8.2 (2011): 131–138. 6205:on February 17, 2006 5941:The Mariner's Mirror 5909:"A History of India" 5648:Museum International 5559:(Random House, 1987) 5442:(1973) 3#3 pp 12–16. 5323:Notes and references 5160:high caliber cannons 4721:Chinese army at the 4690:in the west and the 4362:Philip II of Macedon 3481:Mehmed the Conqueror 3247:The first navigable 3068:History of gunpowder 3042:. The English/Welsh 2596:New Egyptian Kingdom 2046:Military occupations 1881:Military engineering 1783:Unrestricted Warfare 1640:Force multiplication 538:Military manoeuvrers 42:improve this article 13357:Geisteswissenschaft 13351:Behavioral sciences 13277:Political sociology 13192:Information science 13137:Development studies 12702:Peace organizations 12165:Operations research 11643:Director (military) 11633:Fire-control system 10544:Command and control 10280:Russo-Georgian War 10253:Sovereignty dispute 10232:Iranian Revolution 10062:"Polish death camp" 10039:In relation to the 9748:Myth of English aid 9739:War of the Pacific 9516:Albigensian Crusade 9110:States with limited 8682:limited recognition 8106:Trinidad and Tobago 8001:Antigua and Barbuda 7920:States with limited 7340:History Cooperative 7233:41.1 (2022): 6–84. 6674:(1995), pp. 95–115. 6582:. December 7, 2018. 6223:Martin J. Brayley, 5944:27.1 (1941): 14–44. 5650:38.1 (1986): 20–26. 5570:The History Teacher 5523:Black (2004), p. ix 5312:, scholarly journal 5304:, scholarly journal 5296:, scholarly journal 5177:1980–1988, and the 5116:was total warfare. 5065:Franco-Prussian War 5006:Military Revolution 5000:Military Revolution 4957:Peace of Westphalia 4795:The victory of the 4452:Gaius Julius Caesar 4391:. During the three 4112:Chandragupta Maurya 4100:Alexander the Great 3882:Tiglath-Pileser III 3772:Prehistoric warfare 3766:Prehistoric warfare 3710:to detect objects. 3598:Modern technologies 3584:Battle of Chaldiran 3541:Battle of Nagashino 3407:was developed. The 3274:American Revolution 3177:flintlock mechanism 3138:Battle of Agincourt 3056:Battle of Agincourt 2794:Chandragupta Maurya 2749:Eastern Han dynasty 2698:Alexander the Great 2687:Sicilian Expedition 2386:Canadian War Museum 2331:Canadian War Museum 2145:history of humanity 1732:Penal military unit 1717:Rules of engagement 1393:Command and control 1018:Operations research 482:Director (military) 472:Fire-control system 242:Command and control 123:Part of a series on 13412:Society portal 12899:auxiliary sciences 12160:Military operation 12127:Tactical objective 11638:Fire-control radar 11554:Military equipment 11496:Anti-ship missiles 10848:Electronic-warfare 10711:Military maneuvers 10696:Combat occupations 10472:Commanding officer 10432:Occupational roles 10295:Syrian revolution 10207:Malayan Emergency 10182:1948 Palestine war 9915:Spanish Civil War 9865:War guilt question 9674:American Civil War 9654:Invasion of Russia 9630:New Russian School 8041:Dominican Republic 7578:2021-08-04 at the 7552:2021-07-14 at the 7539:Spector, Ronald H. 7535:8.4 (1978): 66–69. 7533:Film & History 7528:8.1 (1978): 11–14. 7518:2022-01-16 at the 7495:10.1111/hic3.12205 7426:2018-04-27 at the 7409:2018-04-27 at the 7381:Morillo, Stephen. 7375:2016-03-12 at the 7328:2019-04-26 at the 7311:2021-11-10 at the 7287:2019-04-26 at the 7278:American Quarterly 7270:2022-01-16 at the 7249:Higham, John, ed. 7223:2021-08-27 at the 7173:2009-12-08 at the 7130:2009-11-23 at the 7088:(Bloomsbury 2020). 7068:(Routledge, 2021). 7057:Parkinson, Roger. 7040:(Routledge, 2018). 7023:2023-01-09 at the 7002:(Routledge, 2007). 6973:2018-08-04 at the 6964:The Face of Battle 6950:Dictionary of Wars 6785:37.1 (1991): 5–28. 6769:2018-12-15 at the 6707:2018-12-15 at the 6647:New Zealand A to Z 6642:2007-09-28 at the 6621:2009-01-03 at the 6286:2023-06-20 at the 6236:John Christopher, 6171:2006-05-12 at the 6138:2007-07-01 at the 6015:2008-05-18 at the 5995:2006-06-22 at the 5845:Leslie J. Worley, 5783:2016-04-24 at the 5720:2005-12-31 at the 5702:2018-12-17 at the 5666:2017-05-02 at the 5617:2018-12-15 at the 5612:H-War book reviews 5598:2018-12-15 at the 5579:2016-12-25 at the 5543:2015-08-03 at the 5505:55.3 (1991): 395+. 5489:2021-07-14 at the 5462:2021-07-14 at the 5440:Film & History 5106:American Civil War 5100:'s burning of the 5080:Napoleon Bonaparte 5068: 5056:Industrial warfare 5050:Industrial warfare 5024: 4950:Ethiopian–Adal War 4921:of Persia and the 4899: 4805: 4668:Rashidun Caliphate 4593: 4589:Hundred Years' War 4533:Five Good Emperors 4385: 4307:Battle of Marathon 4284:Roman-Persian Wars 4225: 4097: 3955:), Early Imperial 3889: 3816: 3747:ballistic missiles 3615: 3588: 3565:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 3549: 3518: 3439: 3398:light machine guns 3386:Springfield rifles 3325:American Civil War 3210:American Civil War 3175:, and finally the 3134:Hundred Years' War 3110:Chinese alchemists 3102: 3090: 3078: 3048:Hundred Years' War 2945: 2870:, the war between 2847:Greco-Persian Wars 2812: 2798:Seleucus I Nicator 2714:Roman-Persian Wars 2579: 2335: 2224:William H. McNeill 2134: 1841:Counter-insurgency 1762:Command of the sea 1707:Jewish laws on war 1682:Geneva Conventions 1218:Divide and conquer 1013:Military operation 978:Tactical objective 477:Fire-control radar 454:Electronic-warfare 57:"Military history" 13432: 13431: 13272:Political economy 13267:Political ecology 13122:Community studies 13112:Cognitive science 13075:Interdisciplinary 12975:Political science 12737: 12736: 12663:Anti-war movement 12606: 12605: 12598:Conflicts by time 12223:Counter-offensive 12213:Military campaign 12132:Target saturation 12082:Counterinsurgency 11731:International law 11673:Gun data computer 11542: 11541: 10879:Armies by country 10843:Close air support 10808:Aircraft carriers 10477:Executive officer 10360: 10359: 10163: 10162: 10041:Armenian genocide 9904:Polish–Soviet War 9899:Burning of Smyrna 9885: 9884: 9875:Reichstag inquiry 9798:Patriotic consent 9669: 9668: 9644:War in the Vendée 9608:French Revolution 9590:century conflicts 9579:Peloponnesian War 9540:Eighty Years' War 9439: 9438: 9433: 9432: 9425:Wallis and Futuna 9370:Clipperton Island 9328:Associated states 9206: 9205: 9137:other territories 8910:Equatorial Guinea 8787: 8786: 8724:other territories 8382: 8381: 8354:other territories 8234: 8233: 8123:other territories 7953: 7952: 7441:Civil War History 7253:(2015) 654 pages 7231:War & Society 7210:Citino, Robert M. 7138:War & Society 7105:Tucker, Spencer. 7084:Trevor, N et al. 7050:Nolan, Cathal J. 7043:Nolan, Cathal J. 6783:Civil War History 6637:"Chatham Islands" 6592:Suren-Pahlav S., 6251:Arms & Armour 5829:(1988): 211–248. 5798:World Archaeology 5476:Ronald H. Spector 5402:(1980) pp. 99–100 5366:The Griffon 108th 5309:War & Society 5102:Shenandoah Valley 4963:is also known as 4961:French Revolution 4909:China (see also: 4896:Sebastiaen Vrancx 4888:Eighty Years' War 4879:Gunpowder warfare 4873:Gunpowder warfare 4797:Polish-Lithuanian 4735:Battle of Baghdad 4694:in the east. The 4688:Iberian Peninsula 4638:Kingdom of Sennar 4419:. However, after 4334:Peloponnesian War 4327:Battle of Plataea 4315:Battle of Salamis 4014:into their army. 3755:nuclear submarine 3735:Nuclear arms race 3720:Manhattan Project 3712:Molotov cocktails 3680:Battle of Bolimov 3467:Henry Brackenbury 3359:Anglo-Mysore Wars 3355:Kingdom of Mysore 3347:artillery rockets 3268:was developed by 3253:Cornelius Drebbel 3240:, as part of the 3198:at the Battle of 3115:potassium nitrate 3086:English Civil War 2861:Battle of Salamis 2824:3rd millennium BC 2822:were used in the 2710:Battle of Carrhae 2484:Cyrus the Younger 2119: 2118: 2011:Horses in warfare 1958:Anti-war movement 1861:Gunboat diplomacy 1851:Disaster response 1799:Philosophy of war 1794:Principles of war 1767:Deterrence theory 1712:Right of conquest 1635:Lanchester's laws 1403:Principles of war 1093:Counter-offensive 1078:Military campaign 983:Target saturation 906:Counterinsurgency 515:Gun data computer 449:Close air support 411:Aircraft carriers 118: 117: 110: 92: 13462: 13450:Military science 13445:Military history 13420: 13410: 13409: 13396: 13395: 13384: 13383: 13287:Regional science 13132:Cultural studies 13107:Business studies 12764: 12757: 12750: 12741: 12740: 12727: 12726: 12716: 12715: 12693: 12576: 12567: 12558: 12549: 12533: 12524: 12515: 12506: 12497: 12483: 12474: 12465: 12450: 12449: 12392:Military tactics 12233:Defence in depth 12087:Defeat in detail 11783:Armoured warfare 11721:Military science 11511:Close-in weapons 11183: 11182: 11094:Wheeled vehicles 11089:Tracked vehicles 10886:Chain of command 10549:Defense ministry 10387: 10380: 10373: 10364: 10363: 10349: 10348: 10332:War and genocide 10156: 10142:Résistancialisme 10129:Battle of France 10111:Nanjing Massacre 9965: 9964: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9806: 9756: 9638: 9621: 9594: 9593: 9521:Catharism debate 9507:pre-18th century 9489:Military history 9466: 9459: 9452: 9443: 9442: 9415:Pitcairn Islands 9385:French Polynesia 9365:Christmas Island 9294:Papua New Guinea 9274:Marshall Islands 9247:Sovereign states 9233: 9226: 9219: 9210: 9209: 9198: 9197:(United Kingdom) 9193:Tristan da Cunha 9189:Ascension Island 9181: 9168: 9159: 9135:Dependencies and 8828:Sovereign states 8814: 8807: 8800: 8791: 8790: 8777: 8767: 8766: 8736:Christmas Island 8422:Sovereign states 8409: 8402: 8395: 8386: 8385: 8374: 8362:Falkland Islands 8276:Sovereign states 8261: 8254: 8247: 8238: 8237: 8191:Saint Barthélemy 8121:Dependencies and 7994:Sovereign states 7980: 7973: 7966: 7957: 7956: 7677:Sovereign states 7662: 7655: 7648: 7639: 7638: 7626: 7625: 7456:Reardon, Carol. 6959:(3 vols., 2005). 6948:Kohn, George C. 6927:Grossman, Mark. 6816: 6808: 6802: 6792: 6786: 6779: 6773: 6756: 6750: 6743: 6737: 6730: 6724: 6717: 6711: 6694: 6688: 6681: 6675: 6668: 6662: 6655: 6649: 6634: 6628: 6613: 6607: 6602: 6596: 6590: 6584: 6583: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6551: 6545: 6538: 6532: 6525: 6519: 6512: 6506: 6499: 6493: 6486: 6480: 6479:(Penguin, 2003). 6475:Patrick Wright, 6473: 6467: 6466: 6448: 6437: 6436: 6413:Japanese Studies 6408: 6395: 6394: 6376: 6370: 6369: 6367: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6300: 6291: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6254: 6247: 6241: 6234: 6228: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6195: 6189: 6182: 6176: 6162: 6156: 6149: 6143: 6129: 6123: 6122: 6101: 6076: 6075: 6039: 6033: 6032:(Ashgate, 2006). 6026: 6020: 6006: 6000: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5967: 5951: 5945: 5936: 5930: 5929: 5927: 5926: 5920: 5913: 5904: 5898: 5871: 5865: 5856: 5850: 5843: 5837: 5821: 5815: 5808: 5802: 5793: 5787: 5768: 5762: 5753: 5747: 5740: 5734: 5731: 5725: 5712: 5706: 5689: 5683: 5676: 5670: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5627: 5621: 5608: 5602: 5589: 5583: 5566: 5560: 5553: 5547: 5532:Bergen, Hilary, 5530: 5524: 5521: 5515: 5512: 5506: 5499: 5493: 5473: 5467: 5449: 5443: 5436: 5430: 5429: 5409: 5403: 5396: 5390: 5387: 5381: 5380: 5378: 5377: 5368:. Archived from 5358: 5352: 5351: 5349: 5348: 5333: 5232:Maritime history 5222:Military science 5205: 5200: 5199: 5198: 5148:Second World War 5094:March to the Sea 5076:Battle of Sadowa 5033:Sweden 1560–1660 5020:Franco-Dutch War 4994:mounted infantry 4863:Hawaiian Islands 4846:migrated to the 4636:states like the 4576:Medieval warfare 4570:Medieval warfare 4564:Byzantine empire 4417:Battle of Cannae 4405:Second Punic War 4371:The 3rd-century 4311:Darius the Great 4262:. His successor 4223:, 3rd century BC 4124:Ashoka the Great 4095:, 5th century BC 3984:fertile crescent 3876:Siege engine in 3778:recorded history 3745:) and missiles ( 3692:Battle of Midway 3676:Chemical warfare 3670:aircraft carrier 3613:used during WWII 3435:Siege of Orléans 3394:Automatic rifles 3329:Invasion of Iraq 3218:North Vietnamese 3153:explosive charge 2790:Second Punic War 2766:in warfare. The 2719:There were also 2706:Second Punic War 2702:Battle of Cannae 2571:Battle of Kadesh 2569:fighting at the 2553: 2476:(430–355 BC) in 2412:Early historians 2390:Musée de l'Armée 2366:Lange Max Museum 2299:Online resources 2208:information ages 2183:military command 2139:is the study of 2137:Military history 2111: 2104: 2097: 1866:Humanitarian aid 1804:Security dilemma 1625:Power projection 1408:Economy of force 1388:Chain of command 1103:Defence in depth 1088:Commerce raiding 911:Defeat in detail 247:Defense ministry 151: 142: 141: 132: 120: 119: 113: 106: 102: 99: 93: 91: 50: 26: 18: 13470: 13469: 13465: 13464: 13463: 13461: 13460: 13459: 13435: 13434: 13433: 13428: 13404: 13372: 13339: 13323: 13297:Science studies 13081:Administration 13070: 12796: 12773: 12771:Social sciences 12768: 12738: 12733: 12706: 12687: 12673:Humanitarianism 12602: 12581: 12570: 12561: 12552: 12546:Napoleonic Wars 12543: 12527: 12521:Modern warships 12518: 12509: 12500: 12491: 12477: 12468: 12459: 12446:Other namespace 12441: 12363: 12282: 12194: 12146: 12112:Rapid dominance 12021: 11897: 11682: 11621: 11538: 11484:Naval artillery 11464:Guided missiles 11452: 11174: 11055: 10857: 10720: 10716:Combat training 10664:Security forces 10654:Military police 10592:Airborne forces 10532: 10400: 10391: 10361: 10356: 10355: 10336: 10317:Conflict thesis 10305: 10269: 10159: 10150: 10117: 10081: 10011: 9963: 9925: 9891:Interwar period 9881: 9851: 9844: 9836: 9820:Schlieffen Plan 9800: 9761: 9750: 9665: 9632: 9615: 9600: 9589: 9583: 9567:Dorian invasion 9552:Fall of Babylon 9508: 9502: 9501: 9478: 9470: 9440: 9435: 9434: 9429: 9352: 9346: 9329: 9323: 9304:Solomon Islands 9242: 9237: 9207: 9202: 9201: 9196: 9179: 9166: 9157: 9138: 9136: 9129: 9113: 9111: 9104: 8823: 8818: 8788: 8783: 8755: 8723: 8714: 8695:Northern Cyprus 8681: 8674: 8416: 8413: 8383: 8378: 8372: 8355: 8353: 8343: 8270: 8265: 8235: 8230: 8124: 8122: 8115: 7989: 7984: 7954: 7949: 7921: 7914: 7840:North Macedonia 7671: 7666: 7631: 7596: 7591: 7580:Wayback Machine 7554:Wayback Machine 7520:Wayback Machine 7487:History Compass 7428:Wayback Machine 7411:Wayback Machine 7377:Wayback Machine 7361:(1988). 234 pp. 7330:Wayback Machine 7313:Wayback Machine 7295:History Teacher 7289:Wayback Machine 7272:Wayback Machine 7225:Wayback Machine 7175:Wayback Machine 7162:Black, Jeremy. 7132:Wayback Machine 7116: 7025:Wayback Machine 6975:Wayback Machine 6941:Jones, Archer, 6890:Doughty, Robert 6847:(2002), 256 pp. 6843:Black, Jeremy. 6840:(2001) 240 pp. 6836:Black, Jeremy. 6825: 6823:Further reading 6820: 6819: 6809: 6805: 6793: 6789: 6780: 6776: 6771:Wayback Machine 6757: 6753: 6745:David A. Bell, 6744: 6740: 6731: 6727: 6718: 6714: 6709:Wayback Machine 6695: 6691: 6682: 6678: 6669: 6665: 6657:Michael Duffy, 6656: 6652: 6644:Wayback Machine 6635: 6631: 6623:Wayback Machine 6614: 6610: 6603: 6599: 6591: 6587: 6572: 6571: 6567: 6552: 6548: 6539: 6535: 6526: 6522: 6513: 6509: 6500: 6496: 6488:Norman Polmar, 6487: 6483: 6474: 6470: 6463: 6449: 6440: 6409: 6398: 6391: 6377: 6373: 6344: 6340: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6301: 6294: 6288:Wayback Machine 6274: 6270: 6266:(Harper, 1957). 6261: 6257: 6248: 6244: 6235: 6231: 6222: 6218: 6208: 6206: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6183: 6179: 6173:Wayback Machine 6163: 6159: 6151:H.C.B. 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5098:Philip Sheridan 5058: 5052: 5037:Geoffrey Parker 5029:Michael Roberts 5008: 5002: 4974:field artillery 4966:Kabinettskriege 4881: 4875: 4848:Chatham Islands 4801:Battle of Orsha 4723:Battle of Talas 4707:Battle of Tours 4585:Battle of Crécy 4578: 4572: 4521:Marcus Aurelius 4519:By the time of 4491:Parthian Empire 4456:Germanic tribes 4436:Battle of Pydna 4432:Aemilius Paulus 4397:First Punic War 4268:Egyptian Empire 4244:Cyrus the Great 4213:Terracotta Army 3834:city-states of 3828:Umma–Lagash war 3820:ancient history 3796: 3794:Ancient warfare 3790: 3788:Ancient warfare 3774: 3768: 3763: 3751:cruise missiles 3654:Wright Brothers 3636: 3600: 3502:Battle of Pavia 3494: 3474:Philip the Bold 3423: 3417: 3378:repeating rifle 3315:is named after 3295:field artillery 3194:to scatter the 3070: 3064: 3052:Battle of Crécy 2929: 2880:Battle of Mylae 2868:First Punic War 2835:Suppiluliuma II 2768:scythed chariot 2588: 2554: 2549: 2521: 2515: 2414: 2376:for espionage, 2364:for tanks, the 2341: 2323: 2301: 2286:Jeffrey Kimball 2268:military secret 2253: 2220: 2176:just war theory 2115: 2086: 2085: 2036: 2026: 2025: 1991: 1983: 1982: 1923: 1913: 1912: 1886:Multilateralism 1871:Law enforcement 1831: 1821: 1820: 1789:Just war theory 1747: 1737: 1736: 1687:Geneva Protocol 1657: 1647: 1646: 1620: 1610: 1609: 1551: 1541: 1540: 1448: 1438: 1437: 1378: 1368: 1367: 1333: 1323: 1322: 1253:Network-centric 1173: 1163: 1162: 1070: 1060: 1059: 1008: 998: 997: 946:Rapid dominance 851: 841: 840: 796:Electromagnetic 705: 695: 694: 681: 634: 582: 558: 548: 547: 543:Combat training 524: 501: 467:Combat systems: 463: 425: 421:Auxiliary ships 387: 347: 343:Military police 309: 232: 222: 221: 161: 135: 134: 133: 128: 114: 103: 97: 94: 51: 49: 39: 27: 12: 11: 5: 13468: 13458: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13430: 13429: 13427: 13426: 13414: 13402: 13390: 13377: 13374: 13373: 13371: 13370: 13365: 13360: 13353: 13347: 13345: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13331: 13329: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13321: 13316: 13311: 13310: 13309: 13304: 13294: 13289: 13284: 13279: 13274: 13269: 13264: 13263: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13240:social science 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13214: 13209: 13204: 13199: 13194: 13189: 13184: 13179: 13174: 13172:Global studies 13169: 13167:Gender studies 13164: 13159: 13158: 13157: 13152: 13150:social science 13146:Environmental 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13124: 13119: 13114: 13109: 13104: 13099: 13094: 13093: 13092: 13087: 13078: 13076: 13072: 13071: 13069: 13068: 13067: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13036: 13035: 13034: 13029: 13024: 13019: 13014: 13004: 13003: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12982: 12972: 12971: 12970: 12960: 12959: 12958: 12953: 12948: 12943: 12938: 12928: 12927: 12926: 12921: 12916: 12911: 12906: 12901: 12896: 12886: 12885: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12859: 12858: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12845:macroeconomics 12842: 12840:microeconomics 12832: 12831: 12830: 12825: 12820: 12815: 12804: 12802: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12794: 12789: 12784: 12778: 12775: 12774: 12767: 12766: 12759: 12752: 12744: 12735: 12734: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12705: 12704: 12699: 12694: 12685: 12680: 12675: 12670: 12665: 12660: 12655: 12653:Global studies 12650: 12645: 12640: 12635: 12630: 12628:Peace movement 12625: 12620: 12614: 12612: 12608: 12607: 12604: 12603: 12601: 12600: 12595: 12589: 12587: 12583: 12582: 12580: 12579: 12578: 12577: 12568: 12559: 12550: 12536: 12535: 12534: 12525: 12516: 12507: 12498: 12484: 12475: 12466: 12456: 12454: 12447: 12443: 12442: 12440: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12427:Related lists: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12397:History lists: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12379: 12377:Military lists 12373: 12371: 12365: 12364: 12362: 12361: 12356: 12351: 12346: 12344:Defense policy 12341: 12339:Defense budget 12336: 12331: 12329:Public policy: 12326: 12321: 12319:United Nations 12316: 12311: 12306: 12301: 12292: 12290: 12284: 12283: 12281: 12280: 12278:Scorched earth 12275: 12270: 12265: 12260: 12255: 12250: 12245: 12240: 12235: 12230: 12225: 12220: 12215: 12210: 12204: 12202: 12196: 12195: 12193: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12180:Deep operation 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12156: 12154: 12148: 12147: 12145: 12144: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12052: 12042: 12037: 12031: 12029: 12023: 12022: 12020: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12008: 12007: 11997: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11960: 11959: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11928: 11927: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11907: 11905: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11895: 11893:Unconventional 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11860: 11855: 11850: 11845: 11843:Disinformation 11840: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11810: 11805: 11800: 11795: 11790: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11774: 11773: 11768: 11758: 11753: 11751:Post-classical 11748: 11743: 11738: 11733: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11713: 11708: 11703: 11698: 11692: 11690: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11680: 11675: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11655: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11629: 11627: 11626:Combat systems 11623: 11622: 11620: 11619: 11617:Field hospital 11614: 11613: 11612: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11591: 11590: 11580: 11579: 11578: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11561: 11550: 11548: 11544: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11481: 11473: 11472: 11471: 11460: 11458: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11434: 11433: 11428: 11423: 11413: 11412: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11394:Shoulder-fired 11383: 11382: 11381: 11371: 11366: 11361: 11360: 11359: 11349: 11348: 11347: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11322: 11321: 11320: 11310: 11309: 11308: 11298: 11294:Service rifles 11290: 11289: 11288: 11278: 11273: 11265: 11264: 11263: 11253: 11252: 11251: 11241: 11240: 11239: 11229: 11228: 11227: 11222: 11217: 11207: 11202: 11201: 11200: 11189: 11187: 11180: 11176: 11175: 11173: 11172: 11167: 11166: 11165: 11160: 11150: 11149: 11148: 11143: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11122: 11121: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11096: 11091: 11086: 11081: 11080: 11079: 11069: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11056: 11054: 11053: 11048: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11028: 11023: 11018: 11013: 11008: 11003: 10998: 10993: 10988: 10983: 10982: 10981: 10976: 10966: 10965: 10964: 10959: 10949: 10948: 10947: 10937: 10936: 10935: 10925: 10924: 10923: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10898: 10893: 10888: 10883: 10882: 10881: 10876: 10865: 10863: 10859: 10858: 10856: 10855: 10853:Reconnaissance 10850: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10818:Auxiliary ship 10815: 10810: 10805: 10800: 10799: 10798: 10793: 10788: 10778: 10773: 10768: 10763: 10758: 10757: 10756: 10746: 10741: 10736: 10730: 10728: 10722: 10721: 10719: 10718: 10713: 10708: 10706:Basic training 10703: 10698: 10693: 10688: 10687: 10686: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10645: 10644: 10637:Reconnaissance 10634: 10629: 10624: 10622:Communications 10619: 10614: 10609: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10587:Special forces 10584: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10564: 10559: 10551: 10546: 10540: 10538: 10534: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10519: 10518: 10513: 10503: 10498: 10497: 10496: 10486: 10480: 10479: 10474: 10469: 10464: 10459: 10454: 10449: 10444: 10439: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10408: 10406: 10402: 10401: 10390: 10389: 10382: 10375: 10367: 10358: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10342: 10341: 10338: 10337: 10335: 10334: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10313: 10311: 10307: 10306: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10293: 10292: 10291: 10289:Responsibility 10286: 10277: 10275: 10271: 10270: 10268: 10267: 10266: 10265: 10257: 10256: 10255: 10245: 10240: 10239: 10238: 10230: 10229: 10228: 10220: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10205: 10204: 10203: 10201:New Historians 10198: 10193: 10179: 10173: 10171: 10165: 10164: 10161: 10160: 10158: 10157: 10145: 10138: 10131: 10125: 10123: 10119: 10118: 10116: 10115: 10114: 10113: 10105: 10100: 10095: 10089: 10087: 10083: 10082: 10080: 10079: 10074: 10069: 10067:Responsibility 10064: 10059: 10058: 10057: 10047: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10021: 10019: 10013: 10012: 10010: 10009: 10008: 10007: 10002: 9992: 9987: 9982: 9977: 9971: 9969: 9962: 9961: 9956: 9951: 9946: 9941: 9935: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9913: 9912: 9911: 9901: 9895: 9893: 9887: 9886: 9883: 9882: 9880: 9879: 9878: 9877: 9872: 9862: 9856: 9854: 9843: 9831: 9825:Spirit of 1914 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9795: 9785: 9782:Fischer thesis 9771: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9758: 9757: 9745: 9737: 9736: 9735: 9725: 9723:Paraguayan War 9720: 9719: 9718: 9708: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9688: 9687: 9686: 9681: 9670: 9667: 9666: 9664: 9663: 9662: 9661: 9656: 9649:Napoleonic era 9646: 9641: 9640: 9639: 9627: 9622: 9613:Pre-revolution 9604: 9602: 9598:Coalition Wars 9591: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9576: 9575: 9574: 9569: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9537: 9536: 9535: 9525: 9524: 9523: 9512: 9510: 9504: 9503: 9500: 9499: 9492: 9484: 9483: 9480: 9479: 9476:historiography 9469: 9468: 9461: 9454: 9446: 9437: 9436: 9431: 9430: 9428: 9427: 9422: 9417: 9412: 9407: 9405:Norfolk Island 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9360:American Samoa 9356: 9354: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9344: 9339: 9333: 9331: 9330:of New Zealand 9325: 9324: 9322: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9281: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9261: 9256: 9250: 9248: 9244: 9243: 9236: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9213: 9204: 9203: 9200: 9199: 9182: 9169: 9160: 9146:Canary Islands 9142: 9141: 9139: 9134: 9131: 9130: 9128: 9127: 9122: 9116: 9114: 9109: 9106: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9062: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9032: 9027: 9022: 9017: 9012: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8831: 8829: 8825: 8824: 8817: 8816: 8809: 8802: 8794: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8771: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8727: 8725: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8686: 8684: 8676: 8675: 8673: 8672: 8667: 8662: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8527: 8522: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8487: 8482: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8457: 8452: 8447: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8426: 8424: 8418: 8417: 8412: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8389: 8380: 8379: 8377: 8376: 8369: 8364: 8358: 8356: 8348: 8345: 8344: 8342: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8301: 8296: 8291: 8286: 8280: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8264: 8263: 8256: 8249: 8241: 8232: 8231: 8229: 8228: 8223: 8218: 8213: 8211:Sint Eustatius 8208: 8203: 8198: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8163: 8158: 8156:Cayman Islands 8153: 8148: 8143: 8138: 8133: 8127: 8125: 8120: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8108: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8068: 8063: 8058: 8053: 8048: 8043: 8038: 8033: 8028: 8023: 8018: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7997: 7995: 7991: 7990: 7983: 7982: 7975: 7968: 7960: 7951: 7950: 7948: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7926: 7924: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7910:United Kingdom 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7882: 7877: 7872: 7867: 7862: 7857: 7852: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7787: 7782: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7735:Czech Republic 7732: 7727: 7722: 7717: 7712: 7707: 7702: 7697: 7692: 7687: 7681: 7679: 7673: 7672: 7665: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7642: 7636: 7633: 7632: 7623: 7622: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7595: 7594:External links 7592: 7590: 7589: 7582: 7565: 7556: 7536: 7529: 7522: 7505: 7498: 7483: 7476: 7469: 7466:978-0700604661 7454: 7447: 7445:online edition 7437: 7430: 7413: 7396: 7386: 7379: 7362: 7355: 7346: 7332: 7315: 7303:10.2307/493146 7291: 7274: 7257: 7247: 7241: 7227: 7218:online version 7207: 7200: 7193: 7184: 7177: 7168:online edition 7160: 7148: 7134: 7125:online edition 7115: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7082: 7081:(2nd ed. 2005) 7075: 7072: 7069: 7064:Roy, Kaushik. 7062: 7055: 7048: 7041: 7034: 7029:Lynn, John A. 7027: 7012:Lee, Wayne E. 7010: 7003: 6996: 6984: 6979:Keegan, John. 6977: 6962:Keegan, John. 6960: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6932: 6925: 6920:Dyer, Gwynne. 6918: 6908: 6887: 6877: 6867: 6857: 6850: 6849: 6848: 6834: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6818: 6817: 6803: 6787: 6774: 6751: 6738: 6732:John France, 6725: 6712: 6689: 6676: 6663: 6650: 6629: 6608: 6597: 6585: 6565: 6546: 6540:Jeremy Black, 6533: 6520: 6514:Ryan Jenkins, 6507: 6494: 6481: 6468: 6462:978-0806185026 6461: 6438: 6419:(3): 243–261. 6396: 6390:978-0765680501 6389: 6371: 6338: 6320: 6314:978-1843834489 6313: 6292: 6268: 6255: 6242: 6229: 6216: 6190: 6177: 6157: 6144: 6124: 6118:978-0691178141 6117: 6105:Andrade, Tonio 6077: 6050:(3): 355–370. 6034: 6021: 6001: 5981: 5968: 5946: 5931: 5899: 5874:William Gowers 5866: 5851: 5838: 5816: 5803: 5788: 5763: 5748: 5735: 5726: 5707: 5684: 5671: 5652: 5639: 5622: 5603: 5593:H-War policies 5584: 5561: 5555:Paul Kennedy, 5548: 5525: 5516: 5507: 5494: 5468: 5444: 5431: 5425:978-1473856677 5424: 5404: 5391: 5382: 5353: 5327: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5318: 5313: 5305: 5301:War in History 5297: 5289: 5284: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5264: 5259: 5254: 5249: 5244: 5239: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5208: 5207: 5206: 5203:History portal 5190: 5187: 5126:Modern warfare 5121: 5120:Modern warfare 5118: 5051: 5048: 5004:Main article: 5001: 4998: 4978:infantry drill 4925:of India. The 4919:Safavid Empire 4915:Ottoman Empire 4874: 4871: 4740:In China, the 4715:Charles Martel 4571: 4568: 4425:Battle of Zama 4233:Three Kingdoms 4133:In China, the 4006:and Persians. 3810:city-state of 3804:Standard of Ur 3789: 3786: 3767: 3764: 3762: 3759: 3634: 3619:Flame throwers 3599: 3596: 3493: 3490: 3450:discovered in 3443:Joseph Needham 3416: 3413: 3270:David Bushnell 3234:Saddam Hussein 3196:Spanish Armada 3123:Joseph Needham 3100:firing a shell 3096:A 155 mm 3066:Main article: 3063: 3060: 3025: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2964: 2959: 2954: 2928: 2925: 2905:Fortifications 2837:, king of the 2753:Three Kingdoms 2671:Warring States 2647: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2587: 2584: 2547: 2517:Main article: 2514: 2511: 2413: 2410: 2322: 2319: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2295: 2256:Historiography 2252: 2249: 2233: 2232: 2219: 2216: 2141:armed conflict 2117: 2116: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2099: 2091: 2088: 2087: 2084: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2051:Military terms 2048: 2043: 2037: 2032: 2031: 2028: 2027: 2024: 2023: 2018: 2013: 2008: 2003: 1998: 1992: 1989: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1930: 1924: 1919: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1911: 1910: 1905: 1904: 1903: 1898: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1838: 1832: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1811: 1809:Tripwire force 1801: 1796: 1791: 1786: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1748: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1643: 1642: 1632: 1627: 1621: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1605: 1600: 1595: 1585: 1580: 1579: 1578: 1573: 1563: 1558: 1552: 1547: 1546: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1529: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1512: 1507: 1502: 1497: 1492: 1487: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1449: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1430: 1425: 1420: 1415: 1410: 1405: 1400: 1395: 1390: 1385: 1379: 1374: 1373: 1370: 1369: 1366: 1365: 1360: 1355: 1350: 1345: 1340: 1334: 1331:Administrative 1329: 1328: 1325: 1324: 1321: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1305: 1300: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1280: 1275: 1270: 1265: 1260: 1258:New generation 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1233:Fleet in being 1230: 1225: 1220: 1215: 1210: 1205: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1185: 1180: 1174: 1171:Grand strategy 1169: 1168: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1160: 1158:Scorched earth 1155: 1150: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1130: 1125: 1120: 1115: 1110: 1105: 1100: 1095: 1090: 1085: 1080: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1058: 1057: 1052: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1035:Deep operation 1032: 1027: 1020: 1015: 1009: 1004: 1003: 1000: 999: 996: 995: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 964: 963: 953: 948: 943: 938: 933: 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 882: 881: 876: 871: 861: 852: 847: 846: 843: 842: 839: 838: 836:Unconventional 833: 828: 823: 818: 813: 808: 803: 798: 793: 784: 782:Disinformation 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 753: 752: 747: 737: 732: 727: 722: 717: 712: 706: 701: 700: 697: 696: 693: 692: 687: 680: 679: 678: 677: 676: 675: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 633: 632: 631: 630: 629: 628: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 581: 580: 579: 578: 573: 568: 559: 554: 553: 550: 549: 546: 545: 540: 535: 533:Basic training 530: 523: 522: 517: 512: 507: 500: 499: 494: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 462: 461: 459:Reconnaissance 456: 451: 446: 441: 436: 431: 424: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 386: 385: 380: 378:Special forces 375: 370: 369: 368: 358: 353: 346: 345: 340: 335: 333:Reconnaissance 330: 325: 320: 315: 308: 307: 298: 293: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 233: 228: 227: 224: 223: 220: 219: 218: 217: 212: 202: 201: 200: 195: 185: 184: 183: 176:Post-classical 173: 168: 162: 157: 156: 153: 152: 144: 143: 125: 124: 116: 115: 30: 28: 21: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13467: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13442: 13440: 13425: 13424: 13419: 13415: 13413: 13408: 13403: 13401: 13400: 13391: 13389: 13388: 13379: 13378: 13375: 13369: 13366: 13364: 13363:Human science 13361: 13359: 13358: 13354: 13352: 13349: 13348: 13346: 13342: 13336: 13333: 13332: 13330: 13326: 13320: 13319:Vegan studies 13317: 13315: 13312: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13298: 13295: 13293: 13290: 13288: 13285: 13283: 13282:Public health 13280: 13278: 13275: 13273: 13270: 13268: 13265: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13217: 13216:Philosophies 13215: 13213: 13212:Media studies 13210: 13208: 13205: 13203: 13200: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13188: 13187:Human ecology 13185: 13183: 13180: 13178: 13175: 13173: 13170: 13168: 13165: 13163: 13160: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13123: 13120: 13118: 13115: 13113: 13110: 13108: 13105: 13103: 13100: 13098: 13097:Anthrozoology 13095: 13091: 13088: 13086: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13079: 13077: 13073: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13041: 13040: 13037: 13033: 13030: 13028: 13025: 13023: 13022:developmental 13020: 13018: 13015: 13013: 13010: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12995:public policy 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12977: 12976: 12973: 12969: 12966: 12965: 12964: 12961: 12957: 12954: 12952: 12949: 12947: 12946:legal systems 12944: 12942: 12941:legal history 12939: 12937: 12936:jurisprudence 12934: 12933: 12932: 12929: 12925: 12922: 12920: 12917: 12915: 12912: 12910: 12907: 12905: 12902: 12900: 12897: 12895: 12892: 12891: 12890: 12887: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12863: 12860: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12837: 12836: 12833: 12829: 12826: 12824: 12821: 12819: 12816: 12814: 12811: 12810: 12809: 12806: 12805: 12803: 12799: 12793: 12790: 12788: 12785: 12783: 12780: 12779: 12776: 12772: 12765: 12760: 12758: 12753: 12751: 12746: 12745: 12742: 12732: 12731: 12721: 12720: 12709: 12703: 12700: 12698: 12695: 12691: 12686: 12684: 12681: 12679: 12676: 12674: 12671: 12669: 12666: 12664: 12661: 12659: 12656: 12654: 12651: 12649: 12646: 12644: 12641: 12639: 12636: 12634: 12633:Peace process 12631: 12629: 12626: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12615: 12613: 12609: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12590: 12588: 12584: 12574: 12569: 12565: 12560: 12556: 12551: 12547: 12542: 12541: 12540: 12537: 12531: 12526: 12522: 12517: 12513: 12508: 12504: 12499: 12495: 12490: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12481: 12476: 12472: 12467: 12463: 12458: 12457: 12455: 12451: 12448: 12444: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12378: 12375: 12374: 12372: 12370: 12366: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12315: 12312: 12310: 12307: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12298: 12294: 12293: 12291: 12289: 12285: 12279: 12276: 12274: 12271: 12269: 12266: 12264: 12261: 12259: 12256: 12254: 12251: 12249: 12246: 12244: 12241: 12239: 12236: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12201: 12197: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12175:Expeditionary 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12157: 12155: 12153: 12149: 12143: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12077:Counterattack 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12056: 12053: 12051: 12048: 12047: 12046: 12043: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12032: 12030: 12028: 12024: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12006: 12003: 12002: 12001: 11998: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11965: 11964: 11961: 11957: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11933: 11932: 11929: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11911: 11909: 11908: 11906: 11904: 11900: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11883:Psychological 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11864: 11861: 11859: 11856: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11839: 11836: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11823:Combined arms 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11809: 11806: 11804: 11801: 11799: 11796: 11794: 11791: 11789: 11786: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11763: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11752: 11749: 11747: 11744: 11742: 11739: 11737: 11734: 11732: 11729: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11717: 11714: 11712: 11709: 11707: 11704: 11702: 11699: 11697: 11694: 11693: 11691: 11689: 11685: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11624: 11618: 11615: 11611: 11608: 11607: 11606: 11605:Military base 11603: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11584: 11581: 11577: 11574: 11573: 11572: 11569: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11556: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11549: 11545: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11506:Depth charges 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11432: 11429: 11427: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11418: 11417: 11414: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11390: 11388: 11384: 11380: 11377: 11376: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11365: 11362: 11358: 11355: 11354: 11353: 11350: 11346: 11343: 11342: 11341: 11340:Anti-tank gun 11338: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11319: 11316: 11315: 11314: 11313:Assault rifle 11311: 11307: 11304: 11303: 11302: 11301:Battle rifles 11299: 11297: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11284: 11283: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11272: 11270: 11269:Infantry guns 11266: 11262: 11259: 11258: 11257: 11254: 11250: 11247: 11246: 11245: 11242: 11238: 11235: 11234: 11233: 11230: 11226: 11223: 11221: 11218: 11216: 11213: 11212: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11199: 11196: 11195: 11194: 11191: 11190: 11188: 11184: 11181: 11177: 11171: 11168: 11164: 11163:Anti-aircraft 11161: 11159: 11156: 11155: 11154: 11151: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11120: 11117: 11115: 11112: 11110: 11107: 11105: 11102: 11101: 11100: 11097: 11095: 11092: 11090: 11087: 11085: 11082: 11078: 11075: 11074: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11065: 11064: 11062: 11058: 11052: 11049: 11047: 11044: 11042: 11039: 11037: 11034: 11032: 11029: 11027: 11024: 11022: 11019: 11017: 11014: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11004: 11002: 10999: 10997: 10994: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10980: 10977: 10975: 10972: 10971: 10970: 10967: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10955: 10954: 10953: 10950: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10941: 10938: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10926: 10922: 10919: 10918: 10917: 10914: 10912: 10909: 10907: 10904: 10902: 10899: 10897: 10896:General staff 10894: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10829: 10826: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10813:Landing craft 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10797: 10794: 10792: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10783: 10782: 10779: 10777: 10774: 10772: 10769: 10767: 10764: 10762: 10759: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10750: 10747: 10745: 10742: 10740: 10737: 10735: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10727: 10723: 10717: 10714: 10712: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10685: 10682: 10681: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10643: 10640: 10639: 10638: 10635: 10633: 10630: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10613: 10610: 10608: 10605: 10603: 10600: 10598: 10595: 10593: 10590: 10588: 10585: 10583: 10580: 10578: 10575: 10573: 10570: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10552: 10550: 10547: 10545: 10542: 10541: 10539: 10535: 10529: 10526: 10524: 10521: 10517: 10514: 10512: 10509: 10508: 10507: 10504: 10502: 10499: 10495: 10492: 10491: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10478: 10475: 10473: 10470: 10468: 10465: 10463: 10462:Enlisted rank 10460: 10458: 10455: 10453: 10450: 10448: 10445: 10443: 10440: 10438: 10435: 10433: 10430: 10428: 10425: 10423: 10420: 10418: 10415: 10413: 10410: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10388: 10383: 10381: 10376: 10374: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10352: 10344: 10343: 10339: 10333: 10330: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10314: 10312: 10308: 10300: 10297: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10281: 10279: 10278: 10276: 10274:Post-Cold War 10272: 10264: 10261: 10260: 10258: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10249: 10248:Falklands War 10246: 10244: 10243:Iran–Iraq War 10241: 10237: 10234: 10233: 10231: 10227: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10206: 10202: 10199: 10197: 10194: 10192: 10191:Ongoing Nakba 10188: 10185: 10184: 10183: 10180: 10178: 10175: 10174: 10172: 10170: 10166: 10154: 10149: 10146: 10144: 10143: 10139: 10137: 10136: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10124: 10122:Western Front 10120: 10112: 10109: 10108: 10106: 10104: 10103:Bengal famine 10101: 10099: 10096: 10094: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10084: 10078: 10075: 10073: 10070: 10068: 10065: 10063: 10060: 10056: 10053: 10052: 10051: 10048: 10046: 10042: 10038: 10036: 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10018: 10017:The Holocaust 10014: 10006: 10003: 10001: 9998: 9997: 9996: 9993: 9991: 9988: 9986: 9983: 9981: 9978: 9976: 9973: 9972: 9970: 9968:Eastern Front 9966: 9960: 9957: 9955: 9952: 9950: 9947: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9936: 9934: 9932: 9928: 9920: 9917: 9916: 9914: 9910: 9907: 9906: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9896: 9894: 9892: 9888: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9867: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9855: 9853: 9847: 9840: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9804: 9799: 9796: 9793: 9789: 9786: 9783: 9779: 9775: 9772: 9770: 9768: 9764: 9754: 9749: 9746: 9744: 9741: 9740: 9738: 9734: 9731: 9730: 9729: 9726: 9724: 9721: 9717: 9714: 9713: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9699:Paris Commune 9697: 9695: 9692: 9691: 9689: 9685: 9684:Turning point 9682: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9672: 9671: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9636: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9619: 9614: 9611: 9610: 9609: 9606: 9605: 9603: 9599: 9595: 9592: 9588:18th and 19th 9586: 9580: 9577: 9573: 9570: 9568: 9565: 9564: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9546: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9538: 9534: 9533:Islamic views 9531: 9530: 9529: 9526: 9522: 9519: 9518: 9517: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9505: 9498: 9497: 9493: 9491: 9490: 9486: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9474: 9467: 9462: 9460: 9455: 9453: 9448: 9447: 9444: 9426: 9423: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9400:New Caledonia 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9380:Easter Island 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9349: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9334: 9332: 9326: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9285: 9282: 9280: 9277: 9275: 9272: 9270: 9267: 9265: 9262: 9260: 9257: 9255: 9252: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9241: 9234: 9229: 9227: 9222: 9220: 9215: 9214: 9211: 9194: 9190: 9186: 9183: 9177: 9173: 9170: 9164: 9161: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9132: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9107: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9051: 9048: 9046: 9043: 9041: 9038: 9036: 9033: 9031: 9028: 9026: 9023: 9021: 9018: 9016: 9013: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8981: 8978: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8950:Guinea-Bissau 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8815: 8810: 8808: 8803: 8801: 8796: 8795: 8792: 8780: 8776: 8772: 8770: 8762: 8761: 8758: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8728: 8726: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8705:South Ossetia 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8677: 8671: 8668: 8666: 8663: 8661: 8658: 8656: 8653: 8651: 8648: 8646: 8643: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8463: 8461: 8458: 8456: 8453: 8451: 8448: 8446: 8443: 8441: 8438: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8419: 8410: 8405: 8403: 8398: 8396: 8391: 8390: 8387: 8375: 8370: 8368: 8367:French Guiana 8365: 8363: 8360: 8359: 8357: 8351: 8346: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8279: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8262: 8257: 8255: 8250: 8248: 8243: 8242: 8239: 8227: 8224: 8222: 8219: 8217: 8214: 8212: 8209: 8207: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8194: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8174: 8172: 8169: 8167: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8128: 8126: 8118: 8112: 8111:United States 8109: 8107: 8104: 8102: 8099: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8079: 8077: 8074: 8072: 8069: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8057: 8054: 8052: 8049: 8047: 8044: 8042: 8039: 8037: 8034: 8032: 8029: 8027: 8024: 8022: 8019: 8017: 8014: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7998: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7981: 7976: 7974: 7969: 7967: 7962: 7961: 7958: 7946: 7945:South Ossetia 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7927: 7925: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7881: 7878: 7876: 7873: 7871: 7868: 7866: 7863: 7861: 7858: 7856: 7853: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7826: 7823: 7821: 7818: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7805:Liechtenstein 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7791: 7788: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7778: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7756: 7753: 7751: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7726: 7723: 7721: 7718: 7716: 7713: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7701: 7698: 7696: 7693: 7691: 7688: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7680: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7663: 7658: 7656: 7651: 7649: 7644: 7643: 7640: 7634: 7627: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7587: 7583: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7570: 7566: 7563: 7562: 7557: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7544: 7540: 7537: 7534: 7530: 7527: 7523: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7499: 7496: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7481: 7477: 7474: 7470: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7452: 7448: 7446: 7442: 7438: 7435: 7431: 7429: 7425: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7412: 7408: 7405: 7401: 7397: 7395: 7391: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7378: 7374: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7347: 7345: 7341: 7337: 7333: 7331: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7314: 7310: 7307: 7304: 7300: 7296: 7292: 7290: 7286: 7283: 7279: 7275: 7273: 7269: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7246: 7242: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7228: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7208: 7205: 7201: 7198: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7182: 7181:The Historian 7178: 7176: 7172: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7149: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7122: 7118: 7117: 7108: 7104: 7101: 7097: 7094: 7090: 7087: 7083: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7070: 7067: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7028: 7026: 7022: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6987:Lacroix, Paul 6985: 6982: 6978: 6976: 6972: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6947: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6933: 6930: 6926: 6923: 6919: 6917: 6913: 6909: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6894:Ira D. Gruber 6891: 6888: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6876: 6872: 6868: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6851: 6846: 6842: 6841: 6839: 6835: 6832: 6828: 6827: 6814: 6807: 6801: 6797: 6791: 6784: 6778: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6761: 6755: 6748: 6742: 6735: 6729: 6722: 6716: 6710: 6706: 6703: 6699: 6693: 6686: 6680: 6673: 6667: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6641: 6638: 6633: 6627: 6624: 6620: 6617: 6612: 6606: 6601: 6595: 6589: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6550: 6543: 6537: 6530: 6524: 6517: 6511: 6504: 6501:Kim Coleman, 6498: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6472: 6464: 6458: 6454: 6447: 6445: 6443: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6392: 6386: 6383:. Routledge. 6382: 6375: 6366: 6361: 6358:(344): 3–19. 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6327: 6325: 6316: 6310: 6306: 6299: 6297: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6278: 6272: 6265: 6262:Robert Held, 6259: 6252: 6246: 6239: 6233: 6226: 6220: 6204: 6200: 6194: 6187: 6184:Tom Parrish, 6181: 6174: 6170: 6167: 6161: 6154: 6148: 6141: 6137: 6134: 6128: 6120: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6082: 6073: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6025: 6018: 6014: 6011: 6005: 5998: 5994: 5991: 5985: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5942: 5935: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5897: 5893: 5889: 5885: 5881: 5880: 5875: 5870: 5863: 5862: 5855: 5848: 5842: 5836: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5813: 5807: 5800: 5799: 5792: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5775: 5774: 5767: 5760: 5759: 5752: 5746:, 2005. p. 30 5745: 5739: 5730: 5723: 5719: 5716: 5711: 5705: 5701: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5681: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5636: 5632: 5626: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5597: 5594: 5588: 5582: 5578: 5575: 5571: 5565: 5558: 5552: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5535: 5529: 5520: 5511: 5504: 5498: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5472: 5465: 5461: 5458: 5454: 5448: 5441: 5435: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5401: 5395: 5386: 5372:on 2016-04-20 5371: 5367: 5363: 5357: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5328: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5310: 5306: 5303: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5294: 5290: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5280: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5260: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5248: 5247:Roman warfare 5245: 5243: 5242:Naval history 5240: 5238: 5235: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5204: 5193: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5176: 5175:Iran–Iraq War 5172: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5136: 5134: 5127: 5117: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5081: 5077: 5073: 5066: 5062: 5057: 5047: 5045: 5040: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5021: 5017: 5012: 5007: 4997: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4962: 4959:and the 1789 4958: 4953: 4951: 4947: 4942: 4940: 4939:feudal levies 4934: 4932: 4928: 4924: 4923:Mughal Empire 4920: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4880: 4870: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4855: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4841: 4837: 4832: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4743: 4738: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4701: 4700:Islamic Spain 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4643: 4642:Fulani Empire 4639: 4635: 4631: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4577: 4567: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556:Constantine I 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4536: 4534: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4517: 4513: 4511: 4506: 4504: 4500: 4496: 4492: 4488: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4469: 4468:Aquae Sextiae 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4410: 4407:started with 4406: 4402: 4401:naval warfare 4398: 4394: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4369: 4365: 4363: 4360:, underneath 4359: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4248:Median Empire 4245: 4241: 4236: 4234: 4230: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4209: 4205: 4203: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4174: 4172: 4171:Qin Shi Huang 4167: 4163: 4159: 4154: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4135:Shang dynasty 4131: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4079: 4078:war elephants 4075: 4071: 4070: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4055: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3980: 3978: 3977:Carthaginians 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959:(notably the 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3939:(notably the 3938: 3934: 3930: 3926: 3923:(notably the 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3901: 3899: 3894: 3893:nation states 3887: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3861: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3829: 3824: 3821: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3785: 3783: 3779: 3773: 3758: 3756: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3743:spy satellite 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3725: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3650: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3639:Schneider CA1 3632: 3629:. Many early 3628: 3624: 3620: 3612: 3608: 3607:Yokosuka D4Y3 3604: 3595: 3593: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3574:The advanced 3572: 3568: 3566: 3562: 3561:Kenneth Swope 3557: 3553: 3547:arquebusiers. 3546: 3542: 3537: 3533: 3531: 3526: 3522: 3515: 3511: 3507: 3506:Heavy cavalry 3503: 3498: 3489: 3486: 3482: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3447: 3444: 3436: 3432: 3427: 3422: 3412: 3410: 3406: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3356: 3352: 3348: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3332: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3321:Jean Martinet 3318: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3302:combined arms 3298: 3296: 3292: 3287: 3285: 3284: 3279: 3278:Robert Fulton 3275: 3271: 3267: 3266: 3260: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3245: 3243: 3242:Iran–Iraq War 3239: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3192:Francis Drake 3189: 3184: 3182: 3178: 3174: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3139: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3111: 3107: 3099: 3098:M198 howitzer 3094: 3087: 3082: 3074: 3069: 3059: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2997: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2963: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2948: 2943:ships in 1281 2942: 2938: 2933: 2924: 2922: 2921:Siege warfare 2919:and earlier. 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2902: 2900: 2896: 2892: 2888: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2869: 2864: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2831: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2815:Naval warfare 2810: 2805: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2783: 2779: 2778:War elephants 2775: 2773: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2760:Indo-Iranians 2756: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2726: 2722: 2721:horse archers 2717: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2678: 2674: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2661:pikemen. The 2660: 2656: 2652: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2611: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2601: 2600:Shang dynasty 2597: 2592: 2583: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2552: 2546: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2520: 2510: 2508: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2496: 2495:Julius Caesar 2491: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2480: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2457:The Histories 2453: 2449: 2448: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2409: 2407: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2340: 2332: 2327: 2318: 2316: 2312: 2307: 2294:Conservative. 2292: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2282: 2280: 2275: 2273: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2257: 2248: 2246: 2242: 2237: 2229: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2191: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2160: 2156: 2154: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2100: 2098: 2093: 2092: 2090: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2035: 2030: 2029: 2022: 2019: 2017: 2014: 2012: 2009: 2007: 2004: 2002: 1999: 1997: 1994: 1993: 1987: 1986: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1938:Warrior caste 1936: 1934: 1931: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1922: 1917: 1916: 1909: 1908:Show of force 1906: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1896:Peacebuilding 1894: 1893: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1877: 1874: 1872: 1869: 1867: 1864: 1862: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1844: 1842: 1839: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1830: 1825: 1824: 1817: 1814: 1810: 1807: 1806: 1805: 1802: 1800: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1790: 1787: 1785: 1784: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1752:Air supremacy 1750: 1749: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1692:Islamic rules 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1672:Court-martial 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1659: 1656: 1651: 1650: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1619: 1614: 1613: 1604: 1601: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1589: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1577: 1574: 1572: 1571:Arms industry 1569: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1562: 1559: 1557: 1554: 1553: 1550: 1545: 1544: 1537: 1533: 1530: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1517: 1516: 1513: 1511: 1508: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1491: 1488: 1486: 1483: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1447: 1442: 1441: 1434: 1431: 1429: 1426: 1424: 1421: 1419: 1416: 1414: 1411: 1409: 1406: 1404: 1401: 1399: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1389: 1386: 1384: 1381: 1380: 1377: 1372: 1371: 1364: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1354: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1344: 1341: 1339: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1327: 1326: 1319: 1316: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1304: 1301: 1299: 1296: 1294: 1291: 1289: 1286: 1284: 1281: 1279: 1276: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1219: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1201: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1189: 1188:Broken-backed 1186: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1167: 1166: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1149: 1146: 1144: 1141: 1139: 1136: 1134: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1114: 1111: 1109: 1106: 1104: 1101: 1099: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1079: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1056: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1046: 1043: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1031: 1030:Expeditionary 1028: 1026: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1016: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1002: 1001: 994: 991: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 962: 959: 958: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 901:Counterattack 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 880: 877: 875: 872: 870: 867: 866: 865: 862: 860: 857: 856: 855: 850: 845: 844: 837: 834: 832: 829: 827: 826:Psychological 824: 822: 819: 817: 814: 812: 809: 807: 804: 802: 799: 797: 794: 792: 788: 785: 783: 780: 778: 775: 773: 770: 768: 765: 763: 762:Combined arms 760: 758: 755: 751: 748: 746: 743: 742: 741: 738: 736: 733: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 711: 708: 707: 704: 699: 698: 691: 688: 686: 683: 682: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 640: 639: 636: 635: 627: 624: 623: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 601:Fortification 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 588: 587: 584: 583: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 563: 561: 560: 557: 552: 551: 544: 541: 539: 536: 534: 531: 529: 526: 525: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 498: 495: 493: 490: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 464: 460: 457: 455: 452: 450: 447: 445: 442: 440: 437: 435: 432: 430: 427: 426: 422: 419: 417: 416:Landing craft 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 388: 384: 381: 379: 376: 374: 371: 367: 364: 363: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 348: 344: 341: 339: 336: 334: 331: 329: 326: 324: 321: 319: 316: 314: 311: 310: 306: 302: 301:Standing army 299: 297: 294: 292: 288: 285: 283: 280: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 234: 231: 226: 225: 216: 213: 211: 208: 207: 206: 203: 199: 196: 194: 193:pike and shot 191: 190: 189: 186: 182: 179: 178: 177: 174: 172: 169: 167: 164: 163: 160: 155: 154: 150: 146: 145: 139: 131: 127: 126: 122: 121: 112: 109: 101: 90: 87: 83: 80: 76: 73: 69: 66: 62: 59: – 58: 54: 53:Find sources: 47: 43: 37: 36: 31:This article 29: 25: 20: 19: 16: 13421: 13397: 13385: 13355: 13162:Food studies 13102:Area studies 12913: 12855:mathematical 12850:econometrics 12808:Anthropology 12728: 12717: 12696: 12692:}} 12688:{{ 12575:}} 12571:{{ 12566:}} 12564:World War II 12562:{{ 12557:}} 12553:{{ 12548:}} 12544:{{ 12538: 12532:}} 12528:{{ 12523:}} 12519:{{ 12514:}} 12510:{{ 12505:}} 12501:{{ 12496:}} 12492:{{ 12486: 12482:}} 12478:{{ 12473:}} 12469:{{ 12464:}} 12460:{{ 12426: 12396: 12376: 12348: 12334:Conscription 12328: 12309:Peace treaty 12295: 12000:Subterranean 11888:Radiological 11828:Conventional 11777: 11756:Early modern 11735: 11662: 11599: 11515: 11475: 11437: 11420: 11385: 11374:Combat knife 11364:Flamethrower 11329: 11325:Sniper rifle 11292: 11281:Machine guns 11267: 11204: 11066: 11040: 11030: 10995: 10900: 10869:Organization 10822: 10776:Naval units: 10775: 10771:Signal corps 10733: 10701:Development: 10700: 10690: 10669:Border guard 10632:Intelligence 10616: 10555:Armed Forces 10553: 10522: 10483: 10441: 10421: 10222:Six-Day War 10218:Algerian War 10189: / 10148:Vichy France 10140: 10133: 10043: / 9931:World War II 9827: / 9494: 9488: 9487: 9351:Dependencies 9337:Cook Islands 9185:Saint Helena 9156: 9060:South Africa 9050:Sierra Leone 8855:Burkina Faso 8720:Dependencies 8650:Turkmenistan 8615:Saudi Arabia 8350:Dependencies 8216:Sint Maarten 8196:Saint Martin 7600: 7585: 7568: 7559: 7542: 7532: 7525: 7508: 7501: 7486: 7479: 7472: 7457: 7450: 7440: 7433: 7416: 7399: 7389: 7382: 7365: 7358: 7349: 7335: 7318: 7294: 7277: 7260: 7250: 7230: 7213: 7203: 7196: 7187: 7180: 7163: 7158:Project MUSE 7151: 7137: 7120: 7106: 7099: 7092: 7085: 7078: 7065: 7058: 7054:(2 vol 2006) 7051: 7044: 7037: 7030: 7013: 7006: 6999: 6990: 6980: 6963: 6956: 6949: 6942: 6935: 6928: 6921: 6911: 6901: 6898:Roy K. Flint 6880: 6870: 6860: 6853: 6844: 6837: 6830: 6812: 6806: 6795: 6790: 6782: 6777: 6759: 6754: 6746: 6741: 6733: 6728: 6720: 6715: 6697: 6692: 6684: 6679: 6671: 6666: 6658: 6653: 6646: 6632: 6625: 6611: 6600: 6593: 6588: 6577: 6568: 6559: 6549: 6541: 6536: 6528: 6523: 6515: 6510: 6502: 6497: 6489: 6484: 6476: 6471: 6452: 6416: 6412: 6380: 6374: 6355: 6351: 6341: 6332: 6304: 6276: 6271: 6263: 6258: 6250: 6245: 6237: 6232: 6224: 6219: 6207:. Retrieved 6203:the original 6193: 6185: 6180: 6160: 6152: 6147: 6127: 6108: 6047: 6043: 6037: 6029: 6024: 6004: 5984: 5971: 5954: 5949: 5939: 5934: 5923:. Retrieved 5902: 5877: 5869: 5859: 5854: 5846: 5841: 5824: 5819: 5811: 5806: 5796: 5791: 5771: 5766: 5756: 5751: 5743: 5738: 5729: 5710: 5692: 5687: 5679: 5674: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5630: 5625: 5606: 5587: 5569: 5564: 5556: 5551: 5533: 5528: 5519: 5510: 5502: 5497: 5479: 5471: 5452: 5447: 5439: 5434: 5414: 5407: 5399: 5394: 5385: 5374:. Retrieved 5370:the original 5365: 5356: 5345:. Retrieved 5331: 5307: 5299: 5291: 5168: 5140:armored tank 5137: 5129: 5114:World War II 5084: 5072:conscription 5069: 5044:Jeremy Black 5041: 5025: 4971: 4964: 4954: 4943: 4935: 4931:Italian Wars 4907:Song dynasty 4900: 4892:Dutch Revolt 4867:Kamehameha I 4856: 4833: 4829:Yuan dynasty 4813:Genghis Khan 4806: 4774:Song dynasty 4756:groups, the 4739: 4727:Seljuk Turks 4704: 4692:Indus Valley 4662:The Islamic 4661: 4646: 4627: 4617: 4594: 4560:Theodosius I 4537: 4518: 4514: 4507: 4484: 4476:Tigranocerta 4460:Gaius Marius 4429: 4399:centered on 4386: 4355: 4331: 4319:Themistocles 4288: 4280:Roman Empire 4237: 4226: 4190:Wiman Joseon 4175: 4155: 4139:Zhou dynasty 4132: 4120:Nanda Empire 4098: 4069:Arthashastra 4067: 4057: 4051: 4049:Indian epics 4038: 4016: 3981: 3967:dynasties), 3902: 3890: 3862: 3858: 3848: 3825: 3817: 3814:, c. 2600 BC 3775: 3728: 3688: 3674: 3651: 3616: 3589: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3530:Oda Nobunaga 3527: 3523: 3519: 3478: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3448: 3440: 3402: 3390:Machine guns 3376:. 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